tom stopardi da postmodernizmi

avtoris stili <strong>da</strong>culia<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />

inglisuri filologiis departamenti<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT maziaSvili<br />

<strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>postmodernizmi</strong><br />

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

warmodgenili<br />

d i s e r t a c i a<br />

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori, profesori manana gelaSvili<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2012 w.

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Sinaarsi<br />

Sesavali ---- (1)<br />

Tavi I<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s elementebi <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesasa <strong>da</strong> filmSi<br />

`rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildesterni mkdvrebi arian~ ---- (9)<br />

Tavi II P<br />

platonis <strong>da</strong> bibliis postmodernistuli gaazreba <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

piesaSi `moxtunaveni~ ---- (39)<br />

Tavi III<br />

joisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi `parodistebi~ ---- (76)<br />

Tavi IV P<br />

`arkadia~: postmodernistuli qaosi `edemis baRSi~ ---- (95)<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi ---- (131)<br />

bibliografia ---- (136)<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi ---- (145)

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Sesavali<br />

Tanamedrove britaneli dramaturgis, <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebas<br />

erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs rogorc britaneTis, aseve<br />

msoflio Teatralur sivrceSi. Mmisi Semoqmedeba gamorCeulia ara<br />

mxolod dramaturgiuli qmnilebebiT, aramed kino-scenarebis<br />

Janrobrivi mravalferovnebis kuTxiTac. amas mowmobs uamravi<br />

mniSvnelovani Teatraluri Tu kinematografiuli jildo, romelic<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s kinomatografiuli Tu<br />

Teatraluri namuSevrebis gamoCenas msoflio kinoSi, Teatralur Tu<br />

literaturul sivrceSi. maT Soris gamosarCevia amerikis kinoakademiis<br />

umaRlesi jildo `oskari~, romelic stopardma mark normanTan erTad<br />

miiRo filmisTvis `Seyvarebuli Seqspiri~ (Shakespeare in Love) 1999 wels<br />

wlis saukeTeso kino scenarisaTvis.<br />

Tumca, <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedeba mxolod kino <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis rodia saintereso. Mmisi SemoqmedebiT Tanabrad<br />

arian <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mkvlevarebi rogorc humanitarul, aseve zusti<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi<strong>da</strong>n, akademiuri <strong>da</strong> popularuli<br />

gamocemebi. es yovelive <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis mimarT TanamedroveTa<br />

did interesze metyvelebs.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis AmimarT gansxvavebuli samecniero <strong>da</strong>rgebis<br />

warmomadgenelTa interesi ganpirobebulia dramaturgis nawarmoebebSi<br />

mravalferovani Tematikis arsebobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tanabrad aris Serwymuli<br />

samyaros aRqmis rogorc teqno-mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> racionaluri, aseve<br />

miTo-poeturi <strong>da</strong> empiriuli mxareebi, rogorc socialursazogadoebrivi,<br />

aseve filosofiuri problemebi. misi nawarmoebi<br />

Tanabrad mimzidvelia rogorc `pop-kulturis~, aseve `maRali<br />

xelovnebis~ mkvlevarTaTvis, rac <strong>stopardi</strong>s inteleqtualur<br />

dramaturgobaze metyvelebs.<br />

1

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<strong>tom</strong> stopardma saxeli gaiTqva uamravi dramaturgiuli, radio Tu<br />

kino nawarmoebebiT, Tumca misi Semoqmedebis dramaturgiuli nawili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamosarCevia: `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ (Rosencrantz<br />

and Guildenstern Are Dead) (1967), `moxtunaveni~ (Jumpers) (1972), `parodistebi~<br />

(Travesties) (1975) <strong>da</strong> `arkadia~ (Arcadia) (1993).<br />

winamdebare naSromic amave qronologiiT Seecdeba <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

Semoqmedebis kvlevas, rac ganpirobebuli iqneba ara mxolod piesebis<br />

Seqmnis TariRebis qronologiiT, aramed ideur-Sinaarsobrivi<br />

kuTxiTac, radgan avtoris SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba qronologiurad<br />

emTxveva XX saukunis iseTi rTuli epoqis <strong>da</strong>badebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas,<br />

rogoric <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>a.<br />

termini `<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>~, romelic gamorCeulad farTod<br />

figurirebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva akademiur disciplinaSi, rogoricaa<br />

literaturaTmcodneoba, filosofia, socialuri Teoria, istoria,<br />

kulturaTmcodneoba, mxolod akademiur <strong>da</strong>rgebs ar moicavs, aramed is<br />

kidev ufro gavrcelebulia iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa masmedia,<br />

satelevizio saxelovnebo programebi <strong>da</strong> araakademiuri wignebi.<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s farTo Tematuri specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi<br />

cnebis srulyofilad gasaanalizeblad vaanalizeb <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s<br />

kvleviT <strong>da</strong>interesebul iseT mkvlevarTa azrebs, rogorebic arian:<br />

frangi filosofosi Jan bodriari, slovenieli filosofosi slavoi<br />

JiJeki, arqiteqturis Teoretikosi Carlz jenksi, literaturis<br />

kritikosi bren nikoli, amerikeli literaturis kritikosi fredrik<br />

jeimsoni <strong>da</strong> italieli semiologi <strong>da</strong> mwerali umberto eko, romlebic<br />

Tanamedrove postmodernistul epoqaSi simulakrul <strong>da</strong> hiperrealur,<br />

irealur yofas aanalizeben <strong>da</strong> amgvari sinamdvilis hipostazirebaze<br />

miuTiTeben amerikis qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong> `disneis samyaroSi~, iseve rogorc<br />

holivudis produqciis semiotikur niSnebSi. AnaSromSi teqnologiuri<br />

miRwevebis SedegebTan erTad gaanalizebulia globaluri<br />

kapitalisturi finansuri organizaciebis mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi,<br />

romlebic erT-erT umTavres faqtorad aris miCneuli<br />

postmodernistuli samyaros arsebobaSi. amgvar msoflioSi<br />

2

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a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis garTul<strong>da</strong> realobisa <strong>da</strong> simulaciis, simarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sicruis, WeSmaritebisa <strong>da</strong> siyalbis garCeva, rac vlineba ara mxolod<br />

politikur, socialur Tu filosofiur doneze, aramed literaturulsaxelovnebo<br />

sferoSic, radgan postmodernistul realobaSi <strong>da</strong>irRva<br />

sazRvrebi akademiur <strong>da</strong> araakademiur, aseve `maRal~ <strong>da</strong> `masobriv<br />

kulturebs~ Soris, <strong>da</strong> rogorc `maRali~, aseve `pop-xelovneba~<br />

sanaxaobriobasa <strong>da</strong> komerciul mogebaze orientirebuli gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

winamdebare naSromis mokrZalebuli mizani isic aris, rom<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebaSi <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s kvlevasTan erTad<br />

warmoaCinos zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s epoqis met-naklebad<br />

kompleqsuri gaazreba, rac saintereso iqneba ara mxolod <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove britanuli dramaturgiiT <strong>da</strong>interesebul<br />

mkvlevarTaTvis, aramed mkiTxvelTa farTo speqtrisTvisac.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis garSemo arsebul monografiul Sromebsa<br />

Tu samecniero kvlevebSi, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> Teatris mkvlevarebi<br />

kompleqsurad Seiswavlian dramaturgis Semoqmedebis ara mxolod<br />

dramaturgiul Tu kinomatografiul mxareebs, aramed biografiul<br />

detalebsac. siRrmiseulad ganixilaven <strong>stopardi</strong>s nawarmoebebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>smul filosofiur, Teatralur, saxelovnebo Tu literaturul<br />

sakiTxebs. jon flemingi sakuTar naSromSi `<strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatri,<br />

wesrigis povna qaosSi~ (Stoppard’s Theatre, Finding Order amid Chaos)<br />

qronologiurad Seiswavlis dramaturgis iseT mniSvnelovan<br />

nawarmoebebs, rogorebic aris: `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi<br />

arian~ (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead), `galileo~ (Galileo),<br />

`moxtunaveni~ (Jumpers), `parodistebi~ (Travesties), `Rame <strong>da</strong> dRe~ (Night and<br />

Day), `arkadia~ (Arcadia), `siyvarulis gamogoneba~ (The Invention of Love).Aam<br />

nawarmoebebis komleqsuri, teqstze <strong>da</strong> sasceno <strong>da</strong>dgmebze<br />

orientirebuli kvlevebi ki warmoaCens konkretuli piesis Seqmnis<br />

umTavres ideebs. mel gasous `saubari <strong>tom</strong> stopardTan~ (Conversation with<br />

Stoppard) erTgvari Jurnalistur-kritikul interviuTa krebulia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

wignis avtori 1968 wlis `namdvili inspeqtori haundis~ (The Real<br />

Inspector Hound) premieri<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli 1997 wlis `siyvarulis<br />

3

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gamogonebis~ (The Invention of Love) sapremiero Cvenebis CaTvliT <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

yvela mniSvnelovani piesis sasceno <strong>da</strong>dgmis momswre <strong>da</strong><br />

TviTmxilvelia. gasous <strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s dialogi ki (romelic intervius<br />

saxiT aris warmodgenili) kargad warmoaCens konkretuli piesis,<br />

Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>dgmis, reJisoris Tu msaxiobis mimarT avtoris<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, rac mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi masalaa, ara mxolod<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis kvleviT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli Teatris, kinosa Tu<br />

literaturis mkvlevarTaTvis, aramed Cveulebrivi mkiTxvelisTvisac.<br />

rac Seexeba jim hanteris Tom Stoppard: A Faber Critical Guide: Rosencrantz and<br />

Guildenstern Are Dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia erTgvari gzamkvlevia<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatralur samyaroSi. wignis avtori ganixilavs<br />

dramaturgis mniSvnelovani piesebis <strong>da</strong> sasceno <strong>da</strong>dgmebis metaforul,<br />

semiotikur, aluziur Tu metateqstualur mxareebs, romliTac<br />

gajerebulia <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedeba. entoni jenkinsis `<strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

Teatri~ (The Theatre of Tom Stoppard) <strong>da</strong> `kembrijis gzamkvlevi <strong>tom</strong><br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>sken~ (The Cambridge Companion To Tom Stoppard), jon flemingis<br />

zemoT naxseneb naSromTan erTad <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb<br />

yvelaze gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan naSromebad SeiZleba miviCnioT,<br />

radgan maT kvlevebSi ganxiluli <strong>da</strong> gaazrebulia <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

umniSvnelovanesi piesebi, radiopiesebi, Tu kinoscenarebi. aseve<br />

detalurad aris Seswavlili dramaturgis biografia, misi adreuli<br />

Tu gviandeli Semoqmedebis periodebi. piesebSi CarTuli sasiyvarulo,<br />

seqsualuri, samecniero, politikuri Tu literaturuli Temebi. aseve<br />

gaazrebulia nawarmoebebSi <strong>da</strong>smuli egzistenciuri, filosofiuri,<br />

socialuri Tu lingvisturi problemebi. ganxiluli <strong>da</strong><br />

komentirebulia <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samecniero<br />

Tu popularul krebulebSi gamoqveynebuli kritikuli werilebi <strong>da</strong><br />

statiebi.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Sesaxeb saubrisas aseve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos is zRva<br />

sagazeTo interviuebi <strong>da</strong> publikaciebi, agreTve Teatraluri Tu kino<br />

warmodgenebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili recenziebi, romlebic 1967 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

dRemde msoflios mraval avtoritetul gamocemebSia gamoqveynebuli.<br />

4

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<strong>stopardi</strong>s pirovnebis <strong>da</strong> Semoqmedebis kvleviT <strong>da</strong>interesebul<br />

mkvlevarTa naSromebsa Tu kritikul statiebSi epizodurad, magram<br />

mainc vxvdebiT <strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebaSi <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetikis<br />

analizs. am mxriv gamosarCevia `kembrijis gzamkvlevi <strong>tom</strong><br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>sken~ (The Cambridge Companion To Tom Stoppard), sa<strong>da</strong>c maikl vanden<br />

heuvelis statia `aris <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>~: <strong>stopardi</strong> postmodernistebs<br />

Soris/<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli~ (“Is Postmodernism”: Stoppard among/against the<br />

postmoderns) ganixilavs <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis postmodernistul<br />

mxareebs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sadisertacio naSromis samecniero<br />

siaxle isaa, rom masSi kompleqsura<strong>da</strong>a gamokvleuli <strong>stopardi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s urTierTmimarTebis yvela ZiriTadi aspeqti.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebaSi postmodernistuli<br />

esTetikis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> misi mTlianobaSi ganxilva siaxlea rogorc<br />

lokaluri, aseve saerTaSoriso maStabiT. ufro metic, saqarTveloSi<br />

winamdebare naSromi <strong>stopardi</strong>s Sesaxeb pirveli seriozuli naSromis<br />

Seqmnis mcdelobaa. saqarTveloSi, <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis mimarT<br />

ufro metad saxelovnebo <strong>da</strong> mTargmnelobiTi sferos warmomadgenlebi<br />

iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebulni, Tu ar CavTvliT `qarTuli Seqspirianas~ mesame<br />

<strong>tom</strong>s, sa<strong>da</strong>c jer kidev 1972 wels profesori niko yiasaSvili sakuTar<br />

statiaSi `Seqspiri – tradicia <strong>da</strong> novatoroba~ <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis<br />

`rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `<strong>tom</strong><br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s am gaxmaurebul tragikomediaSi Seqspiris meorexarisxovani<br />

personaJebi `gmirebad~ gvevlinebian, rac ukve miuTiTebs avtoris<br />

ganzraxvaze – Seqspiris tragediis deheroizacia moaxdinos. aqac<br />

Seqspiri Tanamedrove dramaturgsa <strong>da</strong> Teatrs <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis,<br />

raTa renesansuli idealebis parodirebis gziT axali drois evropuli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulieri krizisi gamoexata~ (yiasaSvili 1972: 42).<br />

yovelive zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sakvlevi problemis irgvliv<br />

arsebuli samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> dramatuli<br />

nawarmoebebis analizze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT mocemuli sadisertacio naSromis<br />

mizania, gavarkvioT <strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebaSi <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s<br />

arseboba rogorc literaturul-saxelovnebo, aseve socialur-<br />

5

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filosofiuri kuTxiT <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegad warmovaCinoT avtoris<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba postmodernistuli epoqis mimarT.<br />

naSromis amocanaa, analizis safuZvelze aCvenos <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s<br />

esTetikisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis saerTo niSnebi; ganvsazRvroT<br />

maTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sinamdvilis mxatvruli reprezentaciis sakiTxis<br />

mimarT; aseve religiisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis, bunebisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis,<br />

siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> seqsualobis maTeuli interpretacia; istorizmis<br />

principis maTeuli gaazreba, kerZod, postmodernistul sinamdvileSi<br />

Sua saukuneebis reprezentaciis sakiTxi. am ZiriTadi sakiTxebis<br />

gamokvleva, saSualebas mogvcems visaubroT rogorc maT Soris<br />

arsebul garkveul literaturul-esTetikur <strong>da</strong> filosofiurreligiur<br />

kavSirebze, aseve gansxvavebebze, rac sabolood maTi<br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Sesaxeb erTiani, mTliani suraTis warmoCenis<br />

saSualebas mogvcems.<br />

disertaciis meTodologiur <strong>da</strong> Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens,<br />

erTi mxriv, <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis<br />

mkvlevarTa samecniero Sromebi, literaturuli, filosofiuri,<br />

Teologiuri Tu istoriuli pirvelwyaroebi, romelic Tavad<br />

dramaturgis Semoqmedebis safuZvelia, literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />

xasiaTis samecniero literatura sa<strong>da</strong>c ganxilulia XX saukunis<br />

modernizmis, egzistencializmis <strong>da</strong> <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s sakiTxebi, aseve<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebiTi meTodisa <strong>da</strong> misi stilis ZiriTadi<br />

Taviseburebebi.<br />

naSromis pirvel TavSi SevecdebiT ganvixiloT terminis<br />

`<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s~ araerTgvarovani, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierTgamomricxavi definicia Tanamedrove literaturuli kritikis,<br />

xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d postmodernistuli epoqis WrilSi. amave<br />

TavSi ganvixilav postmodernistuli epoqis kavSirs renesansul<br />

epoqasTan, rac reprezentirebulia ara mxolod samecniero<br />

literaturis analizis SedegebSi, aramed <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesisa <strong>da</strong> filmis<br />

`rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildesterni mkvdrebi arian~ mTavari gmirebis<br />

mxatvrul kavSirSic postmodernistul <strong>da</strong> renesansul epoqasTan, rac<br />

6

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naCvenebia naxazis saxiT <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizis gziT cnobili<br />

amerikeli reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> scenaristis vudi alenis moTxrobasTan<br />

`kugelmasis SemTxveva~ (The Kugelmass Episode). aseve gamaxvilebulia<br />

yuradReba Seqspiris metaforis `samyaro scenaa~ <strong>stopardi</strong>seul<br />

interpretaciaze <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesasa <strong>da</strong> filmSi `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildesterni mkvdrebi arian~.<br />

naSromis meore Tavi eTmoba <strong>stopardi</strong>s meore mniSvnelovani piesis<br />

`moxtunavenis~ (Jumpers) analizs, sa<strong>da</strong>c im Tematikas warmovaCenT,<br />

romelic swored <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s zegavleniT gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

dramaturgiaSi. SevecdebiT teqstis hermenevtikuli kuTxiT kvlevas,<br />

piesis Si<strong>da</strong> Sreebis gaxsnas <strong>da</strong> nawarmoebSi arsebuli semiotikuri Tu<br />

simbolikuri niSnebis gaazrebas, rac <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba gavigoT Tu rogori<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aqvs avtors piesis sinamdvileSi, Sesabamisad,<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis realobaSi RmerTis arseboba-ar arsebobis<br />

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mimarT. winamdebare Tavi Seiswavlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli piesis erT-erT centralur simbolos-pirami<strong>da</strong>s, rogorc<br />

piesis centralur semiotikur simbolos romelzec <strong>da</strong>Senebulia<br />

avtoris mTeli filosofia. naSromSi piramidis simbolika ganxilulia<br />

ori kuTxiT, antikuri filosofiis <strong>da</strong> iudeur-qristianul azrobriv<br />

WrilSi, rac avtoris dualisturi bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />

kvleva warimarTeba platonis `timeosis~ analizis gziT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

gamokvleulia pirami<strong>da</strong>sTan anu samkuTxedTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli samyaros<br />

Seqmnis didi triadiseuli versia. xolo piramidis simbolos iudeurqristianuli<br />

mxare ganxilulia wmin<strong>da</strong> samebis Sesaxeb<br />

neoplatonistebis (plotini) <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> mamaTa (wmin<strong>da</strong> augustinesa <strong>da</strong><br />

ioane <strong>da</strong>maskelis) Teologiuri msjelobebis ganxilviT. amasTanave<br />

piramidis iudeur-qristianuli simbolika, rogorc samkuTxedis, cifri<br />

samis simbolo Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia umberto ekos romanSi `vardis saxeli~<br />

(The Name of the Rose) arsebul monastris citadelis samebis<br />

simbolikasTan.<br />

naSromis mesame TavSi SevecdebiT ganvixiloT avtoris kidev erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani piesa `parodistebi~ (Travesties), sa<strong>da</strong>c warmovaCenT<br />

7

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avtoris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas postmodernistuli esTetikis mimarT.<br />

SevecdebiT <strong>da</strong>vadginoT piesis struqturuli qsovili <strong>da</strong> analizis<br />

Sedegad warmovaCinoT piesaSi postmodernistuli literaturisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli elementebis arseboba. amave TavSi SevecdebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>vadginoT avtoris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rogorc `maRali xelovnebis~<br />

(literaturis) mimarT, romelsac piesaSi jeimz joisi <strong>da</strong> misi `ulise~<br />

(Ulysses) warmoadgens, aseve postmodernistul epoqaSi gavrcelebuli<br />

`pop-kulturis~ mimarT, romelsac piesaSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmis erT-erTi<br />

fuZemdebeli tristan Zara warmoaCens.<br />

meoTxe TavSi gamokvleulia sidlei parkis baRis anu `arkadias~<br />

(Arcadia) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodis reprezentaciis mniSvneloba, rac piesaSi<br />

oTxi drois, 1730, 1760, 1809 <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove epoqis saxiTaa gamoxatuli.<br />

meoTxe Tavi, aseve Seexeba sityva `arkadias~ konotaciebs, romelic<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mkvlevaris mosazrebebis analizis <strong>da</strong> piesis Cemeuli<br />

interpretaciis safuZvelze, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia erTi mxriv, antikuri<br />

xanis sakulto adgilTan, romelic virgiliusis mier iyo<br />

idealizebuli, xolo meore mxriv, bibliuri edemis baRTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

bunebis qaoturobas Tavad RmerTi awesrigeb<strong>da</strong>. aseve ganvixilavT<br />

postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel uamrav Temas <strong>da</strong><br />

problemas. Ppirveli, rac un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos aris mecnieruli Tema. am<br />

kuTxiT gaazrebulia isaak niutonis klasikuri meqanizmis sistema,<br />

romelic samyaros wesrigs mizez-Sedegobriobis anu deterministuli<br />

midgomis safuZvelze aRwers. niutonis kanonis paralelurad, piesaSi<br />

meore mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Teoriac aris reprezentirebuli<br />

Termodinamikis meore kanonis saxiT, romlis mixedviTac samyaro<br />

niutonis deterministuli Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod erT<br />

mimarTulebiT, siTbo<strong>da</strong>n-sicivisken moZraobs. winamdebare TavSi<br />

detalurad aris ganxiluli piesaSi am ori urTierTsapirispiro<br />

reprezentaciis urTierTmimarTeba <strong>da</strong> igi gaazrebulia Tanamedrove<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis WrilSi.<br />

kvlevis Sedegebi Sejamebulia <strong>da</strong>skvnebSi.<br />

8

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I Tavi<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s elementebi <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesasa <strong>da</strong> filmSi<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“<br />

disneis samyaro gveubneba, rom teqnologias bunebaze<br />

meti realobis mocema SeuZlia CvenTvis.<br />

umberto eko<br />

1967 wels, „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ niu<br />

iorkuli premieris Semdeg <strong>tom</strong> stopards hkiTxes Tu ras Seexebo<strong>da</strong><br />

misi piesa, razec avtorma postmodernistuli ironiiT upasuxa, rom<br />

piesa Seexeba imas, ramac igi Zalian mdi<strong>da</strong>r kacad aqcia (holdeni 2007:<br />

1). marTlac am piesam stopards didi warmateba moutana, jer<br />

edinburgis festivalze, xolo Semdeg londonis nacionaluri Teatris<br />

scenaze, rasac mohyva „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“<br />

msoflio sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TeatrebSi <strong>da</strong>dgmuli versiebi. Tumca 1990 wels<br />

piesis sasceno versiebs kinematografiuli versiac Seemata, riTac<br />

stopardma sazogadoebas dramaturgiul <strong>da</strong> scenaristul talantTan<br />

erTad reJisoruli niWic <strong>da</strong>anaxa.<br />

radgan naSromis kvlevis mizani <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetikis urTierTmimarTebis Seswavlaa, ami<strong>tom</strong><br />

winamdebare Tavi <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetikis ZiriTadi principebis<br />

analizTan erTad eZRvneba postmodernistuli elementebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s pirvel mniSvnelovan piesaSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni<br />

mkvdrebi arian“, risTvisac saWiroa gamovlindes is maxasiaTeblebi,<br />

romelic postmodernistuli literaturis <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />

9

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postmodernistuli epoqisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebisTvisaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli,<br />

xolo am maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>dgindes kavSiri<br />

postmodernistul <strong>da</strong> renesansul epoqebs Soris, postmodernistul<br />

dramaturgiasa <strong>da</strong> renesansul dramaturgias Soris, <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ rogorc<br />

postmodernistuli drama, xolo uiliam Seqspiris „hamleti“ rogorc<br />

renesansuli drama. amgvari kvlevis aucilebloba imiTac aris<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni<br />

mkvdrebi arian“ Seqspiris `hamletis~ erTgvari postmodernistuli<br />

`rimeikia~. ami<strong>tom</strong> am piesis, rogorc postmodernistuli dramis,<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>reba uiliam Seqspiris „hamletTan“, rogorc renesansul<br />

dramasTan, saintereso kuTxiT warmoaCens <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s<br />

Taviseburebebs.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, imisaTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>vadginoT kavSiri<br />

postmodernizmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebas Soris, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, saWiroa gaanalizdes zoga<strong>da</strong>d ra aris <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>. amaze<br />

erTi wina<strong>da</strong>debiT zusti pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia, radgan rogorc<br />

arqiteqturis Teoretikosi Carlz jenksi ambobs: „un<strong>da</strong> gvesmodes, rom<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong> cvalebadi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadia, rac imas niSnavs, rom<br />

zusti pasuxis miReba SeuZlebelia, sul cota iqamde, sanam is ar<br />

Sewyvets moZraobas“ (nikoli 2002:2). xolo bren nikoli aRniSnavs:<br />

„<strong>postmodernizmi</strong> aris yvelaze problemuri cneba Tanamedrove<br />

kulturis kritikaSi. es termini gamorCeulad figurirebs uCveulod<br />

farTo speqtris akademiur disciplinebSi, rogoricaa<br />

literaturaTmcodneoba, vizualuri xelovneba <strong>da</strong> arqiteqtura,<br />

filosofia, socialuri Teoria, istoria, kulturaTmcodneoba<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c igi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad gamoiyeneba sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

sagnebis aRsaniSnad“ (nikoli 2002: 1). xolo fredrik jeimsonis TqmiT,<br />

Tanamedrove postmodernistul realobaSi, maSin roca televiziebma <strong>da</strong><br />

masmediam, teqnologiuri xelovnebis nimuSebiT <strong>da</strong>ipyro realoba,<br />

kulturac savaWro sazogadoebis nawilad iqca, radgan kultura aRar<br />

ganisazRvreba misi tradiciisa Tu eqsperimentuli formebis mixedviT,<br />

aramed igi moixmareba momxmarebluri samyaros yoveldRiuri<br />

10

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moTxovnebis Sesabamisad (jeimsoni 1998:111). <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> moicavs ara<br />

marto akademiur <strong>da</strong>rgebs, aramed es termini kidev ufro metad<br />

gavrcelebulia iseT sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, rogoric aris masmedia,<br />

beWduri media, satelevizio saxelovnebo programebi <strong>da</strong> araakademiuri<br />

wignebi, rac terminis <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> gansazRvras kidev ufro metad<br />

arTulebs (nikoli 2002: 1).<br />

ami<strong>tom</strong> saWirod CavTvale <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s ganmarteba <strong>da</strong>mewyo im<br />

maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofiT, rac postmodernistul literaturas,<br />

xelovnebas Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>d epoqas axasiaTebs <strong>da</strong> Semdgom am<br />

maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>medgina kavSiri <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> filmis „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“<br />

postmodernistul literaturasa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebasTan.<br />

pirveli, rac postmodernistuli samyaros maxasiaTeblebze<br />

saubrisas un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos es aris Tanamedrove samyaroSi axali,<br />

irealuri realobis (romelsac Jan bodriari - `simulakrul~,<br />

umberto eko ki - `hiperrealur~ samyaros uwodebs) Seqmnis mcdeloba.<br />

frangi filosofosi Jan bodriari amerikaSi <strong>da</strong>naxuli semiotikuri<br />

niSnebis analizisas hiperrealuri realobis saTaved amerikis<br />

simulakrul realobas miiCnevs (bodriari 1989: 27). igi aRniSnavs: `rac<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTo aris is, rom Sexvide amerikis fiqciaSi, Sexvide<br />

amerikaSi, rogorc fiqciaSi. marTlac, amgvari fiqciuri safuZvlebiT<br />

dominirebs is msoflioSi~ (bodriari 1989: 28). aseve am simulakruli,<br />

fantasmagoriuli, hiperrealuri samyaros modelad bodriari<br />

kalifornias, kerZod ki las vegass miiCnevs. `es samganzomilebiani<br />

ocnebaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c ise SegiZlia Sexvide, rogorc sizmarSi~ (bodriari 1989:<br />

28). ufro naTlad rom warmovidginoT, ras warmoadgens amgvari samyaro<br />

ekosac <strong>da</strong> Jan bodriarsac uolt disneis samyaros magaliTi mohyavT.<br />

ai rogor axasiaTebs bavSvebis <strong>da</strong> ara marto bavSvebis ocnebis<br />

samyaros Jan bodriari: „disneilendi aris simulakrebis yvela<br />

gaxlarTuli <strong>da</strong>lagebis zusti modeli. upirveles yovlisa, is aris<br />

iluziaTa <strong>da</strong> fantaziaTa TamaSi: mekobreebi, frontiri, momavlis<br />

samyaro <strong>da</strong> a.S. am warmosaxviTma samyarom un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos operaciis<br />

11

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warmatebuloba~ (nikoli 2002: 97) (bodriari 1994: 12). xolo umberti eko<br />

SeniSnavs: `aseTi amerikis ideologias surs imitaciis meSveobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>majerebloba <strong>da</strong>nergos. Tumca sargebeli amarcxebs ideologias,<br />

radgan momxmareblebs ara mxolod garantirebuli kargisgan miRebuli<br />

Jruanteli surT, aramed cudisgan miRebuli JrJolac. ami<strong>tom</strong>ac,<br />

disneilendSi miki mausis <strong>da</strong> keTili <strong>da</strong>Tvis gverdiT, xelSesaxebi<br />

sicxadiT aseve un<strong>da</strong> iyos metafizikuri boroteba (moCvenebaTa saxli),<br />

<strong>da</strong> istoriuli boroteba (mekobreebi)....~ (eko 1998: 57).<br />

`disneis samyaros~ analizisas, aseve safiqrebeli <strong>da</strong> xazgasasmelia<br />

uolt disneis erT-erTi umTavresi simbolos, miki mausis mudmivi<br />

Rimili. Jan bodriari amerikaSi arsebul Rimilze uamrav mosazrebas<br />

gamoTqvams. pirvelad igi SeniSnavs, rom `taims squerze~ mosiarule<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saxeze aRbeWdili Rimilis adresati ara vinme sxva, aramed<br />

Tavad Rimilis avtoria (bodriari 1989: 14). Semdeg ki yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n yvelanair situaciaSi Rimilze.<br />

Rimili maSinac ki roca ar ici ra pasuxi gasce <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvas.<br />

micvalebulebsac ki Rimili <strong>da</strong>hkravT saxeze im imediT, rom momaval<br />

cxovrebaSic gauRimebs bedi. amgvar Rimils ki bodriari reiganis <strong>da</strong><br />

reklamis Rimils adris (bodriari 1989: 32). Tavad reklama, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, iwarmoeba masmediuri teqnologiebiT <strong>da</strong> vrceldeba<br />

masmediuri saSualebebiT. Sesabamisad, bodriaris msjeloba amerikuli<br />

Rimilis Sesaxeb logikurad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia masmediasTan anu<br />

samyaroSi hiperrealuri <strong>da</strong> simulakruli realobis mwarmoebel nomer<br />

pirvel saSualebasTan. anu Tanamedrove realobaSi es uwyinari<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Cveva Tavis TavSive uamrav azrs atarebs <strong>da</strong> es yvelaferi<br />

ara Tavad sazogadoebis mier aris Seqmnili, aramed piriqiT<br />

sazogadoebisTvis aris Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebuli im saSualebebiT,<br />

romelsac disneis <strong>da</strong> holivudis samyaro hqvia. erT-erTi holivuduri<br />

„bloqbasteris“, „betmenis“ personaJis, jokeris mizanic xom msgavsia,<br />

gaaRimos gotemis sazogadoeba, xolo am RimiliT Seqmnas iluzia<br />

bednierebis, rasac qimiuრi kosmetikuri saSualebebiT cdilobs anu im<br />

silamazis saSualebebiT, romelic gamoiyeneba xelovnuri silamazis<br />

SeqmnisTvisa <strong>da</strong> gaaxalgazr<strong>da</strong>vebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc 1998 wels<br />

12

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endriu nikolis scenaris mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli peter veiris filmi<br />

`trumenis Sous~ (The Truemen Show) mTliani siuJeti, sa<strong>da</strong>c holivudis<br />

tipis uzarmazar studiaSi Seqmnilia xelovnuri qalaqi, romelic<br />

televiziis <strong>da</strong> masmediis saSualebiT pir<strong>da</strong>pir eTerSi ga<strong>da</strong>scems imgvar<br />

utopiur realobas, romelsac bodriari/ekos mier naxsenebi `disneis<br />

samyaro~ moiazrebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c yoveli personaJi arsebuli realobiT<br />

bednieri <strong>da</strong> gaRimebulia. amgvar RimilebSi bodriari Semdeg gzavnils<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vs: `kargia es qveyana. me var kargi. Cven saukeTesoni varT~<br />

(bodriari 1989: 32). (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 1)<br />

bodriaris mosazrebebis analizi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, amgvari<br />

sazogadoeba masmediis gavlenis qveS imyofeba. ufro mkafiod rom<br />

ganvmartoT, postmodernistuli sazogadoebisTvis realoba iqca<br />

ekranis realobad, xolo ekranis realoba iqca realur realobad, anu<br />

siyalbe iqca simarTled <strong>da</strong> simarTle siyalbed. ami<strong>tom</strong> rogorc<br />

bodriari aRniSnavs: `Tu virwmunebT, rom mTeli <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaro<br />

hipostazirebulia amerikaSi, xolo amerika kaliforniaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

kalifornia disneis samyaroSi, maSin es ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

mikrokosmosia” (bodriari 1989: 54). gamodis, rom Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleli a<strong>da</strong>miani pir<strong>da</strong>pir mierTebulia holivudur studiebs <strong>da</strong><br />

maT saxeze gamosaxuli zemoT ganxiluli Rimilic Sedegia maTi<br />

`realobis~, radgan rogorc Tavad bodriari am Temis Sejamebisas<br />

aRniSnavs: `amerikaSi kinematografi namdvilia, radgan is im sivrcis, im<br />

cxovrebis momcvelia, romelic kinematografiulia. am ors Soris<br />

sazRvari, is abstraqcia, razec v<strong>da</strong>rdobT sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs,<br />

cxovreba kinoa~ (bodriari 1989: 97). amgvari kinematografiuli realoba<br />

ar aris mxolod amerikis realobis nawili, aramed globaluri<br />

msofliosic, radgan amerikis SeerTebul Statebs uzarmazari<br />

kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri gavlena aqvs <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioze, aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare amerikis problema <strong>da</strong>narCeni civilizebuli msoflios<br />

problemacaa. amis sailustraciod uamrav argumentTagan ramodenimec<br />

sakmarisia.<br />

13

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pirveli aris amerikis finansuri gavlena <strong>da</strong>narCen civilizebul<br />

msoflioze, rac Zalian kargad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> amerikaSi 2008 wels arsebuli<br />

ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi, romelic dominoseburi efeqtiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>edo civilizebul <strong>da</strong>savleTs <strong>da</strong> faqtiurad amerikis finansuri<br />

problema <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros problemac gax<strong>da</strong>. am ekonomikuri<br />

krizisis Sedegebs dResac ebrZvis <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis ramdenime<br />

ganviTarebuli qveyana. (mag. espaneTi, saberZneTi.)<br />

meore, kulturul-kinematografiuli gavlena, romelic 2011 wels<br />

princ uiliamis <strong>da</strong> qeiT midltonis qorwilis dRes gamoCn<strong>da</strong>. msoflio<br />

presa qorwilis mTavari personaJebis <strong>da</strong> uolt disneis erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze cnobili produqtis „konkias“ personaJebis msgavsebaze<br />

alaparak<strong>da</strong> (bibisi amerika 2011). (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 2)<br />

mesame es aris Tanamedrove realobaSi kinematografiuli,<br />

holivuduri personaJis „betmenis“ gamoCena montdgomerSi, merilendis<br />

StatSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi ZviradRirebuli lamborjinis markis manqaniT<br />

policiis mier sagzao wesebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis iyo gaCerebuli (evro<br />

niusi 2012). (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 3)<br />

<strong>da</strong> meoTxe, 2012 wlis londonis olimpiadis gaxsnis ceremoniali,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c mTel msoflios televiziiT <strong>da</strong> ekraniT pir<strong>da</strong>pir eTerSi uCvenes<br />

Tu rogor moacileb<strong>da</strong> olimpiadis gaxsnis ceremonialisken dedofal<br />

elizabets holivudis brendis erT-erTi gamorCeuli saxe agenti 007<br />

(holivud riforTeri 2012). (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 4)<br />

am hiperrealuri samyaros Seqmnam, vfiqrob, zoga<strong>da</strong>d didi gavlena<br />

iqonia ara mxolod Tanamedrove epoqasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze,<br />

aramed agreTve xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> literaturaze, mecnierebasa Tu<br />

teqnologiur ganviTarebaze. hiperrealuri samyaros Seqmnaze,<br />

ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebaze masmediasTan erTad globaluri<br />

kapitalisturi ekonomikac zrunavs, razec bren nikoli wers: „realoba<br />

aRar aris is, rac Cven SeiZleba gvegonos, rom TavisTavad aris, aramed<br />

is, rac gvaeWvebs, rom mudmivad organizebulia <strong>da</strong> agebuli CvenTvis<br />

masmediisa <strong>da</strong> globaluri kapitalisturi ekonomikisagan Semdgari<br />

ormagi instrumentis meSveobiT. cxovrobde postmodernizmSi niSnavs,<br />

14

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ganicdide realobas rogorc siyalbes, xolo siyalbes _ rogorc<br />

realobas“ (nikoli 2002: 5). xolo am hiperrealur, gamogonil,<br />

falsificirebul samyaros zegavlenaze <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />

mis gavrcelebasa <strong>da</strong> Sedegebze kidev ufro kargad slovenieli<br />

filosofosi slavoi JiJeki saubrobs: „Cven viciT, rom prezidentebi<br />

cruoben, magram mainc vuWerT maT mxars. Cven viciT, rom reklamis<br />

mwarmoeblebi azviadeben TavianTi produqtebis Rirebulebas, Tumca<br />

Cven mainc vyidulobT maT“ (nikoli 2002: 4). anu, am hiperrealur,<br />

gamogonil samyaros, masmediis, `disneis samyaros~ mowyobis magaliTiT,<br />

holivudis filmebis zegavleniT, rogorc slavoi JiJeki ambobs,<br />

politikosebis <strong>da</strong> prezidentebis tyuilebTan erTad globaluri<br />

finansuri organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d fuli qmnis <strong>da</strong> warmarTavs.<br />

jeimsoni Tavis wignSi `kulturuli Semobruneba, rCeuli werilebi<br />

postmodernze~ (The Cultural Turn, selected writings on the postmodern) aRniSnavs<br />

italieli mecnierisa <strong>da</strong> sociologis, jovani arigis naSroms `grZeli<br />

meoce saukunes~ (The Long Twentieth Century), sa<strong>da</strong>c Tanamedrove samyaroSi<br />

fulis, rogorc Zalauflebis wyaros mniSvnelobazea saubari. aseve<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi safondo birJebis mniSvnelobis gazr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />

industriul warmoebaze, aseve fulis kapitalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

sainvesticio sferoebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sayuradReboa<br />

erTi mniSvnelovani faqti, romelsac jeimsoni `monetarizmis~ terminiT<br />

moixseniebs, Tanamedrove samyaroSi Seqmnili finansuri Tu politikuri<br />

realobis <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobis gamosaxatad (jeimsoni 1998: 136).<br />

ismis kiTxva: ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes am yvelafers Tanamedrove<br />

britanel dramaturg <strong>tom</strong> stopardTan <strong>da</strong> mis piesa Tu filmTan<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ vfiqrob kavSiri<br />

Zalian bevria. upirveles yovlisa rozenkrancica <strong>da</strong> gildensternic<br />

Seqspiris „hamletis“ mixedviT samefo karTan Zalian <strong>da</strong>axloebuli<br />

pirebi arian <strong>da</strong> mefe klavdiusis politikis gamtarebelni. es<br />

yvelaferi Tanamedrove samyaroSi, rom gadmovitanoT <strong>da</strong> vfiqrob, rom<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gadmovitanoT, radgan orive personaJi <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesisa <strong>da</strong><br />

filmis mixedviT zusta<strong>da</strong>c rom postmodernistuli epoqis personaJebi<br />

15

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arian (ris Sesaxebac mogvianebiT visaubreb), romlebic raRac<br />

safasuris Tu ubralod raRac politikis zegavleniT Tu im Seqmnili<br />

realobis Tu irealobis gamo emsaxurebian iseT politikas, romelic<br />

cdilobs moklas realoba, moklas simarTle <strong>da</strong> samyaroSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>isadguros tyuilma <strong>da</strong> im xelovnurad Seqmnilma realobam,<br />

romelsac erTi mxriv Tanamedrove samyaroSi „disneis samyaro“ <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

zemonaxsenebi faqtorebi qmnian, xolo meore mxriv renesansul<br />

samyaroSi, Seqspiris „hamletSi“ mefe klavdiusi <strong>da</strong> misi politika<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna. <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s filmisa <strong>da</strong> piesis, ase vTqvaT,<br />

prologSic monetebis anu fulis TamaSis epizodi, vfiqrob,<br />

SemTxveviTi epizodi ar aris; piriqiT, is Zalian bevr simbolur<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTvas SeiZleba atarebdes.<br />

1. fuli rogorc mTavari warmarTveli faqtori ararsebuli,<br />

virtualuri `realuri~ samyaros SeqmnaSi, anu mTavari personaJebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n monetis TamaSis epizodiT, Cveneba fulis, rogorc yvelaze<br />

upiratesi Zalis matareblisa am hiperrealur, „disneis samyaros“<br />

msgavs samyaroSi (`disneilendSic“ xom yoveli saTamaSo atraqcioni<br />

fuli Rirs iseve rogorc im samyaroSi, romelsac Cven realurs<br />

vuwodebT), 2. fuli <strong>da</strong> moneta, rogorc makavSirebeli am personaJebisa<br />

erTi mxriv „hamletis“ samyarosTan <strong>da</strong> masSi warmodgenil klavdiusis<br />

politikasTan <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv Tanamedrove samyarosTan <strong>da</strong> masSi<br />

arsebul fulis batonobasTan. <strong>da</strong> kidev erTi: monetis erTi mxaris<br />

„alCus“ („ariolis“) (“Heads”) usaSvelo mosvliT, romelzec filmSi<br />

Seqspiris msgavsi portretia gamosaxuli, miniSnebulia, rom<br />

rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni maTTvis <strong>da</strong>ukiTxavad imyofebian im<br />

samyaroSi, asruleben im rolebs, TamaSoben im TamaSs, romelic maTTan<br />

SeuTanxmeblad <strong>da</strong>iwera <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna; <strong>da</strong> am yvelafris kavSiri fulTan<br />

kidev ufro simbolur elfers aZlevs Tanamedrove samyaroSi fulis<br />

Zalas <strong>da</strong> fuliT hiperrealuri samyaros Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> am gziT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

cxovrebis gansazRvras.<br />

sazogadoebis cxovrebis gansazRvris ideur WrilSi aseve ar<br />

SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos amerikuli avtostradebis semiotikuri<br />

16

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mniSvneloba, romlis Sesaxebac bodriari sakmaod vrclad saubrobs.<br />

Tanamedrove postmodernuli samyaro, romlis naTeli magaliTi,<br />

rogorc zemoT ganxiluli<strong>da</strong>n Cans amerikaa, cxovrobde realobaSi<br />

niSnavs cxovrobde kinematografiaSi anu holivudSi an `disneis<br />

samyaroSi~, xolo amgvarad macxovrebeli sazogadoebis cxovreba hgavs<br />

amerikul avtostra<strong>da</strong>s, romelic yvelas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavad gansazRvravs am kavSirebis moZraobis wesebs, xolo Tu ar<br />

emorCilebi <strong>da</strong>dgenil wesebs gaqvs niSani “MUST EXIT” (`un<strong>da</strong> gaxvide~)<br />

(bodriari 1989: 52). gamodis, rom im a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis, romelic cxovrobs<br />

amgvari kinematografiuli realobiT, gansazRvrulia ara mxolod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba, aramed adgil-samyofeli <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa momavalic, radgan<br />

Tu sazogadoebis realoba kinos msgavsia, kinoSi <strong>da</strong>sasrulic<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli <strong>da</strong> Seqmnilia. albaT ami<strong>tom</strong> a<strong>da</strong>rebs bodriari<br />

avtostradebis moZraobis wesebsa <strong>da</strong> niSnebs msoflios mowyobis<br />

wesebsa <strong>da</strong> niSnebs. am mxriv “Must Exit” SesaZloa atarebdes Semdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTvasac, Tu a<strong>da</strong>miani ar aris gawevrianebuli ekonomikur,<br />

politikur, filosofiur Tu ideologiur avtostra<strong>da</strong>Si anu <strong>da</strong>dgenil,<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgmul realobaSi, misi kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba SezRudulia <strong>da</strong><br />

igi av<strong>tom</strong>aturad am avtostradis gareT rCeba.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s mTavari moqmedi gmirebic piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, xom gzaze<br />

moemarTebian, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini Teatrs xvdebian, risi meSveobiTac isini<br />

elsinoris realobaSi aRmoCndebian, anu im realobaSi, romelsac<br />

moTamaSe msaxiobi mTavar moqmed gmirebs amgvarad sTavazobs:<br />

„Cven SegiyvanT intrigebisa <strong>da</strong> iluziebis samyaroSi....“ 1<br />

(“We transport you into a world of intrigue and illusion….” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 16))<br />

anu rozenkrancsa <strong>da</strong> gildesterns sTavazoben msgavs samyaroSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas, razec zemoT ukve vimsjeleT. am mosazrebas moTamaSeprotagonistis<br />

Semdegi sityvebic amyarebs:<br />

1 winamdebare TavSi citatebis Targmani piesi<strong>da</strong>n `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni<br />

mkvdrebi arian~ ekuTvnis disertaciis avtors.<br />

17

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`Cven swored imas vakeTebT scenaze, rac mis miRma xdeba xolme.~<br />

(“We do on stage the things that are supposed to happen off” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 20))<br />

amgvari fiqciuri realobis mimarT sainteresoa <strong>stopardi</strong>s mTavari<br />

gmirebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, romelsac avtori gildensternis sityvebiT<br />

avlens:<br />

“-gil: CagviTries. erT gaufrTxilebel nabijs meore mosdevs,<br />

meores _ mesame, mesames isev pirvelTan mivyavarT <strong>da</strong> ase. axla<br />

Tvalebi Wyite <strong>da</strong> yurebi cqvite. frTxilad iyavi <strong>da</strong> miyevi<br />

instruqciebs. yvelaferi kargad iqneba.<br />

-roz: ki, magram rodis!<br />

-gil: roca is moxdeba, rac un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes. aq erTgvari logikaa _<br />

Seni gasakeTebeli TavisiT gakeTdeba. ami<strong>tom</strong>, ar inerviulo.<br />

modundi <strong>da</strong> ixalise.”<br />

(“Guil: We’ve been caught up. Your smallest action sets off another somewhere else, and is<br />

set off by it. Keep an eye open, an ear cocked. Tread warily, follow instructions. We will be<br />

all right.<br />

Ros: For how long<br />

Guil: Till events have played themselves out. There’s a logic at work — it’s all done for you,<br />

don’t worry. Enjoy it. Relax…..” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 29))<br />

gamodis, rom bodriaris mier aRwerili sazogadoebisaTvis, iseve<br />

rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s gmirebisTvis, realoba <strong>da</strong>dgmuli <strong>da</strong> Seqmnilia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavisufali neba, bibliuri a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evaseuli neba nel-nela ukan<br />

iwevs <strong>da</strong> win deterministuli niutoniseuli Teoria moiwevs anu<br />

samyaros mecnieruli, deterministuli Semecneba, romelic <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

filmSi vaSlis epizodiT vlindeba <strong>da</strong> romelzec qvemoT ufro<br />

detalurad vimsjeleb.<br />

P postmodernistuli kulturis, azrovnebis Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>d epoqis erTerTi<br />

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

18

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sazogadoebis gaurkvevloba e.w. `maRal kulturaSi~ <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad<br />

mis<strong>da</strong>mi gaucxoeba. umberto eko Tavis wignSi „yalbis rwmena:<br />

mogzauroba hiperrealobaSi“ (Faith In Fakes Travels in Hyperreality) san<br />

franciskos, los anjelesisa <strong>da</strong> santa kruzis cvilis muzeumebSi<br />

gamofenil leonardo <strong>da</strong> vinCis reproduqciuli namuSevrebisa <strong>da</strong> im<br />

xelovnuri emociuri auris SeqmniT, romelic Tanamedrove musikiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

ganaTebis sistemiT SeiaraRebul muzeumSi sufevs (eko 1998: 16,17),<br />

reproduqciuli xelovnebis avtorebisgan Tanamedrove sazogadoebis,<br />

kerZod ki, am muzeumis <strong>da</strong>mTvarieleblebis mimarT aseT gzavnils<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vs: „is Sorsaa, milanSi, adgili, romelic, florenciis msgavsad,<br />

mTlad renesansia. Tqven SeiZleba verasodes moxvdeT iq, magram xma<br />

gafrTxilebT, rom originali freska amJamad <strong>da</strong>zianebulia, TiTqmis<br />

uxilavia <strong>da</strong> ar Seswevs Zala moganiWoT is emocia, romelsac ganiWebT<br />

samganzomilebiani cvili, romelic ufro realuria <strong>da</strong> srulyofili“<br />

(eko 1998: 18). Tanamedrove samyaroSi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis<br />

gamoyenebiT, renesansis `maRali kultura~, romelsac leonardo <strong>da</strong><br />

vinCi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT warmoadgens, Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis<br />

xelmisawvdomi gax<strong>da</strong> los anjelesisa <strong>da</strong> san franciskos muzeumebSi<br />

reproduqciuli cvilis nimuSebis saxiT, romlebic arafriT<br />

gansxvavdebian im originalebisagan, romlebic milanisa <strong>da</strong> florenciis<br />

taZrebsa Tu muzeumebSia <strong>da</strong>culi. imijuri xelovnebis gaCenam, SeiTvisa<br />

rogorc `pop~, aseve `maRali kultura~, romelic yvelaze moTxovnadi<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> bazarze, ami<strong>tom</strong> amgvari imijuri silamazis SeqmniT, rogorc es<br />

ekos <strong>da</strong> vinCis magaliTSia moyvanili (d.m), Tanamedrove fsevdoesTetikuri<br />

manevris saSualebiT iqmneba ara SemoqmedebiTi, aramed<br />

ideologiuri silamaze (jeimsoni 1998: 135). xelovnebaSi aseT<br />

reproduqcias Jan bodriari kopirebas uwodebs. „adre teqnologia<br />

awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> aslebs _ musikis Canawerebs, mxatvrul reproduqciebs _ magram<br />

isini aSkarad originalis aslebs warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> jer kidev<br />

icnobodnen aseTebad. axla ki mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologia imdenad<br />

ganviTar<strong>da</strong>, rom warmoebuli aslebi iseve ganurCevelia originalebisagan,<br />

rogorc klonirebuli cxovelebi erTmaneTisagan“ (nikoli 2002: 6). amave<br />

19

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sakiTxze sainteresoa bodriaris mosazreba simulakrumis mudvivi<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebis Sesaxeb. igi aRniSnavs, rom yvelafers SeuZlia xelmeored<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibados (bodriari 1989: 39,40).<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT amgvari kopirebis <strong>da</strong> simulakrumis Seqmnis<br />

brwyinvale magaliTia 2012 wels amerikaSi, kaliforniis Statis qalaq<br />

koaCelas festivalze gacocxlebuli cnobili reperis Tufaq Saquris<br />

koncerti, sa<strong>da</strong>c hologramis formis teqnologiebis meSvebiT 16 wlis win<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilma momReralma, megobrebTan erTad cocxali koncerti<br />

gamarTa. (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 5) amgvari ram realur samyaroSi pirvelad<br />

ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, Tu ar CavTvliT 2010 wels iaponuri media kompania Crypton<br />

Future Media-s mier Seqmnil iaponeli pop varskvlavis hetcune mikus 3D<br />

holgramis tipis koncerts, sa<strong>da</strong>c miku cifruli avataris meSveobiT<br />

warsdga mayurebelTa winaSe (viiqi 2010). (ix.<strong>da</strong>narTi 6) Tumca amgvari<br />

teqnologiebis gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> mis realobaSi asaxvas pirvelad isev<br />

holivudis filmebSi vxvdebiT. jer jorj lukasis 1977 wels ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul<br />

„varskvlavTa omebSi“ (Star Wars), xolo meored 2002 wels endriu nikolis<br />

mecnieruli romanis mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul filmSi „simona“ (S1m0ne), al<br />

paCinos monawileobiT. (ix.<strong>da</strong>narTi 7)<br />

Aam gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>stopardi</strong>s rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni<br />

postmodernisti kopirebuli personaJebi arian, romlebic hiperrealuri<br />

samyaros, „pop kulturis“ warmomadgenlebi arian <strong>da</strong> maTTvis renesansuli<br />

„maRali kultura“, romelsac Seqspiri <strong>da</strong> misi „hamleti“ ganasaxierebs,<br />

iseve gaugebaria, rogorc Tanamedrove hiperrealuri samyaro, radgan<br />

rogorc andreas huiseni aRniSnavs: „Tanamedrove <strong>postmodernizmi</strong><br />

moqmedebs tradiciasa <strong>da</strong> inovacias, konservaciasa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebas,<br />

maskulturasa <strong>da</strong> maRal xelovnebas Soris arsebul <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis velSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c meoreni ukve av<strong>tom</strong>aturad aRar aRematebian pirvelebs“ (nikoli 2002:<br />

66). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare Tanamedrove postmodernisti xelovanebi <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisad mwerlebic e.w. „maRali kulturis“ gar<strong>da</strong>, aranakleb<br />

20

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<strong>da</strong>interesebulni arian e.w. „maskulturiT“ anu „pop-kulturiT“, radgan<br />

maT miaCniaT, rom pirveli arafriT aris ufro aRmatebuli meoreze <strong>da</strong><br />

piruku. amis mkafio magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesa<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“, sa<strong>da</strong>c avtori wers ara<br />

Seqspiris „hamletis“ mTavar moqmed gmirze, mis Sexedulebebsa Tu<br />

idealebze, aramed misi mTavari ganxilvis sagani Seqspiris<br />

meorexarisxovani personaJebi xdeba. renesansuli epoqis „maRali<br />

kulturis“ gamomxatveli Seqspiris „hamleti<strong>da</strong>n“ kopirebuli<br />

meorexarisxovani, „maskulturis“ gamomxatveli personaJebi (Teatralur<br />

enaze rom vTqvaT „masovkis“ personaJebi) <strong>stopardi</strong>s TeatrisaTvis ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani xdeba.<br />

piesaSi `maRali kulturisa~ <strong>da</strong> `pop-kulturis~ Sesaxeb huiseniseuli<br />

mosazreba rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong> gildesternisgan hamletis personaJis<br />

gaTamaSebis epizodSic vlindeba.<br />

“-roz: is Tavis Tavs ar hgavs.<br />

-gil: is axla me var.<br />

(nabijis xma ismis.)<br />

-roz: me vinRa var maSin<br />

-gil: Senive Tavi.<br />

-roz: <strong>da</strong> is vin aris, Seni Tavi<br />

-gil: sulac ara.~<br />

( “Ros: He is not himself, you know.<br />

Guil: I’m him, you see.<br />

(beat.)<br />

Ros: Who am I then<br />

Guil: You’re yourself.<br />

Ros: And he’s you<br />

21

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Guil: Not a bit of it. “ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 33))<br />

xelovnebaSi amgvari mimarTulebis ganviTarebaze msjeloba, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, mxolod Teatris mkvlevarebs Soris ar mimdinareobs. magaliTad,<br />

kulturis mkvlevarebi saxelovnebo Tu kulturul sferoebSi<br />

garTobis elementebis e.w. `kulturul performansze~ (ing. performance –<br />

Sesruleba, warmodgena, gamosvla) saubroben <strong>da</strong> miaCniaT, rom<br />

teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad xelovnebis nimuSebma miatoves<br />

muzeumis kedlebi. `postmodernistuli kulturis umTavresi<br />

maxasiaTebelia yvelafris performansad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva: teqnologiebi<br />

performansia; xelovnebas aRar akmayofilebs muzeumis kedlebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCena; literaturis kritikosebi sakuTar naSromebs performansad<br />

aRiqvamen; politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTareba sazogadoebriv<br />

asparezze sruldeba rogorc performansi – gansakuTrebiT, es exeba<br />

medias, romelic politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur ganviTarebas<br />

saSemsruleblo saxes aZlevs~ (konori 2004: 99).<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis „gaperformansebis“ msgavsi saubari<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildesternis <strong>da</strong> Teatris<br />

moTamaSe-protagonists Soris, sa<strong>da</strong>c moTamaSe-protagonisti pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />

ganmartavs xelovnebis amgvari gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis mizezs, rac kidev ufro<br />

amyarebs piesaSi postmodernistuli elementebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong><br />

personaJebis kavSirs postmodernistul epoqasTan.<br />

“-roz: maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, Tqven.... mTlad msaxiobebi ar yofilxarT.<br />

-protag: SeTavsebiT vsaxiobobT, ser.<br />

-roz: sanaxaobebs marTavT, ara<br />

-protag: warmodgenebs, ser.<br />

-roz: gasagebia. etyoba ase ufro mets SoulobT.<br />

-protag: ase ufro mets vixarjebiT.”<br />

22

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(“Ros: You’re not-ah-exclusively players, then<br />

Player: We’re inclusively players, sir.<br />

Ros: So you give---exhibitions<br />

Player: Performances, sir.<br />

Ros: Yes, of course. There’s more money in that, is there<br />

Player: There’s more trade, sir.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 19))<br />

uiliam dimestesi Tavis wignSi „komediis sakiTxebi Seqspiri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

stopar<strong>da</strong>mde“ (Comedy Metters From Shakspeare To Stoppard) hamletisa <strong>da</strong> gare<br />

samyaros Sesaxeb analizisas aRniSnavs, rom `im idealistur, sulier<br />

cxovrebas, romelsac wignebiTa <strong>da</strong> ideebiT garSemortymuli hamleti<br />

misdevs vitenbergSi, eWvqveS ayenebs elsinoris samefo karis Rrmad<br />

fizikuri <strong>da</strong> Teatralizebuli cxovreba. am gansxvavebul samyaroTa<br />

Sejaxebas ki mivyavarT warmodgenebis transformaciisaken, rac<br />

fun<strong>da</strong>menturad cvlis hamletis msoflmxedvelobas~ (dimestesi 2008:<br />

44). anu hamleti cxovrob<strong>da</strong> `maRal kulturul~, vinterbergiseul<br />

idealur samyaroSi <strong>da</strong> emijnebo<strong>da</strong> elsinioris sasaxlis farisevlur<br />

samyaros. SeiZleba iTqvas, asevea Tanamedrove realobaSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

arsebobs fizikuri, Teatralizebuli, niRbiseburi realoba,<br />

karnavaluri <strong>da</strong> gasarTobi simulakruli realobiT, romelzec<br />

jaWviseburad mibmulia sazogadoebebi <strong>da</strong> yvelafers ganagebs, marTavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansazRvravs fuli. albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac warmoTqvams rozenkranci<br />

Semdeg sityvebs: “Give us this <strong>da</strong>y our <strong>da</strong>ily mask” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 28) (`niRabi<br />

Cveni arsobisa momec Cven dRes~).<br />

rozenkrancis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi, romelic Zalian hgavs<br />

saxarebiseul sityvebs “Give us this <strong>da</strong>y our <strong>da</strong>ily bread” („puri Cveni arsobisa<br />

momec Cven dRes“) (maTe 6.11) SesaZloa Tavis TavSi gulisxmobdes<br />

Semdegs: is saxarebiseuli, qristianuli puri, romelsac axal aRTqmaSi<br />

ieso qristes <strong>da</strong>nabarebi locva, „mamao Cveno“ axsenebs, gankuTvnilia<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis, rogorc individis, erTaderTi <strong>da</strong> Seucvleli sulis<br />

23

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sakvebad, romelmac igi un<strong>da</strong> Seamzados realuri sulismieri,<br />

idealuri samyarosaTvis. rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong> gildensternis SemTxvevaSi<br />

bibliuri puri Caancavla fizikuri arsebobisaTvis saWiro sicruis,<br />

gaurkvevlobisa <strong>da</strong> siyalbis niRabma, radgan fizikurma simulakrulma<br />

„idealurma“ realobam fizikuri realobisaTvis axali fizikuri<br />

locva Seqmna, fizikuri „mamao Cveno“ <strong>da</strong> axali „axali aRTqma“ anu<br />

axali „simarTle“, axali „WeSmariteba“, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgili aqvs swrafvas<br />

ara individualizmisaken, ara idealurisaken, an obieqturi<br />

realobisaken, aramed individis mokvdinebis gziT axali fizikuri<br />

`idealuris~ Seqmnisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c masobrivi gasarTobi Tu karnavaluri<br />

realobaa, romelic Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> marTulia zemoT naxsenebi holivudis,<br />

masmediis Tu globaluri finansuri organizaciebis mier.<br />

msgavsi karnavaluri niRabi iqna gamoyenebuli 2011 wlis noembris<br />

saprotesto aqciebze „<strong>da</strong>ikave vol striti“, romelic niu iorkis,<br />

londonisa <strong>da</strong> tokios quCebSi globaluri finansuri organizaciebis<br />

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. gai foqsis tipis niRabi gamoxatav<strong>da</strong><br />

realobis mimarT sazogadoebis protests, anarqias, Tumca amgvari<br />

protestis formac Tu simbolikac isev `vol stritis~ realobis<br />

nawili iyo, radgan sazogadoeba ara realuri revoluciuri<br />

suliskveTebiT iyo aRtyinebuli, aramed karnavaluri `performansis~<br />

tipis protestiT. Tavad `v ese igi vendetas~ niRabis Rimili <strong>da</strong><br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d misi personaJi ki Zalian hgav<strong>da</strong> zemoT ganxilul bodriaris<br />

naazrevs, rogorc Rimilis aseve amerikis <strong>da</strong> globaluri msoflio<br />

sazogadoebis realobis kinematografirebis kuTxiT. am aqciebis<br />

mTavari simbolos gai foqsis gaRimebuli saxec, xom holivuduri<br />

kinematografiuli veli<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs <strong>da</strong> Tavad personaJi erTgvar<br />

supergmirad, sazogadoebis mxsnelis simbolod gvevlineba. `vol<br />

stritis~ saprotesto aqciebis Sesaxeb marTebul analizs gvTavazobs<br />

„gardiani“, sa<strong>da</strong>c statiis avtori aRniSnavs: `sinamdvileSi, niRbis<br />

realuri mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tanamedrove protesti<br />

aris gamocdili, sakuTari Tavis mcodne <strong>da</strong> cbieri. ar aris<br />

aucilebeli, rom man Tavis namdvili saxe aCvenos – <strong>da</strong> arc aqvs didi<br />

survilebi <strong>da</strong> molodinebi. msoflio SeZra finansuri eqscesebis<br />

24

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winaaRmdeg protestma, magram es ar aris revolucia – es karnavalia.<br />

is ki ar ayalbebs, aramed piriqiT ufro brZnuls xdis mas. namdvili<br />

revolucia sisxliani, sastiki <strong>da</strong> SeSlilia. karnavali ki gasarTobia<br />

<strong>da</strong> gzas uxsnis imgvar kiTxvebs, romlebic Cveulebriv ar ismeba xolme.<br />

gai foqsi ki gax<strong>da</strong> kiTxvebis karnavalis mefe. avbedobisgan Sors, misi<br />

niRabi mozeime moqalaqeebis saxumaro gamosaxulebaa~ (gardiani 2011).<br />

am teqnologiuri evoluciisa Tu revoluciis gavleniT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n samyaros aRqmam, sakuTari identobis <strong>da</strong> raobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis<br />

mcdelobam postmodernistul samyarosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi bibliuri<br />

sawyisebi<strong>da</strong>n anu RmerTis sityvisadmi rwmeni<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenaze ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla. es movlena, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, renesansis epoqaSi iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams, magram romantizmis<br />

epoqaSi, ufro konkretulad ki _ baironis SemoqmedebaSi kidev ufro<br />

saintereso saxe miiRo, radgan erTi mxriv bibliuri kaeni<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> moazrovne logikosi, baironis „kaeni” <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv ki<br />

zea<strong>da</strong>mianuri SesaZleblobebis mqone, mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> jadoqruli<br />

unarebis mqone „manfredi“. am personaJebis gamgrZelebelni Tanamedrove<br />

postmodernistul samyaroSi, mis `pop-kulturul” Tu kinematografiul<br />

velSi iseTi personaJebis gamoCenaa, rogorebic arian yovlisSemZle<br />

supermeni, betmeni, Tun<strong>da</strong>c gai foqsis Tanamedrove gaazreba <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

holivuduri personaJebi. <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s epoqaSi Tanamedrove<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis mecnierulma <strong>da</strong> teqnologiurma rwmenam Tanamedrove<br />

literaturasa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebazec didi zegavlena iqonia. suzan sonTagi<br />

sakuTar eseSi „erTi kultura <strong>da</strong> axali SegZnebebi“ marTebulad<br />

aRniSnavs: „dRevandeli xelovneba, simSraleze Tavis <strong>da</strong>JinebiT, misi<br />

uariT imaze, rasac igi Tvlis sentimentalurad, Tavisi sizustis<br />

sulikveTebiT, „kvlevisa“ <strong>da</strong> „amocanebis“ miseuli SegrZnebiT ufro<br />

axlos dgas mecnierul sulTan, vidre xelovnebis sulTan, am<br />

ukanasknelis Zvelmoduri gagebiT“ (nikoli 2002: 156). anu<br />

postmodernistuli xelovnebis <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, literaturis erT-erTi<br />

maxasiaTebelia mecnieruli sulisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebisadmi rwmena. am<br />

mecnieruli rwmenis, mecnieruli sulis mravali magaliTis CamoTvlaa<br />

25

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SesaZlebeli <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebi<strong>da</strong>n, (magaliTad, „moxtunaveni“ an<br />

kidev „arkadia“, romelSic moqmedeba Tanamedrove epoqis paralelurad<br />

romantizmis epoqaSic mimdinareobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c baironi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

Semoqmedebac funqcionirebs) Tumca amjerad yuradRebis fokusirebas<br />

misi piesisa <strong>da</strong> filmis „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“<br />

garSemo movaxden. raRac konkretuli istoriuli movlenis<br />

ganmeorebadobis CvenebiT, kopirebiTa <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli<br />

literaturisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ironiiT, `pastiSiT~ rogorc<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTeblis gamoyenebiT,<br />

(romelsac fredrik jeimsoni Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `pastiSi, iseve<br />

rogorc parodia, aris gansakuTrebuli, unikaluri, idiosinkretuli<br />

stilis imitacia, lingvisturi niRbis tareba, mkv<strong>da</strong>ri eniT metyveleba.<br />

magram is aris aseTi imitaciis mxolod neitraluri praqtika,<br />

parodiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli yovelgvari faruli motivebis gareSe...<br />

amgvarad, `pastiSi~ aris gamocarielebuli parodia, qan<strong>da</strong>keba brma<br />

Tvalis kaklebiT~ (konori 2004: 105)) <strong>stopardi</strong> sakuTari filmis erTerT<br />

mniSvnelovan epizodSi, roca mTavari moqmedi gmirebi elsinoris<br />

sasaxlis ezoSi imyofebian, xi<strong>da</strong>n Camovardnil vaSls rozenkrancs<br />

axvedrebs TavSi, ris Semdegac rozenkranci am vaSls miirTmevs.<br />

(ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 9) es epizodi ironiuli kopirebiT erTi mxriv<br />

mogvagonebs a<strong>da</strong>mis <strong>da</strong> evas codnis xes <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv cnobili<br />

mecnieris isaak niutonis revoluciur aRmoCenas. filmSi es epizodi<br />

sxva faqtorebis gamoc aris gamosarCevi, kerZod, im konteqstTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, razec zemoT vsaubrobdi. am epizodiT avtori TiTqos<br />

mianiSnebs, rom Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis samyaros niutoniseburma anu<br />

meqanikur-deterministulma aRqmam iseTive mniSvneloba SeiZina,<br />

rogoric hqon<strong>da</strong> samyaros bibliur aRqmas. sxva sityvebiT, stopardma<br />

niutonis anekdotis (vaSlis rozenkrancis Tavze moxvedris epizodis)<br />

bibliur aluziasTan (a<strong>da</strong>misa <strong>da</strong> evas mier vaSlis Wamis epizodTan)<br />

gaTanabrebiT gamoyo <strong>da</strong> xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom Tanamedrove<br />

msoflio ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro orientirebuli xdeba samyaros ara bibliuri,<br />

aramed mecnierul-teqnologiuri aRqmisken.<br />

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<strong>tom</strong> stopards, rogorc postmodernist avtorsa <strong>da</strong> uiliam<br />

Seqspirs, rogorc renesansuli epoqis avtors Soris kavSiris <strong>da</strong>dgena<br />

erTi SexedviT rTuli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, radgan <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ mTavari moqmedi<br />

gmirebi xom Seqspiris „hamletis“ personaJebic arian <strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

gmirebis kavSiri Tavad Seqspiris „hamletTan“ xom yvelasaTvis<br />

naTelia; magram sainteresoa, aris Tu ara es martivi msgavseba, an aris<br />

Tu ara es ubralod Tanamedrove britaneli dramaturgis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Seqspiris „hamletis“ siuJetisa <strong>da</strong> gmirebis sakuTari piesis<br />

siuJetisaTvis gamoyenebis mcdeloba. an ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes<br />

Tanamedrove dramaturgias <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod dramaturigias, aramed<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d Tanamedrove samyaros renesansul kulturasa <strong>da</strong><br />

azrovnebasTan<br />

am <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis safuZveli gax<strong>da</strong> umberto ekos ese `Sua sakuneebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba~ (eko 1998: 68), sa<strong>da</strong>c eko saubrobs <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> Sua<br />

saukuneebis erTmaneTTan kavSirze. „Sua saakuneebi aris saTave Cveni<br />

Tanamedroveobis yvela „cxeli“ problemisa <strong>da</strong> gasakviri arc aris, rom<br />

Cven am periods vubrundebiT yovelTvis, roca Tavs vusvamT SekiTxvas<br />

sakuTari warmoSobis Sesaxeb“ (eko 1998: 65). vfiqrob, es citata<br />

ganmartavs im Canafiqrs, romelic Cadebulia <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesasa <strong>da</strong><br />

filmSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

hiperrealur samyaroSi Segdebuli mTavari gmirebi cdiloben sakuTari<br />

identobis garkvevas, sakuTari rolisa <strong>da</strong> arsis <strong>da</strong>dgenas Seqspiris<br />

epoqasa <strong>da</strong> mis TeatrSi Sesvlis gziT. gavixsenoT Teatris <strong>da</strong>sisa <strong>da</strong><br />

rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong> gildensternis Sexvedris epizodSi rozenkrancis<br />

SekiTxva: `<strong>da</strong> vin varT Cven~ (“And who are we”) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 16)<br />

Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>sis xelmZRvanelisa <strong>da</strong> moTamaSe-protagonistisadmi (the<br />

Player), romelic filmis mixedviT Zalian hgavs Tavad uiliam Seqspirs,<br />

anu rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni sakuTar Tavs Seqspiris TeatrSi<br />

eZeben. ra<strong>tom</strong> Seqspiris TeatrSi albaT imi<strong>tom</strong>, rom, rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSne, <strong>stopardi</strong>s rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni Seqspiris<br />

„hamletis“ gmirebic arian; Tumca <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi maTi yofna <strong>da</strong><br />

arseboba kidev ufro bevr kiTxvis niSans aCens im kuTxiT, rom Tu<br />

27

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<strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis mTavari moqmedi gmirebi Seqspiris epoqis, Seqspiris<br />

„hamletis“ gmirebi arian, maSin rogorRa aris <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s es piesa<br />

postmodernistuli an am piesis gmirebi postmodernistuli epoqis<br />

gmirebi<br />

kiTxvas „arian Tu ara rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni Tanamedrove,<br />

postmodernisti gmirebi‘‘ Tavad <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong> sakuTari piesis<br />

mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul filmSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi<br />

arian“ uamravi epizodis meSveobiT pasuxobs <strong>da</strong>debiTad. am uamravi<br />

epizodi<strong>da</strong>n aRvniSnav ramdenimes. pirveli, piesis mTavari gmirebi<br />

Tanamedrove inglisuriT saubroben, gansxvavebiT Seqspiris „hamletis“<br />

realobis sxva protagonistebisgan. meore, epizodi, roca filmis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi monetebis epizodis gaanalizebisas, mTavari gmirebis tyeSi<br />

Sesvenebisa <strong>da</strong> saubrisas rozenkranci jibi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs sagzals <strong>da</strong><br />

akeTebs hamburgers, makdonaldsis „big makis“ msgavs hamburgers<br />

(makdonaldsisa <strong>da</strong> ,,big makis‘‘ simboloze rogorc postmodernistuli<br />

epoqis erT-erT simboloze aseve uamravi argumentirebuli mosazrebebi<br />

aqvs umberto ekos Tavis eseTa krebulSi `yalbis rwmena: mogzauroba<br />

hiperrealobaSi“) <strong>da</strong> mesame _ epizodi ukve elsinorSi yofnisas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

isev rozenkranci qaRaldisgan amzadebs TviTmfrinavs <strong>da</strong> elsinoris<br />

sasaxleSi uSvebs, magram es qaRaldis TviTmfrinavi mas ukanve<br />

ubrundeba. (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 10)<br />

Zalian sainteresoa es epizodi, romelic logikurad ukavSirdeba<br />

zemoT moyvanil umberto ekos sityvebsac, anu rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni _ Tanamedrove personaJebi, rasac ,,big makis‘‘ Wamis<br />

epizodTan erTad TviTmfrinavis Sesaxeb codnac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs.<br />

rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni sakuTari raobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis mizniT<br />

cdiloben Sevidnen sakuTar warsulSi, rasac Seqspiris „hamletis“<br />

samyaro <strong>da</strong> elsinoris sasaxle warmoadgens. isev umberto eko<br />

warsulis mniSvnelobaze ambobs: „amgvarad, Wvreta SuasakuneebSi<br />

niSnavs Wvretas Cvens yrmobaSi, rac igivea, eqimi rom gvekiTxeba Cveni<br />

bavSvobis Sesaxeb, raTa <strong>da</strong>adginos Cveni amJamindeli jamrTelobis<br />

mdgomareoba, an roca fsiqoanalitikosi atarebs pirveladi scenis<br />

frTxil gamokvlevas, rom Cawvdes Cveni amJamindeli nevrozis arss“<br />

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(eko 1998: 65). aseve sainteresoa is wre, romelsac filmSi rozenkrancis<br />

mier gaSvebuli TviTmfrinavi xazavs. wriulobaze miniSneba, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ,,absurdis TeatrTan‘‘, romlis did gavlenas<br />

beketis <strong>da</strong> pinteris saxiT Tavad <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>c ganicdi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ganicdis; (rogorc jil levensoni aRniSnavs: `<strong>stopardi</strong>s aluziaTa<br />

qselSi, Seqspirs ukavia adgili ara mxolod warsulis did xelovanebs<br />

Soris, aramed <strong>stopardi</strong>s Tanamedrove uailds, beketsa <strong>da</strong> pinters;<br />

joiss, ekosa <strong>da</strong> baiets; vordsvorTs, tenisons, t.s. eliotsa <strong>da</strong><br />

popularuli musikis sasimRero teqstebs Soris...~ (qeli 2001: 156))<br />

magram safiqrebelia, rom am simbolos, is <strong>da</strong>tvirTvac aqvs, rac zemoT<br />

ukve aRvniSne, anu qaRaldis TviTmfrinavis mier wris SekvriT<br />

stopardma Sekra kavSiri postmodernistul samyarosa (romelsac<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni warmoadgenen) <strong>da</strong> renesansul<br />

samyaros Soris (romelsac Seqspiris piesa „hamleti“ <strong>da</strong> elsinoris<br />

sasaxle ganasaxierebs). amgvari kavSiri 2012 wels „britaneTis<br />

muzeumSi“ Seqspiris nawarmoebebis gamofenisTvis <strong>da</strong>mzadebul video<br />

rgolSic kargad Cans, sa<strong>da</strong>c video rgolis reJisori Seqspiris gmirebs<br />

Tanamedrove londonis quCebSi aseirnebs <strong>da</strong> bolos „britaneTis<br />

muzeumisaken“ mimarTavs, riTac igi aRniSnavs, ara mxolod Seqspiris<br />

gamofenas Tanamedrove londonSi, aramed am ori epoqis erTmaneTTan<br />

kavSirsac. (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 11)<br />

samecniero statiebis krebulis „<strong>postmodernizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />

romanis“ (Postmodernism and The Contemporary Novel) re<strong>da</strong>qtori bren nikoli<br />

sakuTari re<strong>da</strong>qciiT gamocemuli krebulis Sesaval sityvas „ras<br />

vgulisxmobT, roca postmodernizmze vsaubrobT“ amerikeli<br />

literaturis kritikosis robert sqoulzis sityvebiT iwyebs: „erT<br />

dros Cven vicodiT, rom mxatruli literatura exebo<strong>da</strong> cxovrebas,<br />

xolo kritika mxatrul literaturas, <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi martivad iyo.<br />

axla viciT, rom mxatruli literatura exeba sxva mxatrul<br />

literaturas, anu is realurad aris kritika, an metaTxzuleba. <strong>da</strong> Cven<br />

viciT, rom kritika exeba SeuZleblobas im yvelafrisa, rac exeba<br />

cxovrebas, marTlac, an mxatrul literaturasac ki, an bolos <strong>da</strong><br />

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olos – yvelafers. kritikam waiRo Cvengan „Sesaxebobis“ cneba. igi<br />

gvaswavlis, rom ena aris tavtologiuri, Tu saerTod ab<strong>da</strong>ub<strong>da</strong> ara, <strong>da</strong><br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is exeba raimes, imdenad exeba sakuTar Tavs. maTematika<br />

exeba maTematikas, poezia _ poezias, xolo kritika _ sakuTari<br />

arsebobis SeuZleblobas“ (nikoli 2002: 1).<br />

robert sqoulzis zemoT moyvanili gamonaTqvami mkafiod gamoxatavs<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s kidev erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels, romelic<br />

„metas“ garSemo erTiandeba. es iqneba „metapoezia“, „metaena“,<br />

„metamaTematika“ Tu „metaTeatri“. <strong>stopardi</strong>s „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildesterni mkvdrebi arian“ „metaTeatris“ teqnikis TvalsaCino<br />

magaliTia. marTalia amgvar teqnikas Seqspiric iyenebs „hamletSi“,<br />

rogorc metaforas „samyaro scenaa, xolo a<strong>da</strong>mianebi am scenaze<br />

moTamaSe msaxiobebi“, romelsac Seqspiri „hamletSi“, „gonzagos<br />

mkvlelobis“ epizodSi mimarTavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c Teatris saSualebiT vlindeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>niaSi <strong>da</strong>budebuli tyuili, rac exmareba hamlets sabolood<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmundes biZis <strong>da</strong>naSaulSi, Tumca stopardTan sul sxvagvarad aris.<br />

rogorc zemoT avRniSne rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni sakuTari<br />

realobis <strong>da</strong> identobis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad Teatrs mimarTaven. „hamletis“<br />

msaxiobebis mier naTamaSebi `gonzagos mkvlelobisagan~ gansxvavebiT<br />

isini, ara realuri realobis gasagebad, aramed sakuTari fiqciuri anu<br />

„hamletiseuli“ realobiT Sedian sakuTar realobaSi, romelic<br />

realurad fiqciaa, mxatruli nawarmoebi anu Seqmnili mxatruli<br />

realoba. ami<strong>tom</strong>ac pasuxobs gildensterni rozenkrancs, rom moeSvas<br />

<strong>da</strong> isiamovnos imiT, rac xdeba, radgan maTi saqme <strong>da</strong>werili <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 29).<br />

Seqspiriseuli metafora „samyaro scenaa“ <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi imave<br />

ideuri Zalis matarebelia, rogorc es Seqspiris „hamletSi“ Tu<br />

„rogorc geneboTSia“ (As You Like It), Tumca Seqspiris gmirebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, <strong>stopardi</strong>s gmirebis realoba fiqciaa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad<br />

„metaTeatri“ ara realobaze, aramed isev Teatrzea. rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensternis Teatri <strong>da</strong> scena sarkea gare samyarosi, romelic<br />

kinematografirebuli, holivuduri samyaros realobis nawilad aris<br />

30

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qceuli <strong>da</strong> Seqspiriseuli „samyaro scenaa“ stopardTan gvevlineba,<br />

rogorc „samyaro scenaa, xolo Cven a<strong>da</strong>mianebi am scenaze <strong>da</strong>dgmul<br />

nawarmoebSi Seqmnili dramis monawile personaJebi“. stopards albaT<br />

ami<strong>tom</strong>ac Semohyavs Teatri piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong> ara SuaSi, rogorc<br />

amas Seqspiri „hamletSi“ akeTebs. anu postmodernistuli literaturis<br />

maxasiaTeblis „metaTeatris“ teqnikis gamoyenebiT <strong>stopardi</strong> ara<br />

mxolod misi nawarmoebis postmodernulobaze miuTiTebs, aramed<br />

anviTarebs Seqspiruli metaforis „samyaro scenaas“ mxatrul<br />

gaazrebasac <strong>da</strong> gviCvenebs, rom Tu „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni<br />

mkvdrebi arian“ postmodernistuli nawarmoebia (razec zemoT<br />

ganxilul maxasiaTeblebTan erTad „meta“ teqnikis gamoyenebac<br />

gvarwmunebs) maSin misi piesa, misi Teatri Seqspiruli metaforis<br />

mixedviT Tanamedrove samyarozea, Sesabamisad <strong>stopardi</strong>s gmirebi<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi macxovrebeli gmirebi arian, romelTa realoba<br />

fiqciuria.<br />

sainteresoa is Tu, rogor axdens <strong>stopardi</strong> postmodernisti<br />

gmirebis, rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong> gildensternis renesansuli epoqis<br />

Seqspiris gmirebTan erT saTamaSo arealSi moqcevas, an rogor xdeba<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n piesaSic <strong>da</strong> filmSic (romelSic ufro mkafiod<br />

aris gamoxatuli) `metaTeatris~ mxatruli xerxis gamoyeneba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Tanamedrove gmirebi sxva epoqis Teatris scenasa Tu piesaSi yofnasTan<br />

erTad, im epoqaSi gaTamaSebul fiqciur realobaSic gvevlinebian, rac<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, rom fiqcia realobaSi, realoba ki fiqciaSi ireva. miT<br />

ufro, rom rozenkrancs <strong>da</strong> gildensternsac „hamletis“ realobaSi<br />

Sesvlamde movlenebis ganmeorebadoebis SegrZneba aqvT, TiTqos isini<br />

ukve iyvnen im adgilas <strong>da</strong> asrulebdnen imave moqmedebebs, romelTa<br />

Sesrulebac maT <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi uwevT.<br />

`gil: fulaobanas vTamaSobT iqneba ukve... mokled, dRes pirvelad xom<br />

ar vTamaSobT<br />

-roz: ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ara... rac Tavi maxsovs, sul vTamaSobT.~<br />

31

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(“Guil: We have been spinning coins together since---This is not the first time we have spun<br />

coins!<br />

Ros: Oh no---we’ve been spinning coins for as long as I remember.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1967: 9))<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s gmirebis droSi mogzaurobas mxolod „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni mkvdrebi arianSi“ ar vxvdebiT, aramed es Tema<br />

„arkadias“ <strong>da</strong>sasrulsac vlindeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tanamedrove epoqis scenaze<br />

orive epoqis, romantizmisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove epoqis gmirebi erT<br />

sivrceSi, erT scenaze erTad gamodian, iseve, rogorc „parodistebSi“,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c erTmaneTSi ireva <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis gmirebis saTamaSo rolebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> oskar ualdis „rogori mniSvnelovania iyo seriozulis“ (The<br />

Importance of Being Earnest) protagonistebis rolebi.<br />

am sakiTxis ufro metad gasagebad, Se<strong>da</strong>rebisTvis gamoviyeneb<br />

Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mwerlis, scenaristisa <strong>da</strong><br />

reJisoris vudi alenis moTxrobas „kugelmasis SemTxvevas“, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

moTxrobis mTavari gmiri, sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili sitikolejis<br />

literaturis profesori mister kugelmasi, pirveli uiRblo<br />

qorwinebis Sedegad ori mosulelo vaJiSvilis alimentebis xdiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Rlili <strong>da</strong> meore colis <strong>da</strong>fna kugelmasis Tavqariani xasiaTisgan<br />

Ronemixdili, axali sasiyvarulo istoriebisa <strong>da</strong> romanebis surviliT<br />

sakuTari Tavbru<strong>da</strong>mxvevi ocnebebis asasruleblad, teqnologiuri<br />

jadoqrobis meSveobiT, 20 dolaris ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Sedegad aRmoCndeba<br />

jadosnur kara<strong>da</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c sasurveli wignis moTavsebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

kara<strong>da</strong>Si myofi a<strong>da</strong>miani, iq moTavsebuli wignis realobaSi<br />

transportirdeba <strong>da</strong> sasurveli wignis personaJad gar<strong>da</strong>isaxeba.<br />

mister kugelmasis sasurveli romani „ma<strong>da</strong>m bovari“ gax<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c is<br />

Sarlisa <strong>da</strong> emas saZinebelSi aRmoCenis Semdeg sasiyvarulo romans<br />

abams ema bovarisTan, romelTan erTa<strong>da</strong>c dros atarebs ara mxolod<br />

romanis realobaSi, aramed Tanamedrove samyaroSic. imave jadosnuri<br />

karadis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT igi ema bovaris Tanamedrove niu iorkSi wamoyvanas<br />

axerxebs <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad feSenebelur sastumro „plazaSi“<br />

nebivrobiT aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli (xvedeliZe 2005: 81).<br />

32

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igive SeiZleba iTqvas <strong>stopardi</strong>s filmis „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ <strong>da</strong> piesa „arkadias" Sesaxebac, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

vudi aleniseul karadis funqcias am SemTxvevaSi <strong>stopardi</strong>seuli<br />

Teatri <strong>da</strong> scena ganasaxierebs. rozenkrancis <strong>da</strong> gildensternis<br />

scenaze asvlis <strong>da</strong> monetis anu fulis „Toxaris“ („reSkas“) (“tails”)<br />

mxaris gaTamaSebis Semdeg, romelsac win monetebiT TamaSi uswreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

scenaze furclebis friali iwyeba, romelic alenis kara<strong>da</strong>Si wignis<br />

arsebobis msgavsad, personaJebis sxva samyaroSi, furclebze <strong>da</strong>weril<br />

samyaroSi gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisaken migviTiTebs, am SemTxvevaSi renesansis<br />

epoqis Seqspiris `hamletSi~. aseve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rozenkranci<br />

<strong>da</strong> gildensterni amgvari mxatvruli xerxis meSveobiT gar<strong>da</strong>saxuli<br />

realobis anu „hamletis“ periodis Teatris scenaze gamarTuli<br />

`gonzagos mkvlelobis“ <strong>da</strong> „hamletis“ warmodgenis rogorc<br />

mayurebelni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelni, aseve monawile-msaxiobebic arian,<br />

radgan isini speqtaklis msvlelobisas imave scenis ukana planze<br />

imyofebian, sa<strong>da</strong>c TamaSdeba maTi rolebi, iseve, rogorc piesis<br />

mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli filmis sxva epizodSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c Teatraluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>sis mier gaTamaSebul „gonzagos mkvlelobis“ repeticiisas scenis<br />

ukana nawili<strong>da</strong>n ucabe<strong>da</strong>d scenaze hamletisa <strong>da</strong> ofelias SemoWraa<br />

asaxuli, sa<strong>da</strong>c irRveva „hamletisa“ <strong>da</strong> „gonzagos mkvlelobis“,<br />

rogorc nawarmoebis realobisa <strong>da</strong> nawarmoebis fiqciis zRvari. es<br />

vlindeba <strong>stopardi</strong>s mTavari gmirebis „hamletis“ realobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />

saxiTac. (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 12)<br />

„arkadias“ SemTxveva ki piriqiT aris. ema bovaris Tanamedrove<br />

epoqaSi gadmosvlis msgavsad, romantizmis epoqis gmirebi Tanamedrove<br />

epoqis scenaze Tanamedrove personaJebis gverdiT Cndebian, rac<br />

mayurebelsa Tu mkiTxvelSi qmnis azrs, rom orive epoqis gmirebi<br />

postmodernistuli Teatraluri scenis erT realobaSi, Tanamedrove<br />

realobaSi imyofebian, xolo Tu amas romantikuli epoqis mayurebelTa<br />

TvaliT Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT, isini ifiqrebdnen piriqiT, rom Tanamedrove epoqis<br />

gmirebi romantizmis epoqaSi aRmoCdnen, radgan Tanamedrove periodis<br />

protagonistebic regentis stilis samoseliT arian Semosilni.<br />

33

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qvemoT mocemuli sqema <strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatris rogorc drois manqanis<br />

ideis gagebis mcdelobaa, romelic literaturul gmirebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

epoqasa <strong>da</strong> nawarmoebs Soris mogzaurobiT uzrunvelyofs.<br />

winamdebare sqema mcdelobaa naTeli mohfinos zemoT <strong>da</strong>smul<br />

kiTxvebs Tu rogor moZraoben literaturuli gmirebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

epoqis sceni<strong>da</strong>n scenaze <strong>da</strong> amasTan erTad rogori wriulobaa gmirebis<br />

amgvar moZraobaSi.<br />

rogorc sqemi<strong>da</strong>n Cans naxazis SuaSi scenaa, romelsac SeiZleba<br />

maradiuli, udroo scena vuwodoT. e.w. zedrouli scenis garSemo ki<br />

wriuli gzaa, romlis garSemoc moZraoben <strong>stopardi</strong>s gmirebi.<br />

wriulobaSi vlindeba ara mxolod <strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatris kavSiri beketis,<br />

pinteris Tu iuneskos absurdis Teatris principebTan, aramed mTavari<br />

gmirebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n movlenebis ganmeorebadobis ganc<strong>da</strong>c.<br />

34

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sqemaze mocemuli maradiuli scenis garSemo naCvenebia konkretuli<br />

epoqebi, romelsac konkretuli epoqis periodis scena aqvs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

konkretuli epoqis esTetikis Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi warmodgeniT<br />

mimdinareobs esa Tu is piesa Tu literaturuli nawarmoebi an Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />

im epoqis realuri yofa. magram amgvari epoqis Teatralur scenasa Tu<br />

realobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva literaturuli gmirebic Cndebian, romelTa iq<br />

arseboba konkretuli epoqisaTvis absoluturad gaugebaria, rogorc es<br />

stopardTan imave rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensternis Seqspiris scenaze<br />

hamburgeris, TviTmfrinavis Tu Tanamedrove inglisuri enis codnis<br />

epizodebiT aris naCvenebi.<br />

amgvarad postmodernistul epoqaSi moqmedi <strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatri,<br />

postmodernistuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebis<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebebis scenebi<strong>da</strong>n personaJebis kopirebiT,<br />

axdens sakuTari Teatris Tu literaturuli nawarmoebis <strong>da</strong><br />

personaJebis Seqmnas, romlebic imavdroulad sxva epoqis personaJebic<br />

arian. ami<strong>tom</strong> maTi mogzauroba sakuTari istoriuli realobis<br />

Teatralur scenaze, erTi mxriv bunebrivia, Tumca meore mxriv<br />

gasakviric, riTac Tanamedrove mayureblis Tvalwin postmodernistuli<br />

literaturis erT-erTi mxatvruli xerxi meta-Teatri TamaSdeba.<br />

Tumca sainteresoa is umTavresi zedrouli scenis <strong>da</strong>tvirTva,<br />

romlis garSemoc midi-modian personaJebi konkretuli epoqis<br />

konkretul scenaze. es zedrouli scena is idealuri, pirveli,<br />

maradiuli scenaa, romlis cqeri<strong>da</strong>nac Seqmna platonis demiurgosma is<br />

samyaro, romelsac Cven realobas, xolo Seqspiri, „samyaros scenas“<br />

uwodebs, romelzec Cven a<strong>da</strong>mianebi msaxiobebis rols vasrulebT.<br />

ami<strong>tom</strong>ac aris erTi didi scenis garSemo patar-patara epoqaluri<br />

scenebi.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s filmi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“<br />

xom mTavari gmirebis gzaze svliT ixsneba, gza, romelic warsuls<br />

awmyosTan an kidev piriqiT awmyos warsulTan akavSirebs, romelic<br />

zemoT moyvanili naxazis mixedviT demiurgosuli maradiuli scenis<br />

35

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garSemoa gavlebuli. mTeli drama mas Semdeg iwyeba, roca mTavar<br />

gmirebs imave gzaze Teatri xvdebaT, sai<strong>da</strong>nac iwyeba piesis imgvari<br />

realobis Seqmna, romelsac Cven <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> vuwodeT <strong>da</strong> sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

isini gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebian „hamletis“ realobaSi, romelic imave gzaze, imave<br />

Teatris scenaze mimdinareobs, romelic piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

(ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 13) safiqrebelia romeli epoqis scena iqneba am gzaze<br />

mosiarule Teatris Semdegi gaCereba.<br />

amgvarad winamdebare Tavis kvlevam aCvena, rom <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s<br />

esTetika did gavlenas axdens, rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebaze, aseve<br />

Tanamedrove literaturaze, xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> socialur yofaze. amgvari<br />

gavlena gamoixateba Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi realobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis<br />

problemurobaSic, originalis aslisagan garCevis, tyuilis<br />

WeSmaritebisgan gansxvavebis saqmeSic. amgvari gaurkvevlobis <strong>da</strong> qaosis<br />

Seqmnas postmodernistul samyaroSi teqnologiaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />

mecniereba <strong>da</strong> masmedia ganapirobebs, romlis mikrokosmosad amerika,<br />

kalifornia, ufro zustad ki holivudi gvevlineba. amgvarma<br />

mikrokosmosma Tanamedrove realobis kinomatografireba moaxdina, rac<br />

gulisxmobs realuri realobis kinos realobiT Canacvlebas,<br />

sinamdvilis fiqciiT gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas anu ekranis realoba iqca<br />

sinamdviled.<br />

kvlevam gviCvena, rom holivudis <strong>da</strong> kinos msgavsad simulaciuri<br />

samyaros erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTi `disneis samyarocaa~, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari fiqciuri sinamdvilis nawilad iqceva <strong>da</strong><br />

piriqiT, iqmneba iseTi pirobebi, roca SesaZlebelia disneis <strong>da</strong> kinos<br />

fiqciuri gmirebi realur gmirebad iqcnen. ufro metic, disneis parkis<br />

samyaroSi realuri a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ufro fiqciuria, vidre marTlac<br />

gamogonili, fiqciuri gmirebi. Sesabamisad, disneis <strong>da</strong> holivudis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli sinamdvile momavlis mikromodels warmoadgens.<br />

amgvari hiperrealobis Seqmnaze transnacionaluri finansuri<br />

organizaciebic zrunaven. disneis mikrosamyaros msgavsad, arsebul<br />

hiperrealur yofaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis, misi Tavisuflebis,<br />

36

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ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> individualizmis xarisxis<br />

fuli iqca.<br />

ganmsazRvrel faqtorad<br />

Sesabamisad, <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis gmirebis, rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensternis interesi renesansis epoqisa <strong>da</strong> Seqspiris `hamletis~<br />

mimarT, Tanamedrove postmodernistul epoqaSi Seqmnili qaosurobiT,<br />

ararealurobiT <strong>da</strong> gaurkvevlobiT motivirebuli qcevis zusti asaxvaa,<br />

radgan axla a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ukve veRar arkveven sad aris <strong>da</strong> ra aris maTi<br />

namdvili (WeSmariti) sinamdvile. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

mTavari gmirebis interesi <strong>da</strong> renesansisken mibrunebis mcdeloba<br />

WeSmaritis, gauyalbebelis Ziebas asaxavs, romelic Tavad<br />

gmirebisaTvis mainc fiqciaa.<br />

kvlevaSi <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ postmodernistuli elementebis<br />

arseboba <strong>da</strong> gmirebis kavSirs postmodernistul epoqasTan, rac kidev<br />

ufro naTlad Cans <strong>stopardi</strong>s imave saxelwodebis filmSi, kerZod:<br />

1. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom piesac <strong>da</strong> filmic Seqspiris epoqas asaxavs,<br />

mTavari personaJebi Tanamedrove inglisuriT metyveleben;<br />

2. filmSi rozenkrancis Wamis epizodSi „big makis“ msgavsi<br />

hamburgeri Cndeba;<br />

3. filmSi Cans rom Seqspiris epoqaSi mcxovrebma rozenkrancma icis<br />

TviTmfrinavis arsebobis Sesaxeb;<br />

4. gmirebis mier monetebis agdebis epizodSi miniSnebulia<br />

postmodernistul epoqaSi fulis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze,<br />

rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebis sazrisulad ganmsazRvrel erT-erT<br />

umTavres faqtorze.<br />

Tumca is mTavari, rac am ori epoqis kavSirs qmnis aris renesansuli<br />

epoqis dramis „hamletis“ <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli epoqis dramis<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ mxatruli gaazreba,<br />

rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: postmodernistuli literaturisa <strong>da</strong><br />

epoqisaTvis, Seqspiriseuli „maRali kulturis“ gamomxatveli „hamleti“<br />

<strong>da</strong> hamleturi ideebi gaugebari <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli<br />

37

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aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan postmodernistul kulturul sivrceSi „popkultura“,<br />

igive „maskultura“ Seqspiriseul „maRal kulturas“<br />

gauTanabr<strong>da</strong>, rac kargad aris naCvenebi <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi. <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

mTavari gmiri ara hamleti <strong>da</strong> misi ideebia, aramed „hamletis“<br />

epizoduri („masobrivi“) personaJebi, romlebic „<strong>da</strong>bali kulturis“<br />

mxatvruli reprezentacias warmoadgenen. <strong>stopardi</strong>s Tanamedrove<br />

gmirebi „maRali kulturis“ personaJebis aslebia. <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi<br />

postmodernistuli xelovnebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli „performansi“<br />

moTamaSe-gmiris Teatris saxiT aris naCvenebi. amgvari<br />

„performansisTvis“ saWiroa niRabi, romliTac mTavari gmirebi<br />

saxarebiseul „mamao Cvenos“ locvas anacvaleben. aq kargad Cans Tu<br />

rogor xdeba postmodernistul xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> epoqaSi sinamdvilis<br />

karnavalad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva.<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s elementebis arseboba vlindeba ara mxolod<br />

personaJebis kopirebasa <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli warsulis ironizebaSi, aseve „pastiSis“ teqnikis<br />

gamoyenebaSi, aramed konkretuli istoriuli movlenis<br />

ganmeorebadobasa <strong>da</strong> im mecnieruli TematikaSi, rac niutonis <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>m<br />

<strong>da</strong> evas vaSlis epizodSi vlindeba. amiT avtori mianiSnebs, rom<br />

Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis samyaros niutoniseulma anu meqanikurdeterministulma<br />

aRqmam iseTive mniSvneloba SeiZina, rogorc es<br />

samyaros bibliur aRqmas hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>stopardi</strong>s am piesaSi<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetika vlindeba „meta“ teqnikis gamoyenebaSic, rac<br />

piesaSi „metaTeatris“ saxiT vlindeba.<br />

38

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II Tavi<br />

Pplatonis <strong>da</strong> bibliis postmodernistuli gaazreba <strong>tom</strong><br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi `moxtunaveni~<br />

a. <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong> postmodernistia;<br />

b. <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong> uaryofs postmodernizms.<br />

orive erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea.<br />

maikl vanden heuveli<br />

1967 wels `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~<br />

warmatebis Semdeg <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong> ara mxolod kritikosebis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

obieqtad, aramed londonis nacionaluri Teatris samiznec aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

britaneTis mTavari Teatraluri sivrce sulmouTqmelad elo<strong>da</strong> mis<br />

meore mniSvnelovan qmnilebas, radgan <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s saxiT realurad didi talantis mqone dramaturgTan<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T saqme. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli nacionaluri Teatris interesi,<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s meore mniSvnelovani piesis `moxtunavenis~ mimarT.<br />

1968 wlisTvis `moxtunavenis~ ramdenime gverdi ukve <strong>da</strong>werili<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> avtors, Tumca jer pirad cxovrebaSi pirvel colTan<br />

ganSorebam, sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>vebma <strong>da</strong> Semdeg radio Tu tele piesebma<br />

misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani piesis Seqmna ramdenime wliT Seaferxa.<br />

`moxtunavenis~ Seqmnis safuZveli tele piesa `sxva mTvare, romelsac<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwa hqvia~ (Another Moon Called Earth) gax<strong>da</strong> (flemingi 2001: 82).<br />

`moxtunavenis~ sami gansxvavebuli gamocema arsebobs. pirveli<br />

varianti <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1972 wlis 2 Tebervals, londonis nacionalur<br />

39

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TeatrSi gamarTuli premieris mixedviT. meore gamocema miekuTvneba 1973<br />

wels, rodesac nacionalur Teatris scenaze <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> warmodgena,<br />

xolo `moxtunavenis~ mesame versia 1976 wlis versiaa, romliTac<br />

nacionaluri Teatris <strong>da</strong>sma londonis samxreT sanapiroze,<br />

`liteltonis~ TeatrSi aRadgina <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis Cveneba (flemingi<br />

2001: 85). winamdebare msjeloba emyareba 1972 wlis premieris versiis<br />

gamocemas.<br />

`moxtunaveni~ wveulebiT ixsneba, romelic moraluri filosofiis<br />

profesoris jorj muris saxlSi imarTeba, romlis maspinZelic<br />

profesoris meuRle, kariera naadrevad mitovebuli, kabares momRerali<br />

umSvenieresi doroTi muria. avtori am wveulebis saxiT<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n, piesaSi ramdenime<br />

mniSvnelovan Temas <strong>da</strong> problemas ayalibebs, razec <strong>da</strong>Senebulia piesis<br />

mTeli azri <strong>da</strong> idea. ami<strong>tom</strong> sanam uSualod gansaxilvel sakiTxze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vidode, oriode sityviT min<strong>da</strong> visaubro im Sinaarsobriv <strong>da</strong><br />

siuJetur xazze, romelsac avtori postmodernistuli samyaros<br />

WrilSi ganixilavs.<br />

pirveli, `moxtunavenis~ mTavari moqmedi personaJebis, moraluri<br />

filosofiis profesoris jorj murisa <strong>da</strong> misi meuRlis kabares<br />

momRerlis doTis <strong>da</strong>ojaxeba <strong>da</strong> erT saxlSi Tanacxovrebaa. avtori<br />

personaJebis SewyvilebiT, mxatrulad gviCvenebs ori gansxvavebuli<br />

xedvis, azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis, e.w. `maRali kulturisa~ <strong>da</strong> `pop<br />

kulturis~ SeuRlebas, kulturul Tanasworuflebianobas, rac,<br />

rogorc cnobilia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia postmodernistuli epoqisaTvis.<br />

meore aseTi niSani piesaSi wveulebaa, romelic radikalurliberaluri<br />

partiis anu axali politikuri ideologiis<br />

ZalauflebaSi mosvlis <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebis aRsaniSnad imarTeba, romelic<br />

SeiZleba miviCnioT im politikuri Zalis sinonimad, romelic<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis msoflmxedvelobis warmarTvas cdilobs.<br />

zemo or faqtorTan erTad piesis postmodernistul Strixze<br />

miuTiTebs scenaze ekranis arseboba, sa<strong>da</strong>c britaneli kosmonavtebis<br />

40

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mTvareze seirnoba <strong>da</strong> iq ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis<br />

satelevizio Cvenebaa asaxuli, romelic scenaze mimdinare movlenebis<br />

paralelurad mimdinareobs. am SemTxvevaSi avtoris mizani msoflioSi<br />

teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaze masmediisa <strong>da</strong><br />

televiziis zegavlenis Cvenebaa.<br />

meoTxe, postmodenistuli teqnikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli elementi,<br />

romelsac avtori piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, piesis samSeneblo masalad iyenebs<br />

radikal-liberal moxtunave filosofosTa gimnastikuri gundia,<br />

romelic scenaze cocxali piramidis aRmarTvas cdilobs, Tumca<br />

droebiT, radgan iaraRis gasrolis Semdeg erT-erTi filosofosi<br />

kvdeba <strong>da</strong> cocxlad aRmarTuli pirami<strong>da</strong> iSleba. piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive<br />

sikvdilis TematikasTan erTad avtori deteqtiur siuJets “whodunit”<br />

(`vin Caidina~) anviTarebs, radgan monawile personaJebisTvis mkvlelis<br />

vinaoba ucnobia, xolo amgvari deteqtiuri siuJeti ki<br />

postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia.<br />

rva a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan Semdgar filosofos-gimnastikosTa gunds ubralo<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTva ar un<strong>da</strong> hqondes piesaSi. miT ufro maSin, roca isini piesis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyissa (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 20) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasruls (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 86)<br />

piramidis formis rva kacian figuras qmnian scenaze, xolo<br />

mkvlelobis Semdeg rva kaci<strong>da</strong>n Svidi(!) rCeba, rac bunebrivia<br />

piramidis <strong>da</strong>Slis mizezi xdeba.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi piramidis saxiT, pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu<br />

iribad garkveuli tipis simbolikasTan Tu semiotikuri mniSvnelobis<br />

ricxvebTan gvaqvs saqme, sa<strong>da</strong>c Cadebulia avtoris mTeli saTqmeli,<br />

misi filosofia.<br />

ra problemaa <strong>da</strong>smuli piesaSi<br />

rogorc Tavad <strong>stopardi</strong> ambobs, misi survili iyo Teisturi piesis<br />

Seqmna, romelic gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdego iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos<br />

is visac RmerTis sjera garkveuli azriT xeibaria, romelic RmerTs<br />

yavarjnad iyenebs. <strong>stopardi</strong>s azriT amgvari aTeisturi azris<br />

matarebeli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi SeiZleba Tavad iyvnen xeibrebi, romelTac ar<br />

41

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SeswevT Zala icxovron RmerTis arsebobis ideiT (flemingi 2001: 84).<br />

xolo kenet tinanis azriT, `moxtunaveni~ aris farsi, romlis<br />

umTavresi mizani RmerTis arsebobis mtkicebaa. is aris<br />

transcendentuli moraluri Rirebulebebis iumoristuli <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong><br />

pragmatuli materializmis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba (flemingi 2001: 82).<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, kenet tinanis <strong>da</strong> Tavad avtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>nac piesaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>smuli mTavari problema, samyaroSi gabatonebuli axali<br />

msoflmxedvelobrivi filosofiaa, romelic pragmatuli pozitivizmis<br />

saxiT <strong>da</strong> politikaSi axali politikuri moZraobis radikalliberalebis<br />

mosvliT aris naCvenebi, xolo am yvelafers a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

mTvareze asvlac <strong>da</strong>emata, ramac a<strong>da</strong>mians Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba <strong>da</strong><br />

samyarosadmi mecnierul-teqnologiuri rwmena ufro metad ganumtkica.<br />

anu avtori piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive postmodernistuli teqnikis meSveobiT<br />

xazavs im realobas, rom piesis samoqmedo dro postmodernistulia,<br />

xolo piesis mTvari Tema <strong>da</strong> problema ki postmodernul samyaroSi<br />

RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobaa.<br />

sad Cans es problema<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad kritikosebi piesaSi uamrav epizods<br />

ganixilaven, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d jorjis <strong>da</strong> arCis filosofiur<br />

SexedulebebSia Camaluli Tu ganxiluli, magram aravin exeba<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi RmerTis arsebobis Tu ararsebobis Tematikas<br />

piesis pirvelive abzacebSi, romelic semiotikur samoselSia<br />

gamowyobili <strong>da</strong> rogorc aRvniSne nawarmoebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia.<br />

1994 wels, <strong>stopardi</strong> aRmoaCens, rom mas winaprebSi erTi ebraelis<br />

naclad oTxi hyolia (qeli 2001: 34), romlebic nacistebis<br />

sakoncentracio banakSi <strong>da</strong>iRupnen. am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 1999<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n gazeTebSi Cndeba statiebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c kritikosebi <strong>stopardi</strong>s or<br />

bunebianobaze iwyeben saubars (qeli 2001: 35). stopardTan es pirovnuli<br />

dualizmi, romelic <strong>tom</strong>iki<strong>da</strong>n ser <strong>tom</strong>amde, Strausleri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

stopar<strong>da</strong>mde, ebraelobi<strong>da</strong>n araebraelobamde, Cexobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ingliselobamde, dramaturgobi<strong>da</strong>n scenaristobamde Can<strong>da</strong> bunebrivia<br />

42

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mis SemoqmedebaSic gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es Cans erTi mxriv<br />

rozenkrancis <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv gildensternis personaJSi, aseve<br />

`arkadias~ romantikuli <strong>da</strong> racionaluri sulis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

samyaros niutonisebur <strong>da</strong> bibliur aRqmaSi, romelic vaSlis ormagi<br />

interpretirebiT aris naCvenebi. zemoT CamoTvlili dualizmis<br />

niuansebi met-naklebad xilulia mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis<br />

TvalisaTvis. sainteresoa is semiotikuri Tu simboluri arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

gzavnilebi, romliTac gajerebulia <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedeba,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki `moxtunaveni~, rac piesis pirvelsave gverdebSi<br />

piramidis anu samkuTxedis saxiT aris naCvenebi.<br />

risi aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos rva moxtunave filosofosis mier<br />

Seqmnili pirami<strong>da</strong><br />

pirveli, sai<strong>da</strong>nac piramidis analizi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>viwyoT, albaT<br />

aris platonis `timeosi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c didi berZeni filosofosi, yvelafris<br />

sawyisad samkuTxeds miiCnevs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac oTxi gvari (oTxi stiqioni)<br />

iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams (platoni 1994: 315).<br />

`kosmosis Seqmnas rom Seudga, RmerTma, uwinares yovlisa, es OoTxi<br />

sawyisi (igulisxmeba cecxli, wyali, miwa <strong>da</strong> haeri. d.m.) moawesriga<br />

ideebisa <strong>da</strong> ricxvebis meSveobiT~ (platoni 1994: 313). amis Semdeg<br />

`timeosis~ avtori am oTx stiqions rogorc sxeulebs ise ganixilavs,<br />

rogorc siRrmis mqones <strong>da</strong> rogorc cnobilia, nebismieri siRrme<br />

garemoculi un<strong>da</strong> iyos ze<strong>da</strong>pirisa Tu sibrtyis bunebiT <strong>da</strong> mas mere<br />

platoni midis im msjelobamde, rom `yoveli brtyeli ze<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

samkuTxedebisagan Sedgeba~ (platoni 1994: 314). (ixileT suraTi A) ufro<br />

mkafio rom gaxdes Cemi msjeloba, vfiqrob, piramidis, rogorc<br />

samkuTxedis, ukeT ganmartebisaTvis saWiroa am konkretuli epizodis<br />

baCana bregvaZiseuli komentari <strong>da</strong>vurTo. `aq platoni marto imas rodi<br />

gulisxmobs, rom samkuTxedia pirveli umartivesi, elementaruli<br />

geometriuli figura. ara, platonis `samkuTxeds~ Tavisi Rrmad<br />

simboluri mniSvnelobac aqvs: is warmoadgens `timeosis~ mTel<br />

`samebas~, romlis pirveli wevria samyaros Semoqmedi (`poietes~) <strong>da</strong><br />

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mama (`pater~), WeSmariti arsi (`to ontos on~), ucvlelobis,<br />

waruvalobis, TviTigiveobis, yovlis erTobis maradiuli sawyisi –<br />

`erTi~ (`tohen~) anu `mona<strong>da</strong>~, meore – yovlismimrqmeli (`pandexes~)<br />

materia, yovelgvari <strong>da</strong>badebis ZiZa (`tiTene~) <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong> (`mater~),<br />

amorfulobis ganusazRvrelobis principi, anu `ori~ – `dia<strong>da</strong>~ (`dias<br />

aoristos~ _ `ganusazRvreli ori~); mesame ki – erTis gaorebiT, anu<br />

`monadis~ `dia<strong>da</strong>Si~ ga<strong>da</strong>svliT warmoqmnili grZnobad-konkretuli<br />

samyaro (Svili), romelic erTdroulad wilnayaria, rogorc mamis, ise<br />

dedis bunebasTan...“ `samkuTxedi aris pirveli geometriuli figura –<br />

wers santiago argulerio, _ romelic samyaros Seqmnisas vlindeba~<br />

(platoni 1994: 430, koment.197).<br />

amis Semdgom didi berZeni moazrovne `timeosSi~ iwyebs<br />

samkuTxedebis meSveobiT samyaros Seqmnis geometriul amoxsnas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

rogorc aRvniSne yvelafris sawyisi samia, samkuTxedia <strong>da</strong> igi sam<br />

saxed hyofs am geometriul figurebs. Tumca SeniSnavs, rom `marTalia,<br />

oTxive gvari Cvens mier arCeuli samkuTxedebisagan iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams,<br />

magram sami gvari erTi <strong>da</strong> imave _ aratolfer<strong>da</strong> samkuTxedebisagan<br />

ibadeba, xolo meoTxe _ tolfer<strong>da</strong> samkuTxedebisagan; es ki niSnavs,<br />

rom oTxives rodi SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>Slisas erTi meored gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas <strong>da</strong><br />

erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>ibados mravali mcire odenobis ufro did<br />

odenobaTa nakleb simravled gaerTianebis gziT, an<strong>da</strong> piruku. ase rom,<br />

oTxi ki ara mxolod pirveli sami gvari Tu SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ibados<br />

erTmaneTisgan~ (platoni 1994: 315).<br />

pirveli saxe yvelaze mcire nawilebisagan Sedgeba, romlis<br />

pirvelsawyisi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, samkuTxedia, sa<strong>da</strong>c hipotenuza patara<br />

kaTetze orjer ufro grZelia (platoni 1994: 315). (ix. ilustracia 1)<br />

`meore saxec imave samkuTxedisagan igeba: rva tolgver<strong>da</strong> samkuTxedi<br />

erTdeba, raTa oTx-oTxi brtyeli kuTxiT Seadginon TiTo sivrculi<br />

kuTxe. roca amnairi sivrculi kuTxe eqvsi gveqneba, meore sxeulis<br />

ageba <strong>da</strong>mTavrebulia~ (platoni 1994: 316). (ix. ilustracia 2) amis<br />

Semdgom msjelobaa mesame saxeze, romlis asageba<strong>da</strong>c saWiroa, rogorc<br />

44

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platoni ambobs, `orjer samoci <strong>da</strong>sabamieri samkuTxedi <strong>da</strong> Tormeti<br />

sivrculi kuTxe, romelTaganac TiToeuli, xuT-xuTi tolgver<strong>da</strong><br />

samkuTxedis sibrtyiTaa garemoculi, ase rom, mTel sxeuls oci<br />

waxnagi aqvs, romelTaganac TiToeuli tolgver<strong>da</strong> samkuTxedebad<br />

gvevlineba. (ix. ilustracia 3) am sami sxeulis <strong>da</strong>badebiT amoiwura<br />

pirvelsawyisis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba. rac Seexeba meoTxe samkuTxeds, man<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabami misca meoTxe saxis bunebas: oTxi samkuTxedi, romlebic erT<br />

wertilSi, rogorc centrSi iyrian Tavs, tolgver<strong>da</strong> oTxkuTxeds<br />

qmnian, eqvsi amnairi oTxkuTxediT igeba rva sivrculi kuTxe,<br />

romelTaganac TiToeuli harmoniulad moculia sam-sami brtyeli<br />

kuTxiT. amnairad agebul sxeuls kubis forma aqvs, romlis<br />

waxnageba<strong>da</strong>c eqvsi tolgver<strong>da</strong> oTxkuTxedi gvevlineba~ (platoni 1994:<br />

316). (ix. ilustracia 4) platoniseul filosofiur msjelobaSi rom ar<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vardeT, gamovyof im mniSvnelovan detals, romelic SesaZloa<br />

Cadebuli iyos <strong>stopardi</strong>s `moxtunavenis~ azrobriv safuZvlebSi. es<br />

aris, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, platonur samkuTxedTan erTad, misi oTxi saxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

pirveli, sa<strong>da</strong>c saubaria tolgver<strong>da</strong> samkuTxedze anu pirami<strong>da</strong>ze anu<br />

tetraedrze. Semdgom amisa platoni `timeosSi~ oTxi gvaris, oTxi<br />

stiqionis rangirebas axdens, rogorc samyaros Semadgenel elementebad<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabolood midis im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom `<strong>da</strong>badebiT moculobis mqone<br />

piramidis forma iyo cecxlis pirvelsawyisica <strong>da</strong> Teslic; meore _<br />

haeri, mesame ki _ wyali~ (platoni 1994: 317). anu samkuTxedTan erTad<br />

pirvelsawyisad <strong>da</strong> Teslad samkuTxedis erT-erTi saxe, piramidis<br />

formaa. xolo rac Seexeba oTxi gvari<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze mZimes, miwas, is<br />

platonma kubis formas miawera (platoni 1994: 316).<br />

45

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suraTi A<br />

ilust. 1 (cecxli) ilust. 2 (haeri) ilust. 3 (wyali)<br />

ilust. 4 (miwa)<br />

(tetraedri) (oqtaedri) (ikosaedri) (kubi)<br />

Cven viciT, rom `moxtunavenis~ filosofosebi cdiloben rva kaciani<br />

piramidiseuli samkuTxedi Seqmnan (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 20). anu pirami<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad figurirebs cifri rva.<br />

risi aRniSvneli SeiZleba iyos rva<br />

SesaZloa <strong>stopardi</strong> rva filosofosis gamoyenebiT platonur<br />

tetraedrTan erTad piTagorelTa moZRvrebasac Ggulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ori proporcii<strong>da</strong>n pirvels,<br />

romlis ricxvebi, 1,2,3,4 qmnian e.w. `tetraqtiss~, anu `oTxebs~,<br />

romelnic piTagorelTa moZRvrebis mixedviT imarxaven ricxvTa mTel<br />

sisavses, RvTaebriv `deka<strong>da</strong>s~ _ `aTs~, samyaros sakralur simbolos,<br />

romlisganac grZnobad-konretuli samyaros yvela nivTi, yvela sagani<br />

`oTxebisagan~ Sedgeba, iqneba es oTxi geometriuli elementi –<br />

wertili, xazi, sibrtye, sxeuli Tu oTxi materialuri stiqioni _<br />

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cecxli, wyali, miwa, haeri (platoni 1994: 176) (gaTri 1983: 55). (ixileT<br />

suraTi B)<br />

piTagorelTa moZRvrebis komentirebisas baCana bregvaZe marTebulad<br />

SeniSnavs, rom `ori geometriuli progresis Serevis Sedegad miRebul<br />

ricxvTa Tanmimdevrul mwkrivSi pirveli 4 ricxvi (1,2,3,4) sxva ara aris<br />

ra Tu ara piTagorelTa RvTaebrivi 10 `deka<strong>da</strong>~ (1+2+3+4=10), romelic<br />

samyaros sakralur simbolod iTvleba piTagorizmSi <strong>da</strong><br />

platonizmSic~ (platoni 1994: 176). xolo cifri rva SeiZleba iyos<br />

samganzomilebiani, moculobis mqone sxeuli, romelic, rogorc amas<br />

baCana bregvaZe aRniSnavs, `pirvel proporciaSi (1:2:4:8), romelsac<br />

pirobiTad `diaduri~ anu `orobiTi~ vuwodeT, 1 Seesabameba wertils,<br />

2 _ xazs, 4 _ sibrtyes xolo 8, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne,<br />

samganzomilebiani moculobis mqone sxeuls. swored am TanmimdevrobiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vdivarT wertili<strong>da</strong>n xazze, xazi<strong>da</strong>n _ sibrtyeze <strong>da</strong> sibrtyi<strong>da</strong>n _<br />

sxeulze~ (platoni 1994: 176-177). (ix. ilustracia 5) xolo rac Seexeba<br />

piTagorelTa meore proporcias, (1:3:9:27) mas SeiZleba `monaduri~<br />

ewodos, razec baCana bregvaZe aRniSnavs, rom `am ariTmetikul<br />

mwkrivsac plastikuri, figuraluri an Tu gnebavT sxeulebrivi<br />

warmosaxvis principi udevs safuZvlad. platonis mixedviT 3<br />

Seesabameba kvadratis gverds, 9 (3*3) _ mis farTobs, xolo 27 (3*3*3) _<br />

im kubis moculobas, romlis waxnaga<strong>da</strong>c gvevlineba zemoTxsenebuli<br />

kvadrati~ (platoni 1994: 177). (ix. ilustracia 6)<br />

suraTi B<br />

47

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ilustracia 5 (tetraqtis)<br />

ilustracia 6 (diaduri <strong>da</strong> monaduri)<br />

am ori proporciis SereviT ganapirobeben samyaros sxeulis<br />

erTarsobasa <strong>da</strong> mravlobiTobasac. zusta<strong>da</strong>c, rom am raRac garkveuli<br />

sxeulis Seqmnas cdiloben piesaSi moxtunave filosofosebi <strong>da</strong> es<br />

sxeuli SeiZleba iyos axali samyaro, xolo amgvari samyaros<br />

mSeneblobis msoflmxedvelobrivi versia SeiZleba iyos avtoris<br />

dualisturi xedvis erT-erTi gamovlineba.<br />

Tu platonur-piTagoruli analizis mixedviT rva filosofosis<br />

mier Seqmnili pirami<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba iyos <strong>stopardi</strong>s dualisturi bunebis<br />

erT-erTi gamovlineba, ra SeiZleba iyos meore<br />

platonTan pirami<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samkuTxedi mu<strong>da</strong>m samis, `samebis~ ideis<br />

garSemo brunavs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne sami platonTan didi<br />

triadis saxiT aris naCvenebi anu platonuri sinamdvilis sami<br />

ZiriTadi sfero _ `demiurgosuli principis anu kosmiuri gonebis,<br />

materiisa <strong>da</strong> grZnobad-konkretuli samyaros dialeqtikuri erTianoba~<br />

(platoni 1994: 117). `erTis mxriv idealuri sinamdvile, arsis<br />

absoluturi sisrule <strong>da</strong> sisavse, meores mxriv arsebobis sruli<br />

uaryofa, absoluturi ararsi <strong>da</strong> bolos, arsisa <strong>da</strong> ararsis<br />

dialeqtikuri erTianoba~ (platoni 1994: 117). anu, rogorc baCana<br />

bregvaZe ganmartavs, is, rac ibadeba, is, raSic ibadeba <strong>da</strong> is, ris<br />

msgavseba<strong>da</strong>c izrdeba <strong>da</strong> viTardeba <strong>da</strong>badebuli. pirvelqmnili<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia de<strong>da</strong>sTan, pirvelnimuSi _ mamasTan, xolo Sualeduri<br />

buneba _ SvilTan. anu demiurgosi Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia mamasTan, idealur<br />

48

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formaTa mimRebi _ de<strong>da</strong>sTan, xolo grZnobad-konkretuli samyaro,<br />

romelic pirvelnimuSis anu mamisa <strong>da</strong> pirvelnimuSis idealur formaTa<br />

mimRebis, materiis anu dedis urTierTSerwymiT iZens arsebobas, _<br />

SvilTan (platoni 1994: 117).<br />

`timeosSi~ `demiurgosi~ <strong>da</strong> RmerTi (Teos) sinonimebad gvevlinebian,<br />

radgan platoni demiurgosul gonebas RmerTad saxavs (platoni 1994:<br />

137,138). bunebrivia es Sexeduleba azrTa mravalmxriv interpretaciis<br />

saSualebas iZleva. erT-erTi demiurgosis interpretacia ki, rogorc<br />

baCana bregvaZe aRniSnavs, evropul kulturaSi, qristeanizaciaSi<br />

`absolutur pirovnebasTan~ anu bibliur RmerTTan igivdeba (platoni<br />

1994: 138). am Sexedulebas rom mivyveT <strong>da</strong> ufro metad ganvavrcoT, is<br />

platonuri didi tria<strong>da</strong>, iudeur-qristianul realobaSi mamad, Zed <strong>da</strong><br />

suli wmin<strong>da</strong>d gamoisaxeba, rac niSnavs imas, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

dualisturi bunebis <strong>da</strong> im rva filosofosisgan Semdgari piramidis<br />

meore mxare SeiZleba iyos iudeur-qristianuli mxare.<br />

platonis <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d antikuri samyaros samkuTxedis gagebis<br />

Semdgom, Cveni welTaRricxviT uamravi filosofosi, Teologi Tu<br />

qristianuli samyaros mier wmin<strong>da</strong> mamebad Seracxuli swavlulni<br />

uamravs saubrobdnen samebis hipostazis Sesaxeb. maT Soris, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, neoplatonistebic iyvnen. plotinusi (204-70), romelic<br />

neoplatonizmis fuZemdeblad miiCneva, sakuTar metafizikur<br />

Sexedulebebs yovladwmin<strong>da</strong> samebis arsis ganxilviT iwyebs, Tumca ara<br />

ise, rogorc es qristianebs aqvT ganxiluli. igi yovladwmin<strong>da</strong> samebis<br />

49

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angirebas axdens: pirvels warmoaCens rogorc upiratess, meores<br />

rogorc ufro naklebs, xolo mesames pirvelsa <strong>da</strong> meoreze ufro<br />

qvemoT mdgoms (raseli 1946: 272), rac qristianuli TeologiisaTvis<br />

miuRebelia, radgan maTTvis sameba aris erTarsi, samive erTmaneTis<br />

Tanaswori. aseve samebis hipostazis Sesaxeb saubaria adreuli<br />

qristianuli Teologis, origenes (185-254) naSromebSi. aseve didi<br />

Teologisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli swavlebis erT-erTi udidesi<br />

warmomadgenlis wm. avgustines (354-430) naSromSi samebis Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

igi wers: `mama, Ze <strong>da</strong> suliwmin<strong>da</strong>, mosilia erTiani ganuyofeli<br />

arsobiT (substanciiT), ganuyoflad Tanasworni arian RvTaebrivi<br />

erTianobiT; es sami RmerTi ki ara, erTi RmerTia~ (wmin<strong>da</strong> avgustine<br />

IV).<br />

samebis Sesaxeb azrobrivad igives ayalibebs aseve didi qristiani<br />

<strong>da</strong> RvTismetyveli ioane <strong>da</strong>maskeli (645-749) <strong>da</strong> kidev mrvali sxva<br />

Teologi, RvTismetyveli Tu filosofosi, romlebic samebis hipostazs<br />

ganixilaven, rogorc fun<strong>da</strong>ments <strong>da</strong> sayrdens iudeur-qristianuli<br />

rwmenis, filosofiis Tu msoflmxedvelobis, radgan sameba aris is<br />

pirvelsawyisi, aRmatebuli Zala, RmerTi, romelic aris Semoqmedi<br />

mTeli samyarosi.<br />

sameba, rogorc umTavresi qristianuli simbolo, uamrav qristianul<br />

kaTedralebSi aris gamosaxuli, maT Soris Sua saukuneebis goTuri<br />

arqiteqturis ubrwyinvales qmnilebaSi parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c samis simbolika kaTedralis kedlebzea gamosaxuli. (ixileT<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi 14)<br />

zemoT moyvanili azrebi, Tu Sexedulebebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moazrovneTa,<br />

Tu wmin<strong>da</strong> mamaTgan miznad ar isaxavs im diskusiaSi Cabmas, rac ukve<br />

saukuneebis manZilze samebis hipostazis garSemo arsebobs, aramed,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, samebis idea ganxilulia iudeur-qristianuli<br />

msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, sameba rogorc RmerTis,Msamyaros<br />

Semoqmedis WrilSi.<br />

50

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axla ki, samebis hipostazis Sesaxeb mcire Sesavlis Semdeg<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s dualisturi bunebis meore mxaris ufro Rrma analizze<br />

min<strong>da</strong> gava<strong>da</strong>vide, romelic `moxtunavenSi~ rva filosofosis mier<br />

Seqmnili piramidis, iudeur-qristianul WrilSi SeiZleba iyos<br />

ganxiluli. ufro mkafio <strong>da</strong> zusti rom iyos piramidis anu<br />

samkuTxedis iudeur-qristianuli mxare, Sesa<strong>da</strong>reblad gamoviyeneb<br />

cnobili italieli mecnieris, semiologis <strong>da</strong> mwerlis umberto ekos<br />

postmodernistuli literaturis klasikad aRiarebul romans `vardis<br />

saxels~, romelic <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi iudeur-qristianul<br />

simbolikasTan erTad kargad warmoaCens `moxtunavenis~ kavSirs<br />

postmodernizmTan <strong>da</strong> postmodernistul literaturasTan.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s msgavsad, umberto ekoc nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi<br />

gviCvenebs im idumali, semiotikuri Tu religiur-filosofiuri<br />

simbolikiT gajerebul fun<strong>da</strong>ments, romelzec <strong>da</strong>Senebulia mTeli<br />

nawarmoebi. es msgavseba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT `vardis saxelis~ pirvel<br />

dReSi (romani sul Svidi(!) dRisgan anu Svidi Tavisgan Sedgeba), roca<br />

adso (mTxrobeli) gadmogvcems pirvel emocias <strong>da</strong> informacias<br />

CrdiloeT italiaSi mdebare benediqtelTa monastris citadelis<br />

Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> romanis meeqvse dRis mecxre Jamze, roca monastris<br />

winamZRvari monastris citadelis arqiteqturul simbolikaze<br />

saubrobs.<br />

ekos romanSi samebis anu samkuTxedis anu piramidis simbolos<br />

msgavseba <strong>stopardi</strong>s cocxal pirami<strong>da</strong>sTan, citadelis fanjrebis sam<br />

wyebad WraSi Cans, romelic adsos TqmiT kedels samebis ritms uqmnis<br />

(eko 2011: 46). citadelis samebis simbolikaze monastris winamZRvari<br />

uiliam baskevilTan saubris drosac aRniSnavs: `STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi qmnilebaa,<br />

mis proporciebSi is uzenaesi wesi meordeba, romliTac odesRac noes<br />

kidobani aigo. sam sarTula<strong>da</strong>a nagebi, rameTu sami samebis ricxvia,<br />

abraamsac sami angelozi gamoecxa<strong>da</strong>, sami dRe <strong>da</strong>yo ionam veeberTela<br />

Tevzis(!) faSvSi, sami dRe gaatares samareSi iesom <strong>da</strong> lazarem, samjer<br />

SehRaRa<strong>da</strong> iesom mamas, amacile samsaliT savse Tasio <strong>da</strong> samjer<br />

ganmartov<strong>da</strong> mociqulebTan salocavad. samjer uaryo petrem macxovari<br />

51

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<strong>da</strong> samjer gamoecxa<strong>da</strong> ieso ojaxis wevrebs aRdgomis Semdeg. samia<br />

RvTiuri niWi, samia wmin<strong>da</strong> ena, samia sulis nawili, samgvarni arian<br />

gonieri qmnilebani: angelozni, kacni <strong>da</strong> demonni, samnairad axasiaTebs<br />

bgeras: vox, flatus, pulsus (toni, simaRle, ritmi), sami xana kacobriobis<br />

istoriisa: sjulis kanonamde, epoqa sjulis kanonisa <strong>da</strong> mis Semdeg~<br />

(eko 2011: 698).<br />

meore rac <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebelia `moxtunavenis~ safuZvelSi, es, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSne, aris rva filosofosi, romlebic sam sarTulad qmnian<br />

pirami<strong>da</strong>s anu samkuTxeds anu samebas (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 20).<br />

adso benediqtelTa monastris citadelis arqiteqturaze <strong>da</strong><br />

fanjris sam wyebad Wraze STabeWdilebas ver malavs <strong>da</strong> am simbolikiT<br />

Tavbru<strong>da</strong>xveuls iseTi ganc<strong>da</strong> aReZvreba, rom miwaze oTxkuTxad(!)<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebul qmnilebas sulierad zecisaken gasamebuls adris (eko 2011:<br />

46). monastris winamZRvaric citadelis arqiteqturaSi cifri oTxTan<br />

mimarTebiT uamrav qristianul Tu filosofiur sibmolikaze<br />

miuTiTebs: `Tavad kvadratul formaSic araerTi sulieri swavlebaa<br />

Cadebuli; oTxia qveynis mxare, oTxia weliwadis dro, oTxia stiqia,<br />

aris cxeli, civi, sveli, mSrali, aris Soba, zr<strong>da</strong>, simwife <strong>da</strong> sibere,<br />

oTxgvarni arian cocxali arsebani: cisa, miwisa, wylisa <strong>da</strong> haerisa,<br />

oTxi ferisagan Sedgeba cisartyela <strong>da</strong> oTx weliwadSi erTxelaa<br />

nakiani weli~ (eko 2011: 699).<br />

rogorc zemoT platoniseul pirami<strong>da</strong>ze msjelobisas aRvniSne,<br />

platoniseuli pirami<strong>da</strong> oTxebisgan Sedgeba, xolo cifri rva, rogorc<br />

`vardis saxelSi~ beri adsos piriT umberto eko citadelis<br />

rvakuTxedze aRniSnavs, rva _ yoveli oTxkuTxedis srulyofilebis<br />

ricxvia, romelsac oTx saxarebas adris (eko 2011: 46). anu `vardis<br />

saxelis~ citadeli <strong>da</strong> `moxtunavenis~ rva kaciani filosofiuri<br />

pirami<strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT simbolikur arqiteqturul qmnilebas<br />

warmoadgens, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, asocirdeba samebasTan,<br />

samkuTxedTan, pirami<strong>da</strong>sTan anu im aRmatebul ZalasTan, romelsac<br />

antikur samyaroSi samyaros Seqmna ukavSirdeba, xolo iudeur-<br />

52

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qristianul samyaroSi samyaros Semqmneli sameba anu mama, Ze <strong>da</strong><br />

suliwmin<strong>da</strong> anu RmerTi.<br />

umberto ekos `vardis saxelSi~, iseve, rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

`moxtunavenSic~, samebasTan, pirami<strong>da</strong>sTan, samkuTxedTan, oTxTan Tu<br />

sxva simbolikur msgavsebebTan erTad, romelic asocirdeba samyaros<br />

Seqmnis, iudeur-qristianul Tu platonur SexedulebasTan,<br />

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi msgavseba. umberto eko `vardis saxelis~<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mTxrobelis anu adsos piriT saubrobs aRmosavleTis<br />

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic mkiTxvels samyaros warmoSobis<br />

iudeur-qristianuli Sexedulebis aluziisaken ubiZgebs.<br />

`CrdiloeTisaken miviwevdiT, magram bevrjer ga<strong>da</strong>vuxvieT gzas<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>da</strong>savleTSi aRmovCndiT, Tumca ki<br />

Cveni saboloo mizani aRmosavleTi iyo~ (eko 2011: 34). igive<br />

simbolikaze saubrobs jorj muri `moxtunavenis~ <strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c igi aRmosavleTis fanjaras moixseniebs sinaTlis amomaval<br />

mxared (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 88). aRmosavleTis fanjara ki jim hanteris<br />

ganmartebiT qristianuli taZris sakurTxeveli nawilia, romelic<br />

RmerTis arsebobis mxare <strong>da</strong> adgilia (hanteri 2000: 103). xolo maTe<br />

mociquli mis saxarebaSi aRniSnavs, rom qristes Sobis Jams varskvlavi<br />

aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n anaTeb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc mxsnelis <strong>da</strong>badebis adgili (maTe<br />

2.9). <strong>stopardi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n piesis <strong>da</strong>sasruls aRmosavleTis amgvari<br />

simboluri gaazreba, iseve rogorc `ko<strong>da</strong>s~ (“co<strong>da</strong>”) nawilSi a<strong>da</strong>mis <strong>da</strong><br />

evas codnis xis aRniSvna (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 84), <strong>da</strong> puris <strong>da</strong> Rvinis,<br />

rogorc qristes sisxlis <strong>da</strong> xorcis simbolos figurireba (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1972: 86) piesaSi kidev ufro amyarebs <strong>stopardi</strong>s interess iudeurqristianuli<br />

RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> religiisadmi. amiT Cven vigebT, rom rogorc<br />

erTi avtori, <strong>stopardi</strong>s saxiT aseve meore avtori ekos saxiT sakuTar<br />

nawarmoebis safuZvlebSi, sakraluri simbolikiT aSeneben sakuTar<br />

Semoqmedebriv realobas <strong>da</strong> am realobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, qmnian<br />

RmerTs, rogorc realuri realobis Semoqmeds. ufro zustad ki<br />

nawarmoebis realobaSi moqmedi personaJebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mcdelobaa<br />

RmerTis Seqmnisa.<br />

53

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a<strong>tom</strong> mcdeloba<br />

rogorc viciT, ekos nawarmoebSic iseve, rogorc stopardTan, mTeli<br />

es simbolikuri veli irRveva, romelic ekosTan citadelis <strong>da</strong><br />

monastris meSvide dRes ganadgurebaSi, xolo stopardTan piramidis<br />

Semqmneli rva filosofosi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis ganadgurebiT vlindeba. anu<br />

erT SemTxvevaSic <strong>da</strong> meore SemTxvevaSic mkvlelobaa am RvTaebriobis<br />

Tu sakralurobis moSlis mizezi, romelic orive nawarmoebSi<br />

simbilikur WrilSia naCvenebi. erT SemTxvevaSi es aris citadelis<br />

meSvide dRes ganadgureba, romelsac win ioanes gamocxadebis msgavsi<br />

apokalifsuri simbolos matarebeli mkvlelobebis mTeli seria<br />

uswreb<strong>da</strong>, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi rva filosofosi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis<br />

mkvleloba, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sedegad CamoSlili, Seumdgari, Svidi<br />

filosofosisgan Semdgari arasrulyofili pirami<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ricxvi Svidi<br />

rCeba.<br />

umberto ekos romanis bolos Cven vigebT am mkvlelobaTa seriebis<br />

mizezs, romelsac Sedegad zemoT naxsenebi RvTaebrivi simbolikiT<br />

gajerebuli arqiteqturuli Sedevris monastris citadelis<br />

ganadgureba mosdevs. igivea <strong>stopardi</strong>s mier Seqmnil rva<br />

filosofosisgan Semdgar aseve RvTaebrivi simbolikiT gajerebuli<br />

arqiteqturuli qmnilebis CamoSlis SemTxvevaSic, radgan piesis<br />

msvlelobisas gaurkvevelia mkvlelobis mizezi, romelic angrevs<br />

mTel im sibolikas, romelic asocirdeba uzenaes ZalasTan, samebasTan<br />

anu RmerTan. masaSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ver vilaparakebT ricxvi Svidis<br />

mniSvnelobaze sanam ar CavwvdebiT mkvlelobaTa mizezebs. ami<strong>tom</strong>,<br />

marTebulad mimaCnia <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi jer am mkvlelobebis mizezi<br />

gamovarkvioT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>videT ricxvi Svidis garSemo Camaluli<br />

azris amoxsnaze, miT ufro maSin, roca <strong>stopardi</strong> rva filosofosis<br />

mier Seqmnili piramidis rRvevas <strong>da</strong> mkvlelobebis saidumloebas,<br />

rogorc piesis prologSi, aseve piesis bolo nawilSic, `ko<strong>da</strong>Si~<br />

anviTarebs.<br />

ra SeiZleba iyos `moxtunavenSi~ mkvlelobebis mizezi<br />

54

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piesaSi piramidis, rogorc samebis simbolikis aRmniSvnelis,<br />

arseboba saintereso SeiZleba iyos drois aRqmis kuTxiTac. rogorc<br />

viciT, samyaroSi dro, iseve, rogorc ganzomileba samia, iseve, rogorc<br />

uamravi ram, rac samebis ideasTan <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d cifr samTan aris<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. sainteresoa wmin<strong>da</strong> avgustines mosazreba drois<br />

Sesaxeb. igi svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra<strong>tom</strong> ar Seiqmna samyaro<br />

ufro adre D<strong>da</strong> iqve pasuxobs, rom dro `adre~ ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>; dro<br />

samyaros SeqmnasTan erTad Seiqmna, xolo samyaros SemqmnelisTvis anu<br />

RmerTisTvis dro rogorc aseTi ar arsebobs, radgan igi maradiulia<br />

<strong>da</strong> droc misTvis marad erTia, awmyo (raseli 1946: 330). maS, ra aris<br />

dro wmin<strong>da</strong> avgustinesTvis misTvis dro aris mxolod awmyo.<br />

bertrand raseli wm. avgustines drois cnebis Sesaxeb komentirebisas<br />

wers: `warsuli~ un<strong>da</strong> gaigivdes mexsierebasTan, xolo `momavali~ _<br />

molodinTan, mexsierebac <strong>da</strong> molodinic, orive awmyo faqtia” (raseli<br />

1946: 330). maS, moxtunavenis mier Seqmnili piramidis formis sxeuli,<br />

mTels zemoT moyvanil simbolikasTan erTad, drois simbolikasac<br />

SeiZleba atarebdes <strong>da</strong> es drois simbolika SeiZleba iyos wm.<br />

avgustines drois Teoria, rac <strong>stopardi</strong>s orbunebianobi<strong>da</strong>n, iudeurqristianul<br />

bunebas sruliad logikurad enaTesaveba. maS, wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

avgustines azriT, samyaroSi sami droa, Tumca amavdroulad erTi,<br />

awmyo, iseve, rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong> sameba. SesaZloa drois cnebis wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

avgustiniseuli SexedulebiT <strong>stopardi</strong> cdilobs im drois, anu 1972<br />

wlis awmyosken gagvaxedos <strong>da</strong> im periodis mniSvnelobaze migviTiTos.<br />

ami<strong>tom</strong> sruliad logikuria ga<strong>da</strong>videT piesis Seqmnis <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad<br />

samoqmedo drois, piesis awmyos ganxilvaze, rom mivideT zemoT <strong>da</strong>smul<br />

kiTxvamde <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vadginoT piramidis, samkuTxedis, samebis rRvevis,<br />

mkvlelobis mizezi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viwyoT piesis Seqmnis realobiT, piesis `awmyoTi~. rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSne, `moxtunavenis~ Seqmnas tele piesa `sxva mTvare, romelsac<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwa hqvia~ (Another Moon Called Earth) <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad, rac<br />

`moxtunavenis~ erT-erT wamyvan siuJetTan, a<strong>da</strong>mianis mTvareze<br />

gaseirnebasTan erTad im realobis, im `awmyos~ wamyvan movlenad<br />

55

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iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rac am or piesaSi, rogorc saTaurSi, aseve Sinaarsobriv<br />

mxareSic mkafiod aris erT-erT idead gamoxatuli. 1960-ian wlebSi<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi miRweva mox<strong>da</strong>, jer 1961<br />

wels iuri gagarinis Ria kosmosSi gasvla, xolo Semdeg 1969 wels nil<br />

armstrongis meTaurobiT amerikel astronavtTa jgufis mTvareze<br />

gaseirneba. ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom es im droisTvis<br />

iyo teqnologiuri revolucia, romlis meSveobiTac a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeZlo,<br />

ara mxolod de<strong>da</strong>miwis sazRvrebs iqiT gasvla, aramed mTvareze<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sveba <strong>da</strong> iq garkveuli samecniero kvlevebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisaTvis<br />

safuZvlebis momzadeba. am azris mniSvelobas `moxtunavenSi~ tele<br />

ekranis arseboba <strong>da</strong> mTvareze mimdinare movlenebis moqmedebac<br />

cxadyofs (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 22).<br />

amave periodSi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi kerZod ki britaneTSi mZvinvarebs iseTi<br />

filosofiuri moZraoba, romelsac `logikuri pozitivizmi~ ewo<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

moZraobas pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qalaq venaSi, kafeé<br />

`centralSi~ Caeyara safuZveli <strong>da</strong> cnobilia rogorc `venis wre~<br />

(Vienna Circle). am filosofiur moZraobaSi moiazrebodnen meoce saukunis<br />

iseTi cnobili filosofosebi, rogorebic iyvnen: bertrand raseli <strong>da</strong><br />

ludvig vitgenSteini, romlebmac formalizeba moaxdines logikuri<br />

pozitivizmisa.<br />

entoni jenkinsi, avtori wignisa `<strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatri~ Zalian zustad<br />

aRniSnavs am moZraobis mTavar arss: `logikuri pozitivizmi~ ukan, 1920-<br />

ian wlebSi brundeba, roca `venis wre~ iswrafo<strong>da</strong> filosofiuri<br />

ZiebebisTvis moecilebina yovelgvari mistika <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />

Sesabamisad moexdina misi racionalizeba, `yvela Semowmebad<br />

mtkicebaTa erTobliobis Sesabamisad~ (jenkinsi 1990: 88). <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

mosazrebas cota mogvianebiT vitgenSteinisa <strong>da</strong> britanuli logikuri<br />

pozitivizmis bibliad Seracxuli wignis `ena, WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong> logikis~<br />

avtoris, aieris mosazrebebi ufro naTels hfens maT ideebs.<br />

vitgenSteini ambobs: `imas razec Cven ver vaxerxebT saubars dumils<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mivandoT~, xolo aieri ambobs: `yvela gamonaTqvami RmerTis<br />

bunebis Sesaxeb azrs moklebulia~ (jenkinsi 1990: 88).<br />

56

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SeiZleba iTqvas, meoce saukunis 50-60-iani realobis, epoqis yvela<br />

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi es iqneba logikuri pozitivisturi filosofiis<br />

popularobisa Tu mTvareze a<strong>da</strong>mianis mimosvlis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Tema<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir asaxulia piesaSi, rac gvaZlevs safuZvels epoqac <strong>da</strong> piesac<br />

erT WrilSi, erT `awmyoSi~ ganvixiloT, miT ufro maSin, roca<br />

yvelafer zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad, piesaSi logikuri pozitivizmis<br />

fuZemdebeli bertrand raselic figurirebs (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 31).<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne logikuri pozitivzmis mimdevrebi<br />

mecnierebasa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, racioTi cdilobdnen<br />

samyaros Semecnebas <strong>da</strong> yovelgvar misticizms devnidnen maTi<br />

filosofii<strong>da</strong>n, rac, SeiZleba iTqvas, gulisxmobs samyaros<br />

RmerTismieri Semecnebis uaryofas <strong>da</strong> yvelafris pragmatul,<br />

racionalur WrilSi ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas. zusta<strong>da</strong>c, aseTi filosofiis<br />

mimdevrebi arian moxtunave filosofosebi, romelTa meTauri<br />

medicinis, filosofiis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> iuridiul mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori, aseve fsiqiatriul medicinaTa <strong>da</strong> gimnastikis diplomis<br />

mflobeli, ser arCibald jamferia (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 61).<br />

erTi mxriv, es yovlismcodne titulebi Zalian ironiulparodirebulia<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n, magram amavdroulad Zalian<br />

<strong>da</strong>mafiqrebeli, radgan ser arCibald jamferi, Tanamoazre filosofos<br />

moxtunaveebTan erTad, axlad gamarjvebuli politikuri partiis ara<br />

mxolod mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri, aramed am partiis aqtiuri wevricaa, Sesabamisad<br />

logikur-pozitivisturi filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> ideoloogiis gamtarebeli<br />

piesis realobis `awmyoSi~. es azri Zalian kargad Cans ramdenime<br />

epizodSi. pirveli aris doTis <strong>da</strong> misi meuRlis jorjis saubris<br />

epizodi, sa<strong>da</strong>c jorji `nacionalur sagazeTo mflobelTa asociaciis~<br />

<strong>da</strong>patimrebaze miuTiTebs (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 37). anu axalma politikurma<br />

moZraobam sca<strong>da</strong> gavlena moepovebina Tavisufal mediaze, radgan<br />

rogorc cnobilia masmedia aris erT-erTi umTavresi saSualeba im<br />

ideologiis gasatareblad, romelic mmarTvel partiebs, Tu<br />

xelisuflebas surs. meore aris is, rom filosofosebi, msgavsad<br />

radikal-liberaluri partiis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerebisa, gamowyobilni arian<br />

57

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yviTeli feris mantiebSi (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 83) anu erTgvari vizualuri,<br />

simboluri feri. mesame <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi umaTavresi epizodi aris is, rom<br />

radikal-liberaluri politikuri moZraobis Semdeg erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

gavleniani sazogadoebrivi instituti eklesia gax<strong>da</strong> racionaluri,<br />

rac aseve kargad Cans doTisa <strong>da</strong> jorjis saubris epizodSi:<br />

`-jorji: ras meubnebi, rom soflis meurneobaSi radikal liberalTa<br />

warmomadgeneli kentenberiis arqiepiskoposi gax<strong>da</strong>!!~ 2<br />

(“George: Are you telling me that the Radical Liberal spokesman for Agriculture has been<br />

made the Archbishop of Canterbury!!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 38))<br />

anu politikuri ZalauflebiT gamyarebulma logikurma<br />

pozitivisturma filosofiam presasTan erTad iseT mgZnobiare<br />

samyaroSic ki SeaRwia, rasac religia <strong>da</strong> samyaros religiuri gziT<br />

Semecneba hqvia, rac amgvar filosofiur Sexedulebas umyarebs<br />

berketebs religiuri institutis msoflmxedvelobac sakuTar<br />

Sexedulebas moargos. meoTxe SemTxveva ki aris piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c pir<strong>da</strong>pir gaJRerebulia is, rom es filosofosebi, arCis<br />

meTaurobiT, amave partiis wevrebi arian:<br />

`-xma (arCis xma): axla ki!- qalbatonebo <strong>da</strong> batonebo! – <strong>da</strong>ujerebeli<br />

radikali! Lliberali! Mmoxtunaveni!!~<br />

(“Voice (Archie’s voice): And now!–ladies and gentlemen!–the Incredible Radical! Liberal!!-<br />

Jumpers!!”) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 18)<br />

jon buli aRniSnavs, rom <strong>stopardi</strong> mis adreul SemoqmedebaSi<br />

yovelmxriv cdilob<strong>da</strong> gaqceo<strong>da</strong> politikur sferos, debatebSi Cabmas,<br />

ara imi<strong>tom</strong>, rom is <strong>da</strong>interesebuli ar iyo politikiT, aramed is<br />

undoblobiT umzer<strong>da</strong> amgvari Teoriebis marTebulobas, Tumca<br />

amis<strong>da</strong>miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad 1972 wlis `moxtunavenis~ Cvenebis Semdeg man aRniSna,<br />

rom es piesa politikaze an idologiaze iyo, Tumca iqve <strong>da</strong>amata, rom<br />

misi rwmeniT yvela politikur qmedebas moraluri safuZveli un<strong>da</strong><br />

2 winamdebare TavSi citatebis Targmani piesi<strong>da</strong>n `moxtunaveni~ ekuTvnis disertaciis<br />

avtors.<br />

58

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gaaCndes, ris gareSec is umniSvnelo <strong>da</strong> uazro iqneba (qeli 2001: 137). ra<br />

moralis matarebelia am piesaSi gatarebuli politikuri ideologia,<br />

zemoT aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n kargad Cans, Tumca <strong>stopardi</strong> amas ar jerdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

erT Zalian saintereso ironiul paralelsac gvTavazobs, rac<br />

SesaZloa piramidis, samkuTxedis rRevis erT-erTi ideuri nawilicaa.<br />

moxtunave filosofosebis <strong>da</strong>intereseba gimnastikis mimarT, aseve<br />

musikis TanxlebiT maTi arseboba im piramiduli formis samkuTxedSi,<br />

romelzec zemoT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT vimsjeleT, SeiZleba kavSirSi iyos im<br />

idealuri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis ideasTan, romelsac platoni<br />

`saxelmwifoSi~ anviTarebs, rac SesaZloa `moxtunavenis~ moralurracionalur,<br />

filosofiur-religiur Tematikas politikurideologiur<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTvasac matebdes.<br />

platoni, sokrates sityvebiT, idealur saxelmwifos sam(!) umTavres<br />

principze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ayalibebs, rac kargad aris ganxiluli<br />

`saxelmwifos~ pirvel oTx TavSi. es principebi aris zomiereba,<br />

simamace <strong>da</strong> sibrZne anu platonis TqmiT es sami Tviseba qmnis<br />

samaraTlianobas, maSin, roca bunebiT es sami erTmaneTisagan<br />

gansxvavebuli wodeba Tav-Tavis saqmes asrulebs (platoni 2003: 142,143).<br />

es sami Tviseba ki asocirdeba sulis im sam TvisebasTan, romelzec<br />

zemoT ukve vimsjeleT, Sesabamisad samarTliani <strong>da</strong> idealuri<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba platonis azriT imTaviTve im didi triadis<br />

ideaSi moiazreba, romlis Seqmnasac <strong>stopardi</strong>s moxtunave<br />

filosofosebi mxolod garegnulad cdiloben. Sesabamisad, saubari<br />

imaze, rom am politikuri, ideologiuri Tu filosofiuri xedviT,<br />

romelsac radikal-liberali logikuri pozitivistebi warmoadgenen,<br />

Seiqmneba idealuri saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, Tavis TavSive moicavs<br />

tyuils, radgan isini sakuTari msoflmexdvelobiT Tu filosofiiT<br />

ewinaaRmdegebian, jer platonur <strong>da</strong> Semdeg iudeur-qristianul samebis<br />

umTavress princips, anu samyaros Seqmnis RmerTismier, samebismier,<br />

piramidiseul Sexedulebas. Sesabamisad maTi gamarjveba Tanamedrove<br />

politikur sarbielze <strong>da</strong> maTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n mcdeloba idealuri samyaros<br />

mSeneblobisa Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve tyuilia, rogorc bodriari ambobs,<br />

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simulakruli <strong>da</strong> rogorc es Tanamedrove realobaSi idealuri qveynis<br />

simbolod Seqmnili `disneis samyaros~ magaliTiT, xolo piesaSi<br />

moxtunave filosofosebis mier samkuTxedis Seqmnis mcdelobis<br />

magaliTiT Cans, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas erTi mxriv swrafvaa im<br />

pirvelqmnil idealur samyaros Seqmnisken, romelsac edemis baRi erqva,<br />

Tumca meore mxriv am samyaroTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis simulaciur velSi moqcevis<br />

mcdelobaaD<strong>da</strong> yalbi moCvenebaa imisa, rom a<strong>da</strong>miansac SeuZlia Seqmnas<br />

is, rac uzenaesma Zalam Seqmna.<br />

platoni `timeosSi~ samyaros pirvelsawyisebze saubrisas აRniSnavs,<br />

rom SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> samyaros Semqmnelis, demiurgosis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samyaros Seqmna, Tu mas pirvelnimuSi ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan: `yovelive is,<br />

rac ibadeba, aucileblad ama Tu im mizezis ZaliT ibadeba, radgan<br />

SeuZlebelia umizezod <strong>da</strong>ibados rame. ami<strong>tom</strong>, roca Semoqmedi marad<br />

ucvlelsa <strong>da</strong> igiveobriv arss umzers <strong>da</strong> sagnis formisa Tu Tvisebis<br />

Seqmnisas pirvelnimuSad iyenebs mas, mTeli qmnileba aucileblad<br />

mSvenieri gamova; xolo Tu is <strong>da</strong>badebuls umzers <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebulsve<br />

iyenebs pirvelnimuSad, misi qmnilebisaTvis ucxo iqneba mSveniereba~<br />

(platoni 1994: 288). gamodis, rom Tavad platoni uaryobs im idealuri<br />

samyaros arsebobis SesaZleblobas, romelsac Tanamedrove samyaroSi,<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT a<strong>da</strong>miani cdilobs, rom Seqmnas, radgan<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis demiurgosuli, Teisturi `Semoqmedis~ (poetes), `mamis~<br />

(pateris), `Semkrebis~ (sinagon), `keTilis~ (agaTos) <strong>da</strong> sxv. erTi<br />

sityviT samebisa <strong>da</strong> RmerTis azri <strong>da</strong> idea mkv<strong>da</strong>ria, xolo amgvari<br />

sazogadoeba, platonisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Tu is (anu Semqmneli<br />

d.m.) <strong>da</strong>badebuls umzers <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebulsve iyenebs pirvelnimuSad, misi<br />

qmnilebisaTvis ucxo iqneba mSveniereba~ (platoni 1994: 288). amiT<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> erTi mxriv gviCvenebs im awmyos, romelSic Seiqmna <strong>da</strong><br />

mimdinareobs piesis mTeli siuJeti, romelsac dRevandeli<br />

gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n postmodernistuli samyaros siuJeti SeiZleba<br />

vuwodoT, xolo meore mxriv gviCvenebs amgvar realobasa <strong>da</strong> awmyoSi<br />

didi triadis, samebis, rogorc namdvilis, WeSmaritis arsis<br />

mniSvnelobas, romelzec un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>Senebuli ara mxolod samyaros<br />

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Seqmnis Sexedulebebi, aramed saxelmwifosic, radgan, rogorc Tavad<br />

avtori aRniSnavs `moralis~ gareSe yvelaferi, maT Soris politikac<br />

uazroa. mesame <strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanesi, rasac <strong>stopardi</strong> am triadis ideis<br />

garSemo aerTianebs aris is, rom msgavsad moxtunave filosofosebisa,<br />

Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianic, Tanamedrove samyaroSi, veRar qmnis im<br />

pirami<strong>da</strong>s, samkuTxeds, did tria<strong>da</strong>s Tu samebas, radgan rogorc zemoT<br />

ukve vaxsene arsebobs mkvleloba anu sikvdili.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi uamravs saubroben <strong>da</strong> weren<br />

`moxtunavenSi~ moralis Temis Sesaxeb. piesaSi aseTi azris<br />

gamtarebeli moraluri filosofiis profesori, idealisti jorj<br />

muria, romelic sakuTari moxsenebiT `a<strong>da</strong>miani _ kargi, cudi Tu<br />

gulgrili~ (“Man – good, bad or indifferen”) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972:46) cdilobs<br />

samyaroSi RmerTis arsebobis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebas. Tumca es jorj muri ar<br />

ganasaxierebs Bbertrand raselis, ludvig vitgenSteinis <strong>da</strong> aieris<br />

Tanamoazre jorj murs, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, maT RmerTis ar<br />

swam<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

jon flemingi sakuTar wignSi `<strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatri~, `moxtunavenSi~<br />

RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobaze komentirebisas, gamoricxavs piesaSi<br />

RmerTis qristianuli religiuri gagebis mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> RmerTis<br />

jorjismier rwmenas Teistur humanisturs uwodebs, rasac jer Tavad<br />

mTavari moqmedi personaJis azris citirebiT xsnis: `Tu RmerTi<br />

arsebobs, ueWvelia, igi religiamdec arsebob<strong>da</strong>. is aris filosofosTa<br />

RmerTi, logikurad gamoyvanili cxadi wanamZRvrebi<strong>da</strong>n. is, rom mas<br />

kurTxeul mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa klubi gauCndebo<strong>da</strong>, mxolod fsiqologiuri<br />

interesis sakiTxia~ (flemingi 2001: 91) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 39,40) <strong>da</strong><br />

mogvianebiT flemingi citirebs <strong>stopardi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas religiis<br />

Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c is ambobs, rom mas RmerTis sjera <strong>da</strong> igi cdilobs, rom<br />

moiqces ise, rom is arsebobs, magram misTvis gaugebaria religiuri<br />

ceremoniebi, radgan mas miaCnia, rom RmerTze fiqri inteleqtualuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. Tumca mas ufro metad aRizianebs<br />

militanturi humanizmi, vidre evangelizmi (flemingi 2001: 93). piesis<br />

mTavari gmiris <strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s azrebi RmerTis Sesaxeb srulebiT<br />

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esa<strong>da</strong>geba erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> flemingis es <strong>da</strong>kvirvebac SeiZleba iTqvas<br />

gamoxatavs avtoris dualisturi bunebis erT-erT magaliTs, radgan<br />

zemoT moyvanili <strong>stopardi</strong>s sityvebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, `moxtunavenis~<br />

azrobrivi qsovili cnobierad Tu aracnobierad gamoxatavs avtoris<br />

interess, rogorc filosofiuri aseve iudeur-qristianuli<br />

RmerTisadmi.<br />

RmerTis filosofiuri <strong>da</strong>kvirveba kargad vlindeba piesis sxva<br />

monakveTSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c jorji RmerTis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebis<br />

Semdeg aRniSnavs: “Cogito ergo dues est” (I think, therefore God is) (me vfiqrob,<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me RmerTi arsebobs) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 72), romelic dekartes<br />

cnobili gamonaTqvamis “Cogito ergo sum” ( I think therefore I am) (me vfiqrob,<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me varsebob) Secvlili variantia.<br />

ras SeiZleba aRniSnavdes “Cogito ergo dues est”<br />

`vazrovneb maSasa<strong>da</strong>me RmerTi arsebobs~ dekartes gamonaTqvamis<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>seuli interpretaciaa, radgan rogorc zemoT aRvniSne,<br />

yvelafris Semoqmedi aris demiurgosi, romelic platonis<br />

`filebosSi~, rogorc amas baCana bregvaZe aRniSnavs: `zecisa <strong>da</strong> miwis<br />

meufed _ kosmiur Tu zekosmiur `goneba<strong>da</strong>a~ saxeldebuli~ (platoni<br />

1994: 119). anu jorji, Sesabamisad <strong>stopardi</strong> anviTarebs Semdeg azrs,<br />

rom azrovneba, fiqri, rogorc safuZveli sibrZnisa,<br />

sibZnismoyvareobisa anu filosofiisa, aris swrafva realuri<br />

cxovrebisaken anu WeSmaritebisaken anu imisken, rasac demiurgosi<br />

uWvret<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad fiqri aris upirvelesi, rac Seqmnili<br />

materialuri realobis, rogorc pirvelnimuSis aslis amaoebaSi<br />

gvafiqrebs <strong>da</strong> sxva realobis, WeSmaritebis Ziebisaken gvibiZgebs, miT<br />

ufro im SemTxvevaSi, roca jorjis Tanamedrove samyaro anu<br />

postmodernistuli samyaro simulaciuri, xelovnuri, hiperrealuri<br />

samyaroa, xolo am simulakruli samyaro<strong>da</strong>n gamosvla fiqris gareSe<br />

warmoudgenelia. dekarteseulad Tu vfiqrob, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me varsebob,<br />

magram sad varsebob is samyaro, rasac me vumzer realuria Tu<br />

realuri arseboba fiqri <strong>da</strong> azrovnebaa, Sesabamisad RmerTi aris,<br />

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adgan me viwyeb kopirebuli, simulaciuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlas,<br />

romelic realobaSi arsebobs <strong>da</strong> viswrafi originalisaken anu<br />

WeSmaritebisaken anu RmerTisken. iseve, rogorc qriste ambobs: `me var<br />

gza, sicocxle <strong>da</strong> WeSmariteba~ (ioane 14.6) anu fiqris <strong>da</strong>wyeba aris<br />

gza, romelic gvarkvevs arsebul burusSi. Tu gza vipovne Sesabamisad<br />

vfiqrob, xolo Tu vfiqrob Sesabamisad varsebob anu vcocxlob, xolo<br />

Tu vcocxlob am azriT Sesabamisad viswrafi WeSmaritebisaken.<br />

Sesabamisad, roca me vfiqrob ese igi varsebob anu vcocxlob <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

vcocxlob ese igi axlos var WeSmaritebasTan anu RmerTTan anu mama,<br />

Ze <strong>da</strong> suliwmin<strong>da</strong>sTan anu samebasTan. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, iudeurqritianuli<br />

RmerTis gza, sicocxle <strong>da</strong> WeSmariteba igivea, rac<br />

platonuri RmerTis goneba, fiqri <strong>da</strong> sibrZne.<br />

rogorc dekarteseuli gamonaTqvamis interpretacii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

piramidis, igive samkuTxedis, igive samebis magaliTiT vnaxeT avtori<br />

cnobierad Tu ara cnobierad gamoxatavs dualisturi bunebis meore<br />

mxaresac, romelic filosofiurTan erTad iuder-qristianuli<br />

mxarecaa. igive SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT `moxtunavenis~ piesis<br />

msvlelobaSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c avtori Tanamedrove scenaze, Tanamedrove<br />

epoqaSi, Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi Semohyavs bibliuri scena.<br />

pirvelad es vlindeba isev <strong>da</strong> isev piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> xsnis saTamaSo areals, romelic sami(!) arealisgan Sedgeba:<br />

kabineti, holi <strong>da</strong> saZinebeli (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 13). Tumca es samive oTaxi<br />

erTi saxlis, erTi adgilis nawilia, rac erTgvarad zemoT ganxilul<br />

samebis ideis WrilSi Zalian <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebelia, rogorc piesis <strong>da</strong>sabamis<br />

anu mxatruli samyaros Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. saxlis mflobeli ki,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne jorj muri, moraluri filosofiis<br />

profesori <strong>da</strong> misi meuRle umSvenieresi doroTia. erTi mxriv Ees<br />

TiTqos UCveulebrivi avtoriseuli aRwerilobaa, rogorc saTamaSo<br />

adgilis, aseve ori mTavari moqmedi personaJis, Tumca meore mxriv aq<br />

SeiZleba idos is metaforuli mniSvneloba, romelic <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

dualisturi bunebis, samebis anu iudeur-qristianuli ideis<br />

gagrZelebaa. rogorc rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni <strong>stopardi</strong>s filmSi<br />

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Tanamedrove samyaroSi macxovrebel rozenkrancsa <strong>da</strong> gildensterns<br />

ganasaxiereben, aseve jorji <strong>da</strong> doroTi SesaZloa Tanamedrove<br />

samyaroSi macxovrebel pirvel a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, a<strong>da</strong>msa <strong>da</strong> evas<br />

ganasaxierebdnen anu samyaros Seqmnis iudeur-qristianul versias.<br />

meore, rac am azris ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva, aris<br />

pirami<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d saxlSi sikvdilis scena, romelic angrevs<br />

samkuTxeds anu samyaros platonur Tu iudeur-qristianul aRqmas <strong>da</strong><br />

amave saxlSi iwvevs qaoss <strong>da</strong> gaurkvevlobas Tu vin ra<strong>tom</strong> an risTvis<br />

Caidina erT-erTi moxtunavis mkvleloba. pirami<strong>da</strong>Si anu samkuTxedSi<br />

rogorc im ukv<strong>da</strong>vi, idealuri samyaros modelis Tu geometriul<br />

sivrceSi mokluli moxtunavis gamocarielebul adgilas piesis<br />

mTavari moqmedi personaJis doTis gamoCena ki (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 21),<br />

aluziuri TvalsazrisiT erTi mxriv gvaxsenebs edemis baRs, xolo<br />

meore mxriv moklulis adgilas misi dgoma am baRis <strong>da</strong>kargvaSi qalis<br />

anu evas mniSvnelobas. (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 15) albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac ebRauWeba<br />

kabaze sikvdilis piras myofi makfei, romelic TiTqos mas<br />

a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTar sisxliT <strong>da</strong>svril xelebs awmends doTis<br />

kabaze (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 21). iseve, rogorc inspeqtori bonsi, romelic<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve brals debs doTis mis saxlSi momx<strong>da</strong>r mkvlelobas<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 45). <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebelia gvari bonsis anu “Bones” inglisuri<br />

definicia, rac Zvlebs niSnavs, Zvali ki sikvdilis aRmniSvnelia, rasac<br />

qristianul simbolikaSi a<strong>da</strong>mis Tavis qala warmoadgens, rogorc<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis mokvdinebis simbolos, xolo saxlSi momx<strong>da</strong>r mkvlelobaze<br />

bonsis <strong>da</strong> jorjis dialogi, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mis personaJis sawyisi <strong>da</strong><br />

sasruli mxatruli gamomsaxvelobiTi mdgomareoba, bibliuri siuJetis<br />

parodiul-simboluri azris mamoZravebelia piesaSi. iseve, rogorc<br />

bonsis SeniSvna-komentari jorjis moxsenebaze, rogorc Zvlis anu<br />

warsuli a<strong>da</strong>mis xma Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>ms: `arian RmerTi arasworia<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis~ (“Are God Is wrong for a start”) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 46), radgan<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mmac <strong>da</strong> evamac Zalian kargad icodnen visgan iyvnen Seqmnilni <strong>da</strong><br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d vin Seqmna samyaro, risi mtkicebac uwevs Tanamedrove<br />

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samyaroSi Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mians, a<strong>da</strong>ms anu piesis mTavar gmirs jorj<br />

murs.<br />

bibliuri aluziis WrilSi aseve Zalian sainteresoa Semdegi ori<br />

monakveTi. pirveli aris saxlSi mkvlelobis Semdgomi mdgomareoba,<br />

roca SeSinebuli doTi warmoTqvams mkvlelis, arCis saxels, ris<br />

Semdegac arCi ganacxadebs: `wveuleba <strong>da</strong>srulebulia...~ (“Party is over…..”)<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 21). TiTqos piesis aseTi <strong>da</strong>sawyisi mogvagonebs im<br />

idealur samyaros, romelSic a<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong> eva imyofebodnen. Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>seuli ironiuli, pop-kulturuli eniT, rom vTqvaT edemis<br />

baRSi sul `farTi~ iyo, anu maradiuli wveuleba, dResaswauli,<br />

sixaruli, romelic Tanamedrove postmodernistul epoqaSi `farTis~<br />

msgavsma wveulebam, sixarulma Caanacvla. pirvelqmnili a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas msgavsad, Tanamedrove jorji <strong>da</strong> doTis saxlSic irRveva<br />

is wesrigi, romlis Semdegac sruldeba wveuleba, sixaruli <strong>da</strong> iwyeba<br />

qaosi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. SesaZloa rogorc zemoT aRvniSne<br />

jorji <strong>da</strong> doTi Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas mxatrul saxes<br />

ganasaxiereben, romelTa saxli <strong>da</strong> wveuleba im maradiuli wveulebis<br />

Tanamedrove aCrdilia, romelic edemis baRSi mudmivi sixarulisa <strong>da</strong><br />

bednierebis ukv<strong>da</strong>vebaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

piesaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri mkvlelobebiT <strong>da</strong> mkvlelobebis Sedegad<br />

warmoqmnili qaosiT, avtori ironizirebas axdens Tanamedrove<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis swrafvas, Seqmnas pirami<strong>da</strong>, samkuTxedi, sameba anu idealuri<br />

samyofeli Tanamedrove samyaroSi, radgan maTSi <strong>da</strong>kargulia is mTvari,<br />

platonuri Tu iudeur-qristianuli rwmena, romelic RmerTis<br />

arsebobis mrwamsisTvisaa aucilebeli. axali aRTqmis sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, `netar arian isini, visac ar vunaxivar <strong>da</strong> swamT~ (ioane 20.29),<br />

radgan Tanamedrove samyaros moazrovne nawilma anu filosofiurma<br />

nawilma samyaros Semecnebis Ziebi<strong>da</strong>n gandevna yovelgvari<br />

metafizikuri, mistikuri, Tu mwamsobrivi nawili <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> mis<br />

mxolod teqnologiur-mecnieruli, racionaluri gziT amoxsnaze iseve,<br />

rogorc amas piesaSi arCi <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamoazre logikuri pozitivizmis<br />

mimdevari filosofosebi avlenen. piesaSi mkvlelobis scenis Semdeg<br />

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albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac Semohyavs stopards ekrani, televizori anu masmedia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c kosmosSi, mTvareze kosmonavtebs Soris ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri Cvenebaa asaxuli (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 22), rogorc<br />

simbolo im epoqis miswrafebebisa <strong>da</strong> interesebisa, rac erTi mxriv<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mians aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aZlevs ganuzomel SesaZleblobebs teqnomecnieruli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, Tumca meore mxriv es SesaZleblobebi<br />

akargvineb<strong>da</strong> mas a<strong>da</strong>mianur, moralur Tu mgrZnobiare saxes, rogorc es<br />

kosmonavtebis qmedebebiT aris naCvenebi (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 22,23).<br />

mkvlelobis Semdeg televizoris ekranis meSveobiT mTvaris Semoyvana<br />

sul sxva <strong>da</strong>tvirTvasac SeiZleba atarebdes, rasac mogvianebiT<br />

ganvixilavT.<br />

zemoT ganxiluli iudeur-qristianuli ideuri jaWvis mixedviT,<br />

sainteresoa, vis SeiZleba ganasaxierebdes realuri <strong>da</strong>mnaSave, romelic<br />

piesaSi yvelas doTi hgonia, magram sinamdvileSi arCibald jamferia!<br />

albaT imas, vinc edemis baRSi SeRweviT <strong>da</strong>asrula maradiuli `farTi~<br />

<strong>da</strong> samyaros acnoba is, rasac arCi axmovanebs `wveuleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebulia~ (“Party is over”); anu ukv<strong>da</strong>veba, bedniereba <strong>da</strong> maradiuli<br />

sixaruli <strong>da</strong>srulebulia. am mosazrebas amyarebs is garemoebac, rom<br />

piesaSi anu Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tavad arCi aris im ideologiis<br />

medroSe, romelic samyaros religiur <strong>da</strong> metafizikur Semecnebas<br />

uaryofs <strong>da</strong> cdilobs pozitivisturi pragmatuli filosofiis<br />

ganviTarebas, Tavad iRebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas vin iyos kentenberiis<br />

mTavarepiskoposi <strong>da</strong> gaaracionaluros Tu ara eklesia (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972:<br />

37). piesis msvlelobisas aseve safiqrebelia eqimi, fsiqiatri Tu<br />

iuristi arCis siaxlove doTisTan, rac Zalian hgavs bibliaSi yvela<br />

saxis, Sesabamisad yvela profesiis Tu niRbis matarebeli gvelis<br />

siaxloves evasTan.<br />

Tavad arCia mkvleli Tavis Tanamoazre gimnastikuri gundis wevris,<br />

rva filosofosTagan erT-erTis, makfeis, romelmac azri icvala <strong>da</strong><br />

iwinaswarmetyvela samyaros momavali, romelsac piesis erT-erT gmirs<br />

henris umJRavnebs:<br />

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`henri, miTxra man, me vnaxe momavali <strong>da</strong> is yviTelia.~<br />

(“I have seen the future and, Henry, he said, and it’s yellow.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 80))<br />

henris <strong>da</strong> arCis saubari, romelic makfeis msoflmxedvelobis cvlas<br />

<strong>da</strong> momavlis yviTel ferebSi <strong>da</strong>xatvas Seexeba Zalian simboluria,<br />

radgan yviTeli feri asocirdeba rogorc radikal-liberal<br />

politikur moZraobasTan, aseve arCis <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamoazre filosofosi<br />

moxtunavenis uniformis ferTanac, rogorc es piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>saruls `ko<strong>da</strong>s~ nawilSic Cans (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 83). xolo Tavad<br />

makfeis saqcieli waagavs axali aRTqmis mixedviT savles saqciels,<br />

romelic qristes xilvis Semdeg icvlis mrwamss <strong>da</strong> xdeba pavle.<br />

albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac amsgavsebs arCi makfeis pavle mociquls.<br />

`SesaZloa, makfeis proteJe malulad Cems mowinaaRmdeged iqca,<br />

kalapoti<strong>da</strong>n amovar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita rom muris mesiisTvis wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

pavlea.~<br />

(“Perhaps Mcfee’s fellow protégé, had secretly turned against me, gone off rails and decided<br />

that he was St. Paul to Moore’s Messiah.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 63))<br />

anu makfeis <strong>da</strong>sjis mizezi misi momavlis ganWvretis xilvaSia,<br />

romelic yviTelia, anu arCis <strong>da</strong> radikal-liberalebis ideologiaSi,<br />

romelic rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samyaros Semecnebis <strong>da</strong> amoxsnis<br />

saTaveebi<strong>da</strong>n devnis yovelgvar metafizikurs <strong>da</strong> avrcelebs mxolod<br />

teqno-mecnierul, racionalur msoflmxedvelobas, romelic awarmoebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> anviTarebs xelovnur, irealur realobas, rogorc es<br />

potmodernistul epoqas axasiadeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> jer isev axasiaTebs. ami<strong>tom</strong>ac<br />

ver ikvreba piramidiseuli samkuTxedi, radgan mrwamsismieri nawili<br />

mkv<strong>da</strong>ria. xolo Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianis mcdeloba Seqmnas idealuri sami<br />

yovelTvis kraxiT <strong>da</strong>sruldeba, radgan maTSi mkv<strong>da</strong>ria RmerTi,<br />

romelic aris yvelafris alfa <strong>da</strong> omega.<br />

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piesis realobaSi sanam RmerTis sikvdilis ufro siRrmiseul<br />

analizze ga<strong>da</strong>vidode, manamde bibliuri, axali aRqmis aluziis ideur<br />

WrilSi kidev erTi Zalian saintereso epizodi min<strong>da</strong> aRvniSno:<br />

“-doTi: miSveleT!<br />

-jorji: <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>viwyoT---<br />

-doTi (panikurad): miSveleT! Mmkvleloba!<br />

-jorji: <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>viwyoT: aris RmerTi (pauza)... “<br />

(“Dotty: Help!<br />

George: to begin at the beginning---<br />

Dotty (off panic): Help! Murder!.....<br />

George: to begin at the beginning: is God (pause)….” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 24))<br />

avtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>n amgvari sityvaTa TamaSi mizanmimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />

rogorc piesis mkiTxvelis, aseve speqtaklis mayurebelisadmi, radgan<br />

jorjis moxsenebis amgvari <strong>da</strong>sawyisi Zalian hgavs ioanes saxarebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyiss, romelic inglisurad ase iwyeba: “In the beginning was the Word,<br />

and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1.1), (`<strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n iyo<br />

sityva <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo RmerTTan, <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo RmerTi~) (ioane 1.1.).<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad jorjis moxsenebis amgvari prologi TiTqos<br />

migvaniSnebs axali epoqis, axal wleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss, romelic erTi<br />

mxriv gamodis platonur-antikuri <strong>da</strong> iudeuri filosofii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

SerwymiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis iudeur-qristianul epoqaSi anu im realobSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

doTi <strong>da</strong> jorji cxovroben anu <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturaSi. xolo mTavari<br />

protagonistebis realobaSi gaCenili sikvdili, doTiseuli SiSi Tu<br />

jorjis mxri<strong>da</strong>n RmerTis arsebobaSi <strong>da</strong>eWveba, rac axali aRTqmis<br />

Seqmnis im versiisadmi <strong>da</strong>eWvebasac gulisxmobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia,<br />

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`<strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n iyo sityva <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo RmerTTan, <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo RmerTi~<br />

(ioane 1.1), aluziuri TvalsazrisiT migvaniSnebs Tanamedrove<br />

sazogadoebaSi postnicSeanul mdgomareobaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c samyaros<br />

Semecnebis bibliur-qristianuli swavleba, racionalurma <strong>da</strong> teqnomecnierulma<br />

swavlebam Caanacvla. RmerTis, bibliiis <strong>da</strong> qristes idea<br />

mokv<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis. Sesabamisad, amgvari<br />

msoflmxedvelobis gavrceleba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris sikvdilis, SiSisa <strong>da</strong><br />

qaosis ganc<strong>da</strong>s aCens, rogorc es murebis saxlSi ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebiTaa naCvenebi.<br />

sad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT piesaSi NnicSeseuli fraza `RmerTi<br />

mokv<strong>da</strong>~<br />

rogorc zemoT ganxiluli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, piesaSi erT-erTi moxtunavis<br />

mkvleloba <strong>da</strong> idealuri samkuTxedis rRveva a<strong>da</strong>mianis RmerTTan<br />

kavSiris gawyvetasTan asocirdeba. Tumca `moxtunavenis~ meore aqtSi<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> murebis saxlSi, Sesabamisad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi<br />

RmerTis sikvdilis simbolur gamoxatulebasac axdens.<br />

`-jorji (SeZrwunebuli): RmerTo Cemo!<br />

(jorji abazani<strong>da</strong>n Semodis, brazisgan gafiTrebuli, akankalebuli)<br />

Se mkvlelo kaxpav...! xom SegeZlo cotaodeni wyali Cagesxa abazanaSi!<br />

(xelSi mkv<strong>da</strong>ri oqros Tevzi uWiravs)~<br />

(“George (off; horrified): My God!<br />

(George enters from the bathroom, white, shaking with rage)<br />

You murderous bitch…! You might have put some water in the bath!<br />

(he is holding a dead goldfish)” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 74))<br />

RmerTis interpretacias ori faqtori iZleva. pirveli aris mkv<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

Tevzi, xolo meore jorjis reaqcia mkv<strong>da</strong>ri Tevzis xilvisas “My God”<br />

(RmerTo Cemo). amgvari SeZaxili mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebelSi<br />

aucileblad or asociacias gamoiwvevs. pirveli iqneba Cveulebrivi<br />

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a<strong>da</strong>mianuri SeZaxili, Tumca am SeZaxilis Semdeg mkv<strong>da</strong>ri Tevzis<br />

gamoCena cnobierad Tu aracnobierad Tevzis simbolos warmarTuli Tu<br />

iudeur-qristianuli mniSvnelobis Ziebisaken gvibiZgebs.<br />

Tevzi berZnulad “Ichthys”-s aRniSnavs, rac Semdegs gulisxmobs:<br />

“Jusus Christ, (ieso qriste) God’s son, (Ze RvTisa) Savioer” (mxsneli). anu<br />

“Ichthys” rom <strong>da</strong>vSaloT, Iesus- Jusus-ieso, Christos-Christ-qriste, Theo-God-<br />

RmerTi, uion-Son-Ze, Soter-Savier-mxsneli. aseve aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom<br />

qristianebi Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi romaelTa devnis<br />

periodSi Tevzis simbolikas erTmaneTis <strong>da</strong> sxva qristianebis<br />

amosacnobad iyenebdnen. xolo marcxniv mcuravi Tevzi berZnuli<br />

anbanis pirvel asos `alfas~ gamoxatavs, rac axali aRqmiseul citatas<br />

aRniSnavs: “I am alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, saith the Lord which is,<br />

and which was and which is to come the allmaighty” ( King Arthurs version, revelation 1;8).<br />

`me var ani <strong>da</strong> hoe, - ambobs ufali RmerTi, - is vinc aris, vinc iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

vinc modis, yovlismpyrobeli~ (gamocxadeba 1.8).<br />

aseve mniSvnelovania Tevzisa <strong>da</strong> wylis erTmaneTTan kavSiri, radgan,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, ioane naTlismcemlis xeliT qristec wyliT<br />

moinaTla, xolo piesis realobaSi Tevzis uwylod <strong>da</strong>tovebam Tevzis<br />

sikvdili gamoiwvia, radgan ar mox<strong>da</strong> im naTlis miReba, romelic<br />

qristem wylis saxiT miiRo anu Tanamedrove samyaroSi ar mox<strong>da</strong><br />

RmerTis miReba, radgan igi Tanamedrove samyarom wylis anu<br />

sicocxlis gareSe <strong>da</strong>tova, radgan ar Sedga is rituali, romelic 2000<br />

wlis win Sesrul<strong>da</strong>: `roca mTeli xalxi inaTlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iesoc<br />

moinaTla <strong>da</strong> loculob<strong>da</strong>, gaixsna ca <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>mox<strong>da</strong> maszed<br />

suliwmin<strong>da</strong> xorcieli saxiT, rogorc mtredi, <strong>da</strong> gaisma xma: `Sen xar<br />

Cemi sayvareli Ze, romelic moviwone me~ (luka 3.21.).<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s inteleqtualoba <strong>da</strong> gamorCeuloba imaSic mdgomareobs,<br />

rom igi erTmniSvnelovan, erTazrovan Txrobas ar gvTavazobs, piriqiT<br />

misi dualisturi buneba, orsaxovneba, ara mxolod personaJebis<br />

saxeebis SeqmnaSi, aramed aqac Tevzis simboloSic vlindeba.<br />

rogorc cnobilia Tevzi mxolod qristianuli simbolo ar aris.<br />

mas mravali qveynis miTologiasa <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi didi simboluri<br />

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<strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. Tevzis simbolosTan asocirdeba EqalRmerTi<br />

eTargetisis saxeli, romelic erT-erTi Tqmulebis Tanaxmad zRvaSi<br />

(anu wyalSi d.m.) Cavar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tevzad iqca, xolo misi qaliSvili<br />

mtre<strong>da</strong>d(!) (kolimeni 2007:106). antikur samyaroSi Tevzis simbolo aseve<br />

asocirdeba reinkarnirebul bavSvTanac(!), rogorc es indur<br />

miTologiaSia asaxuli. eTargetisis saxeli ki berZnul miTologiaSi<br />

asocirdeba qalRmerT afroditesTan, xolo Tavad afrodite qalRmerT<br />

venerasTan, rogorc seqsis, siyvarulis, nayofierebis, mSvenierebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gamarjvebis aRmniSvneli, iseve, rogorc Tevzi mravali sxva<br />

warmarTuli qalRmerTebis simbolur gamovlenad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. (mag;<br />

qalRmerTi aisisi, romelsac Tavze Tevzi aqvs gamosaxuli <strong>da</strong> Cvil<br />

hurus ZuZus awovebs. qristianul epoqaSi mas mariam RvTismSobelTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvil iesosTanac akavSireben.) (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 16)<br />

zemoT naxsenebi wylis <strong>da</strong> Tevzis ideur WrilSi aseve aRsaniSnavia<br />

isic, rom afroditec <strong>da</strong> venerac zRvis qafisgan anu wylis simboluri<br />

mniSvnelobisgan iSvnen. Tavad qalRmerTi venera ki axal mTvaresTan<br />

asocirdeba.<br />

mTvaris <strong>da</strong> warmarTuli qalRmerTis, veneras/afrodites rogorc<br />

Tevzis <strong>da</strong> antikuri qalRmerTis mniSvneloba doTis personaJis<br />

mxatvrul saxeSi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT. Ppirveli amgvari niSani piesis<br />

pirvel <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi Cans, sa<strong>da</strong>c doTi asrulebs simReras<br />

siyvarulsa <strong>da</strong> mTvareze:<br />

`lurjo mTvarev<br />

Sen <strong>da</strong>minaxe me marto mdgomi<br />

ocnebis gareSe sakuTar gulSi<br />

es mTvaris naTeba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

gza zeviT lurji mTvarisken<br />

Sen <strong>da</strong>minaxe me mdgomi....<br />

gemSvidobebi sulelo juni mun.~<br />

71

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(“Blue moon<br />

You saw me standing alone<br />

Without a dream in my heart<br />

It must have been moonglow<br />

Way up in the Blue Moon<br />

You saw me standing---“ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 20))<br />

( “Goodbye spoony Juney Moon.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 89))<br />

meore, Tavad doTis <strong>da</strong> arCis urTierToba, romelic antikuri<br />

RmerTebisa <strong>da</strong> qalRmerTebis msgavsad erosul urTierTobebSi<br />

SeimCnevian (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 60).<br />

mesame aris is, rom antikur miTologiaSi qalRmerT veneras<br />

sakralur dRed paraskevi dRe iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan sjero<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

paraskevi dRis pirvel saaTs planeta venera ganageb<strong>da</strong>. am azrobriv<br />

WrilSi isic aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianul samyaroSi paraskevi dRe<br />

qristes sulis gantevebis dRed aRiqmeba, am kavSirebis safuZvels<br />

Tevzis <strong>da</strong> qalRmerTi veneras simbolikuri mniSvnelobebis gar<strong>da</strong><br />

piesaSi tele ekrani<strong>da</strong>n mTvaris gamoCena <strong>da</strong> mTvareze ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebis CarTvac gvafiqrebinebs, romelic scenaze ganviTarebuli<br />

mkvlelobebis Cvenebas mosdevs. doTis, rogorc miTologiuri<br />

simbolikis matarebli personaJis kavSirs qalRmerT venerasTan,<br />

TevzTan, mTvaresTan Tu paraskev dResTan, `moxtunavenis~ erT-erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgmis vizualuri suraTic mowmobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c doTi naxevar mTvareze<br />

mjdomiare gamodis scenaze, rac kravs azrs, rom doTi ara mxolod<br />

iudeur-qristianuli evas personificirebaa, aramed warmarTuli<br />

qalRmerTebis mxatruli saxisac, rac kidev ufro amdidrebs piesis<br />

Txrobis mravalplanianobas <strong>da</strong> simbolikur-semiotikuri gzavnilebis<br />

mravalferovnebas. (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 17)<br />

72

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Tumca mTavares ideur analizSi yvelaze yuradsaRebi albaT igive<br />

doTis Sefasebaa:<br />

`saco<strong>da</strong>vi mTvaris kaci, saxlSi luciferiviT ecema.~<br />

(“Poor moon man, falling home like a Lucifer.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 38))<br />

am SefasebiT, avtori zemoT ganxiluli Tevzisa <strong>da</strong> mTvaris<br />

dualisturi simboloebis gamoyenebiT Tanamedrove samyaroSi im<br />

codvis wriulobaze mianiSnebs, romelic luciferis samoTxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamoZevebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas edemis baRi<strong>da</strong>n gamoZevebiT<br />

gagrZelebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s `moxtunavenSi~ a<strong>da</strong>mianis mTvari<strong>da</strong>n<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwaze <strong>da</strong>SvebiT <strong>da</strong> makfeis pirami<strong>da</strong>Si sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli,<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSic grZeldeba. A<br />

Tevzis, rogorc iudeur-qristianul simboloze saubrisas isic<br />

mniSvnelovania, rom Ichthys anu iesos, anu RmerTis mowafeebi, oTxTavis<br />

avtorebi luka, ioane, maTe <strong>da</strong> markozi meTevzeebi iyvnen.<br />

rogorc ilustracii<strong>da</strong>n Cans oTxi Tevzi, rogorc oTxi saxarebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d oTxis simboluri mniSvneloba kravs im jvars, romelic<br />

Tavad qristes simboloa, xolo oTxis gamamyarebeli cifri rvaa,<br />

rogorc amas umberto eko `vardis saxelSi~ biblioTekis arqiteqturis<br />

aRwerisas aRniSnavs, xolo rva a<strong>da</strong>miani `moxtunavenSic~ gvxvdeba,<br />

rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa is raodenoba, romlebmac un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnan pirami<strong>da</strong> anu<br />

samkuTxedi anu sameba. piesaSi, piramidis msgavsad, Tevzis mniSvnelobac<br />

samkuTxedis, samebis anu RmerTis simbolod gvevlineba.<br />

73

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Tumca rva kaciani piramidis rRvevis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>rCenili Svidi<br />

filosofosi anu cifri Svidi, axali aRTqmis erT-erTi epizodis<br />

ioanes gamocxadebis apokalifsuri epizodis, Svidi sayviris simbolos<br />

analizisken gvafiqrebinebs.<br />

ras un<strong>da</strong> aRniSnavdes cifri Svidi<br />

rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s `moxtunavenis~ piramidisa <strong>da</strong> umberto ekos<br />

`vardis saxelis~ citadelis simbolikebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas vaxsene,<br />

monasterSi ioanes gamocxadebis mixedviT, Svidi sayviris situaciuri<br />

msgavsebiT, mkvlelobebis seriebi mimdinareobs, romelsac citadelis<br />

meSvide dRes cecxliT ganadgureba mohyveba. ekos romanSic, iseve,<br />

rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi cifri Svidis <strong>da</strong> cecxlis amgvari<br />

harmoniuli urTierToba qristianuli Svidis <strong>da</strong> antikuri cecxlis<br />

simbolur kavSirze miuTiTebs. platonuri filosofiis mixedviT,<br />

yvelafris Teslad <strong>da</strong> sawyisad cecxli gvevlineba, xolo iudeurqristianul<br />

realobaSi ki Svidi aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli samyaros rogorc<br />

SeqmnasTan aseve <strong>da</strong>sasrulTan.<br />

`moxtunavenis~ <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, iseve, rogorc piesis <strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi,<br />

iaraRi<strong>da</strong>n cecxlis(!) gavardnis Semdeg rva filosofosisgan,<br />

romlebsac Sekruli aqvT pirami<strong>da</strong>, kvdeba erT-erTi <strong>da</strong> rva a<strong>da</strong>miani<strong>da</strong>n<br />

rCeba Svidi. piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mkvlelobis adgilas Cndeba qali, xolo<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvniTi nawili ki Zalian hgavs gankiTxvis dRes, sa<strong>da</strong>c Semfaseblebs<br />

warmoadgens Tavmjdomaris qveS msxdomi sami moxtunave filosofosi,<br />

xolo ganaCenis gamotanis Semdeg sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva monawile personaJebi Svid<br />

moxtunaved ikvrebian <strong>da</strong> kenterberiis episkoposis mimarT gamotanili<br />

sasjeli sisruleSi moyavT (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 83-86). am epizods ebmis<br />

piesis <strong>da</strong>skvniTi nawili sa<strong>da</strong>c scenaze isev cocxali pirami<strong>da</strong> igeba <strong>da</strong><br />

iaraRi<strong>da</strong>n gavardnili cecxli xdeba mizezi rva kaci<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvis. Sesabamisad isev irRveva pirami<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> scenaze rCeba Svidi<br />

moxtunave anu cifri Svidi.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> amgvari azrobrivi siuJeti <strong>stopardi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n mxileba<br />

<strong>da</strong> parodirebaa Tanamedrove samyaroSi axali racionaluri, idealuri<br />

samyofelis Seqmnisa, radgan Tanamedrove samyaroSi arCi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

74

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Tanamoazre filosofosebi erTi mxriv uaryofen samyaros<br />

piramidiseul, samkuTxediseul Tu samebiseul anu platonur <strong>da</strong><br />

iudeur-qristianuli samyaros mowyobis models, Tumca meore mxriv<br />

amave meTodebiT cdiloben amgvari simbolikis gamoyenebiT Seqmnan<br />

RmerTis msgavsi axali a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic piesis epilogis msgavsad<br />

TviTon ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets <strong>da</strong> aRasrulebs gankiTxvis msgavs scenebs. albaT<br />

ami<strong>tom</strong>ac hqvia jorjis mkv<strong>da</strong>r Tevzs `arCi~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1972: 74), radgan<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tevzis simbolos realuri mniSvneloba mokv<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> samyaros RmerTad arCi <strong>da</strong> misi ideologia iqca. xolo amgvari<br />

ideoligia samyaros srulyofili rvi<strong>da</strong>n, apokalifsur Svidisken<br />

miaqanebs.<br />

amrigad, piesaSi `moxtunaveni~ <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>saTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebeli<br />

interteqstualobis saintereso gaazrebasTan gvaqvs saqme. kerZod iseTi<br />

mniSvnelovani teqstebis rogoric aris platonis `timeosi~ <strong>da</strong> axali<br />

Tu Zveli aRTqma, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>stopardi</strong> piramidis simbolos meSveobiT<br />

gamoxatavs sakuTari dualisturi bunebis, rogorc piTagorulplatonur,<br />

aseve iudeur-qristianul mxares, rac orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

avtoris Teisturi bunebis maCvenebelia, rac ewinaaRmdegeba piesis<br />

realobaSi anu postmodernistul epoqaSi arsebul msoflmxedvelobas,<br />

romelsac pragmatuli pozitivizmis saxiT radikal-liberali<br />

moxtunave filosofosebi, arCibald jamferis TaosnobiT gamoxataven.<br />

piramidis simbolos gar<strong>da</strong>, piesaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs<br />

cifr Svidis <strong>da</strong> Tevzis simbolos, romlis bibliuri <strong>da</strong> antikuri<br />

simbolika saukuneebs iTvlis. avtori maTi gamoyenebiT parodirebas<br />

axdens postmodernistul samyaroSi simulakruli realobis<br />

originalis gareSe mSeneblobis mcdelobas. amgvari filosofia ki<br />

moxtunave filosofosebis mier aRmarTuli piramidis srulyofili<br />

cifri rvi<strong>da</strong>n, samyaros sikvdilisaken anu cifri Svidisken anu<br />

apokalifsisaken miaqanebs, rogorc es piesaSi jer pavle mociquls<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebuli makfeis <strong>da</strong> Semdeg kenterberiis arqiepiskoposis<br />

mkvlelobis epizodebSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />

75

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III Tavi<br />

joisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

piesaSi „parodistebi“<br />

ra aris xelovani yoveli aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani<strong>da</strong>n cxraasi akeTebs<br />

saqmes, oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTi mSvenivrad, cxra saTanadod, <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />

erTi iRbliani nabiWvari aris xelovani.<br />

<strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1972 wels, mel gasous kiTxvaze Tu ra piesaze muSaobs amjerad,<br />

stopardma upasuxa, rom igi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo 1916 wlis ciurixiT,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc misma megobarma uTxra im droisTvis un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen<br />

tristan Zara, lenini <strong>da</strong> froidi. ase, rom SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> or aqtiani<br />

piesis Seqmnaze fiqri, romelic Seexebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmisa <strong>da</strong> komunisturi<br />

ideologiis urTierTobas (gasou 1995: 8). Tumca mogvianebiT man<br />

aRmoaCina, rom im wlebis ciurixSi leninTan <strong>da</strong> ZarasTan erTad ara<br />

froidi, aramed jeimz joisi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. ase <strong>da</strong>iwyo stopardma fiqri<br />

piesaSi joisis Seyvanaze. mogvianebiT, 1975 wels „parodistebis“<br />

brodveiseul premieraze imave mel gasousTan saubrisas <strong>stopardi</strong><br />

aRniSnavs, rom man „parodistebi“ msaxiob jon vudisTvis Seqmna <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisi garegnobis personaJis ZiebaSi, jer Zara, xolo Semdeg<br />

joisze SeaCera yuradReba, magram mogvianebiT, roca riCard elmanis<br />

wignSi joisis biografias swavlob<strong>da</strong>, misi yuradReba henri karma<br />

miipyro, romelic „parodistebis“ mTavar moqmed gmirad iqca (gasou<br />

1995: 29).<br />

76

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elmanis wignSi henri karis <strong>da</strong> joisis urTierTobas sul ramdenime<br />

gverdi aqvs <strong>da</strong>Tmobili, romelic ori mniSvnelovani faqtisgan Sedgeba.<br />

pirveli es aris joisis saprodiusero moRvaweoba ciurixis<br />

inglisurenovan Teatralur <strong>da</strong>sSi. (aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom im<br />

drois ciurixSi TiTqmis yvela enaze idgmebo<strong>da</strong> warmodgenebi<br />

inglisuri enis gar<strong>da</strong>). pirveli speqtakli, romelic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmuliyo<br />

iyo oskar uaildis „rogori mniSvnelovania iyo seriozuli“ (The<br />

Importance of being Earnest) <strong>da</strong> spektaklis saorganizacio sakiTxebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad joisma TxovniT persi benets mimarTa, im<br />

droisTvis britaneTis konsuls ciurixSi. (am faqtis gamo beneti,<br />

rogorc joisis „ulises“ aseve <strong>stopardi</strong>s „parodistebis“ personaJi<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>) (elmani 1959: 436-438) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 26). amasobaSi, speqtaklis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgmisTvis ver poulobdnen piesis mTavari rolis Semsrulebels<br />

aljenons, radgan im droisTvis SveicariaSi rTuli iyo<br />

inglisurenovani profesionali msaxiobebis povna. joisma am rolze,<br />

kargi garegnobis, sakonsuloSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kaci henri<br />

kari <strong>da</strong>asaxela, romelic raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong> rolze <strong>da</strong>amtkices (elmani<br />

1959: 439). xolo meore faqti, romelic elmanis wignSi joisis <strong>da</strong> henri<br />

karis urTierTobas asaxavs aris speqtaklis warmatebuli Cvenebis<br />

Semdeg honorarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli uTanxmoeba, romlis <strong>da</strong>vaSic<br />

policia <strong>da</strong> iuristebic ki Caebnen (elmani 1959: 440,441). SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas joisis biografiis es epizodi iqca <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis agebis<br />

idead, radgan rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, henri kari mTavari moqmedi<br />

personaJi <strong>da</strong> mTxrobelia „parodistebSi“.<br />

Tavad is faqti rac meoce saukunis xelovnebaSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmma <strong>da</strong> Zaram,<br />

politikaSi socializmma <strong>da</strong> marqsistul-leninurma ideologiam, xolo<br />

literaturaSi jeimz joisma moaxdina, SeiZleba iTqvas erT-erTi<br />

mizezTagani <strong>da</strong> saTavea im epoqisa, rasac dRes <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> hqvia <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s interesi am sami revolucioneris <strong>da</strong> 1917 wlis istoriuli<br />

epizodis mimarT gax<strong>da</strong> safuZveli am saTavis ufro mkafio <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisa.<br />

am sami personaJis <strong>da</strong> maTi Semoqmedebis mniSvneloba, piesis pirvelive<br />

scenaSi naTlad Cans, roca <strong>stopardi</strong>, maT ciurixis biblioTekaSi,<br />

77

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erTad mouyris Tavs <strong>da</strong> gviCvenebs Tu rogor qmnian isini meoce<br />

saukunis revoluciebs.<br />

scenaze pirveli sityviT tristan Zara gamodis, romelic leqsis<br />

weris <strong>da</strong>srulebisTanave makrateliT iwyebs leqsis sityva-sityviT<br />

Wras, ris Semdegac <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul sityvebs aTavsebs missave qudSi <strong>da</strong><br />

erTmaneTSi urevs. sityvebis magi<strong>da</strong>ze mofenis Semdeg igi<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli sityvebis xmamaRla kiTxvas iwyebs:<br />

“Tzara: Eal eta enormous appletzara<br />

Key <strong>da</strong>iry chef’s hat he’lllearn oomparah!<br />

Ill raced alas whispers kill later nut east,<br />

Noon avuncular ill <strong>da</strong>y Clara!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 18)<br />

jon flemingi am epizods marTebulad ganmartavs <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>, Zaras mxri<strong>da</strong>n leqsis amgvari formiT agebiT gamoxatavs<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>istebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas xelovnebisadmi, rogorc<br />

SemTxveviToba (“Chance”) (flemingi 2001: 107).<br />

amis Semdeg joisis sityviT gamosvlis jeric dgeba, romelic<br />

gvendolins, piesis mixedviT mis mdivans, „ulises“ umniSvnelovanes<br />

nawils „mzis xarebs~ (Oxen of the sun) karnaxobs:<br />

`-joisi: (karnaxobs) marjvniv, mzisaken wavideT......<br />

-gveni: (iwers) marjvniv, mzisaken wavideT.......<br />

-joisi: samgzis.<br />

-gveni: uh.<br />

-joisi: gar<strong>da</strong>mogvivline, sxivmosilo, naTelsaxovano, hornhorn, Zali<br />

umoswrafesi Sobierebisa <strong>da</strong> naSobi.<br />

-gveni: gar<strong>da</strong>mogvivline, sxivmosilo, naTelsaxovano, hornhorn, Zali<br />

umoswrafesi Sobierebisa <strong>da</strong> naSobi.<br />

78

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-joisi: samgzis.<br />

-gveni: uh.<br />

-joisi: hopla biWia biWia!<br />

-gveni: hopla biWia biWia!<br />

-joisi: hopla biWia biWia!<br />

-gveni: agreTve samgzis<br />

-joisi: uh.~ 3<br />

(“Joyce: (dictating) deshill holles eamus……..<br />

Gwen: (writing) deshill holles eamus……..<br />

Joyce: thrice.<br />

Gwen: Uh-hum.<br />

Joyce: send us bright one, light one, Horhorn, quickening and wombfruit.<br />

Gwen: send us bright one, light one, Horhorn, quickening and wombfruit.<br />

Joyce: thrice.<br />

Gwen: Uh-hum.<br />

Joyce: Hoopsa, boyaboy, hoopsa!<br />

Gwen: Hoopsa, boyaboy, hoopsa!<br />

Joyce: Hoopsa, boyaboy, hoopsa!<br />

Gwen: Likewise thrice<br />

Joyce: Uh-hum. “ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 18))<br />

3 jeimz joisi, `ulise~. inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna niko yiasaSvilma.<br />

79

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Zaras msgavsad, joisis sityvebic naklebad gasagebi <strong>da</strong> mraval<br />

azrovania mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong> mkiTxvelisaTvis, Tu ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> isini ar<br />

icnoben „ulises“ meToTxmete epizods.<br />

rac Seexeba leninis scenas, is peterburgSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli revoluciis<br />

cnobiT ixsneba, romelsac misi meuRle nadia amcnobs, rasac leninis<br />

SeZaxili „revolucia“ mohyveba, rac piesis sami revolucioneris<br />

gamaerTienebeli xdeba, radgan sityva „revolucias“ wamoZaxilis<br />

paralelurad joisis scenaze mimosvla <strong>da</strong> qaRaldSi CaniSnuli<br />

sityvebis kiTxva mosdevs, romelic „ulises“ Seqmnis process<br />

warmoaCens (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 19), xolo joisis <strong>da</strong> leninis moqmedebebs<br />

win rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, Zaras eqsperimentuli poemis,<br />

eqsperimentuli Seqmna uZRvo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

“Tzara: Clara avuncular!<br />

Whispers ill oomparah!<br />

Eel nut <strong>da</strong>iry <strong>da</strong>y<br />

Aplpletzara….<br />

…hat! “ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 18)<br />

piesis amgvari lingvisturi prologi mkiTxvels <strong>da</strong> mayurebelsac<br />

lingvisturi qaosis, gaurkvevlobis <strong>da</strong> raRac axalis, jer gaugonaris<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebis ganc<strong>da</strong>s uRvivebs, rac rogorc aRvniSne politikaSi<br />

komunizmis, literaturaSi „ulises“ <strong>da</strong> xelovnebaSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmis<br />

mosvlas, Sesabamisad meoce saukunis did revoluciebs ukavSirdeba.<br />

amgvari lingvisturi qariSxali piesaSi or faqtorTanac SeiZleba<br />

iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. pirveli, Tavad „ulises“ meToTxmete epizodTan,<br />

romelsac piesis mixedviT joisi biblioTekis scenaSi qmnis. rogorc<br />

cnobilia `mzis xarebi“ (Oxen of the Sun) inglisuri enis warmoSobas, mis<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebas <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas Seexeba, laTinuri <strong>da</strong> anglo-saqsuri enebis<br />

Txrobis stiliT, joisi aparodirebs inglisuri literaturuli enis<br />

ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodebs, (sainteresoa is faqtic, rom „mzis<br />

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xarebis“ epizodSi, leopold blumi hornis samSobiaro saxlisaken<br />

miiswrafis, raTa moinaxulos qalbatoni piurfoi, romelsac<br />

garTulebuli mSobiarobis gamo mesame dRea bavSvi ver gauCenia (joisi<br />

2012: 379) anu piesis ideur WrilSi, rom gavaanalizoT gamodis, rom<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> joisis „ulises“ am epizodis win wamoweviT raRac axlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebis simbolur gamovlenas gvauwyebs, rac SeiZleba<br />

postmodernistuli epoqis garTulebuli Sobac iyos.) xolo meore<br />

mxriv amgvari lingvisturi qaosi, leninis <strong>da</strong> misi colis dialogiT<br />

grZeldeba sa<strong>da</strong>c enobrivi faqtori „ulises“ „mzis xarebis“ epizodis<br />

msgavsad erTdroulad mravali azris matarebelia:<br />

`-lenini: araa!<br />

-nadia: diax!<br />

-lenini: gazeTebSia<br />

-nadia: diax, diax! wamodi saxlSi. gelodeba.<br />

-lenini: iq aris<br />

-nadia: diax.<br />

-lenini: gazeTi Tan aqvs<br />

-nadia: diax!<br />

-lenini: Seni TvaliT naxe<br />

-nadia: <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>!“ 4<br />

(“Lenin: Shtoti! (no)<br />

Nadya: Da! (yes)<br />

Lenin: eto v gazetakh! (Is that in the newspaper)<br />

4 winamdebare TavSi citatebis Targmani piesi<strong>da</strong>n `parodistebi~ ekuTvnis disertaciis<br />

avtors.<br />

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Nadya: <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>. Idiom <strong>da</strong>maoi. On zhdyot. (yes-yes. Come on home. He is waiting)<br />

Lenin: on Tam (is He there)<br />

Nadya: Da! (yes)<br />

Lenin: gazeta u nievo (he brought the paper)<br />

Nadya: <strong>da</strong>! (yes)<br />

Lenin: ty Sama vidyela ( you saw it yourself)<br />

Nadya: <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>! (yes, yes, yes!)” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 20))<br />

speqtaklis msvlelobisas, rusuli enis ar mcodnisaTvis dialogis<br />

Sinaarsi gaurkvevelia, radgan piesis teqstisagan gansxvavebiT isini<br />

ver ixilaven <strong>da</strong> moismenen Targmans, Tumca amgvari lingvisturi<br />

TamaSiT <strong>stopardi</strong> misTvis Cveuli mxatruli xerxiT parodirebas<br />

ukeTebs <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad sityva revoluciaSi aerTieanebs leninis,<br />

Zaras <strong>da</strong> joisis Semoqmedebas, xolo leninis colis, nadias rusul<br />

enovan pasuxSi „ki, ki, ki“ anu rusulad „<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>-Si“ debs ormag<br />

saTqmels, rac auditoriisTvis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmis sloganis, „<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>s“<br />

gaJRerebiT vlindeba <strong>da</strong> rusulis enis ar mcodne auditorias<br />

STabeWdileba rCeba, rom lenini <strong>da</strong> misi coli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmze saubroben.<br />

anu <strong>stopardi</strong> piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisiT, biblioTekis scenis epizodiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

ibadeba joisis „ulise“, leninis revolucia <strong>da</strong> Zaras <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmi,<br />

qalbatoni piurforis mSobiarobis msgavsad 1974 wlis mayurebels<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>badebis mdgomareobas amcnobs.<br />

Tumca biblioTekis scena ufro metis mTqmelic un<strong>da</strong> iyos, miT<br />

ufro, rom moqmedeba 1917 wels xdeba anu maSin, roca joisi „ulises“<br />

qmnis. es epizodi waagavs „ulises“ mecxre epizods, „skilasa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarib<strong>da</strong>s“ (Scylla and Charybdis), sa<strong>da</strong>c stiveni dublinis biblioTekaSi<br />

Seqspiris „hamletis“ biografiis miseul Teorias xsnis. pirvelive<br />

scenaSi biblioTekis scenis gaTamaSebiT, <strong>stopardi</strong> mxatrulmetaforulad<br />

Tu joisis „ulises“ parodirebiT, erTi mxriv, joisis<br />

biografiis Sesaxeb sakuTar Teorias gvTavazobs, romelsac cota<br />

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mogvianebiT biblioTekis scenis Semdeg mTavari moqmedi gmiri,<br />

moxucebuli henri kari Tavis warmosaxvaSi ganaviTarebs (aRsaniSnavia<br />

is faqti, rom avtors henri kari joisis pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebiT<br />

Semohyavs piesaSi) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 21), xolo meore mxriv, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSne, SesaZloa xazs usvams 1917 wels ciurixSi mcxovrebi<br />

sameulis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove drois anu 1974 wlis samyaroSi<br />

arsebuli xelovnebis, literaturisa Tu socialur-politikuri<br />

simulaciuri realobis SeqmnaSi <strong>da</strong> am yvelafris biblioTekis scenaSi<br />

CvenebiT, „ulises“ „skilasa <strong>da</strong> qarib<strong>da</strong>ze“ miniSnebiT, stivenis<br />

Seqspiruli Teoriis aluziiT, migvaniSnebs im WeSmariti wyaros<br />

Ziebaze, rasac mama hamleti hqvia, visganac Svili hamleti igebs mis<br />

saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis <strong>da</strong> tyuilis Sesaxeb. es epizodi<br />

ki Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>niis msgavsi sapyrobilis<br />

arsebobaze mianiSnebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c Seqmnilia klavdiusiseuli sicrue,<br />

simulakrumi, rogorc amas bodriari uwodebs (bodriari 1994: 12). ra<br />

Tqma un<strong>da</strong> amgvari sicruis arseboba ar aris mxolod zogadi suraTi<br />

im sistemisa, romelic iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dResac iqmneba <strong>da</strong>savleTsa Tu<br />

civilizebul msoflioSi, aramed am sicruis <strong>da</strong> siyalbis arsebobis<br />

upirvelesi magaliTi sabWoTa kavSiri iyo. samyaros mowyobis<br />

maqsistul-leninuri Teoria, romelsac meore aqtis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi sesili<br />

leqciis stiliT ukiTxavs TeatrSi misul publikas (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975:66),<br />

zustad ergeba amgvari Teoriis Sedegebs, romelic ganica<strong>da</strong> ara<br />

mxolod sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavalma qveynebma, aramed aRmosavleT<br />

evropamac, maT Soris CexeTis respublikamac. 1968 wlis movlenebi amis<br />

naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba iyo, romelsac 1977 wels ‘qartia 77’-is Seqmna<br />

mohyva. Semdeg represiebi, romelic qartiis xelmomwerTa winaaRmdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo, romelTa Soris <strong>stopardi</strong>s megobari dramaturgi vaclav<br />

havelic iyo. „parodistebis“ Seqmnis TariRi, 1974 weli ki zemoT<br />

aRniSnul TariRebs Soris mniSvnelovani, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti periodia. amgvari<br />

ideis <strong>da</strong> azris matarebeli piesis <strong>da</strong>dgma <strong>da</strong>savlur Teatralur<br />

scenebze Tavis TavSive asocirdebo<strong>da</strong> zemoT moyvanil movlenebTan,<br />

rac <strong>stopardi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi gamoxmaurebac iyo,<br />

razec ara mxolod „parodistebis“ mTeli meore aqti, aramed stoparis<br />

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sxva piesebic mowmoben, maT Soris „yvela kai biWi imsaxurebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>fasebas“ (Every Good Boy Deserves Favour) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1978), romelic<br />

„parodistebis“ Seqmnis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwera.<br />

meoce saukunis politikaSi am yalbi realobis erT-erT Semoqme<strong>da</strong>d<br />

lenini, xelovnebaSi ki tristan Zara gvevlinebian, xolo joisi <strong>da</strong><br />

misi „ulise“ am movlenebis erTgvari matianea, radgan rogorc Tavad<br />

joisi piesaSi tristan ZarasTan <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmsa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebaze kamaTisas<br />

aRniSnavs:<br />

`ra iqnebo<strong>da</strong> axla troas omi, xelovanis xelis Sexebis gareSe<br />

mtveri. berZeni vaWrebis mier axali bazrebis moZiebis mizniT<br />

gamarTuli erT-erTi mtvermiyrili eqspedicia; <strong>da</strong>msxvreuli qoTnebis<br />

umniSvnelo ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba; magram es Cven varT visac gvamdidrebs<br />

zRapari gmirebze, oqros vaSlze, xis cxenze, saxeze aTasobiT gems rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>udo safuZveli, upirveles yovlisa ki zRapari ulises Sesaxeb,<br />

moxetiale, yvelaze humanur, gmirebs Soris yvelaze srulyofil<br />

qmarze, mamaze, Svilze, sayvarelze, fermerze, jariskacze, pacifistze,<br />

politikosze, gamomgonebelsa <strong>da</strong> Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebis maZebarze....~<br />

(“What now of the Trojan War if it had been passed over by the artist’s touch Dust. A<br />

forgotten expedition prompted by Greek merchants looking for new markets. A minor<br />

redistribution of broken pots. But it is we who stand enriched, by a tale of heroes, of a golden<br />

apple, a wooden horse, a face that launched a thousand ships-and above all, of Ulysses, the<br />

wanderer, the most human, the most complete of all heroes- husband, father, son, lover,<br />

farmer, soldier, pacifist, politician, inventor and adventurer…..” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 62))<br />

Tumca joisis sityvas win tristan Zaras Sefaseba uswreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romelic Seexeba, ara mxolod joisis „ulises“, aramed zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />

modernistul Tu „maRal kulturas“, rac Zalian hgavs<br />

postmodernistuli realobis, `pop-kulturis~ msoflmxedvelobriv<br />

Sexedulebebs.<br />

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`-Zara: Tqveni xelovneba Caflav<strong>da</strong>. Tqven literatura religiad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>aqcieT <strong>da</strong> is sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenis msgavsad mkv<strong>da</strong>ria, is ga<strong>da</strong>mwifebuli<br />

gvamia, romelsac Zil-RviZilSi warmosaxviT figurebad anawevrebT.<br />

nametani <strong>da</strong>gvianebulia geniosebisTvis! Cven axla barbarosebi <strong>da</strong><br />

wambilwvelebi gvesaWiroeba. martivi gonebis maoxreblebi barokos<br />

<strong>da</strong>xvewil saukuneebs rom <strong>da</strong>lewaven, taZars <strong>da</strong>aqceven, <strong>da</strong> es sabolood<br />

imisTvis rom sircxvili <strong>da</strong> xelovanad yofnis aucilebloba Searigon<br />

erTmaneTTan! <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>! <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>! <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>!~<br />

(“Tzara: Your art has failed. You have turned literature into a religion and it’s as dead as all<br />

rest, it’s an overripe corpse and you are cutting fancy figures at the wake. It’s too late for<br />

geniuses! Now we need van<strong>da</strong>ls and desecrators. Simple-minded demolition men to smash<br />

centuries of baroque subtlety, to bring down the temple, and this finally, to reconcile the<br />

shame and, necessity of being an artist! Da<strong>da</strong>! Da<strong>da</strong>! Da<strong>da</strong>!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 62))<br />

Tumca Zara-joisis dialogamde, Zara gvendolinTan saubarSic, igive<br />

azrs anviTarebs.<br />

`-Zara: yvela literatura uxamsia!<br />

klasika-tradicia-mimirwyevia magaTTvis!<br />

-gveni: (oh!)<br />

-Zara: beThoveni! mocarti! mimifurTxebia orivesTvis!<br />

-gveni: (oh!)<br />

-Zara: yvelaferi SemTxveviTobaa!~<br />

(“Tzara: All literature is obscene!<br />

The classics-tradition-vomit on it!<br />

Gwen: (oh!)<br />

Tzara: Beethoven! Mozart! I spit on it!<br />

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Gwen: (oh!)<br />

Tzara: Everything is chance!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 34))<br />

SeiZleba iTqvasFamerikeli literaturis kritikosi fredrik<br />

jeimsonic imaves aRniSnavs <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s ganmartebisas, romelsas<br />

or nawilad yofs. pirveli, misi TqmiT, <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> aris yvela<br />

saxelovnebo <strong>da</strong>rgebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> aris sawinaaRmdego reaqcia<br />

modernistuli „maRali kulturis“ mier <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli formebisa,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> universitetebSi, muzeumebsa Tu galereebSi.<br />

xolo iseTi didi modernisti poetebis Semoqmedeba, rogorebic arian<br />

paundi, elioti <strong>da</strong> stivensi, aseve joisi, prusti <strong>da</strong> mani, romelic<br />

meoce saukunis TaobebSi Sokismomgvreli <strong>da</strong> skan<strong>da</strong>luri nawamoebebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> formebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, 1960 wlis karibWesTan mosuli TaobebisTvis<br />

mkv<strong>da</strong>ri, <strong>da</strong>xSuli <strong>da</strong> kanonikuri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, xolo maTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n rom<br />

Seqmniliyo axali, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganadgurebuliyo arsebuli<br />

gasagnebuli monumentebi. xolo meore maxasiaTebeli<br />

postmodernistuli epoqisa aris `maRali~ modernistuli kulturisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> `pop kulturis” <strong>da</strong>maSorebeli sazRvrebis Camorecxva. jeimsonis<br />

TqmiT albaT es gax<strong>da</strong> yvelaze problemuri <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>rdebeli akademiuri<br />

`maRali kulturisaTvis~, radgan isini iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />

SeenarCunebinaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecvaT `maRali”, elitaruli kultura<br />

gavrcelebuli kitCuri kulturisagan, romelic satelevizio<br />

serialebis, holivuduri filmebis Tu sxva satelevizio programebiT<br />

vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc musikaluri, aseve sxva saxelovnebo<br />

mimarTulebiT. postmodernistuli kultura aRar citireb<strong>da</strong> iseT<br />

teqsts, rogorsac joisi an maleri qmnidnen (jeimsoni 1998: 1,2).<br />

jeimsoni kidev erT gansazRvrebas iZleva, kerZod, imas Tu ra<strong>tom</strong><br />

aris modernistuli „maRali kultura“ warsuli <strong>da</strong> ra<strong>tom</strong> Caanacvla<br />

igi postmodernizmma. am axali komponentis gansazRvreba aris e.w.<br />

`subieqtis mokvdineba~ anu individualizmis <strong>da</strong>sasruli (jeimsoni 1998:<br />

5). rogorc cnobilia didi modernisti xelovanebi qmnidnen sakuTar,<br />

ganumeorebel individualur xedvas Tu msoflmxedvelobas samyaros<br />

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mimarT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> modernistuli esTetikis<br />

gamorCeulobas <strong>da</strong> originalobas. xolo dRevandeli korporatiuli<br />

kapitalizmis, e.w. `organizaciis a<strong>da</strong>mianis~ epoqaSi iseTi sferos<br />

warmomadgenlebic ki rogoric aris lingvistika, sociologiis Teoria<br />

Tu fsiqologia, rom aRaraferi iTqvas im <strong>da</strong>rgebze, romlebic<br />

moRvaweoben kulturis arealSi, erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom<br />

modernistuli tipis individualizmi <strong>da</strong> personaluri identoba<br />

warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong> (jeimsoni 1998: 6). xolo axali postmodernistuli<br />

xelovneba, im epoqaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c SeuZlebelia axali stilis gamogoneba,<br />

`pastiSis~ meTodis gamoyenebiT, stilisturi niRabis gamoyenebiT<br />

imitirebs warsulSi arsebuli mkv<strong>da</strong>ri stiliT, rac gulisxmobs imas,<br />

rom Tanamedrove anu postmodernistuli xelovneba Tavad xelovnebazea<br />

(jeimsoni 1998: 7).<br />

Tumca rogorc joisis Zarasadmi pasuxi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom ara xelovneba,<br />

literatura <strong>da</strong> homerosi, romelic Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas „maRal<br />

kulturad“ igulisxmeba, troas omi mtvrad <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>. ris Semdegac<br />

igi agrZelebs ZarasTan kamaTs <strong>da</strong> pasuxobs:<br />

„<strong>da</strong> me amjerad Cemi dublinuri odiseaTi gavaormageb am ukv<strong>da</strong>vebas....“<br />

“and yet I with my Dublin Odyssey will double that immortality…” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 62))<br />

anu 1917 wels, joisi Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianis axal „odiseas“ qmni<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romelic homerosis „odiseas“ msgavsad ukv<strong>da</strong>vyof<strong>da</strong> troas msgavs im<br />

oms, romelic axla ukve kulturaSi (xelovnebaSi) gagrZelebuliyo.<br />

joisis es „odisea“ raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong> misi „ulise“ iyo. albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac<br />

airCia stopardma joisi, misi biografia <strong>da</strong> „ulises“ „odiseas“ nawili,<br />

radgan ukeT Cawvdomo<strong>da</strong> im kulturul oms, romelsac Zarasa <strong>da</strong><br />

joisis dialogis msgavsad `maRali xelovnebis~ <strong>da</strong> `pop-kulturis~ omi<br />

hqvia postmodernistul, civilizebul <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. es kulturuli omi<br />

mxolod xelovanebis doneze rodia, es aris omi xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

literaturisTvis, romelmac uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebis <strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. piesis<br />

meore aqtSi albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac aqtiurobs momavali `axali a<strong>da</strong>mianis“<br />

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Semqmneli lenini, xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> literaturaze sakuTari mosazrebis<br />

gamoTqmiT, romelic joisis sityvebTan erTad erT-erT<br />

umniSvnelovanes epizo<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba miviCnioT mTels piesaSi:<br />

`dRevandeli literatura partiuli literatura un<strong>da</strong> iyos! Zirs<br />

upartio literatura! Zirs literaturuli zea<strong>da</strong>miani! Lliteratura<br />

proletariatis saerTo saqmis nawili un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes, socialur<br />

demokratiuli meqanizmis WanWikი…... “<br />

(“To<strong>da</strong>y literature must become party literature. Down with non-partisan literature! Down<br />

with literary supermen! Literature must become part of the common cause of the proletariat, a<br />

cog in the social Democratic mechanism… “)<br />

mogvianebiT amatebs:<br />

`sagamomcemlo <strong>da</strong> gamavrcelebeli centrebi, wignis maRaziebi <strong>da</strong><br />

samkiTxvelo OoTaxebi, biblioTekebi <strong>da</strong> msgavsi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, yvela<br />

partiis kontrolqveS un<strong>da</strong> iyos. Cven gvsurs <strong>da</strong> SevZlebTY<br />

Tavisufali presis Seqmnas, Tavisufals ara ubralod policiisgan,<br />

aramed kapitalisgan, karierizmisgan, <strong>da</strong> rac yvelaze mTavaria,<br />

Tavisufals burJua anarqistebis individualizmisagan!~<br />

(“Publishing and distributing centers, bookshops and reading rooms, libraries and similar<br />

establishments must all be under party control. We want to establish, and we shall establish a<br />

free press, free not simply from the police, but also from capital, from careerism, and what is<br />

more, free from bourgeois anarchists individualism!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 85))<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es omi gaCaRebulia im xelovanebs Soris,<br />

romlebic qmnian `maRal kulturas~ <strong>da</strong> `pop-kulturas~. nawarmoebSi<br />

`maRali kulturis~ mxares aris joisi <strong>da</strong> misi saxiT <strong>stopardi</strong>,<br />

romelic xelovnebas xelovnebisTvis ideas uWers mxars, xolo meore<br />

mxares, utilitarianuli, socio-politikuri xelovneba, rogorc amas<br />

jon flemingi aRniSnavs (flemingi 2001: 116).<br />

88

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leninis amgvari cxoveli swrafva yvelanairi wignis, literaturis<br />

Tu biblioTekis kontroliT, gamowveuli aris a<strong>da</strong>mianSi<br />

individualizmis Casaklavad, radgan marqsistul-leninuri<br />

filosofiis pirveli mteri individia. individs ki indivi<strong>da</strong>d wigni,<br />

literatura <strong>da</strong> sityva ayalibebs. sityva ki asocirdeba im pirvel<br />

sityvasTan, romlisganac a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs moniWebuli Tavisufleba,<br />

individualizmi <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis keTebis niWi, romelic leninisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

misi ideologiis mimdevrebisaTvis anarqiad iTargmneba. Tavad sityva<br />

„bibliac“, xom Zvel berZnulad (βιβλί) „wignebs“ niSnavs. Sesabamisad<br />

leninis mxri<strong>da</strong>n literaturis, wignis <strong>da</strong> sityvis kontroli Tavis<br />

TavSive a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis pirveli sityvis kotrolis survilsac moicavs,<br />

romelsac wigni saxelad `biblia~ gadmogvcems.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> „parodistebis“ <strong>da</strong>sasruls, piesis bolo scenaSi, naTels<br />

fens im faqts, rom henri karis mTeli Txroba siyalbe iyo, radgan igi<br />

arasdros yofila britaneTis konsuli ciurixSi, piriqiT, igi iyo<br />

konsul persi benetis msaxuri sakonsuloSi, xolo mTeli piesis<br />

monaTxrobi misi fantaziis nayofia, romelsac flemingi mis<br />

mexsierebas abralebs (flemingi 2001: 119). flemings SeiZleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>veTanxmo im nawilSi, rom <strong>stopardi</strong> am mxatrul xerxs SesaZloa<br />

namdvilad iyenebs, raTa auditorias <strong>da</strong>anaxos mTeli piesis siyalbe,<br />

romelic mTavari moqmedi gmiris mexsierebaSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, Tumca ver<br />

<strong>da</strong>veTanxmebi imaSi, TiTqos es mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod misi asakis, an<br />

mexsierebis problema yofiliyos, radgan vfiqrob, herni karis<br />

mexsierebiT Seqmnili siyalbe, iluzia, <strong>stopardi</strong>s mier<br />

mizanmimarTulad gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong> avtori `maRali~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>bali~<br />

xelovnebis Widilis Cvenebas <strong>da</strong> maRali literaturis meSveobiT<br />

postmodernistuli samyaros sawyisis Cawvdomas cdilobs, rasac<br />

mTavari moqmedi personaJis, henri karis saxiT mxatvrulad<br />

gadmogvcems.<br />

„parodistebSi“ mTavari moqmedi gmiri, henri kari jeimz joiss<br />

mxolod biografiuli epizodiT ar ukavSirdeba. igi „ulises“<br />

meTxuTmete epizodSi „kirkeSic“ (Circe) gvxvdeba, rogorc britaneTis<br />

89

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armiis rigiTi kari (joisi 2012: 427). anu stopardma, „ulises“ <strong>da</strong><br />

joisis biografiaSi epizoduri personaJi piesis mTavar gmirad aqcia,<br />

iseve, rogorc Seqspiris „hamletis“ epizoduri gmirebi rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni mTavar moqmed personaJebad gamoiyvana mis pirvel<br />

seriozul piesaSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“.<br />

gamodis, rom stopardma joisis „ulise<strong>da</strong>n“ henri karis kopireba<br />

moaxdina <strong>da</strong> joisiseuli Sinagani monologis teqnikiT, mTavari moqmedi<br />

personaJiT Seqmna imgvari realoba, romelSic igi idealurad<br />

igrZnob<strong>da</strong> Tavs; Tumca es realoba realurad yalbi <strong>da</strong><br />

fantasmagoriulia, rogorc es joisis „ulises“ „kirkes“ mTliani<br />

epizodis Sinaarssa <strong>da</strong> formaSi Cans. niko yiasaSvilis sityvebiT, rom<br />

vTqvaT: `kirkes“ epizodis „teqnika“ aris „halucinacia“ (joisi 2012: 837),<br />

rasac mayurebeli <strong>da</strong> mkiTxvelic piesis bolos igebs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, Tu <strong>stopardi</strong> joisis xelovnebis mxares aris, razec<br />

Tavad avtoric mowmobs: `umTavresi mizezi, ramac joisis <strong>da</strong>mateba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mawyvetina is iyo rom me ar msur<strong>da</strong> piesaSi xelovnebis droSa<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmsa <strong>da</strong> Zaras etvirTaT, xolo joisi is xelovania, vis mimarTac<br />

didi simpaTia gamaCnia” (flemingi 2001: 102). Sesabamisad gamodis, rom<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong> sakuTar Semoqmedebas, maT Soris „parodistebsac“, homerosis<br />

<strong>da</strong> joisis „odiseas“ ideis gamtareblad miiCnevs, radgan rogorc<br />

Tavad aRniSnavs: `me konservatori var patara k-Ti. konservatori var<br />

politikaSi, literaturaSi, ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong> TeatrSi~ (qeli 2001: 138).<br />

Sesabamisad man sakuTari SemoqmedebiT un<strong>da</strong> asaxos is brZola,<br />

romelic postmodernistul xelovnebaSi mimdinareobs. am yvelafers ki<br />

igi sakuTari epoqisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli literaturuli <strong>da</strong><br />

mxatvruli xerxebiT anu parodirebis meTodiT axorcielebs, rogorc<br />

amas Tavis droze Tavisi drois Sesabamisi esTetikiT homerosi <strong>da</strong><br />

joisi axorcielebdnen. <strong>stopardi</strong>s SemTxvevaSi misi epoqa<br />

postmodernistuli epoqaa.<br />

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic stopardze, rogorc<br />

inteleqtualur dramaturgsa <strong>da</strong> piesis postmodernistul xasiaTze<br />

miuTiTebs, aris piesaSi sxva piesis Semotana, rac „parodistebSi“<br />

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gar<strong>da</strong> „ulises“ aluziebisa, oskar uaildis `rogori mniSvnelovania<br />

iyo seriozulis“ (The Importance of being Earnest) Txrobis SemosvliT<br />

gamoixateba. es garemoeba isev joiss ukavSirdeba, radgan, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSne, igi iyo moTave 1917 wels, ciurixis inglisurenovani<br />

<strong>da</strong>sis mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli speqtaklisa <strong>da</strong> mTavar rolze henri karis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mtkicebisa.<br />

piesaSi ualdis piesis Semotanam ganapiroba, „parodistebis“<br />

personaJebis gansasaxierebeli erTi mxatvruli saxi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

gansasaxierebel meore, uaildis nawarmoebis mxatvrul saxeze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svla, rac mayureblebSi qaosis ganc<strong>da</strong>s qmnis, radgan gaurkvevelia<br />

sad iwyeba erTi piesis realoba, sad meoresi, sad aris istoriuli<br />

sinamdvile <strong>da</strong> sad moxucebuli henri karis anu Tanamedrove realoba,<br />

radgan <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kari ganasaxierebs, rogorc<br />

axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kars, aseve ualdis aljernons, tristan Zara _ jek<br />

vorTings, joisi _ ledi breqnels (rac gamowveulia piesaSi joisis<br />

naTlobis saxelis augustusis mdedrobiTi sqesis augustas aRniSvniT<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 42), romelic mogvagonebs „ulises“ pirveli epizodis<br />

„telemaqes“ (Telemachus) <strong>da</strong>sawyiss, sa<strong>da</strong>c bak maligani e.w. „Savi wirvis“<br />

parodirebas axdens, sa<strong>da</strong>c „qristes“ saxeli moxseniebulia, rogorc<br />

mdedrobiTi sqesis qristine (d.m.) ), beneti _ lenins, xolo guendoleni<br />

<strong>da</strong> sesili imave saxelis matarebel personaJebad rCebian orive piesis<br />

realobaSi (flemingi 2001: 103). amgvari qaosuroba ki <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia,<br />

rogorc postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis aseve meoce saukunis<br />

postmodernistuli epoqisaTvis, romlis SigniTac macxovrebeli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ver arkveven sad aris realoba <strong>da</strong> sad fiqcia.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s „parodistebis“ amgvari azrobrivi agebuleba ideurad<br />

TanxvedraSia postmodernistuli arqiteqturis Teoretikos Carlz<br />

jenksis „ormagi kodirebis“ teqnikasTan, romelic Semdegs gulisxmobs:<br />

`ormagi kodireba niSnavs orives, elitur/popularul <strong>da</strong> axal/Zvelsac,<br />

Tumca aseTi <strong>da</strong>wyvileba winaaRmdegobrivia. dRevandeli<br />

postmodernisti arqiteqtorebi modernistma ostatebma aRzardes <strong>da</strong><br />

isini iyeneben rogorc Tanamedrove teqnologiebs, aseve arsebul<br />

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socialur sinamdviles asaxaven~ (nikoli 2002: 113,114). xolo Txrobis<br />

stili Zalian hgavs umberto ekos azrebs, postmodernizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />

ironiaze: `<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s pasuxi modernisadmi moicavs im faqtis<br />

gacnobierebas rom warsuli, imis gamo rom misi gaqroba SeuZlebelia,<br />

destruqcias ki siCumisken mivyavarT, un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos, magram ara<br />

gulubryvilod aramed ironiiT~ (nikoli 2002: 111).<br />

zusta<strong>da</strong>c, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s „parodistebi“ erTgvari <strong>da</strong>brunebaa<br />

modernistul Tu viqtorianul literaturasa Tu epoqaSi, romlis<br />

meSveobiT, ironiis <strong>da</strong> parodirebis meSveobiT avtori, erTi mxriv, qmnis<br />

postmodernistul nawarmoebs, xolo meore mxriv, am nawarmoebiT<br />

cdilobs mxatvrulad gaanalizos Tanamedrove samyaros qaoturoba,<br />

Tu am qaoturi samyaros mimarTeba xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> maRal, rogorc<br />

jenksi ambobs, elitarul literaturasTan. postmodernistul<br />

teqstebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT amerikeli literaturis kritikosis, robert<br />

sqoulzis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT: „erT dros Cven vicodiT, rom<br />

mxatruli literatura exebo<strong>da</strong> cxovrebas, xolo kritika mxatrul<br />

literaturas, <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi martivad iyo. axla viciT, rom mxatruli<br />

literatura exeba sxva mxatrul literaturas, anu is realurad aris<br />

kritika, an metaTxzuleba“ (nikoli 2002: 1).<br />

fredrik jeimsoni <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> modernizmis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas,<br />

aseve gamoyofs erT mniSvnelovan detals, romelic modernistul<br />

xelovnebas Tu kulturas Seexeba. igi svams kiTxvas, imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

modernistebis SemoqmedebaSic xom iyo `pastiSis~ meTodis gamoyenebis<br />

mcdelobebi, rogorc es Tomas manis nawarmoebebSia asaxuli an<br />

joisis `ulises~ „mzis xarebi“ (Oxen of the Sun) amis realizebis naTeli<br />

magaliTi ar aris <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d ra aris axali yvelafer amaSi <strong>da</strong>smul<br />

kiTxvebs amerikeli literaturis Teoretikosi TviTonve pasuxobs <strong>da</strong><br />

aRniSnavs, rom modernistul xelovnebas gaaCnia is maxasiaTeblebi, rac<br />

postmodernistul xelovnebas aqvs, magram misTvis es maxasiaTeblebi<br />

ara mTavari, centraluri mniSvnelobisaa, rogorc es<br />

postmodernistul xelovnebaSia, aramed meorexarisxovani,<br />

marginaluria (jeimsoni 1998: 17,18).<br />

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jeimsonis msjeloba istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulze ganpirobebulia<br />

xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>srulebiT. xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>sruleba ki gamoiwvia<br />

yvelafris komercializaciam, romelic 60-iani wlebis Semdeg iRebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabams. ekonomika gax<strong>da</strong> kulturis nawili <strong>da</strong> kultura ekonomikis<br />

nawili, gviandelma kapitalizma <strong>da</strong> globalizaciam kulturis warmoeba<br />

finansur Tu ekonomikur moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi gaxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ami<strong>tom</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ejaWva es ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli sfero erTmaneTs<br />

(jeimsoni 1998: 73).<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, Tu piesis meore aqtSi dominirebs lenini <strong>da</strong> misi azrebi<br />

revoluciaze, pirveli aqti ZiriTad joisis <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis garSemo<br />

brunavs. pirveli aqtis finali henri karis cnobierebaSi joisTan<br />

saubriT sruldeba:<br />

`-kari: ra gaakeTe didi omis Jams<br />

-joisi: „ulise“ <strong>da</strong>vwere, Sen TviTon ra gaakeTe<br />

-kari: `nervebs viglejdi~.<br />

(“Carr: What did you do during the Great War<br />

Joyce: I wrote Ulysses, what did you do<br />

Carr: Bloody nerve.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1975: 65))<br />

pirveli aqtis es safinalo SekiTxva TiTqos gamoxatavs Tanamedrove<br />

samyarosadmi joisis anu `maRali literaturis~, `maRali xelovanis~<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvas, romelic gulisxmobs imas Tu sad midis, risken<br />

midis <strong>da</strong> ras emsaxureba Tanamedrove samyaroSi xelovneba. rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSne, Seqspiris „hamleti“, iseve, rogorc joisis „ulise“<br />

realurad WeSmaritebis Ziebisaken iyo mimarTuli, rogorc `maRali<br />

xelovnebis~ realuri miznebi, xolo `maRali xelovanis~, joisis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n amgvarad <strong>da</strong>smuli kiTxva, romlis adresati henri karia,<br />

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mianiSnebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi `pop kulturis~ dominantad qcevaze,<br />

radgan „ulises“ <strong>da</strong> joisis epizoduri figura <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi anu<br />

Tanamedrove realobaSi wamyvan figurad iqca. `pop-kultura~ ki<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi qmnis simulaciur,<br />

hiperrealur <strong>da</strong> kopirebul xelovnebas, romelic WeSmaritebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenis nacvlad xels uwyobs sicruis gavrcelebas, rogorc es henri<br />

karis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi anu piesis mTel SinaarsSi Cans.<br />

amrigad, mocemul TavSi, iseve, rogorc meore TavSi, naTlad Cans<br />

postmodernistuli literaturuli teqstisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

interteqstualoba, romelic amjerad avtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>n jeimz joisis<br />

„ulises“ <strong>da</strong> oskar ualdis „rogori mniSvnelovania iyo seriozulis“<br />

teqstebis gamoyenebaSi vlindeba. am teqstebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedviT <strong>stopardi</strong><br />

qmnis, ara mxolod sakuTar literaturul nawarmoebs, aramed igi<br />

imavdroulad warmoaCens erTi mxriv <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s epoqisa <strong>da</strong><br />

xelovnebis sawyisi mdgomareobis mxatvrul analizs, xolo meore<br />

mxriv, postmodernistuli xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas „maRali<br />

xelovnebis~ mimarT. postmodernistuli teqstisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

„ormagi kodirebis“ <strong>da</strong> warsulis ironizebis literaturuli teqnika<br />

ki, ara mxolod piesis mTeli Sinaarsobrivi qsovilis agebulebaSi<br />

gvxvdeba, aramed sityva „parodiis“ mxatvrul gaazrebaSic, romelsac<br />

piesis saTauri _ „parodistebi“ _ avlens.<br />

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IV Tavi<br />

`arkadia~: postmodernistuli qaosi `edemis baRSi~<br />

hiperrealuri reproduqciis Tema<br />

moicavs ara mxolod<br />

xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> istorias,<br />

aramed bunebasac.<br />

U umberto eko<br />

`aris <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadia~ Cveni drois yvelaze didi piesa~,<br />

`uzarmazari miTqma-moTqma <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~ garSemo~,<br />

`<strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadiam~ gauZlo drois gamoc<strong>da</strong>s~, `<strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

`arkadia~ brodveize brundeba~... ase usasrulod SegviZlia moviZioT<br />

gardianis, niu iork Taimsis, independentis, nacionalis Tu mravali<br />

sxva avtoritetuli gamocemis internetgverdze <strong>da</strong>saTaurebuli<br />

recenziebi, romelic <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~ gamoCenas mohyva wamyvan<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur literaturul wreebsa Tu Teatralur scenebze. amgvari<br />

statiebi <strong>da</strong> recenziebi iwerebo<strong>da</strong> gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

aqtiurad iwereba dResac. 2011 wlis 25 Tebervals, brodveize,<br />

`barimoris~ Teatris scenaze `arkadias~ momdevno, amjerad devid<br />

levoqsiseuli <strong>da</strong>dgmis premiera gaimarTa.<br />

ram ganapiroba iseT konkurentul garemoSi, fulad mogebaze<br />

orientirebul saxelovnebo biznesis, amerikuli oazisis brodveis<br />

scenaze 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTis wamyvani Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>sebis mier<br />

mravaljer gacocxlebuli `arkadias~ xelaxla <strong>da</strong>dgma <strong>da</strong> misi kidev<br />

erTxel Cveneba Tanamedrove XXI saukunis mayurebelisTvis riTi aris<br />

es piesa saintereso erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mayureblisTvis, xolo meore mxriv, brodveis mogebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

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popularobaze gaTvlili erT-erTi mowinave TeatrisaTvis ra<strong>tom</strong><br />

SeiZleba imsaxurebdes msoflios wamyvani gamocemebis,<br />

mimomxilvelebis Tu kritikosebis yuradRebas piesa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTavari<br />

romantizmi <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTlebluri epoqaa, xolo Tanamedrove epoqa<br />

mxolod mkvlevaris rolSi gvevlineba. riTi aris saintereso<br />

postmodernistuli epoqisTvis <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove momxmarebluri<br />

sazogadoebisTvis romantizmi, lord baironi <strong>da</strong> 1809-12 wlebSi sidlei<br />

parkSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi<br />

am TavSi SevecdebiT <strong>da</strong>dgindes is azri Tu idea, romelic<br />

akavSirebs <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~ postmodernistul realobasTan.<br />

rogorc jon flemingi sakuTar wignSi <strong>stopardi</strong>s Teatri (Stoppard’s<br />

Theatre) aRniSnavs, jeimz gleikis wignis `qaosi: axali mecnierebis<br />

Seqmna~ (Chaos: Making a New Science) wakiTxvis Semdeg, <strong>stopardi</strong>s momavali<br />

piesis Seqmnis safuZveli samecniero Tematika gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> (flemingi<br />

2001: 191) <strong>da</strong> asec mox<strong>da</strong>. `qaosis Teoria~ ufro zustad ki<br />

`deterministuli qaosi~ (radgan, rogorc jon flemingi aRniSnavs<br />

`qaosis Teoriis~ sxva interpretaciebic arsebobs. magaliTad, nobelis<br />

premiis laureatis ilia prigoginis (flemingi 2001: 291)) gax<strong>da</strong><br />

`arkadias~ Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi.<br />

niutonis klasikuri meqanikis Teoriis mixedviT, samyaros wesrigi<br />

efuZneba mizez-Sedegobriobis mkacr meqanizms, rac <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive<br />

determinizms gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, mocemuli informacia<br />

SesaZlebels xdis rom momavali gaTvladi iyos (flemingi 2001: 193).<br />

piesaSi amgvar Temas pirvelad <strong>tom</strong>azina septimusTan saubrisas<br />

wamoWris:<br />

`Tu TiToeul a<strong>tom</strong>s gavaCerebT <strong>da</strong> gamovTvliT mis yvela SesaZlo<br />

qmedebas <strong>da</strong> Tanac Zalian, Zalian kargad viciT algebra, momavlis<br />

formulis miRebasac SevZlebT. aseTi formula xom mainc arsebobs... ra<br />

vuyoT, rom mis aRmosaCenad aravis yofnis Wkua!~ 5 (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 11).<br />

5 `arkadias~ citatebis Targmani ekuTvnis asmaT lekiaSvils.<br />

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(“If you could stop every a<strong>tom</strong> in its position and direction, and if your mind could<br />

comprehend all the actions thus suspended, then if you were really, really good at algebra you<br />

could write formula for all the future; and although nobody can be so clever as to do it, the<br />

formula must exist just if one could” (<strong>stopardi</strong>: 1993: 7))<br />

am mosazrebas <strong>tom</strong>azina Semdeg Tavadve uaryofs, radgan samyaros<br />

xedvis amgvari tradiciuli Sexeduleba SemdgomSi arasrulyofili<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. axlaMmecnierebs sjeraT, rom bunebis udidesi nawili<br />

`deterministuli qaosis~ wesebiT moqmedebs, romelic iseTi bunebrivi<br />

sistemebis winaswarmetyvelebis SeuZleblobas efuZneba, rogoric<br />

amindi, mosaxleobis gamravleba Tu gulis feTqvis ritmia. Aamgvarad,<br />

martivma Tanafardobam SeiZleba iseTi rTuli nimuSebi Seqmnas,<br />

romelic edvard lorencis `pepelas efeqtSic~ aisaxeba (flemingi 2001:<br />

193). amgvar azrs <strong>tom</strong>azinas gar<strong>da</strong>, valentini, piesis mixedviT,<br />

Tanamedrove epoqis personaJi algoriTmsa <strong>da</strong> iteraciaze saubrisas<br />

aviTarebs:<br />

`CvenTvis ufro iolia galaqtikuri movlenebis an<strong>da</strong> a<strong>tom</strong>is birTvis<br />

afeTqebis momentis amocnoba, vidre imis Setyoba, Tu rogori amindi<br />

iqneba sami kviris Semdeg, iwvimebs Tu ara im dRes, roca Cvens moxuc<br />

dei<strong>da</strong>s wveulebis gamarTva ganuzraxavs Ria cis qveS, Tavis sayvarel<br />

baRSi. imi<strong>tom</strong>, rom es sul sxva sakiTxia. imi<strong>tom</strong>, rom cxovreba sul<br />

sxva ramea. Cven isic ki ar viciT, rodis mowydeba moSlil onkans<br />

wylis morigi wveTi. yoveli wveTi sruliad axal pirobebs qmnis<br />

SemdgomisaTvis. mcire ga<strong>da</strong>xrac ki abaTilebs Cvens prognozs. aseve<br />

SeuZlebelia amindis prognozirebac. kompiuteris ekranic xom imas<br />

gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom momavali qaosia <strong>da</strong> sxva araferi. Mmas Semdeg, rac<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani xi<strong>da</strong>n Camovi<strong>da</strong>, momavlis karibWe sul xuTjer, kargi, eqvsjer<br />

gaiRo. <strong>da</strong> axla <strong>da</strong>gvidga saukeTeso dro... rac gvegona, rom vicodiT,<br />

Turme ar gvcodnia, rac swori gvegona, mc<strong>da</strong>ri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>~ (<strong>stopardi</strong>:<br />

2005: 49).<br />

(“We’re better at predicting events at the adge of the galaxy or inside the nucleus of an a<strong>tom</strong><br />

than it’ll rain on auntie’s garden party three Sun<strong>da</strong>ys from now. Because the problem turns<br />

out to be different. We can’t even predict the next drip from a dripping tap when it gets<br />

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irregular. Each drip sets up the conditions for the next, the smallest variation blows prediction<br />

apart, and the weather is unpredictable the same way, will always be unpredictable. When you<br />

push the numbers through the computer you can see it on the screen. The future is disorder. A<br />

door like this has cracked open five or six times since we got up on our hind legs. It’s the best<br />

possible time to be alive, when almost everything you thought you knew is wrong”<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 63))<br />

`deterministuli qaosi~ arkadiaSi mecnieruli Tematikis mxolod<br />

nawils warmoadgens. piesaSi aseve saubaria iseT mecnierul<br />

warmodgenebzec, rogoric aris entropia (enthropy), drois<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>uvaloba (irreversibility of time), iteraciuli algoriTmi (iterated<br />

algorithm), Termodinamikis meore kanoni <strong>da</strong> sxva (flemingi 2001: 194).<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>, samyaros erTi mxriv, niutoniseburad, prognozirebadi,<br />

deterministuli mecnieruli Semecnebis gziT gviCvenebs, xolo meore<br />

mxriv, Termodinamikis meore kanonis mixedviT, romlis mixedviT siTbos<br />

dineba SeiZleba moZraobdes mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT, siTbo<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

sicivisaken anu samyaro siTbo<strong>da</strong>n sicivisken miiwevs, rac<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia entropiis kanonis gaZlierebasTan, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

samyaro wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n uwesrigobisaken midis. es ori mecnieruli<br />

Sexeduleba ki erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia, radgan Termodinamikis<br />

meore kanoni, niutonis moZraobis kanonisgan gansxvavebiT win <strong>da</strong> ukan<br />

ar moZraobs, aramed is `drois isrebad~ moiazreba, romelic samyaros<br />

SesaZlo `siTbur aRsasrulze~ miuTiTebs (flemingi 2001: 194).<br />

amave Teorias exeba <strong>tom</strong>azina:<br />

-`<strong>tom</strong>azina: aki vTqvi! Nniutonis meqanizmi, romelSic yvelaferi a<strong>tom</strong>Ta<br />

moZraobis kanonebze <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba, arasrulyofilia. determinizmi bevr<br />

kiTxvas badebs. mizezi ki, am jeltmenis gamokvlevaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT.<br />

-ledi krumi: risi mizezi<br />

-<strong>tom</strong>azina: gaxurebuli sxeulebis qmedebisa!<br />

-ledi krumi: es geometriaa<br />

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-<strong>tom</strong>azina: ara, ara! ver vitan geometrias. (xeliT exeba georginas <strong>da</strong><br />

TavisTvis Cailaparakebs): misis Ceiteri niutonis kanons Tvalis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xamxamebaSi gaacamtvereb<strong>da</strong>. vis-vis, <strong>da</strong> mas ki namdvilad gaegeba<br />

raRac gaxurebul sxeulebisa~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 84).<br />

(“Thomasina: Well! Just as I said! Newton’s machine which would knock our a<strong>tom</strong>s from<br />

crandle to grave by the laws of motion is incomplete! Determinism leaves the road at every<br />

corner, as I knew all along, and the cause is very likely hidden in this gentleman’s<br />

observation.<br />

Lady Croom: Of what<br />

Thomasina: The action of bodies in heat.<br />

Lady Croom: Is this geometry<br />

Thomasina: This No, I despise geometry! (Touching the <strong>da</strong>hlies she adds, almost to<br />

herself.) The Chater would overthrow the Newtonian system in a weekend” (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1993: 111,112))<br />

xolo mogvianebiT, amave sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT igive <strong>tom</strong>azina<br />

SeniSnavs:<br />

`diax... mister niutonis gantolebebic di<strong>da</strong>d ar <strong>da</strong>gideven<br />

mimarTulebas... ai, siTburi gantoleba ki sul sxvaa, mxolod erTi<br />

mimarTulebiT muSaobs. ami<strong>tom</strong> mister nouqsis Zrava ver uzrunvelyofs<br />

energiiT mister nouqsis Zravas.~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 87)<br />

(“Oh… yes. Newton’s equation go forwards go forwards and backwards, they do not care<br />

which way. But the heat equation cares very much, it goes only one way. That is the reason<br />

Mr Noakes’s engine cannot give the power to drive Mr Noakes’s engine” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993:<br />

116))<br />

igive azri piesis bolos, Tanamedrove epoqis gmirebis valentinis<br />

<strong>da</strong> hanas msjelobaSic vlindeba, romelic scenaze romantizmis<br />

periodis gmirebis <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong> septimusis dialogis paralelurad<br />

mimdinareobs:<br />

-`valentini: es siTbos ga<strong>da</strong>cemis diagramaa.<br />

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-septimusi: maS gamodis, yvela ganwiruli vyofilvarT.<br />

-<strong>tom</strong>azina: (xalisianad) ase gamodis!<br />

-valentini: ai, rogorc orTqlis ZravaSi...<br />

(hana septimusis grafini<strong>da</strong>n missave WiqaSi asxams Rvinos <strong>da</strong> odnav<br />

mosvams.)<br />

-valentini: maTematikisaTvis saerTod ar miumarTavs. is gogona<br />

movlenaTa arss xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, gaucnobiereblad, TiTqos naxats uyureb<strong>da</strong>...<br />

-septimusi: es mecniereba ar gaxlavT. Ees ufro zRaparia.<br />

-<strong>tom</strong>azina: axla xom valss ukravs<br />

(ismis Tanamedrove musika)<br />

-septimusi: arc axla.<br />

-valentini: an<strong>da</strong> ekrans.<br />

-hana: kargi aq raRas xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong><br />

-valentini: imas, rom yvela filmis bolo<strong>da</strong>n Cveneba ar SeiZleba. es<br />

siTbosac exeba. Caflav<strong>da</strong> niutoni!Aai, qanqaras rxeva an burTis vardna<br />

SegiZlia ga<strong>da</strong>iRo <strong>da</strong> mere bolo<strong>da</strong>n uCveno. ra Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, ra bolo<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

erTia orive!<br />

-hana: burTma, SeiZleba gzi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>uxvios.<br />

-valentini: oRond winaswar un<strong>da</strong> icode es. ai, siTbos SemTxvevaSi ki...<br />

an xaxuni rocaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, an roca burTi fanjaras<br />

amsxvrevs...<br />

-hana: maSin ra xdeba<br />

-valentini: ra <strong>da</strong> Seuqcevadi procesia.<br />

-hana: vinmem Tqva, ar ariso<br />

-valentini: magram is gogo mixv<strong>da</strong>, ratoa ase. Mminis namsxvrevebs<br />

Seagroveb, Seawebeb... im siTbos ki, fanjris Camsxvrevisas ro gamoiyo _<br />

vera. wavi<strong>da</strong>, gaqra!<br />

-septimusi: maS `niutonis gaumjobesebul samyaros~ bolo moeReba... vai<br />

Cvens dRes!<br />

-valentini: siTbo haers Seerwymeba, kosmoss, samyaros...<br />

-<strong>tom</strong>azina: aba ra gegona D<strong>da</strong> Cvenc un<strong>da</strong> viCqaroT. Tu cekvas vapirebT,<br />

dros nu <strong>da</strong>vkargavT.<br />

-valentini: <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi ase aiRreva, sul, ganuwyvetliv...<br />

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-septimusi: dro jer kidev gvaqvs, miledi.<br />

-valentini: ...iqamde, vidre Tavad dro ar amoiwureba. Aai aseTia es Cveni<br />

naqebi dro! amaSia mTeli muRami!“ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 93,94).<br />

(“Valentine: It’s a diagram of heat exchange.<br />

Septimus: So, we are all doomed!<br />

Thomasina: (cheerfully) yes.<br />

Valentine: Like a stream engine, you see...<br />

Hannah fills Septimus’s glass from the same decanter, and sips from it.<br />

She did’t have the maths, not remotely, not remotely. She saw what things meant, way ahead,<br />

like seeing a picture.<br />

Septimus: This is not science. This is story-telling.<br />

Thomasina: Is it waltz now<br />

Semptimus: No.<br />

The music is still modern.<br />

Valentine: Like a film.<br />

Hannah: What did she see<br />

Valentine: That you can’t run the film backwards. Heat was first thing which did’t work that<br />

way. Not like Newton. A film of pendulum, or a ball falling through the air – backwards, it<br />

looks the same.<br />

Hannah: The ball would be going the wrong way.<br />

Valentine: You’d have to know that. But with heat – friction – a ball breaking a window…<br />

Hannah: Yes.<br />

Valentine: It won’t work backwarads.<br />

Hannah: Who thought it did<br />

Valentine: She saw why. You can put back the bits of glass but you can’t collect up the heat<br />

of the smash. It’s gone.<br />

Septimus: So the Improved Newtonian Unverse must cease and grow cold. Dear me.<br />

Valentine: The heat goes into the mix.<br />

He gesture to indicate the air in the room, in the universe.<br />

Thomasina: Yes. We must hurry if we are going to <strong>da</strong>nce.<br />

Valentine: And everything is mixing the same way, all the time, irreversibly.<br />

Septimus: Oh, we have time, I think.<br />

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Valentine: …. till there’s no time left. That’s what time means” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993:<br />

124,125,126))<br />

piesaSi amgvari mecnieruli Teoriebis arseboba Tanamedrove<br />

epoqisaTvis `deterministul qaoss~ warmoqmnis, iseve rogorc avtoris<br />

Canafiqri imis Sesaxeb, rom piesis dramaturgiul drod ara marto<br />

Tanamedrove epoqa, aramed 1809-12 wlebi yofiliyo SerCeuli, rogorc<br />

ganmanaTleblobis <strong>da</strong> romantizmis epoqebis SexedulebaTa<br />

gzajvaredini. jon flemingi Aamis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: `arkadias~ Seqmnis<br />

Semdegi sawyisi wertili ramdenime wlis Semdeg, gleikis wignis<br />

kiTxvisas movi<strong>da</strong>, roca <strong>stopardi</strong> romantizmis <strong>da</strong> klasicizmis<br />

gansxvavebuli stilis, gemovnebis, temperamentis, xelovnebis Sesaxeb<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>“ (flemingi 2001: 194).<br />

swored 1809-12 wlebi, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, zustad<br />

ganasaxierebs mecnierul kanonTa im winaaRmdegobas, rac<br />

ganmanaTlebluri epoqis saxiT, niutonis kanonebis mixedviT<br />

STagonebul samyaros deterministul Tu meqanicistur aRqmas, xolo<br />

romantizmis saxiT, piesis erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi personaJis<br />

<strong>tom</strong>azinas mier Termodinamikis meore kanonis SepirispirebiT<br />

`deterministuli qaoss~ warmoqmni<strong>da</strong>. samyaros aRqmis amgvari<br />

mecnieruli, qaosuri, niutoniseuli Tu Termodinamikuli Sexeduleba<br />

sainteresoa <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogorc<br />

humanitarul aseve zust-sabunebismetyvelo mecnierTaTvis, aseve popkulturuli<br />

gamocemebisaTvis. mecnieruli Tematika ki<br />

postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia.<br />

1809 wlis aprili, moqmedeba derbiSiris sagrafoSi viTardeba,<br />

`uzarmazari saxli qalaqgareT, dRes aseT saxlze ityodnen, didebuli<br />

saxliao....“ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 7) (“A room on the garden front of a very large country<br />

house in Derbyshire, nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, like house would be called a stately home”) (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1993:1). piesis avtors, Tanamedrove mkiTxveli pirvelive gverdi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

mayurebeli Teatraluri scenis meSveobiT, im drosa <strong>da</strong> epoqaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs, romelsac romantizmi hqvia, sa<strong>da</strong>c 13 wlis <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong><br />

misi 21 wlis maswavleblis septimus hojis saubriT vigebT patara<br />

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gogos swrafvas gaigos Tu ras niSnavs `karnaluri Caxuteba~ (“carnal<br />

embrace”) (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 7), razec maswavlebeli pasuxobs:<br />

`karnaluri anu xorcieli Caxuteba niSnavs saqonlis xorcis<br />

Caxutebas~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 7,8)<br />

(“carnal embrace is the practice of throwing one’s arms around a side of beef.” (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1993: 2))<br />

Tumca <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong>Jinebul moTxovnas karnaluri Caxutebis<br />

realuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, septimusma ase upasuxa:<br />

`karnaluri Caxuteba sqesobrivi aqtia, roca mamakacis sasqeso organo<br />

qalis sasqeso organoSi aRwevs gamravlebisa <strong>da</strong> siamovnebis miRebis<br />

mizniT~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 9).<br />

(“carnal embrace is sexual congress, which is the insertion of the male genital organ into<br />

female genital organ for purposes of procreation and pleasure” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 4))<br />

piesis saTauris `arkadias~ konotaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, seqsis<br />

fenomenis nawarmoebSi Semotana, gansakuTrebiT iseT epizodSi,<br />

rogoricaa maswavleblisa <strong>da</strong> moswavlis saubari, TiTqos uadgilo <strong>da</strong><br />

araseriozulia, magram piesis siuJetis amgvarad ganviTarebiT avtori<br />

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisa <strong>da</strong> mayureblis ganwyobis erTgvar ironiul<br />

moTelvas axdens, raTa isini aseTi mxatvruli xerxis gamoyenebiT erTi<br />

mxriv, im qaosurobisaTvis Seamzados, romelic sidli parkSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>trialebulma seqsualurma, CaxlarTulma istoriebma gamoiwvies <strong>da</strong><br />

meore mxriv, imisaTvis, rasac mTavari moqmedi gmirebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n am<br />

samyaros qaosurobis Tu simwyobris garkvevis mcdeloba hqvia. Tumca,<br />

seqsis fenomenis mniSvneloba Zalian aqtualuria im epoqisTvisac,<br />

romelsac <strong>postmodernizmi</strong> hqvia. <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s erT-erTi wamyvani<br />

moazrovne Jan bodriari Tavis `amerikaSi~ sakmaod vrclad laparakobs<br />

genderis cvlaze, seqssa <strong>da</strong> orgiebze (bodriari 1989: 29,46), razec<br />

qvemoT visaubreb; am sakiTxs aseve exeba stiv konori seqsis, rogorc<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s epoqis maxasiaTebelze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganxilvisas <strong>da</strong><br />

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aRniSnavs, rom seqsi Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofel nawilad iqca,<br />

radgan is produqti gax<strong>da</strong>. seqsi yvelaferSia, radganac man moindoma<br />

iyos ufro meti, vidre intimuri seqsualuri aqti. mTlianad cxovreba<br />

iqca erosad, seqsis fenomenis eqspansiad <strong>da</strong> a.S. (konori 2004: 11).<br />

piesaSi <strong>da</strong> albaT samyaroSic `deterministuli qaosis~ erT-erTi<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi seqsia, rogorc es `arkadias~ Tanamedrove drois<br />

personaJebis, qlos <strong>da</strong> valentinis dialogSi Cans, sa<strong>da</strong>c qlo<br />

determinizmis gamoTvlis SeuZleblobas seqsis arsebobas miakuTvnebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara determinizmis gamoTvlaSi uzustobas, rogorc es valentins<br />

miaCnia (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 74), radgan:<br />

„vTqvaT samyaro deterministulia, rogorc amas niutoni gvaswavlis;<br />

ufro swored, cdilobs, rom ase iyos <strong>da</strong> ver mouxerxebia. <strong>da</strong> ici<br />

rato imito ro a<strong>da</strong>mianebs isini ar evasebaT, vinc un<strong>da</strong> evasebodeT.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n mTeli es domxali” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 74).<br />

(“That’s what I think. The universe is deterministic all right, just like Newton said, I mean it’s<br />

trying to be, but the only thing going wrong is people fancying people who are not supposed<br />

to be in that part of the plan.” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 97))<br />

anu avtors piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ori maradiul Tema, seqsi <strong>da</strong><br />

samyaros mecnieruli aRqma Semoaqvs, rogorc es <strong>tom</strong>azinas mier zemoT<br />

warmoTqmul `gaxurebuli sxeulebis~ Sesaxeb sityvebSic gamoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

piesis moqmedebis am rakursiT <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas bunebrivad Cndeba<br />

kiTxva, raSi <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> stopards Tanamedrove Teatralur scenaze ori<br />

epoqis gacocxleba, erTi mxriv 1809-12 wlebis epoqa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

personaJebi, rogorc mowinave, mTavari azris gamtarebelni, xolo<br />

meore mxriv, Tanamedrove epoqa <strong>da</strong> misi personaJebi, rogorc<br />

romantikuli epoqis <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelni <strong>da</strong> Semswavlelni. ra kavSiri<br />

arsebobs am or epoqas Soris an ki saerTod arsebobs raime kavSiri<br />

piesis wyoba <strong>da</strong> scenuri dekoracia am ori epoqis urTierTkavSirzea<br />

agebuli, rac vlindeba ara mxolod erTi <strong>da</strong> igive saxlis, erTi <strong>da</strong><br />

igive oTaxis, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive baRis saTamaSo arealiT, aramed<br />

romantikuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove epoqis scenebis aRweriTac, rac<br />

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fortepianoze Sesrulebuli musikaluri TemiT (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 43,45) <strong>da</strong><br />

scenaze ori kus, laiTingisa <strong>da</strong> plutusis arsebobiT gamoixata<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 44).<br />

1809-12 wlebis pirveli scenis aRweris Semdeg <strong>stopardi</strong> meore<br />

scenis (Tanamedrove drois) dekoraciuli detalebis aRweras<br />

Semdegnairad gvTavazobs:<br />

`piesis meore scena: scena naTdeba. igive oTaxi. iseTive dilaa, oRond<br />

moqmedeba Cvens droSi xdeba. erTaderTi, rac amaze migviTiTebs, hana<br />

jarvisis ieri <strong>da</strong> Cacmulobaa. aq cota ram asaxsnelia: moqmedeba xan<br />

mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi xdeba <strong>da</strong> xanac meoce saukunis<br />

miwuruls erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave oTaxSi. rac ar un<strong>da</strong> ucnaurad mogeCvenoT,<br />

oTaxis interieri orive SemTxvevaSi ucvlelia: arc raime emateba <strong>da</strong><br />

arc raime akldeba – orive droisTvis Sesaferisia. rac Seexeba<br />

rekvizits – wignebs, qaRalds, yvavilebs – ar aris saWiro misi Secvla<br />

romelime epoqis Sesabamisad. magram yvela is wigni Tu sagani, romelic<br />

orive droSi figurirebs, Zveli versiiTac un<strong>da</strong> iyos warmodgenili <strong>da</strong><br />

axliTac. baRi, rogorc amas moqmed pirTagan SevityobT, mniSvnelovnad<br />

Secvlila. is ki, rasac scenaze vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, ucvlelad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCes orive<br />

droSi~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 20).<br />

(“Scene Two. The light come up on the same room, on the same sort of morning, in the<br />

present <strong>da</strong>y, as is instantly clear from the appearance of Hannah Jarvis; and from nothing else.<br />

Something needs to be said about this. The action of the play shuttles back and forth between<br />

the early nineteenth centure and the present <strong>da</strong>y, always in this same room. Both periods must<br />

share the state of the room, without the additions and subtraction which would normally be<br />

expected. The general appearence of the room should offend neither period. In the case of<br />

props – books, paper, flowers, etc., there is no absolute need to remove the evidence of one<br />

period to make way to another. However, books, etc., used in both periods should exist in<br />

both old and new versions.<br />

The landscape outside, we are told, has undergone changes. Again, what we see should<br />

neither change nor contradict” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 19))<br />

105

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am epoqebs Soris kavSiri sxva mravali magaliTiTac SeiZleba<br />

gamoixatos. Ppirveli, rac un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isaa rom avtori SemTxveviT<br />

ar mimarTavs 1809-12 wlebs. es is wlebia, roca klasicizmis<br />

msoflmxedvelobas romantikuli ideebi <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebi<br />

upirispirdeba, xolo piesaSi inglisuri romantizmis mwvervalis<br />

lord baironis arsebobiT, (romelic erosuli istoriebiT<br />

figurirebs) <strong>stopardi</strong> aRniSnavs Tanamedrove anu postmodernistuli<br />

epoqis interess ara mxolod romantikuli literaturis, aramed<br />

warsuli drois yvela im esTetikuri Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />

koncefciis mimarTac, romelTa reprezentacias piesaSi, sidlei parkis<br />

baRis ganaSenianebi warmoadgens. sidlei parkis baRis <strong>da</strong> iq<br />

ganviTarebuli movlenebis mkvlevarebad ki Tanamedrove drois<br />

personaJebi literatori berbard naiTingeili <strong>da</strong> hana jarvisi<br />

gvevlinebian.<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d postmodernistuli epoqisa <strong>da</strong> warsulis epoqebis, maT<br />

Soris romantizmis epoqasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb, uamravi mosazreba<br />

arsebobs. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa stiv konoris mosazreba<br />

postmodernizmze: `<strong>postmodernizmi</strong> modernizmTan erTad<br />

garkveulwilad awmyoobis gamziarebelia. warsulSi, sxva<br />

literaturul-kulturuli epoqebi maSin warmoiSva, roca kulturebi<br />

sxva mxares icqirebodnen, sxva epoqebis ganaxlebaze amaxvilebdnen<br />

yuradRebas, es sxva kulturebia: renesansi <strong>da</strong> antikuroba, romantizmi<br />

Tavisi bunebrivi arqaulobiTa <strong>da</strong> egzotikurobiT, modernizmic ki<br />

Tavisi ucnauri primitivizmis nazaviT <strong>da</strong> cocxali TanamedroveobiT.<br />

postmodernizms piriqiT, gansakuTrebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aqvs sakuTari<br />

awmyoobis bunebriobasTan (konori 2004: 10). <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s, rogorc<br />

teqnologiur-mecnieruli epoqisa <strong>da</strong> romantizmis, rogorc<br />

industriuli mecxramete saukunis epoqebis kavSirze aseve saubrobs<br />

patricia vau: `<strong>postmodernizmi</strong> SeiZleba gagebuli iyos... rogorc<br />

romantikuli azrovnebi<strong>da</strong>n warmoqmnili esTetikuri tradiciis<br />

kulminacia... es tradicia ganmanaTleblur gonebas instrumentalizmSi<br />

CaTreulad ganixilavs, Tavisi industriuli Tanamedroveobis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT...~<br />

(konori 2004: 159). P<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s epoqa aseve<br />

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<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ganmanaTlebluri drois SexedulebebTanac, rogorc<br />

ursula haise aRniSnavs:<br />

`postmodernistuli cnobiereba ganviTar<strong>da</strong> filosofiaSi, istoriaSi,<br />

sociologiaSi <strong>da</strong> kulturaTmcodneobaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c figurirebs<br />

fun<strong>da</strong>menturad kritikuli xedva im uamrav filosofiur cnebasTan,<br />

socialur institutTan <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis tradiciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />

romelic meTvramete saukunis evropuli ganmanaTleblobis wiaRSi<br />

ganviTar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli iseTi cnebebi<strong>da</strong>n, rogoricaa individualizmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> racionalzmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli iseTi institutebiT, rogoricaa<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifo~ (konori 2004: 137). xolo qarTveli<br />

filosofosi guram TevzaZe racionalizmis epoqis meoce saukunis<br />

samyaroze gavlenis Sesaxeb wers: `cnobilia, rom bibliaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebuli religiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, RmerTma a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />

bunebaze batonoba <strong>da</strong>avala. RmerTis es sityvebi mowmobs, rom buneba<br />

mzad iyo <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians. Ffr. Bbekonisa <strong>da</strong> dekartesaTvis ki<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani ar aris de<strong>da</strong>miwis batoni, aramed un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes aseTi.<br />

mecnierebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT man un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imorCilos buneba. Eesaa axali<br />

filosofiis, ara marto racionalizmis, aramed `racionalizmis<br />

yai<strong>da</strong>ze gamoWrili~ (haidegeri) evropuli iracionalizmis <strong>da</strong><br />

empirizmis mizani, ris Sedegebsac meoce saukuneSi ganmanaTleblobis<br />

dialeqtikis meqanizmiT axsnian. es dialeqtika gulisxmobs, rom<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebis didi warmatebebi, romliTac kacobrioba amayobs <strong>da</strong><br />

romlis Zalac teqnikaSi yvelaze naTlad Cans (a<strong>tom</strong>uri energia,<br />

genetika, kompiuterizacia), pirovnebis, sazogadoebis, diqtatis qveS<br />

moqcevis arnaxul SesaZleblobebs qmnis <strong>da</strong> axali didi krizisis<br />

winaSe ayenebs kacobriobas (TevzaZe 2008: 230).<br />

am gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadiaSi~ 1809-12 wlebis samoqmedo<br />

perio<strong>da</strong>d SerCeva Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan piesis Tanamedrove<br />

dro <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove personaJebi sidlei parkis baRis mdgomareobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT adgenen konkretuli epoqis <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />

gare samyarosTan.Aanu Bbernard naiTingeili <strong>da</strong> hana jarvisi ara<br />

mxolod baironis an sidlei parkis baRis kvleviT arian<br />

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<strong>da</strong>interesebulni, aramed baRis <strong>da</strong> epoqis saxiT Tanamedrove samyaroSi<br />

miRebuli Sedegebis warmomqmneli mizezebisac.<br />

hana jarvisis msgavsad, winamdebare naSromis kvlevis erT-erT<br />

interess sidlei parkis baRi `arkadiac~ warmoadgens, romlis<br />

garegnuli mdgomareoba konkretuli epoqis miswrafebebis erTgvari<br />

simboluri gamoxatulebaa.<br />

ras niSnavs arkadia<br />

oqsfordis literaturuli leqsikonis mixedviT, arkadia mTiani<br />

mxarea saberZneTSi, sakulto adgili antikur xanaSi. virgiliusis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi es mxare idealizebuli iyo. mogvianebiT, renesansis<br />

periodSi saxelovani ser filip sidneis pastoralur naSromSi,<br />

`arkadia~ aRiqmeba rogorc warmosaxviTi idealuri qveyana, uzenaesis<br />

samefo <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis siyalbeTagan uxwneli <strong>da</strong> gauryvneli adgili<br />

(drebli 2000: 36).<br />

xolo, rogorc jim hanteri baRebis simboloze saubrisas aRniSnavs:<br />

`religiasa <strong>da</strong> miTebSi baRebi xSirad Cndebian, rogorc<br />

srulyofilebis adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c bunebis potenciurad qaosuri Zalebi<br />

RvTis mier moTvinierebuli <strong>da</strong> marTulia. miTebi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianur ocnebebs asaxaven; qalaqSi, caTambjenis saxuravzec ki, im<br />

giJur baRSi sa<strong>da</strong>c vcxovrobT, bunebas imgvarad vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rogorc Cven<br />

gvsurs~ (hanteri 2000: 170).A<br />

anu piesis saTauri `arkadia~ oqsfordis leqsikonis ganmartebiT,<br />

is adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi idealurad aris <strong>da</strong> sruli RvTaebrivi<br />

idilia sufevs. ASesabamisad sidlei parkis `arkadiac~ idealuri baRis<br />

azris matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, razec piesis moqmedi gmiris, hanas<br />

sityvebi migvaniSnebs:<br />

`aba exla sisuleleebs moeSvi, bernard! inglisuri peizaJi xo<br />

mebaReebma Seqmnes ucxoeli mxatvrebis mibaZviT. isini ki, Tavis mxriv<br />

klasikosebs baZavdnen. mTeli inglisuri peizaJi koxtad SefuTuli<br />

Camoitanes Soreuli mxare<strong>da</strong>n. Aai naxe: brauni baZavs klods, klodi<br />

Tavis naxatebs virgiliusis motivebze qmnis. Eesec Seni idilia, esec<br />

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Seni arkadia. ai, aq kide, riCard nouqsis veluri buneba, salvator<br />

rozas stilSi. peizaJi goTuri romanis motivebze! vampirebiRa aklia.<br />

sxvaTa Soris iqaur gandegils Seni saxelganTqmuli mogvare axsenebs<br />

Tavis statiaSi~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 29,30).<br />

(“You can stop being silly now, Bernard. English landscape was inventes by gardeners<br />

imitating foreign painters who were evoking classical authors. The whole thing was brought<br />

home in the luggage from the grand tour. Here, look – Capability Brown doing Claude, who<br />

was doing Virgil. Arcadia! And here, superimposed by Richard Noakes, untamed nature in<br />

the style of Salvator Rosa. It’s the Gothic novel expressed in landscape.<br />

Everything but Vampires. There’s an account of my hermit in a letter by illustrious<br />

namesake” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 34))<br />

hanteris SexedulebiT `arkadia~ asocirdeba edemis baRTan,<br />

romlis qaosur bunebasac RmerTi awesrigeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>karguli idealuri<br />

baRis Zieba, edemis baRis msgavsi garemos Seqmna ki iyo <strong>da</strong> rCeba<br />

kacobriobis amocanad.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadiaSic~ ramdenime tipis baRs vxvdebiT, jim<br />

hanteris <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, rom vTqva esenia:<br />

1. 1730 wels sidlei parkis baRebi geometriulad iyo <strong>da</strong>gegmarebuli<br />

italiur stilSi; 2. 1760 wlisaTvis isini Secvala <strong>da</strong>xveulma xeivnebma,<br />

meTvramete saukunisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelma bunebrivma landSaftma; 3.<br />

piesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, 1809 wels, es yvelaferi icvleba goTikuri stilis<br />

xelovnuri kldeebiT, nangrevebiT <strong>da</strong> gandegilis senakiT (hanteri 2000:<br />

156). amas <strong>da</strong>vamatebdi meoTxe, Tanamedrove epoqis baRsac, romelic<br />

talaxian <strong>da</strong> arqeologiuri gaTxrebis velad aris qceuli, rogorc es<br />

jer qlos SefasebaSi Cans:<br />

`aq <strong>da</strong>ucadeT, ra gin<strong>da</strong>T im talaxSi xom iciT, sul baRSia...~ (stopari<br />

2005: 21)<br />

(“The best thing is, you wait here, save you tramping around. She spends a good deal of time<br />

in the garden, didn’t you know” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 21))<br />

<strong>da</strong> es Semdeg gmiris, hanas sityvebSic aisaxeba:<br />

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`arqeologiur gaTxrebs awarmoebs, ise ki ar aris saqme! Aaq adre<br />

italiuri baRi iyo, 1740 wlamde...~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 28)<br />

(“Archeology. The house had a formal Italian garden until about 1740…” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993:<br />

31))<br />

“et in arcadia ego” `me arkadiaSi var!~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 18) ledi krumis<br />

es sityvebi baRebis arqiteqtoris riCard nouqsis mimarT protestis<br />

niSnad aris warmoTqmuli, visi proeqtis mixedviTac im drois sidlei<br />

parkis baRi salvator rozaseuli dizainiT un<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmniliyo. Aaqve<br />

aRsaniSnavia, baRis dizainis im droindeli mdgomareoba, rac hana<br />

jarvisis <strong>da</strong> bernard naiTingeilis saubrisas vlindeba:<br />

`mTeli es romantikuli monaCmaxi, bernard! ra <strong>da</strong>emarTa<br />

ganmanaTleblobis epoqas Mmisi inteleqtualuri simkacre absurdma<br />

Secvala. D<strong>da</strong>rtymulebi geniosebad Seracxes. iaffasiani goTuri<br />

saSinelebebi <strong>da</strong> yalbi emociebi! im baRis istoriaSi mSvenivrad aris<br />

asaxuli es yvelaferi. sidlei parkis 1730 wlis graviuraa aRmoCenili.<br />

edemi globaluri ayvavebis xanaSi! Agatirebs kacs. 1760 wlisTvis ki<br />

yvelaferi gapartaxebuli iyo; Tvalwarmtaci topiara, auzebi, terasebi,<br />

Sadrevnebi <strong>da</strong> cacxvis xeivani. mTeli es silamaze, es mSvenieri<br />

geometria miwasTan gaaswora braunma. xasxasa balaxma parmaRi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

horizontisaken ga<strong>da</strong>inacvala. Bbzis buCqebis Robe, saukeTeso mTel<br />

derbiSirSi, ayares <strong>da</strong> mis adgilze raRac arxebi gaiyvanes. TxrilebiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>seres iqauroba… aqao<strong>da</strong> amieri<strong>da</strong>n uflis saufloSi vicxovrebTo.<br />

mere kidev riCard nouqsi gamotyvreba <strong>da</strong> sauflos axleburad<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis... ai naxe albomSi. <strong>da</strong>cema ganadgureba amas hqvia~ (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

2005: 31).<br />

(“the whole romantic sham, Bernard! It’s what happened to the enlightenment, isn’t it A<br />

century of intellectual rigor turned in on itself. A mind in chaos suspected of genius. In a<br />

setting of cheap thrills and false emotion. The history of the garden says it all beautifully.<br />

There’s an engraving of Sidley Park in 1730 that makes you want to weep. Paradise in the age<br />

of reason. By 1760 everything had gone-the topiary, pools and terraces, fountains, an avenue<br />

of limes – the whole sublime geometry was ploughed under by Capability Brown. The grass<br />

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went from the doorstep to the horizon and the best box hedge in Derbyshire was dug up for<br />

the ha-ha so that fools could pretend they were living in God’s countryside. And then Richard<br />

Noakes came in to bring God up to <strong>da</strong>te. By the time he’d finished it looked like this (the<br />

sketch book). The decline from thinking to feeling, you see“ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 36,37))<br />

hanas sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom 1760 wlisaTvis sidlei parkis<br />

dizaini meTvramete saukunis ganmanaTlebluri epoqis xedviT aris<br />

Seqmnili anu a<strong>da</strong>miani samyaros racionalisturi SemecnebiT, samyaros<br />

gonebiT <strong>da</strong>morCilebas cdilobs, rac baRis dizainSic aris<br />

gamoxatuli, romlis Secvlas mister nouqsi salvator rozaseuli<br />

Tanamedrove stiliT, Sua saukuneebis goTikuri arqiteqturis mibaZviTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> goTikuri Tematikis gaidealebiT apirebs. Aanu baRebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>proeqtebasTan, iseve rogorc samyaros SexedulebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqalur momentSi vimyofebiT, romlis gamomxatveli<br />

1809 welia.Aaseve sainteresoa jim hantiseuli interpretaciac ukve<br />

naxsenebis frazis “et in arcadia ego”, romelic cnobili frangi mxatvaris<br />

nikola pusenis 1638-9 wlebis naxats Seexeba (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 18), rac<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>seuli ironiis absoluturad logikuri gagrZelebaa<br />

`arkadiaSi~ mocemuli idealuri samyaros ideis mimarT:<br />

`is gamosaxavs warweras saflavis qvaze, romelmac sagonebelSi Caagdo<br />

arkadieli mwyemsebi. es sityvebi saflavSi myofi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

gamogonilia - `erT dros mec arkadiaSi vcxovrobdi~ Tu “et”-is<br />

alternatiuli mniSvneloba `aqac~ aris, <strong>da</strong> es sityvebi Tavad sikvdils<br />

ekuTvnis `aqac ki var, arkadiaSi~ (hanteri 2000: 156). anu sidlei<br />

parkis `arkadiad~ wodebuli baRic sikvdilis samyofelia, rasac<br />

piesaSiA <strong>tom</strong>azina aJRerebs:<br />

`bax! Bbax! Bbax! Tofebis baTqabuTqSi vizrdebi, rogorc gogona<br />

alyaSemortymuli qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n. mTeli weli mtredebi <strong>da</strong> Wilyvavebi...<br />

agvistoSi roWoebi... mere tyisqaTama, xoxbebi, mwyerebi, bekasebi... mere<br />

kidev meqviSiebi... kide bax! Bbax! Bbax! <strong>da</strong> axla nasuqi saqoneli. mamas<br />

sulac ar Wirdeba mfarveli angelozi, an biografi, mTeli misi<br />

cxovreba monadiris dRiurebSia asaxuli~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 19).<br />

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(“pop, pop, pop..... I have grown up in the sound of guns like the child of a siege. Pigeons and<br />

rooks in the close season, grouse on the heights from August, and the pheasants to followpartridge,<br />

snipe, woodcock, and teal – pop – pop – pop, and the calling of the herd. Papa has<br />

no need of the recording angel; his life is written in the game book” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 18).)<br />

A amas ki septimusis ironiuli pasuxi mosdevs:<br />

`xocva-Jletis matiane! Yyvelgan xocva-Jleta, `aqac ki, arkadiaSi~<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 19)<br />

(“A calen<strong>da</strong>r of slaughter. ‘Even in arcadia, there I am”(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 18))<br />

am epizodiT naTeli xdeba, rom ledi krumis mier gaidealizirebuli<br />

baRi, romelsac igi `arkadias~ uwodebs anu edemis baRis msgavsad<br />

miiCnevs, ganmanaTleblobis xanis baRia, sa<strong>da</strong>c “et in arcadia ego”, “Even in<br />

Arcadia, I am here”, `aqac ki, arkadiaSi~ sikvdili arsebobs.<br />

rogor un<strong>da</strong> gabatonebuliyo sikvdili am RvTiur <strong>da</strong> idealur<br />

baRSi<br />

albaT amis pasuxi a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas droindel `arkadiaSi~, edemis<br />

baRSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. RmerTma a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas misca is bunebrivi garemo,<br />

romelsac Tavad marTav<strong>da</strong>. Tumca iudeur-qristianuli Sexedulebis<br />

Tanaxmad, RmerTma maT aseve misca Tavisufali nebis saxiT codnis xe<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaSlis nayofi, rom Tavad gaekeTebinaT arCevani mowesrigebul,<br />

idealur realobasa <strong>da</strong> mouwesrigebel yofas Soris. rogorc cnobilia<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong> eva maradiul, ukv<strong>da</strong>v samyofelSi imyofebodnen, magram<br />

codnis xis nayofis gasinjvis Semdeg maTi modgma mokv<strong>da</strong>vi gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan vaSlis meSveobiT Semecnebam isini gamoagdo maradisobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

sikvdilis Svilebi gaxa<strong>da</strong>. Ggamodis, rom vaSlis saxiT edemis baRSi<br />

sikvdili arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vaSli, rogorc Zalian mniSvnelovani simbolo <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis<br />

`rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ gar<strong>da</strong>, `arkadiaSic~<br />

mu<strong>da</strong>m figurirebs. ganurCevlad epoqaluri droebisa, scenaze arsebuli<br />

vaSli erTi mniSvnelobis matarebelia, radgan avtori, rogorc<br />

Tanamedrove, aseve romantikuli epoqis scenebSi arsebul vaSls, erTi<br />

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vaSlis saxiT warmoadgens, rac am epoqaTa kavSiris erT-erTi<br />

gamoxatulebacaa. <strong>stopardi</strong> mesame scenis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aRniSnavs:<br />

`magi<strong>da</strong>ze vaSli devs. Ees is vaSli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, II sceni<strong>da</strong>n~ (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

2005: 37)<br />

(“There is also an apple on the table now, the same apple from all appearance” (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1993: 46))<br />

gamodis, rom piesaSi arsebuli vaSli ukavSirdeba edemis baRis<br />

pirvel vaSls, romlis <strong>da</strong>gemovnebis Semdeg a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

sikvdili <strong>da</strong> qaosi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. xolo <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

edemis baRis msgavsi idealuri samyaros Zieba kacobriobis umTavres<br />

misiad iqca. Tumca edemis baRis <strong>da</strong> vaSlis bibliuri azri<br />

niutoniseulma deterministulma gaazrebam Caanacvla. anu edemis baRis<br />

<strong>da</strong> samyaros aRqmis bibliuri warmodgenebi teqnologiur-mecnierulma<br />

warmodgenebma Caanacvla, sai<strong>da</strong>nac warmoiqmna im deterministul <strong>da</strong><br />

mecnierul TeoriaTa qaosi, romelic <strong>tom</strong>azinas pudingis magaliTSic<br />

Cans:<br />

`ai septimus roca brinjis pudings erT kovz murabas <strong>da</strong>vamatebT <strong>da</strong><br />

movurevT, wiTeli spiralebi Cndeba.... rogorc meteoris kvali<br />

astronomiul atlasSi. magram Tu mere sawinaaRmdego mxares movurevT,<br />

es spiralebi murabad veRar iqceva. Ppudings ki ra enaRvleba,<br />

wiTldeba <strong>da</strong> wiTldeba TavisTvis. Uucnaurad ar geCveneba es,<br />

septimus~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 10)<br />

(“When you stir your rice pudding, Septimus, the spoonful of jam spreads itself round making<br />

red trails like picture of a meteor in my astronomical atlas. But if you stir backward, the jam<br />

will not come together again. Indeed, the pudding does not notice and continues to turn pink<br />

just as before. Do you think this is odd” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 6))<br />

razec septimusis pasuxobs:<br />

`aba ra, dros xom ukan ver <strong>da</strong>vabruneb, Cvenc ar un<strong>da</strong> SevCerdeT, raTa<br />

adrindeli qaosi axlebur qaosad ar vaqcioT... iqamde, vidre pudingi<br />

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sul erTianad ar gawiTldeba. Aai, amas hqvia Tavisufali neba, anu<br />

TviTgamorkveva” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 10).<br />

(“No more you can, time must needs run backward, and since it will not, we must stir our way<br />

onward mixing as we go, disorder out disorder into disorder until pink is complete,<br />

unchanging and unchangeable, and we are done with it for ever. This is known as free will or<br />

self-deetermination” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 6))<br />

Semdeg isev <strong>tom</strong>azinas kiTxva:<br />

`septimus, rogor ggonia RmerTi niutonelia~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 11)<br />

(“Septimus, do you think God is a Newtonian” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 6))<br />

razec mogvianebiT septimusi pasuxobs:<br />

`Tuki yvelaferi, Soreuli planetebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> Cveni tvinis<br />

umciresi a<strong>tom</strong>iT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, niutonis moZraobis kanons emorCileba,<br />

maS sadRaa Tavisufali neba~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 11)<br />

(“If everything from the furthest planet to the smalles a<strong>tom</strong> of our brain acts accorfing to<br />

Newton’s law of motion, what becames of free will” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 7))<br />

am citati<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba im mecnierul SexedulebaTa qaosi, rasac win<br />

seqsualuri qaosi uswreb<strong>da</strong>, rac jer <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong> septimusis zemoT<br />

moyvanili dialogis saxiT, erTi mxriv, niutonis a<strong>tom</strong>Ta moZraobis<br />

meqanizmSi <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv niutonis sapirispiro Termodinamikis meore<br />

kanonis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi gamoixata, rasac gmiri valentini SeniSnavs <strong>da</strong><br />

samyaros, WiqaSi Casxmuli aduRebuli Cais msgavsad moiazrebs<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 78), romelic siTbo<strong>da</strong>n sicivisaken, anu samyaro<br />

sicocxli<strong>da</strong>n (bibliuri, bunebrivi edemis baRi<strong>da</strong>n anu RvTiuri<br />

wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n) sikvdilisaken (Tanamedrove hiperrealuri xelovnuri<br />

edemis baRisken anu `disnei lendis~ msgavsi baRisken) miiwevs.<br />

samyaroSi qaosis Sesaxeb antikuri epoqis didi moazrovne<br />

platonic saubrobs Tavis erT-erTi gamorCeul dialogSi `timeosi~.<br />

igi timeosis piriT ambobs: `RmerTma Seiwynara yovelive xiluli, rac<br />

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uZravad ki ar ego, aramed uwesrigod <strong>da</strong> UuTavbolod iZvro<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

uwesrigobi<strong>da</strong>n wesrigad moaqcia igi~ (platoni 1994: 290). platoniseuli<br />

wesrigis Sesaxeb baCana bregaZe SeniSnavs, rom platonis demiurgosi,<br />

rogorc suli, romlisTvisac niSneulia gonebis floba, qmnis samyaros<br />

kanonzomierebas, mis mwyobr wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> yovelgvar mSveniersa <strong>da</strong><br />

keTils, erTi sityviT <strong>da</strong>xvewil arqiteqtonikasa <strong>da</strong> samyaros harmonias<br />

(platoni 1994: 232). magram iqve amatebs, rom platonma icis, samyaro<br />

mxolod srulqmnileba, sikeTe <strong>da</strong> mSveneba rodia. kosmiuri wesrigis,<br />

universaluri kanonzomierebis TuU harmoniuli struqturis wiaRSi<br />

Tavs iCens qaosi, mTeli Tavisi borotebiT, simaxinjiT, uwesrigobiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> disharmoniiT (platoni 1994: 232). platoni stoelTa msgavsad ar<br />

ayenebs sakiTxs <strong>da</strong> ar ambobs, rom samyaro an mwyobri an aRreuloba <strong>da</strong><br />

qaosia, igi ufro im azris mimdevaria, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc<br />

pol valeri ambobs: `Sen SegiZlia, sakuTari neba-surviliT, samyaroSi<br />

iseve <strong>da</strong>inaxo wesrigi, rogorc uwesrigoba... Tu samyaros wesrigi<br />

Semoqmeds gulisxmobs, maSin misi uwesrigoba gulisxmobs… Secdomas<br />

Tu sapirispiro Zalas” (platoni 1994: 233).<br />

samyaro, platonisaTvis sxva araferia Tu ara wesrigisa <strong>da</strong><br />

uwesrigobis dialeqtikuri erTianoba. Kkosmosic <strong>da</strong> qaosic, wesrigic<br />

<strong>da</strong> uwesrigobac, urTierTsapirispiro mizezTagan iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams:<br />

pirveli, _idealuri, xolo meore,_materialur mizezTa Sedegad<br />

gvevlineba. amgvarad rogorc baCana bregaZe aRniSnavs, platoni gonier<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mians upirveles yovlisa, sikeTis, wesrigisa <strong>da</strong> mSvenierebis<br />

ganxilvisaken mouwodebs, xolo Semdeg qaosisa <strong>da</strong> uwesrigobis. Tumca<br />

erTi ram cxadia, pirveli uxilavia, xolo meore xiluli (platoni<br />

1994: 233).<br />

Tanamedrove mecnierebam, rogorc es piesaSi `moxtunaveni~<br />

ganvixileT, samyaros Semecnebis procesi<strong>da</strong>n gandevna yovelgvari<br />

metafizikuri, sulieri Tu idealuri faqtori <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />

xilulis anu materialuri samyaros kvleva-Ziebaze. gamodis, rom<br />

Tanamedrove mecnierebam ukuagdo <strong>da</strong> gandevna platonis demiurgis<br />

gonebis savaned wodebuli suli (platoni 1994: 290), (iudeur-<br />

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qristianuli terminebiT, suli, rogorc RmerTi, radgan pavle<br />

mociquli aRniSnavs, rom RmerTi sulia (II kor. 3.17) anu uxilavi),<br />

harmoniis <strong>da</strong> mSvenieris Semecnebis gza <strong>da</strong> upiratesoba mianiWa<br />

uxilavis sapirispiros, xiluli materiis, uwesrigobis <strong>da</strong> qaosis<br />

SemecnebiT, samyaroSi wesrigis ideis Ziebas. Tumca, rogorc ukve<br />

zemoT movitaneT pol valeris sityvebi, samyaroSi wesrigis <strong>da</strong><br />

uwesrigobis <strong>da</strong>naxva Cvens neba-survilzea <strong>da</strong> Tu Tanamedrove<br />

mecnierebis neba-survili mimarTulia uwesrigobis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

wesrigis ugulebelyofisken, maSin gamodis, rom samyaroSi isini ufro<br />

metad qaossa <strong>da</strong> uwesrigobas xe<strong>da</strong>ven, vidre wesrigs, radgan maT<br />

gandevnes <strong>da</strong> uaryves wesrigis Semoqmedis imgvari versia, rogorsac<br />

platoni an Tun<strong>da</strong>c iudeur-qristianuli msoflmxedveloba gvTavazobs.<br />

albaT ami<strong>tom</strong>ac aris `arkadiaSi~ qaosi, radgan Tanamedrove samyaroSi<br />

nicSeseuli Sexeduleba `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

gamyar<strong>da</strong>. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT fernardo molina swor<br />

interpretacias gvTavazobs naSromSi `egzistencializmi, rogorc<br />

filosofia~ (Existentialism As philosophy), sa<strong>da</strong>c avtori RmerTis sikvdilze<br />

nicSes mraval naSromTagan gamoarCevs yvelaze mravlismTqmels,<br />

`mxiarul mecnierebas~ (Gay Science), sa<strong>da</strong>c Wkui<strong>da</strong>n SeSlili kaci<br />

RmerTis Ziebis Semdeg misi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni sazogadoebis mier RmerTis<br />

mokvlaze saubrobs, ris Semdegac molina aRniSnavs samyaros moZraobis<br />

umisamarTobaze, `usasrulo arafrisobisken~ svlaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c samyaro<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro civdeba <strong>da</strong> bnelSi exveva (molina 1962: 24), rac<br />

sainteresoa `arkadiaSi~ samyaros sicivisken swrafvis epizodis<br />

gaazrebis WrilSic (amaze qvemoT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT iqneba saubari).<br />

mogvianebiT Mmolina ganmartavs RmerTis sikvdilis metaforas<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleli a<strong>da</strong>mianis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> SeniSnavs, rom RmerTis<br />

sikvdili niSnavs ara RmerTis ar arsebobas samyaroSi, rogorc amaze<br />

aTeistebi saubroben, aramed RmerTis <strong>da</strong> samyaros erTmaneTisgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebas (molina 1962: 27).<br />

Sesabamisad platoniseuli Tu iudeur-qristianuli wesrigis<br />

Semqmneli mokv<strong>da</strong> rogorc samyarosaTvis, aseve a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gonebaSi.<br />

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ami<strong>tom</strong>ac <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> xelovnuri, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri, moCvenebiTi wesrigi,<br />

romelic realurad, platonis koncefciis mixedviT, meore anu<br />

materialur mizezTa Sedegis, anu qaosis <strong>da</strong> uwesrigobis<br />

gamomxatvelia.<br />

ra<strong>tom</strong> moZraobs samyaro siTbo<strong>da</strong>n sicivisaken anu sicocxli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(bibliuri, bunebrivi edemis baRi<strong>da</strong>n anu RmerTismieri wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />

sikvdilisaken (Tanamedrove hiperrealuri xelovnuri edemis baRisken<br />

anu `disnei lendis~ msgavs baRisken.)<br />

frangi filosofosi Jan bodriari Tavis naSromSi `amerika~ las<br />

vegasis <strong>da</strong> niu iorkis analizis gar<strong>da</strong>, kaliforniis StatSi mdebare<br />

santa barbaras mTaze gaSenebul mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa vilebsac ganixilavs, rac<br />

azrobrivad Zalian enaTesaveba <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~.<br />

bodriari santa barbaras mTaze saubrisas aRniSnavs: `santa<br />

barbaras aromatul ferdobebze, yoveli vila <strong>da</strong>mkrZalav biurosaviT<br />

gamoiyureba. baRebsa <strong>da</strong> evkaliptis xeebs Soris, mcenareTa siuxviT<br />

gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa monotonuri saxeobis SuagulSi, tragikuli<br />

utopiuri ocnebisagan Seqmnili realoba mdebareobs. gaTavisuflebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> simdidris am SuagulSi marad erTi kiTxva Cagesmis: `orgiis Semdeg<br />

ras akeTeb~ ras akeTeb maSin, roca yvelaferi misawvdenia – seqsi,<br />

yvavilebi, sicocxlisa <strong>da</strong> sikvdilis stereotipebi Ees amerikis<br />

problemaa <strong>da</strong> amerikaze gavliT, is mTeli msoflios problema gax<strong>da</strong>”<br />

(bodriari 1989: 29).<br />

upirveles yovlisa, mivaqcioT yuradReba mTis saxelwodebas `santa<br />

barbara~ anu wmin<strong>da</strong> barbares mTa, wmin<strong>da</strong>nad Seracxuli mowamis<br />

sapativsacemod <strong>da</strong>rqmeuli saxeli, simboluri TvalsazrisiT<br />

mowameobrivi, wmin<strong>da</strong> mTa. bodriaris SefasebiT ki utopiuri silamazis<br />

mqone bunebaSi gaSebuli mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa saxlebi waagavs <strong>da</strong>mkrZalav<br />

biuroebs, xolo mTeli es adgili simulacias hgavs, radgan rogorc<br />

plastikurma qirurgiam Seqmna fizikuri silamaze, aseve urbanuli<br />

silamaze SeiqmnaFfotografiuli peizaJebiT, romelic am <strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />

realobas utopiurs qmnis (bodriari 1989: 31). Ggamodis, rom amgvari<br />

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simboloebis matarebeli mTa bodriaris SefasebiT sikvdilis<br />

samyofels hgavs, anu <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~ gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n “et in arcadia<br />

ego”, rac Tanamedrove<br />

samyofelia.<br />

utopiur samyaroSi saflavis anu sikvdilis<br />

amerikis samyaros <strong>da</strong>xatviT, u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi gaSenebuli las vegasiT Tu<br />

santa barbaras mTis realobis aRweriT bodriari gviCvenebs imgvar<br />

realobas, romelsac `amerikul fiqcias~ an `amerikul ocnebas~<br />

uwodeben anu azrobrivad igives, rasac `disneis samyaro~ gulisxmobs.<br />

Tumca `amerikisa~ <strong>da</strong> `simulakrumis~ avtori frangi filosofosi<br />

amgvari samyaros gare maxasiaTeblebis gar<strong>da</strong>, iq mcxovrebTa yofis<br />

aRwerasac amatebs: `seqsi, plaJi, <strong>da</strong> mTebi. seqsi <strong>da</strong> plaJi, plaJi <strong>da</strong><br />

mTebi. MmTebi <strong>da</strong> seqsi. ramdenime cneba. seqsi <strong>da</strong> cnebebi.Mubralod<br />

sicocxle~ (bodriari 1989: 31). aq aqtualuria kiTxva, romelic santa<br />

barbaras mTis yofas aRwers: `ras akeTeb orgiebis Semdeg~ (bodriari<br />

1989: 29) <strong>da</strong> Tu es yvelaferi amerikis problemaa, Sesabamisad mTeli<br />

msoflios problemacaa, rogorc amas ara mxolod bodriari, aramed<br />

fredrik jeimsonic globalur kapitalistur finansur organizaciebis<br />

analizisas aRniSnavs.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare erT-erTi pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu ra<strong>tom</strong> aris<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadia~ aseTi aqtualuri <strong>da</strong> mimzidveli Tanamedrove<br />

Teatraluri warmoebisTvis aris is, rom piesis Tematika Zalian axloa<br />

cxovrebis imgvar realobasTan, romelzec santa barbaras mTis saxiT<br />

bodriariseuli gaazreba migviTiTebs. <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi ki orgiebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> seqsis gamomxatvel erT-erT mowinave personaJad baironi<br />

gvevlineba.<br />

ra<strong>tom</strong> baironi <strong>da</strong> misi saxiT romantizmi<br />

pirveli, rac un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos aris is, rom sakuTari Semoqmedebis<br />

Sesaqmnelad ingliseli romantikosebi Zalian aqtiurad iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

aidealebdnen Sua saukuneebs <strong>da</strong> goTikur Tematikas, romelic<br />

kolrijis, persi bisi Selis, meri Selis <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> baironis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. 1816 wlis zafxulSi, Jenevis tbis piras baironis<br />

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TaosnobiT gamarTuli Sejibri saxelad `moTxrobebi moCvenebebze~<br />

(ghost story) naTlad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> romantikosi mwerlebis interess<br />

goTikuri romanisa <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli romanis Tematikis mimarT, ris<br />

Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Seiqmna meri Selis cnobili `frankenSteini~ (Frankenshtein)<br />

(1818) <strong>da</strong> jon viliam polidoris `vampirebi~ (The Vampyre) (1819).<br />

goTikuri romanis aRzeveba ki goTikur arqiteqturas ukavSirdeba,<br />

radgan mistiuri Senoba-nagebobebi, cixe-simagreebi, taZrebi Tu<br />

monastrebi asocirebuli iyo goTur xelovnebasTan. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare Tanamedrove britaneli dramaturgis mxri<strong>da</strong>n baironis<br />

personis sakuTar personaJad gamoyeneba SesaZloa Cafiqrebuli<br />

yofiliyo imisTvisac, rom ufro mZafrad yofiliyo naCvenebi<br />

Tanamedrove drois <strong>da</strong> romantizmis epoqis urTierTkavSiri. fredrik<br />

jeimsoni did dros uTmobs Tanamedrove samyaroSi arqiteqturuli<br />

nagebobebis simbolikis Sesaxeb saubars, sa<strong>da</strong>c postmodernistuli<br />

arqiteqturis semiotikuri mniSvneloba Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia Sua saukuneebis<br />

kaTedralebis sazrisebTan, xolo egreT wodebuli `moCvenebebis<br />

moTxrobebis~ (Ghost story) ideuri memkvidre jeimsonis azriT,<br />

postmodernistuli epoqaa (jeimsoni 1998: 176-187-188-189). disneis<br />

logozec xom Sua saukuneebis goTuri arqiteqturiT STagonebuli<br />

noiSvanStainis cixe-simagrea gamosaxuli, romelic me-19 saukuneSi<br />

ludvig bavarielis mier iqna agebuli. (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 19) msgavsad<br />

amisa, Tanamedrove manhetenis ori gamorCeuli arqiteqturuli<br />

nageboba, potmodernistuli `cixe-simagreebi~ `siTi korp centri~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`tramp Taueri~, umberto ekos azriT neo-Sua saukuneebis<br />

arqiteqturuli qmnilebebia (eko 1998: 62). (ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 20)<br />

Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli samyaros kavSirze umberto<br />

eko Tavis naSromTa krebulSi `yalbis rwmena-mogzauroba<br />

hiperrealobaSi~ <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT saubrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igives<br />

ambobs, rasac jeimsoni. ekos TqmiT, Tanamedroveobis yvela mwvave<br />

problemis saTave Sua saukuneebSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, radgan: `sinamdvileSi,<br />

amerikelebi <strong>da</strong> evropelebi <strong>da</strong>savluri memkvidreobis memkvidreebi<br />

arian, <strong>da</strong>savluri msoflios yvela problema Sua saukuneebSi<br />

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gamovlin<strong>da</strong>: Tanamedrove enebis, savaWro qalaqebis, kapitalisturi<br />

ekonomikis (bankebTan, CekebTan <strong>da</strong> maRal tarifebTan erTad)<br />

gamomgonebeli Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebaa~ (eko 1998: 64). Sua<br />

saukuneebi Tanamedrove SeiaraRebuli Zalebis AaRzevebis <strong>da</strong>sabamia,<br />

iseve rogorc nacionaluri Tu zebunebrivi federaciuli Tanamedrove<br />

saxelmwifoebis koncefciebis; mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs Soris brZola,<br />

eresisa Tu ideologiuri ga<strong>da</strong>xrebis koncefcia, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />

eklesiis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, savaWro gaerTianebebi, Sromis teqnologiuri<br />

transformacia, es yvelaferi Sua saukuneebSi iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams. Sua<br />

saukuneebi aris gamomgonebeli cxenis aRkazmulobis <strong>da</strong> qaris<br />

wisqvilebis, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove tipis sazRvao saWis teqnikis,<br />

risi gamogonebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> amerikis aRmoCena.<br />

yvelaferTan erTad kompasis moxmarebac amave periods ukavSirdeba.<br />

Tu pirobiTad SevTaxmdebiT <strong>da</strong> vityviT, rom Sua saukuneebi 1492 wels<br />

sruldeba, am periodSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong> denTi <strong>da</strong> gutenbergis galaqtika. ekos<br />

TqmiT Tanamedrove teqnologia Sua saukuneebis gamomgoneblobis<br />

wyalobiT arsebobs, risi magaliTic Sua saukunebSi gamogonebuli<br />

saTvale <strong>da</strong> orTqlis Zravaa (eko 1998: 64). <strong>da</strong> mTavari: `zemoTnaxsenebi<br />

arcerTi idea <strong>da</strong> sinamdvile ar Sobila klasikur antikur samyaroSi.<br />

u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom uZvelesi saberZneTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> romi<strong>da</strong>n Cven SeviZineT<br />

tragediis Sesaxeb warmodgena (magram Cveni Teatri emyareba Sua<br />

saukuneebis models) <strong>da</strong> mSvenierebis ideali, iseve rogorc Cveni<br />

zogadi filosofiuri koncefciebi. magram Sua saukuneebisgan<br />

viswavleT Tu rogor gamoviyenoT isini” (eko 1998: 65).<br />

meore mizezi, romelic gamoxatavs baironis personaJis arsebobis<br />

aucileblobas <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadiaSi~ SeiZleba iyos is sami Tema,<br />

romelsac piesis erT-erTi personaJi qlo gazeTSi kiTxulobs:<br />

`arkadiaSic ki- seqsi, literatura <strong>da</strong> sikvdili sidlei parkSi.Aaqvea<br />

baironis portretic“ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 73).<br />

(“Even in Arcadia – Sex, Literature and Death at Sidley park. Picture of Byron” (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

1993: 97))<br />

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aironi sakuTari personiT pir<strong>da</strong>pir asocirdeba sam maradiul<br />

TematikasTan:<br />

1. seqsi, rogorc baironis cxovrebis ganuyofeli cneba (rogorc<br />

tradiciuli, aseve aratradiciuli), romelic Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisTvis Zalian aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> 1968 wlis parizis<br />

gamosvlebis Semdeg. 2. literatura, rogorc baironis cxovrebis <strong>da</strong><br />

Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli. <strong>da</strong> 3. sikvdili, romelic misi cxovrebis<br />

istoriuli finalia, romelic seqsTan <strong>da</strong> literaturasTan erTad qmnis<br />

im sam umTavres ideas, ris gamoc baironis cxovreba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba<br />

gamorCeuli iyo.<br />

Tumca, `arkadias~ avtori baironis personaJis gar<strong>da</strong> aranakleb<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulia septimusis mxatruli saxiTac, romelic `bibliuri<br />

personaJis~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 29) Tu `adgilis sulis” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 32)<br />

konotaciiT aris mocemuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>tom</strong>azinas maswavlebelad gvevlineba.<br />

<strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong> septimusis mecadineobisas gamovlenili samyaros<br />

Semecnebis niutoniseuli Tu Termodinamikis meore kanonis Teoriebi<br />

aerTianebs ara mxolod `arkadias~ ideur nawils, aramed <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

mTavari piesebis mTels filosofiasac, rac Semdegs gulisxmobs:<br />

rogorc piesaSi Cans, baironi <strong>da</strong> septimusi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive dros<br />

kembrijis universitetis triniti kolejis studentebi iyvnen, rogorc<br />

es jer hana <strong>da</strong> bernardis saubrisas, Semdeg ki bernardis moxsenebis<br />

kiTxvisas vlindeba (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 36, 56).<br />

`-bernardi: moica, moica. Hhoji sad swavlob<strong>da</strong><br />

-hana: triniti kolejSi.<br />

-bernardi: maS trinitiSi, ara<br />

-hana: ho. (yoymaniT) ho. Bbaironic iq swavlob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

-bernardi: hoji ramdeni wlis iyo<br />

-hana: zustad ar maxsovs... vnaxav... magram, mgoni, baironze erTi Tu ori<br />

wliT iyo ufrosi. Ooc<strong>da</strong>oris un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo...<br />

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-bernardi: triniti kolejSi erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros swavlobdnen<br />

-hana (<strong>da</strong>Rlili xmiT): ho, Bbernard, ho. D<strong>da</strong> albaT kriketis erT<br />

gundSic TamaSobdnen, roca harou itons erkinebo<strong>da</strong>... “ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005:<br />

36)<br />

(“Bernard: “what was Hodge’s college, by the way<br />

Hannah: Trinity.<br />

Bernard: Trinity<br />

Hannah: yes. (She hesitates.) Yes. Byron’s old college.<br />

Bernard: How old was Hodge<br />

Hannah: I’d have to look it up but a year or two older than Byron. Twenty-two…<br />

Bernard: Contemporaries at Trinity<br />

Hannah: (wearily) Yes, Bernard, and no doubt they were both in the crichet eleven when<br />

Harrow played Eton ar Lords!” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 43))<br />

piesaSi ganviTarebuli erT-erTi mTavari mecnieruli ideis,<br />

samyaros aRqmis deterministuli Sexedulebis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli isaak<br />

niutoni, baironis <strong>da</strong> septimus hojis msgavsad, triniti kolejis<br />

studenti iyo. `arkadias~ personaJebis <strong>da</strong> piesaSi gatarebuli erTerTi<br />

mTavari samecniero ideis avtoris amgvari kavSiri trinitis anu<br />

samebis kolejTan <strong>da</strong> samyaros aRqmis maTeuli gansxvavebuli<br />

filosofiuri midgomebi (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom samive aRizar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ganaTleba miiRo, msoflmxedvelobrivad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> im garemoSi,<br />

rasac triniti anu samebis koleji hqvia, iseve rogorc piesis<br />

personaJebis trivialuri interesi sidlei parkis mimarT, rogorc es<br />

erT SemTxvevaSi bernardisa <strong>da</strong> valentinis (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 61), xolo<br />

meore SemTxvevaSi, hanas <strong>da</strong> valentinis dialogebSi Cans, (`ise ki<br />

yvelaferi trivialuria Seni roWoebi, Cemi gandegili <strong>da</strong> bernardis<br />

baironi~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 76)) (“It’s all trivial – your grouse, my hermit, Bernard’s<br />

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Byron” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 100))) piesis avtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>n SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos. sami mniSvnelovani personaJis kavSiri triniti anu samebis<br />

kolejTan `moxtunavenSi~ piramiduli <strong>da</strong> samkuTxediseuli semiotikuri<br />

naxazis msgavsad, samyaros warmoSobis erT-erTi versiis, ricxvi<br />

sami<strong>da</strong>n yovelives <strong>da</strong>sabamis aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos. `arkadias~<br />

SemTxvevaSi, samyaros warmoSobis amgvar mosazrebas triniti anu<br />

samebis koleji SeiZleba gamoxatavdes.<br />

sidlei parkis baRis `arkadias~ analizisas Zalian safiqrebelia<br />

hana jarvisis sakvlevi meore Temac, sidli parkis gandegili.<br />

vin aris gandegili an ra simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis matarebelia is<br />

pirveli scenis bolos `arkadiad~ wodebul sidlei parkSi<br />

<strong>tom</strong>azinaa is personaJi, romelic sikvdilis arsebobasTan erTad<br />

pirvelad gandegils axsenebs:<br />

`ar gvin<strong>da</strong> sikvdilze! Aaxla me amas gandegilsac mivaxatav, Torem<br />

ugandegilod raRa gandegilis senakia!~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 19)<br />

(“oh, phooey to death! I will put in a hermit, for what is a hermitage without a hermit”<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 18))<br />

Semdeg agrZelebs:<br />

`ai naxeT. es Cemi gandegili ioane naTlismcemels hgavs u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi~<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 20)<br />

(“I have made him like the Baptist in the wilderness”(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 19))<br />

gandegilze piesis mraval epizodSia saubari <strong>da</strong> mas yvela<br />

epizodSi religiur TematikasTan aqvs kavSiri. magaliTad, bernardi<br />

mas `bibliur personaJad~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 29) <strong>da</strong> `adgilis sulad~<br />

moixseniebs (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 32) xolo Tavad hana jarvisi mas aRmoCenas,<br />

gamocxadebas(!) uwodebs <strong>da</strong> Semdeg amatebs:<br />

`gandegili TiTqos peizaJis srulyofisaTvis sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T,… rogorc<br />

raRac samSvenisi… faifuris juja~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 31).<br />

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(“the hermit was placed in the landscape exactly as one might place a pottery gnome. And<br />

there he lived out his life as a garden ornament”(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 36))<br />

anu `arkadias~, rogorc RvTiuri, idealuri edemis baRis<br />

parodireba gandegilis personaJisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSic kargad Cans,<br />

radgan Tanamedroveobis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n igi mxolod dekoratiuli<br />

funqciis matarebelia iseve, rogor zoga<strong>da</strong>d `arkadias~ idea:<br />

`TiToeuli furceli mistikuri mtkicebulebebiT ga<strong>da</strong>eWe<strong>da</strong>, samyaros<br />

<strong>da</strong>sasruls winaswarmetyveleb<strong>da</strong>~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 31).<br />

(“he’d covered every sheet with cabalistic proofs that the world was coming to an end”<br />

(<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 36).)<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gandegili ganmanaTleblur <strong>da</strong> romantikul<br />

epoqaSi arsebuli RvTis sityvis simbolos warmoadgens, romelmac<br />

samyaros <strong>da</strong>sasruli uwinaswarmetyvela Tumca igi <strong>da</strong>rexvilad<br />

Seracxes, rogorc es Tanamedrove epoqis gmirisHhanas sityvebSi Cans:<br />

`egonaT geniosis Canawerebi aRmoaCineso. magram gairkva, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>rexvilTan hqon<strong>da</strong>T saqme~ (<strong>stopardi</strong> 2005: 31). A<br />

(“he was suspected of genius. It turned out, of course, he was of his head” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993:<br />

36))<br />

am azrobriv WrilSi Zalian mniSvnelovania gandegilis sikvdilis<br />

TariRi 1834 weli, ris Semdgomac jer Carlz <strong>da</strong>rvini anviTarebs Tavis<br />

cnobil Teorias `warmoSobis Sesaxeb~ (On The Origin Of Species) (1859),<br />

Semdeg karl marqsi wers Tavis naSroms `kapitalizmi~ (Das Capital) (1867),<br />

xolo saukunis miwuruls 1883-85 wlebSi fridrix nicSe samyaros<br />

RmerTis sikvdils auwyebs. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, piesaSi gandegilis<br />

sikvdilis saxiT, samyarosaTvis RmerTi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. RmerTTan erTad<br />

misi sityvac, romelic apokalifs winaswarmetyveleb<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis gaugebari Seiqmna samyaros wesrigis imgvari versia,<br />

romelic uzenaesis ZalasTan asocirdeba. xolo Tavad RmerTis sityvis<br />

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mTqmeli <strong>da</strong>rexvilad Seracxes. es yvelaferi samyaros pragmatul<br />

yofad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis, yvelafris gonebaze <strong>da</strong>yvanis <strong>da</strong> garkveul logikur<br />

CarCoebSi moqcevis Sedegia, romelsac sabolood qaosamde mivyavarT,<br />

Tumca miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, samyaros aRqmis materialuri, qaosuri<br />

Sexeduleba Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis ufro sarwmuno gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rodesac gandegilze vsaubrobT <strong>da</strong> gandegilis saxiT `arkadiaSi~<br />

wina plaze sikvdilis Tematikas vayenebT, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT<br />

erTi uaRresad saintereso epizodi, romelic piesaSi ogastes<br />

SekiTxvas ukavSideba:<br />

`mindo<strong>da</strong> mekiTxa ser... (pauza). Tqven albaT ufrosi Zma gyavT, ara<br />

`septimus~ xom `meSvides~ niSnavs. meSvide iyaviT ZmebSi~ (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

2005: 88)<br />

(“I would like to ask you a question Mr. Hodge. (pause) You have an elder brother, I <strong>da</strong>re say,<br />

being a Septimus” (<strong>stopardi</strong> 1993: 117))<br />

vfiqrob, septimusis ricxv SvidTan gaigiveba, iseve rogorc piesis<br />

mTliani agebuleba, romelic Svidi scenisagan (sami warsuli dro, sami<br />

Tanamedrove dro <strong>da</strong> erTi Sereuli dro) Sedgeba, hanas Sefaseba:<br />

`sidlei parkis gandegili Cemi aRmoCenad……gamocxadeba...~ (<strong>stopardi</strong><br />

2005: 31) <strong>da</strong> amave gandegilis Canawerebi samyaros aRsasrulis<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb uzarmazari simbolos matarebeli<br />

SeiZleba iyos, romelic ioanes gamocxadebas SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c saubaria Svid angelozze:<br />

`mivbrundi, rom <strong>da</strong>menaxa xma, romelic melaparakebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> mibrunebisas<br />

vixile Svidi oqros sasanTle (gamocxadeba1.12). `Svidi varskvlavis<br />

saidumlo, romelic Sen ixile Cems marjvenaSi <strong>da</strong> Svidi oqros<br />

sasanTle: Svidi varskvlavi Svidi eklesiis angelozebia, xolo Svidi<br />

sasanTle Svidi eklesiaa (gamoc. 1.20). `gavigone taZri<strong>da</strong>n xma, romelic<br />

eubnebo<strong>da</strong> Svid angelozs: `wadiT <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwaze ga<strong>da</strong>RvareT RvTis<br />

mZvinvarebis Svidi Tasi~ (gamoc.16.1).<br />

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erTi mxriv, gandegilis anu septimusis, meSvides, konotaciis<br />

Semotana <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d piesis Svid nawilad <strong>da</strong>yofa <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv,<br />

piesis boloSi anu meSvide scenaSi orive epoqis personaJebis, maT<br />

Soris septimusis (meSvides) mier samyaros <strong>da</strong>sasrulis gamoTvliT<br />

avtorma gamoxata Tanamedrove postmodernistuli samyaros realoba,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> ricxvamde, ciframde anu cifrul<br />

mecnierebamde, romelic sabolood gaerTian<strong>da</strong> cifri Svidis garSemo,<br />

romelic rogorc aRvniSne, ioanes gamocxadebis mixedviT,<br />

apokalifsis simbolod SeiZleba miviCnioT, iseve rogorc zemoT<br />

aRniSnuli Termodinamikis meore kanoni, romlis mixedviTac samyaro<br />

siTbo<strong>da</strong>n anu sicocxli<strong>da</strong>n, sicivisaken anu sikvdilisaken miiwevs.<br />

ra<strong>tom</strong> sicocxli<strong>da</strong>n sikvdilisaken<br />

axal aRTqmaSi ioanes saxarebaSi, vfiqrob, erTi Zalian saintereso<br />

monakveTia, romelsac SesaZloa kavSiri hqondes samyaroSi siTbos<br />

sicivisaken swrafvasTan <strong>da</strong> samyaroSi realobis <strong>da</strong>kargvas anu<br />

apokalifs aRniSnavdes. ioane saxarebas Semdegi sityvebiT iwyebs:<br />

`Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad iyo sityva <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo RmerTTan, <strong>da</strong> sityva iyo<br />

RmerTi. is iyo Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad RmerTTan. yovelive mis mier Seiqmna,<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis gareSe araferi Seqmnila, rac ki Seqmnila. masSi iyo sicocxle<br />

<strong>da</strong> sicocxle iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianTa naTeli. naTeli bnelSi anaTebs <strong>da</strong> bnelma<br />

ver moicva igi“ (ioane1.1-1.5).<br />

Semdegi epizodi ioanes saxarebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

`ieso kvlav eubnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uTxra maT: `me naTeli var wuTisoflisa,<br />

vinc wamomyveba, bnelSi aRar ivlis, aramed sicocxlis naTeli eqneba<br />

mas~ (ioane 8.12). D<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesame epizodi ioanes saxarebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic RmerTis kavSirs<br />

sicocxlesTan <strong>da</strong> naTelTan ufro naTels xdis:<br />

`sanam sofelSi var, wuTisoflis naTeli var~ (ioane 9.5).<br />

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samyaros siTbo<strong>da</strong>n sicivisaken swrafvis msvlelobas zemoT<br />

moyvanili epizodi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare Tu gavaanalizebT, es niSnavs, rom<br />

siTbo TavisTavSive moicavs sinaTles anu naTels, xolo naTeli aris<br />

Tavad RmerTi <strong>da</strong> RmerTi aris samyaros naTeli, xolo RmerTi aris<br />

sicocxle. gamodis, rom siTbo aris naTeli, naTeli aris RmerTi <strong>da</strong><br />

RmerTi aris sicocxle, romelic sicivisaken miemarTeba.<br />

risi aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos siTbos sapirispiro sicive<br />

sicive aris sibnele anu adgili sa<strong>da</strong>c ar aris naTeli, Sesabamisad<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c sibnelea (ukuneTi), iq ar aris adgili naTlisa anu RmerTisa,<br />

rac niSnavs imas, rom iq ar aris adgili sicocxlisa, Sesabamisad<br />

sibnele-ukuneTi aris samyofeli anti-RmerTisa anu sikvdilisa. sxva<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sicive aris sibnele-ukuneTi, sibnele aris anti-<br />

RmerTi (anti-qriste), xolo anti-qriste aris sikvdili. Tu samyaros<br />

tovebs siTbo <strong>da</strong> sinaTle, romelic saxarebiseulad RmerTia,<br />

Sesabamisad is tovebs sicocxles <strong>da</strong> Tu tovebs sicocxles, is<br />

miemarTeba sikvdilisaken, romelic bneli <strong>da</strong> civia. qriste ambobs:<br />

`sanam sofelSi var, wuTisoflis naTeli var~ (ioane 9.5). Cven viciT,<br />

rom piesaSi gandegili ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> im personaJs romelic samyaros<br />

aRsasruls winaswarmetyveleb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca igi mokv<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad piesis<br />

realobaSi mokv<strong>da</strong> RmerTis sityva, rwmena, religia, sinaTle <strong>da</strong><br />

sicocxle <strong>da</strong> ami<strong>tom</strong>ac <strong>da</strong>isadgura sidlei parkis baRSi sikvdilma,<br />

romelsac avtorma `arkadia~ uwo<strong>da</strong>. ATanamedrove realobaSi ki<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianma teqno-mecnieruli codnis, xelovnuri sinaTliTa <strong>da</strong><br />

xelovnuri siTbos saSualebiT Seqmna axali `arkadia~, romelsac<br />

`disneis samyaro~ uwo<strong>da</strong>. Aamgvar xelovnur samyaroSi axali mwamsi,<br />

pragmatuli RmerTi - fulis RmerTi Seiqmna.<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi apokalifsuri grZnobis simyareze<br />

slovenieli filosofosi slavoi JiJekic saubrobs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom<br />

postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi oTxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva apokalifsuri azri<br />

musirebs: qristianul-fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi (Christian Fun<strong>da</strong>mentalism), axali<br />

saukunis spiritualisturi (New Age spirituality), teqno-cifruli posthumanizmis<br />

(techno-digital post-himanism) <strong>da</strong> sekularuli ekologizmis<br />

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(secular ecologism) (JiJeki 2009: 94). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

`arkadia~ JiJekis mier aRwerili oTxive apokalifsuri ganwyobilebis<br />

gamomxatvelia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadia~<br />

postmodernistuli piesaa, razec zemoT naxseneb argumentebTan erTad<br />

am piesis finalic metyvelebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalian kargad Cans erTi<br />

umTavresi idea, romelic TiTqos qaosurad aris warmoCenili, magram<br />

vfiqrob piriqiT, Zalian <strong>da</strong>lagebulia yvelaferi. idea isaa, rom<br />

Tanamedrove postmodernistulma epoqam miiRo, erTi mxriv,<br />

ganmanaTleblur-racionalisturi epoqis idea, anu samyaros<br />

teqnologiur-mecnieruli Semecnebis Teoria, xolo meore mxriv,<br />

racionalizmis sapirispiro romantikul-Sua saukuneebis koncefcia.<br />

erTi mxriv, <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong> septimusis anu romantikul koncefciis<br />

gamomxatveli wyvilis <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, Tanamedrove personaJebis<br />

wyvilTa cekva avtorma erT sivrceSi, erT scenaze warmoaCina, romelic<br />

Tanamedrove scena anu Tanamedrove sinamdvilea. Aam sivrceSi<br />

personaJebi romantizmis epoqis samosSi arian gamowyobili <strong>da</strong><br />

Tanamedrove musikis TanxlebiT cekvaven. Aam ori epoqis gaerTianeba<br />

ki postmodernistuli literaturisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

`transsamyaros~ (“transworld”) meTodiT xdeba. rogorc Bbraian makheili<br />

aRniSnavs: `transsamyaro” aris `transistoriuli wveulebis~ motivi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c personaJebi gansxvavebuli istoriuli epoqi<strong>da</strong>n cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

erTiandebian erTi <strong>da</strong> igive drosa <strong>da</strong> adgilas. rogorc aSkarad<br />

karnavaluri motivi, baxtinis mniSvnelobiT, is aseve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

tipur modernistuli wveulebis motivTan, romelic romanis yvela<br />

personaJs erT adgilas krebs an xelaxla mokrebs~ (nikoli 2002: 290).<br />

`arkadias~ finalic xom wveulebaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqis<br />

personaJebi, Tanamedrove postmodernistuli epoqis mayurebelTa<br />

winaSe, Tanamedrove (postmodernistul) Teatralur scenaze<br />

erTmaneTTan cekviT erTiandebian, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi is<br />

rac piesaSi gaTamaS<strong>da</strong>, postmodernistuli epoqis nawilia.<br />

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<strong>da</strong>sasruls un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s SemoqmedebaSi<br />

`arkadia~ im problematikis ideuri gagrZelebaa, romelic ganvixileT<br />

piesebis `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildesterni mkvdrebi arian~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`moxtunavenis~ analizisas. es piesebi, ganurCevlad maTi Sinaarsobrivi<br />

Tu siuJeturi samoqmedo arealisa, problemuri TvalsazrisiT erTi<br />

ideis matarebelia, rac postmodernistul sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />

samyaros teqnologiur-mecnierul Tu ideologiur-filosofiur<br />

mxareebs ukavSirdeba. Tun<strong>da</strong>c `arkadiasa~ <strong>da</strong> `rozenkranci <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ kinoversiaSi asaxuli niutonis<br />

mizidulobis kanonis mniSvneloba naTlad asaxavs postmodernistuli<br />

epoqis mecnierul suls, romelsac bunebrivia, <strong>stopardi</strong><br />

mizanmimarTulad avlens piesebSi. xolo <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadias~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildersterni mkvdrebi arian” kinoversias Soris<br />

kavSiri logikuria, radgan avtorma <strong>da</strong> reJisorma sakuTari piesis<br />

ekranizacia 1990 wels ganaxorciela, rac Zalian axlos aris<br />

`arkadias~ Seqmnis TariRTan. es faqtori ki marTebulad<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, rom filmSi <strong>da</strong>smuli niutonuri Tu mecnieruli<br />

interesebi gagrZelebas hpoveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semdgom qmnilebebSi.<br />

(ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTi 21)<br />

rac Seexeba `arkadias~ kavSirs `moxtunavenTan~, rogorc zemoT<br />

ricxvi samis <strong>da</strong> samebis kolejis analizi<strong>da</strong>n gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, kembrijis<br />

universitetis samebis koleji sami umTavresi gmiris aRzrdis<br />

adgilia, romelTa Semoqmedebac pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu iribad piesis erT-erT<br />

mTavar idead gvevlineba. xolo amgvari ideis matarebeli gmirebis<br />

kavSiri trinitis anu samebis kolejTan SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />

radgan <strong>stopardi</strong>s `moxtunavenis~ mTavari semiotikuri sayrdeni,<br />

rogorc meore Tavis analizisas vixileT, antikuri <strong>da</strong> iudeurqristianuli<br />

samkuTxedis, piramidis, samebis garSemo brunavs.<br />

`moxtunavenSi~ <strong>da</strong>wyebuli semiotikur-simboluri Sexeduleba<br />

`arkadiaSic~ grZeldeba <strong>da</strong> kidev erTxel avlens <strong>stopardi</strong>s cnobier<br />

Tu qvecnobier mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaroSi yvelanairi<br />

mosazrebis saTave samkuTxedis, piramidis, samis, am SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

samebis kolejSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. xolo ricxvi samis ideisagan<br />

129

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<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli yovelgvari mecnieruli Tu filosofiuri analizi,<br />

postmodernistuli `edemis baRis~, `arkadias~ msgavsi qaosis<br />

momaswavebelia.<br />

`arkadias~ <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebis amgvari iudeurqristianuli<br />

interpretacia marTebulad mimaCnia, radgan rogorc<br />

meore TavSi avRniSne <strong>stopardi</strong>s fesvebi iudeur-ebraul, xolo misi<br />

Segnebuli cxovreba qristianul-britanul safuZvlebze dgas.<br />

A amrigad, rogorc zemoT ganxiluli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadia~<br />

postmodernistuli piesaa, razec metyvelebs ara mxolod nawarmoebis<br />

mecnieruli suli, aramed piesis Tanamedrove (postmodernistuli)<br />

drois interesi romantikuli_Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong> racionalisturganmanaTlebluri<br />

epoqebis mimarT. Aaseve interteqstualoba, romelic<br />

piesaSi bibliuri narativis, kerZod ki ioanes gamocxadebis<br />

apokalifsuri epizodiT vlindeba, iseve rogorc sidlei parkis baRis<br />

`arkadias~, postmodernistuli epoqis `edemis baRad~ gaazreba. zemoT<br />

naxsenebi Temebi ki postmodernistuli epoqisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

problemuri sakiTxebia, romelTac avtori postmodernistuli<br />

literaturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli `transamyaros~ teqnikis<br />

gamoyenebiT piesis finalur nawilSi xatavs.<br />

130

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<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />

kvlevam aCvena, rom <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetika did gavlenas axdens,<br />

rogorc <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedebaze, aseve Tanamedrove literaturaze,<br />

xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> socialur yofaze. amgvari gavlena gamoixateba<br />

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi realobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis problemurobaSic,<br />

originalis aslisagan garCevis, mc<strong>da</strong>ris WeSmaritebisagan gansxvavebis<br />

saqmeSic. amgvari gaurkvevlobis <strong>da</strong> qaosis Seqmnas postmodernistul<br />

samyaroSi teqnologiaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli mecnierebebi <strong>da</strong> masmedia<br />

ganapirobeben, romlis mikrokosmosad amerika, kalifornia, ufro<br />

zustad ki holivudi gvevlineba. amgvarma mikrokosmosma Tanamedrove<br />

realobis kinomatografireba moaxdina, rac gulisxmobs realuri<br />

realobis kinos realobiT Canacvlebas, sinamdvilis fiqciad<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas, anu ekranis realoba iqca sinamdviled.<br />

kvlevam gviCvena, rom holivudis <strong>da</strong> kinos msgavsad simulaciuri<br />

samyaros erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTi `disneis samyarocaa~, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari fiqciuri sinamdvilis nawilad iqceva <strong>da</strong><br />

piriqiT, iqmneba iseTi pirobebi, roca SesaZlebelia disneis <strong>da</strong> kinos<br />

fiqciuri gmirebi realur gmirebad iqcnen. ufro metic, disneis parkis<br />

samyaroSi realuri a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ufro fiqciuria, vidre marTlac<br />

gamogonili, fiqciuri gmirebi. Sesabamisad, disneis <strong>da</strong> holivudis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli sinamdvile momavlis mikromodels warmoadgens.<br />

amgvari hiperrealobis Seqmnaze transnacionaluri finansuri<br />

organizaciebic zrunaven. disneis mikrosamyaros msgavsad, arsebul<br />

hiperrealur yofaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis, misi Tavisuflebis,<br />

ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> individualizmis xarisxis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad<br />

fuli iqca.<br />

Sesabamisad, <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesis gmirebis, rozenkrancisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gildensternis interesi renesansis epoqisa <strong>da</strong> Seqspiris `hamletis~<br />

mimarT, Tanamedrove postmodernistul epoqaSi Seqmnili qaosurobiT,<br />

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ararealurobiT <strong>da</strong> gaurkvevlobiT motivirebuli qcevis zusti asaxvaa,<br />

radgan axla a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ukve veRar arkveven sad aris <strong>da</strong> ra aris maTi<br />

namdvili (WeSmariti) sinamdvile. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

mTavari gmirebis interesi <strong>da</strong> renesansisken mibrunebis mcdeloba<br />

WeSmaritis, gauyalbebelis Ziebas asaxavs, romelic Tavad<br />

gmirebisaTvis mainc fiqciaa.<br />

kvlevaSi gaanalizebuli ramdenime Tematuri maxasiaTebeli kargad<br />

warmoaCens <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi „rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi<br />

arian“ postmodernistuli elementebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong> protagonistebis<br />

kavSirs postmodernistul epoqasTan, rac kidev ufro metad Cans<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s imave saxelwodebis filmSi:<br />

1. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom piesac <strong>da</strong> filmic Seqspiris epoqas asaxavs,<br />

mTavari personaJebi Tanamedrove inglisuriT metyveleben;<br />

2. filmSi rozenkrancis Wamis epizodSi „big makis“ msgavsi<br />

hamburgeri Cndeba;<br />

3. filmSi Cans rom Seqspiris epoqaSi mcxovrebma rozenkrancma icis<br />

TviTmfrinavis arsebobis Sesaxeb;<br />

4. gmirebis mier monetebis agdebis epizodSi miniSnebulia<br />

postmodernistul epoqaSi fulis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze,<br />

rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebis sazrisulad ganmsazRvrel erT-erT<br />

umTavres faqtorze.<br />

Tumca is mTavari, rac am ori epoqis kavSirs qmnis aris renesansuli<br />

epoqis dramis „hamletis“ <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli epoqis dramis<br />

„rozenkranci <strong>da</strong> gildensterni mkvdrebi arian“ mxatruli gaazreba,<br />

rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: postmodernistuli literaturisa <strong>da</strong><br />

epoqisaTvis, Seqspiriseuli „maRali kulturis“ gamomxatveli „hamleti“<br />

<strong>da</strong> hamleturi ideebi gaugebari <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan postmodernistul kulturul sivrceSi<br />

„popkultura“, igive „maskultura“ Seqspiriseul „maRal kulturas“<br />

gauTanabr<strong>da</strong>, rac kargad aris naCvenebi <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi. <strong>stopardi</strong>s<br />

mTavari gmiri ara hamleti <strong>da</strong> misi ideebia, aramed „hamletis“<br />

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epizoduri („masobrivi“) personaJebi, romlebic „<strong>da</strong>bali kulturis“<br />

mxatvruli reprezentacias warmoadgenen. <strong>stopardi</strong>s Tanamedrove<br />

gmirebi „maRali kulturis“ personaJebis aslebia.<br />

<strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi postmodernistuli xelovnebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli „performansi“ moTamaSe-gmiris Teatris saxiT aris<br />

naCvenebi. amgvari „performansisTvis“ saWiroa niRabi, romliTac<br />

mTavari gmirebi saxarebiseul „mamao Cvenos“ locvas anacvleben. aq<br />

kargad Cans Tu rogor xdeba postmodernistul xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> epoqaSi<br />

sinamdvilis karnavalad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva.<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s elementebis arseboba vlindeba ara mxolod<br />

personaJebis kopirebasa <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli warsulis ironizebaSi, aseve „pastiSis“ teqnikis<br />

gamoyenebaSi, aramed konkretuli istoriuli movlenis<br />

ganmeorebadobasa <strong>da</strong> im mecnierul TematikaSi, rac niutonis <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>m<br />

<strong>da</strong> evas vaSlis epizodSi vlindeba. amiT avtori mianiSnebs, rom<br />

Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis samyaros niutoniseulma anu meqanikurdeterministulma<br />

aRqmam iseTive mniSvneloba SeiZina, rogorc es<br />

samyaros bibliur aRqmas hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>stopardi</strong>s am piesaSi<br />

<strong>postmodernizmi</strong>s esTetika vlindeba „meta“ teqnikis gamoyenebaSic, rac<br />

piesaSi „metaTeatris“ saxiT vlindeba.<br />

postmodernistuli esTetikis WrilSi <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesebis analizma<br />

gvaCvena, rom es nawarmoebebi postmodernistuli teqstisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs amJRavneben. gar<strong>da</strong> piesisa „rozenkranci<br />

<strong>da</strong> gildesterni mkvdrebi arian“, piesa `moxtunaveni~ kidev erT<br />

mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>saTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiTebeli interteqstualobis saukeTeso reprezentaciasTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme. kerZod, iseT mniSvnelovan teqstebTan kavSirSi, rogoric<br />

platonis `timeosi~ <strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong> Zveli aRTqmaa. <strong>stopardi</strong> piramidis<br />

simbolos gamoyenebiT sakuTari dualisturi bunebis piTagorulplatonur,<br />

aseve iudeur-qristianul mxares asaxavs, rac orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi avtoris Teisturi bunebis maCvenebelia <strong>da</strong> piesis<br />

133

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Tanamedroveobis anu postmodernistul epoqis aTeistur <strong>da</strong><br />

pozitivistur ganwyobisgan gansxvavebulia. piramidis simbolos<br />

analizis gar<strong>da</strong>, mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva ricxvi Svidis <strong>da</strong><br />

Tevzis simbolos bibliuri <strong>da</strong> antikuri konotaciebis ganxilvasac,<br />

romelTa meSveobiT <strong>stopardi</strong> postmodernistul samyaroSi originalis<br />

gareSe simulakruli realobis mSeneblobis mcdelobis parodirebas<br />

axdens. amgvari filosofia ki samyaros, piesis gmirebis, moxtunave<br />

filosofosebis srulyofili ricxvi rvi<strong>da</strong>n, ricxv Svidisken, anu<br />

samyaros sikvdilisa <strong>da</strong> apokalifsisken miaqanebs, rac piesaSi jer<br />

pavle mociqulis mkvlelobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebuli mkvlelobis xolo<br />

Semdeg kenterberiis arqiepiskoposis mkvlelobis epizodebSi<br />

gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />

postmodernistuli esTetikis gavlena mxolod literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebebiT ar Semoifargleba. is kidev ufro gavrcelebulia<br />

xelovnebis sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, rac ganapirobebs xelovnebis `maRal~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`pop-kulturad~ <strong>da</strong>yofas. am kuTxiT, sainteresoa <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesa<br />

`parodistebi~, romelSic joisis personaJis <strong>da</strong> misi `ulises~ saxiT<br />

gaazrebulia maRali kulturis miznebi postmodernistul samyaroSi,<br />

xolo <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>isti personaJis, tristan Zaras meSveobiT `pop-kulturis~<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong> funqcia. es yvelaferi <strong>stopardi</strong>s piesaSi isev<br />

postmodernistuli interteqstualobis, joisis <strong>da</strong> oskar ualdis<br />

teqstebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis gziTaa naCvenebi. Sesabamisad,<br />

postmodernistul xelovnebaSi modernistuli <strong>da</strong> viqtorianuli epoqis<br />

xelovnebis mniSvnelobaze miTiTebiT, rac <strong>postmodernizmi</strong>sTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli `ormagi kodirebiT~, warsulis parodirebis <strong>da</strong><br />

`pastiSis~ meTodis gamoyenebiT aris naCvenebi. sabolood, es yovelive<br />

qmnis postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel erT-erT<br />

umTavres Tvisebas, roca Tanamedrove literatura moiazreba rogorc<br />

warsuli literaturis kritika an metaTxzuleba.<br />

niutonis klasikuri meqanizmis sistema, Termodinamikis meore<br />

kanoni, qaosis Teoria <strong>da</strong> deterministuli qaosi, arasruli<br />

CamonaTvalia im mecnieruli Tematikisa, romliTac gajerebulia<br />

134

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<strong>stopardi</strong>s kidev erTi mTavari piesa `arkadia~. amgvari mecnieruli<br />

Tematika ki postmodernistuli literaturisaTvis <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />

xelovnebisaTvis kidev erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia, romlis<br />

gamoyenebiTac avtori postmodernistul samyaroSi warmoqmnili<br />

problemebis wyarod ganmanaTleblur-racionalistur epoqebTan erTad<br />

romantizms <strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebs miiCnevs.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>stopardi</strong>s `arkadia~ postmodernistuli piesaa,<br />

razec zemoT naxseneb argumentebTan erTad am piesis finalic<br />

metyvelebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalian kargad Cans erTi umTavresi idea, romelic<br />

TiTqos qaosurad aris warmoCenili, magram vfiqrob piriqiT, Zalian<br />

<strong>da</strong>lagebulia yvelaferi. idea isaa, rom Tanamedrove<br />

postmodernistulma epoqam miiRo, erTi mxriv, ganmanaTleblurracionalisturi<br />

epoqis idea, anu samyaros teqnologiur-mecnieruli<br />

Semecnebis Teoria, xolo meore mxriv, racionalizmis sapirispiro<br />

romantikul-Sua saukuneebis koncefcia. erTi mxriv, <strong>tom</strong>azinas <strong>da</strong><br />

septimusis anu romantikul koncefciis gamomxatveli wyvilis <strong>da</strong> meore<br />

mxriv, Tanamedrove personaJebis wyvilTa cekva avtorma erT sivrceSi,<br />

erT scenaze warmoaCina, romelic Tanamedrove scena anu Tanamedrove<br />

sinamdvilea. Aam sivrceSi personaJebi romantizmis epoqis samosSi<br />

arian gamowyobili <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove musikis TanxlebiT cekvaven. Aam<br />

ori epoqis gaerTianeba ki postmodernistuli literaturisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli `transsamyaros~ (“transworld”) meTodiT xdeba.<br />

135

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ibliografia<br />

<strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s Semoqmedeba<br />

1. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1967 Stoppard, Tom, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead,<br />

Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London 1967.<br />

2. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1972 Stoppard, Tom, Jumpers, Faber and Faber, 3 Queen<br />

Square, London 1972.<br />

3. <strong>stopardi</strong>: 1993 Stoppard, Tom, Arcadia Faber and Faber, 3 Queen<br />

Square, London 1993.<br />

4. <strong>stopardi</strong>: 1975 Stoppard, Tom, Travesties Faber and Faber, 3 Queen<br />

Square, London 1975.<br />

5. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1968 Stoppard, Tom, If you are Glad I will be Frank, Faber and<br />

Faber, 3 Queen Square, London 1969.<br />

6. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1968 Stoppard, Tom, Enter a Free Man, Faber and Faber, 3<br />

Queen Square, London, 1968.<br />

7. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1991 Stoppard, Tom, In The Native State, Faber and Faber, 3<br />

Queen Square, London 1991.<br />

8. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1993 Stoppard, Tom, The Real Inspector Hound and the<br />

other Entertainments, Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 1993.<br />

9. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1978 Stoppard, Tom, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour &<br />

Professional Foul, Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 1978.<br />

10. <strong>stopardi</strong> 2002 Stoppard, Tom, Voyage, The Coast of Utopia part I,<br />

Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 2002.<br />

11. <strong>stopardi</strong> 2002 Stoppard, Tom, Shipwreck, The Coast of Utopia part II,<br />

Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 2002.<br />

12. <strong>stopardi</strong> 2002 Stoppard, Tom, Salvage, The Coast of Utopia part III,<br />

Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 2002.<br />

136

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13. <strong>stopardi</strong> 1980 Stoppard, Tom, Dogg’s Hamlet, Cahoot’s<br />

Macbeth, Faber and Faber, 3 Queen Square, London, 1980.<br />

14. <strong>stopardi</strong>, normani 1998 Stoppard, Tom, and Norman, Mark, Shakespeare<br />

in Love, a screenplay, Miramax film Corp and Universal Studios, 1998.<br />

15. <strong>stopardi</strong> 2005 <strong>stopardi</strong>, <strong>tom</strong>, arkadia, inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targmna asmaT lekiaSvilma, Tanmedrove evropuli piesa,<br />

anTologia, `arete~ 2005.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxmare literatura <strong>tom</strong> <strong>stopardi</strong>s biografiasa <strong>da</strong> Semoqmedebaze<br />

16. gasou 1995 Gussow, Mel, Conversation with Tom Stoppard,<br />

Grove Press New York, 1995.<br />

17. dimestesi 2008 Demastes, William W, Comedy Matters From<br />

Shakespeare to Stoppard, Palgrave Macmillan 2008.<br />

18. flemingi 2001 Fleming, John, Stoppard’s Theatre: finding order<br />

amid chaos, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2001.<br />

19. qeli 2001 Kelly, E. Katherine, (editor), The Cambridge<br />

companion to Tom Stoppard, Cambridge University Press 2001.<br />

20. jenkinsi 1990 Jenkins, Enthony, The Theatre Of Tom Stoppard,<br />

Cambridge University Press, 1990.<br />

21. hanteri 2000 Hunter, Jim, A Faber and Faber Critical Guide, Tom<br />

Stoppard, Faber and Faber 2000.<br />

22. holdeni 2007 Holden, Martin, L. A Director’s Approach to Tom<br />

Stoppard’s “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”, B. S. M. S. 2007.<br />

137

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<strong>da</strong>mxmareLliteratura postmodernizmze<br />

23. bodriari 1994 Baudrillard, Jean, Simulacra and Simulation, Translated by<br />

Jean Baudrillard and Shelia Faria Glaser, University of Michigan 1994.<br />

24. bodriari 1989 Baudrillard, Jean, America, Verso 1989.<br />

25. bodriari 2001 Baudrillard, Jean, Selected Writings, Edited and<br />

introduced by Mark Poster, Stanford University Press 2001.<br />

26. bertensi 2005 Bartens, Hans, THE IDEA OF THE POSTMODERN, A<br />

History, Routledge, London and New York 2005.<br />

27. gricanovi, moJeiko 2001 Dictionary of Postmodernism, Minsk, 2001.<br />

28. deliozi 2002 Deleuze, Gilles, Desert Islands and other texts 1953-1974,<br />

Edited by David Lapoujade, Translated by Michael Taormia, Semiotext(e) Foreighn<br />

Agents Series 2002.<br />

29. eko 1998 Eco, Umberto, Faith in Fakes Travel to Hyperreality,<br />

Vintage 1998.<br />

30. epignanesi 1995 Appignanesi, Richard and Garret, Chris Introducing<br />

Postmodernism, Icon Books Uk 1995.<br />

31. inesi 2008: Enas, Theresa, and Miller, Keith D, Beyond Postprocess<br />

and postmodernism, Essays on the Spaciousness of Rhetoric, Taylor & Frances<br />

e.Library, 2008.<br />

32. konori 2004 Connor, Steve, (editor), The Cambridge Companion to<br />

Postmodernism, Cambridge University Press, 2004.<br />

33. liotardi 1979 Lyotard, Jean-Francois, Condition: A report on<br />

Knowledge, Translated by Gepff Bennington and Brian Massumi, foreword by Fredric<br />

Jameson, Theory and History of Literature, Volume 10, Manchester University Press<br />

1979.<br />

34. marfi 2008 Murphy, Michael Patrick, A Theology of Criticism,<br />

Balthasar, Postmodernism, and the Catholic imagination, Oxford University Press<br />

2008.<br />

35. mesoni 2007 Mason, Fran, (editor) Historical Dictionary of<br />

Postmodernist Literature and Theater, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2007.<br />

138

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36. nikoli 2002 Nicol, Bran, (editor), Postmodernism and the Contemporary<br />

Novel, Edinburgh University Press, 2002.<br />

37. JiJeki 2009 Zizek, Slavoj, First as Tragedy, then as Farce, Verso<br />

2009.<br />

38. JiJeki 1991 Zizek, Slavoj, Looking Awry, An introduction to Jucques<br />

Lacan through popular Culture, An OCTOMBER Books 1991.<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 1<br />

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(nawyveti k/filmi<strong>da</strong>n „kaciRamura“)<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 2<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 3<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 4<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 5<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 6<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 7<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 8<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 9<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 10<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 11<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 12<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 13<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 14<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 15<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 16<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 17<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 18<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 19<br />

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<strong>da</strong>narTi 20<br />

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