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nana kunWulia<br />
maia mexaSiSvili<br />
<strong>xelovneba</strong> X<br />
moswavlis wigni
afael santi<br />
13 saocari xilva<br />
`Cven win ferweruli tiloa... gamosaxulebebi garkveul sivrceSia da, miuxedavad<br />
amisa, yvelaferi TiTqos usasrulo da usazRvroa... farda gaixsna da adamianebs<br />
zeciuri saidumlo gamoecxada. . . RvTismSobeli ar moZraobs, magram, rac<br />
ufro didxans uyureb, is TiTqos sul ufro da ufro giaxlovdeba~. _ ase werda<br />
XIXs-s rusi poeti v. Jukovski rafaelis `siqstis madonaze~.<br />
marTlac es suraTi rafaelis yvelaze cnobili namuSevaria. am nawarmoebs bevri<br />
mnaxveli aRufrTovanebia. igi msoflio kulturis erT-erT did RirsSesaniSnaobadaa<br />
miCneuli. XVIII-XIX ss-ebSi ganaTlebuli adamianebi germaniis qalaq drezdenis muzeumSi<br />
am Sedevris monaxulebas Tavis movaleobad Tvlidnen.<br />
rafael santi `siqstis madona~<br />
32<br />
suraTis Seqmnis istoria:<br />
rafaelis es namuSevari cnobilia<br />
imiTac, rom masSi xelovnebis istoriaSi<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze rekorduli Tanxa iqna<br />
gadaxdili. 1754 wels saqsoniis mefem<br />
frederik avgust III-m `siqstis madona~<br />
SeiZina italiis qalaq piaCenicaSi mdebare<br />
san siqstes eklesiidan. swored am eklesiidan<br />
warmoiSva suraTis axali saxelwodeba.<br />
manamde mas erqva `madona yrmiT wm. siqstesTan<br />
da wm. barbaresTan erTad~. TviT<br />
piaCenicas eklesiisTvis es suraTi Tavis<br />
droze, frangebze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad,<br />
saCuqrad pap iulius II-s gadaucia.<br />
zeciuri wmindanebi:<br />
`siqstis madona~ rafaelis erTader-<br />
Ti namuSevaria, romelzec madona mTeli<br />
simaRliTaa gamosaxuli. mis orive mxares<br />
daxatuli arian III s-Si moRvawe wm. barbare<br />
da romis erT-erTi pirveli episkoposi<br />
wm. siqste. suraTis qveda nawilSi<br />
ori angelozis gverdiT papis tiara devs.<br />
savaraudod igi iulius II-s unda ekuTvnodes,<br />
imis aRsaniSnavad, rom swored am<br />
papma daukveTa rafaels es namuSevari.<br />
idumali detalebi:<br />
suraTi TiTqos raRac saidumlos inaxavs. ratom daxata mxatvarma<br />
gadaweuli fardebi an ra aris gamosaxuli wm. barbares ukan? daakvirdi<br />
Rrublebs da wm. siqstis marjvena mtevans. ra aris maTSi ucnauri?
mxatvruli analizi<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ra principiTaa figurebi ganawilebuli? rogor ganwyobas<br />
uqmnis mayurebels aseTi kompoziciuri ageba?<br />
kargad daakvirdi RvTismSoblisa da yrmis saxeebs.<br />
rogor daaxasiaTeb maT? Seni azriT, ras gamoxatavs<br />
maTi mzera?<br />
rogoraa RvTismSobeli da yrma warmoCenili<br />
suraTSi Seqmnili xazobrivi sistemiT?<br />
ferebis meSveobiT rafaeli simSvidis da<br />
harmoniis ganwyobas qmnis. daasaxele sami<br />
feri (an maTi tonaloba), romelic samive<br />
figuraSia gamoyenebuli.<br />
rogor fiqrob, mayureblisaken gawvdili xeliT<br />
ris Tqma surs wm. siqstis?<br />
33
afael santi `raindis xilva~<br />
34<br />
mniSvnelovani arCevani:<br />
`raindis xilva~ rafaelis erT-erTi<br />
adreuli namuSevaria. suraTi pataraa<br />
_ mxolod 17sm-is sigrZisa. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, mxatvari Seecada, am namuSevriT<br />
mniSvnelovani azri gamoexata. suraTis<br />
centrSi gamosaxulia CaZinebuli raindi,<br />
xolo mis orive mxares _ qalebis figurebi.<br />
raindi jer sruliad axalgazrdaa.<br />
qalebis figurebi alegoriulad gamoxatavs<br />
im cxovrebiseul gzebs, romlebic<br />
axalgazrdas SeuZlia airCios.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
qalebis tanisamosisa da im atributebis mixedviT, romelic maT xelSi uWiravT,<br />
imsjele imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra cxovrebiseul gzas gamoxatavs TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
wigniani da xmliani qalis ukan gza da mTaze aRmarTuli cixe-simagrea gamosaxuli,<br />
xolo yvaviliani qalis ukan _ mdinare, xidi da nislSi Cakarguli mTebi. ras<br />
unda gamoxatavdes aseTi peizaJi? Sen rogor axsnas mouZebnidi?<br />
dafiqrdi da upasuxe<br />
kidev erTxel daaTvaliere leonardo davinCis da rafaelis namuSevrebi. am namu-<br />
Sevrebze dayrdnobiT gaanalize rogori niSnebi axasiaTebs aRorZinebis <strong>xelovneba</strong>s.<br />
pasuxi cariel CarCoSi Cawere.<br />
gaxdi mkvlevari:<br />
rodis gadavida rafaeli sacxovreblad romSi? romeli namu-<br />
Sevris Seqmnis Semdeg gaiTqva man saxeli? ratom amjobinebdnen SemkveTebi,<br />
saqmiani urTierToba hqonodaT rafaelTan da ara leonardosTan<br />
an miqelanjelosTan?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad moiZie cnobebi rafaelis biografiisa<br />
da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.<br />
rafaelis avtoportreti
18<br />
ticiani avtoportreti<br />
masala: akvarelis<br />
saRebavi<br />
44<br />
feriT metyveleba<br />
cnobilia, rom ticiani Tavis sasaxleSi xSirad awyobda<br />
wveulebebs. mxatvarTan imdroindeli veneciis gamoCenili adamianebi<br />
ikribebodnen. ticianis erT-erTi Tanamedrove mxatvris<br />
sasaxleSi gatarebul saRamos ase aRwers: `dros WeSmarit silamazesa<br />
da baRis mSvenierebaze saubarSi vatarebdiT. baRi veneciis<br />
gareubanSi zRvas gadahyurebda. im adgilidan muranos kunZulebi<br />
da sxva ulamazesi adgilebi moCanda. mze Cavida Tu ara, zRvis<br />
es nawili gondolebiT aivso. gondolebSi lamazi qalebi isxdnen<br />
da iqidan momajadoebeli musikisa da simReris xma ismoda.~<br />
amis wakiTxvisas marTlac mSvenieri scena warmogvidgeba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom mxatvari da misi stumrebi<br />
baRis silamaziT tkbebodnen. ticiani bunebis ferTa mravalferovnebas<br />
didxans akvirdeboda. es imiTac gamovlinda, rom igi<br />
ubadlo koloristi* iyo. feris meSveobiT ticiani samyaros<br />
mravalferovnebas da garkveul ganwyobasac gamoxatavda.<br />
ilustraciaze kidev ar aris miTiTebuli<br />
wiTeli feris yvela is tonaloba, romelic ticianma<br />
am namuSevarSi gamoiyena.<br />
erTi feris sxvadasxva tonalobiT SeiZleba formis<br />
Seqmna, areklili sinaTlisa da Cabnelebuli nawilebis<br />
gamoxatva. Seecade, aq mocemuli naxatebis mixedviT akvareliT<br />
daxato amdagvari naturmorti.
cisfer burusSi gaxveuli qalaqi<br />
adriatikis dedofali _ ase moixseniebdnen venecias,<br />
romlis brwyinvale taZrebiT, palacoebiT* da moednebiT<br />
erT dros jorjone, ticiani da sxva didi Semoqmedni tkbebodnen.<br />
venecia msoflios arc erT qalaqs ar hgavs. rogorc<br />
erTi <strong>xelovneba</strong>Tmcodne werda, `es aris sinaTlis, musikisa<br />
da ferebis mTeli samyaro, romelic notio haeris cisfer burusSia<br />
gaxveuli. es aris didi xelovnebis samyaro.~<br />
adriatikis dedofali 19<br />
venecia 118 patara kunZulzea ganlagebuli. qalaqi<br />
mTlianad daserilia wylis arxebiT, romlebzec ulamazesi<br />
xidebia gadebuli. jer kidev XV-XVI ss-ebSi veneciaSi<br />
Senobebi erTmaneTis mijriT iyo aSenebuli. viwro quCebs<br />
patara moednebi enacvleba, magram sabolood yvela quCa<br />
san markos ulamazes moedanze gadis. iqiT midis mTavari<br />
wylis gzac _ didi arxi, romelic qalaqs or nawilad<br />
yofs. didi arxis orive napirze moCans didebuli palacoebis<br />
fasadebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli simsubuqiTa<br />
da aJurulobiT gamoirCeva. isini wyalSi irekleba da amitom iqmneba STabeWdileba,<br />
rom am qalaqSi araferi ar aris myari da uZravi. palacoebis kibeebi pirdapir wyalTan<br />
Cadis da maTTan misvla mxolod gondolebiT SeiZleba.<br />
filipo bruneleski `palaco piti~ XV s. florencia<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ilustraciebze mocemuli palacoebidan<br />
erTi florenciaSia, meore _ veneciaSi. Seadare<br />
erTmaneTs es ori nageboba. ra gansxvavebaa<br />
maT Soris? SegiZlia axsna, rogor gansazRvra<br />
veneciis uCveulo garemom doJebis sasaxlis<br />
arqiteqturuli formebis xasiaTi?<br />
palaco<br />
italiuri sityva `palaco~ sasaxles<br />
niSnavs. palacos arqiteqturuli tipi<br />
florenciaSi aRorZinebis epoqaSi warmoiSva.<br />
esaa samsarTuliani Senoba, romlis<br />
fasadzec fanjrebia gaWrili. palacoebis<br />
ukana mxares, RiaTaRebiani galereiT Sida<br />
ezoa Semofargluli. palacoebSi yvelaze<br />
naTlad gamoixata aRorZinebis epoqis<br />
xuroTmoZRvrebis mTavari idea _ arqiteqtura<br />
adamianisaTvis. es Senobebi adamianis<br />
moTxovnebze iyo gaTvlili.<br />
venecia<br />
filipo kolendario `doJebis sasaxle~ XIV-XV ss. venecia<br />
45
san markos taZari XI-XV ss. venecia<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
florenciaSi santa maria del fiores taZari<br />
aRorZinebis xanis erT-erTi mniSvnelovaniarqiteqturuli<br />
nimuSia. Seadare igi veneciis san markos<br />
taZars da Seecade pasuxi gasce Semdeg kiTxvas:<br />
romel maTganSi igrZnoba adamianisaTvis RvTiT bo-<br />
Zebuli gonisa da energiis gamovlena da romelSi<br />
sulieri, araamqveyniuri samyaro. ratom Segeqmna<br />
aseTi STabeWdileba, daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.<br />
46<br />
antikuri gamoZaxili:<br />
renesansis epoqaSi moxda antikuri idealebisa<br />
da xelovnebis kvlav gaazreba. aman, ra Tqma unda,<br />
rogorc mxatvrobaSi, aseve qandakebasa da arqiteqturaSi<br />
mxatvruli formebis xasiaTzec imoqmeda.<br />
didebuli gumbaTebi:<br />
veneciis san markos taZarSi wm. markoz<br />
maxareblis wminda nawilebia daculi. es<br />
taZari qalaqis yvelaze did siwminded da,<br />
amave dros, yvelaze did mSvenebadaa miCneuli.<br />
igi XIs-Sia agebuli, Tumca misi fasadebis<br />
morTva XVs-Si dasrulda.<br />
filipo brunelseki `santa-maria del fiore~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
daakvirdi ilustraciebze mocemul nagebobebs.<br />
aRmoaCine antikuri mxatvruli elementebi<br />
aRorZinebis epoqis arqiteqturul nimuSSi.<br />
wminda petres taZari XV-XVI ss. romi<br />
dafiqrdi da upasuxe:<br />
romis panTeoni II s.<br />
daaxasiaTe aRorZnebis epoqis arqiteqtura. Seni azriT, ra iyo ZiriTadi siaxle am<br />
periodis arqiteqturaSi? pasuxi cariel CarCoSi Cawere
Suq-Crdilis jadoqari 28<br />
`gasaocar suraTebs xatavs romSi miqelanjelo karavajodan.~ _ ase wers holandieli<br />
karl van mandera Tavis naSromSi `wigni mxatvrebze~ italiel Semoqmedis, miqelanjelo<br />
merizi da karavajos Sesaxeb<br />
mainc ra iyo gasaocari karavajos suraTebSi? ratom gamoiwvia XVI s-is bolosa da XVII<br />
s-is dasawyisSi mxatvris namuSevrebma Tavisi Tanamedroveebis aseTi didi interesi?<br />
karavajos namuSevrebma evropas amcnes, rom aRorZinebis epoqa damTavrda da mxatvrobis<br />
istoriaSi realobis axali aRqma, axali mxatvruli xedva daiwyo.<br />
karavajo, `vaxSami emausSi~<br />
religiuri siuJeti:<br />
karavajos am suraTze saxarebis is siuJetia asaxuli, rodesac mkvdreTiT aRmdgari<br />
qriste emausSi mimaval mociqulebs gamoecxada. mociqulebma Tavidan igi ver icnes da<br />
igi mxolod qalaq emausSi Seicnes, vaxSmobis dros, rodesac qristem puri akurTxa. mxatvarma<br />
suraTze swored am saswauliT gamowveuli mociqulebis gancdebi gamosaxa.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
rogor ganwyobas giqmnis es namuSevari, rogoria figuraTa Jestebi da rakursebi*?<br />
daakvirdi formebi mkveTri Suq_Crdils meSveobiTaa gamosaxuli. sagnebidan dacemuli<br />
Crdili bevrad ufro muqia vidre aRorZinebis epoqis namuSevrebSi. rogor<br />
efeqts qmnis aseTi kontrastuli Suq_Crdilis gamosaxva?<br />
daakvirdi erT-erTi mociqulis zurgs da meore mociqulis gamowvdil xels. figurebi<br />
TiTqos suraTis sibrtyes arRveven da realur sivrceSi gadmodian. rogor<br />
fiqrob, aseTi mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebam ra Secvala mayureblis mier suraTis<br />
tradiciul aRqmaSi?<br />
namuSevarSi yoveli detali saocari realisturobiTaa gamosaxuli: vaSlis kanis dazianebuli<br />
adgilebi, kalaTis yoveli wnuli, yurZnis mwife marcvlebi da a.S. Seni<br />
azriT, rogori gancda euflba mayurebels ase naturalisturad daxatuli gamosaxulebebis<br />
xilvisas?<br />
rogor fiqrob, aRorZinebis epoqis suraTebTan SedarebiT, ra axali mxatvruli niSnebia<br />
karavajos am namuSevarSi?<br />
XVII-XVIII sauukuneebis <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
67
68<br />
Cveulebrivi adamianebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi:<br />
daakvirdi am namuSevarSi gamosaxul figurebs. karavajo TiTqos aujanyda aRorZinebis<br />
epoqis nawarmoebebis adamianebis amaRlebul mxatvrul saxeebs. misi suraTebis gmirebi<br />
im periodis italiaSi mcxovrebi ubralo adamianebi arian. rom ar icode am suraTis<br />
siuJeti, es Cveulebrivi meTevzeebis an glexebis vaxSmobis scena gegoneboda. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, namuSevarSi garkveuli detalebiT siuJetis religiur mxareze xdeba miniSneba.<br />
karavajo, `mociquli maTes mowodeba~<br />
qriste karavajom uwverod daxata. mxatvars amiT albaT imis miniSneba<br />
surda, rom, markozis saxarebis mixedviT, qriste Tavis mowafeebs saxecvlili<br />
gamoecxada.<br />
qristes TavTan Crdils Saravandedis forma aqvs.<br />
TeTr sufraze xiliani kalaTidan Tevzis formis Crdilia<br />
dacemuli. qristianul mxatvrobaSi Tevzi qristes simbolod<br />
iyo miCneuli.<br />
kalaTaSi sxva xilTan erTad broweuli _ aRdgomis simboloa<br />
gamosaxuli.<br />
1602 wels karavajos imave kapelisaTvis kidev<br />
erTi suraTi daukveTes. masze mxatvarma gamosaxa<br />
angelozi, romelic wminda maTes saxarebis daweras<br />
STaagonebs. eklesiam es suraTi maTes `uRirsad~<br />
gamosaxvis gamo daiwuna. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti<br />
wm. maTes mayureblisaken gaSveril SiSvel fexebze<br />
keTdeboda. suraTi karavajos erT-erTma mfarvelma<br />
iyida. mogvianebiT igi germaniaSi moxvda, sadac<br />
II msoflio omis dros ganadgurda.<br />
karavajo, `wminda maTe da angelozi<br />
puri da Rvino ziarebis simboloa<br />
pirveli didi SekveTa:<br />
1599 wels karavajom Tavisi pirveli didi<br />
SekveTa miiRo. mas romSi san luiji dei franCeskas<br />
eklesiis kontarelis kapelisaTvis ori suraTi<br />
unda daexata. orive namuSevarSi maTe mociqulis<br />
cxovrebis scenebi unda yofiliyo asaxuli.<br />
es kapelisaTvis daxatuli erT-erTi suraTia.<br />
masze qristes mier maTe mociqulis mowodebis<br />
scenaa asaxuli.
es namuSevari karavajom dawunebuli suraTis nacvlad daxata.<br />
igi dRemde kontarelis kapelaSia daculi.<br />
axali stilis fuZemdebeli:<br />
`karavajom mxatvroba axal doneze aiyvana”. _ ase wers mxatvris<br />
Sesaxeb misi biografi jovani belori. marTlac, xelovnebis<br />
istoriaSi karavajom Zalze mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. igi<br />
barokos stilis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. am stilis namuSevrebi<br />
dinamikuri kompoziciebiTa da mZafri gancdebis gamosaxviT xasiaTdeba.<br />
es naTlad Cans karavajos suraTSi `wminda maTes wameba~.<br />
swored es iyo is meore suraTi, romelic karavajom kontarelis<br />
kapelisaTvis daxata 1599 wels.<br />
karavajo, `wminda maTes wameba~<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
am namuSevarSi mZafri gancdebi, Relva da daZabuloba<br />
igrZnoba. Seni azriT, rogori mxatvruli xerxebiT<br />
qmnis aseT ganwyobas mxatvari?<br />
rogoria kompoziciuri ageba?<br />
rogoria figuraTa moZraobebi da Jestebi?<br />
rogoria ganaTeba, Suq-Crdili?<br />
suraTis ukana xedze karavajom Tavisi<br />
Tavi gamosaxa.<br />
mrgvali formis pirisaxis mqone axalgazrda<br />
kaci bumbulebiani qudiT karavajom<br />
`wm. maTes mowodebaSic~ daxata. igive axalgazrdaa<br />
gamosaxuli suraTSi `mkiTxavi~.<br />
sainteresoa, vin iyo es kaci da ratom<br />
xatavda karavajo mas ase xSirad?<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
karavajo mxatvrul stils, barokos, Cauyara safuZveli. cxrilSi Cawere is niSnebi<br />
romlebic am stilis mxatvrobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli<br />
kompozicia (simetriulad gawonasworebuli,<br />
dinamikuri)<br />
mxatvruli forma (moculobiTi, sibrtyobrivi)<br />
SuqCrdili (rbili, kontrastuli<br />
ferebi (kontrastuli, erTiani gama)<br />
mxatvruli STabeWdileba (mSvidi, daZabuli)<br />
karavajo, `wminda maTe da sngelozi~<br />
karavajo, `mkiTxavi~<br />
69
XVII s-is saqarTvelo 38<br />
XVII s-Si saqarTvelo samTavroebad da samefoebad iyo danawevrebuli. iranelebisa da<br />
osmalebis TareSisa da maTTan brZolis rTuli dro idga. Sah-abas I-is Semosevebis Sedegad<br />
kaxeTi saSinlad aoxrda. iraneli istorikosi isqander munSi werda: `qveyana, romelic<br />
yoveldRe uricxv sargebelsa da Semosavals iZleoda, daingra da miwasTan gasworda.~<br />
am dros saqarTveloSi giorgi saakaZe, Teimuraz I, qeTevan wamebuli, Tevdore mRvdeli<br />
da sxva samSoblosa Tu qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebuli adamianebi iRvwodnen. qarTveli<br />
Tu ucxoeli istorikosebi aRwerdnen mefeebisa da didgvarovnebis moRvaweobas, saxelganTqmul<br />
brZolebs...<br />
sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyurebodnen es istoriuli pirebi an rogor cxovrobda<br />
ubralo qarTveli xalxi, rogori iyo im periodis saqarTvelo? amis Sesaxeb SeiZleba<br />
Zalze saintereso masala vixiloT italieli kaTolike misioneris<br />
don kristoforo de kastelis mier Seqmnil albomSi. kastelis<br />
albomi SesaniSnavi dokumenturi wyaro aRmoCnda XVII s-s<br />
qarTuli kulturisa da yofis Sesaswavlad. misi Canaxatebis mTavari<br />
Rirseba is aris, rom isini bevr iseT informacias Seicavs,<br />
rac sxva wyaroebiT cnobili ar aris.<br />
kasteli 1627 wels Camovida saqarTveloSi da aq 26 weli<br />
gaatara. Tavisi moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi igi Tavis albomSi<br />
Canaxatebsa da warwerebs akeTebda. kasteli werda: `Tvalis<br />
erTi SevlebiT yvelafris danaxva SeiZleba, maSin rodesac daweras<br />
meti dro dasWirdeba~.<br />
gurielis saxli da misionerTa karmidamo<br />
daakvirdi daupasuxe:<br />
rogor daaxasiaTeb XVII s-s saero arqiteqturas<br />
kastelis Canaxatebis mixedviT?<br />
kastelis avtoportreti<br />
kastelis albomSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxis Canaxatebi im periodis saero arqiteqturaze<br />
gviqmnis warmodgenas.<br />
samegrelos mTavris levan dadianis sasaxle<br />
87
88<br />
kasteli saqarTvelos taZrebis Canaxatebs<br />
akeTebda.<br />
xobis saepiskoposo eklesia iloris taZari<br />
XVII s-Si saqarTveloSi didi masStabiT ara, magram mainc grZeldeboda taZrebis<br />
mSenebloba. am periodSi agebuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />
ananuris kompleqsi, mWadijvris eklesia da anCisxatis samreklo.<br />
anCisxatis samreklo<br />
es ananuris kompleqsis mTavari<br />
taZaria. igi barZim msajulTuxucesis<br />
TaosnobiT augiaT.<br />
mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneli vinme<br />
qaixosro baRsaraSvili yofila.<br />
ananuri<br />
mWadijvari
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara raime mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
ananurisa da wina saukuneebSi agebuli taZrebis arqiteqturas<br />
Soris? daakvirdi ananuris taZris samxreT fasadis<br />
reliefebs. rogor daaxasiaTeb mas rogorc mxatvruli,<br />
ise simboluri TvalsazrisiT?<br />
ananuri, samxreT fasadis reliefi<br />
kastelis am Canaxats aseTi minaweri<br />
aqvs: `es eklesia guriis provinciis<br />
erT mTaze dgas. igi morTulia<br />
umSvenieresi vercxlis xatebiT, romlebic<br />
Zalian kargi xeliTaa moxatuli<br />
marTlmadideblebis mier.~<br />
rogorc Cans, kastelim am taZarSi qarTuli oqromWedlobis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi ixila.<br />
xelovnebis es dargi XVII s-is saqarTveloSi kvlav agrZelebda arsebobas. ilustraciebze<br />
mocemuli nimuSebi swored am periodSia Seqmnili.<br />
RvTismSoblis xati (caiSi) RvTismSoblis xati (caiSi)<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
daakvirdi ilustraciebze warmodgenil Weduri xelovnebis nimuSebs. ra aris maTSi<br />
tradiciuli mxatvruli formis TvalsazrisiT? SeimCneva Tu ara maTze wina saukuneebTan<br />
SedarebiT raime axali mxatvruli tendenciebi?<br />
89
iberia-kolxeTis samefoebSi ganTqmuli poeti<br />
sulxan avTandilaSvili<br />
90<br />
poeti vominija beriZe.<br />
am Canaxats aseTi minaweri aqvs: `guriis<br />
keTilSobili Tavadis meuRle poeti vominija<br />
beriZe, didad niWieri da sxvadasxva saTnoebiT<br />
saxelganTqmuli”.<br />
am qalbatonis Sesaxeb kasteli wers: `rodia<br />
miqelaZe niWieri, uaRresi saTnoebiTa da patiosnebiT<br />
Semkuli mxatvari qalia.~<br />
miuxedavad rTuli viTarebisa, saqarTveloSi<br />
mainc qmnidnen xelovnebis nimuSebs, werdnen leqsebs,<br />
Targmnidnen literaturul nawarmoebebs.<br />
kastelis albomSi im periodis SemoqmedTa portretebicaa<br />
Semonaxuli.<br />
Cangze damkvreli<br />
kasteli xSirad wers qarTveli qalis silamazisa da<br />
sxva Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. man im 150 qalis portreti Seqmna,<br />
romlebsac TviTon icnobda da Sexvedria. zogierTi<br />
maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas eweoda.<br />
mxatvari rodia miqelaZe
kastelis aseTi Canaxatebi aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom<br />
XVII s-Si qarTvelebSi SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili eWira. swored am dros Seiqmna vefxistyaosnis Zalze<br />
saintereso miniaturebi.<br />
mamuka TavaqalaSvili. vefxistyaosani<br />
vefxistyaosnis es miniaturebi mamuka TavaqalaSvilis<br />
(TavaqaraSvili) mieraa daxatuli. igi imereTis mefis,<br />
giorgi III-is mdivani iyo. mamuka tyved Cavardnia levan II dadians<br />
da odiSis mTavris karze gaugrZelebia moRvaweoba.<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
daakvirdi aq mocemul ilustraciebs. romeli kulturis<br />
gavlena igrZnoba aq?. raSi xedav am gavlenas? imsjele<br />
am sakiTxze.<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
gaeci pasuxebi cxrilSi mocemul kiTxvebs, pasuxebi<br />
cariel grafebSi Cawere. cxrilSi miRebuli pasuxebiT<br />
da am gakveTilSi warmodgenili masalis mixedviT daaxasiaTe<br />
XVII s-s qarTuli <strong>xelovneba</strong>.<br />
iyo Tu ara tradiciuli qarTuli <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
damkvidrda Tu ara axleburi xedva adamianze<br />
da samyaroze<br />
kulturuli gavlenebi iyo evropuli Tu<br />
aRmosavluri<br />
Seiqmna Tu ara mniSvnelovani mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebebi<br />
qarTveli mxatvari qali<br />
mamuka TavaqalaSvili. vefxistyaosani<br />
91
41<br />
XVIII - XIX saukuneebis <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
100<br />
XVIII s-s franguli mxatvroba<br />
rokokoze ufro meti:<br />
erTi <strong>xelovneba</strong>Tmcodne aRniSnavda: `XVIII s-is safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg<br />
rokokos stilis suraTebi aRaravis ainteresebda~. es arc aris gasakviri _ revolucias<br />
maRali idealebi sWirdeboda, rokokos stilis namuSevrebSi ki aristokratiis<br />
garTobisa da sasiyvarulo Sexvedrebis scenebi iyo asaxuli. am stilis suraTebSi lamaz<br />
yvavilebian baRSi, JaboebiT, maqmanebiT, sxva mravali detaliT morTul samosSi<br />
gamowyobili adamianebi Tvals atkboben, magram rame mniSvnelovan gancdas ar aRZraven.<br />
gasagebi iyo rokokos mxatvruli miznebi da arc xelovnebis moyvarulebi elodnen sxva<br />
rames am stilis nawarmoebebisgan. magram frangma mxatvarma, Jan antuan vatom saocri<br />
ram SeZlo. man rokokosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli galanturi scenebi da mxatvruli formebi<br />
gamoiyena da Tan Tavis suraTebSi filosofiuri ideebic gamosaxa.<br />
galanturi mxatvrobis ostati:<br />
1717 wlis 28 agvistos parizSi Jan antuan vatom samxatvro da qandakebis samefo<br />
akademiis wevrebs warudgina Tavisi suraTi ` msvleloba kunZul kiferaze~. mas vato 5<br />
wels xatavda. swored am suraTze iyo damokidebuli, miiRebdnen Tu ara mxatvars akademiis<br />
namdvil wevrad. namuSevarma mowoneba da Tan erTgvari gakvirvebac gamoiwvia.<br />
vato, rogorc `galanturi mxatvrobis ostati~, akademiis wevri gaxda.<br />
siyvarulis kunZuli:<br />
`kiferaSi~ kunZuli kviprosi igulisxmeba.<br />
miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
es kunZuli siyvarulis qalRmerT afrodites<br />
samSoblod iTvleba da amitom<br />
XVIII s-is frangebisTvisac igi siyvarulis<br />
alegoriul adgilad iyo miCneuli.<br />
suraTze asaxulia Seyvarebuli wyvilebi,<br />
romlebic ulamazesi mTiani peizaJis<br />
fonze toveben jadosnur kunZuls da<br />
oqrosferi navisken miemarTebian.<br />
Jan antuan vato `kunZul kiferaze msvleloba~<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
caSi mofarfate amurebi, yvavilebSi Cafluli<br />
qandakebebi, Zvirfasi qsovilis samosSi gamowyobili Seyvarebuli<br />
wyvilebi _ aseTi detalebi rokokos stilis<br />
namuSevrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, am suraTSi gamosaxulia<br />
erTgvari sevda, imis gamo, rom bednieri wuTebi warmavalia.<br />
eTanxmebi am azrs? rogor ganwyobas giqmnis es<br />
namuSevari?<br />
suraTSi figuraTa wyvilebi isea ganlagebuli, rom<br />
isini erTgvar jaWvs qmnis. rogor fiqrob ris gadmocema<br />
surda mxatvars figuraTa aseTi kompoziciuri<br />
ganlagebiT?<br />
aRwere namuSevarSi asaxuli peizaJi. ra emocias aRgiZravs<br />
igi?<br />
CamoTvale detalebi, romlebiTac suraTSi zRapruli,<br />
idumali ganwyobaa Seqmnili.
Teatri Tu cxovreba?<br />
am suraTs `siyvaruli frangul<br />
TeatrSi~ an `franguli komedia~ hqvia.<br />
cnobilia, rom vato Tavis suraTebs<br />
arasodes arqmevda saxelebs. amas misi<br />
megobrebi da damkveTebi akeTebdnen.<br />
magram, rogorc ar unda erqvas<br />
am suraTs, masze aSkarad gamosaxulia<br />
msaxiobebi, romlebic speqtakls<br />
mayureblis winaSe TamaSoben.<br />
suraTis wina planze msaxiobebisa<br />
da mayureblis erTmaneTisagan gar-<br />
Ceva gansakuTrebiT Znelia. Tumca<br />
msaxiobebisa da mayureblebis, realuri<br />
cxovrebisa da Teatraluri<br />
warmodgenis erTmaneTSi areva vatos<br />
Cveuli meTodi iyo. mxatvari Tavis<br />
suraTebSi xSirad gamosaxavda kome-<br />
Jan antuan vato `siyvaruli frangul TeatrSi~<br />
dia del artes* personaJebs: pieros, arlekinsa da kolombinas. swored amgvarad svamda vato<br />
filosofiur kiTxvas: cxovrebaa TamaSi, Tu TamaSia namdvili cxovreba.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
yuradRebiT daaTvaliere es suraTi da gaeci pasuxebi Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />
Seni azriT, romeli figurebi gamoxataven msaxiobebs da romeli _ mayureblebs?<br />
ipove namuSevarSi detalebi, romlebic rokokos stilis mxatvrobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
Seni azriT, rogor ganwyobas qmnis es suraTi da riTaa es ganwyoba Seqmnili.<br />
isev antikuri xelovnebisken:<br />
XVIII s. iwureboda. safrangeTSi revoluciuri<br />
ganwyoba sufevda. moazrovneebi Semoqmedebs antikuri<br />
xanis gmiruli siuJetebis asaxvisaken mouwodebdnen.<br />
es siuJetebi erTgvari mimarTva unda<br />
gamxdariyo im drois frangebisaTvis. isev win wamoiwia<br />
dainteresebam antikuri xelovnebiT da ara<br />
marto xelovnebiT. im drois parizis monaxulebis<br />
Semdeg erT-erTi mogzauri werda: `mTeli parizi saberZneTobanas<br />
TamaSobs, qalebic ki berZnuli stilis<br />
varcxnilobas ikeTeben.~ antikuri kulturiT gatacebam<br />
safuZveli daudo mxatvrul mimdinareoba<br />
neoklasicizms, romlis erT-erTi warmomadgenelia<br />
Jak lui davidi. davids rokokosa da romantizmis<br />
stilis namuSevrebica aqvs, magram yvelaze cnobili<br />
mainc misi neoklasicisturi* suraTebi gaxda.<br />
Jak lui davidi, `maratis sikvdili~<br />
101
102<br />
mkvlelobis adgilas:<br />
`xalxma kvlav momiwoda... david, aiRe funji, Suri iZie Cveni maratisaTvis... me xalxis xma<br />
Camesma da misi neba Sevasrule.~ _ am sityvebiT warudgina konvents* Jak lui davidma Tavisi<br />
suraTi “maratis sikvdili”. marati safrangeTis revoluciis erT-erTi gamoCenili lideri<br />
iyo. robespierTan erTad igi sisxliani teroris momxred moiazreboda. marati axalgazrda<br />
qalis, Sarlota kordes mier daniT miyenebuli WrilobiT gardaicvala. maratis sikvdilis<br />
ambavi elviseburi siswrafiT moedo parizs. davidi, rogorc revoluciis mgznebare<br />
momxre, maleve gaCnda maratis saxlSi. marati, swored iq, abazanis miRebis dros mokles.<br />
ramdenime saaTSi davidi funjiT da sanTliT xelSi gardacvlils xatavda.<br />
gardacvlis xelSi uWiravs werili, romelic marats misma mkvlelma,<br />
Sarlota kordem gadasca.<br />
marats kanis qronikuli daavadeba tanjavda, amitomac igi didxans<br />
ijda xolme abazanaSi da Tavze svel pirsaxocs ixvevda.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
arsebobs azri, rom davids arc adre da arc amis Semdeg aseTi<br />
maRali mxatvruli donis namuSevari ar Seuqmnia.<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
Seni azriT, riTaa xazgasmuli suraTze momxdari faqtis mniSvnelovneba? rogoria<br />
figuris poza, ferTa gama, ganaTeba da foni?<br />
dawunebuli suraTi:<br />
es portreti davids im drois parizis erTerTma<br />
cnobilma lamazma aristokratma qalbatonma,<br />
Jiuli rekamiem daukveTa. rodesac rekamiem<br />
namuSevari naxa, igi aRSfoTa, im faqtma, rom mxatvarma<br />
mas Savi Tmis nacvlad, wablisferi dauxata.<br />
davidma es erTiani feradovani gamis Sesaqmnelad<br />
gadaakeTa. man rekamies uTxra: `qalebs Tavisi axirebebi<br />
aqvT, mxatvrebs _ Tavisi.~ damkveTma qalbatonma<br />
am suraTze uari ganacxada.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
es neoklasicistur stilis namuSevaria. aR-<br />
Jak lui davidi, `qalbaton rekamias portreti~<br />
moaCine detalebi, romlebic antikuri xelovnebis<br />
gavlenaze mianiSnebs.<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
cxrilSi Cawere is mxatvruli niSnebi romlebic, Seni azriT, rokokosa da neoklasicistur<br />
stils axasiaTebs<br />
rokoko neoklasicizmi<br />
gaxdi mkvlevari:<br />
rogori xasiaTi hqonda Jan antuan vatos? rogor iyo Jak lui davidis politikuri<br />
simpaTiebi? moiZie cnobebi am mxatvrebis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
47 axali epoqis SegrZneba<br />
ferisa da ganaTebis simfonia:<br />
inglisel SemoqmedTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso mxatvari, jozef melord<br />
uiliam terneri werda: `, riskenac unda miiswrafode <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si, mTavari bunebis mSvenierebis<br />
swori wvdomaa.~<br />
Tu ras gulisxmobda terneri `swor wvdomaSi~, Cven SegviZlia mxatvris suraTebis daTvalierebiT<br />
mivxvdeT. terneris namuSevrebSi bunebis sxvadasxva movlenis dros warmoSobili<br />
sinaTlisa da ferebis saocari efeqtebia asaxuli. mas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda mzis<br />
Casvlisa da amosvlis dros ganaTebisa da ferebis cvlileba. mxatvris erTi Tanamedrove<br />
terners ase axasiaTebs: `mxatvari didebuli, mSvenieri, oqrosferi xilvebisa, romlebsac materialuri<br />
forma ar gaaCnia.~ marTlac, terneris suraTebis mTavari `gmirebi~ raime konkretuli<br />
gamosaxulebebi ki ara, aramed feri da ganaTebaa. terneris Semoqmedeba mxatvrobaSi<br />
sruliad axali sityva iyo. mis suraTebSi garkveuli movlenebiT: siCqariT, qarbuqiT da a.S.<br />
gamowveuli STabeWdilebis asaxvaa mTavari. swored aseTi xedviT gauswro man Tavis dros da<br />
mxatvrobis axali tendenciebi, kerZod ki impresionizmi `iwinaswarmetyvela~.<br />
XIX - XX saukuneebis <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
114<br />
es suraTi ternerma 1844 wels daxata.<br />
im dros mTeli inglisi sarkinigzo ciebcxelebiT<br />
iyo moculi. didi siCqariT<br />
moZravi matareblidan danaxuli samyaro<br />
gansxvavdeboda Zveli, mSvidi xedebisagan.<br />
terners am namuSevarSi matareblis<br />
ki ara, TviTon siCqaris SegrZnebis<br />
gamosaxva surda. amitomac man am namuSevars<br />
`wvima, orTqli da siCqare~ uwoda.<br />
uiliam terneri `wvima, orTqli da siCqare~<br />
Tomas geinzboro `mister endriusi colTan erTad~<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
Seadare erTmaneTs terneris da XVIII s-is ingliseli mxatvris, geinzboros suraTebi.<br />
ra gansxvavebas xedav maT Soris formis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT?<br />
rogoraa gamosaxuli terneris suraTze matarebeli, mdinareze gadebuli xidi,<br />
kaci navSi, mdinaris napiras adamianTa figurebi? daakvirdi ferebs. Seni azriT,<br />
rogor gamoxata ternerma siCqaris SegrZneba?
uilima terneri `gemi `mamacis~ bolo reisi~<br />
`Cemo sayvarelo~:<br />
es suraTi terners gansakuTrebiT uyvarda. am namuSevars igi `Cemo sayvarelos~<br />
uwodebda da mis gayidvaze yovelTvis uars ambobda. rodesac 1839 wels ternerma es suraTi<br />
samefo akademiaSi waradgina, igi Seafases, rogorc `Cveni epoqis udidesi ostatis<br />
yvelaze saocari namuSevari.~<br />
suraTze gamosaxulia inglisis flotis erT-erTi yvelaze saxelovani gemi, romelsac<br />
orTqlis buqsiri dokSi dasaSlelad miaTrevs. Tavis ukanasknel gzaze mimavali `beberi~<br />
gemis saxiT, mxatvarma ialqniani gemebis epoqis dasasruliT gamowveuli sevda gamoxata.<br />
amgvari Sinaarsis suraTebis gamo terners xSirad romantikos mxatvrad moixsenieben.<br />
qaosidan warmoqnili:<br />
es suraTi Taviseburi mxatvruli maneriTaa Seqmnili. mas mkafiod<br />
atyvia funjis farTo monasmebi. terneris erTi Tanamedrove mxatvris<br />
muSaobis process ase aRwers: `is saRebavs iqamde adebs tilos,<br />
vidre igi bolomde ar gaiJRinTeba. Semdeg zedapiridan funjiT zedmet<br />
saRebavs fxeks. misi moZraobebi qaosuri Cans. magram TandaTan,<br />
TiTqos jadosnuri joxis aqneviT, suraTze mSvenieri gemis konturebi<br />
Cndeba. erTi wuTic, da gemi tiloze cocxldeba.~<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
suraTi haeriTa da sinTliTaa savse. rogor qmnis mxatvari aseT efeqts? aRwere<br />
namuSevarSi ferTa tonaluri gadasvlebi.<br />
daakvirdi _ suraTze mzecaa gamosaxuli da mTvarec. maT erTgvari simboluri<br />
datvirTva aqvs. raze mianiSnebs mxatvari maTi meSveobiT?<br />
115
116<br />
uilima terneri `qarbuqi~<br />
qarbuqis SuagulSi:<br />
imisaTvis, rom mayureblisTvis gasagebi yofiliyo suraTebSi asaxuli siuJeti,<br />
terneri maT grZel saTaurs arqmevda. mag., am suraTs ase hqvia: `qarbuqi. gemi navsadguridan<br />
gamodis, TavTxel wyalSi xvdeba da katastrofis signals gadmoscems.~ sainteresoa,<br />
rom im dros 60 wels gadacilebuli mxatvari am gemze Tavad imyofeboda.<br />
terneri am ambavs ase igonebs: `mezRvaurebs vTxove, anZaze mivebi. 4 saaTs mibmuli viyavi.<br />
gadarCenis imedi ar mqonda, magram gadarCenis SemTxvevaSi, Cems movaleobad vTvlidi es<br />
ambavi aRmewera.”<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
terneri ferebis meSveobiT marto ganwyobas ar gmoxatavs. aRwere suraTze ferTa<br />
gama. raze mianiSnebs mxatvari maTi saSualebiT?<br />
dafiqrdi da upasuxe:<br />
Camoayalibe is mxatvruli niSnebi, romlebic terneris suraTebs ganasxvavebs manamde<br />
arsebuli mxatvruli namuSevrebisagan. pasuxi cariel CarCoSi Cawere.<br />
gaxdi mkvleveri:<br />
sainteresoa, ratom gavida terneri naviT wyalSi 1834<br />
wels londonSi parlamentis SenobaSi xanZris dros. an vin<br />
iyo qalaq CelsiSi mcxovrebi mister buti da ra kavSirSi<br />
aqvs mas ternerTan? am kiTxvebze pasuxis sapovnelad da<br />
terneris biografiisa da Semoqmedebis ukeT gasacnobad,<br />
moiZie cnobebi am mxatvris Sesaxeb.<br />
uilima terneri
didi iaponeli 48<br />
`adamiani ayvavebuli suliT~:<br />
iaponelebi iseT adamians, rogoric mxatvari hiroSige iyo, `ayvavebuli sulis~ mqones<br />
uwodebdnen. qalaq edoSi dabadebul hiroSiges ar adardebda materialuri keTildReoba,<br />
igi cxovrebis dinebas mihyveboda da rasac marTla ufrTxildebida, es_Tavisi Semoqmedeba<br />
iyo. cxovrebis krizisul momentSi igi werda: `me unda davemSvidobo <strong>xelovneba</strong>s, vidre<br />
wlebi da daRliloba Cems saxels ar daakninebs~. hiroSigem miaRwia imas, rom igi ara marto<br />
iaponiaSi, aramed evropaSic XIX s-s erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli mxatvari gaxda.<br />
sazeimo msvleloba:<br />
qalaq edos samxedro xelisufleba yovelwliurad qalaq kiotoSi imperators saCuqrad<br />
TeTr cxens ugzavnida. cxens rogorc wesi uamravi samurai miacilebda. msvleloba `tokaidos~<br />
gzaze miemarTeboda da edodan kiotomde Casvlas daaxloebiT 2 kviras andomebda.<br />
1832 wels monawileoba msvlelobaSi hiroSigemac miiRo. gzad igi Canaxatebs akeTebda.<br />
xolo 1833 wels graviurebis seria: `tokaidos gzis 53 sadguri~ gamosca.<br />
es suraTi am seriis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso namuSevradaa miCneuli.<br />
hiroSige, `iokaiti, mdinare miegavaze<br />
mdinare miegavas sanapiros gaswvriv meTevzeTa<br />
soflebi iyo ganlagebuli. hirosigem<br />
graviuraze erT-erTi aseTi soflis<br />
isliT gadaxuruli saxuravebi gamosaxa.<br />
gaqceuli kaci maRalostaturadaa daxatuli.<br />
1840 wels hirosigem gamosca ilustrirebuli<br />
saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic ama Tu im moZraobis<br />
dros adamianis figuris gamosaxvis wesebi<br />
iyo mocemuli.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
hiroSigem Tavisufali, monasmebiT, ara detalizeburi formebiT da TavSekavebuli<br />
ferTa gamiT am namuSevarSi sakmaod bevri ram gamosaxa. suraTis `personaJebi~<br />
2 adamiani, qari da bunebaa. Seecade daaxasiaTo TiToeuli maTgani. mag.<br />
vin unda iyos xidze mdgari adamiani, raze SeiZleba fiqrobdes igi da a.S.<br />
rogori ganwyoba geufleba am graviuris yurebisas?<br />
117
hiroSige, `Tavsxma wvima, oxasis xidi~<br />
hiroSige, `Rameebi saruvakas quCaze~<br />
118<br />
iudati:<br />
iaponiaSi gvian gazafxulze da zafxulSi xSirad<br />
modis kokispiruli wvima. uceb qari amovardeba da wvima<br />
iwyeba, magram maleve wydeba. aseTi wvima umetesad saRamoTi<br />
modis da amitom mas `iudati~_saRamos movlena<br />
uwodes. swored `iudati~ gamosaxa hiroSigem graviuraSi<br />
`Tavsxma wvima oxasis xidTTan~. igi mxatvris mier Seqmnili<br />
seriis, `edos 100 xedi~-is, erT-erTi graviuraa.<br />
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
XIX s-siaponeli mwerali siotai giofu hiroSiges<br />
namuSevrebis Sesaxeb werda: `misi suraTebi ufro metis<br />
mTqmelia, vidre realuri peizaJebi. visac arasodes ar unaxavs<br />
edo, misTvis sakmarisia Sexedos am namuSevrebs, rom<br />
dedaqalaqi warmoidginos.~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
am graviuraSic didi ostatobiTaa gamosaxuli ara<br />
marto wvima, aramed misi SegrZnebac. mayurebeli TiTqos<br />
grZnobs sisveles da esmis wvimis xma.<br />
eTanxmebi Tu ara am mosazrebas? Sen rogor ganwyobas<br />
giqmnis es namuSevari? rogori mxatvruli xerxebiT gadmosca<br />
hirosigem wvimis SegrZneba? (rogoria kompozicia,<br />
feri, xazi, gadatvirTulia Tu ara namuSevari gamosaxulebebiT?<br />
da a. S.)<br />
hiroSige da impresionistebi:<br />
parizSi iaponuri xelovnebis gamofenis monaxulebis<br />
Semdeg frangi impresionisti mxatvari kamil pisaro werda:<br />
`hiroSige brwyinvale impresionistia. mone, rodeni da me aRfrTovanebulebi<br />
varT. es iaponelebi gangvamtkiceben Cveni<br />
xedvis sisworeSi~.<br />
hiroSige da saerTod iaponuri mxatvroba impresionistebisaTvis<br />
sakmaod “axlobeli” aRmoCnda. iyo raRac<br />
saerTo maT Soris.<br />
kamil pisaro, `monmartris quCa~
alfred sislei, `gazafxulis baRi~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ilustraciebze mocemulia hiroSigesa da frangi impresionistebis<br />
sisleisa da pisaros namuSevrebi. Seadare isini<br />
erTmaneTs ra saerTosa da gansxvavebas xedav maT Soris?<br />
`iugeni~<br />
hiroSige, `qliavis baRi kamataSi~<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom fragmentuli kompoziciebis<br />
gamoyenebiT da Tavisi namuSevrebis TematikiT hiroSige<br />
impresionistebs hgavs, maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebacaa.<br />
es gansxvaveba ZiriTadad `iugenSia~. impresionistebi<br />
yovelwuTieri cvlilebiT gamowveuli STabeWdilebis<br />
gamosaxvas cdilobdnen, hirosige ki `iugenisa~. `iugeni~<br />
iaponuri sityvaa da pirdapir ar iTargmneba. igi daaxloebiT<br />
dafaruli ganwyobis SegrZnebas niSnavs. XV s-Si<br />
iaponeli budisti beri sietecu werda: `iugenis~ sityvebiT<br />
gadmocema SeuZlebelia is SeiZleba SeigrZno. patara<br />
Rrubeli, romelic mTvares efareba, Semodgomis nisli,<br />
saidanac alisferi foTlebi moCans... aseT suraTebs Seu-<br />
Zlia gamoiwvios miniSneba grZnobaze, ganwyobaze.~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
hiroSige ferTa TavSekavebuli gamiTa da mravlismetyveli<br />
xaziT qmnis Tavis namuSevrebs, romlebzec zedmeti<br />
araferia, magram maTSi aris mTavari _ `iugeni~. daaT-<br />
hiroSige, `mTvaris Suqi kanaZavaSi~ valiere ilustraciaze mocemuli hiroSiges namuSevari,<br />
Seecade SeigrZno masSi dafaruli `iugeni~. am ganwyobas sityvebiT ver gamoxatav, ubralod<br />
Seecade gaixseno Seni cxovrebis is momenti, rodesac msgavsi grZnoba gagCenia.<br />
dafiqrdi da upasuxe:<br />
cariel CarCoSi Cawere is ZiriTadi niSnebi, riTac Seni azriT, iaponuri <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
gansxvavdeba evropuli xelovnebebisagan.<br />
gaxdi mkvlevari:<br />
tokutaro, tokubea, Zuemona, Zubea _ es saxelebi hiroSiges sxvadasxva asakSi erqva.<br />
ratom ucvlidnen mxatvars saxelebs da sabolood rodis da vin daarqva mas hiroSige?<br />
ra Sinaarsis leqsi dawera mxatvarma gardacvalebamde ramdenime saaTiT adre? moiZie<br />
informacia hiroSiges cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.<br />
119
52<br />
126<br />
erTi weli rodenTan<br />
`zogierTi Cemi megobari daJinebiT mTxovda, damewera mogonebani rodenis Sesaxeb~ _<br />
ase iwyebs Tavis wigns `erTi weli rodenTan~ qarTveli moqandake iakob nikolaZe. am<br />
wignSi iakob nikolaZem frang moqandakesTan, ogiust rodenTan Tavisi muSaobis erTi<br />
weli aRwera. im droisaTvis rodeni ukve saxelganTqmuli moqandake iyo, iakob nikolaZe<br />
ki ucxo qveyanaSi Casuli xelovani, romelic jer kidev Tavis SemoqmedebiT gzas<br />
eZebda.<br />
XIX saukunis parizis foto<br />
XX s-is dasawyisSi xelovanTaTvis parizi yvelaze mimzidvel qalaqad iTvleboda.<br />
magram iq Tavis damkvidreba rTuli iyo. iakob nikolaZe igonebs: `parizSi, rom<br />
Cavedi ruseT-iaponiis omi iyo, romelsac ruseTis 1905 wlis revolucia mohyva. amis gamo<br />
samSoblodan veRarc fuls vRebulobdi da xandaxan saxlis ambavsac veRar vgebulobdi.<br />
parizSi myofi axalgazrdebi im dros xelmokled iyvnen . . . parizSi 40 000-mde specialisti<br />
moqandake da 80 000-mde mxatvari iyo. visTan unda misuliyav, rom Seni xelobiT fuli<br />
geSovna.~ iakob nikolaZes gaumarTla. parizSi sakmaod dafasebuli rusi mecnieris,<br />
golubevis meuRlis proteqciiT, igi rodens Sexvda. rodenma mas ioane naTlismcemlis<br />
Tavis qandakebis gakeTeba daavala. gamoCenil moqandakes iakob nikolaZis namuSevari<br />
moewona da igi Tavis atelieSi miiwvia samuSaod.<br />
iakob nikolaZe rodenis garegnobas ase aRwers: `mZime kunZi,<br />
sqeli, dabali, ganier mxarbeWiani patara kacis STabeWdilebas tovebda...<br />
patara foladiseburi feris Tvalebi, romlebic nemsebiviT gagmsWvalavdaT.<br />
usaTuod igrZnobdiT, rom es adamiani Tqven giyurebT<br />
siRrmeSi da erTi SexedviT SeuZlia adamianis cnoba.~<br />
rodeni yvela drois erT-erT saukeTeso moqandakedaa aRiarebuli.<br />
Tumca iyo iseTi faqtic, rodesac 1877 wels Jiurim rodens<br />
namuSevris salonSi gamofenaze uari uTxra. rodenis qandakeba imdenad<br />
realisturi iyo, rom igi adamianis sxeulidan aRebuli anabe-<br />
Wdis meSveobiT Seqmnilad CaTvales. Seuracxyofilma rodenma miatanina<br />
Tixa da Jiuris Tvalwin zustad iseTive figura gamoZerwa.<br />
ogiust rodenis foto
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ilustraciebze rodenis namuSevrebia mocemuli. agreTve qandakebis Sesaxeb misi zogierTi<br />
gamonaTqvamia moyvanili. rodenis es gamonaTqvamebi iakob nikolaZem gadmosca<br />
Tavis wignSi. gaecani am masalas da Seecade daaxasiaTo rodenis Semoqmedeba. mas impresionist<br />
moqandaked miiCnevdnen. Seni azriT, raSi Cans rodenis impresionistuli xedva?<br />
`qandakebas ar sWiria srulebiT orginaloba,<br />
mas unda mxolod sicocxle.~<br />
ogiust rodeni `viqtor hiugo~<br />
`Crdilis gamoqandakeba niSnavs azrovnebis<br />
gaRvivebas.~<br />
`moqniloba, ubralod gamosaxuli _ es aris yvelafris<br />
suli. ai amas veZeb mTeli Cemi sicocxle. moqniloba<br />
aris formaze maRali. moqniloba es iseTi Tvisebaa, romlis<br />
gageba sul yvelaze Znelia.~<br />
ogiust rodeni, `kales moqalaqeebi~<br />
ogiust rodeni, `danaida~<br />
iakob nikolaZe wers: `balzaki rodens hqonda erTgvar sazomad<br />
maTTvis, vinc masTan mividoda. rodeni balzakis saSualebiT<br />
igebda, esmis raime <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si masTan misul pirs<br />
Tu ara. Tu komplimentebs uZRvnidnen balzakis gamo, rodeni<br />
ityoda, amas esmis <strong>xelovneba</strong>o.~<br />
ogiust rodeni `balzaki~<br />
127
iakob nikolaZe `CaxruxaZe~<br />
128<br />
axalgazrda qarTveli moqandakisTvis rodenTan muSaoba marTlac<br />
didi pativi iyo. magram iakob nikolaZis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom<br />
man Tavisi stili SeimuSava. kritikosi geronti qiqoZe aRniSnavda:<br />
`nikolaZes damoukidebloba SeunarCunebia rodenis mimarT da misi<br />
muSaobis meTodidan mxolod is auTvisebia, rac misaRebad miaCnda.~<br />
marTmadidebluri eklesia mrgval* qandakebas krZalavda. amitom<br />
Sua saukuneebis qarTul <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si mrgvali qandakebis Seqmnis<br />
tradicia ar arsebobda. iakob nikolaZe iyo erT-erTi pirveli<br />
qarTveli moqandake, romelmac mrgvali qandakebis keTeba daiwyo.<br />
nikolaZis namuSevrebi saocari ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli. geronti<br />
qiqoZe werda: `nikolaZisaTvis marmarilos natexi, granitis an bazaltis<br />
zodi, brolis kristali saidumloebiT aRsavse arsebebi arian.<br />
maTSi sicocxlis ZarRvi feTqavs.~<br />
iakob nikolaZe `akaki wereTeli~<br />
daakvirdi daupasuxe:<br />
ilustraciebze gamosaxulia iakob nikolaZis mier<br />
Seqmnili qarTveli poetebisa da mwerlebis qandakebebi.<br />
rogori mxatvruli xerxebi gamoiyena man am namuSevrebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad? rogor daaxasiaTeb am istoriul<br />
pirebs iakob nikolaZis qandakebebis mixedviT?<br />
iakob nikolaZe `egnate ninoSvili~<br />
iakob nikolaZis namuSevrebi dRemde amSvenebs Tbilisis skverebs. geronti qiqoZe<br />
sworad aRniSnavda: `iakob nikolaZe darwmunebulia, rom is maradisobisTvis muSaobs. namdvili<br />
xelovani arc iqneboda, Tu es rwmena ar hqonoda.~<br />
dafiqrdi da upasuxe:<br />
XX s-s dasawyisSi parizSi, iakob nikolaZis garda sxva qarTveli Semoqmedebic daviT<br />
kakabaZe, elene axvlediani, lado gudiaSvili moRvaweobdnen. Seni azriT ra gavlena<br />
iqonia amgvarma gamocdilebam qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis tendenciebze? pasuxi<br />
cariel CarCoSi Cawere.
54 fovizmi da kubizmi<br />
sxva samyaros ZiebaSi<br />
`matisi erTaderTi da ganumeorebelia.~ _ werda XX s-is espaneli mxatvari pablo<br />
pikaso. fragi mxatvris, anri matisis suraTebSi aSkarad igrZnoba mxatvris Taviseburi<br />
xedva da ganumeorebeli stili. Tavis suraTebs matisi didi siyvaruliT xatavda.<br />
igi ixsenebda: `rodesac xatva daviwye, Tavi samoTxeSi megona.~ es `samoTxe~ man mTeli<br />
Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze SeinarCuna. rTul istoriul viTarebaSic ki, ngrevisa<br />
da ekonomikuri gaWirvebis dros, rodesac evropa jer I-ma, xolo Semdgom II msoflio<br />
omebma SeZra, matisi qmnida namuSevrebs, romlebSic udardeli cxovreba da simyudrove<br />
sufevda. igi werda: `me iseT suraTebze vocnebob, romlebic mayurebels ki ar aaRelvebs,<br />
aramed daamSvidebs, suraTebze, romlis yurebiTac yoveldRiuri sazrunavisagan adamianebi<br />
iseve daisveneben, rogoc tyavis savarZelSi mokalaTebuli isveneben xolme.~ matisi<br />
mxatvrobaSi raRac axals eZebda, man Tavis megobar mxatvrebTan _ andre derenTan,<br />
JorJ ruosTan, moris de vlaminkTan da alber markesTan erTad garkveuli ideebiT<br />
gaerTianebuli jgufi Seqmna. es mxatvrebi Tvlidnen, rom namuSevrSi mTavari perspeqtiva<br />
da Suq-Crdili ar aris. suraTSi unda iyos martivi saxasiaTo konturi da mkveTri,<br />
sufTa ferebi, romlebic uSualod adamianis grZnobebze imoqmedebs. 1905 wels parizSi,<br />
saSemodgomo salonSi am mxatvrebma TavianTi namuSevrebi gamofines. im darbazSi sadac<br />
mxatvarTa namuSevrebi iyo gamofenili, XV s-is moqandakis donatelos qandakeba idga.<br />
kritikosma l. vlaminkma, rodesac gamofena daaTvaliera, Tqva: `sacodavi donatelo,<br />
ra velurebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda!~. frangulad sityva `fov~ veluri niSnavs. swored<br />
aqedan warmoiSva am mimdinareobis saxelwodeba `fovizmi~.<br />
XX - XXI saukuneebis <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
132<br />
nicaSi gaqceva<br />
1940 wlis Semodgoma iyo. matisi germaneli faSistebis mier okupirebuli parizidan<br />
nicaSi gaemgzavra. nica misTvis yvelaze sayvareli qalaqi iyo. mxatvari miiCnevda, rom<br />
samxreT safrangeTSi gansakuTrebuli ganaTebaa. matisi werda: `rodesac mivxdi, rom<br />
SemeZlo yovel dilas am sinaTleSi gaRviZeba, mzad viyavi, bednierebisagan movmkvdariyavi.<br />
mxolod nicaSi, parizidan Sors, yvelafers viviwyeb, mSvidad vcxovrob, Tavisuflad<br />
vsunTqav.” swored nicaSi daxata matisma Tavisi suraTi `ruminuli bluza~.<br />
anri matisis, `ruminuli bluza~<br />
ase yvelas SeuZlia:<br />
rodesac am namuSevars uyureb, igi imdenad martivi<br />
geCveneba, rom uneblieT ggonia, rom ase xatva yvelas<br />
SeuZlia. sinamdvileSi es simartive kompoziciuri agebis<br />
zusti gaTvlebis, bunebrivi formebis Seswavlis<br />
da Semdgom maTi gamartivebis Sedegs warmoadgens. amas<br />
adasturebs fotoebi, romlebzec matisma am namuSevarze<br />
muSaobis sxvadasxva etapebi aRbeWda.
mxatvruli analizi:<br />
matisi werda: `yvelaferi, rac suraTSi sasargeblo rols ar TamaSobs, zedmeti xdeba.~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
daakvirdi fotoebs. Seni azriT, rogori mimarTulebiT xdeboda namuSevris mxatvruli<br />
saxis Camoyalibeba? ras `eZebda~ matisi?<br />
aRwere, ra mxatvruli xerxebiTaa Sesrulebuli es namuSevari? rogoria kompozicia,<br />
xazi, ferebi, formebi, aris Tu ara Suq-Crdli?<br />
rogor STabeWdilebas axdens Senze `ruminuli bluza~? Seni azriT, ris gamoxatva<br />
surda mxatvars?<br />
Jan ogiust domenik engri, `qalbaton muatesies portreti~<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ilustraciebze mocemulia XIX s-is mxatvris, engrisa da XX s-is Semoqmedis, klimtis<br />
namuSevrebi. Seadare isini matisis suraTs. samive namuSevarSi figuraTa samosis lamazi<br />
ornamenti amSvenebs. Seni azriT, am namuSevrebSi romeli mxarea ufro mniSvnelovani, adamianis<br />
portreti Tu ornamenti? daaxasiaTe es suraTebi am kuTxiT.<br />
materiaSi `Sesvla~<br />
XX s-is frangi mxatvari JorJ braki, gansxvavebiT matisisagan, miiCnevda: `<strong>xelovneba</strong><br />
imisaTvis arsebobs, rom adamians damSvidebis saSualeba ar misces~. aseTi xelovnebis ZiebaSi<br />
igi sxvadasxva mxatvrul meTods mimarTavda. brakma daiwyo rogorc fovistma, magram cnobili<br />
gaxda, rogorc kubisti mxatvari.<br />
`me mxolod dasawyisi var am gzaze, magram movlen sxvebic.~ _ ambobda frangi mxatvari<br />
pol sezani, romelmac, mxatvrobaSi pirvelma, gamosaxulebebis waxnagovani formebiT<br />
gamosaxva daiwyo. 1907 wels, parizSi, gamofenaze nanaxma sezanis suraTebma STaagona braki<br />
da pablo pikaso, SeeqmnaT axali mxatvruli mimarTuleba `kubizmi~.<br />
kubistur namuSevrebSi samyaros sruliad axaleburadaa gamosaxuli. kubistebi ikvlevdnen<br />
formis Semadgenlobas da amitom sagnebs calkeul formebad Slidnen. es erTgvarad<br />
formis SigniT `Sesvlas~ hgavda. saganTa calkeul waxnagebad daSlili formebi<br />
tiloze sul sxva realobas qmnida. braki werda: `ar aris saWiro sagnebis mibaZviT xatva.<br />
sagnebi TavisTavad ar arseboben, isini mxlod CvenSia.~<br />
gustav klimti, `emili flioges portreti~<br />
133
JorJ braki, `qali gitariT~ XX s.<br />
134<br />
analitikuri da sinTezuri kubizmi<br />
braks gansakuTrebiT uyvarda musikaluri instrumentebis<br />
xatva. igi werda: `musikaluri instrumentebi mainteresebda<br />
rogorc sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba SexebiT gacocxldes.~<br />
mxatvarma Seqmna ramdenime suraTi, romelzec<br />
musikosi qalia gamosaxuli. erT-erTi maTgania `qali<br />
gitariT~.<br />
mxatvruli analizi<br />
suraTSi `qali gitariT~ SeimCneva rogorc analitikuri,<br />
isev sinTezuri kubizmis niSnebi. analitikuri kubizmis namuSevrebSi<br />
formebi calkeul nawilebadaa daSlili, xolo<br />
sinTezur kubistur suraTebSi sxvadasxva faqturisa da xasiaTis<br />
formebis Serwyma xdeba.<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
ipove namuSevarSi analitikuri da sinTezuri kubizmisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.<br />
ian verneri, `qali gitariT~ XVII s.<br />
daakvirdi da upasuxe<br />
kamil koro, `qali gitariT~ XIX s.<br />
ilustraciebze mocemulia XVII s-is holandieli mxatvrisa da XIX s-is frangi mxatvris<br />
suraTebi. rogorc brakis suraTze, maTzec qalebi musikaluri instrumentebiT<br />
arian gamosaxulni. Seadare isini brakis namuSevars. Seni azriT, ris Cveneba surda<br />
Semoqmeds TiToeul maTganSi. Sen romeli ufro mogwons da ratom?<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
Cawere cxrilSi is mxatvruli niSnebi, romlebic fovizmisa da kubizmisTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli<br />
fovizmi kubizmi<br />
gaxdi mkvlevari:<br />
ra SemTxvevis Semdeg daiwyo matisma xatva? rodis Sexvda braki pikasos? moiZie informacia<br />
matisisa da brakis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
improvizacia fersa da ritmSi 55<br />
1947 wels matiss SeukveTes<br />
albomi, romelSic cnobili<br />
musikosebis, lui armstrongisa<br />
da Carli parkeris jazuri kompoziciebis<br />
erTgvari ilustraciebi<br />
unda yofiliyo. es rTuli<br />
amocana, musikis gamosaxva fersa<br />
da ritmSi, matisma Cveulebrivi<br />
makratlis meSveobiT gadawyvita.<br />
sxvadasaxva feris gua-<br />
SiT SeRebili qaRaldisagan igi<br />
figurebs Wrida da aplikaciebs*<br />
qmnida. matisi werda: `qaRaldis<br />
siluetebi sufTa ferebiT xatvis<br />
saSualebas maZlevs... es ar aris<br />
dabruneba sawyisTan, es Ziebis<br />
bolo punqtia.~<br />
masala: feradi qaRaldi,<br />
makrateli, webo<br />
feradi an guaSiT SeRebili qaRaldebisagan gaakeTe aplikaciebi, romlebSic<br />
garkveul ideas gamosaxav.<br />
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