saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

filosofiuri Ziebani
krebuli ocdameeeqvse

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

COLLECTED ARTICLES VOLUME TWENTY-SIXTH

გამომცემლობა
Carpe diem
Tbilisi – 2022
ISSN 1512-2468
UDC (uak) 1 (479.22)
(061.2) f. 562
ISBN 978-9941-9793-9-2
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ ocdameeqvse krebuli tradiciulad Zveli
da axali Taobis filosofosTa naSromebs moicavs da saqarTveloSi
mimdinare filosofiur kvleva-Ziebas asaxavs.
mTavari redaqtori: irakli kalandia
recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe
napo kvaracxelia
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecni-
erebaTa akademiis akademikosebi

saredaqcio sabWo
asaTiani gurami (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), bregaZe anzori (Tbilisi, saqa-
rTvelo), berZeniSvili amirani (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), burjaliani
arsen (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), gaxokiZe ramazi (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo),
doliZe mamuka (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), verduCi daniela (maCerata,
italia), imedaZe irakli (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), kiule maia (riga, lat-
via), kalandia irakli {mT. redaqtori} (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), kva-
racxelia napo (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), madaTli einula iadula oRli
(baqo, azerbaijani), petrovi veselini (sofia, bulgareTi), rei antonio
dominges (madridi, espaneTi), fanjikiZe Teimuraz (Tbilisi, saqarT-
velo), qecbaia kaxa (mT. redaqtoris moadgile) (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo),
xasaia zurab (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo).

lit. redaqtorebi:
marine ambokaZe (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo),
jemal Sonia (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo).

EDITORIAL BOARD
Asatiani Guram (Tbilisi, Georgia), Bregadze Anzor (Tbilisi, Georgia), Berdzenish-
vili Amiran (Tbilisi, Georgia), Burjaliani Arsen (Tbilisi, Georgia), Gakhokidze Ramaz
(Tbilisi, Georgia), Dolidze Mamuka (Tbilisi, Georgia), Imedadze Irakli (Tbilisi, Georgia),
Kalandia Irakli {Ch. Editor}(Tbilisi, Georgia), Kule Maija (Riga, Latvia), Kvaratskhelia
Napo (Tbilisi, Georgia), Panjikidze Teimuraz (Tbilisi, Georgia), Ketsbaia Kakha {Dep.
Ch. Editor} (Tbilisi, Georgia), Khasaia Zurab (Tbilisi, Georgia), Madatli Einula Iadula
Ogli (Baky, Azerbaijan), Petrov Vesselin (Sofia, Bulgarian), Rey Antonio Dominguez
(Madrid, Spain), Verducci Daniella (Macherata, Italy).
LIt. Editor – Marine Ambokadze (Tbilisi, Georgia),
Djemal Shonia (Tbilisi, Georgia).

4
 mTavari redaqtoris
winasityvaoba

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

sagamomcemlo organos „filosofiuri Ziebani“-s XXVI
krebuli tradicias ar Ralatobs da kvlavindeburad sx-
vadasxva Taobis qarTvel filosofosTa naSromebs beW-
davs.
samwuxaro faqtia, rom mesame aTaswleuli Cvens qveya-
naSi daiwyo rogorc filosofiis mimarT nihilisturi
damokidebulebis damkvidrebiT, rasac sulieri kultu-
ris sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani komponentebis ngreva mo-
hyva.
amJamad filosofiis sferoSi arsebuli umZimesi viTa-
rebis miuxedavad, rogorc araerTxel gviTqvams, saqarT-
veloSi filosofiis gadasarCenad, kvlavac enTuziazmis
safuZvelze agrZelebs saqmianobas saqarTvelos fi-
losofiur mecnierebaTa akademia da misi beWduri organo
„filosofiuri Ziebani“, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelova-
nesi amocana iyo da aris CvenSi filosofiur ZalTa gaer-
TianebiT, erTiani ZalisxmeviT, saqarTveloSi filoso-
fiuri kvlevis sferoSi wina Taobebis filosofosTa mier
Camoyalibebuli mdidari da mravalferovani tradiciis
gagrZeleba da Semdgomi ganviTareba. yovelive amis Sesa-
bamisad „filosofiuri Ziebanis“ saredaqcio politikis
magistralur xazs warmoadgens krebulis moqceva saer-
TaSoriso mecnierometrul bazebSi da am mizniT saer-
TaSoriso samecniero kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba - gafar-
Toeba, risi dadasturebaa saerdaqcio sabWos ucxoeli
wevrebis Semomateba. esenia: daniela verduCi - msoflio
fenomenologiis institutis Tana-prezidenti, filoso-
fiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, q. maCeratas universitetis
profesori, maia kule - filosofiis mecnierebaTa doq-
tori, latviis universitetis profesori, filosfiisa
da sociologiis institutis direqtori, veselin petro-

5
vi - filosfiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, bulgareTis fi-
losofiisa da sociologiis institutis direqtori,
antonio dominges rei - filosofiis mecnierebaTa doq-
tori, lingvisti, mwerali, madridis universitetis pro-
fesori, madaTli einula iadula oRli - istoriis mecn.
doqtori, profesori, azerbaijanis mecnierebaTa akdemi-
is filosofiis institutis direqtoris moadgile. samo-
mavlod saredaqcio sabWos ucxoeli wevrebis sia kidev
ufro mravalferovani da mravlismetyveli gaxdeba. rac
Seexeba Jurnalis registrirebas cnobil mecnierome-
trul bazebSi, pirvel etapze dagegmilia Google Scholar-Si
daregistrireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom „filosfiuri Ziebani“
registrirebulia iseT mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso sa-
mecniero organizaciaSi, rogoricaa „filosofiuri do­
kumentaciis saerTaSoriso centri“ (aSS).
wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademias da „filosofiuri Ziebanis“
gamomcemlebs filosofiisadmi arakeTilmosurned gan-
wyobil adamianTagan araerTi siZnelis gadalaxva moux-
daT, magram isini filosfiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
nawilis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, rac kidev ufro
met stimuls aZlevs „filosofiuri Ziebanis“ mesveurebs.
vfiqrobT, rom qarTvel filosofosTa Soris aRiareb-
uli krebuli saerTaSoriso samecniero arenazec daika-
vebs Tavis adgils.

irakli kalandia
Tbilisi, 2022 wlis 5 ianvari

6
 nawili pirveli

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis cnobari
-
2022

7
 saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosebi

1. asaTiani guram
2. balanCivaZe revaz
3. berZeniSvili amiran
4. bregaZe anzor
5. burjaliani arsen
6. gaxokiZe ramaz
7. goleTiani robert
8. doliZe mamuka
9. imedaZe irakli
10. kalandia irakli
11. kvaracxelia napo
12. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz
13. sarjvelaZe nodar
14. fanjikiZe Teimuraz
15. faCulia Teimuraz
16. forCxiZe badri
17. qecbaia kaxa
18. CantlaZe raul
19. xasaia zurab

8
 sa­qar­Tve­los fi­lo­so­fi­ur mec­ni­e­re­ba­Ta
aka­de­mi­is pre­zi­di­u­mi

1. pre­zi­den­ti – irak­li ka­lan­dia

2. vi­ce-pre­zi­den­ti – ar­sen bur­ja­li­a­ni
3. aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – ka­xa qec­ba­ia
4. on­to­lo­gi­is, gno­se­o­lo­gi­i­sa da lo­gi­kis gan­
yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – na­po kva­rac­
xe­lia
5. mec­ni­e­re­bis fi­lo­so­fi­is gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­
mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – ra­maz ga­xo­ki­Ze
6. po­li­ti­ku­ri fi­lo­so­fi­is gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­
mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – gu­ram asa­Ti­a­ni
7. fi­lo­so­fi­u­ri an­Tro­po­lo­gi­is gan­yo­fi­le­bis
aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – an­zor bre­ga­Ze
8. eTi­ki­sa da es­Te­ti­kis gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­ko­
si-mdi­va­ni – ma­mu­ka do­li­Ze
9. re­li­gi­is fi­lo­so­fi­i­sa da re­li­gi­aT­mcod­ne­o­
bis gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – Te­i­mu­
raz fan­ji­ki­Ze
10. so­ci­o­lo­gi­i­sa da so­ci­a­lu­ri fsi­qo­lo­gi­is gan­
yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – ami­ran ber­Ze­
niS­vi­li
11. uc­xo­e­Ti­sa da qar­Tu­li fi­lo­so­fi­is is­to­ri­is
gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­ko­si-mdi­va­ni – zu­rab xa­
sa­ia
12. kul­tu­ris fi­lo­so­fi­is gan­yo­fi­le­bis aka­de­mi­
ko­si – mdi­va­ni – Te­i­mu­raz mTi­be­laS­vi­li

9
 FIRST PART

REFERENCE BOOK
OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL
SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

2022

10
 ACADEMICIANS OF THE ACADEMY OF
PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

1. ASATIANI GURAM
2. BALANCHIVADZE REVAZ
3. BERDZENISHVILI AMIRAN
4. BREGADZE ANZOR
5. BURJALIANI ARSEN
6. CHANTLADZE RAUL
7. GAKHOKIDZE RAMAZ
8. GOLETIANI ROBERT
9. DOLIDZE MAMUKA
10. FORCHKHIDZE BADRI
11. IMEDADZE IRAKLI
12. KALANDIA IRAKLI
13. KVARATSKHELIA NAPO
14. KETSBAIA KAKHA
15. KHASAIA ZURAB
16. MTIBELASHVILI TEIMURAZ
17. SARJVELADZE NODAR
18. PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
19. PACHULIA TEIMURAZ

11
 PRESIDIUM OF THE ACADEMY
OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

1. PRESIDENT – KALANDIA IRAKLI

2. VICE- PRESIDENT – BURJALIANI ARSEN
3. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY – KETSBAIA KAKHA
4. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPART­
MENT OF ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY AND LOGIC
– KVARATSKHE­L IA NAPO
5. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPAR­ T­
MENT OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE – GAKHO­
KI­D ZE RAMAZ
6. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPART­
MENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
– ASATIANI GURAM
7. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF DEPARTMENT
OF PHI­L OSOPHYCAL ANTHROPOLOGY –
BREGADZE ANZOR
8. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPART­
MENT ETHICS AND OF AESTHETIC – DOLIDZE
MAMUKA
9. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND THE STUDY
OF RELIGION – PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
10. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF SO­ C I­
O LOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY –
BERDZENI­S HVI­L I AMIRAN
11. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AND GEORGIAN
PHILOSOPHY – KHASAIA ZURAB
12. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE –
TEIMURAZ MTIBELASHVILI

12
 nawili meore

filosofiuri Ziebani

SECOND PART

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

13
 o
O ntologia, gnoseologia

ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY

14
Nnapo kvaracxelia – filosofiis mecn. doqtori, ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa akademiis akademikosi-mdivani. muSaobs Teoriuli
filosofiis (ontologia, gnoseologia), adamianis yofiere-
bisa da msoflmxedvelobis sazrisis problemebze. gamoqvey-
nebuli aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sfe-
roebSi. eweva aqtiur pedagogiur saqmianobas.

Semmecnebeli subieqtisa da codnis

mimarTebis problema

Semecneba adamianis mier samyaros Teoriuli aTvise-

baa. SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis procesSi igi qmnis cod-
nas obieqturi sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. epistemologia fi-
losofiis is dargia, romelic Seiswavlis Semecnebasa
da mis SedegTan - codnasTan dakavSirebul problemebs,
Semecnebis procesis zogad wanamZRvrebs, codnis bune-
bas, mis saxeebs, codnis mimarTebas Semmecnebel subi-
eqtTan, WeSmaritebasTan da sxv.
Semecnebis subieqti adamiania, obieqti ki samyaro.
adamianis survilia moipovos obieqturi codna sinamd-
vilis Sesaxeb. filosofosTa interesis sagania, Tu ra
amoZravebs adamianis inteleqtualur swrafvas Sesa-
mecnebeli sagnisken, aris Tu ara samyaros arsis Secnoba
SesaZlebeli, xolo Semecnebis Sedegi - codna WeSmariti.
jer kidev protagoram gamoTqva azri, rom ,,adami-
ani aris sazomi yvela saganTa - arsebulTa, rom isini
arian da ararsebulTa, rom isini ar arian.“ subieqtSi
CaRrmavebisa da masSi samyaros wvdomis mcdeloba iyo
sokrates principic: ,,Seican Tavi Seni.“ subieqts Ta-
visTavis gacnobierebiTa da TavisTan mimarTebaSi unda
amoekiTxa obieqtis struqtura, sinamdvileTan misi

15
mimarTeba. ,,filosofia unda daiwyos subieqtidan“ -
ase fiqrobda da fiqrobs dResac bevri filosofosi,
vinaidan ,,is, rac mocemulia, winaswar gulisxmobs imas,
visTvisac arsebobs es mocemuloba. visTvisac raRac
mocemulia, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, obieqti mudam
gulisxmobs subieqts, romlisTvisac arsebobs obieqti.
subieqtis gareSe obieqtze saubari gaugebrobaa“. 1
samyaro, Semecnebis obieqti TavisTavad Semecnebi-
sadmi gulgrilia, aq subieqti aqtiurobs. mas surs gai-
gos sagani ise, rogorc is aris TavisTavad - Semmecnebel
subieqtTan umimarTebod. es aris subieqtis yofierebis
arsebiTi momenti. Tu ratom surs es subieqts, am kiTx-
vaze filosofosebs gansxvavebuli pasuxebi aqvT. ,,ada-
miani, inertul-indifirentuli nivTisagan gansxvavebiT,
yovelTvis dainteresebulia (am sityvis farTo mniSvn-
elobiT) sakuTari TaviTa da garesamyaroTi. ras niSnavs
,,dainteresebulad yofna?“ sakuTari TaviTa da garesa-
myaroTi dainteresebuloba niSnavs imas, rom grZnobde
arsebuliT ukmarobas da iswrafode misi gardaqmnisaken
- sakuTari Tavisa da garesamyaros Secvlisaken. roca
Cems interess Seadgens raimes codna, es niSnavs, rom me
maklia es codna da veswrafvi SeviZino is.“2
Semecnebis procesSi subieqtis aqtivobis dasadas-
tureblad garkveul interesebze miTiTebisas mxedv-
elobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, ,,rom ,,interesi“ sab-
oloo angariSiT, socialur-fsiqologiuri cnebaa da
ara Semecnebis Teoriuli; amdenad, igi gnoseologiaSi
ver Semova, sakuTriv Semmecnebeli subieqtis aqtiuro-
bas ver agvixsnis. adamianis rogorc moqmedi da sinamd-
vilis gardamqmneli arsebis aqtiuroba TviTon gnose-
ologiuri subieqtis aqtiurobaze jer kidev verafers

1. ბუაჩიძე თ., ფილოსოფია, ადამიანი, მეცნიერება. თბ., საქ. მეცნიერებათა

აკადემია, ,,მაცნე“, 1999 წ., 1-2, გვ. 110
2. Мамардашвили М., Как я понимаю философию, Прогресс, Москва, 1992, ст.

16
gvetyvis imitom, rom ,,Seqmna-gardaqmna“ da ,,moqmedeba“
jer kidev ar udris da ar niSnavs Semecnebas, sinamdvi-
lis Teoriul aTvisebas.“ codnis SeZenis procesSi Teo-
riulis garda arsebobs pragmatuli interesic. prag-
matuli moTxovnilebebi,ra Tqma unda, sinamdvilis
SemecnebisaTvis swrafvis erT-erTi mizezia. Tumca ase-
Ti moTxovnileba ganicdeba rogorc ,,danaklisi“ da da-
kmayofilebisTanave qreba. adamianis SemecnebiTi moR-
vaweobis mizani ki ufro metia, vidre cxovelis msgavsad
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba. ,,cxoveli aris mx-
olod moTxovnilebaTa sistema, is mudam garemoSia mo-
Tavsebuli. adamiani ki, amasTanave, RirebulebaTa
sistemaa da igi mudam samyaroSi imyofeba. cnobierebis
meoxebiT adamians yvelaferTan aqvs mimarTeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT igi aris Ria
sistema. da swored es garemoeba gansazRvravs mis ,,Teo-
retikosobas“, SemecnebiT miswrafebas. . . Semecneba
uwinares yovlisa, adamianis kulturul-istoriuli
moRvaweobis elementia.“3 amdenad, Semmecnebeli subi-
eqtis pragmatuli interesiT gamowveuli swrafva sa-
myaros gardaqmnis surviliT jer kidev ar aris Semec-
neba, sinamdvilis Teoriuli aTviseba. mecnierul
interess, anu ,,sinamdvilisadmi Teoriul-SemecnebiT
damokidebulebas garkveuli TavisTavadoba gaaCnia da
igi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba imave sinamdvilisadmi
subieqtis praqtikuli damokidebulebisagan.“ fixte
werda, rom subieqtSi arsebobs ori ,,me“ - qmediTi da
Teoriuli. pirveli maTgani Tavisufali Semoqmedebis
procesSi amCnevs, rom mas raRac zRudavs, upirispird-
eba mis moqmedebas, arRvevs erTianobas. es aris ,,ara-
me“. subieqti mis Sesacnobad mimarTavs Teoriul re-
fleqsias, ris Sedegadac iqmneba Teoriuli ,,me“.

3. კვარაცხელია ნ., იქვე, გვ. 97;

17
qmediTi ,,me“ Teoriuli ,,me“-s winaSe usasrulod svams
garkveul obieqts ,,ara-me“-s saxiT. maT Soris winaaRm-
degoba moixsneba Teoriuli refleqsiis Sedegad. am
procesSi iqmneba cneba, romelic daubrundeba ,,me“-s da
mianiWebs mas absolutur Tavisuflebas. es procesi
dausrulebelia, radgan subieqti yovelTvis aRmoaCens
misi Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel ,,ara-me“-s. Teoriuli
,,me“ verasodes amowuravs praqtikuli ,,me“-s intere-
sebs da amiT sakuTar arsebobasac uzrunvelyofs. amde-
nad, fixtesTvis subieqtis mudmiv swrafvas codnis
mopovebisken safuZvlad udevs Tavisuflebis siyvaru-
li. swored, ,,me“-sa da ,,ara-me“-s dapirispirebis Sede-
gad iqceva praqtikuli ,,me“ Teoriulad, xolo erTiani
subieqti -Semmecneblad, romelsac codnis ukmaroba
Tavisuflebas uzRudavs. misi Tavisuflebis ganxor-
cielebis gza codnis SeZenaa. Semmecnebel subieqtSi
arsebul or ,,me“-ze laparakobs huserlic. igi ganasx-
vavebda bunebriv ,,me“-s da filosofiuri refleqsiis
mwarmoebel ,,me“-s. es ukanaskneli mimarTulia TviTon
bunebrivi ,,me“-s moRvaweobisadmi, romelsac axasiaTebs
interesi samyaros arsebobisadmi. Teoriuli ,,me“ ki
aris ,,dauinteresebeli meTvalyure“. bunebrivi ,,me“-
sTvis namdvili arseboba imas aqvs, rac grZnobad aRqma-
Si mogvecema. filosofiuri ,,me“-s sakvlevi sagani cno-
bierebis Sinaarsia. amdenad, huserlis Teoriuli ,,me“
arc Tu ise dauinteresebeli unda iyos Tavis moqmede-
baSi. misi moqmedebis stimuls Teoriuli interesi war-
moadgens. Semmecnebeli subieqtis Sesaxeb saintereso
Teoria aqvs rikerts. misi azriT, adamianis sxeuli sul-
Tan erTad aris fsiqo-fizikuri subieqti. Semecnebis
obieqti misTvis gare-samyaroa, magram roca adamiani
iwyebs sakuTari Tavis Secnobas, maSin subieqtad gvev-
lineba misi cnobiereba Tavisi SinaarsiT, xolo obieq-
tad, yvelaferi rac cnobierebis miRmaa. es aris tran-

18
scendenturi obieqti. Tu Semecnebis obieqti aris
warmodgenebi, aRqmebi, grZnobebi da cnobierebis sxva
Sinaarsebi, maSin subieqtad gvevlineba is, vinc war-
moidgens, aRiqvams, grZnobs da a.S. amdenad, aseTi obieq-
tivirebis Semdeg fsiqo-fizikuri subieqtidan jer mi-
viRebT fsiqikur obieqts, xolo Semdeg idealur
subieqts yovelgvari Sinaarsisa da droul-vrceulo-
bis gareSe, romelsac rikerti uwodebs gnoseologiur
subieqts anu ,,cnobierebas saerTod“. swored aseTi
subieqtia is cnobiereba, romlis mimarTac sinamdvile
imanenturia. gnoseologiur subieqts ki ainteresebs
ara is, Tu ra aris raime (es specialuri mecnierebebis
saqmea), aramed is, Tu rogor aris raime, rogoria misi
namdvilobis, yofierebis forma. rikertisaTvis Semec-
nebis sagans unda warmoadgendes is, riskenac mimarTu-
lia Teoriuli subieqtis interesi. es aris Rirebule-
baTa samyaro, jer-arsis sfero, romelic ki ar arsebobs,
aramed mniSvnelobs. Semecneba Tavadac Rirebulebaa,
adamiani Rirebulebebze orientirebuli arsebaa, igi
garkveul RirebulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT ucvlis sax-
es gare sinamdviles da qmnis axal sinamdviles kultu-
ris saxiT. amitomaa, rom mxolod moTxovnilebidan ar
aixsneba kulturis faqti. Semecnebis mTavari problema
da siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom subieqts uWirs sa-
kuTari farglebis gareT gasvla, namdvil yofierebas-
Tan misvla. cnobierebas sinamdvile faqtiurad yov-
elTvis TavisTavTan mimarTebaSi eZleva. hegeli werda,
rom ,,Rirseba, romelsac cnobiereba aniWebs TavisTavs
swored is aris, rom sakuTar kerZo mosazrebasa da
Sexedulebaze uari Tqvas da Tavis TavSi sagani gaabat-
onos.“ e.i. subieqti daeufleba obieqtis arsebas maSin,
rodesac, rogorc ambobda heraklite, ,,logoss miapy-
robs yurs“ da Semdeg ,,Tavis TavSi aalaparakebs“ mas.
platoni cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom Semmecnebel

19
cnobierebas garkveuli aprioruli struqtura gaaCnia
jer kidev grZnobad-empiriul sinamdvilesTan Sexe-
bamde, rom swored es aris Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebuli
Sinaarsebis - zogadi cnebebis da principebis - is arse-
biTi struqtura, romelic sinamdvilis calkeul sagan-
Ta da movlenaTa moazrebis aucilebeli winapirobaa da
efuZneba adamianis sulis kavSirs ideaTa maradiul sa-
myarosTan. swored am zegrZnobad samyarosTan kavSiri
aniWebs adamianis mopovebul codnas obieqturobis
xarisxs.Semmecnebeli subieqtis damokidebuleba mis
mier mopovebul codnasTan Semecnebis Teoriis umniS-
vnelovanesi sakiTxia. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom
es aris fsiqologTa kvlevis sakiTxi. Tumca es aris im
mimarTebis kvleva, romelic arsebobs Semmecnebel
subieqtsa da mis mier mopovebuli codnis logikur
struqturebs Soris. filosofosebs ainteresebT Sem-
mecnebeli subieqti daiyvaneba Tu ara mis mier mopove-
buli codnis logikur-gnoseologiur struqturaze,
Tu Semmecnebel subieqts, rogorc aseTs, garkveuli
substanciuri TviTmyofoba axasiaTebs, romelic ar
gaigivdeba codnis struqturasTan. Semmecnebeli subi-
eqtisa da codnis kavSirs kantmac dauTmo yuradReba.
misTvis Semecneba empiriuli subieqtis transcenden-
talur subieqtamde amaRlebaa. es ukanaskneli aris
cnobierebis siRrmeSi moqmedi sayovelTao da aucile-
beli mniSvnelobis kanonzomiereba, ,,cnobiereba saer-
Tod“, romelic uzrunvelyofs kidec codnis obieq-
turobas. kantma nivTi TavisTavadebis samyaro
Semmecnebeli subieqtisTvis miuwvdomlad miiCnia da
Sesabamisad, amiT TavisTavadi sinamdvilis Sesaxeb ab-
soluturi codnis mopovebis SeuZleblobac aRiara.
man aseTi codna adamianis maradiuli moTxovnilebisa
da inteleqtualuri swrafvis idealad gamoacxada. kan-
tisgan gansxvavebiT hegelma Semmecnebeli subieqti

20
mopovebul codnasTan gaaigiva. misTvis sinamdvilis
ganviTarebis msoflio-istoriuli procesi absolut-
is cnebis mopovebaa, adamianur gonebaSi misTvis imanen-
turi RvTaebrivis aRmoCenis procesia. absoluturi
subieqti TviTSemecnebas adamianuri gonebis saSuale-
biT axorcielebs. hegelis filosofia subieqtis, ro-
gorc TavisTavis Tavisuflad ganmsazRvreli az-
rovnebis, garkveul gagebas emyareba. aq azri, idea
mxolod subieqturi ar aris, igi amave dros aris TviT
sagani, WeSmariti da namdvili. rac ideasa da azrSia, is
sinamdvilesa da realobaSic aris. amitom codna obieq-
turia. absoluturi subieqti TviTSemecnebiT absolu-
tur codnas aRwevs, romelSic subieqti da obieqti gai-
givebulia. amiT faqtiurad subieqti daasrulebs
Semecnebis process da gaauqmebs TavisTavs, sakuTar
aqtivobas, miswrafebas codnis mopovebisken. subieqtis
am mdgomareobas hegelma ,,ubeduri“ uwoda, Tumca am
mdgomarebidan misi gamoyvana SesaZleblad miiCnia, ma-
gram Tavad es ver SeZlo. hegelis am Teorias arRvevs
subieqtisa da codnis mimarTebis kantiseuli gageba,
romlis mixedviTac Semmecnebeli subieqti ar daiyvane-
ba codnaze, ar gauigivdeba mas imitom, rom misi yofi-
erebis arsebiTi momentia subieqtis maradiuli swrafva
sinamdvilis Semecnebisken, codnis mopovebisken. ami-
tomac aris subieqti ufro ,,meti“ vidre codna da es
,,meti“ misi substanciuri mdgomareobaa. ,,Semmecnebeli
subieqti yovelTvis ,,metia“ mis mier mopovebuli cod-
nis logikur-gnoseologiur struqturaze da es ,,meti“
aris Semmecnebeli subieqtis sakuTrivi subieqturoba,
misi TviTmyofoba - mudam iswrafodes codnis mop-
ovebisken. Semecnebis istoriuli procesis yovel mo-
cemul safexurze absoluturi codnisken am miswrafe-
bas igi mudam SefardebiTi codniT pasuxobs.“ zemoTac
aRvniSneT, rom samyaro TavisTavad Semecnebisadmi

21
gulgrilia. masTan urTierTobaSi subieqti aqtiurobs
da iwvevs sinamdviles Sesamecneblad. ,,problemas mu-
dam Semmecnebeli subieqti ayenebs, is aproblematurebs
sinamdviles. Semecnebisaken maradiuli swrafva Semmec-
nebeli subieqtis aqtiurobis ontiur statusze mianiS-
nebs“(8). subieqti iswrafvis am problemaTa gadaWris,
gadawyvetisken da amave dros axal-axali problemebis
dayenebisken. mas aqvs daukmayofileblobis grZnoba,
,,ukmarobis gancda“, rac aiZulebs kidec moipovos axa-
li codna. mudam problemis winaSe dgoma da mudam am
problemis gadawyveta is erTaderTi winaaRmdegoba,
romelsac SeiZleba ewodos Semmecnebeli cnobierebis
tragikuli mdgomareoba. subieqtis es konfliqturi
buneba, sinamdvilesTan urTierTobis urTierT-sawi-
naaRmdego tendencia ayenebs mas dilemis erT-erTi al-
ternativis gaqrobis winaSe da gadaaqcevs ,,ubedurad“.
misi es mdgomareoba gansxvavdeba hegelis Semmecnebeli
cnobierebis mdgomareobisagan. hegelTan absolutur
codnasTan subieqtis gaigivebiT, roca mas ukve aRar
gaaCnda problemis winaSe dgomis moTxovnileba, faqti-
urad Semmecnebeli subieqtis ,,TviTmkvleloba“ moxda.
Tu subieqtis codnasTan gaigiveba asrulebs mis
swrafvas codnis mopovebisken, codnis warmodgena
Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebel samyarod,
anu codnis gamijvna subieqtisagan, rac SemogvTavaza
k. poperma sami samyaros TeoriaSi, codnas statikur
fenomenad gadaaqcevs. Tavis erT-erT TxzulebaSi
,,obieqturi codna. evoluciuri midgoma“ (1972) poper-
ma daaxasiaTa es samyaroebi. pirveli - es aris materi-
aluri sinamdvile, meore - subieqturi samyaro, cno-
bierebis Sinaarsi, da mesame - codnis samyaro, romelic
iqmneba cnobierebis mier materialuri sinamdvilisSem-
ecnebiT. ,,me ganvixilav mesame samyaros, rogorc arse-
biTad adamianis sulis produqts - wers poperi - Cven

22
vqmniT mesame samyaros obieqtebs» mesame samyaro obi-
eqturi codnis sferoa, romelic warmoSobis mere aRar
aris damokidebuli Semmecnebel subieqtze. ,,mecnieru-
li codna miekuTvneba mesame samyaros, obieqturi Teo-
riebis samyaros, obieqturi problemebis da obieqturi
msjelobebis samyaros“. es codna ar aris damokidebuli
raimes codnis moTxovnilebaze, igi ar aris damokide-
buli arc aravis rwmenaze daeTanxmos, daasabuTos
raime. ,,codna obieqturi azriT aris codna imis gareSe
vinc icis. igi aris codna Semmecnebeli subieqtis gar-
eSe.“ poperis TeoriaSi subieqturi codna cnobierebis
kuTvnilebaa (me vici), xolo obieqturi codna aris
codna imis gareSe, vinc Seqmna igi. epistemologiis sa-
gani swored obieqturi codnaa, mesame samyaroa. epis-
temologias is ki ar unda ainteresebdes rogor iqmneba
codna, aramed is, Tu ras warmoadgens igi, ra kanonzo-
mierebebs emorCileba, rogorc obieqturi realoba.
poperis azriT, mesame samyaros araviTari msgavseba ara
aqvs adamianis cnobierebasTan. imis miuxedavad, rom
misi pirveli macxovrebelebi adamianis cnobierebis qm-
nilebebi arian, isini gansxvavdebian cnobierebis idee-
bis an misi azrebisagan subieqturi mniSvnelobiT. ada-
mianis dawerili wigni maSinac wignia, rodesac mas aRar
kiTxuloben. Semecnebis produqtebs Semmecnebeli
subieqti aRar sWirdeba, igi damoukidebeli, avtono-
miuri samyaroa, romelsac sakuTari cxovreba gaaCnia.
mesame samyaroSi Sedis rogorc WeSmariti, ise mcdari
Teoriebi. uamrav Teoriul sistemaSi, JurnalSi, wignsa
da biblioTekaSi WeSmaritebasTan erTad Secdomac bev-
ria. swored am SecdomaTa eliminacia iwvevs mesame sa-
myaros zrdas-wers poperi. kiTxva, romelic wamoiWreba
filosofosebSi poperis codnis Teoriis ganxilvisas,
aris Semdegi: Tu codnas SeuZlia iarsebos ise Semmec-
nebeli subieqtis gareSe, ise rogorc Citis budes Citis

23
gareSe, an obobas qsels obobas gareSe, maSin rogorRa
SeuZlia subieqts Secvalos, srulyos da daxvewos
codna am avtonomiur samyaroSi? ra daniSnuleba aqvs
Tundac WeSmaritebebiT an SecdomebiT savse codnas
adamianis mcdelobebis gareSe Seavsos igi axali cod-
niT an gaasworos Secdomebi? rom CavataroT aseTi gon-
ebrivi eqsperimenti da warmovidginoT, rom ganadgur-
da Semmecnebeli subieqti (da ara adamiani saerTod),
Tumca arsebobas ganagrZobs Cveni Sromis yvela manqana
da iaraRi, yvela biblioTeka, wigni da Jurnali, rogor
moxdeba mesame samyaros obieqtTa zrda? ra Tqma unda,
ar moxdeba manam, vidre ar gaCndeba isev aseTi subieqti.
amas Tavadac aRiarebs poperi, rac garkveul winaaRmde-
gobaSi agdebs mis Teorias. ,,me namdvilad vaRiareb, rom
imisaTvis, raTa obieqturi codnis samyaros miekuTvnos
wigni (principSi, SesaZleblobaSi), unda flobdes miRw-
evadobis- wvdomadobis unars (deSifrirebis, gagebis an
,,Semecnebadobis“) vinmes mier. amaze mets me ar vaRiareb
arafers“ amdenad, codna maSinaa codna, roca is viRa-
cis codnaa. poperi miiCnevs, rom mesame samyaros idea
pirvelad platonma Semoitana. Tumca platonis mesa-
me samyaro RvTaebrivi, ucvleli da WeSmaritia, maSin
roca poperisaTvis mesame samyaro adamianis Seqmnilia,
Sedgeba rogorc WeSmariti, ise mcdari Teoriebisgan-
da cvalebadia. maT Soris msgavseba mxolod isaa, rom
orive damoukidebeli, obieqturi da avtonomiuria.
amdenad, poperTan Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan
gamijnuli codnis samyaro e.w. materialur sagnebSi
,,akumulirebuli“ codnaa, romelic cvalebadi ki ara,
dasrulebulia da masSi arc Secdomebis eliminaciis
SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, Tuki codna mxolod aseTi for-
miT arsebobs. codnis zrdisa da srulyofis procesi
Semmecnebeli cnobierebis maradiul moZraobasa da
swrafvaSia WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis. marTalia, am

24
procesSi absoluturi WeSmariteba arasodes miiRw-
eva, magram yoveli Semdgomi Teoria Tu dasabuTebuli
sistema, romelsac WeSmaritebis flobis pretenzia
aqvs, ufro metad Seesabameba sinamdviles, vidre win-
amorbedi.mecnieruli codnis zrdis procesi popers
esmoda WeSmaritebismagvari debulebebiT (da ara WeS-
mariti) Teoriebis zrdisa da cvalebadobis procesad.
misi azriT, mecnieruli Teoriebi ar aris dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan, romelTa eliminaciiT xdeba mecnier-
uli codnis zrda. Secdomebis mocileba ki unda mox-
des siyalbeTa dadasturebis, falsifikaciis meTodiT.
amitom Semecneba poperisaTvis warmoadgens ara WeS-
maritebis wvdomis aqts, aramed Secdomebis elimina-
ciis process. am gamoricxvis Sedegad mudmivad vuax-
lovdebiT WeSmaritebas, magram srulad verasodes
vwvdebiT. ase gagebuli Semecnebis produqti - codna,
ra Tqma unda, ar aris statikuri. is procesia, dinami-
uria.codna Cveulebriv warmoadgens im sxvadasxva Sem-
ecnebiTi procesis rezultats, romelTanac adami-
ani mudmiv kavSirSia, Tundac imiT, rom regularulad
svams kiTxvebs da iRebs pasuxebs.
cvalebad codnas Tavisi kanonzomierebebi aqvs. igi
adamianis cnobierebaSi samyaros moZravi da procesua-
luri xasiaTis anareklia. codnis sxvadasxva sferos
dinamiuri konteqstebi yovelTvis warmoadgenda aq-
tiuri filosofiuri kvlevis obieqts da warmoSobda
sinamdvilis SemecnebisaTvis Sesabamisi mecnieruli
meTodologiis Seqmnis moTxovnilebas Sesabamisi kon-
ceptualuri aparatiT.
swored codnis dinamiuri xasiaTis dadasturebaa
SefardebiTi codnis arseboba. magram codnis fardo-
biToba ar niSnavs, TiTqos es codna aris calkeul in-
dividTa codna da amitom subieqturia (Tumca codnis
relatiurobas subieqturi safuZvlebic aqvs). codna

25
SefardebiTia im azriT, rom igi verasodes amowuravs,
ver upasuxebs Semmecnebeli gonebis winaSe mdgar yvela
problemasa da kiTxvas samyaros Sesaxeb.
filosofosi s. avaliani codnis relatiurobis
wyaroebad miiCnevda adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis
sasrulobas (subieqturi wyaro) da samyaros usasru-
lobas (obieqturi wyaro). adamiani sasruli arsebaa
da versodes miwvdeba usasrulos. erTaderTi codna,
romelsac ara aqvs obieqturi wyaro filosofiuri
codnaa - wers s. avaliani - vinaidan misi Seswavlis sa-
gani substanciuri arsebaa, romelic absoluturia da
ara relatiuri, ,,magram vinaidan filosofiur Semecne-
bas adamianebi axorcieleben, romelTa SemecnebiTi un-
arebi iseve gansazRvrulia, rogorc yvela adamianisa,
filosofiuri codnac, winamecnieruli da mecnieruli
codnis msgavsad, relatiuria.“
morigi kiTxva, romelic dgeba Semecnebis procesSi
codnis dinamiuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebis pirobeb-
Si aris Semdegi: ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli Sefardebi-
Ti WeSmaritebis safuZvelze Semecneba da adamianis
praqtikuli saqmianoba? s. avalianis azriT, ,,adamiani
Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSicno-
bierad an (umetes SeTxvevaSi) aracnobierad qmnis ab-
soluturs, erTniSnas, invariantuls, aabsoluturebs
relatiurs da am xelovnurad Seqmnili absoluturiT
operirebs“ gaabsoluturebul ralatiurs s. avalianma
fsevdoabsoluturi uwoda, Tumca vfiqrobT, rom amiT
codnis relatiurobasTan dakavSirebuli problema
ar moxsnila. absoluturi WeSmaritebis mosapoveblad
Semmecnebeli subieqtis maradiuli swrafvis Sedegad
codna mudmivad ganicdis cvalebadobas da srulyo-
fas. amitomac adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moR-
vaweoba yovelTvis iqneba SecdomebiT savse. amdenad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom codnisken miswrafeba Semmecnebe-

26
li subieqtis Rrma subieqturobaSia, igi subieqtis yo-
fierebis Sinagani garkveulobaa, erTgvari gaucxoebis
formaa. Semmecnebeli subieqti qmnis codnas, romelic
masSi arsebobs da romelic, amasTanave, Tavisi sazrisi-
Ta da mniSvnelobiT obieqturia da amdenad masze maRla
dgas da mis subieqturobaze batonobs. ,,da rac gansa-
kuTrebulad sagulisxmoa, Semmecnebeli subieqti, ro-
gorc aseTi, ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqmis aseT viTarebas,
aramed, piriqiT, ,,mxars uWers“ da eswrafvis mis mier
mopovebuli codnis masze gabatonebas.“ wored es aris
Semmecnebeli subieqtis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli, misi
Sinagani garkveuloba, riTac gansxvavdeba igi sinamd-
vilisadmi subieqtis sxva mimarTebebisagan.
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom codnisken miswrafe-
ba Semmecnebeli subieqtis Rrma subieqturobaSia, igi
subieqtis yofierebis Sinagani garkveulobaa, erTgvari
gaucxoebis formaa. Semmecnebeli subieqti qmnis cod-
nas, romelic masSi arsebobs da romelic, amasTanave,
Tavisi sazrisiTa da mniSvnelobiT obieqturia da amde-
nad masze maRla dgas da mis subieqturobaze batonobs.
,,da rac gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmoa, Semmecnebeli
subieqti, rogorc aseTi, ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqmis
aseT viTarebas, aramed, piriqiT, ,,mxars uWers“ da es-
wrafvis mis mier mopovebuli codnis masze gabatone-
bas.“ wored es aris Semmecnebeli subieqtis arsebiTi
maxasiaTebeli, misi Sinagani garkveuloba, riTac gan-
sxvavdeba igi sinamdvilisadmi subieqtis sxva mimarTe-
bebisagan.

literatura:
1. avaliani s. Teoriuli filosofia, ,,universali“,
Tbilisi, 2007;
2. buaCiZe T. filosofia, adamiani, mecniereba. Tb., saq.
mecnierebaTa akademia, ,,macne“, 1999 w., #1-2;

27
3.kvaracxelia n. adamianis rogorc Semmecnebeli
subieqtis problema, Tsu, 1985.
4.hegeli g.v.f. logikis mecniereba, Tb., 1962.
5. Мамардашвили М. Как я понимаю философию, Прогресс
Москва 1992.
6. Попер К. Логика и рост научного знания, 1983, ст. 451.

Napo Kvaratskelia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician-

secretary of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences of Georgia. Stud-
ies problems of theoretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology), Heis
the author of more than 100 scientific works in these spheres of sci-
ence. Lectures on these problems.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF A KNOWING

SUBJECT AND KNOWLEDGE

ABSTRACT

A relation of a knowing subject to knowledge is discussed in the arti-

cle. It is shown that striving to knowledge is rooted in the deep subjec-
tivity of the subject, it is his internal distinctness, a form of alienation.
A knowing subject creates knowledge, which exists in him and which,
at the same time, according to its meaning and significance, is objec-
tive and thus superior to him and dominates his subjectivity.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da
logikis ganyofilebam.

28
badri forCxiZe - saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, filosofiis doqtori, quTaisis ak.
wereTlis sax. universitetis asocirebuli profesori; av-
tori mravali naSromisa filosofiis aqtualur probleme-
bze, maT Soris wignebisa: „pirovnebaTa amocnobis istoriul-
filosofiuri horoskopi“(2007); „samarTlis filosofiis
aqtualuri problemebi“(Tanaavtori o.mindaZe, 2009); „arais-
toriuli, istoriamdeli da istoriisSemdgomi yofierebis
filosofia“ (2014); „oratoruli xelovnebisa da zogadi
ritorikis socialur-filosofiuri da logikur-gnose-
ologiuri safuZvlebi“ (2018). misi naSromebi xSirad ibeWd-
eba Cvens gamocemaSi

amaoebisa da sasowarkveTilebis
Sinaarsisa da moculobis kategoria

jer kidev aristoteledan kategoriebs gansakuT-

rebuli yuradReba mieqca Teoriul-meTodologiuri
kvlevis procesSi. marTalia, filosofiuri azrovneba
odiTganve warmoudgeneli iyo uzogadesi cnebebis
gamoyenebis gareSe, Tumca specialuri daniSnulebis
terminis saxiT sityva kategoria gamoyenebul iqna
aristoteles mier, rogorc uzogadesi cneba, romelic
gvixasiaTebs ara calkeuli sagnis niSan-Tvisebas,
aramed arsebulis ZiriTad arsebas, mis umTavres
Tvisobriv xasiaTs.marTlia, zogierTi moazrovne
kategoriebs yofs or nawilad, universalur da
specialur kategoriebad, Tumca Cveni TvalsazrisiT,
es gamarTlebulad ar migvaCnia, vinaidan Tu uzogadesi
cneba arsebulis arsebis mimarT gamoTqmuli daxasi-
aTebaa da mis umTavres Tvisebas gansazRvravs, is ar
SeiZleba romelime konkretul sagans exebodes da
misi specifikuri Taviseburebis farglebSi moeqces,
rogorc es axasiaTebs konkretul da erTeul cnebas.
magaliTad, TiTqosda fsiqikuri fenomenebi sivrceSi

29
ar arseboben, imis gamo, rom Cven ar viciT maTi zusti
adgil-mdebareoba, arc sidide da a. S. magram aseTi
midgoma aramarTebulia, radganac sivrce Tavisi
sagnobriobis miuxedavad, arc erT saganze ar daiyvaneba
iseve, rogorc dro ar SeiZleba daviyvanoT romelime
misi ganzomilebis calkeul xangrZliobaze. sivrce,
Tavis erTian, usasrulo mocemulobaSi, arc fizikur
saganTan ar igivdeba, arc materialur nivTierebasTan
da arc araviTar sinamdvilesTan, ramdenadac is ukve
aris uzogadesi metafizikuri cneba da kategoria,
iseve rogorc es xdeba drosTan mimarTebaSi, rodesac
maradiuli, uwyveti drois erTianoba da absoluturoba
auqmebs yovelive droul xangrZliobas mis samive
ganzomilebaSi da vRebulobT erTian maradiul awmyos,
romelic aseve metafizikuri kategoriaa da ara raime
grZnobad-aRqmadi mdgomareobis gancda. rac Seexeba
fsiqikur aqtebs, marTalia, misi zusti ganTavsebis
adgili ar viciT, Tumca es yvelaferi Cveni yofierebis
Semadgeneli nawilia, yofiereba ki yovelTvis
ukavSirdeba drosa da sivrces, maSinac ki, roca is
arc erTi maTganis sazRvrebSi ar Tavsdeba da maTi
konkretuli parametrebiT ar ganisazRvreba. yovelive
amis mtkicebuleba ki aris drois maradiulobis
zedrouli da sivrcis usasrulobis zevrceuli
arseba, maTi metafizikuri ganpirobebuloba, ami-
tomac yvelafers, rasac gaaCnia drouli buneba,
ar SeiZleba mas sivrceSic waerTvas arsebobis
SesaZlebloba. kidev ufro amouwuravia enisa da
azrovnebis Tvalsawieri, romelic droSi da sivrceSi
arsebul yovel movlenas, sagansa da maTi warmodgenis
ukidegano mravalgvarovnebas gadaswvdeba. amis naTeli
dadasturebaa hegelis Semdegi sityvebic: „yvelaferSi,
rac adamianisTvis raRac Sinagani, saerTod warmodgena
xdeba, yvelaferSi, rasac is Tavisad gadaaqcevs, enam
SeaRwia, xolo yvelaferi, rasac is gadaaqcevs enad da
gamoxatavs eniT, Seicavs an farulad, aburdulad, an

30
ufro damuSavebuli saxiT, raime kategorias“(hegeli
1962; 82). mocemul etapze, Cveni konkretuli ganxilvisa
da analizis Temac eZRvneba iseTi saxis kategoriebs,
romelTac gansakuTrebuli dro da adgili eTmoba
yoveli adamianis cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ubralod ki ar eTmoba, aramed maT gareSe yovlad
warmoudgenelia Cveni arseboba da saqmianoba. es
kategoriebi gaxlavT: amaoeba da misgan gamomdinare
sasowarkveTileba.
neokantianelTa skolis warmomadgenlebi, vindel-
bandi da koheni, kategoriaTa sistemis Seqmnis mizniT,
Seecadnen gaetarebinaT Zireuli gansxvaveba azriseuli
kavSirebis SigniT. amisaTvis saWirod CaTvales
Sinaarsisa da moculobis kavSiriseuli mimarTebis
dadgena. roca Sinaarsis elementebi, rogorc
garkveuli Tvisebebi, kavSirSi modian saganTan, rogorc
raRac gansazRvrulobasTan, aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc
ityodnen isini, sagani TavisTavad, obieqturad aris
dakavSirebuli TvisebasTan, anu aseTi kavSiris saxiT
mocemul kategorias gaaCnia sagnobrivi mniSvneloba,
xolo rodesac saxeze gvaqvs sakuTriv elementebs
Soris kavSiri, romelic gaxlavT ara sagnobrivi,
aramed warmodgeniTi, aseT viTarebaSi elementebi
kavSirSi modian cnobierebis aqtivobis procesSi,
roca xorcieldeba maTze refleqsia, dakvirveba da
garkveuli saxis Sefasebac. amdenad, elementTa Soris
kavSirebis dadgena aris individualuri cnobierebis
Sinagani procesis Tavisebureba. aseTi ki SeiZleba iyos
tolobisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi, romlebic, maTi
azriT, ar gaxlavT realuri da sagnobrivi kavSiris
gamoxatuleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom kavSiris xasiaTi
gamoxatulia TviT cnobierebis aqtiT da ara sakuTriv
obieqtebis bunebrivi mdgomareobiT, romelTa mimarT
gamoxatuli cnobieri kavSiris xasiaTi aris mxolod
SemTxveviTi da ara Zireulad ganmsazRvreli niSan-
Tvisebis matarebeli (Виндельбанд 1904; 340).

31
 kategoriaTa pirvel jgufs vindelbandi uwodebs
konstituciurs, xolo meore jgufs_refleqsiurs.
kohens rac Seexeba, misTvis ar arsebobs cnobierebisgan
damoukidebeli sagnobrivi mocemuloba, amitomac
is mocemulad miiCnevs marto imas, rac azrovnebis
mier gaxlavT Seqmnili. aqedan gamomdinare, kohenTan
kategoriebi ganixilebian, rogorc sagnis Seqmnis
saSualebebi, xolo kategoria gamoxatavs msjelobis
moqmedebis wess, romelic amave dros aris cdis
aucilebeli pirobac da „igi niSnavs wminda codnas,
romelic mecnierebis ZiriTadi wanamZRvaria“(Cohen 1914;
259). neokantianuri kategoriaTa sistema imiTaa ufro
angariSgasawevi da xelsayreli, rom azriseul kavSirebs
saganTa kavSirebTan TanafardobaSi warmogvidgens,
sadac erTnairad mkafiod vlindeba rogorc azriseuli
Sinaarsis Sinagani buneba, aseve saganTa garkveul klasze
Tu simravleze aRniSnuli Tvisobrivi maCveneblebis
gadanawilebis moculobac. saqmis saWiroebidan
gamomdinare, amaoebisa da sasowarkveTilebis sulier
ganwyobilebas, zogadadamianuri sazrisiseuli mniS-
vnelobis kvalifikaciaSi Tavisi kuTvnili adgili
unda ganesazRvros formaluri sqematizaciis Tval-
sazrisiTac, amitomac cnebaTa logikis principis
gatareba, Sinaarsisa da moculobis Tanafardobis
dasadgenad, aseTnairad ufro gamarTlebulia.
sanam azrobrivi kavSirebidan sagnobriv mimar-
Tebaze gadavalT, manam aucilebelia amaoebisa da
sasowarkveTilebis urTierTganmsazRvreli maxasi-
aTeblebisa da funqciebis garkveva, raTa moxdes maTi
siRrmiseuli gaazreba da mxolod amis mere SevecadoT
imis garkvevas, Tu adamianTa ra xarisxisa da raodenobis
kontingenti SeiZleba moicvas xsenebulma kategoriebma.
raki tolobisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi refleqsuri
xasiaTisaa, sagnobriv sinamdvileSi diferencirebisa da
sinTezurobis warmodgeniTi aqtebis gavlis Sedegad,
yalibdeba saganTa individualuri kavSirebi, romelTa

32
obieqturobis maCvenebelic isev da isev subieqtur
Semecnebaze da Sefasebazea damokidebuli. marTalia,
subieqturi Semecnebisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebi
aRuricxavia, Tumca azrovnebisa da gagebis aucilebel
wesebs Zireulad mainc eqvemdebarebian. amaoebis
siRrmeSi SesaRwevad mizanSewonilia sikvdil-
sicocxlis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, romelic rac ufro
zogadi da abstraqtuli msjelobis saxes miiRebs, miT
ufro garkveul warmodgenas Segviqmnis Cveni cxovrebis
sazrisze. rogorc ar unda vecadoTtolobis xazis
gavlebas, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris, verafers
gavxdebiT, rameTu aravin araferi vuwyiT imis Sesaxeb,
rac CvenSi wamierad Cndeba, samagierod, kargad
vatyobT da vigebT, yovelives, rac CvenTvis samudamod
qreba.
bunebismecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebas kategori-
aTa raobis gansazRvrebis mizniT, rasakvirvelia aqvs
Tavisi myari safuZveli da gamarTleba, saganTa kav-
SirurTierTobis dadgenisa da garkvevis kuTxiT, Tum-
ca ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT sicocxlis filoso-
fiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels, vilhelm dilTais im
sakiTxSi, rom bunebismecniereba ver amowuravs yofi-
erebis yvela instancias da miT umetes, adamianis Sina-
gani bunebis Taviseburebas. amitomac bunebis mecnier-
uli disciplinebisa da meTodebis garda, aucilebel
saWiroebas warmoadgens gonismecnieruli meTodebisa
da disciplinebis gamoyenebac, raTa ukeT CavwvdeT ada-
mianuri cxovrebis azrs da SevZloT Cveni arsebis siR-
rmiseuli gageba. „Cvens winaSea sinamdvilis ori sfero -
buneba, romelic konstruirebulia bunebismecnierebis
mier da sicocxle,romelic gaigeba gonismecnierebaTa
mier. am or sferos gamoxataven garkveuli tipis kat-
egoriebi. bunebis amgebi kategoriebis Sesaxeb moZ-
Rvreba ase Tu ise, mocemulia tradiciul kategori-
aTmoZRvrebebSi, kerZod kantis kategoriaTa cxrilSi,
Tumca saWiroa kidev ufro Sors wasvla, raTa Seiqmnas

33
„istoriuli gonebis kritika“, romlis sferoSic mo-
qmedeben „sicocxlis kategoriebi... Cven mimarTulni
varT sicocxlisadmi, rogorc sakuTari, aseve sxvisi
sicocxlisadmi, gagebiseuladda es mimarTeba xor-
cieldeba Tavisebur kategoriebSi, romlebic bunebis
SemecnebisTvis ucxoa“ (Dilthey 1989; 196-197). amaoeba
da sasowarkveTileba, dilTais koncefciis Tanaxmad,
gonismecnierul kategoriebad moiazrebian, Tumca
Cveni azriT, bunebismecnieruli kategoriebisgan gany-
enebulad da izolirebulad maTi ganxilva da Sefaseba
ar iqneba swori da Tanmimdevruli, vinaidanisini erTi
da igive samyaros kanonzomieri wesis gansxvavebuli
gamoxatulebani gaxlavT. Tu marTla movindomebT maT
Soris saerTo maxasiaTeblebisa da niSnebis moZiebas, es
namdvilad ar gagviWirdeba. magaliTad, amaoebis mkaf-
iod gamoxatuli kvali SegviZlia davinaxoT udabnod
qceul walkotTa peizaJebSi, naxanZral tyeebSi, miwas-
Tan gasworebul naqalaqarebsa da nasoflarebSi, Cab-
nelebul varskvlavebSi, gvalvisgan daSretil tbebsa
da wyalsatevebSi, namarx cxovelur, mcenareul da
anTropomorful fragmentebSi, erTi sityviT, yvelgan
da yvelaferSi, sadac dro-JamTa ulmobeli srbolisa
da epoqaluri qartexilebis mier iavarqmnil wuTi-
sofels mimovixilavT. igive iTqmis kacTa modgmazec_
zogadad kacobriobis ubedurebis arsicxom swored
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi, mTeli TavianTi Seg-
nebuli mizanswrafulobiT, momarTulni arian ara erT-
maneTis Sesavsebad, aramed erTmaneTis Sesacvlelad.
amaoebisa da sasowarkveTilebis TanafardobiTi gansaz-
Rvrulobis sakiTxSi mizanSewonilad migvaCnia „kriti-
kuli ontologiis“ fuZemdeblis, nikolai hartmanis
Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebac, romlis mixedviTac
kategoriebi konkretulis principebs warmoadgenen da
misgan moucilebelni arian. ar arsebobs konkretuli,
kategoriebis gareSe da kategoria, konkretulis gar-
eSe (mniSvnelobis kanonebi); kategoriebi arseboben ara

34
calke, aramed kategoriaTa fenasTan mWidro kavSirSi
(koherenciis kanonebi); maRali fenis kategoriebi Sei-
caven dablis kategoriebs da ara piriqiT (fenobrio-
bis kanonebi); fenaTa Soris gansazRvra ki calmxrivia:
dabali gansazRvravs maRals da ara piriqiT (gansaz-
Rvris kanonebi). es zogadi principebi calkeul „kat-
egorialuri kanonebiT“ konkretdeba. fenebis gansaz-
Rvra-ganpirobebulobis mimarTeba ontologiisaTvis,
gamoiTqmeba gansazRvris specialuri kanonebiT: si-
Zlieris kanonis Tanaxmad, dabali kategoriebi ufro
Zlieria, vidre maRali; indiferenciis kanonis Tanax-
mad, dabali kategoriebi indiferentulni arian maRal-
Ta mimarT; materiis kanonis Tanaxmad, dabali fenis kat-
egoriebi maRlis materias warmoadgenen; Tavisuflebis
kanonis Tanaxmad, maRali fenis kategoriebi, marTalia,
gansazRvrulia dabali kategoriebiT, magram Tavisu-
falicaa, avtonomiuricaa, ramdenadac axlis Semcve-
lia (Hartmann, 2011; 412).mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Tu cva-
lebadobas maRali fenis kategoriad miviCnevT, xolo
amaoebas dabali fenis kategoriad, mocemuli subor-
dinacia ZalaSi darCeba. Tanac cvalebadobis Seuqcev-
adi kanonzomierebis gageba mosalodneli tragikuli
xvedris realuri Sedegis gacnobierebis saSualebasac
mogvcems, ris Tanaxmadac arc erTi SemTxveva moulod-
neli araa imdenad, ramdenadac yvela saSineleba da
ubedureba nebismier dros mosalodnelia.yvelaferi
rac Cvens garSemo xdeba, cvalebadobis ganuwyveteli
procesis Semadgeneli epizodi gaxlavT.am yvelafers
ki, Tavisi avkargianobis, STabeWdilebaTa simZafris,
sargeblobisa da zianis, netarebisa Tu saurav-satan-
jvelis, individualur grZnobad-gancdadi dozebis
intensiobis sxvadasxvagvarobis miuxedavad, yvela bra-
liani Tu ubralo mokvdavi, mainc raRac igiveobriv
saboloo Sedegze gavyavarT. am Sedegis gacnobiereba,
mTeli Tavisi gardauvali mosaxdenis fiqriT da mo-

35
qmedebiT, iSviaTad Tu xSirad, sruli damajere-
blobiT Segvaxsenebs, rom SeuZlebelia mudmivad
imis SenarCuneba, rac morTmeulia droebiTi cvli-
lebis Sedegad.
eqsistencialuri mimarTulebis fundamenturi
warmomadgeneli, martin haidegeri, nikolai hartmanis
msgavsad, cdilobs gaiazros arsis ontologiuri
problematika. yofierebis arsis wvdoma misi filo-
sofiis umTavresi amocana gaxldaT. Tumca dilTais
msgavsad, adamianuri yofierebis sazrisiseuli
gansazRvrebis saWiroebidan gamomdinare, isic
upiratesobas aniWebda gagebis pozicias. arsebulis
yofierebis kvlevas haidegeri axorcielebs adamianis
„aqyofnis“ yofierebis gagebis safuZvelze, swored
esaa eqsistencialuri filosofiis ZiriTadi
amocanac, rasac man „fundamenturi ontologia“
uwoda. iTvaliswinebda ra, adamianis yofierebis
gansxvavebas yvela sxva arsebulis yofierebisagan,
imas, rom eqsistencia aqyofnis arsebaa, haidegeri
aqyofnis Zireul struqturebs, anu garkveulobebs
eqsistencialebis saxelwodebiT moixseniebda da
cdilobda isini kategoriebis adgilze Caenacvlebina:
„isini mkacrad unda ganvasxvavoT araaqyofniseul
arsebulTa yofierebis garkveulobebisgan, romelTac
Cven kategoriebs vuwodebT“ (HEIDEGGER 1962;44).
marTalia, adamianis yofiereba gansxvavebulia sxva
arsebulTa yofierebisagan, Tumcarodesac zogad
kanonzomierebaTa dadgenas exeba sakiTxi, mxolod
gansxvavebis principiT ver vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan
es saboloo Sedegis kuTxiT arafers ar mogvcems,
vinaidan gansxvaveba TviT adamianTa Sorisac sakmaod
xelSesaxebia da Tu amas Tanmimdevrulad gavyvebiT,
verc verafers gavigebT da garkveulad arc araferi
gvecodineba aramc Tu im arsebulTa yofierebis
kanonzomieri xasiaTis Sesaxeb, romlebic am gansxva-

36
vebis gamo, sakvlevi sagnisgan, anu am SemTxvevaSi,
adamianisgan gavmijneT, aramed TviT adamianic Tvalsa
da xels Sua gagviqreba.Cven ki mxolod sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb SemuSavebuli bundovani warmodgenebis
farglebSi aRmovCndebiT. aseT viTarebaSi aramc
Tu kategoriebis arsebobas da gamoyenebas ekargeba
yovelgvari azri, aramed saerTod winaswarve
xeli unda aviRoT raimes codnis pretenziaze da
zogadsayovelTao WeSmaritebis arsebobazec uari
unda vTqvaT. es ki ukve imas niSnavs, rom Cvens mizans
samyarosa da adamianis arsis Secnoba aRar warmoadgens,
raki amiT codnaze gviwevs uaris Tqma, maSin am codnis
gareSe gagebasac ekargeba yovelive gonivruli azri,
rac esoden mniSvnelovania, rogorc sicocxlis
filosofiisTvis, aseve egsistencializmisTvisac,
Tumca amgvari maqsimalizmi kategoriebis mimarT
distancirebis kuTxiT, haidegerTan vlindeba da
ara dilTaisTan, romelic misgan gansxvavebiT,
TanafardobiTi kategoriebis rolis dakninebas ki ar
cdilobs, aramed mimarTavs garkveul Zalisxmevas,
raTa isini Seavsos gonismecnieruli hermenevtikuli
instrumentebis gamoyenebiT, rac CvenTvis, mocemul
aspeqtSi, sruliad misaRebia.
erTi mniSvnelovani da seriozuli amosavali argu-
menti, rac yovelive arsebulis yofierebis saerTo we-
sis ganmsazRvrelad SegviZlia ganvazogadod, aris is,
rom arc erTi arsebuli, RmerTidan dawyebuli, nebis-
mieri cocxali organizmisa da adamianis CaTvliT, wi-
naswar arasodes ar wyvets sakuTari Tavis arsebobis,
an ararsebobis sakiTxs. amitomac sruliad Tamamad
SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom ar arsebobs Tavisufal
arCevanze damyarebuli calkeuli nebisyofa, sayovel-
Taod gardauvali bedisweris miRma, rameTu arCevani
keTdeba, ara sakuTari nebis ZaliT, aramed an Sinagani,
an garegani iZulebis wesiT.yvela SemTxvevaSi, roca

37
iZulebis faqti saxezea, yovelgvari nebisyofa gamodis
rogorc bedisweris Semadgeneli aqtis gamoxatuleba,
TviT Sinagani iZulebis viTarebaSic. igive yovelive
arsebulis yofierebis realuri mdgomareobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, upiroboT SegviZlia agreTve imis mt-
kicebac, rom konkretuli sagnebisgan da movlenebisgan
gancalkevebulad da izolirebulad, iseve SeuZlebe-
lia sakuTriv bedisweris arsebobis warmodgena, ro-
gorc usagno, carieli sivrcis da uxangrZlivod erT
adgilze gaCerebuli drois. amitomac bediswera, iseve
rogorc dro da sivrce, sxva araferia, Tu ara arseb-
ulTa arsebobis sayovelTao wesi, romelic am arseb-
ulTa gareSe, damoukideblad da ganyenebulad veravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi ver dadgindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom
bediswera, rogorc raime arsebuli ar arsebobs, magram
Tavisi ararsebobis miuxedavad, is RmerTsa da mTel sa-
myaros mainc erTianad gansazRvravs. bedisweridan ukve
uSualod gavdivarT amaoebis kategoriaze. amqveyniuri
amaoeba aris erTaderTi cxadi WeSmariteba, romelsac
maSin CavwvdebiT, rodesac yovel CvenTagans gardauva-
lad daudgeba Jami ganuzomeli ubedurebisa da satan-
jvelisa, swored imis gamo, rac mas erT dros udides
Svebasa da netarebas aniWebda... amaoeba ki sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara totaluri cvalebadoba-warmavlobis, ia-
varqmnisa da ganadgurebis uwyveti, dausabamo proce-
si. am procesis miRma ar rCeba aravin da araferi, arc
suldgmuli, arc usulo, xiluli Tu uxilavi, suler-
Tia, yvelaferi erTi da imave daqanebuli gziT mimdin-
areobs, romelSic erTxelac veravin Seva da verc gamo-
va, radgan yvela da yvelaferi ukve iq aris. rodesac
adamianebi cxadad warmovidgenT da gaviazrebT Cvens
unugeSo gansacdelTa perspeqtivas, Cveni uZlurebisa
da uimedobis gamo vvardebiT sasowarkveTilebaSi. sa-
sowarkveTilebaiseTi ukurnebeli Wiria, rom igi marto
tanjva-vaebisa da ubedurebis Jams ki ar gveufleba, ro-
gorc momakvdinebeli da akviatebuli fiqri, aramed ma-

38
Sinac ki, roca bednierebiT tkbobas win TiTqosda arc
araferi udgas. imitom, rom bevrjer sakmarisi mizezic
gvaqvs sixarulisTvis, magram is mainc erTianad gvipy-
robs, amosunTqvis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs da Signidan
gvangrevs. sasowarkveTili fiqris gamo, yovelgvari
sixaruli da siamovneba, erTiani uzarmazari satan-
jvelis Semadgenel xan-mokle SegrZnebad aRiqmeba,
romelic kidev ufro amZafrebs Cvens uimedobasa da
unugeSobas.ukidures gancxromamde mimarTuli aRg-
zneba, dacxrobisTanave gardaiqmneba, aseve ukidures
sasawarkveTilebamde, gamZafrebul gaRizianebad, rac
imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro matulobs siamovnebis ganc-
da, miT ufro knindeba nebisyofis Zala da gardauvali
satanjvelic sruliad autaneli xdeba.
adamianTa did umravlesobas sasowarkveTileba
maSin ipyrobs, roca Tavs didi ubedureba daatydebaT,
danarCen SemTxvevaSi amaze fiqriT ara marto Tavs ar
iwuxebs, aramed garkveul farul an Ria aRSfoTebas
da agresiasac avlens maT mimarT, vinc msgavs Temebze
Camougdebs saubars. swored aseTi ganwyobileba
gaxlavT imis mizezi, rom filosofia aris ukiduresad
mcire odeneobis adamianTa dainteresebis obieqti,
romelsac sazogadoebis udidesi nawili iseve ufrTxis
da gaurbis, rogorc stiqiur ubedurebas. aseTi reaqcia
ki umedobisa da sasowarkveTilebisgan TavisdaRwevis
instinqtze metad, Tavismotyuebis surviliTaa nakar-
naxevi, vinaidan droebiT Tavismotyueba erTgvari Sveba
da gamosavalia iqamde mainc, sanam bedisweris mware
dacinvis Jami dadgeba. erTaderTi rac maT gasaWirs
mxsnelis saxiT evlineba, es aris warsulis daviwyeba da
amqveyniuri keTildReobis kvlav ganaxlebis wyurvili,
amitomac sazogadoebis aRniSnuli nawilisTvis misa-
Rebia yvelaferi, rac ki mas daviwyebaSi daexmareba
da wuTisoflis siamtkbilobis dawafebis wadils
xelaxla aRuZravs. isic unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi,

39
rom daviwyebis unari daviwyebis survilze araa
damokidebuli, iseve rogorc calkeuli subieqtis
gaZliereba an gamdidreba ar eqvemdebareba mis wyur-
vils. warsulis daviwyebis unari, umTavres SemTxvevaSi,
gonebaSezRudulobisa da sulieri indiferentulobis
Tanmxlebi atributia, romelic cvalebad droebasTan
Seguebisa da udrtvinveli Tanaarsebobis moxerxebuli
dasayrdenia. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, adre Tu gvian,
roca sulierad da xorcieladdauZlurdebian,
sasowarkveTilebis tyveobas mainc ver acdebian,
rodesac amiT maT sicocxlesac daesmeba saboloo
wertili.
rac Seexeba sazogadoebis umcires nawils, isini
sasawarkveTil fiqrTan erTad aTen-aRameben; maT
adreuli bavSvobidanve awuxebT sikvdil-sicocxlis
ganuwyvetel WidilTan dakavSirebuli mZafri
gancdebi da STabeWdilebebi. isini mTeli mondomebiT
cdiloben misgan Tavis daRwevas, magram araferi
gamodis, radgan farTo gonebrivi horizonti da faqizi
sulieri aRnagoba warsulis daviwyebisa da modunebis
saSualebas ar aZleven.zrdasrul asakSi miRebul
gamocdilebasTan erTad, Zlieri nebisyofis SemweobiT,
bedisweris mosalodnel tragikul xvedrs moTminebiT
da gagebiT xvdeba, aRiarebs wuTisoflis simuxTles,
sizipis miTiuri simtkiciT da gamZleobiT ezideba
ulmobeli amaoebis tvirTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom icis
raoden uperspeqtivoa wuTisofelTan gamklaveba.
mainc ar nebdeba, marcxs ar egueba da ganagrZobs
brZolas, ukanasknel amosunTqvamde, radgan brZolis
garda, sxvas arafers ar aqvs araviTari azri, mizani da
gamarTleba. erTaderTi idumali da gansacvifrebeli
wyaro, rac kvebavs da ganamtkicebs aseT subieqtTa
nebisyofas, aris „sasowarkveTilebis energia“. mxolod
gansakuTrebuli azrisa da gancdis matarebel rCeul
pirovnebebs ZaluZT xsenebuli energiis aTviseba
da gamoyeneba ganuwyveteli brZolisunarianobis

40
aRWurvilobiT, misi iracionaluri da mistikuri
Zalis Sesaxeb erTob saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva
SesaniSnavma rusma filosofosma da politikurma
moRvawem, g. plexanovma, romelmac fataluri rwmenisa
da voluntaruli nebisyofis mier gamomuSavebuli
„zeSTagonebisa“ da „sasowarkveTilebis energiis“
moqmedebas daukavSira didi istoriuli pirovnebebis
moRvaweobis sakacobrio missia da roli, risi
meoxebiTac isini sxvebze ufro naTlad, Sors Wvreten
momavals da sxvebze ufro Zlierad surT istoriaSi
Zireuli cvlilebebis Setana (plexanovi 1939. 24).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis es umciresi
warmomadgenlebi filosofiiT suldgmuloben, imi-
tom, rom ZiriTadad TviTon filosofosoben da
filosofiis istoriis mimarT gansakuTrebul interess
da gulisyurs iCenen. maT yoveldriurad SeuZliaT
gaisigrZeganon sasowarkveTili fiqrebi, Tumca
nacvlad imisa, rom sasowarkveTilebis tyveobaSi
erTianad modundnen da suli ganutevon, far-xmals ar
yrian da imave „sasowarkveTilebis energiis“ mZlavri
amosunTqviT ganagrZon brZola da cxovreba ubralod
Tu gansakuTrebulad raRacisTvis.
amaoeba da sasowarkveTileba yvelanairi mdgoma-
reobis Sinaarszea morgebuli, amitomac yoveli
kacTagani, vinc ki dauokebeli fiqriT da sasoebiT
Caefloba samyaros nivTieri qaosis kosmiuri
marTlwesrigis goniT realiebSi, mTeli Tavisi
arsebiT myisve SeigrZnobs mis garSemo ablabudasaviT
daqselil zerele da usargeblo urTierTobebs, rasac
nebsiT Tu uneblied, am xanmokle wuTisoflis udides
da umetes Jams, sul amaod vwiravT. miuxedavad amisa,
ar arsebobs sxva gamosavali, radgan nebismieri vinme,
rac ar unda brZeni da Semoqmedic ar unda iyos, rogori
saswaulmoqmedi SesaZleblobac ar unda hqonoda, imaze
ufro azrianad da ukeTesad, rogorc ukve aris es
samyaro, verafers Seqmnida iseTs, romelic ulmobeli

41
bedisweris amaoebasTan raimes gaxdeboda da Tavs
raimeTi ufro metad gaimarTlebda.
yovelives aRiarebiT da gaTvaliswinebiT,
amaoeba da misgan gamomdinare sasowarkveTileba,
TanafardobiTi kategoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mizez-Sedegobrivi aucileblobiT, realuri SesaZ-
leblobidan ganxorcielebuli sinamdviliT, Sina-
gani arsebis gamovlinebis xarisxiT, Tvisobrivi
garkveulobis Sesabamisad gansazRvruli raodenobiT,
adamianuri yofierebis formiT, stiliT, sistemurobiT
ganpirobebuli struqturuli Sinaarsis elementis
CaTvliT, erTianad moicavs zogadsakacobrio isto-
riul epoqebs, sazogadoebriv jgufebs da calkeul
individTa warmodgenebsa da fiqrebs. amrigad, rogorc
Sinaarsis, aseve moculobis mixedviT, amaoebisa
da sasowarkveTilebis TanafardobiTi kategoria
universaluri xasiaTisaa da uzogadesi cnebebis rangSi
kvalificirdeba.

literatura:

1.plexanovi g. istoriaSi pirovnebis rolis sakiT-

xisaTvis., Tb., 1939.
2. hegeli. g. v. f. logikis mecniereba., Tb., 1962.
3. Dilthey. W: Selected Works, Volume VII. Princeton University
Press. 1989.
4. Cohen H. Logic of Pure Knowledge, Berlin, 1914.
5. Виндельбанд В. Прелюдии. С Петерб. 1904.
6. The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann Edited by: Roberto Poli,
Carlo Scognamiglio and Frederic Tremblay., Published by De
Gruyter 2011.
7. Heidegger M. Being and Time., Translated by John Macquarrie &
Edward Robinson., BLACI<WELL USA 1962.

42
Badri porchkhidze - Academican of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences
of Georgia, Doctor of Philosophy, Assoc. Professor of Kutaisi AK. Tsereteli
State Universithy, author of many labour, about topical problems of Phi-
losofhy, Including books: “Historical-philosophical horoscope of personality
recognition” (2007); “Actual Problems of Law Philosophy” (Coauthor O.
Mindadze 2009); “The philosophy of non-hisictoric, prehistoric, and post-
historic being” (2014); “The Social-Philosophical and Logical-Gnosiologi-
cal Basis of Oratory Art and General Rhetoric”(2018). His works are often
printed in our publications.

THE CATEGORY OF CONTENT AND VOLUME OF

VANITY AND DESPAIR
ABSTRACT
By acknowledging and considering everything,vanity and de-
spair arising from it,with the causal necessity inherent in relative
categories;with reality realized from real opportunity,by the de-
gree of manifestation of the inner being,in quantities determined
in accordance with qualitative certainty,in the form, style, of hu-
man existence,including system content-driven structural content
element.It encompasses universal historical epochs, social groups,
and the ideas and thoughts of individuals.
Thus, in terms of both content and volume, the relative cat-
egory of vanity and despair is universal in nature and qualifies as a
general concept.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba­

Ta akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logi­
kis ganyofilebam.

43
44
mecnierebis filosofia

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

45
eTer ormocaZe – quTaisis akaki wereTlis sax. saxelmwifo
universitetis filosofia-fsiqologiis departamentis
asistent-profesori. muSaobs mecnierebis filosofiisa da
bunebismecnierebis filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs samecniero statiebi da wignebi: `determinacia
bunebismecnierebasa da filosofiaSi~ (Tb., 2005), `sivrcisa da
drois filosofia~ (Tb., 2013), `zogadi unarebi. formalur-
logikuri davalebebi (Teoria da amoxsnis meTodika)~, (quT.,
2013), ` i. gomarTeli – `neba da zneoba~ (quT., 2017).

meqanicizmis sakiTxisaTvis
fsiqologiaSi
refleqsuri moZraoba, rogorc organizmis
uSualo, avtomaturi pasuxi gareSe gaRizianebaze,
aracnobieri moqmedebaa. igi determinirebulia
garedan da mTavrdeba kunTuri reaqciiT (SekumSviT).
fiziologiaSi dadgenilia, rom tvinis mier fsiqikuri
funqciis gamomuSaveba saWiroebs garegan biZgs
gaRizianebis saxiT. amis safuZvelze bevri mecnieri
principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs fsiqikur
movlenebsa da nebismier kunTur moZraobas Soris,
romelic agreTve garegan impulss saWiroebs. amrigad,
TiTqos ixsneba gansxvaveba fsiqikur movlenebsa da
refleqsur aqtebs Soris, fsiqikasa da refleqss
Soris. amis sabuTad bihevioristebi imasac mimarTaven,
rom nebismieri fsiqikuri movlena garegan qcevaSi
gamoxaton, sxvagvarad igi daukvirvebadia da saerTod
SeuZlebelia mis arsebobaze laparaki. rusuli
fiziologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli i.m. seCenovi
amtkicebda, rom „hyvela fsiqikuri aqti, viTardeba
refleqsiis gziT. maSasadame yvela cnobieri moZraoba,
romelic am aqtebidan gamomdinareobs da romelsac
Cveulebriv nebiTi moZraoba ewodeba, arsebiTad
anarekli moZraobaa, am sityvis zusti gagebiT» (1,148).
i.m seCenovis fiziologiaSi, nebiTi moZrao-
bebisaTvis ar arsebobs mamoZravebeli nervi, arc

46
gansakuTrebuli kunTebi, igive nervebi da kunTebi,
romelTa moqmedebiTac pirobadebulia wminda uneblie
moZraoba, moqmedeben TviT nebiTi moZraobebis drosac,
xolo Tu am or aqts Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba, igi
gamoixateba kunTebis SekumSvis mxolod garegan
niSnebSi, rac daiyvaneba erTi kunTis cotad Tu metad
swrafad SekumSvamde da meoris cotad Tu bevrad
damoklebamde» (2,49), maSasadame, nebeloba araa
Tavisufali. nebismieri moqmedebis mizezi garemoSi
imyofeba.
fsiqikuri movlenebi warmoiSoba tvinze gare
samyaros zemoqmedebis Sedegad, amitom isini arsebiTad
sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgenen. biheviorizmma,
romelic erT-erT meqanistur mimarTulebas mie-
kuTvneba fsiqologiaSi, adamianis fsiqikuri
moqmedeba daiyvana qcevebze, refleqsur moZraobebze.
meqanistebis azriT, adamianis fsiqikis gagebisaTvis
sakmarisia misi qcevis, anu kunTuri moZraobebis
Seswavla. e.i, sakmarisia imis aRnusxva, rom mocemul
gaRizianebas cxoveli ra moZraobiT pasuxobs. am
koncefciis mTavari nakli is aris, rom jer erTi,
fsiqikuri movlenebi yovelTvis ar gamoixateba kunTur
moZraobaSi da, meorec, kunTuri moZraoba yovelTvis
ar asaxavs fsiqikur movlenas.
meqanistur Tvalsazriss iziarebs fiziologi
i. TarxniSvilic, fsiqikurisa da refleqsuris
urTierTobis sakiTxSi. igi uaryofs nebelobis
Tavisuflebas da mas „qcevis moCvenebiT TviT-
nebobas uwodebs; misi azriT, „nebeloba“ rogorc
misi warmoSobis, aseve moqmedebis mxriv pirdapir
damokidebulebaSia organizmze garegani zemoq-
medebisagan» (3,56).
meqanicizmis mTavari nakli fsiqikuri movlenebis
Seswavlis procesSi imaSic gamovlinda, rom igi
arsebiTad nebelobis Tavisuflebis uaryofamde
mivida. Tu adamianis fsiqika principulad ar

47
gansxvavdeba refleqsebisagan, maSin igi sruliad
determinirebulia da Tavisufali nebelobisaTvis
adgili aRar rCeba. swored amitom meqanistebi, rogorc
wesi, deterministebi iyvnen ( iseve rogorc idealistebi
umeteswilad indeterministebi), amasTanave es iyo
klasikuri determinizmi, romelic samyaros mecni-
erul suraTSi adgils aRar tovebda SemTxveviTobisa
da TavisuflebisaTvis.
meqanistebis mier nebelobis Tavisuflebis uaryofa
safuZvlad daedo adamianis manqanasTan gaigivebis
ideas. manqana yovelgvar samuSaos gareSe Zalebis
zemoqmedebiT asrulebs. misi samuSao garedanaa
determinirebuli, xolo sakuTari aqtivoba ar gaaCnia.
meqanistebi Tvlian, rom adamianis yovelgvari moqmedeba
manqanis analogiurad gansazRvrulia garegani
faqtorebiT, maSasadame, igi ar aris Tavisufali. mas
ise amoZravebs gareSe mizezebi, rogorc manqanas.
„rogorc ubralo manqanas sWirdeba romelime gareSe
Zala, romelmac is moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos, agreTve
amisTana gareSe Zala kacis sxeulis moZraobaSi
mosayvanadac aucileblad saWiroa, rogorc yovel
manqanas aqvs imisTana nawilebi, romelzedac es gareSe
Zala zemoqmedebs, amisTana nawilebi kacis sxeulsac
aqvs“ (4).
amrigad, meqanicizmi nebelobis Tavisuflebis
uaryofamde midis, magram nebelobis Tavisuflebis
sruli uaryofa arsebiTad niSnavs nebelobis uaryofas,
vinaidan nebeloba Tavisuflebis gareSe ar arsebobs.
kidev metic, cocxali organizmi, miT umetes adamiani,
Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, nebelobis Tavisu-
flebis uaryofas da saerTod meqanicizms ki swored
sicocxlis specifikis uaryofamde mivyavarT, amitom
SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom meqanistebi ada-
miansa da manqanas erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen, rac meqani-
cizmis amosavali principebis logikuri Sedegia.

48
 literatura:
1. Сеченов И. М. Избранные Философские и психологические
произведения, М., 1947.
2. seCenovi i. m. Tavis tvinis refleqsebi, Tb. 1958;
3. Тарханов И. Р., Голь нервной системы в движении живот-
ных, «Медицинский сборник», 1872, №14.
4. wereTeli g. ra unda gamoetana msmenels i. Tarxni-
Svilis leqciebidan, „droeba“, 1971,#45.

Eter Ormocadze – Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent. Professor of Kutaisi

ac. Tsereteli State University, works on science and nature-philosophical
problems; She has published scientific articles and books: “The Determi-
nation in natural sciences and philosophy” (Tb.2005); “The Philosophy of
Space and Time” (2013); “General skills, The formal-logical assignments”
(2013); “I. Gomarteli-will and morality» (2017).

MECHANISM IN PSYHOLOGY
ABSTRACT

Mechanism as a methodology of Laplace’s determinism attempt-

ed to explain mental processes. The assimilation of the psyche with
reflexes, which is observed even in I.M. Sechenov’s doctrine of
brain reflexes, is a direct confirmation of this.
The complete definition of human behavior is the denial of
freedom of will for external reasons, moreover, the ignorance of
the specifics of life has become the basis for the mechanists to
equate man and machine.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis
ganyofilebam.

49
50
politikis filosofia

PHILOSOPHY OF POLITIC

51
guram abesaZe – politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, politikuri mec-
nierebebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli; mravali samecniero
naSromis (80-ze meti) avtori politikis TeoriaSi, maT Soris
gamoirCeva monografia: `politikuri kultura: konceptua-
luri modelebi da demokratiuli tranziciis paradigmebi~
(2015), romelSic Tanamedroveobis bevri aqtualuri prob-
lemaa ganxiluli.

nodar abesaZe - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis so-

cialuri mecnierebebis programis doqtoranti, 20-ze meti
samecniero naSromis avtori religiisa da politikis ur-
TierTobebis sakiTxebze; misi kvleviTi Tema exeba saqarT-
velos eklesiis rols Tanamedrove erovnul-politikuri
identobis formirebis procesSi.

politikuri socializacia da
Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
identobis formireba

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos demokratiuli tranzi-

ciis erT-erT aqtualur problemas eris politikuri
socializaciis procesi warmoadgens, romelmac unda
moaxdinos erovnuli identobis transformacia.
msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, romlebmac naci-
onalizmis aRorZineba gamoiwvia, erebis ganviTarebasa
da identobis formirebaSi garkveul gardaqmnebs
moiTxovs. am mimarTulebiT, qarTveli eris identobis
memkvidreobiTi elementebis gaaqtiureba da misi axali
tendenciebis gamokveTa politikuri socializaciis
procesisadmi axleburi midgomiT aris SesaZlebeli.
qarTul politikur sivrceSi politikuri
socializaciis gardaqmna da misi demokratiuli
elementebis gamokveTa SeferxebiT mimdinareobs.
politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove modelis

52
formirebis gareSe SeuZlebelia qarTveli eris
politikur erad gardaqmna, rac erovnuli identobis
tranziciis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
demokratiuli tranzicia politikuri soci-
alizaciis axlebur gaazrebas moiTxovs, ramac
radikalurad unda gardaqmnas politikuri sistemis
instituciuri da kulturul-ideologiuri
struqtura. SeiZleba gamovyoT sami ZiriTadi
prioritetuli mimarTuleba, romelic man unda
gadawyvitos: 1. politikuri socializaciis agentebis
formireba, romelic mdgradi instituciuri sivrcis
Seqmnas gulisxmobs da gaTvlilia demokratiuli
tranziciis prioritetebis ganxorcielebaze; 2.
erisa da samoqalaqo sivrcis racionalurobisa da
pragmatulobis amaRleba, romelic politikur-
kulturul gardaqmnasa da RirebulebiT tran-
sformacias gulisxmobs; 3. Tanamedrove qarTuli
erovnuli identobis politikuri tranzicia,
romelic samoqalaqo da saxelmwifoebrivi identobis
formirebas gulisxmobs. e.i. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
politikuri socializacia es aris Tanamedrove
qarTuli politikuri eris formirebis procesi,
romelic saxelmwifoebrivi identobis Tanamedrove
modelis safuZvels warmoadgens.
Tanamedrove politikur sistemaSi politikuri
socializaciis upirvelesi agentia instituciuri
aqtorebi, romlebic tranziciis moTxovnebs TavianTi
kulturul-inteleqtualuri potencialiTa da
avtoritetebiT ver akmayofileben; SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom politikuri tranziciis aqtoruli sivrce
Rrma kriziss ganicdis, romelic polarizebis
Tanmxlebi fazebiT gamoirCeva; maTi monacvleobiTi
da cikluri dominanturi mmarTvelobiTi pozicia
da gadawyvetilebaTa eqsperimentuli formebi

53
politikuri socializacias mizanmimarTul xasiaTs
akargvinebs, rac perspeqtiul Sedegianobaze ar
aris gaTvlili. am mimarTulebiT iracionaluri
tendenciebi gamoikveTa nacionaluri moZraobis
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis periodSi, romelic
transplantaciuri da radikaluri reformebiT
gamoirCeoda; maTi mizani ar iyo demokratiuli
erTiani sivrcis Seqmna, romelic eris SemoqmedebiTi
da damoukidebeli unarebis formirebas Seuwyobda
xels. wina xelisfulebis reformebi qarTuli
tradiciuli politikuri elementebisa da erovnuli
avtoritetebis msxvrevaze iyo agebuli. yovelive
es sazogadoebaSi SiSisa da uimedobis sindroms
amkvidrebda da „mtris xatisa“ Ziebaze iyo agebuli.
erovnuli identobis iracionaluri elementi gaxda
destruqciuloba da polarizeba, romelic aferxebda
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gaazrebis process. erma
ver gamokveTa Tavisi politikuri meoba da istoriuli
misia. amitom, mizanSewonilia, rom e.w. „vardebis
revolucias“ qarTul politikur istoriaSi mieces
mkveTri iracionaluri Sefaseba, rom man qarTuli
demokratiuli tranzicia radikalur stilSi warmarTa
da avtokratiuli elementebi politikuri identobis
sindromad gadaaqcia.
Tanamedrove politikuri socializaciis umniS-
vnelovanesi paradigmaa eris kulturul-ideologiuri
tranzicia, anu RirebulebiTi gardaqmna, romelsac axa-
li erovnuli identoba da pragmatizmi daemyareba. sax-
elmwifoebriv identobas myari ideologiuri da Rire-
bulebiTi safuZvlebi esaWiroeba, rac mizanmimarTuli
moZraobis saSualebas miscems ers. e.w. vardebis revo-
luciis“ mier Tavsmoxveuli eqstremistuli ideologia
eris agresiuli politikuri kulturis mudmivi Tanmx-
lebi procesi gaxda, rac sociums saxelmwifoebriv ni-

54
hilizmSi agdebs. Tanamedrove opoziciuri speqtris
nawili am destruqciuli ideologiiT sargeblobs da
eris racionalurobisa da pragmatulobis formirebas
aferxebs. am ideologiaze iyo agebuli maT mier Catare-
buli saganmanaTlebro sistemis reforma, romelmac
eris inteleqtualur potencials didi ziani miayena.
Sedegad miviReT is, rom gaZlierda eris momxmareblu-
ri fsiqologia da daqveiTda inteleqtualuri poten-
ciali. mitom, saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi saWira axali
midgomebi, radganac unificirebuli transplantacie-
bi ver amarTlebs; saganmanaTleblo ideologia Tavi-
dan aris Sesaqmneli da igi qarTveli eris tradiciul
samecniero da inteleqtualur potencials unda dae-
myaros.
politikuri tranziciis procesSi qarTvel ers
samoqalaqo sivrcis racionalizaciis miznmimarTuli
socializacia esaWiroeba, rac axali politikuri prag-
matizmis safuZveli unda gaxdes. samoqalaqo sivrce
cvlilebebs moiTxovs da aqtiuria, magram politi-
kuri aqtorebis mier damkvidrebulma polarizebam da
avtoritarulma tendenciebma gaucxoebis elementebi
warmoSva, rac ewinaaRmdegeba qarTul saxelmwifoe-
briv identobas. qarTul politikur sivrceSi SeimCneva
sociumsa da politikur speqtrs Soris winaaRmdegoba,
romelic iwvevs politikuri institutebisadmi ni-
hilistur damokidebulebas, e.i. Tavisi ideologiuri
platformebiT qarTuli instituciuri wesrigi da misi
dizaini ver akmayofilebs drois moTxovnebs da saxelm-
wifoebrivi identobis narativebs mkveTrad asustebs.
tranzitul politikur sivrceSi sistemurad
ver gardaiqmna politikuri socializacia, romelic
aramxolod instituciur cvlilebebs saWiroebs,
aramed kulturul-RirebulebiTsac, romelic
mxolod transplantaciur procesebze ar iqneba

55
damokidebuli. erma ver SeZlo, gamoemuSavebina
Tavisi RirebulebiTi prioritetebi, romlebic
identobis pragmatul Sinaarsebze iqneboda age-
buli. demokratiuli tranziciis procesSi eris
RirebulebiTi gardaqmna mentalur da genur Tvisebebs
naklebad iTvaliswinebs, rac, garkveul situaciebSi,
reformebs eqsperintebis xasiaTs aniWebs. qarTvelma
adamianma mentalurad dakarga politikuri motivacia
da stimulireba, romelic gansakuTrebiT esaWiroeboda
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis
Semdeg. ers sakuTari Tavis gaazrebis saSualeba
totalitarul-imperiul sistemaSi ar eZleoda,
rac TavisTavadobis stimuls yovelmxriv axSobda.
samwuxarod, erovnuli identobis tranzicia isev ucxo
RirebulebiT gadmonergvaze gaxda damokidebuli,
ramac unificirebuli da garkveul situaciebSi
antierovnuli xasiaTi SeiZina.
qarTveli eris Tanamedrove politikuri identoba
- es aris samoqalaqo aqtiurobis Tanmxlebi procesi,
romelic eri-saxelmwifos Seqmnas gulisxmobs; Taname-
drove qarTuli eri-saxelmwifo samoqalaqo naciona-
lizmze agebuli polieTnikuri da multi-kulturuli
sivrcea, romelic politikuri integ-raciis process
emyareba. miviCnevT, rom iden-tobis tranziciis es ele-
mentebi garkveul situaciebSi moisustebs, rac safrTx-
es uqmnis Tanamedrove qarTu-li saxelmwifoebriobis
TviTmyofadobas. amitom, eris politikuri socializa-
ciis procesSi politikuri integraciis problemebsa
da institutizacias gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces. SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi
identoba - es aris multikulturtulad gaerTianebu-
li politikuri eris gansaxiereba, romelic amkvidrebs
erTian politikur sivrces. es politikuri sivrce da
wesrigi sakuTar TavSi naklebad Seicavs polarizebisa

56
da gaucxoebis elementebs.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaucxoebis tendenciebi
demokratiuli tranziicis iracionalur procesad
mogvevlina, rac ori mimarTulebiT gamovlindeba:
1. erma politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgena ver
aRiqva sakuTar saxelmwifoebriv gancdad, e.i. ver
SeZlo politikuri konsolidacia da polarizeba
Tanacxovrebis wesad gaixada; 2. erma Tavisi socialur-
ekonomikuri Tanacxovreba da mamulisadmi erTguleba
miiviwya, miwas gauucxovda da sxva qveynebSi daiwyo
Tavisi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis
Zieba, e.i. miviReT mamuls gaucxoebuli eri, romelic
gansxvavebul RirebulebiT sivrceSi cdilobs Tavis
damkvidrebas; sabolood, viRebT mentalurad da
kulturulad Secvlil Taobas, romelic qarTul
identobas degradirebis saSiSroebas uqmnis. ai, es
ori iracionaluri tendencia Rrma SeSfoTebas iwvevs
da socializaciis procesSi radikalur gardaqmnebs
saWiroebs. saxelmwifoebriobas gaucxoebuli eri Tavis
mexsierebasac iviwyebs da erovnul pesimizmSi eqveva.
erovnuli identoba es genuri mTlianobaa, romelic
myari mentalur-RirebulebiTi TanacxovrebiT sul-
dgmulobs. saxelmwifoebrioba am Tanacxovrebas
politikur formas aZlevs, rac ers instituciurad
ufro aqtiursa da mobilizebuls gaxdis.
qarTveli eris Tanamedrove politikur soci-
alizaciaSi krizisi da polarizeba ufro gamokveTili
gaxda. politikuri sistema demokratiuli tranziciis
tempiT moisustebs, rasac politikuri elita ver
umklavdeba. qarTuli politikuri elita unda
gaxdes krizisis marTvis menejeri, magram misi
profesionalizmi ver akmayofilebs drois moTxovnebs.
saerTod, gardaqmnis procesSi politikuri elitis
kultura Tavisi midgomebiTa da politikuri

57
intuiciiT unda gamoirCeodes. qarTul sinamdvileSi
politikuri elita aRiqmeba dominantur Zalad,
romelic politikur inteleqtsa da pragmatizms
moklebulia, e.i. politikuri elitis rekrutireba
da cirkulacia dominanturi politikuri aqtorebiT
mimdinareobs, romlebic pragmatizms mxolod pirad
sargebelze ageben, xolo erovnul-patriotuli
suliskveTeba naklebad igrZnoba. politika
gamoyenebulia patronaJad ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad, romelic mmarTvelobis oligar-
qiul sistemas warmoSobs.
dominanturi partia da misi liderebi mTeli
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis koncentracias TavianT
xelSi axdenen, rac demokratiuli tranziciis
Semaferxebel sindromad gadaiqca. politikuri elita
da lideri demokratiul cirkulacias aferxebs da
socializaciis procesic erTpartiul instituciur
aqtors emorCileba. amitomac aris, rom sistemuri
reformireba ver xorcieldeba da politikuri
procesic erT adgilzea gaCerebuli. qarTuli
identoba da misi krizisidan gamoyvana politikuri
elitisa da lideris xelSia. qarTuli identobis
tranzicias namdvilad aklia patrioti da politikurad
inteleqtualuri liderebi, romlebic erovnuli
pragmatizmiT gamoirCevian da axali saxelmwifoebrivi
identobis formirebas mizanmimarTulad warmarTaven.
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri socializaciis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes agentsa da stabilur
institucias marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi
meTauri, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi
ilia II warmoadgens. istoriulad eklesias Tavisi
gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs politikur sistemaSi, rac
asaxulia Tanamedrove saqarTvelos konstituciaSi;
am gagebiT, mas politikuri statusic eniWeba,

58
romelic saxelmwifoebrivi identobis formirebaSi
gansakuTrebul misias akisrebs. politikuri
tranziciis periodSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT
gaxda gamokveTili: 1. msoflio wesrigis cvlilebam
wina planze wamoswia erovnuli identobis problemebi,
romlebic religiur narativs gansakuTrebul misias
akisreben; 2. Tanamedrove politikuri socializacia
eris politikur-kulturul tranzicias gulisxmobs,
rac marTlmadideblobis aqtorul rols kidev ufro
zrdis; 3. Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
identobis ideologiur-RirebulebiTi elementi
moisustebs da mas eklesia avsebs Tavisi erovnuli
poziciiTa da midgomebiT; 4. qarTuli eklesia eris
polarizebis pirobebSi Tavisi Semrigebluri poziciiT
gamoirCeva, rac politikur sistemas stabilurobas
unarCunebs; 5. marTlmadidebelma eklesiam kidev ufro
gamokveTa Tavisi geopolitikuri konteqsti, romelic
gansazRvravs misi dominanturi da toleranturi
rolis gaZlierebas regionalur konfesiur sivrceSi.
uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II aRniSnavs, rom xalxs
SiSi da uimedoba ipyrobs, magram ar unda gavtydeT,
ar unda dagvabrkolos arc gamravlebulma Ralatma
da gautanlobam, arc Surma da mzakvrobam. arsebuli
realoba unda miviRoT, rogorc Cveni rwmenis didi
gamocda da SevZloT, ganveSoroT borotebas; vecadoT
ar davkargoT Rirseba da Zalisebr Cvenisa, sikeTiT
vupasuxoT gamowvevebs.4
daskvna. politikuri socializaciis procesi
Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi identobisa
da erovnuli pragmatizmis formirebis aucilebeli
4 სრულიად საქართველოს კათოლიკოს-პატრიარქის ილია II-ის საშობაო
ეპისტოლე. 2019; hhttp://patriarchate.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia-ii/epistoleebi-
illia-ii/

59
pirobaa. politikuri socializaciis axalma modelma
unda Secvalos saxelmwifoebrivi identobis krite-
riumebi. socializaciis upirvelesi agentia politi-
kuri institutebi, romlebic ukidures polarizebas
avlenen da periodulad destruqciulobis sindromiT
gamoirCevian. politikuri aqtorebis moRvaweobas ak-
lia erovnuli pragmatizmi da racionaluroba. politi-
kuri reJimis iracionaluri sindromi gaxda dominantu-
ri erTpartiuli mmarTvelobiTi sistema. samoqalaqo
sivrce Tavisi racionalurobiT ar gamoirCeva da sax-
elmwifoebrivi gaucxoebiT suldgmulobs. politi-
kuri socializaciis umniSvnelovanesi prioriteti
gaxda saxelmwifoebrivi identobisa da erovnuli prag-
matizmis axleburi gaazreba. socializaciis procesma
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
aqtoruli roli wina planze wamoswia; misi erovnuli
misia da saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebi konstituciurad
aris gansazRvruli. eklesiis sazrunavi axali qarTuli
saxelmwifoebrivi identobis formireba gaxda.

literatura:
1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia
II-is saSobao epistole. 2019.
hhttp://patriarchate.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia-ii/epistoleebi-illia-ii/
2.g. abesaZe, dominanti instituciuri aqtorebi qarTul
politikaSi da demokratiis stabiluroba. ,,filosofi-
uri Ziebani“ /krebuli ocdamexuTe/. saqarTvelos fi-
losofiur mecnierebaTa akademia. ,,universali“, Tb.,
2021, gv. 210-219.
3. n. abesaZe, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedrove qarTu-
li erovnuli identobis politikuri transformacia.
stu saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi

60
samecniero Jurnali „saistorio vertikalebi“, 47-48,
2021, gv. 252-257
4. n. abesaZe, erovnuli identoba da Tanamedrove
qarTuli politikur-kulturuli sivrcis demok-
ratiuli tranzicia. ,,filosofiuri Ziebani“ /krebuli
ocdamexuTe/. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademia. ,,universali“, Tb., 2021, gv. 220-228
5. Tomas de vaali: Ria saqarTvelo, daxuruli
saqarTvelo. 2017.
https://jam-news.net/ge/post-author/tomas-de-vaali-carnegie-europe/
6. linkoln mitCeli, 2017 wels saqarTvelos winaSe
mdgari oTxi kiTxva. 2017. http://georgianpress.ge/com/news/
view/23819?lang=1
7. stiven jonsi. interviu saqarTvelos politikis
institutis analitikosTan jozef larsenTan.
inglisuridan Targmna ioseb JorJolianma. saqar-
Tvelos politikis instituti, 2017, ianvari N1. http://
gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/
8. stiven jonsi. demokratia saqarTveloSi http://www.
cicerofoundation.org/lectures/Stephen_Jones_Georgia.pdf

Guram Abesadze – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi State

University, head of Policy science direction. He is author of more than 60
scientific works, 2 securities and 4 monographs in politics; Among them are
monographs of “political culture” / Tbilisi., 2015 /, in which many current
issues of modernity are discussed.

Nodar Abesadze - Doctor of Social Sciences of Georgian Technical

University, Author of more than 20 scientific papers on issues of religion
and politics; His research focuses on the role of the Georgian Church in the
formation of modern national-political identity.

61
 POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AND THE FORMATION
OF A MODERN GEORGIAN STATE IDENTITY

ABSTRACT
The process of political socialization is a necessary condition
for the formation of a modern Georgian state identity and national
pragmatism. The new model of political socialization must change the
criteria of state identity. The primary agent of socialization is the po-
litical institutions, which show extreme polarization and are periodi-
cally distinguished by the syndrome of destructiveness. The work of
political actors lacks national pragmatism and rationality. The irratio-
nal syndrome of political regime has become the dominant one-party
system of government. Civil space is not distinguished by rationality
and is inspired by state alienation. A new understanding of state iden-
tity and national pragmatism has become a top priority of political so-
cialization. The process of socialization brought to the fore the acting
role of the Orthodox Church of modern Georgia; Its national mission
and state functions are constitutionally defined. The concern of the
church became the formation of a new Georgian state identity.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba­

Ta akademiis politikis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

62
sociologia da socialuri
fsiqologia

63
amiran berZeniSvili – filosofiis doqtori, iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikosi. muSaobs socialuri da politikuri
filosofiisa da sociologiis sferoSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs
mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am dargebSi, maT
Soris monografiebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi.

codnis - azrovnebis sociologiuri gagebis

saTaveebTan (marqsi, diurkemi, manhaimi)
codnis sociologiis manhaimiseuli
koncefciis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
manhaimma ideebis sistemis socialurze damo-
kidebulebis Sesaxeb k. marqsis programuli debuleba
ganazogada. magram manhaimma, misi ara mxolod
ganzogadeba, aramed transformirebac moaxdina da
igi analizis im mTavar instrumentad aqcia, romelic
rogorc marqsizmis, ise nebismieri sxva sistemis
Seswavlisas SeiZleba erTnairi efeqturobiT iqnes
gamoyenebuli. manhaimi iyo pioneri, romelmac
Semecnebis im sazRvars gadaabija, rasac frTxili
moazrovneebi Tavs aridebdnen. man brwyinvale amo-
savali debulebebi, midgomebi SeimuSava da Semdgomi
kvlevebisaTvis gzebi gakvala.
rogor azrovneben adamianebi namdvilad, azrovneba
rogorc koleqtiuri qmedebis iaraRis saxiT namdvilad
rogor funqcionirebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da
politikaSi - ai, karl manhaimis codnis sociologiis
mTavari amocana.
codnis sociologiis ZiriTadi Tezisi ki gveubneba,
rom arsebobs azrovnebis tipebi, romelTa adeqvaturad
gageba, maTi socialuri fesvebis gamovlenis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. sworia is, rom azrovneba mxolod
individs SeuZlia. ar arsebobs iseTi metafizikuri

64
arseba, raRac jgufuri gonis msgavsi, romelic
azrovnebs, da romlis ideebsac individi ubralod
kvlavawarmoebs. magram sworad SeniSnavs k. manhaimi,
ar iqneboda swori amisagan is daskvna gagvekeTebina,
rom individis mamoZravebel yvela ideasa da grZnobas
mxolod masSi aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da mxolod misi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba
iqnes adeqvaturad axsnili.
iseve rogorc enis raoba SeuZlebelia gavigoT,
calkeul individze dakvirvebiT, aseve SeuZlebelia
sworad aRvweroT mTeli Tavisi sisruliT romelime
Tvalsazrisi, mxolod imaze dayrdnobiT, rom
igi calkeuli erTeuli pirovnebis inteleqtSi
Camoyalibda mxolod Zalian SezRuduli sazrisiT qmnis
individi im enisa da azrovnebis etaps, romelsac Cven
masTan vakavSirebT ,,igi Tavisi jgufis eniT laparakobs,
Tavisi jgufis azrovnebis formebSi azrovnebs“
Манхейм Карл. Диагноз нашего времени.: Пер. С нем. и анг. –
М.: Юрист, 1994, gv.8. individis gankargulebaSi mxolod
garkveuli sityvebi da maTi mniSvnelobebi rCeba. isini
ara mxolod gansazRvraven mis midgomas garemomcveli
samyarosadmi, aramed amavdroulad aCveneben, Tu
romeli TvalsazrisiT da saqmianobis romel sferoSi
sagnebi aqamde maTi jgufisa Tu individis aRqmisa da
gamoyenebisTvis misadgomi iyo. amitom, manhaimis azriT,
codnis sociologia Segnebulad ar amodis individisa
da misi azrovnebisagan, raTa Semdeg, rogorc amas
filosofosebi akeTeben, azrovnebis rogorc aseTis“
abstraqtul simaRleebze uSualod gadavides. piriqiT,
,,codnis sociologia cdilobs azrovneba gaigos
istoriul da socialur situaciasTan konkretul
kavSirSi, romlis CarCoebSic individualurad
diferencirebuli azrovneba mxolod TandaTanobiT
warmoiSoba“ (Манхейм, 1994,gv.9). amgvarad, daaskvnis

65
k. manhaimi, azrovneben ara adamianebi, rogorc aseTni
da ara izolirebuli individebi ganaxorcieleben
azrovnebis process, aramed adamianebi azrovneben
gansazRvrul jgufebSi, romlebmac maTi poziciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel saerTo tipiur situaciebze reaqciebis
usasrulo rigebis msvlelobisas azrovnebis
specialuri stili SeimuSaves.
mkacrad rom vTqvaT, vamtkicoT, rom individi
azrovnebs, saerTod arasworia. ufro swori iqneboda
gveTqva, rom igi azrovnebis romeliRac procesSi,
romelic manamde didi xniT adre warmoiqmna, mxolod
monawileobs. igi Tavis Tavs aRmoaCens memkvidreobiT
miRebul situaciaSi, mocemuli situaciis Sesabamisi
azrovnebis modelebis mflobels/flobaSi, rome-
lic cdilobs pasuxis memkvidreobiT miRebuli
etapebis gadamuSavebas an sxvebiT mis Secvlas, raTa
adeqvaturad SeZlos reagireba im axal gamowvevebze,
romlebic mocemuli situaciis gardaqmnis Sedegad
gaCndnen. amgvarad, is faqti, rom TiToeuli
individi cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi, misTvis ormag
winaswargansazRvrulobas qmnis: pirveli, igi Seqmnil
situacias poulobs, meore, masSi azrovnebisa da
qmedebis ukve formirebul modelebs aRmoaCens
(Манхейм, 1994,gv.9).
codnis sociologiis meTodis meore damaxasiaTeb-
el niSans, manhaimis azriT, warmoadgens is, rom az-
rovnebis konkretulad arsebuli formebi im koleq-
tiuri qmedebis konteqstidan ar amovardebian, romlis
meSveobiTac Cven goniTi azriT samyaros aRmovaCenT.
jgufebad mcxovrebi adamianebi, ubralod fizikurad
diskretuli individebis saxiT ki ar Tanaarseboben.
isini garemomcveli samyaros sagnebs mWvreteli gon-
ebis abstraqtul doneze da mxolod calkeuli/erTeu-
li individebis saxiT ki ar aRiqvamen. piriqiT, ,,isini

66
moqmedeben erTad- erTmaneTTan da erTmaneTis winaaR-
mdeg - Tavisi organizaciiT gansxvavebul jgufebSi
da am qmedebebis Sesruleba/ganxorcielebisas fiqro-
ben/azrovneben erTad/erTmaneTTan da erTmaneTis
winaaRmdeg“ (1994, gv.9) es jgufebad dakavSirebuli
individebi im jgufis xasiaTisa da adgilis/mdgo-
mareobis Sesatyvisad, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian,
maTi garemomcveli bunebis samyaros an sazogadoebis
Secvlas, an arsebuli saxiT SenarCunebas iswrafvian.
bunebisa da sazogadoebis cvlilebebze, an maT ucv-
lelad SenarCunebaze es nebelobiTi warmarTuloba,
es koleqtiuri saqmianoba aris swored is, romelic
gansazRvruli jgufis adamianTa azrovnebis proble-
mebis, cnebebisa da formebis warmoSobas xels uwyobs.
im specifikuri koleqtiuri saqmianobis Sesabamisad,
romelSic monawileoben adamianebi, am adamianebs maTi
garemomcveli samyaros gansxvavebuli wesiT/saxiT da-
naxvis midrekleba uyalibdebaT. Cveni azriT, manhaimi
sworad daaskvnis „mas, visac adamianuri azrovnebi-
saTvis namdvilad kuTvnili formebis mTeli simdidre
seriozulad da yuradRebiT ar Seuswavlia, ar ZaluZs
apriorulad gadawyvitos, SesaZlebelia ki socialuri
situaciidan da saqmianobis mTeli konteqstidan sru-
lad mowyveta/ sruli gaTavisufleba“ (iqve gv,10). aseve
ar SeiZleba maSinve gadawyvetiliyo, Seesatyviseba ki
msgavsi dixotomia obieqturi faqtobrivi codnis in-
teresebs.
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom codnis gansazRvrul
sferoebSi swored moqmedebisadmi impulsi aCvenebs/
aRmoaCeninebs moqmed subieqts samyaros obieqtebs.
aseve SesaZlebelia, rom swored es faqtori
gansazRvravs sinamdvilis im elementebis SerCevas,
romlebis azrovnebis sagnebad iqcevian da aseve
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom am faqtoris gamoricxvam

67
(Tu es saerTod SesaZlebelia), cnebebis konkretuli
Sinaarsis srul gaqrobasTan da im maorganizebeli
principis dakargvasTan migviyvanos, romelic
mxolod da mxolod problemis racionalur dayenebas
SesaZleblad xdis. magram - SeniSnavs manhaimi - es imas
ar niSnavs, rom iq, sadac jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba
qmedebaze orientirebulia situacias TiTqosda
arsebiTi elementebi Seadgenen, racionaluri kri-
tikuli TviTkontrolis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia.
SesaZlebelia, swored maSin, rodesac cxadi xdeba,
rogorc azrovnebis faruli damokidebuleba jgufis
cxovelsaqmianobisagan, ise is garemoeba, rom misi
fesvebi saqmianobaSi unda veZeboT, pirvelad amis
gacnobierebis Sedegad, adre kontrolisaTvis
miudgomeli azrovnebis faqtorebze axali tipis
kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba war-
moiqmneba.
magram obieqtis kvleva ar aris izolirebuli
aqti; igi warmoiqmneba da momdinareobs gansazRvrul
konteqstSi, romlis xasiaTze gavlenas Rirebulebebi/
faseulobebi da koleqtiur - aracnobieri nebelobiTi
impulsebi axdenen. socialur mecnierebebSi swored
es koleqtiuri saqmianobis rTul gadaxlarTvaze
orientirebuli, inteleqtualuri interesi ayalibebs
ara mxolod zogad da saerTo sakiTxebs, aramed kvlevis
konkretul hipoTezasac, agreTve gamocdilebis
momwesrigebeli azrovnebis modelebs. mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven SevZlebT cnobieri da zusti
dakvirvebis sferoSi mecnierul da popularul
diskusiaSi aRmoCenil sxvadasxva amosaval modelebsa da
meTodebs Sevitan, maSin Cven SeiZleba gagviCndes imedi/
rom „droTa ganmavlobaSi viswavliT im aracnobieri
motivebisa da wanamZRvrebis gakontrolebas, romlebic
saboloo angariSiT, azrovnebis gansxvavebuli

68
formebis warmoSobis mizezad iqcnen: axali tipis
obieqturoba socialur mecnierebebSi ara Sefasebebis
gamoricxviT, aramed maTi kritikuli aRqmiTa da
gakontrolebiT SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli“ (iqve,gv.11).
SemTxveviTi araa, rom azrovnebis da saqmianobasTan
misi kavSiris socialuri fesvebis problema Cvens
TaobaSi warmoiSva - wers manhaimi. aseve araa SemTxveviTi,
rom aracnobieri, rogorc Cveni azrovnebisa da Cveni
saqmianobis safuZveli, TandaTnobiT gacnobierda da
amiT ki kontrolisTvis miRwevadi gaxda.
Cven ver SevZlebT sworad SevafasoT am faqtis mniS-
vneloba CvenTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT im
garemoebas, rom Cveni codnis socialuri fesvebis Ses-
axeb ganazrebebis gakeTeba specifikurma socialurma
situaciam gvaiZula. codnis sociologiis erT-erTi
fundamenturi debuleba gvauwyebs, rom procesi, rom-
lis msvlelobisas koleqtiur-aracnobieri motivebi
gacnobierebuli xdeba, SeiZleba ara nebismier epoqaSi,
aramed mxolod gansazRvrul specifikur situaciaSi
moxdes. aseTi situacia SeiZleba sociologiurad iqnes
determinirebuli. SeiZleba SedarebiTi sizustiT im
faqtorebis CamoTvla, romlebic garduvalobiT aiZu-
lebs adamianTa sul ufro met raodenobas ifiqron da
iazrovnon ara mxolod samyaros nivTebze, aramed Tavad
azrovnebaze, Tanac ubralod ara imdenad azrovnebis
rogorc aseTis WeSmaritebis raobaze, ramdenadac im
gasaocar faqtze, rom erTi da igive samyaro SeiZleba
sxvadasxva damkvirvebels gansxvavebulad warmoudges.
cxadia, rom msgavsi pirobebi SeiZleba sayovelTaod
mniSvnelovani mxolod im epoqaSi gaxdes, sadac
uTanxmoeba ufro metad gvxvdeba TvalSi, vidre
Tanxmoba. „adamianebi nivTebis uSualo Seswavlidan
azrovnebis wesebis ganxilvaze gadasvlas maSin
iwyeben, rodesac dapirispirebuli - sapirispiro

69
gansazRvrebebis simravlis pirispir nivTebisa da
sityvebis Sesaxeb cnebebis pirdapiri da xangrZlivi
damuSavebis SesaZlebloba qreba“ (iqve,gv.11). axla Cven
SegviZlia ufro zustad, vidre amis SesaZleblobas
zogadi da formaluri analizi gaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT,
Tu romel/rogor socialur da sulier-goniT
situaciebSi yuradReba aucileblad nivTebidan
urTierTgamomricxav Sexedulebebze, amaTgan ki -
azrovnebis aracnobier motivebamde unda gadanacvldes
aq mxolod ramdenime mniSvnelovan sulier
faqtorebze SevCerdebiT, romlebic am mimarTulebiT
moqmedeben. uwinares yovlisa, azrovnebis formebis
mravalferovneba - saxeoba SeuZlebelia problemad im
periodebSi iqces, rodesac socialuri stabiluroba
msoflmxedvelobis Sinagani erTianobis safuZvlad da
garantiad gvevlineba. sazogadoebaSi, sadac jgufis
yoveli wevri bavSvobis wlebidan eCveva sityvebis
erTsa da igive sazriss, logikuri msjelobis erTsa
da imave meTods, azrovnebis gadaxriTi procesebi ar
wamoiqmnebian.
azrovnebis wesSi arsebuli TandaTanobiTi
cvlilebi (Tu is mainc warmoiSoba) ar cnobierdeba
jgufis wevrebis mier, romlebic stabilur situaciaSi
imyofebian, sanam azrovnebis adaptaciis procesi
imdenad nela midis, rom ramdenime Taobaze gadadis
da iWimeba. msgavs SemTxvevaSi erTi Taoba Tavisi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis ver amCnevs, rom
cvlilebas aqvs adgili, rom raRacebi icvleba.
imisaTvis, raTa azrovnebis formebis mravalsaxeoba
SemCneul iqnes, da ganazrebebisaTvis Temad iqces,
istoriuli procesis zogad dinamikas sul sxvagvari
faqtorebi unda SeuerTdes da daematos. uwinares
yovlisa, statikur sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul
iluzias, romlis Tanaxmad yvelaferi SeiZleba

70
Seicvalos, magram azrovneba mudam ucvleli
rCeba, socialuri mobilobis daCqareba angrevs.
socialuri mobilobis ori saxe horizontaluri da
vertikaluri, gansxvavebulad moqmedeben, riTac
azrovnebis stilTa mravalsaxeobis aRmoCenas xels
uwyoben. horizontaluri mobiloba aCvenebs, rom
gansxvavebuli- sxvadasxva xalxebi gansxvavebulad
azrovneben. magram iqamde, sanam erovnuli da lokaluri
jgufebis tradiciebi ucvleli rCeba, kavSiri
azrovnebis Cveulebad qceul tipTan imdenad myari
rCeba, rom azrovnebis tipebi, romlebic sxva jgufebSi
aRmoiCineba, ganixilebian rogorc ucnauroba, Secdoma,
orazrovneba an eresic ki. am stadiaze jer kidev ar
warmoiqmneba eWvi azrovnebis sakuTari tradiciebis
erTgulebaSi da arc saerTod azrovnebis erTianobasa
da erTsaxovnebaSi.
mxolod maSin, rodesac horizontalur mobilobas
intensiuri vertikaluri mobiloba uerTdeba, e.i.
socialur fenebs Soris swrafi moZraoba, socialuri
aRmavloba da daRmavloba, azrovnebis sakuTari
formebis sayovelTao saerTo da maradiuli
mniSvnelobis rwmena ryevas iwyebs. ,,vertikaluri
mobiloba warmoadgens im gadamwyvet faqtors, romelic
samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli tradiciuli warmodgenebis
mimarT adamianebSi undoblobasa da skepsiss badebs.
rasakvirvelia, umniSvnelo vertikaluri mobilobis
mqone statikuri sazogadoebis SigniT gansxvavebuli
fenebi gansxvavebuli wesiT - saxiT aRiqvamen samyaros.
maqs veberis damsaxurebaa is, rom Tavis religiis
sociologiaSi man naTlad aCvena, Tu rogor erTi
da igive religia xSirad gansxvavebulad aRiqmebian
glexebis, xelosnebis, vaWrebis, didebulebisa da
inteligenciis mier. Caketil kastebad an fenebad/
wodebebad danawilebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac

71
vertikaluri mobiloba Zalian umniSvneloa, sam-
yaros Sesaxeb erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli,
Caketili warmodgenebi iqmneba, an magaliTad, es
kastebi aRiareben erT rwmenad, magram es rwmena
gansxvavebulad interpretirdeba, kastis an wreebis
cxovrebis wesis/niris Sesabamisad. es ukanaskneli
garemoeba gvixsnis im faqts, rom calkeul kastaTa
azrovnebis gansxvavebuli tipebi erT cnobierebaSi,
erT inteleqtSi ar erTiandebian da amitom problemad
ar iqcevian. socialuri TvalsazrisiT gadametebuli
cvlileba xdeba maSin, rodesac miiRweva istoriuli
ganviTarebis is stadia, romelzec sazogadoebis adre
izolirebul fenebs Soris komunikacia warmoiSveba
da moqmedebas socialuri cirkulacia iwyebs. am
komunikaciis mTavari stadia xasiaTdeba imiT, rom
azrovnebisa da gamocdilebis aqamde erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli formebi viTardebian da erTsa da
imave cnobierebaSi iWrebian da inteleqts aiZuleben
samyaros dapirispirebul koncefciaTa Seurigebloba
aRmoaCinos.
sakmarisad myari stabilurobis mflobel sa-
zogadoebaSi, dabali fenebis azrovnebis formebis
maRalSi SeRwevis Tavad faqts didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs,
ramdenadac azrovnebaSi gansxvavebebis SesaZleblobac
TavisTavad ver aiZulebs gabatonebul jgufs
inteleqtualuri Zvra/ryeva ganicados. manam, sanam
sazogadoebis stabilizaciis safuZvels avtoriteti
warmoadgens da socialur prestiJs mxolod maRali
fenebis qmedebebi floben, manam am klass raime
gansakuTrebuli safuZveli ar aqvs Tavisi socialuri
arseboba da Tavisi qmedebebis mniSvneloba eWv qveS
daayenos. mxolod saerTo demokratizacias da ara
mxolod ubralod socialur dawinaurebas/winsvlas,
dae Tundac mniSvnelovan calkeul pirTa qadagebebs

72
SeuZlia migviyvanos imasTan, rom dabali fenebis
azrovnebis wesi, romelsac adre sazogadoebrivi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, axla mniSvnelobasa da
prestiJs pirvelad iZens. im momentidan, rodesac
demokratizaciis es stadia miRweulia, dabali
fenebis azrovnebis meTodebi da ideebi gabatonebuli
fenis ideebs mniSvnelobis Tanabar doneze pirvelad
SeiZleba daupirispirdes, da mxolod axla azrovnebis
es ideebi da formebi mis farglebSi moazrovne adamians
aiZuleben Tavisi samyaros obieqtebi fundamentur
revizias/xelaxal gadaazrebas dauqvemdebaros. azrov-
nebis gansxvavebuli tipebis Sejaxeba, romelTagan
TiToeul reprezentatulobaze Tanabari xarisxiT
acxadeben pretenzias, pirvelad xdis SesaZlebels
azrovnebis istoriisaTvis amdenad sabediswero da
amdenadve fundamenturi sakiTxis dasmas, saxeldobr:
rogor SeuZliaT adamianTa azrovnebis identur
procesebs, romelTa obieqti erTi da igive samyaroa,
am samyaros gansxvavebuli konceftebi Seqmnas.
aqedan ki erTi nabijia Semdeg sakiTxamde, xom ar
SeiZleba, rom azrovnebis es procesebi sruliadac
ar iyos identurni? xom ar mivalT Cven adamianuri
azrovnebis yvela SesaZleblobis gamovlenisas,
daskvnasTan rom arsebobs mravali gansxvavebuli
gza, romelTa mixedviTac siaruli savsebiT misaRebi
da SesaZlebelia, romlebs unda mivsdioT? da gana
socialuri dawinaurebis procesma ar gamoiwvia
aTenSi evropuli azrovnebis istoriaSi pirvelad
skepticizmis talRa? gana berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis
sofistTa moZRvreba ar iyo im eWvis gamoxatuleba/
gamoTqma, romelic imis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom maT
cnobierebaSi/ azrovnebaSi nebismieri obieqtis
ganxilvisas ori tipis axsna ejaxeboda erTmaneTs?
erTis mxriv arsebobda miTologia, gabatonebuli

73
magram ukve ganwiruli aristokratiis azrovnebis
stili; meores mxriv - dabali fenis -aRmavali qalaquri
xelosnobis/rewvis - xelovnebis Tavisi xasiaTiT
analitikuri azrovnebis meTodi. ramdenadac samyaros
axsnis es orive forma Sevida sofistebis azrovnebaSi
da yoveli/TiToeuli moraluri gadawyvetilebisaTvis
maT gankargulebaSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi ori
normatiuli standarti iyo, xolo TiToeuli kosmiuri
an socialuri movlenisaTvis ki - ukidures SemTxvevaSi
ori axsna iyo - ar unda gagvikvirdes is, rom isini
skeptikurad epyrobodnen/afasebdnen adamianuri
azrovnebis Rirebulebas; maT ubralod aRmoaCndaT
sakmarisi mamacoba imisaTvis, gamoeTqvaT is, rasac
Tavisi epoqis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis mflobeli
TiToeuli adamiani grZnoba, saxeldobr rom normaTa da
ganmartebaTa winandeli - adrindeli araorazrovneba
Seryeulia da damakmayofilebeli gadawyveta SeiZleba
mxolod winaaRmdegobebis radikaluri daeWvebisa da
Rrma ganazrebebis meSveobiT iqnes napovni - moZiebuli.
amgvarad, saerTo daurwmunebloba aranairad ar
amtkicebda am samyaros saerTo dacemas, magram ufro
warmoadgenda kriziss, romelic gajansaRebisaken
mimaval gzaze etapi iyo (Манхейм, 1994, gv.14).
garda socialuri faqtorebisa, romlebsac
azrovnebis gabatonebuli formebis Tundac pirveli
erTianoba da Semdgomi mravalsaxeoba efuZneba,
manhaimi kidev erT mniSvnelovan moments gvaxsenebs-
yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs socialuri jgufi,
romlis mTavar amocanas mocemuli sazogadoebisaTvis
samyaros interpretaciis gakeTeba warmoadgens. .
manhaimi am jgufs ,,inteligencias“ vuwodebT. rac ufro
stabiluri da statikuria sazogadoeba, miT ufro
savaraudoa, rom es fena masSi gansazRvrul statuss
SeiZens, moipovebs da kastad gadaiqceva. ase magaliTad,

74
Samanebi, brahmanebi, SuasaukuneTa sasuliero pirebi-
samRvdeloeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc iseTi
inteleqtualuri fenebi, romelTagan TiToeuli
mocemul sazogadoebaSi samyaros suraTis formirebis
da sxva socialur fenebSi Seqmnil gulubryvilo
warmodgenebSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa mowesrigebisa
da gardaqmnis monopolias floben. qadageba, aRsareba,
sjulis swavleba - rwmenis moZieba RvTismetyveleba is
saSualebebia, romelTa daxmarebiTac gansxvavebuli
koncefciebis daaxloeba socialuri ganviTarebis im
doneze mimdinareobs, romel donezec azrovnebas
daxvewili formisaTvis jer kidev ar miuRwevia.
kastis saxiT organizebuli inteleqtualTa fena,
romelsac qadagebis, swavlebis da samyaros Tavisi in-
terpretaciis Seqmnis ufleba monopolizebuli aqvs,
manhaimis azriT, ori socialuri faqtoriTaa ganpiro-
bebuli. rac udro didi xarisxiT da doniT igi rome-
lime mkacrad organizebuli koleqtivis (mag. eklesiis)
ideebis gamomxatveli xdeba, miT ufro Zlierad ixreba
Tavis azrovnebaSi ,,sqolastikisaken“. am fenis amoca-
naa - azrovnebis im wesebs, romelic adre mniSvnelovani
mxolod gansazRvruli seqtisaTvis iyo, dogmatu-
rad damakavSirebeli Zala misces, da amiT azrovnebis
am formebSi impliciturad arsebul ontologias da
gnoseologias sanqcia misces. es gardaqmna gareSe
pirTa TvalSi erTiani frontiT warmodgenis aucile-
blobiTaa gamowveuli. analogiuri Sedegi SeiZleba
miRweul iqnas im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac socialuri
struqturis SigniT Zalauflebis koncentracia imde-
nad naTladaa - cxadadaa gamoxatuli, rom azrovnebi-
sa da gamocdilebis erTgvarovneba SeiZleba didi
warmatebiT vidre aqamde, miweril iqnas Tavisi kastis
wevrebisaTvis mainc.
am monopoliuri azrovnebis meore damaxasiaTebel

75
Tvisebas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Ria konfliqtebis-
gan SedarebiT siSore da daSoreba warmoadgens. maSa-
sadame, igi am azriTac ,,sqolastikuria“ e.i. akademiuri
da sicocxles moklebulia - usicocxloa. azrovnebis
es tipi ara cxovrebiseuli problemebis gadaWris
uSualo brZolebSi, ara bunebaze an sazogadoebaze ga-
batonebis mcdelobebis, an cdebisa da Secdomebis re-
zultatis saxiT ki ar yalibdeba - aramed igi, uwinares
yovlisa, sistematizaciis sakuTar moTxovnilebebs
ikmayofilebs, romlis ZaliTac religiuri sferos da
cxovrebis sxva sferoTa yvela faqti tradiciul mo-
cemulobebTan da arakontrolirebad wanamZRvrebTan
TanafardobaSi modis ((Манхейм, 1994, gv.16). diskus-
iebisas warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobebi, gamocdilebis
ara imdenad gansxvavebuli saxeebis konfliqts, ar-
amed ramdenadac dogmatizirebuli tradiciuli ,,WeS-
maritebis“ ama Tu im SesaZlebel interpretaciebTan
sakuTari Tavis gamaigivebeli erTi socialuri struq-
turis SigniT xelisuflebis poziciebs ganasaxiereben.
wanamZRvarTa-gzavnilTa dogmaturi Sinaarsi, romli-
danac cdiloben am azrovnebis sxvadasxva xerxebiTa da
wesebiT gamarTlebas, umravles SemTxvevaSi savsebiT
SemTxveviTia, Tu maT Sesaxeb faqtobrivi monacemebis
safuZvelze vimsjelebT es Sinaarsi savsebiT TviTne-
buria, ramdenadac igi imazea damokidebuli, Tu romel
seqtas ergo SemTxveviT istoriul-politikuri gan-
viTarebis msvlelobisas Tavisi sulieri da cxovrebi-
seuli tradiciebi eklesiis mTeli klerikaluri kas-
tis tradiciebad eqcia.
Tanamedroveobis gadamwyveti faqtori, romliTac
igi SuasaukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli situaciisagan
gansxvavdeba, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT aris is,
rom samyaros eklesiuri interpretaciis monopolia,
romelic sasuliero pirebis kastas hqonda, daimsxvra

76
da inteleqtualebis Caketili, mkacrad organizebuli
fenis adgili Tavisufalma inteligenciam daikava,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia is, rom igi sul ufro
metad rekrutirdeba mudmivad cvladi socialuri
fenebisa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebisagan da misi
azrovnebis wesi romelime kastis tipis organizaciis
mxridan regulirebas metad aRar eqvemdebareba.
sakuTari socialuri organizaciis ar qonebis gamo
inteligenciam SeZlo azrovnebisa da gamocdilebis
im tipebis rupori gamxdariyo, romlebic sxva fenebis
moqmedebebis farTo sferoSi erTmaneTs Riad
ejibrebodnen. Tu Semdeg, mxedvelobaSi miviRebT
imas, rom kastebad dayofili sazogadoebebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli monopoliuri privilegiebis ga-
uqmebis Sedegad, inteleqtualuri produqciis
sxvadasxva formebi Tavisufali konkurenciis kanonebs
daemorCila, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu am Sejibrebisas
- dapirispirebisas inteligentebma sul ufro
Riad daiwyes sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrovnebis
gansxvavebuli tipebisa da gamocdilebis miReba
da maTi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg arsebul brZolaSi
gamoyeneba. isini iZulebulni iyvnen moqceuliyvnen ase,
imitom rom maT uwevdaT sazogadoebis keTilganwyobis
mopovebisaTvis brZola. romelic klerikalurisgan
gansxvavebiT ukve morCilad ar miiRweoda, garkveuli
Zalisxmevebis gareSe maT mier SeTavazebul
koncefcias ver miiRebda. sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
jgufebis keTilganwyobis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi
dapirispireba da jibri kidev imiTac Rrmavdeboda,
rom aRqmisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva gansxvavebulma
wesebma da meTodebma sul ufro cxad da naTel
gamoTqmas da ufro didi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
aRiarebas miaRwies.
am procesis mimdinareobisas qreba iluzia, TiTqos

77
azrovnebis erTi tipi arsebobs. inteleqtuali ukve
aRar warmoadgens kastis an klasis wevrs, rogorc
adre. romlis azrovnebis sqolastikuri saxe misTvis
azrovnebas rogorc aseTs warmoadgens. ((Манхейм, 1994,gv
17). am SedarebiT martiv procesSi unda veZioT im faqtis
axsna, rom axal droSi azrovnebis fundamentaluri
gadafaseba SesaZlebeli mxolod samRvdeloebis/
sasuliero pirebis inteleqtualuri monopoliis
gauqmebis Sedegad gaxda. TiTqmis erTsulovnad
miRebuli, xelovnurad daculi warmodgena samyaro
Sesaxeb swored im momentSi daiwera, rodesac misi
Semqmnelebis sulieri monopolia ganadgurebul iqna.
mkacri eklesiuri organizaciisagan inteleqtualebis
ganTavisuflebasTan erTad sul ufro metad, samyaros
interpretaciis sxvadasxva-gansxvavebuli wesebi/
xerxebi, sul ufro metad iReben/moipoveben aRiarebas.
mxolod sayovelTao demokratizacias da ara
calkeuli adamianebis, Tundac yvelaze warCinebulis
ubralo socialur dawinaurebas, SeuZlia migviyvanos
imasTan, rom dabali socialuri fenebis amaRlebas
maTi azrovnebis sazogadoebrivi aRiareba uciloblad
moyveba. mxolod demokratizaciis process SeuZlia
imis SesaZlebloba Seqmnas, rom dabali fenebis
azrovnebis wesi, romelsac adre sazogadoebrivi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, axla mniSvnelobasa da prestiJs
pirvelad iZens. im momentidan, rac demokratizaciis es
stadia miRweulia, dabali socialuri fenebis ideebi da
azrovnebis meTodebi pirvelad SeiZleba gabatonebuli
socialuri fenis ideebs mniSvnelobis Tanabar doneze
daupirispirdes. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia
azrovnebis am ideebsa da formebs am CarCoebSi
moazrovne adamiani aiZulos sakuTari samyaros
obieqtebi fundamentur revizias dauqvemdebaros.
azrovnebis gansxvavebuli tipebis Sejaxeba,

78
romelTagan TiToeuli Tanabari xarisxiT acxadebs
pretenzias reprezentatulobaze, pirvelad gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas davsvaT azrovnebis istoriisaTvis
ase sabediswero da amdenad fundamenturi sakiTxi,
saxeldobr: rogor SeuZliaT adamianTa azrovnebis
identur procesebs, romelTa obieqtsac erTi da
igive samyaro warmoadgens, am samyaros gansxvavebuli
koncefciebi Seqmnas.
azrovnebis konkretulad arsebuli formebi kole-
qtiuri qmedebis im konteqsts ar toveben, romelTa
meSveobiTac Cven samyaros sulierad SevicnobT. in-
dividebi erToblivad - erTmaneTTan erTad da erT-
maneTis winaaRmdeg - TavianT, organizaciis mixedviT
gansxvavebul jgufebSi - moqmedeben da am qmedebisas
erTmaneTTan erTad da erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg azrovne-
ben da fiqroben. swored es jgufebad dakavSirebuli
individebi, im jgufis, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian,
adgilisa da xasiaTis Sesabamisad, maTi garsmomcveli
bunebisa da sazogadoebis Secvlas an arsebuli saxiT
SenaCunebas eswrafvian.
sociologia dasawyisidanve cdilobs indivi-
dualuri aqtiuroba yvela sferoSi jgufuri
gamocdilebis konteqstSi ganmartos. codnis
sociologia - azrovnebis socialuri anu eqsisten-
cialuri ganpirobebulobis Teoriaa. igi azrovnebasa
da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebs
swavlobs da socialur Semecnebas miekuTvneba.
Semecneba dasawyisidanve jgufuri cxovrebis saerTo
process warmoadgens, romelSic TiToeuli saerTo
siZneleebisa Tu dabrkolebebis/winaaRmdegobebis
gadalaxvisas saerTo bedis, saerTo saqmianobis
struqturaSi Tavis codnas avlen, amJRavnebs da qmnis.
manhaimis relacionizmi. manhaims miaCnda, rom
yvela idea, WeSmariteba SefardebiTia da, Sesabamisad

79
im socialuri an istoriuli situaciis gavlenas
eqvemdebareba, romlidanac isini warmoiqmnebian.
Tavad is faqti, rom yoveli moazrovne sazogadoebaSi
romelime konkretul jgufTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom
mas garkveuli statusi aqvs da konkretul socialur
rols asrulebs, mis inteleqtualur Tvalsawiers
gansazRvravs.
ideebs istoriuli epoqis da socialuri struqtu-
ris gansxvavebul monakveTebSi aqvT fesvebi gadgmuli,
amitom azrovneba uciloblad perspeqtiulia. ideebs
fesvebi istoriuli drois da socialuri struqtu-
ris sxvadasxva monakveTebSi aqvT gadgmuli, amitom
azrovneba garduvalobiT perspeqtiuli xasiaTisaa,
igi mudam azrovnebaa perspeqtivaSi.perspeqtiva aRniS-
navs im wess, romlis daxmarebiTac individi obieqts,
xdomilebas xedavs, ras aRiqvams masSi da rogor ganmar-
tavs mas.
manhaimTan vkiTxulobT: „...perspeqtiva ...raRac
ufro metia, vidre azrovnebis ubralod formaluri
gansazRvreba. igi aRniSnavs wess, romlis daxmarebiT-
ac, individi obieqts, xdomilebas xedavs, rasac masSi
aRiqvams rogoradac ganmartavs mas. perspeqtiva az-
rovnebis struqturaSi Tvisebriv elementebsac exeba,
romlebic formaluri logikis mier aucileblad unda
iqnes gadaxedili. swored es faqtorebi gansazRvraven
imas, rom or adamians, romlebic formaluri logikis
erTsa da imave wesebs icaven, erTsa da imave xdomileba-
ze Zalian gansxvavebulad SeuZliaT imsjelon da gansa-
jon“ (Манхейм, 1994,gv 248).
adamianuri azrovneba situaciazea damokidebuli.
gansxvavdebian ideebis ara mxolod ZiriTadi orienta-
ciebi, Sefasebebi da Sinaarsebi, aramed problemis das-
mis wesi, gakeTebuli midgomis wesi da kategoriebic ki,
romlebSic gamocdilebebia Sejamebuli, dagrovili da

80
moyvanilia garkveul wesrigSi socialuri mdgomareo-
bis Tu dakavebuli adgilis Sesabamisad. Semecnebis
modelebi monawileTa socialur poziciebs ukavSird-
ebian.
ideologiis utopiisagan gansxvaveba. codnis
sociologia ideologias da utopias erTmaneTisa-
gan ganasxvavebs da mijnavs. ideologias igi uwodebs
„gabatonebuli jgufebis ideebisa da Sexedulebebis,
agreTve aracnobier faqtorTa erTobliobas, rom-
lebic sazogadoebaSi saqmis realur mdgomareobas/
viTarebas niRbaven da konservatiul funqciebs as-
ruleben“. utopia ki im jgufTa saqmianobis proeqtia,
romlebic upiratesad „socialuri pirobebis parado-
qsaluri wesiT transformaciiT arian dakavebulni“.
e.i. im elementebis daxmarebiT, romlis ganadgurebasac
gvTavazoben. (Манхейм, 1994, gv 85). arsebuli sazo-ga-
doebisadmi zusti diagnozis dasmis da situaciis obi-
eqturad Sefasebis unars moklebul/uunaro azrovne-
bas, manhaimi, utopiurs uwodebs ((Манхейм, 1994, gv 164).
ideologia arsebuli socialuri wesrigis SenarCune-
bas eswrafvis, utopia ki am wesrigis daSla-dangrevis
metad Tu nakleb efeqtur wesebs gvTavazobs. rogorc
„moumwifebeli/umwifari WeSmariteba“ da realize-
buli proeqti, utopia, manhaimis azriT, SeiZleba oTxi
formiT iqnes warmodgenili:
1. anabaptistTa orgiastuli hiliazmiT;
2. franguli revoluciis liberalur-humanuri
ideiT;
3. konservatiuli ideiT;
4. socialisturi da komunisturi utopiiT.
amgvarad, ideologiaSi asaxulia gabatonebuli
klasis azrovnebis wesi, romelic xelisuflebis
SenarCunebas cdilobs. utopia ki dabali klasis
azrovnebas da mis im miswrafebas asaxavs, rom
xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis gziT daTrgunvisa da

81
Cagvris sistemas bolo mouRos.
„relacionizmi“ da „relativizmi“. Tu azrovnebis
socialuri ganpirobebulobis Teziss miviRebT, maSin
samarTliani iqneba Tu mas TviT codnis sociologiis
mimarTac gamoviyenebT.
gadauWreli rCeba Semdegi problema: Tu azrovneba
garduvalad ganpirobebulia socialuri faqtore-
biT, maSin sadRa arsebobs WeSmariteba? Tu ar arse-
bobs obieqturi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac WeS-
maritebas siyalbisagan ganvasxvavebT, maSin yovelive
amas relativizmisaken xom ar mivyavarT? am problemis
gadasaWrelad manhaimi relacionizmisa da inteligen-
ciis Teoriebs mimarTavs. igi amtkiebda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom sazogadoebis yvela fena da jgufi awarmoebs
ideebs, romlebic maTi momxreebis eqsistenciur pozi-
ciazea damokidebuli, arsebobs adamianTa sxva tipic
- „socialurad gamoTavisuflebuli inteligencia“,
romelsac unari Seswevs daumaxinjeblad da Rrmad iaz-
rovnos, namdvili codna moipovos.
inteleqtualebs, emyarebian ra sakuTari SezRu-
dulobisa da nebismieri saazrovno aqtis socialur
ganpirobebulobis gaazrebas Tu gacnobierebas, unari
SeswevT socialuri ganpirobebulobebisagan gaTavi-
sufldnen, xolo inteligencias rogorc jgufs gansx-
vavebuli perspeqtiviT samyaros raRac suraTad sin-
Tezireba ZaluZs. relacionizmi niSnavs, rom nebismieri
inteleqtualuri fenomeni misi warmomqmneli social-
uri struqturis TvalsazrisiT aanalizdeba. faqtia,
rom sivrcis zoma sinaTlis bunebazea damokidebuli,
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela Cveni sazomi TviT-
neburia. ase, relacionizmi ar niSnavs WeSmaritebis kri-
teriumis ararsebobas - igi mxolod imas niSnavs, rom es
ukanaskneli damokidebuli aris msjelobaTa buneba-
ze, rom ar arsebobs absoluturi formulirebebi, ar-

82
amed arsebobs kriteriumebi, romlebic gansazRvruli
situaciis perspeqtivaSi arian aRebulni.
kidev erTi faqtoria saintereso, romelsac
manhaimma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo, esaa
ideebisadmi TaobaTa gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba.
manhaimi Tvlida, rom gansazRvruli klasisadmi
kuTvnilebis faqts da Taobis an asakobrivi jgufisadmi
kuTvnilebis faqts is saerTo aqvT, rom orives
individebi memkvidreobiT iReben, advilad da msubuqad
gansazRvraven maT adgils socialursa da istoriul
procesSi, aseve maTi potenciuri gamocdilebebis
sferoebs zRudavs da Sesabamisad maT azrovnebas
da istoriulad gamarTlebul qmedebebs maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel gansazRvrul kalapotSi warmarTavs.
magaliTad, romantikul-konservatiuli da libera-
lur-racionaluri mimarTulebis axalgazrdebi
revoluciis Semdgom safrangeTSi gansxvavebuli
ara mxolod TavianTi ideologiebiT iyvnen, aramed
yvelas mier erTad gancdil istoriul xdomilebebze
inteleqtualuri da socialuri reagirebis ubralod
ori dapirispirebuli forma iyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini oriveni sinamdvileSi erT Taobas
miekuTvnebodnen, ori gansxvavebuli gaerTianeba
warmoqmnes da Seadgines. isini rogorc Taobis SigniT
ori gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlad
Seizleba miviCnioT, romlebic Tavis mier arCeul
gansxvavebul gzebze da aseve yvelas mier erTad
gancdil istoriul xdomilebebze pasuxismgebelni
arian. maT saqmianobis da moRvaweobis erTi veli aqvT,
Tumca gansxvavebulad ki moqmedeben.
amgvarad, manhaimis mixedviT, relativizmsa da re-
lacionizms erTmaneTisagan ufskruli yofs, iseve,
rogorc bunebismecnieruli fenomenebis Sesaxeb ar-
sebuli yvela codnis fardobiTobis faqti. dRes mec-

83
nieruli Semecneba dakavSirebulia epoqasTan, romlis
Sesaxeb msjeloba im instrumentebiTa da cnebebiT mim-
dinareobs, romlebsac mocemuli epoqa ganagebs. mecni-
eruli meTodis pirobebisa da xasiaTis pativismcemeli
Tu amRiarebeli mecnieruli Teoriebi sayovelTao
da yvelasaTvis Tanabari mniSvnelobisaa, Tundac mo-
mavalma epoqam isini uaryos. sxvagvarad, arsebobs ki
sazogadod koncefciaTa SerCevis kriteriumebi? Tu
nebismieri inteleqtualuri fenomeni fardobiTia, e.i.
gansazRvrul socialur konteqsts gulisxmobs? xom ar
niSnavs es imas, rom Caketil-daxuruli koncefciebis
winaSe aRmoCenisas, relativisturi qaosis tyveobaSi
uciloblad aRmovCndebiT?
manhaimi relacionizmis cnebas rogorc „kulturul
relativizms“ ganmartavs, romlis CarCoebSic sxvadasx-
va/gansxvavebuli socialuri universumebi erTmaneTis
mimarT energetikuli da informaciuli gacvlisaT-
vis Riaa. miuxedavad amisa ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom
manhaimis epistemologiuri safuZveli Zalze myifea.
mas Zalian aklia Teoriasa da dasabuTebas, kontro-
lirebad Teoriebsa da arakontrolirebad Teoriebs
Soris naTlad gatarebuli gansxvaveba. manhaimis erT-
erTi mTavari nakli, azrovnebisa da gamoyenebis ga-
nusazRvrelobisadmi midrekilebaa, magaliTad mas axa-
siaTebda tendencia „Semecnebis“ terminis qveS moeqcia
iseTi SeuTavsebeli cnebebi, rogorebicaa politikuri
Sexedulebebi, eTikuri msjelobebi, azrovnebis kat-
egoriebi, empiriuli dakvirvebebi da mravali sxva, rac
mis gamokvlevebis Rirebulebas amdablebs. miuxedavad
amisa, igi dagvex-mara sociologiuri codnis axali
sfero aRmogveCina, konkretul magaliTebze dayrd-
nobiT aCvena, Tu rogor Rrmad arian moazrovneebi im
istoriul da sociostruqturul konteqstTan dakav-
Sirebuli, romelSic isini egzistenciurad arian Car-

84
Tulni. manhaimma Cveni yuradReba miapyro imas, rom
mecnierebi maTi Tanamedroveebis samyarosTan erTi
jaWvis mravali rgolebiTaa dakavSirebuli.aseve man-
haimma SeZlo Tanamedrove evropuli da amerikuli so-
ciologisaTvis aqtualuri problemebis aRniSvna da
wina planze wamoyeneba.
daskvna: codnis sociologiis ZiriTadi Tezisi
gveubneba: arsebobs azrovnebis tipebi, romelTa ad-
eqvaturad gageba, maTi socialuri/eqsistencialuri
fesvebis gamovlenis gareSe SeuZlebelia. codnis so-
ciologia azrovnebis istoriul da socialur situa-
ciasTan konkretul kavSirSi gagebas cdilobs, romlis
CarCoebSic individualur-diferencirebuli azrovne-
ba mxolod TandaTanobiT yalibdeba. adamianebi gansaz-
Rvrul jgufebSi azrovneben, rom-lebmac maTi saerTo
poziciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur situaciebze
reaqciebze usasrulo rigebad mimdinareobisas az-
rovnebis specifikuri stili gamoimuSaves. individi
monawileobs azrovnebis procesSi, romelic mis gaCe-
namde didi xniT adre warmoiSva, ukve arsebul/Camoya-
libebul situaciaSi aRmoCndeba, da masSi azrovnebisa
da moqmedebis ukve mza, formirebul modelebs pou-
lobs.

literatura:

1.e. diurkemi, „religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli

formebi“, gamom. „ioane petriwi“, Tb., 2004.
2.k. marqsi, filosofiis siRatake, Tb., 1938.
3.k. marqsi, f. engelsi, rCeuli nawerebi sam tomad, t.1
Tb., 1975.
4.kita megreliZe, azris socialuri fenomenologia.
Tsu, 1990.
5. Манхейм Карл. Диагноз нашего времени., М. 1994.

85
Amiran Berdzenishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of Tbilisi Iv.
Javakhishvili State University. Prof. Berdzenishvili works in the field of
Social and Political Philosophy and Sociology. He has published many
scientific works in science fields, including monographs and textbooks.

AT THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGICAL UNDERSTAND­

ING OF KNOWLEDGE/THINKING
(MARX, DURKHEIM, MANHEIM)

ABSTRACT

Two traditions – German (K. Marx) and French (E. Durkheim)

– of the sociology of knowledge are analyzed in the article. Sociol-
ogy of knowledge has its origins in K. Marx’s works. The essence of
the Marxist conception is best analyzed by a Georgian philosopher
Kita Megrelidze, though his ideas remain within the frame of ortho-
dox Marxism. Karl Manheim is associated with creating sociology
of knowledge as an independent branch of science. In difference to
K. Megrelidze, K. Manheim generalized K. Marx’s program state-
ment concerning the dependence of ideas on a social system. It is
demonstrated in the article that K. Manheim not only generalized this
statement, but as well transformed it and turned it into the main tool
of the analysis which can be used with the equal effect while studying
not only Marxism but any other system. Accordingto K. Manheim, all
products of thinking are created in result of the process of historical
development. Specific socio-cultural changes affect not only the con-
tent of spiritual-intellectual activities, but they as well determine the
particular form in which the intellectual world exists.
The essence of Manheim’s principal claim is that not only the main
indicators, estimation, and the content of the ideas but the mode of
posing a problem, the type of the attitude applied, and even those cat-

86
egories in which the experience is gathered, stored, and ordered differ
from each other according to the social position of the observer. K.
Manheim discovered a new sphere of sociological knowledge; on the
basis of concrete examples demonstrated the close link of the think-
ers with the historical and socio-structural context in which they are
existentially embedded.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba­

Ta akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri fsiqolo­
giis ganyofilebam.

87
Teimuraz faCulia – filosofiur mecn. doqtori. saqarT-
velos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi,
muSaobs socialuri filosofiis, filosofiis istoriis,
kulturologiis, aqsiologiis, eTikis, esTetikis, geopoli-
tikis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti naSromi da
statia, maT Soris 5 monografia, Avtoria 12 romanisa da 2 po-
eturi krebulis. aris saqarTvelos kriminologiis akademiis
akdemikosi, saqarTvelos mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris
wevri.

sociologia da Tanamedroveobis
gamowvevebi

sociologia Cven warmodgenili gvaqvs, rogorc

epoqis analitika, diagnostika da Terapia, romelic
swavlobs epoqis umTavres problemebs, adgens maT
gamomwvev mizezebs da saxavs maTi gadaWris gzebs. esaa
sociologiis zogadi gageba, romelic emTxveva so-
cialur filosofias, romelsac msgavsi problematika
ainteresebs. ukanasknel periodSi rogorc dasavleTSi
aseve CvenTanac SeiniSneba sociologiis cnebis davi-
wroeba, rac pragmatuli interesebiTaa ganpirobe-
buli, ris gamoc sociologia ifargleba marketingis,
menejmentis, lojistikis da a. S. problematikiT, rom-
lebic pirdapir ukavSirdeba SromiT bazarsa da komer-
cializaciis sferos, riTac ZiriTadad sociologiaa
dainteresebuli. msgavsi midgoma ara marto aviwroebs,
aramed aRaribebs da akninebs sociologiis rolsa da
mniSvnelobas, romelic jer kidev misi klasikosebis
mier Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc epoqis globaluri xe-
dva, misi analitika da dagrovili problemebis Tera-
pia. ase esmodaT sociologiis daniSnuleba o. konts, e.
diurkems, k. marqssa da m. vebers, romlebic sociolo-
giis klasikosebad arian miCneulni, romelTa naazrevma

88
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra da ganapiroba sociologiis,
rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.
o. kontisTvis sociologia warmoadgenda epoqis
analitikas, romelsac ara marto Cixidan unda gamo-
eyvana sazogadoeba, aramed daesaxa misi gankurnebisa da
reformirebis realuri gzebi. msgavs poziciaze idga e.
diurkemi, romelic sociologias ganixilavda, rogorc
epoqis diagnostikas, romelsac socioTerapiis gziT
unda moexsna sazogadoebrivi seni, ris TvalsaCino mag-
aliTs anomia warmoadgenda, romelsac diurkemma spe-
cialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna, sadac aCvena socialuri
apaTiisa da nihilizmis gamomwvevi mizezebi, romlebic
azanzarebda imdroindel evropas da dasaxa maTi da-
Zlevis realuri gzebi. kidev ufro Sors wavida k. mar-
qsi, romelmac sociologia miiCnia socialuri sinamd-
vilis umTavresi borotebis, warmoebis burJuaziuli
wesis Secvlis erT-erT saSualebad. kerZo sakuTreba
warmoebis saSualebebze aris yvela borotebis saTave
da warmoSobs winaaRmdegobas warmoebis sazogadoebriv
xasiaTsa da miTvisebis kerZo kapitalistur formas So-
ris, romelic kapitalizmis fundamenturi winaaRmde-
gobaa, romelsac socialistur revoluciamde mihyavs
sazogadoeba, romelmac xelis erTi dakvriT unda mos-
pos es sxvaoba da daamkvidros harmoniuli damokideb-
uleba warmoebasa da miTvisebas Soris, imiT rom orive
maTgani gaxados sazogadoebrivi. socialisturi revo-
lucia aRadgens Sesabamisobas ganviTarebul sawarmoo
Zalebsa da CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobas Soris,
riTac wonasworobaSi mohyavs sazogadoebrivi yofi-
ereba da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, rac sazogadoe-
brivi progresis myar wanamZRvrebs iZleva, romlebsac
swori gziT mihyavs kacobrioba. m. veberic imave pozi-
ciaze idga, im gansxvavebiT, rom ar iziarebda marqsis
revoluciur radikalizms da emxroboda socialuri

89
evoluciis Teorias, romelic reformebis gziT usisx-
lod da umtkivneulod axorcielebda sazogadoebis
transformacias.
roca Tanamedroveobis socialur gamowvevebze
vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi
problemebi, rogorebicaa: socialuri usamarTlobis
zrda, msoflios qveynebis asimetriuli, araTanabari
ganviTareba, afilia, romelic iwvevs gaucxoebis sx-
vadasxva formebis warmoSobas samyarosa da adamians,
sazogadoebasa da adamians, adamiansa da adamians So-
ris. socialuri usamarTlobis gancda gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda postkomunistur qveynebSi, romlebic sab-
WoTa totalitaruli sistemis rRvevis Semdeg moicva
anarqiisa da socialuri qaosis procesebma, sadac adg-
ili hqonda veluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas, romlis
drosac moxda kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagroveba, ra-
sac Tan axlda kriminalisa da organizebuli danaSau-
lis recidivebi. xelisuflebaSi movidnen nuvoriSebi
saeWvo warsulisa da kriminaluri cnobierebis mqone
elementebi, romlebic garda SiSveli Zalisa ar sc-
nobdnen aranair Rirebulebasa da siwmindes. maT daa-
myares oxlokratia, uaresTa batonoba, romlis drosac
reketi, dayaCaReba, saxelmwifo qonebis dataceba, opo-
nentTa fizikuri ganadgureba Cveulebrivi movlenebi
gaxda, ramac sazogadoeba Rrma krizisSi Caagdo, said-
anac gamosvlas wlebi dasWirda, Tumca, samwuxarod,
misi recidivebi dRemde gvaxsenebs Tavs. sazogadoebaSi
gaCnda Rrma ufskruli nuvoriSebsa da danarCen so-
cialur fenebs Soris, romlebsac erTmaneTisgan aSo-
rebda siZulvili, undobloba, antipaTia. nuvoriSebs,
romlebsac simdidre dagrovili hqondaT Zarcvisa da
maqinaciebis Sedegad, ver itanda da ver hguobda sazoga-
doebis ZiriTadi masa, romelic Tavs motyuebulad da
gaZarcvulad Tvlida. isini Seadgendnen sazogadoebis

90
umravlesobas, romelsac Tavisi kuTvnili wili unda
mieRo sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebidan, romlis mitaceba
moaxdina Zvelma partokratiam, kriminalurma element-
ebma, gaqnilma TaRliTebma da sxvadasxva juris aferi-
stebma, romlebic sociumis umciresobas Seadgendnen,
magram sinamdvileSi daeuflnen mTel sazogadoebriv
simdidres, romelic unda gadanawilebuliyo sazoga-
doebis wevrebze. amas Tan daerTo anabrebis mitacebis
TaRliTuri procesi, ramac lukmapuris gareSe datova
milionobiT adamiani, romlebmac sakuTari danazo-
gebi aferistuli propagandis zemoqmedebiT Seitanes
bankebSi, romlebsac veragulad daeuflnen gaqnili
Sulerebi da maqinatorebi. TandaTanobiT es ufskruli
kidev ufro gaRrmavda, ramac gamoiwvia sazogadoebis
polarizacia, ris Sedegad erT mxares darCa mdidarTa
mcire nawili, xolo meore mxares aRmoCnda RaribTa
uzarmazari masa, romelic antagonisturadaa ganwyo-
bili mqonebelTa jgufis mimarT. socialuri usamarT-
lobis gancda SeiniSneba ara marto yofili socialis-
turi banakis qveynebSi, aramed msoflios industriul
saxelmwifoebSic, sadac arnaxulad izrdeba sxvaoba
oligarqiul jgufebsa da sociumis danarCen nawils
Soris, rasac mohyveba socialuri antagonizmisa da
kataklizmebis zrda.
aranaklebi saSiSroebis Semcvelia msoflios asi-
metriuli ganviTareba, romlis drosac arnaxul
progress miaRwia dasavleTis qveynebma, iaponiam da
avstraliam, xolo afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri ameri-
kis qveynebis umravlesoba ukidures siRatakesa da
gaWirvebas ganicdis. samwuxarod, msoflios es nawili
dedamiwis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgens, ro-
melic itanjeba SimSiliTa da aTasgvari daavadebebiT,
romelTa gavrcelebisgan aravinaa dazRveuli, rac
naTlad aCvena kovid 19-is pandemiam, romlis drosac in-

91
doeTidan gavrcelebulma Stamma dasavleTis qveynebSi
milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. msgavsi pro-
cesebi arc momavalSia gamoricxuli da Tu industri-
uli samyaro ar ifiqrebs CamorCenili qveynebis ganvi-
Tarebaze da im sxvaobis aRmofxvraze, rac dasavleTsa
da ganviTarebad samyaros Soris arsebobs, negatiuri
movlenebi bumerangiviT moubrundeba industriul
qveynebs, romlebic arcTu saxarbielo mdgomareo-
baSi aRmoCndebian. gasaTvaliswinebelia afiliis sin-
dromic, romelic, samwuxarod, pandemiasaviT moedo
mTel msoflios da gamoiwvia egzistencialuri krizi-
si, rasac Tan axlavs gaucxoebis sxvadasxva formebi,
romlebic dRemde tanjavs da aforiaqebs kacobrio-
bas. Tu amas davumatebT ekologiur kriziss, rasac
Tan axlavs globaluri daTboba, niadagis gamofitva,
wylebisa da atmosferos dabinZureba, miviRebT sagan-
gaSo situacias, romelic TviTganadgurebiT emuqreba
msoflio civilizacias. angariSgasawevia kulturaTa
antagonizmic, romelic xSir SemTxvvevaSi iRebs fun-
damentalizmis saxes, rac damatebiTi Tavis tkivilia
kacobriobisaTvis, romelic isedac gadatvirTulia
im gamowvevebisgan, romlebic man memkvidreobiT miiRo
meoce saukunisgan. es gamowvevebi uzarmazar aisbergs
hgavs, romelTan Sejaxebas SeuZlia katastrofuli
Sedegis motana Cveni planetisaTvis. aisbergis mxolod
erTi mesamedi mosCans, xolo ori mesamedi wyalSia Ca-
Ziruli da uxilavia damkvirveblisaTvis. sociologiam
swored es ori mesamedi unda gamoikvlios da daadginos
is mizezebi, ramac es gamowvevebi gamoiwvia. vercerTi
sxva mecniereba msgavs samuSos ver Seasrulebs, rac
sociologiis gansakuTrebulobaze da mis istoriul
misiaze miuTiTebs, radgan am gamowvevebTan gamklaveba
kacobriobis gadarCenisa da xsnis tolfasia.
msgavsi problematika arc CvenTvisaa ucxo, radgan

92
patara saqarTvelo didi msoflios nawilia, romelsac
msgavsi gamowvevebi exeba da misi ganviTarebis Ses-
aZleblobebs aferxebs. sailustraciod SegviZlia
moviyvanoT oikofobiis problema, romelic arc sxva
qveynebisTvisaa ucxo, magram, samwuxarod, man CvenSi
Rrmad moikida fexi. oikofobia warmoadgens gaucxoe-
bis specifikur formas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia mSobliuri, erovnuli Rirebulebebis uaryofa
da siZulvili, rac safrTxis Semcvelia iseTi patara
qveynisaTvis, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, romelic faq-
tobrivad hgavs alyaSemortymul cixe-simagres,
romelsac yoveli mxridan uteven mtrebi. oikofobia
anu, rogorc mas sxvanairad uwodeben mizopatria gan-
sakuTrebiT sagrZnobia im axalgazrdebSi, romlebsac
ganaTleba sazRvargareT aqvT miRebuli da gamoirCev-
ian erovnuli nihilizmiT, rac, pirvel rigSi, erovnuli
aqsiologiisa da kulturis siZulvilSi gamoixateba.
msgavsi sindromi damaxasiaTebeli rom yofiliyo Cve-
ni Tergdaleulebisa da im axalgazrdebisTvis, rom-
lebmac gasul saukuneSi ganaTleba evropis univer-
sitetebSi miiRes, maSin saqarTvelos saqme ukuRma
wavidoda da igi ver ascdeboda rusifikaciis momakv-
dinebel safrTxes, romelic gadagvarebiTa da asimi-
laciiT emuqreboda Cvens ers. ruseTsa da evropaSi
miRebuli ganaTleba Cvenma winaprebma qarTuli TviTc-
nobierebis gaRrmavebasa da erovnuli identifikaciis
gaZlierebas moaxmares, riTac fizikuri da sulieri
ganadgurebisgan ixsnes saqarTvelo, rac samagaliTo
unda gaxdes Cveni axalgazrdobisaTvis, romlis mova-
leobas unda Seadgendes erovnuli interesebis dac-
va da qarTuli identobis SenarCuneba da gadarCena.
aranaklebi aqtualobiT gamoirCeva aqsiologiuri eqs-
pansiis sakiTxi, romelzedac didadaa damokidebuli
Cveni yofna-aryofnis bedi. saqme imaSia, rom dasavleTi,

93
samwuxarod, atarebs kulturul-aqsiologiuri impe-
rializmis politikas, rac gulisxmobs erovnuli kul-
turebis morgebasa da gadakeTebas dasavluri kultu-
ris Targze, rasac negatiuri Sedegebi moaqvs, rogorc
dasavleTisaTvis aseve erovnuli kulturebisaTvis.
yoveli kultura warmoadgens unikalur, singularul
fenomens, romlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba damokide-
bulia ama Tu im eris TviTmyofadobasa da Tavisebure-
bebze. ar arsebobs dabali da maRali kultura, aramed
arsebobs Tanasworuflebiani kulturebi, romlebic
icavs sakuTar erovnul interesebs da ganapirobebs sa-
kuTari erisa da Rirebulebebis progress. kulturul-
aqsiologiuri imperializmi miuRebelia msoflios
xalxebisaTvis, radgan igi, pirvel rigSi, warmoadgens
erovnuli da rasobrivi diskriminaciis iaraRs, xolo,
meore mxriv, awarmoebs msoflios diferenciacias gan-
viTarebuli da CamorCenili kulturis zonebad, rasac
mosdevs am ukanasknelTa gadakeTebisa da „gaumjobe-
sebis“ proeqtebi, rac bunebrivia badebs ukuprocesebs
ganviTarebadi samyaros mxridan, romelzedac mimar-
Tulia modelirebis es procesebi, rasac, samwuxarod,
bolo periodSi verc qarTuli kultura ascda.
qarTuli kultura genetikurad da aqsiologiurad
dasavluri kulturis organul nawils warmoadgens
da aqedan gamomdinare misi bunebrivi mokavSirea wina
aziasa da samxreT kavkasiaSi, rac asaxulia i. blumen-
baxis anTropologiur TvalsazrisSi, romlis mixed-
viTac samxreTi kavkasia iTvleba evropoiduli rasis
akvnad, sadac moxda am rasis genezisi. akademikos abesa-
lom vekuas paleologiurma aRmoCenam dmanisis raion-
Si, daadastura blumenbaxis hipoTezis WeSmariteba da
msoflios uCvena, rom kavkasia warmoadgens evropuli
civilizaciis akvans. dasavluri aqsiologia da kul-
tura Cveni mentalobisa da identobis safuZvelSi igu-

94
lisxmeba da saqarTvelos Tavisi arsebobis manZilze
mudam gaaCnda misken ltolvisa da urTierTkavSiris
survilida midrekileba. Cveni dasavleli partniorebi,
rac ufro male gaigeben amas miT ufro ukeTesi iqneba,
rogorc maTTvis, aseve saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli
programebisTvis. saqarTvelos sWirdeba ara gada-
keTeba da transformacia, aramed TanamSromloba da
erToblivi proeqtebis generireba, romlebSiac Cveni
saerTo interesebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. socio-
logia am saSviliSvilo saqmis avangardSi unda idges,
radgan Tavisi gamokvlevebiT, rekomendaciebiTa da
daskvnebiT SeuZlia garkveuli wvlili Seitanos mis
realizaciaSi. am mimarTulebiT qarTul sociolo-
giur skolas saTanado gamocdileba ukve daugrovda
im mxriv, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti iyo
sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli samecniero kera, sadac pro-
fesor venor qvaCaxias TaosnobiT gaixsna konkretuli
sociologiis kaTedra, sadac araerT saintereso da
aqtualur wamowyebas Caeyara safuZveli. paralelur
reJimSi muSaobda profesor anzor gabianis iniciati-
viT Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi azris Semswavle-
li laboratoria, romelmac saTanado wvlili Seitana
danaSaulobis prevenciisa da prognozirebis saqmeSi.
dRevandel etapze gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgens
sociologiis institutis Camoyalibeba, rac profesor
v. qvaCaxias sanukvar ocnebas warmoadgenda, romlis re-
alizacia man, samwuxarod, ver moaswro. aRniSnuli in-
stituti gaagrZelebs im tradiciebs, romlebsac gasul
saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli da sociologiur Teor-
iasa da praqtikas aiyvans axal simaRleze, rac saqarT-
velos erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv interesebs Seesa-
bameba.

95
Teimuraz Pachulia – Doctor of Philosophy. Works on social philosophy,
history of philosophy, culturology, axiology, political science, ethics,
aesthetics, geopolitics. Has published more than 100 papers and articles,
including 5 monographs. Author of 12 novels and 2 collections of poetry,
is an academician of the Academy of Philosophy, an academician of the
Georgian Academy of Criminology, a member of the Creative Union of
Writers of Georgia.

SOCIOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGES OF

MODERNITY

ABSTRACT
Sociology We understand as the analysis, diagnostics and therapy
of the epoch, which studies the main problems of the epoch, identifies
their causes and outlines ways to solve them. This is a broad, general
understanding of sociology that coincides with a social philosophy
interested in the fundamental problems of modernity. A similar
approach was characteristic of such classicists of sociology as: O.
Conte, e. Durkheim, K. Marx, M. Weber.
Fundamental problems of modernity such as: increasing social
injustice, unequal development of the world, existential crisis, apathy,
alienation, technocratic society, ecological crisis, etc. Provides
abundant material for sociological analysis and recommendations,
which can make a proper contribution to their solution and regulation,
which is so zealouslyexpected by the whole mankind.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis sociologiisa da social­
uri fsiqologiis ganyofilebam.

96
manana gagoSiZe - filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesisa da socialur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis asist. profesori. aris
samecniero wignebis avtori, gamoqveynebuli aqvs Sromebi,
rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi.

globalizacia da ekonomika
Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovre-
ba radikalurad gansxvavdeba Tundac axlo warsulis
cxovrebisagan. Zalian rTulia dRes iTqvas Tu rogori
ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli momavali
gvelis.
mkvlevarTa azriT, is rac dRes xdeba gardamavali
safexuria axali sazogadoebisaken. axali socialuri
wesrigis aRsaniSnavad mravali axali termini Seiqmna -
informaciuli sazogadoeba, momsaxurebis sazogadoe-
ba, codnis sazogadoeba da a.S. saxel-wodebebis mraval-
gvaroba ukve mogvaniSnebs im uamrav ideaze, romelic
SemoTavazebulia mimdinare socialuri, ekonomikuri,
politikuri Tu kulturuli cvlilebebis interpreta-
ciisaTvis. msoflio gaxda globaluri. globalizaciis
procesma moicva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis uklebliv
yvela sfero.
dRes msoflio grandiozuli cvlilebebis peri-
odSi imyofeba. erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba aRiniSnos,
rom mimdinare cvlilebebs siRrmiseuli xasiaTi aqvs
da adamianis saqmianobis yvela sferos Seexeba. amis
miuxedavad, yvela am cvlilebas mkvlevarTa azriT,
ufro metad ekonomikuri safuZveli aqvs. Tanamedrove
msofliosTvis damaxasiaTebelia msoflio bazrebisa
da regionuli ekonomikuri struqturebis integracia,
ris Sedegadac SeimCneva mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri
zrdisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da marTvis
meTodebis daCqarebuli danergvis tendenciebi.

97
 da mainc ra cvlilebebis winaSe dgas dRes Taname-
drove sazogadoeba ekonomikuri xaziT? ras efuZneba
transnacionaluri sawarmoebis Zlevamosileba, ra sax-
iT izrdeba maTi strategiuli potenciali?
globalizaciis Tanamdevma cvlilebebma dagvanaxa
Zveli ekonomikuri stereotipebis msxvreva; pir-veli,
warmoebebs SeuZliaT samuSao adgilebis iq eqspor-
tireba, sadac samuSao Zalis daqiravebis xarjebi da ga-
dasaxadebi yvelaze dabalia.
meore, sainformacio-teqnikuri siaxleebis ga-
mo-yenebiT transnacionalur sawarmoebs xelewife-
baT produqciis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis marTva
msoflios sxvadasxva adgilebSi.
mesame, maT SeswevT unari erovnuli saxelmwifoebis
miRma gaaCaRon globaluri vaWroba xelsayreli infra-
struqturuli da dabalgadasaxadiani adgilebis mo-
sapoveblad. Yyvelaferi amis gakeTeba ki SesaZlebelia
yovelgvari mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebis da kanonmde-
blobaSi cvlilebebis Setanis gareSe. Uufro metic, saa-
misod sajaro diskusiac ki ar aris saWiro. Ees ki bekis
azriT saSualebas iZleva SemovitanoT cneba “subpoli-
tika”, rogorc damatebiTi Sansi arsebuli politikuri
CarCoebis miRma moqmedebisa. Aam Sanss ki farTod iyene-
ben is sawarmoebi, romlebic msoflio sazogadoebis
mTlian sivrces moicaven. rogorc vxedavT globaliza-
ciis Tanamdevma cvlilebebma daarRvia xelisuflebis
balansi, is uflebamosilebebi rac xelT epyra mTav-
robebs, maTi gawera xdeba damoukidebeli ekonomikuri
TviTmarTvelobis sasargeblod.
Cven kargad viciT, rom gadasaxadebis amoReba
erovnuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar prioritets
da princips warmoadgens. swored gadasaxadebis da-
moukidebeli gankargva dakavSirebulia garkveuli
teritoriis sazRvrebSi sameurneo saqmianobaze kon-

98
trolTan, magram mimdinare cvlilebebis procesma
rac msoflio sazogadoebis CarCoebSi moqmedebebis
SesaZleblobaTa gafarToebaSi aisaxa, aRniSnuli wina-
piroba fiqciad aqcia. swored am cvlilebebma Seqmna is
piroba rom SesaZlebeli gaxda produqciis erT qveyana-
Si gamoSveba, gadasaxadebis meore qveyanaSi gadaxda da
saxelmwifo subsidiebis moTxovna infrastruqturis
Seqmnis mizniT- wers beki.
Aam pirobebSi axlebur gaazrebas moiTxovs social-
ur mecnierebaTa gamokvlevebi, gansakuTrebiT ki so-
ciologia iZens axal mniSvnelobas, swored man unda
gamoikvlios is, Tu ras niSnavs adamianis cxovreba im
xafangSi, radac gadaiqceva msoflio.
mainc ra gansakuTrebul cvlilebebTan gvaqvs
saqme? Gglobalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobili
adamianebi svamen kiTxvas: ra aris aq axali? Aaxalia Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovreba da qmedeba, romlebic gascda
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs; axalia isic, rom
aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa da kapitalis
“garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba”, axalia transnacio-
nalur aqtorTa Zlevamosileba da a.S. erTi sityviT
globalizacia erovnuli saxelmwifos transnaciona-
lur saxelmwifod transformacias niSnavs.
gaeros, evrokavSirisa da sxva globaluri Tu re-
gionaluri organizaciebis garda globalizaciis
epoqam warmoSva ekonomikuri profilis iseTi orga-
nizaciebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa
da ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD), saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi da msoflio banki, maTi moRvaweoba im-
denad Rrma kvals tovebs mravali qveynis ekonomikaze,
rom xSirad maT am qveynebis baton-patronadac ki miiC-
neven.
rogorc vxedavT, CamoTvlili globaluri mmarT-
velobis formebi sagrZnoblad amcireben saxelmwifo

99
suverenitetis mniSvnelobas da xels uwyoben saxelm-
wifos rolis Semcirebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi.
rogorc vxedavT, seriozul problemebs hbadebs
mmarTvelobis marketizacia da ekonomikis sruli
liberalizacia. igulisxmeba, rom mTavroba saerTod
ar unda Caerios ekonomikaSi, xolo sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba globalurma bazarma unda gansazRvros.
ekonomikuri globalizacia Zalze rTuli da mra-
valmxrivi procesia. igi ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela
sferos moicavs, globaluri vaWrobidan bavSvTa Sro-
mamde. cxadia, aq mravali gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs,
magram isini, iseve rogorc saerTod globalizaciis
Sesaxeb azrebi, SeiZleba orad davajgufoT. erTs glo-
balistebi aviTareben, meores _ skeptikosebi. isini
sruliad gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da afaseben eko-
nomikuri globalizaciis arssa da Taviseburebebs.
debatebi ekonomikuri globalizaciis irgvliv dai-
yvaneba Semdeg ZiriTad kiTxvebze: ra moculobiT xde-
ba ekonomikuri aqtivobis globalizacia? ramdenad
SenarCundeba erovnuli da internacionaluri mmarTv-
eloba ekonomikuri globalizaciis dros?
am kiTxvebze skeptikosebis pasuxi, zogadad aseTia:
dRevandeli ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba
sruliadac ar aris uprecedento movlena. maTi azriT,
warmodgena erTian, usazRvro, globalur ekonomikaze
wminda wylis miTia.
sul sxvagvarad fiqroben globalistebi. maTi az-
riT, dRevandeli msoflios ekonomikur suraTs analo-
gi ar moeZebneba istoriaSi. maTi azriT, yalibdeba
erTiani, globaluri ekonomika, erTiani bazari da er-
Tiani safinanso sistema.
cneba “globalizacia” msoflio ekonomikaSi sul
cota sam mniSvnelobas moicavs:

100
 erTia internacionalizacia. igi aRniSnavs saxelm-
wifoTaSoriso savaWro, finansuri da warmoebiTi kav-
Sirebis mudmiv zrdas.
meorea teqnologiuri revolucia. masSi igulisx-
meba udidesi miRwevebi Tanamedrove komunikaciebis sa-
SualebebSi.
mesamea liberalizacia. igulisxmeba saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri rolis ganuxrelad Semcireba savaWro ta-
rifebisa da barierebis moxsnis, ucxoeli investorebi-
saTvis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis micemisa da saxelm-
wifo sawarmoebis privatizaciis gziT.
sityva “globalizacia” yvelaze ufro adeqvaturad,
im procesebs gamoxatavs, romlebsac saerTaSoriso
safinanso operaciebis sferoSi aqvs adgili. zogadad,
finansebis globalizacia SeiZleba ganimartos, ro-
gorc safinanso bazrebis mzardi da ganuxreli daax-
loeba, Sewyma da erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyali-
beba. am procesis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani isaa,
rom warmoqmnili safinanso sistema ar aris koncen-
trirebuli erT romelime qveyanaze. Tuki televiziam
da kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebma manZilis problema
moxsna, safinanso globalizacia “geografiis dasas-
rulis” maCveneblia, radgan finansuri globalizaciis
pirobebSi geografiul mdebareobas mniSvneloba aRara
aqvs.
is, rom safinanso centrebis gavlenam mTeli
msoflio moicva, ueWveli faqtia. finansuri transna-
cionaluri korporaciebi dRes xdebian mTavari agente-
bi msoflios ekonomikur sivrceSi. isini Tavisi gavle-
nis qveS aqceven ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas.
dRes eleqtronuli vaWrobiT, globalur momx-
marebels sakredito baraTiT, telefoniT an inter-
netiT SeuZlia iyidos yvelaferi saxlidan gausvle-
lad. internetiT gayiduli produqciis moculobam

101
1996 wels 2,6 miliardi dolaridan 2000 wels 300 mili-
ards miaRwia yovelive es migvaniSnebs vaWrobis glo-
balizaciis unikalur masStabebze .
globalistebis azriT, es yvelaferi TandaTan migvi-
yvans erTiani globaluri bazris Camoyalibebamde.
planetis xalxebs kidev metad xdis damokidebuls erT-
maneTze. yvelafridan Cans, rom sul ufro Zlierdeba
msoflio sabazro sistemis integracia, dedamiwis sx-
vadasxva kontinentis, regionis, qveynis ekonomikuri da
sameurneo cxovrebis daaxloeba.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare sabazro-ekonomi-
kuri sistemebis globalizacia ukiduresad amwvavebs
msoflio mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemas mTel
dedamiwaze, TviT maRalganviTarebul qveynebSic. es ki
antiglobalistur ganwyobebs zrdis.safuZvlian gan-
sjas unda daeqvemdebaros is faqti, rom Tanamedrove
sabazro sistemis axal teqnologiur bazaze funq-
cionirebisaTvis sakmarisia msoflio mosaxleobis mx-
olod 20% yvelaze kvalificiuri muSaxeli, mecniere-
bi, specialistebi. es ki kategoriulad ayenebs sakiTxs,
Tu ra eSveleba mosaxleobis danarCen, amasTan, umetes
nawils 80%. faqtobrivad Camoyalibebuli Sefardeba
,,msoflio 20/80_ze erTi mexuTedis sazogadoebas
niSnavs. umuSevarTa uzarmazari, giganturi armia qims
iqiTaa gadasrolili, rac bunebrivia, antiglobaluri
ganwyobilebebs aRvivebs.
globalizaciis Sedegad mosalodnel sxvadasxva
safrTxeebs Soris mainc ufro mniSvnelovania gamokv-
leva imisa, Tu ramdenad Tavsebadia globalizaciis
procesis gaRrmaveba suverenuli da gansakuTrebiT
mcire saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
dacva-ganmtkicebasTan, rogorc vTqviT globalizacia
msoflio ekonomikaze Zlier zegavlenas axdens. igi Se-
exeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, samuSao

102
Zalis gamoyenebas, investiciebisa da teqnologiebis
gadaadgilebas erTi qveynidan sxva qveynebSi da a.S. sab-
oloo angariSiT, globalizacia iwvevs saerTaSoriso
konkurenciis gamwvavebas, rac Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-
bebs Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebisa da specializa-
ciis gaRrmavebas da amiT warmoebis zrdas ara mxolod
erovnul, aramed msoflio doneze. globalizaciis up-
iratesobaze miuTiTebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda
mowinave teqnikisa da teqnologiis gavrcelebis safuZ-
velze. mTlianobaSi globalizacia saSualebas aZlevs
yvela partniors gaiumjobesos ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba, gazardos warmoeba, cxovrebis xarisxi. amave
dros am process mTeli rigi uaryofiTi efeqti gaaCnia,
rac calkeuli qveynebis, maT Soris sustad ganviTare-
buli qveynebis ekonomikur usafrTxoebas asustebs.
sabolood am procesidan mogebuli mdidari qveynebi
da Zlieri transnacionaluri kompaniebi aRmoCnde-
bian. globalizaciis gamo materialur faseuloba-
Ta araTanabari ganawileba warmoSobs konfliqtebis
safrTxes regionalur, erovnul da internacionalur
doneze. Cveni azriT, sadiskusio ar unda iyos is gare-
moeba, rom globalizacia asustebs calkeuli qvey-
nebis ekonomikur suverenitets da gansakuTrebiT im
patara qveynebisas, romelTa fuladi sistema mTlianad
damokidebulia msxvili qveynebis valutaze da gansa-
kuTrebiT aSS-is dolarze. ekonomikuri suvereniteti,
upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs qveynis saSinao ekonomikur
saqmeebSi saxelmwifos uzenaesobas da agreTve sax-
elmwifoTa ekonomikur Tanasworobas saerTaSoriso
doneze. didi da ganviTarebuli qveynebis fuladi kap-
italis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis da investiciebis Semo-
dineba patara da sust ganviTarebul qveynebSi iwvevs
am ukanasknelTa ekonomikuri suverenitetis Tan-
daTanobiT moSlas da Sesabamisad, maTi ekonomikuri

103
usafrTxoebis Sesrulebas. swored ekonomika, fuli da
kapitali aRmoCndnen is ,,sabrZolo” berketebi, romle-
bic globalizaciis lozungiT TandaTanobiT asustebs
patara saxelmwifoTa suverenul uflebebs. hersti da
tompsoni amatkiceben, rom ,,jer erTi Tanamedrove in-
ternacionalizebuli ekonomika uprecedento movlena
ar gaxlavT; meore, WeSmaritad transerovnuli kom-
paniebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. kompaniaTa umravlesobas
erovnuli baza aqvs da maTi transerovnuloba mxolod
sxvadasxva qveynebTan vaWrobaSi gamoixateba; mesame,
kapitalis mobiluroba ar iwvevs investiciebisa da sa-
muSao adgilebis masiur gadanacvlebas ganviTarebuli
qveynebidan ganviTarebadi qveynisaken. mesame samyaro
kvlav investiciebisa da vaWrobis naklebobas ganic-
dis; meoTxe, investiciebi da finansuri nakadebi evro-
paSi, iaponiasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSia koncentrire-
buli da, rogorc Cans, am sameulis dominireba kvlavac
gagrZeldeba da bolos, mexuTe, aqedan gamomdinare, am
zesaxelmwifoebs, anu did sameuls finansur bazrebze
da sxvadasxva ekonomikur tendenciebze Zlieri ze-
wolis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT. ase rom, globaluri
bazrebi marTlac eqvemdebareba garkveul kontrols.

literatura:

1. beki ulrix, ra aris globalizacia?: globalizmis

Secdomebi, pasuxebi globalizaciaze.
2. daviTaSvili z. nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tb.
mecniereba 2003.
3.hersti p. tompsoni g. globalizacia. kritikuli ana-
lizi, 2005.
4. Гидденс Э. Социология. М. 1999.
5.The globalization of World politics, Baylis, S.Smith. SeC and
Edition . Oxford UniversityPress. oxford, 2001.

104
Manana Gagoshidze -Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent Professor at Sokhumi
State University-Faculty of Business and Social Politics. Is author of sev-
eral scientific manuals and publications in Georgia and as well as in foreign
countries.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE ECONOMY

ABSTRACT
It is the economy, money and capital that have become the
«levers» that gradually weaken the sovereign rights of small states
under the slogan of globalization. According to globalists, today’s
reality will gradually lead to the formation of a single global market.
Will make the peoples of the planet even more interdependent. It seems
that the integration of the world market system will be intensified, the
economic and economic life of different continents, regions, countries
will be closer.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri
fsiqologiis ganyofilebam.

105
elguja qavTaraZe– filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxel-
mwifo universitetis politikuri mecnierebis mimarTulebis
asocirebuli profesori. amave universitetis mecnierebis
deparatmentis xelmZRvanelis moadgile. muSaobs politikis
mecnierebis Teoriul problemebze, politikuri konfli-
qtebis marTvisa da anlizis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs
araerTi samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. maT
Soris monografiebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi. eweva aqtiur pe-
dagogiur da samecniero saqmianobas.

qalTa mimarT Zaladobis deskrifcia

Tavis droze S. furie aRniSnavda, rom yovel sazoga-

doebaSi qalebis emansipacia mTliani sazogadoebis eman-
sipaciis sazomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo sazoga-
doebis civilizaciis done am sazogadoebaSi qalebis
mdgomareobis pirdapirproporciulia.
sen-simoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qalis sazoga-
doebriv saqmianobas. Tavis moZRvrebaSi ,,wyvilis“
Sesaxeb, igi amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebrivi moRvawe
unda yofiliyo ara calkeuli piri, aramed qali da ma-
makaci erTad, anu ,,wyvili“, roelsac ufleba hqonda
gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da qalTa da mamakacTa urT-
ierTobaSi Careuliyo.
msgavs poziciaze idgnen rusi revolucioneri de-
mokratebi. obieqturad afasebda ra sazogadoebaSi
qalis rols, b.belinski werda, rom mamakacebis upi-
ratesoba moCvenebiTia (belinski). n. CerniSevskis aRaS-
foTebda is faqti, rom qals sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi
saTanado adgili ar ukavia. misi azriT ,,qali mamakacis
Tanaswori unda iyos“. qals aqamde imitom ekava aseTi
dakninebuli mdgomareoba, rom Zaladobis batonoba
mas SesaZleblobas da ganviTarebis survils arTmevda
(CerniSevski).

106
 Teoria sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb Sem-
dgomSi marqsizmmac ganaviTara. k. marqsi l. kugelman-
isadmi miweril werilSi werda: „vinc ramdenadme gac-
nobilia istorias, icis, rom diadi sazogadoebrivi
gadatrialebebi qaluri fermentis gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia“ (Маркс, Энгельс, Соч.). marqsi sruliad eTanxmeboda
S. furies imaSi, rom konkretuli sazogadoebis pro-
gresi am sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareobis mixedviT
SeiZleba SevafasoT.
ingliseli mecnieri a. barneti sruliad samarTli-
anad aRniSnavs, rom qalisadmi negatiuri damokideb-
uleba ar damkvidrdeboda sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTa-
rebis yvela etapze civilizebuli rom yofiliyo. igi
ambobs, rom „sakiTxSi tipurisa da ucvlelis“, mamaka-
cisa da qalis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, maTi tempera-
mentisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb ganuxrelad aris
damkvidrebuli dogmaturi, sruliad auxsneli Sexed-
ulebebi.
umravles sazogadoebebSi qalisa da mamakacis
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba ganpirobebulia kvlav
warmoebaSi maTi sxvadasxva roliT. cxovrebis pirobebi
qalis qcevasa da azrovnebaze Tavis daRs asvamda. sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi isini saxlisa da ojaxis saqmiT
iyvnen dakavebulni, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs Tavisi
moRvaweobis sfero SezRuduli ar hqondaT. maT aseT
mdgomareobas mecnierebic amarTlebdnen. mkvidrde-
boda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qals ar SeuZlia aiTvisos
tradiciuli mamakacuri saqmianoba. magaliTad, asi
wlis win ar iyvnen eqimi qalebi da TavisTavad iTvle-
boda, rom maT am profesiis aTviseba ar ZaluZT. dRes ki
eqimebis naxevarze meti qalebia.
zogierTi mecnieri Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, qalTa daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb oTx ZiriTad Sexedulebas gamoyofs: patriarqa-

107
lurs, ekonomikurs, demografiulsa da egalitaruls.
patriarqaluri Sexedulebebis adamianebi amtki-
ceben, rom samyaro e.w. „bunebriv safuZvlebs“ emyareba,
xolo maT ngrevas sazogadoebis ngrevisaken mivyavarT.
„bunebriv safuZvlebSi“ isini gulisxmoben sazogadoe-
baSi funqciebis ganawilebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali
ojaxis diasaxlisi da ojaxis keris Semnaxavia, xolo ma-
makaci - mompovebeli, sazogadoebrivi moRvawe da ojax-
is sazogadoebasTan damakavSirebeli. rolebis aseTi
ganawileba maT kanonzomierad miaCniaT, radgan, maTi
azriT, sqesobrivi sxvaoba gacilebiT mniSvnelova-
nia, vidre individualuri da piradi Tvisebebi. aqe-
dan gamomdinareobs maTi daskvnac: qalebis Cabmam
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ukve mogvitana negatiuri
Sedegebi ojaxSi da gamoiwvia dedobrivi instinqtebis
rRveva, moraluri aRviraxsniloba, ojaxis ngreva da
RirebulebaTa cvla, moxucebi, qmrebi da bavSvebi qa-
lebis mzrunvelobis gareSe darCnen, ris gamoc mimdi-
nareobs mamakacTa feminizacia da sxv.
ekonomistebic qalebis dasaqmebis Semcirebas
uWeren mxars da amas imiT asabuTeben, rom maTi Sroma
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqturia bavSviani
dedebis xSiri gacdenebis gamo. garda amisa, maTi mt-
kicebiT, qalebs ufro naklebi kvalifikacia aqvT, vi-
dre mamakacebs.
demografebis azriT, qals upirvelesad repro-
duqciis funqcia akisria, xolo Sobadobis Semcireba
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.
egalitaruli azrovnebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayene-
ben partiarqalur mosazrebebs da funqciebis e.w.
„bunebriv“ ganawilebas socialur iluziad miiCneven.
maTi azriT, patriarqatuli koncefcia Sesabamisi so-
cialuri pirobebis Sedegia da mas momavali ara aqvs.
sqesTa Soris egalitaruli urTierToba mamakace-

108
bisa da qalebis urTierTgagebasa da urTierTSevseba-
zea damyarebuli ojaxsa Tu sazogadoebaSi orive maT-
ganisaTvis Tavisufali arCevnis safuZvelze xdeba.
am Sexedulebebis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom upirveles
yovlisa, adamianis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiroa Tanabari socialuri pirobebis da maTi real-
izebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna, agreTve mamaka-
cisa da qalis Tanasaworuflebianobis sakiTxis poli-
tikur sakiTxad gadaqceva.
rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, qartul sazoga-
doebaSi kaci ufro Tavisufalia vidre qali, kacis
,,meti Tavisufleba” da Sesabamisad, qalis Tavisu-
flebis SezRuduloba gamoxatulebas poulobs yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi, cxovrebis stilSi, cxovrebis
dagegmvaSi da sxva msgavs detalebSi. kaci ufro Ta-
visuflad miiCneva rogorc ojaxis SigniT, ise ojaxis
gareT.
ase magaliTad, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanax-
mad: monawile qalebis azriT, kacisTvis Rame quCaSi
yofna misaRebia, qalisTvis ki msgavsi qceva naklebad
mosaRebia, kacis SemTxvevaSi Cveulia aqtiuri sociau-
ri covreba magaliTad xSiri da xangrZlivi qeifi, qalis
analogiurma qcevam ki SeiZleba sociumSi mis mimarT
negatiuri komentarebi gamoiwvios.
miiCneva rom mamakacs ufro meti ram ,,epatieba“ qa-
lisgan gansxvavebT, ase magaliTad, sazogadoebas ufro
tolerantuli damokidebuleba aqvs kacis Ralatis
mimarT, maSin rodesac qalis mier kacis Ralati miuRe-
belia.
sainteresoa, rom qalis mier kacis Ralatze Tvalis
daxuWva garkveulwilad qalis Rirsebad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos, qali imisTvis rom iyos kargi deda da SeinarCu-
nos ojaxi, mamakacs patiobs Ralats. mis msgavs qcevas
xels uwyobs isic, rom sazogadoeba kacis Ralats ar af-

109
asebs rogorc gansakuTrebulad miuRebel saqciels,
maSin rodesac qalis mier kacis Ralati mZimed gakicx-
vadi saqcielia..
roca 1970-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
daiwyo nacem qalTa moZraoba, Teoria imis Taobaze, Tu
ratom scemen mamakacebi qalebs, efuZneboda fsiqopa-
Tologias. am Teoriis mixedviT, mamakacebi, romlebic
TavianT colebs fizikur Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen,
fsiqikurad daavadebulni iyvnen da maTi gankurneba
SeiZleboda wamlebis an fsiqiatriuli mkurnalo-
bis saSualebiT. Tumca, mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom
ojaxuri Zaladobis CamdenTa yofaqceva ar Seesabam-
eboda fsiqikurad daavadebuli pirovnebebis maxa-
siaTeblebs. moZaladeebi Tavs esxmian mxolod maT
uaxloes partniorebs an colebs, xolo fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi, magaliTad, SizofreniiT daa-
vadebulebi, Zaladobas mxolod TavianTi uaxloesi
partniorebis mimarT avlenen. mogvianebiT Camoyali-
bda axali Teoria ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvl-
evarebi amtkicebdnen , rom mamakacebi imitom scemd-
nen colebs, rom maT es Zaladoba bavSvobisas TavianT
ojaxebSi iswavles, xolo qalebi imitom eZebdnen moZa-
lade mamakacebs, rom maT nanaxi hqondaT rogor scem-
da mama dedas.es iyo ,,Seswavlili qcevis“ Zaladobis
Teoria. (ojaxuri Zaladobis aRkveTis fondis mier
am bolo dros Catarebulma gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom
qalebi, romlebic bavSobaSi fizikuri da seqsual-
uri Zaladobis msxverplni iyvnen, SesaZlebelia, rom
zrdasrul asakSic gaxdnen Zaladobis msxverplni)
,,Secnobili qcevis“ Teorias mWidrod ukavSrdeba
Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, Zaladoba warmoadgens
kontrolis dakargvis Sedegs. magaliTad, mravals
miaCnda rom, mamakacebi maSin arian moZaladeni, roca
svamen, radgan alkoholi maT kontrols akargvinebs.

110
sxvebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom mamakacebis Zaladoba
warmoadgenda maTi risxvisa da imedgacruebis gakon-
trolebis uunarobis Sedegs. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad,
Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi molodini xels uSlida ma-
makacebs risxvisa da imedgacruebis gamoxatvas. es
grZnobebi grovdeboda manam, sanam mamakaci dakar-
gavda kontrols da gaTavisufldeboda am grZnobebi-
sgan Zaladobis gamoyenebiT ,,kontrolis dakargvis“
Teoria winaaRmdegobaSi modis moZaladis saqcielT-
an. moZalade Tavis Zaladobas sifrTxiliT warmar-
Tavs gansazRvruli adamianebis mimarT gansazRvrul
drosa da adgilze. magaliTad, moZaladeebs urCevniaT
„ar gaartyan TavianT ufrosebs an policiis muSakebs.
miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad gabrazebulni arian an ver
akontroleben sakuTar Tavs „moZaladeebi sakuTari
,,Zaladobrivi saqcielis Sesaxeb wesebisa da kanonebis“
mixedviT moqmedeben, isini TavianT partniorebs ufro
xSirad maSin scemen, roca martoni arian, an yvelafers
akeTeben imisaTvis, rom fizikuri Seuracxyofis xilu-
li niSnebi ar datovon. moZaladeebi TavianT taqtika-
sac frTxiladn irCeven-zogi sakuTrebas anadgurebs,
zogi muqaras iyenebs, zogi ki bavSvebs emuqreba. am
gadawyvetilebebiT, ,,moZaladeebi arCevans akeTe-
ben imaT Soris, Tu ras uzamen msxverpls da ras - ara
TviT maSinac ki, roca amtkiceben, rom srul goneba-
ze ar arian an sakuTare Tavze kontroli dakarges“
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis es unari uCvenebs, rom isi-
ni sinamdvileSi akontroleben TavianT Zaladobriv
saqciels. sinamdvileSi, ojaxuri Zaladobis aRkveTis
fondis mier am bolo dros Catarebul gamokvlevebSi
naCvenebia, rom agresiulobis zrdasTan erTad mra-
vali moZalade ukeTesad akontrolebs Tavs da ufro
mSviddeba.

111
 Zaladobis formebi:
saqarTvelos kanoni xuTi saxis Zaladobis formas
aRiarebs da TiToeul maTgans ganmartavs:
fizikuri Zaladoba: cema, wameba, janmrTelobis
dazianeba, Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa an sxva iseTi
moqmedeba, romelic iwvevs fizikur tkivils an tanj-
vas: janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli
moTxovnebis daukmayofilebloba, rac iwvevs ojaxis
wevris janmrTelobis dazianebas an sikvdils;
fsiqologiuri Zaladoba: Seuracxyofa, SantaJi,
damcireba, muqara an sxva iseTi moqmedeba, romelic
adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvas iwvevs;
ekonomikuri Zaladoba: qmedeba, romelic iwvevs
sakvebiT, sacxovrebeli da normaluri ganviTarebis
sxva pirobebiT uzrunvelyofis, sakuTrebisa da Sromis
uflebebis ganxorcielebis, agreTve TanasakuTrebaSi
arsebuli qonebiT sargeblobisa da kuTvnili qalis
gankargvis uflebaTa SezRudvas;
seqsualuri Zaladoba: sqesobrivi kavSiri Zalado-
biT, Zaladobis muqariT an msxverplis umweobis gam-
oyenebiT: sqesobrivi kavSiri an seqsualuri xasiaTis
sxvagvari moqmedeba an garyvnili qmedeba arasrulw-
lovanis mimarT;
iZuleba: adamianis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
iZuleba, Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos moqmedeba, rom-
lis ganxorcieleba anda romlisgan Tavis Sekaveba misi
uflebaa an sakuTar Tavze ganicados Tavisi neba-sur-
vilis sawinaaRmdego zemoqmedeba;
msxverpli da moZalade: saqarTvelos kanonis
mixedviT msxverpli aris ojaxis wevri, romelmac gani-
cada fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, seqsualuri Zalado-
ba an iZuleba. moZalade aris ojaxis wevri, romelic
ojaxis sxva wevris mimarT fizikur, fsiqologiur eko-
nomikur, seqsualur Zaladobas an iZulebas axorcie-

112
lebs. rac Sexeba ojaxis wevris cnebas, mxolod da mx-
olod kanonis miznebisaTvis, es cneba gafarToebulia.
ojaxis wevrad iTvleba: deda mama, papa, bebia, meuRle,
Svili (geri), Svilobili, mimRebi ojaxi, SviliSvili da
Zma, meuRlis mSoblebi, siZe, rZali, agreTve yofili
meuRle, araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi pirebi,
meurve.
sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdebloba, maT Soris saqa-
rTvelos kanonic, ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebze op-
eratiuli reagirebisaTvis uflebamosili organos an
Tanamdebobis SezRudvis uzrunvelsayofad, droebiTi
RonisZiebis saxiT, damcav da Semakavebel orderebs iy-
enebs.
damcavi orderi: aris pirveli instanciiis sa-
samarTlos (mosamarTlis) mier administraciuli
samarTalwarmoebis wesiT gamocemuli aqti, romli-
Tac, ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba
Zaladobis msxerplTa dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi.
es RonisZiebebi ar gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piris
mimarT dawyebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da mas
aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT Sefardebuli aqvs patim-
roba.
Semakavebeli orderi: aris policiis uflebamo-
sili Tanamdebobis piris mier gamocemuli aqti, rom-
liTac ganisazRvreba ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi
Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi
da dasamtkiceblad waredgineba sasamarTlos. msxver-
plTa dacvis droebiT RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeba: moZa-
ladisgan msxverplis, masze damokidebuli piris dacvis
zomebi: moZaladisgan msxverplis masze damokidebuli
piris garidebisa da TavSesafarSi gadayvana.
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Cvens qveyanaSi da ar-
amarto Cvens qveyanaSi, jer kidev myarad dgas Zalado-
bis problema. es sakiTxi jer kidev ar gadaWrila da

113
Zalian bevri adamiani dResdReobiT imyofeba fsiqolo-
giuri seqsualuri Tu sxva saxis Zaladobis qveS, aqe-
dan gamomdinare aucilebelia gatardes Sesabamisi re-
formebi, aucilebelia saxelmwifos CarTuloba, aseve
aucilebelia ganaTlebis donis amaRloeba am sakiTx-
Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan erT- erT mizezs Zaladobisa
swored es warmoadgens. is rom Zaladobis msxverpls
aranairi informacia ar aqvs TavSesafrebis da msgavsi
dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb, aucilebeblia policiam Se-
Zlos daicvas Zaladobis msxverpli da agreTve miawo-
dos mas informacia Semakavebeli orderis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes ukve aqtiurad mimdin-
areobs Zaladobis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis gatareba da
Sesabamisi organizaciebis Seqmna, naSromSi ganxiluli
kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom jer kidev ver da-
vaRwieT Tavi am problemas amitom aucilebelia mTli-
anad sazogadoebis gaerTianeba am problemis garSemo
raTa msxverpls aRar mouwios moTmena da ar hqondes
SiSi xmamaRla Tqvas, rom is aris Zaladobis msxverpli.

literatura:

1. deltufo a. ojaxuri Zaladoba, Tb., 1998;

2. ojaxuri Zaladoba da bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba,
gaeros saagentos jgufi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006;
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tb., 2005;
4. gafrindaSvili q. Zaladoba ojaxSi da adamianis
uflebebi, Tb., 2007;
5. www.nplg.gov.ge genderi- socialuri da politi-
kuri swavlebani, Tavi 4“.

114
Elguja Kavtaradze – Doctor of Philosophy – Associated Professor of Social and
Political Sciences Department at Sokhumi State University. At the same time
he is the Head of the Social and Political studies Faculty. Mr. Kavtaradze works
on theoretical and empirical problems of political sciences as well as on politi-
cal conflict management and analyses. He has published a number of scientific
works in the above field, monographs and coursebooks.

DESCRIPTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with violence against women as one of the most
burning problems of our time from a descriptive point of view. The
description of violence against women is based on the confession of
feminist thinkers and also touches upon the current situation in mod-
ern Georgian society. According to the author of the paper, the prob-
lem of violence is still relevant in the country (and not only in our
country).
The issue has not been completely resolved and too many people
today are under psychological, sexual or other forms of violence.
Therefore, it is necessary to raise the level of education in this regard,
because one of the reasons for violence is that a victim of violence has
no information about shelters and similar institutions.
The police should protect victims of violence and also provide
them with information about a restraining order. Although violence
prevention measures and the creation of appropriate organizations are
already being actively pursued today, the research discussed in the
paper has been revealed that we still unable to solve this problem.
Thus it is important to unite the whole society around this prob-
lem so that the victims no longer has to be patient and does not have
to be afraid to declare loudly that she is a victim of violence.
Therefore, it is important to unite the whole society around this
issue so that victims no longer have to be patient and afraid to loudly
declare that they have been the victim of violence.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri
fsiqologiis ganyofilebam.

115
lia metreveli – ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doq-
tori. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro eko-
nomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
fakultetis profesori. aris saxelmZRvaneloebis avtori.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero Sromebi rogorc saqarT-
veloSi aseve ucxoeTSi. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad muSao-
bs fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis problemebze.

kidev erTi gadaxrili qcevis Sesaxeb

( suicidi)

TviTmkvlelobas ganmartaven, rogorc sakuTar si-

cocxleze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas, rac „zogjer
kargad mofiqrebuli da kargad gaazrebulia“, zogjer
ki afeqtis dros mofiqrebuli, roca adamians normalu-
rad azrovnebis unari ar aqvs!
qmedeba, romelic Tavis mxriv „kargad mofiqrebu-
lia“, anu adamiani romelic suicids/suicidur qmede-
bas sCadis ,,mas amoZravebs konkretuli mizani - sis-
ruleSi moiyvanos Tavis mokvlis ganzraxva, raki is,
rac bevrisTvis sicocxlis mTavari mizezia, sui-
cidiantebisaTvis SeiZleba piriqiT, sikvdilis „kargi
motivi“iyos.
suicidaluri qceva, amJamad, globalur sazogadoe-
briv problemas warmoadgens. jandacvis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis monacemebiT, msoflioSi yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 400-500 aTasi adamiani TviTmkvlelobiT
asrulebs sicocxles, xolo mcdelobaTa ricxvi aTjer
aRemateba am maCvenebels. evropis qveynebSi, TviTmkv-
lelobaTa ricxvi, daaxloebiT samjer aRemateba mkv-
lelobaTa ricxvs. pirovnebis suicidualuri qceva,
amJamad,kanonmdeblobiT araregulirdeba, magram imav-

116
droulad gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis pa-
suxismgebloba „TviTmkvlelobamde miyvanis“ faqtTan
dakavSirebiT.
maSasadame, TviTmkvleloba, „suicidi“ (laT. „Ta-
vismokvla“) - es aris sakuTari sicocxlis ganzrax xe-
lyofa.
suicidualuri qceva gacnobierebuli moqmedebaa,
romelsac warmarTavs warmodgenebi sicocxlis Cam-
orTmevasTan dakavSirebiT.
dReisaTvis suicidaluri qceva paTologiur
qmedebad, erTmniSvnelovnad aRar ganixileba. umetes
SemTxvevaSi es qceva fsiqikurad normaluri adamianis
qcevaa. imavdroulad, gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom
suicidi gaxlavT autodestruqciuli qcevis erT-er-
Ti gardamavali forma. suicidaluri qcevis struq-
turaSi gamoiyofa:
- sakuTriv suicidaluri moqmedebebi;
- suicidaluri gamovlinebebi (azrebi, ganzraxvebi,
grZnobebi, gamonaTqvamebi, miniSnebebi).
amrigad, suicidaluri qceva realizdeba erTdrou-
lad rogorc Sinagan, aseve garegan procesebSi.
suicidaluri moqmedebebi moicavs suicidis mcd-
elobasa da dasrulebul suicids. xolo roca suic-
idur ganzraxva (mizanmimarTuli operireba) sakuTari
sicocxlis mospobis saSualebebiT sikvdiliT ar das-
rulebula - suicidur mcdelobas uwodeben.
mcdeloba SeiZleba iyos rogorc Seqcevadi, aseve
Seuqcevadi da mimarTuli iyos sicocxlis mospobis an
sxva miznebis misaRwevad. dasrulebuli suicidi aris
letaluri aRsasruliT dasrulebuli moqmedeba.
suicidaluri gamovlinebebi moicavs suicidalur az-
rebs, warmodgenebs, gancdebs; aseve suicidalur tenden-
ciebs, romelTa Sorisac SeiZleba gamovyoT Canafiqrebi
da ganzraxvebi. pasiuri suicidaluri azrebisTvis damax-

117
asiaTebelia warmodgenebi, fantaziebi sakuTari sikvdi-
lis Temaze (magram ara sicocxlis mospobaze, rogorc
uneblie moqmedebaze; magaliTad, „kargi iqneboda movm-
kvdariyavi“, „kargi iqneba dameZinos da aRar gaviRviZo“).
suicidalurobis ufro aqtiuri formaa suicidal-
uri fiqrebi, roca TviTmkvlelobis tendencia izrdeba
gegmis SemuSavebis formiT, roca TviTmkvlelobis saSu-
alebebis, droisa da adgilis gaazreba xdeba; roca sui-
cidaluri ganzraxvebi Cndeba, roca Canafiqrs erwymis
nebelobiTi komponenti - gadawyvetileba, garegan qcev-
aze uSualo gadasvlisTvis mzaoba.
suicidaluri azrebis gaCenidan misi realizaciis
mcdelobamde periods -presuicidi ewodeba. misi xan-
grZlivoba ramdenime wuTia (mwvave presuicidi) an -ram-
denime Tve (qronikuli presuicidi).
gaxangrZlivebuli presuicidis SemTxvevaSi sui-
cidaluri qcevis Sinagani formebis ganviTarebis pro-
cesi mkafiod gadis zemoTCamoTvlil etapebs. mwvave
presuicidis SemTxvevaSi Tanmimdevroba araa daculi
da SeiZleba suicidaluri Canafiqri da ganzraxva mo-
mentalurad gaCndes.
suicidi SeiZleba davyoT sam ZiriTad jgufad,
esaa: namdvili, demonstraciuli, dafaruli.
namdvil suicids warmarTavs sikvdilis survili;
igi ar aris spontanuri, Tumcazogjer sakmaod mou-
lodneladac ki gamoiyureba. mas yovelTvis win us-
wrebs damZimebuli ganwyoba, depresiuli mdgomareoba
an, ubralod, azrebi sikvdilis Sesaxeb. amasTan, aseT
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebis gancdebi SeiZleba
garSemomyofTaTvis SeumCnevelic ki iyos. namdvili
suicidis kidev erTi Taviseburebaa cxovrebis saz-
risTan dakavSirebiT fiqrebi da gancdebi.
demonstraciuli suicidi ar aris dakavSirebuli
sikvdilis survilTan, aramed warmoadgens saSualebas

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sakuTar problemebze yuradRebis misaqcevad, dasax-
mareblad, dialogisTvis miRwevas. es SeiZleba iyos
erTgvari SantaJis mcdelobac, sasikvdilo aRsasruli
ki mocemul SemTxvevaSi sabediswero SemTxveviTobis
Sedegi.
faruli suicidi (iribi TviTmkvleloba) aris
suicidaluri qcevis saxe, romelic mkacri gagebiT
ar pasuxobs mis niSnebs, magram aqvs igive mimarTuleba
da Sedegi. es aris qmedebebi, romelsac maRali alba-
TobiT mosdevs letaluri aRsasruli. umeteswilad
es qceva mimarTulia riskisken, sikvdilTan TamaSis da
arasicocxlis mospobisken. aseTi adamianebi irCeven
ara „sakuTari surviliT“ sicocxlis daTmobas, ar-
amed e.w. „suicidurad ganpirobebul qcevas“. amis mag-
aliTia sarisko jiriTi avtomobiliT, sportis eqs-
tremaluri saxeobebidan saxifaTo biznesiT gataceba,
aseve nebayoflobiTi gamgzavreba cxel wertilebSi,
Zlieri narkotikebis moxmareba, TviTizolacia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT Tanatologi e. Sneidmani
(2001) gamohyofs pirovnebis orgvar maxasiaTebels -
suicidalurobasa da letalurobas.
suicidaluroba niSnavs TviTmkvlelobis individ-
ualur risks. letaluroba dakavSirebulia adamianis
TviTdestruqciulobis mimarT saSiSroebis xarisx-
Tan.
gansxvavebebi suicidaluri qcevis saxeebis kla-
sifikaciebSi gansaxilveli realobis formebis mra-
valferovnebas asaxavs:
a. g. ambrumovi (1996) gamohyofs
1) TviTmkvlelobebs - namdvil suicidebs da daus-
rulebel suicidebs; aseve
2) TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobebs - [D.G. Brooksbank,
1985] saubrobs suicidze, rogorc ganzrax TviTmkv-
lelobaze da parasuicidze, rogorc ganzrax TviTda-

119
zianebis aqtze sasikvdilo aRsasrulis gareSe.
a.v. liCkos azriT (1999), suicidaluri qceva mo-
zardebSi, aris demonstraciuli, afeqturi da namd-
vili. r. Siri (1984) ganasxvavebs: winaswar ganzraxul,
dauZlevel, ambivalentur, impulsur da demonstarci-
ul suicidalur qcevebs.
miCneulia, rom TviTmkvleloba SeiZleba gamowveu-
li iyos bevri mizeziT, maT Soris yvelaze xSiria
depresia, sircxvili, danaSaulis gancda, gausaZlisi
fizikuri tkivili, emociuri gadatvirTva, aRelveba,
finansuri problemebi da a.S.
sikvdilianobis yvelaze didi wili mozardebsa da
35 wels qveviT axalgazrdebis TviTmkvlelobaze mo-
dis. maTgan daaxloebiT 10-20 milioni SemTxveva - sa-
bednierod, ara sasikvdilo SedegiT mTavrdeba.
rTuli saTqmelia Tu rodis gamoikveTa pirvelad
suicidis problema: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi kaco-
briobis gaCenidan moyolebuli arsebobs, Tumca, ro-
gorc zogierT masalaSia aRniSnuli, pirveli TviTmkv-
lelobis cnoba egviptur leqsebSi gvxvdeba, romelic
dawerilia daaxloebiT 4000 wlis win. iq gamoTqmulia
azri, Tu rogor daRala adamiani cxovrebam da rogor
unda mas sikvdili.
TviTmkvlelobaze pirveli kvleva, romelmac
dRemde SeinarCuna aqtualoba, emil diurkheims
ekuTvnis; man TviTmkvlelobis aseTi tipologia
SemogvTavaza. TviT mkvleloba SeiZleba iyos egois-
turi, anomiuri, altruistuli da fatalisturi;
1. egoisturi TviTmkvlelobebi aris depresiis,
adamianurobis deficitis, socialuri urTierTobebis
rRvevis gamo Cadenili TviTmkvleloba, anu siyvaru-
lis, siTbos da yuradRebis naklebobis gamo Cadenili;
adamians ar gaaCnia iseTi “me”, rogoric mas unda, anu
garemo ar aRiqvams mas ise da ar aqvs iseTi damokideb-

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uleba masTan, rogorsac individi isurvebda;
egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis maRali done gvxvde-
ba iseT sazogadoebebSi, koleqtivebsa dajgufebSi,
sadac individi ara ris integrirebuli ufro farTo
socialur erTeulSi. integraciis dabali done indi-
videbSi qmnis uazrobis/ ufunqciobis SegrZnebas .
2. altruistuli TviTmkvleloba: diurkhemis
mier ganxiluli TviTmkvlelobis meore tipia -al-
truisturi.
egoistur TviTmkvlelobas maSin aqvs adgili,
rodesac socialuri integracia Zalze sustia, xolo
altruisturi TviTmkvleloba Cndeba maSin, rodesac
“socialuri integracia Zalzed Zlieria”, anu maSin
roca individi iZulebulia Tavi moiklas. altruis-
tuli TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze aSkara magaliTi iyo
wminda jimjonsis mimdevrebis masobrivi TviTmkvl-
eloba jounsTaunSi, gaianaSi. maT Segnebulad dalies
mowamluli sasmeli; zogierTma Svilebsac aiZula
is daelia. maT Caidines TviTmkvleloba, radgan maT
ubiZges SeewiraT sakuTari sicocxle jonsis fana-
tikosi mimdevrebisTvis. ufro zogadad rom vTq-
vaT, is vinc altruistul TviTmkvlelobas sCadis,
ase iqceva, raki miaCnia , rom es misi movaleobaa.
altruistuli TviTmkvlelobis dros, adamiani si-
cocxles Tavisi subieqturi arsebobis gauazreblad
ispobs, sxvaze orientirebulobis gamo; es maSin xdeba,
rodesac adamiani ise aigivebs Tavs vinmesTan rom mis
gareSe sicocxle warmoudgenlad miaCnia. magaliTad,
julietam Tavi moikla, imitom, rom romeos gareSe si-
cocxle ver warmoedgina. an, roca batonebisa da mefee-
bisTvis debdnen Tavs da a.S.
3. anomiuri TviTmkvleloba – warmoiSoba maSin,
rodesac sazogadoebis maregulirebeli Zalebi dan-
greulia. anonimuri TviTmkvlelobebi raime did eko-

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nomikur-socialur Zvrebs axasiaTebs. magaliTad, ga-
kotrebuli miliardeli matarebels Tu Cauvardeba, es
iqneba anomiuri TviTmkvleloba.
4. fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba – diurkemma fa-
talisturi TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni adamianebi Semde-
gnairad daaxasiaTa: “marepresirebeli disciplinis
gamo, maTi grZnobebi Zalismierad aris daTrgunuli,
momavali ki Caketilia”. klasikuri magaliTi aris rode-
sac mona iklavs Tavs – im Seviwroebis/Cagvrisa da uim-
edobis gamo, romelic TiToeul mis qmedebas mohyveba.
melanqoliur ganwyobas iwvevs Zalze Zlieri regula-
cia – Seviwroeba – rac Tavis mxriv fatalistur TviT-
mkvlelobas iwvevs.
SeiZleba gamovyoT suicidis sami tipi:
1. SantaJuri suicidi, romlis drosac adamiani
suicidis imitacias awyobs, TiTqos amis Camdeni iyos,
raTa zegavlena moaxdinos garSemomyofebze;
2. afeqturi suicidi, roca adamiani momentalu-
rad iRebs gadawyvetilebas raime Zlieri dartymis
Tu tkivilis dros raTa Tavidan aicilos da Tvali ar
gausworos misTavs datrialebul tragedias da ami-
tom, gaucnobiereblad, afeqtur, Zlieri sulieri
aRelvebis dros, Rebulobs TviTmkvlelobis momen-
talur gadawyvetilebas, Tumca, Tu mas vinme SeaCerebs,
SesaZloa arasodes aRmoucendes igive ganzraxva da
Semdeg inanos kidec misi saqcieli.
3. ganzraxuli anu kargad dagegmili suicidi,
romelsac adamiani axorcielebs yvelasagan damoukide-
blad. aseT dros adamianis gadawyvetileba imdenad
Zlieria da kargad gaTavisebul-gacnobierebuli, rom
misi aramc Tu gadafiqreba,aramed SemCnevac ki zogjer
SeuZlebelia; aseTebs,rogorc wesi,bolomde mihyavT
xolme Tavisi ganzraxva. xSirad ki Carevas Sedegi ar
moaqvs.

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 adamianze sakmaod did gavlenas axdens ojaxi. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT fsiqologebma gansazRvres iseTi
ojaxebis tipebi, sadac TviTmkvlelobis potenciuri
saSiSroeba arsebobs: aseTebia:
dezintegrirebuli ojaxi, sadac – damaxasi-
aTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgens misi wevrebis gan
calkevebuloba, urTierTobebSi formaluroba, maT
Soris emociuri kavSiris ararseboba da sxv. gansa-
kuTrebiT saSiSi situacia iqmneba nawilobriv dez-
integrirebul ojaxebSi, sadac romelime aRmoCnde-
ba marto mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli axloblebis
winaSe. superintegrirebul ojaxSi ki saqme gvaqvs
wevrebis pirovnuli avtonomiurobis rRvevasTan.
isini imdenad axlos arian erTmaneTTan, rom ver war-
moudgeniaT erTmaneTis gareSe cxovreba. am SemTx-
vevaSi erT-erTis sikvdili iwvevs meoris absolutur
ususurobas. disharmoniuli ojaxi – xasiaTdeba misi
wevrebis moTxovnilebebis, miznebis radikaluri gan-
sxvavebulobiT, urTierT Tanxmobis ararsebobiT, sa-
kuTari interesebisa da Cvevebis daTmobis uunarobiT
da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi lideri danarCenebs mudmivad
Tavsaxvevs sakuTar survilebs, Cvevebs da iTxovs maT-
gan qcevis Secvlas. daxuruli TviTmyofadi ojaxis
wevrebisTvis ojaxi warmoadgens cxovrebis ZiriTad
azrs, yvelaferi da narCeni ki (samuSao da gare urT-
ierTobebi) ganixileba rogorc ojaxuri keTildReo-
bis SenarCunebis saSualeba.
konservatiuli ojaxis – mTavar Taviseburebas
warmoadgens garegani cvalebadi pirobebisadmi adap-
tirebis uunaroba. Tuki aseTi ojaxis erT-erTi wevri
ojaxis gareT arsebul konfliqtSi CarTuli aR-
moCndeba, sxva wevrebi, Tavisi konservatiuli Sexed-
ulebebidan gamomdinare, ar exmarebian mas da SesaZle-
belia mowinaaRmdegis mxarec ki daikavon.

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 arsebobs farul-suiciduri ojaxic, romelic xa-
siaTdeba narkotikebisa da alkoholis miRebiT. maTi
miReba TviTdestruqciuli qcevaa, romelic pirdapir
mimarTulia sicocxlis Semoklebisken. narkotikisa
da alkoholis moxmareba izrdeba socialuri proble-
mebis proporciulad, roca adamiani maTi meSveobiT
cdilobs realobidan gaqcevas, Tumca, sinamdvileSi,
misdauneburad, gaurbis sicocxles .
TviTmkvleloba xSirad aris dakavSirebuli mZime
socialur fonTan: Tumca arsebobs sxva mizezebic, ris
gamoc adamianebi sakuTar sicocxles xelyofen. es-
enia: sulieri aSliloba, roca adamiani daavadebuli,
gauwonasworebelia, rac organuli dazianebidan gamom-
dinareobs. stresi – SesaZloa, pirma afeqtis Sedegad
miiRos msgavsi gadawyvetileba;
depresiuli mdgomareoba, roca piri Tavisi ar-
sebobis azrs ver xedavs, ramac, SesaZlebelia, TviT-
ganadgurebis gadawyvetilebamde miiyvanos – amiT
gamoxatavs agresias sakuTari Tavis mimarT. am mizeziT
araerTi cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebis gmiria
suicidis msxverpli.
suicidis mizezi uamravi ram SeiZleba iyos. msofli-
oSi mravali faqti mowmobs suicidis SemTxvevebs; ara
erT istoriul pirs dausrulebia sicocxle TviTm-
kvlelobiT (hitleri, stalinis meuRle, galaktioni,
hemanguei), agreTve ara erTi cnobili literaturuli
nawarmoebis gmiria suicidis msxverpli. es faqtebi mx-
olod imis dasturad SeiZleba moviyvanoT, rom sui-
cidi nebismieri sazogadoebis, epoqisa Tu formaci-
is problemas warmoadgenda. amitom daskvnis gakeTeba
sakmaod martivia, rom suicidi mxolod Tanamedrove
samyaros problemas ar warmoadgens.sainteresoa, rom
suicidi garkveul viTarebasa da situaciaSi, Zveladac
da dResdReobiTac, gmirobis tolfasad iTvleboda.

124
 Zvelad,zogierT kulturaSi TviTmkvleloba,
erTgvari valdebulebac ki iyo, rasac adamianebs
tradiciebi karnaxobda: bevr pirvelyofil tomSi Tavs
iklavdnen imitom, rom kvdeboda maTi beladi; mag-
aliTad indoeTSi -qvrivi Tavs iwvavda Tavisi meuRlis
gvamTan erTad; am qmedebiT is icavda Tavis Rirsebas
da sakuTar Tavs, raTa SemdegSi raime saxis Zaladobis
msxverpli ar gamxdariyo. aseTi tradiciis aRmosafx-
vrelad kanonmdebelma SemoiRo sasjeli TviTmkvl-
elobis mcdelobisaTvis, rac iTvaliswinebs wlamde
vadiT patimrobas, an administraciul pasuxismge-
blobas, jarimis saxiT; Tumca, sabolood mainc ver
iqna miRweuli Sedegi. dResac gvevlineba faqtebi,
rodesac qvrivebi Cumad, magram mainc iwvaven Tavs
gardacvlil meuRleebTan erTad.
kamikaZe (iaponurad sityvasityviT “RmerTebis
qari”) - sasikvdilod gamiznuli mfrinavi iaponiis
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, meore msoflio omis dros ,,ka-
mikaZe” erTjeradi moqmedebis TviTmfrinaviT ebr-
Zoda mowinaaRmdegis xomaldebs. harakiri - iaponu-
rad ritualur TviTmkvlelobas - muclis gafatvras,
ewodeboda. Tavidan mas mxolod samuraebi akeTebdnen.
iaponeleni ki am tradicias ”sekukus” ”kapukus” uwo-
deben. sekuku pirdapir aRniSnavs muclis gafatvras.
Tu sekuku iniSneboda rogorc sasjeli, es imas niSnav-
da, rom damnaSavem Seigno danaSauli. damnaSave seku-
kus win ambobda: ”cudad moviqeci, mrcxvenia sindisis
winaSe da sakuTari xeliT visji Tavs”. xandaxan seku-
kus udanaSaulo adamianic akeTebda, rac imas niS-
navda: ”udanaSaulo var, magram minda gaCvenoT Cemi
suli, raTa TviTon ganmsajoT” (muclis gafatvriT
gamowveuli tkivili Zalian mZime asatani yofila).
samurais TvalSi harakiri da brZolaSi dacema erT-
nairad - gmirobad iTvleboda. rodesac qmari sakuTar

125
Tavs harakiriT dasjida, samurais coli valdebuli iyo
kisris ZarRvi gadaeWra da Tavi moekla. am proceduras
jigai ewodeboda.
TviTmkvlelobamde cota xniT adre, qalebi fexebs
koWebTan ikravdnen, raTa sikvdilis Semdeg uxerxul
pozaSi ar yofiliyvnen. iaponiaSi harakiri, rogorc
TviTmkvlelobis aqti, droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaSenda,
magram am sisxlianma proceduris sulierma safuZvelma
eris fsiqikaSi Rrma kvali datova.
warmarTul periodSi TviTmkvleloba gmirobad mi-
iCneoda; qristianoba ki, am yovelives sxvagvarad uy-
urebs: TviTmkvleloba ar aris simamace, piriqiT, is
sisustes ukavSirdeba. filosofosi nicSe ambobda,
rom adamians SeuZlia erTgvari tanjva gawyvitos, mas
aqvs amis potenciali, magram ver moaxerxebs am tanjvis
daTmenas Tu ar esmis misi Sedegio. is adamiani, ro-
melic ver iTvaliswinebs ra aris tanjvis Sedegi, ra-
tom itanjeba an ra Sedegi SeiZleba moyves mas, Zalian
ususuri xdeba; TviTmkvleloba, aris gaqcevis mcd-
eloba, rac adamianis sisusteze metyvelebs. roca Cven
is survili gvaqvs, rom TviTmkvlel adamians raRacnai-
rad SevewioT, gamodis, rom pretenzia gvaqvs RmerTze
metad mowyaleebi viyoT, rac didi kadnierebaa. nar-
komaniisa da loTobis Sedegad gamowveuli TviTmkvl-
elobis faqtebisadmi eklesiis damokidebuleba -erT-
mniSvnelovania; Tu adamianebi am codvis aRsrulebis
Sedegad gardaicvlebian, isini eklesiis Sewevnisaga-
nac ganyenebulni arian. erTi SexedviT, adamiani imi-
tom ar moixmars narkotiks, rom im momentSi TviTmkv-
lelobis survili aqvs, magram yvela maTganma icis, rom
es aswrafebs maT sicocxles. ufro mkacria eklesia im
SemTxvevaSi, roca narkomani moixmars misTvis dasaS-
veb zomaze mets. eklesia memTvraleobis mimarT ufro
Semwynarebelia, radgan memTvrale ufro gonebadabin-

126
dulia, ver acnobierebs ras akeTebs da aqedan gamomdi-
nare, maT mimarT ufro meti Semwynarebloba SeiZleba.
TvTviTmkvlelobas daucveli adamiani sCadis, is
ubralod gzas ikvalavs “jojoxeTisken”. adamiani,
TviTmkvlelobis mere, jojoxeTSi xvdeba da mxolod
imitom, rom man uari Tqva qristes mier xsnaze da ara
imitom, rom man Tavi moikla.
biblia gvaswavlis, rom im wuTidan, rodesac
qristes viwamebT, Cven viRebT saukuno cxovrebas (io-
ane 3:16). bibliis mixedviT, qristianebma unda icodnen,
rom maT saukuno cxovreba aqvT (1 ioane 5:13). veravin
daaSorebs qristians RvTis siyvaruls. bibliis Tanax-
mad, TviTmkvleloba seriozuli codvaa RvTis winaSe.

literatura:
1) riCard gerigi, filip zimbardo, fsiqologia da
cxovreba, Tsu, 2009.
2) revaz qvarcxava, socialuri fsiqologia, tomi I -
Tsu gamomcemloba.
3) S. nadiraSvili, pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia,
Tb. 1975w.
4) qreg kalhuni, donald laiTi, suzen keleri,
sociologia, Tb. 2008
5) baliaSvili marina, socialuri fsiqologia gamom-
cemloba „ mwignobari“ 2010.
6) maRraZe g. socialuri jgufebisadmi ganwyoba da
konformuloba, gamomcemloba, „mecniereba“, 1988.

Lia Metreveli - Academic Doctor of Education Sciences. Associate Profes-

sor, Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sci-
ences, Georgian Technical University. Is the author of few textbooks, has
published scientific articles both in Georgia and abroad. Also she has par-
ticipated in many international scientific conferences. The spheres of her re-
search mainly are psychology and education problems.

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 NOTHER DEVIANT BEHAVIOR (SUICIDE)

ABSTRACT
The psychoanalytic tradition allows us to approach the in-depth
mechanisms of suicidal behavior - its unconscious motives.It has
been proven that declared behavioral motives often do not correspond
to their true causes.According to psychoanalytic researches the dis-
tinguishing of conscious and unconscious determinants of suicide
becomes possible.Initially Z. Freud’s hypothesis was accepted in psy-
choanalysis, which explained the suicidal behavior as a result of ag-
gression directed to the individual losing the object.In the scientific
work „Mourning and Melancholy” Z. Freud (1917, 2001) explains the
dynamics of suicide. During strong attachment, the object of love is
introverted and „I” becomes a kind of part.When the object is lost, a
strong unconscious anger arises, which is directed not at the real ob-
ject, but at its representation, that is, the part of the “I” that introverted
the traumatized (lost) object.Thus, the “I” corrects the “bad” internal
objects.This theory has acquired another important innovation - the
recognition of the leading role of the closest person in the dynamics
of suicidal behavior.
Thus, a person prone to depression at the loss of an object (loss,
frustration, divorce) initially reacts with hatred.However, due to the
special importance of the object, he is forced to protect himself from
the affect.Protection is accomplished through regression to oral sensa-
tions and is accompanied by fantasies about absorbing a lost object.
Currently the object is saved thanks to the identification of the subject
with the person. The object became part of his own personality.The
hatred that was originally directed at the lost object is now directed
tothe own person.So, there is being developed a severe depressive
condition (melancholy according to Freud), the result of which is the
suicide.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri
fsiqologiis ganyofilebam.

128
kulturis filosofia

Philosophy of Culture

129
akaki yulijaniSvili - filosofiis mecn. doqtori, iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis filosofiis,
qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriis, eTikis, aqsiolo-
giis, filosofiuri anTropologiis, filosofiis isto-
riis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero
statia, saxelmZRvanelo da monografia.

televizia - postmodernuli kulturis

modeli da stili

televizia informaciuli teqnologiebidan

yvelaze ufro naTlad asaxavs postmodernul atmos-
feros. SeiZleba iTqvas televizia warmoadgens ,,re-
alur samyaros”, romlis ideologiasac warmoadgens
garToba. rogorc kanadeli filosofosebi artur
kroukeri da devid kuki samarTlianad aRniSnaven,
,,televizia aris ara mxolod teqnologiuri obieqti,
aramed ,,socialuri aparati~. saxeze gvaqvs am feno-
menis funqciur inversiasTan, erTi mxriv televizia
aris postmodernuli kulturis rogorc mTelis mod-
eli, xolo meore mxriv, TviTon es modeli SeiZleba iq-
nas interpretirebuli postmodernuli saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs
erT-erT yvelaze gamokveTil fenomenTan, romelic ax-
dens teqnologiebisa da kulturuli da msoflmxedv-
elobrivi inovaciebis urTierTgadaxlarTvas, rac ase
damaxasiaTebelia postmodernuli kulturisaTvis.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom televizia aris
postmodernuli epoqis stili da gamoxatuleba, amis
dasasabuTeblad ki aucilebelia gamovaaSkaraoT
garkveuli urTierTkavSiri postmodernul ideebsa
da televiziur teqnologiebs Soris. rogorc cnobi-
lia, postmoderniuli diskursis ZiriTad msoflmxedv-

130
elobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, iseve rogorc postmodernis
kulturis organizebis meTodologia Semdegi arse-
biTi cnebebiT _ fragmentuloba, interteqstualo-
ba, simulacia, pluralizmi - aris determinirebuli..
am ZiriTadi cnebebis Suqze ganvixiloT Tanamedrove
televiziis buneba.
cxadia, rom ganxilva unda daviwyoT fragmentulo-
baze saubriT. televiziasTan mimarTebaSi es maxasaTe-
beli konkretizirdeba sam gamovlinebad, esenia: mozai-
kuroba, seriuloba da diskretuloba. davaxasiaToT
TiToeuli maTgani:
1. mozaikuroba _ es aris teleprogramebisa da TviT
telegamosaxulebis konstruirebis Seucvleli xerxi.
Tundac ukve teleprogramis struqtura, romelic
Sedgeba sxvadasxva TematikiT, xarisxiTa da gadacemis
gangrZobiTobiT, gamoxatavs misive danawevrebul xa-
siaTs. televiziaSi wina planze gamodis mozaikuroba
da kolaJi uwindelisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT, aq igu-
lisxmeba fragmentuloba, areuli, daulagebeli arq-
iteqtonika, metaforisa da dokumentebis mkveTri Se-
takeba, Janrebis Sereva da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare unda
iTqvas, rom televiziis eTeris organizebis zemoT
CamoTvlili dasaxelebani ukve gvafiqrebinebs tele-
viziis postmodernul bunebaze. rogorc aRniSnaven
deliozi da gvatari, ,,rodesac Cven vawydebiT ele-
qtronul nakads, rac gamomdinareobs televizoridan,
saqmes viWerT aRniSvnebTan aranairi kavSiris mqone ab-
soluturad arafiguralur SenakadebTan, anu rogorc
aRniSvnebis minimaluri elementebi, isini ar warmoad-
genen aRmniSvnelebs amgvarad, televizia warmogvidge-
ba gansakuTrebuli, dekodirebuli enis nakadad, raSic
mozaikur fragmentebs Soris qreba nebismieri privile-
girebuli substancia”.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, televizia SeumCnevlad

131
rTavs aRqmaSi SegrZnebis yvela organos, masSi erTveba
smena, mxedveloba, xolo warmosaxva ki agvirgvinebs mim-
dinare process; magram unda iTqvas, rom am yvelafris
miuxedavad, telesignalis gaxleCili arsi ar icvleba.
igi farulad Seerwymis Cvens qvecnobiers da ekleqti-
kasTan erTad mozaikuri xerxis saSualebiT ganapiro-
bebs samyaros saxis formirebas _ postmodernuli sa-
myaros realobis fragmentirebas.
2. seriuloba _ es aris televiziis sivrcis, xolo
amis Semdeg ki telemayureblis droisa da sivrcis
gansazRvris specifiuri xerxi. Tuki TavisTavad mozai-
kuri televiziuri gamosaxuleba organzomilebiania,
seriuloba mas aniWebs mesame ganzomilebas, romelic
asrulebs RerZis rols ris garSemoc biseris msgavsad
exveva teleprogramis namsxvrevebi. unda iTqvas, rom
seriuloba axasiaTebs ara mxolod teleserialebs,
aramed periodulad ganmeorebad programebs, Toq-
Souebs, politikur mimoxilvebs da a.S. aRsaniSnavia,
rom seriuli programebi garkveulwilad struqturi-
rebas ukeTeben telemayureblis cxovrebas. is gadace-
mebi, romlebic gvainteresebs da vuyurebT ciklurad,
gansazRvraven Cveni cxovrebis wess; Cven vcdilobT,
saxlSi mivideT Cveni sayvareli gadacemis dawyebamde.
rogorc daprogramebulebi, siaxleebis gasagebad
televizors vrTavT 12, 15, 18, da 21 saaTebSi, mivr-
bivarT sigaretis mosawevad sareklamo pauzebis dros,
romlebic arRveven isedac darRveul satelevizio
sivrces, da vwvebiT maSin, rodesac mTavrdeba mauwye-
bloba. ase rom, Cven CvevaSi gadagvdis gansazRvrul
dros garkveuli gadacemebis yureba. warmoidgineT,
uceb aRmoaCineT, rom romelime arxze is programa ar
aris, rasac velodiT... am dros gviCndeba SegrZneba,
TiTqos Cveni cxovrebidan raRac fragmenti amoag-
des, radgan ,,grili~ telemedia Cvens cxovrebaSi Semo-

132
dis SeumCnevlad da afragmentebs Cvens uwyvet dine-
bas erTi seriidan meoremde; magram, aRsaniSnavia, rom
es televiziis arsis mxolod erTi aspeqtia, romelic
ukavSirdeba mis individualur gavlenas adamianze. ar-
sebobs seriulobis sxva mxarec, sadac fiqsirdeba so-
cialur samyaroze televiziis zegavlena. kerZod ki,
vgulisxmob imas, rom Jan pol sartrma Tavis ,,diale-
qtikuri azrovnebis kritikaSi~ masmediis zegavlenis
qveS myof socialuri yofis specifikis aRsaniSnavad
Semoitana cneba ,,seriuli kultura~. RerZi, romelzec
exveva seriuli gadacemebi, ipyrobs mosaxleobis
gansazRvrul jgufs da amiT qmnis garkveuli saxis
sazogadoebas, rasac, rogorc wesi, uwodeben audito-
rias. adamianebi, romlebic faqtiurad ar scildebian
TavianT savarZlebs televizoris yurebisas, virtua-
lurad erTiandebian Tavisive msgavsebTan, magaliTad,
serialis moyvarulebTan da, amgvarad, sazogadoeba
iyofa auditoriebad da, garkveul ,,seriul erTo-
bliobebad~, yovelive amis Sedegad ki Cven viRebT imas,
rasac sartrma Searqva ,,seriuli kultura par excellence~
(par excellence _ upiratesi),” aseTi gaerTianeba ki, miuxe-
davad Tavisi farTo masStabebisa, sworedac rom yalbi
socialurobaa da warmoadgens sazogadoebis sakmaod
specifiur tips, es aris ,,antisazogadoeba anu social-
uri antimateria _ eleqtronulad Sedgenili, rito-
rikulad konstruirebuli, fsiqologiuri poziciis
urTierTSeTanxmebis upiratesobiT uzrunvelyofili
erTgvari eleqtronuli bulvari... xolo Cveni pozi-
cia iseTia, rogorc turistebisa sanaxaobaTa samyaro-
Si.~ amgvarad, generirebuli TV -medium erToblioba
sinamdvileSi warmoadgens hipertrofirebul sazoga-
doebriv naglejs, realobis fragments, misi formulaa
me+TV, sadac adgili ar aqvs mesames (dasaSvebia mxolod
kompiuteri).

133
 dRes tipiuria adamianis saxe, romelic zis simar-
toveSi televizoris win da masze mijaWvuli ver amCnevs
garesamyaros. misTvis axlobelia mxolod ekranze mo-
cimcime seriuli saxeebi. unda iTqvas, rom swored
aseTia televiziis kulturis arqetipi, romelic dan-
awevrebulia erTmaneTis msgavs, TiTqmis identur se-
riebad, sadac arsebobs mxolod ori mTavari gmiri: ada-
miani da televizori.
3. diskretuloba _ es aris televiziis marTvis xe-
rxi. diskretuloba farTod gavrcelda maSin, rode-
sac SemoiRes distanciuri marTvis pulti. pulti _ es
mxolod RilakTa erToblioba ki ar aris, aramed magi-
uri nivTia, risi saSualebiTac mayurebeli qmnis Tavis
telecxovrebas. rogorc aRniSnaven kroukeri da kuki,
,,televiziis mayurebeli Tavis saxlSi, SeiaraRebuli
Rilakebis erTobliobiT, qmnis programebis ganrigs,
romelic asaxavs mis kerZo gemovnebas da istorias.~
magram, amis garda, distanciuri mmarTveloba ara mx-
olod komfortia, aramed aris usazRvro gadarTvis
cdunebac, Rilakebis jadosnuri Zala ara marto ima-
Sia, rom adamiani demiurgis msgavsad flobs Zalau-
flebas da aWers Rilakebs, aramed imaSic, rom TviTon
Rilakebi izidaven TiTebs, TiTqos iTxoven, damaWire
da gadamrTeo. sabolood, adamiani yalibdeba rogorc
,,mousvenari arseba~, romelic wyvets erTi arxis yure-
bas da gadadis meoreze, sadac didxans ar Cerdeba da
ase usasrulobamde... individumi veRar aRiqvams xan-
grZlivi drois monakveTebs, radgan misi ,,klipis am-
saxveli azrovneba~ ganwyobilia daimaxsovros mokle
sainformacio fragmentebi, magram, unda iTqvas, rom es
ar aris gasakviri, vinaidan aseTi midgoma swored rom
postmodernuli msoflmxedvelobis maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens. amgvarad, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi
,,gadaxtomebi~ informaciis erTi kvantidan meoreze,

134
dakavSirebulia informaciul sazogadoebaSi lavise-
burad gazrdil codnisa da axali ambebis moculobas-
Tan, sainformacio afeTqebasTan, romlisagan gaqce-
vac mxolod ekranidan faqtebis amorCeviT, SezRudvis
dawesebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom roca saqme televizias
exeba, wina planze gamodis fragmentuloba da es, Tavis
mxriv, dakavSirebulia zemoT ukve aRniSnul mozaikuri
gamosaxulebis arqiteqtonikasTan, seriuli jaWvebis
danawevrebasTan da diskritulobasTan.
Tu fragmentulobas ganvixilavT mis sxvadasxva
ganzomilebaSi, SegviZlia gamovyoT televiziis kidev
erTi postmodernuli niSani _ interteqstualoba.
rogorc viciT, viwro gagebiT, interteqstualoba
niSnavs erTi teqstis CarTvas meoreSi, farTo gage-
biT ki, teqstis sazRvrebis ,,Camorecxvas~, ris Sedega-
dac teqsti kargavs dasrulebul, daxurul xasiaTs da
xdeba araerTgvarovani, e.i. gamodis, rom interteqsti
ufro metia, vidre ubralod teqstebis jami, es aris
kulturul-istoriuli kodi, rogorc verbaluri, ise
araverbaluri teqstebis aRqmisa da gadacemis xerxi.
amjerad, swored am gagebiT gvinda gamoviyenoT inter-
teqstualobis kategoria televiziis analizisaTvis.
iseve, rogorc informaciis gadacemis sxva saSuale-
bebi, televiziac muSaobs teqstebTan, magram, am SemTx-
vevaSi, es ukanaskneli gadaicema ara marto sityvierad,
aramed gamosaxulebiTac. SeiZleba iTqvas rom sworxa-
zovani azrovneba, romelic dadginda sabeWdi manqanis
Seqmnis periodSi, Secvala globalurma aRqmam televi-
ziis gamosaxulebis meSveobiT.
amgvarad, televiziis interteqstualoba mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom igi generirebas uwevs ara sworxazo-
van teqstebs, aramed audio-vizualur niSnebs, romle-
bic agreTve warmoadgenen teqstebs, magram aRiqmebian

135
gansakuTrebuli taqtilurobis meSveobiT. saerTod,
,,nebismier komunikaciur saSualebas teqstis gar-
da aqvs kidev ,,plus Setyobineba~ Cveni TvalisTvis,
yurisTvis da nervuli sistemisaTvis.~
televizia aris teqnologia, romelic zemoqmedebs
adamianis grZnobebze ara informaciiT, aramed gadace-
mis xerxis meSveobiT. televiziis amgvari gansazRvreba
SesabamisobaSi modis interteqstualobis ideasTan,
vinaidan teleSetyobineba ara mxolod teqstia, aramed
aris simulaciuri sistemac, sadac erTdroulad monaw-
ileobs rogorc verbaluri Setyobineba, ise vizual-
uri gamosaxuleba, mozaikuri simbolika, eleqtronuli
kodebi da sabolood ki _ mayurebeli.
iseve, rogorc yvela sainformacio teqnologia,
televiziac Tavisi arsiT aris simulakri, rac kidev
erTxel amtkicebs mis postmodernul arss. rodesac
artur kroukeri da devid kuki aRniSnavdnen, rom tele-
vizia aris realuri samyaros postmoderni, isini gamo-
diodnen iqidan, rom es ukanaskneli ar jdeba reprezen-
taciis klasikuri Teoriis farglebSi. maTi azriT,
televiziisa da realobis gaigiveba unda gavigoT ise,
rom is, rac ar aris asaxuli televiziis realur samyaro-
Si, Sors aris Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari tendenciisa-
gan. isini Tavis interpretaciaSi televiziisa, romelic
asaxulia wignSi ,,postmodernistuli scena: eqsperi-
mentaluri kultura da hiperesTetika~ uaryofen mis
tradiciul gansazRvrebas, romlis mixedviTac tele-
vizia emorCileba sazogadoebas. maTi azriT, post-
modernul kulturaSi televizia ki ar aris sazogadoe-
bis sarke, aramed sazogadoebaa televiziis amsaxveli.
Cven rac ar unda darwmunebulebi viyoT televiziis
realurobaSi, unda kargad gvesmodes, rom es realoba
mainc simulakria da Tanac, sxva mediisagan gansxvave-
biT, romelsac aqvs simulaciuri buneba, satelevizio

136
simulakrSi aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti,
romelic mdgomareobs adamianis mier vizualuri gamo-
saxulebis aRqmis gansakuTrebulobaSi. rogorc um-
berto eko aRniSnavs, gamosaxulebebs aqvT ,,platonuri
Zala~, isini kerZo ideebs gardaqmnian sazogadoebriv
idebad, damajereblobis strategiis gatareba ki ufro
advilia vizualuri komunikaciebis saSualebiT. mag-
aliTad, SesaZloa xSirad gvesmodes genocidisa da eT-
nikuri wmendis Sesaxeb, magram indiferentuli viyoT
am faqtis mimarT, Tumca ekranze kadrebis naxvis Sem-
deg, ar SeiZleba rom ar Segvecvalos damokidebuleba
am faqtis mimarT, radgan am dros, faqtiurad, vxdebiT
faqtebis mowme garkveuli saxiT. amgvarad, televiz-
ias gaaCnia manipulirebis kidev erTi mxare, risi saSu-
alebiTac igi advilad axdens garkveuli sinamdvilis
producirebas TV-saxeebis meSveobiT, ris Semdegac, is
auditoria, romelic arakritikulad aris ganwyobili,
advilad ixibleba.
televiziis postmodernistuli atributebis Semad-
genel ricxvSi Sedis aseve pluralizmi, romelic, ze-
moT aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebisagan gansxvavebiT, ra
Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos televiziisaTvis
erTmniSvnelovnad imanenturad. Tu Tavisi teqnolo-
giuri gamosaxulebebidan da specifikidan gamomdinare
satelevizio gamosaxuleba yovelTvis aris fragmentu-
li, interteqstualuri da simulaciuri, pluralizmi
ganisazRvreba im amocanebiT, romlebic televiziis
winaSe ismeva da aseve im saSualebebiTac, romliTac es
amocanebi gadaiWreba.
pluralizmi postmodernuli epoqis msoflmxed-
velobis fundamentaluri principia, xolo televiz-
ia qronologiurad Casmulia mis CarCoSi da ara aqvs
ufleba, ar Seesabamebodes drois moTxovnebs. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, dRevandel sazogadoebaSi saxeze gvaqvs

137
telearxebis ricxvis zrda, romlidanac umetesoba
gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom sxvadasxvagvarad Seva-
fasoT esa Tu is movlena. kabelur da Tanamgzavrul
televiziaze ganxorcielebuli gadasvla programebis
farTo speqtris yurebis saSualebas xsnis. dRis wesrig-
Sia interaqtiuli televizia, romelic uzrunvelyofs
saintereso gadacemebis individualuri arCevnis saSu-
alebas. es yvelaferi migviTiTebs imaze, rom televizia
aqtiurad viTardeba SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebebisa
da asortimentis mravalferovnebis kuTxiT, magram aq
pirvel planze gamodis sxva problema: arCevanisa da
SesaZleblobebis gazrdas azri aqvs maSin, roca Segvi-
Zlia avirCioT saidanme; ra azri aqvs arxebis simrav-
les, Tu masze erTi da igive ram gadis, aris sruli
ugemovnoba da absoluturad umniSvneloa televiziis
saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebi?
umberto ekom Tanamedrove vizualuri komunika-
ciebis specifika Seadara Sua saukuneebisas, sadac
kaTolikuri taZari daasaxela im drois televiziad im
gagebiT, rom im periodis macxovreblebs swored misi
meSveobiT hqondaT Sexeba kulturis miRwevebTan; ma-
gram, dRevandelisagan gansxvavebiT, umberto ekos az-
riT, Sua saukuneebis binadari iyo ganaTlebuli, hqon-
da araCveulebrivi fantazia da muSaobda imisaTvis,
rom sazogadoebisaTvis moetana sargebeli.
dRevandel epoqaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs
mravali arxi da TiTieuli maTgani iswrafvis, hqondes
Tavisi saxe, umetesoba mainc usaxuri rCeba. udavoa,
rom televiziaSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs
masalis miwodebis forma, magram azris dakargvis, an
arqonis SemTxvevaSi, igi xeba uperspeqtivo, asevea
piriqiTac _ azrobrivad Sedgenili programebi, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu cudad arian informirebulni, kargaven
momxibvlelobas da, Sesabamisad, mayurebelsac.

138
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom pluralisturi
principis realizacia ganuyoflad dakavSirebulia
teleprogramebis Sinaarsobrivi da azrobrivi mxaris
gaZlierebasTan. amgvarad, Tu mravalferovnebisa da
xarisxis SeTanxmeba ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili, Cven
ganwirulebi viqnebiT dausruleblad gadavrToT
erTi arxidan meoreze im imediT, rom vipoviT
ufro mniSvnelovan rames telearxebis mocimcime
gamosaxulebis okeaneSi... aseT SemTxvevaSi pluralizmi
kargavs Tavis azrs.
postmodernuli samyaro erT did satelevizio
sivrces hgavs, sadac brtyel zedapirze, yovelgvari
siRrmisa da sazRvris gareSe ganfenilia `realoba~ da
`iluzia~, televizia ki misi stili da gamoxatulebaa.

literatura:

1.Kroker A. Cook D. ,,The postmodern scene: Experimental culture

and hiperaestetics. Macmillan 1988 pg. 268.
2.Делез Ж. Гваттари Ф. ,,Капитализм и шизофрения: Анти-Эдип’’
Москва 1990, gv. 72 – 73.
3. Кроукер А., Кук Д. Телевидение и торжество культуры. С. 163.
4.Эко У. От интернета к Гуттенбергу: текст и гипертекст // Интер-
нет. М., 1998. №6-7. С. 92.

Akaki Kulidjanishvili – Doctor of Philosophy. Professor at Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University Works on history of philosophy, culturology,
axiology, ethics, aesthetics. Has published more scientific papers.

139
 TELEVISION - A MODEL AND STYLE OF
POSTMODERN CULTURE

ABSTRACT

It can be said, that television is a style and expression of

the postmodern era, to substantiate this, it is necessary to clarify the
definite relationship between postmodern ideas and television tech-
nologies. As is well known, the main worldview characteristics of
postmodern discourse, as well as the methodology of organizing post-
modern culture, it is determined by the following essential concepts
– fragmentation, intertextuality, simulation, pluralism. In the light of
these basic concepts, let us consider the nature of modern television.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis kulturis filosofiis ganyo­
filebam

140
 religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

141
kaxa qecbaia – filosofiis doqtori, profesori. saqar-
Tvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiko-
si-mdivani. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologia,
gnoseologia), sociologiisa (Teoriuli, dargobrivi da me-
tasociologia) da religiis filosofiisa da sociologiis
problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti samecniero
naSromi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. eweva aqtiur pedagogiur
da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.

religiis problema sekularul

sazogadoebaSi
(h. koqsi, d. beli, i. moltmani, e. bloxi)

sekularizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ze-

bunebrivisa da sakraluris mniSvnelobis dacemaze
miuTiTebs. es aris procesi, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze religiis gav-
lenis Sesustebas niSnavs. sekularizaciis dros re-
ligiuri organizaciebi nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben
saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebs da cxovrebiseuli
problemebis mogvarebaze svamen aqcents. sekular-
izacia terminologiurad ,,saeros, samoqalaqos“ niS-
navs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebs urCevniaT,
imSobiaron an stkiodeT, daixocon eqimebis xelSi, rom-
lebic mecnieruli codnis mflobelebi arian, vidre
- sasuliero pirTa TandaswrebiT. es faqti imaze me-
tyvelebs, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi. religiis amerikelma sociologma da
Teologma, harvi koqsma kidev ufro ganavrco am faqtis
interpertacia. igi ambobs, rom Tanamedrove adamian-
ebi naklebad mimarTaven religias da religiur ritu-
alebs. raoden samwuxaroc unda iyos, religia maTTvis

142
hobi an nacionaluri da eTnikuri identobis niSania. im
adamianTa raodenoba, romelTaTvisac religias funda-
menturi mniSvneloba aqvs maT cxovrebaSi, sul ufro ik-
lebs. koqsis logikas Tu gavyvebiT, erT mSvenier dRes
religia unda gaqres. Tumca am mosazrebas, madloba
RmerTs, bevri sociologi ar eTanxmeba (Tavis mxriv,
religiis ,,yofna-aryofna“ sociologis an sxva vinmes
naTqvamze ar aris damokidebuli). amaze Tanamedrove
religiuri renesansis faqti metyvelebs. mecnierebam
da teqnikam ver Caanacvla religia, da es asec unda iyos.
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi sekularizaciis
problema met-naklebad srulyofilad gaaanalizes
p. bergerma da Tomas lukmanma. maT sekularizaciis
mizezad religiis naklovaneba ki ar daasaxeles, aramed
es procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare ur-
banizaciis, pluralizaciisa da msgavs socialur mov-
lenebs daukavSires. zogadad, religiis sociologiaSi
sekularizaciis Sesaxeb ramdenime ZiriTad koncefcias
gamoyofen.
pirveli tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias, zoga-
dad, religiuri institutebisa da organizaciebis ro-
lis dakninebas ukavSireben (b. vilsoni). msgavsi ram,
vilsonis azriT, pirvel yovlisa, religiur cnobiere-
bas exeba. dRes adamianebi cxovrebas pragmatulad uy-
ureben. am TvalsazrisiT, sekularizaciis mizezi seku-
larul cnobierebaSia saZebni.
meore tipis koncefciebSi (g. pfautci) yuradRebas
religiuri jgufebisa da institutebis SigniT mimdi-
nare procesebze amaxvileben - aq saiqioze orienta-
cias saaqaoze orientireba cvlis. am tipis koncefcias
safuZvlad veberis racionalizmi udevs.
koncefciaTa mesame tipi (parsonsi, bela) sekular-
izacias ganixilavs sazogadoebis struqturis cvli-
lebaTa Sedegad, roca sxva socialur institutebs re-

143
ligia gamoeyofa da adamianis pirad saqmed cxaddeba.
bergeri da lukmani miiCnevdnen, rom sekularizacia
religiis „individualizaciis“ Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSi
adamiani rwmenas Taviseburad interpretirebs da Tvi-
Ton qmnis sakuTar religias (religiis konstruireba).
meoTxe tipis koncefciebSi sekularizacia tradici-
uli religiebisaTvis niSandoblivi „funqcionaluri
ekvivalentiT“, „religiuri surogatebiT“ (magaliTad,
marqsizmi, aTeizmi, nacionalizmi da sxv.) Canacvlebis
procesia. am SemTxvevaSi sekularizacia da surogatu-
li religiuroba lamis erTi da igivea.
mexuTe tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias de-
sakralizaciasTan aigiveben. am TvalsazrisiT, ara
marto sazogadoeba, aramed mTeli samyaro ganicdis
desakralizacias, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi, rac
ki xdeba, racionalurad aixsneba. es koncefcia veberis
„ganjadoebis“ process eyrdnoba, Tumca veberi „gan-
jadoebad“ magiuri elementebis SezRudvas miiCnevda
da ara - religiurobis srul gaqrobas.
meeqvse tipis koncefciebSi sekularizacia sakral-
uridan - profanulisaken moZraobis procesia (h.
bekeri). hovard bekeris azriT, es moicavs mTel sazoga-
doebas. am koncefciis farglebSi sekularizacia
sazogadoebis utilitaristul axsnas ukavSirdeba, rac
socialur cvlilebaTa zogad Teoriasa da raciona-
lobis „Ria“ da „daxurul“ sistemebTan asocirdeba.
sekularizaciis msgavsi gageba ufro metad evropelma
sociologebma aRiares. asea Tu ise, erTi ram faqtia:
sekularizacia sazogadoebis racionalizaciis Tanam-
devi procesia. amitom am gzaze Semdgarma sociumebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon dasavluri gamocdileba, raTa
Tavidan aicilon maTTvis mtkivneuli procesebi.
„organizebuli religiis TvalsazrisiT, seku-
larizaciis sawinaaRmdego tendenciaa ekumenizmi

144
- gansxvavebuli konfesiebis swrafva gaRrmavebuli
TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgagebisaken. xSirad es
xorcieldeba konfesiebisa da denominaciebis urTier-
Tobis maregulirebeli organizaciebis, magaliTad,
msoflio saeklesio sabWosa da eklesiis erovnuli sab-
Wos muSaobaSi monawileobiT. dRes aSS-Si protestant-
uli denominaciebis gaerTianebas cdiloben, zustad
aseve SeiniSneba kaTolikeTa da protestantTa konver-
genciis tendencia. garda sekularizaciisa, ekumenizmi
aSS-Si ganpirobebulia sxva mizezebiTac. amerikelebis
did nawilSi nacionalizmis aRorZineba, rogorc Cans,
xels uwyobs eklesiis moRvaweTa swrafvas zogierTi
religiuri mimdinareobis gaerTianebisaken. amas garda,
ekumenizmis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos TviTSenax-
vis instinqti - komerciuli dawesebulebebis msgavsad,
gaerTianeba religiur organizaciebsac gadarCe-
nis met Sanss aZlevs. bolos: ekumenistur moZraobaze
zemoqmedebs klasobrivi gansxvaveba da politikuri
Sexedulebebi. liberaluri xasiaTis denominaciebi,
Cveulebriv, gaerTianebis midrekilebas avlenen, asevea
konservatorebTanac. liberali presviterianeli, al-
baT, ufro grZnobs Tavis kavSirs anglikanuri eklesiis
liberalurad ganwyobil warmomadgenlebTan, vidre
sxva presviterianelTan, romelic konservatizmisaken
ixreba“, - miaCnda amerikel sociologs, neil smelzers.
saerTod, ekumenizmis gageba araeTgvarovania. zogi re-
ligiis wamomadgenels is codvad miaCnia.
sociologiis cnobili profesori (postindustri-
alizmis Teoretikosi) deniel beli ase svams sakiTxs:
religia win uswrebda yovelgvar ideologias Tu
sekularul rwmenas. amitom is uflebamosilia, Tavi
mouyaros yovelives, rac „wmindad“ aRiqmeba. diurke-
mic im azrisa iyo, rom religia swored aseTi „sazoga-
doebrivi cnobierebaa“. Cvens droSi ki TiTqmis yvela

145
aRiarebs religiis avtoritetis dacemas, am garemoe-
bas ki adamianze zebunebrivis gavlenis dakargviT xs-
nian. namdvili mizezi ufro realuri da xelSesaxebia.
religias Tavidanve axasiaTebda amqveyniuri sinamdvi-
lis orad gayofis tradicia. yvela sagani yovelTvis
iTavsebda wmindasac (sulieri) da profanulsac. re-
ligiis dacema, SesaZloa, asec aixsnas: moxda ise, rom
ukiduresad SeizRuda sakraluri sfero, modunda ada-
mianTa mgrZnobiare da afeqturi urTierTkavSiri, anu
dairRva socialuri kavSiri da mokvda TviT sazoga-
doebac. sekularizaciis wyalobiT, religia TandaTan
pirovnul saqmed iqca (d. beli). belis mixedviT, dasav-
leTSi religias ori funqcia hqonda: 1) brZola demon-
urTan da 2) warsulTan kavSiri. kulturam, roca is
Seerwya religias (igulisxmeba qristianuli kultura,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, sekularizaciamdeli), warsulis
mxare daiWira da dagmo awmyo: maTi erTianoba kul-
turas mxolod tradiciebis safuZvelze warmoedgina.
amis safuZvelze religiam, faqtobrivad, moicva mTe-
li dasavluri kultura. ganmanaTleblobisa da seku-
larizaciis orientacia ise Zireulad Seicvala XIX
saukunis Sua wlebSi, rom dasavlurma kulturam piri
demonurisaken ibruna. axalma kvleva-Ziebam (mecnier-
ulma Tu esTetikurma) demonuris sferoSi garkveuli
saxis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina, rac
bolos modernizmis fenomeniT gamoixata. demonur-
Tan kulturis am Sexvedram warmoSva „esTetikis av-
tonomiis“ moTxovnac. yvelafris gamokvleva, gamoc-
dilebad qceva SeiZleba, aqedan gamomdinareobs uaris
Tqma warsulze, Tanmimdevrobis gawyveta. modernizmma,
rogorc kulturulma moZraobam, daamsxvria religiis
uflebebi da gadaxara centri sakraluridan profanu-
lisaken. winaT religia, rogorc idea an instituti,
mTlianad gansazRvravda sazogadoebis cxovrebas,

146
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki igi ukiduresad SeizRuda,
xolo misi fundamenturi cneba - „gamocxadeba“ gaauqma
racionalizmma, ganxorcielda misi „demiTologizeba“
istoriaSi. es procesi orgvarad aRiwereba: 1) reli-
giis dacema industrializaciis doneze niSnavs seku-
larizacias, e.i. adamianTa erTobisaTvis avtoritetis
da rolis dacemas; 2) kulturis doneze ki es niSnavs
uwmindesi sawyisebis mniSvnelobis damcirebis xarjze
kulturis profanizacias. adamianis gonebaSi sakral-
uri da profanuli yovelTvis gamoirCeoda, magram
dRevandel modernistul kulturaSi aRaraferia wmin-
da, sakraluri, ar arsebobs tabu, romlis darRvevac ar
SeiZlebodes. am mdgomareobaSi darCena ki kacobriobas
didi xniT ar SeuZlia - an sayovelTao katastrofa, an
axali reformaciis molodini. beli SesaZleblad mi-
iCnevs aseT reformacias: „Zis mier mamasTan uSualo
mimarTebis Ziebas“ eklesiis Suamdgomlobis gareSe,
rac axali religiis dabadebis mauwyebeli iqneba. TviT
beli ar iZleva raimegvari religiis rekomendacias,
igi, ubralod, adasturebs, rom Tu Zvelma ver „gauZlo“
industrializacias da moeqca CixSi sekularizaciis
Sedegad, gardauvlad unda iCinos Tavi axalma. amas am-
bobs sociologi, kacobriobis interesebidan gamomdi-
nare, da marTlac daiwyo axali religiuri meditaciebi,
mimdinareobs ukve arsebulis modernizacia an iqmneba
sruliad axali seqtebi; ufro xSirad ki ikvleven reli-
giis axal daniSnulebas.
dasavlelgermaneli Teologi iurgen moltmani
Tanamedrove kriziss ganixilavs specialur qristolo-
giur krizisad da ukavSirebs mas iseTi „ideologiebis
msxvrevas, rogorebicaa klasi, rasa da progresi“. am
krizisuli viTarebis dasaZlevad, SeuZlebelia, ve-
lodoT sxva rames, garda, sakuTriv, „RmerTis gagebis“
revoluciisa.

147
 Tavisi Teoriis saxelwodeba - „imedis Teologia“
moltmanma isesxa ernst bloxis wignidan, romelsac
bevr rameSi daeTanxma. bloxis kvaldakval, igi miiC-
nevs, rom calkeuli mesianuri da religiuri utopiebi
ki ar unda daviyvanoT realur, saero-socialur uto-
piebamde, aramed unda ganxorcieldes yvela calkeuli
utopiis integracia erT totalur utopiad - „imedis
utopiad“. magram moltmansac ise gamouvida, rom sx-
vadasxva utopiis integracia, faqtobrivad, unda ganx-
orcieldes qristianobis safuZvelze. ras niSnavs es?
es imas niSnavs, rom yvela mesianistur wamowyebasTan
SedarebiT, qristianobaa iseTi, romelsac sworad esmis
adamiani da misi adgili istoriaSi. iudaizmi ver iZleva
namdvil imeds, radgan mas ar sjera gamoxsnis, gamosy-
idvisa, ar swams mesiisa, kerZod, qristes istoriuloba.
amgvar mesianizms mivyavarT totalur pesimizmamde da
sakacobrio katastrofis aRiarebamde. qristianuli
mesianizmis upiratesoba masTan SedarebiT isaa, rom
qristianma morwmunem, faqtobrivad, istoriis dasas-
ruli qristes mosvliT daaTariRa. amitom qristianebi
im imediT ki ar cxovroben, rom meored mosvlis Semdeg
daimkvidreben sasufevels: ara, isini pirveli mosvlis
Semdeg ukve cxovroben RvTiur sasufevelSi. qristia-
nis movaleoba RvTis winaSe momavlis winaSe misi mova-
leobaa, radgan RmerTi arsebobs mxolod „momavlis
modusiT“. RvTis mier aRTqmuli momavali - esaa mos-
vla, romelic awmyoSia Caqsovili anticipaciis saxiT.
teqnikuri civilizaciis zegavlenis sapirispirod,
eklesia unda warmodges „noes kidobnad“ socialurad
gaucxoebuli xalxisaTvis, adamianis „sulier meurneo-
baSi“ Careuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis destruqciuli
Zalebis sapirispiro balansad.
moltmanis es koncefcia gaakritika henkem. mas mi-
aCnia, rom drois moltmaniseuli gageba sruliad

148
gamoricxavs adamianis Tavisuflebas - sekularuli
sazogadoeba, sekularuli istoria, romelTa namdvili
subieqtic adamiania, arsebobs mxolod im niSniT, rom
isini RmerTisgan dacilebuli arian, rogorc codvis
Sedegi. sekularizaciaze saubrisas saqmis ori viTare-
baa gasarCevi: 1) rodesac sekularizaciis procesi bune-
brivi istoriuli gziT warimarTeboda, da 2) rodesac
sekularizacia revoluciuri dekretebiT xorciel-
deboda. SeuZlebelia, oriode sityviT ar aRiniSnos
isic, Tu rogor aisaxa ruseTis imperiis sinamdvileSi
„ganmanaTlebluri sekularizacia“ da ra Sedegi mohyva
amas. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze yuradsaRebi isev dos-
toevskis mosazrebaa: rodesac RmerTis avtoriteti
msobrivad Seilaxa, faqtobrivad, „RmerTi mokles“,
istoriis romeliRac monakveTSi „yvelaferi nebadar-
Tuli aRmoCnda“. am mdgomareobaSi kacobriobis dato-
veba aRiqmeba did tragizmad. nuTu marTla yvelaferi
nebadarTulia? nuTu marTla RmerTisagan Tavis daxsna
sazogadoebriv anarqias moaswavebs? es kiTxvebi awva-
lebda dostoevskis. am kiTxvebma bevri daafiqra XIX
saukuneSive. am kiTxvebs daubrundnen dRes dasavleTis
kulturis mesveurni. ecxovreba Tu ara kacobriobas
uRmerTod? aq iyris Tavs yvela kiTxva. socialistu-
ri gardaqmnebis da „kulturuli revoluciis“ dro-
SiT bevri istoriulad Rirebuli, mniSvnelovani saka-
cobrio movlena Seilaxa. rodesac „saqmeni RvTisani“
arakompetenturi adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, TviT
sazogadoeba dazaralda. yovelive, rac RmerTis da
religiis saxels ukavSirdeboda, lamis gaanadgures.
arada, xom cnobilia, rom Tu raime Rirebuli iqmnebo-
da istoriaSi, igi RmerTisa da religiis sanqcirebuli
iyo. fiqrobdnen, rom RirebulebaTa desakralizacia
ar gamoiwvevda kulturis profanacias. yovelive Ri-
rebuli, rac RmerTis saxeliT Seqmnila, ki ar unda ga-

149
nadgurebuliyo, aramed Camdgariyo adamianis samsax-
urSi. cudad gagebulma sekularizaciam ki savalalo
Sedegebamde migviyvana - safrTxe Seeqmna sakacobrio
kulturis iseT nimuSebs, romlebic saukuneebis ganma-
vlobaSi adamianTa namdvil genias Seeqmna. im adamianis
sulieri tragedia, romelsac Soreul gadasaxlebaSi
Tan miaqvs samSoblos miwa sikvdiliswina ukanasknel
imedad, literaturaSi amaRlebulad aRiqmeba, magram
profanuli cnobiereba, „saRi azris“ TvalsazrisiT,
mainc dascinis am viTarebas. aseTi profani, al-
baT, gverdiTac edga im adamianebs, vinc Soreuli ga-
dasaxlebis simware ganicades. „ra moxda, didi ambavi,
viTom eg erTi muWa miwa uSvelis ganwiruls?“- ase msj-
elobda maSinac profani, da TiTqos marTalic iyo. esaa
mware simarTle, romlis miRma gaxedviTac, SesaZloa,
samSoblos grZnoba dakargo: amas bunebrivad mosdevs
adamianur RirebulebaTa devalvaciac. marTlac, sul
erTi araa, sikvdilis Semdeg romeli miwa dageyreba?
Tu sul erTia, maSin sul erTi aRmoCndeba isic, Tu sad
xar da sad icxovreb; amas bunebrivad mosdevs - „sad
ukeT mecxovreba?“ da miviReT is, rac ase uwmindurad
eCveneboda Cvens winapars. Tavisi nebiT „megobar-naTe-
savT moklebuli“ adamiani ukve mzadaa imisaTvis, rom
„dagmos“ axali garemoc - misTvis, am mxriv, myari da Ri-
rebuli aravin da araferi yofila. aseTi cnobierebis
masobrivad qceva sazogadoebrivad saSiSi simptomia,
romelic adamianur RirsebaTa dakargvaze mianiSnebs.
aranakleb damafiqrebelia is viTarebac, rom sekular-
izaciis pirobebSi saerTod ar daikargos sakraluri.
aseTi pozicia religiasTan SedarebiT aranakleb ilu-
zorulad gamoiyureba.
sabolood, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sekulariza-
ciis daCqarebuli procesi ukureaqcias iwvevs da re-
ligias gaqrobiT ki ar emuqreba, aramed kidev ufro

150
amyarebs mis gavlenasa da poziciebs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, rasac Tanamedrove religiuri renesan-
sic mowmobs.

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Kakha Ketsbaia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician-secretary of
the Academy of Philosophical Sciences ofGeorgia. Studies problems of the-
oretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology), sociology (theoretical, branch,
meta-sociology) and philosophy of religion and theology. Heis the author of
more than 100 scientific works in these spheres of science. Lectures on these
problems, translates scientific works into Georgian.

PROBLEMS OF RELIGION IN A SECULAR SOCIETY

(H. COX, D. BELL. J. MOLTMANN, E. BLOCH)

ABSTRACT
The article deals with one of the most principal problems of
the contemporary sociology of religion – the problem of religion in
a secular society. Based on the critical analysis of the positions of
H. Cox, D. Bell, J. Moltmann, and E. Bloch, the author of the article
argues that the accelerated processes of secularization evoke counter-
reactions and instead of fostering disappearance of religion, make its
influence and position stronger in the contemporary society which is
as well proved by the present-day religious renascence.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis religiis filosofiisa da reliagia­
Tmcodneobis ganyofilebam.

152
 esTetika
AE AESTHETICS

153
 nana guliaSvili – filosofiis doqtori; iv. javax-
iSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-
tis asistent-profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kultu-
ris filosofiis, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriis
problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statie-
bi da wigni: `arCil jorjaZis filosofiur-esTetikuri
naazrevi~ (Tb. 2012 w.).
akaki yulijaniSvili - filosofiis mecn. doqtori,
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis
filosofiis, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriis,
eTikis, aqsiologiis, filosofiuri anTropologiis,
filosofiis istoriis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli
aqvs mravali samecniero statia, saxelmZRvanelo da
monografia.

xelovneba - TamaSi da dResaswauli

(zeimi)

filosofiis istoriaSi damkvidrebuli esTetikuri

kategoriebis: mSvenieri-ugvano, amaRlebuli-mdabali,
tragikuli, komikuri, esTetikuri, mxatvrulis Canacv-
leba 21-e saukunis esTetikur TeoriebSi hans gadameris
esTetikuri koncefciis gavleniT xdeba. es kategorie-
bi TamaSis da dResaswaulis - (festivalis) cnebebiT
Seicvala.
statiaSi postmodernis koncefciisaken avtori ibn
hasani gvTavazobs cxrils, romelSic asaxulia gansxvave-
ba modernisa da postmodernis maxasiaTeblebs Soris.
amjerad Cveni gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare
yuradRebas iqcevs aRniSnul cxrilSi, erTi wyvili -
mizani da TamaSi. miznis cneba damaxasiaTebelia moder-
nuli kulturisTvis, xolo postmodernul kulturaSi

154
igi Canacvlebulia TamaSis cnebiT.
hasanis azriT modernizmi moiTxovda miznis arsebo-
bas anu Seqmnis procesi gulisxmobs winaswar ganzrax-
ulobas da amdenad modernuli cnobiereba intencio-
naluria, xolo postmodernizmSi mizan dasaxulobas
enacvleba TamaSi.
sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba, ra Tqma unda, ganmarte-
bas saWiroebs da amitom h. gadameris Tvalsazrisis
mokle gadmocema garkveul sicxades SesZens mizanisa
da TamaSis mimarTebisa da Canacvlebadobis sakiTxsac.
hans gadameri Tavis esTetikur koncefciaSi TamaSis
sakiTxis ganxilvisas arsebiTad eyrdnoba iohan haiz-
ingas Tvalsazriss.miuxedavad amisa SeiZleba iTqvas,
ayalibebs xelovnebis yofierebis, misi ontologiuri
statusis dakavSirebas TamaSTan.
gadameri TamaSis cnebas ganixilavs mxatvrul gamoc-
dilebasTan kavSirSi, sadac TamaSi gulisxmobs ara moq-
medebas, qcevas, an raime sulier mdgomareobas, an Semo-
qmedis subieqturobis Tavisuflebas, romelic TamaSSi
SeiZleba CarTuli iyos, aramed Tavad xelovnebis nawar-
moebis yofierebis SesaZleblobas. sakuTriv TamaSidan
is gamoyofs moTamaSis qcevas, romelic Tavisi subieq-
turobidan gamomdinare ukavSirdeba sxva tipis qcevas.
es is SemTxvevaa, roca moTamaSisTvis TamaSi ar war-
moadgens seriozul situacias, imis gamo, rom masSia
CarTuli. gadameri cdilobs TamaSis cneba am midgomiT
gansazRvros. is, rac mxolod TamaSia, ar aris seriozu-
li. TamaSSi Cadebulia misive sakuTari da amasTanave,
saRmrTo seriozulobac. moTamaSis qcevaSi yovel-
gvari miznobrivi Tanafardoba, romelic gansazRvravs
yofierebas misi saqmianobiTa da zrunviT, ki ar uCi-
nardeba, aramed Taviseburad ,,navardobs haerSi“. Tavad
moTamaSem icis, rom TamaSi - es mxolod TamaSia, da is
xorcieldeba mxolod im samyaroSi, romelSic es TamaSi

155
seriozuli mizniTaa gansazRvruli. magram es man icis
ara ise, rogorc momavalma moTamaSem romlisTvisac
seriozulobasTan SefardebiToba winaswaraa cnobili.
,,is, vinc ase ar Rebulobs TamaSs, - afuWebs mas“. Tama-
Sis yofierebis SesaZleblobis moTxovnaa, moTamaSe ar
uyurebdes mas, rogorc sagans. moTamaSem icis TamaSis
Sesaxeb, icis, rom is rasac akeTebs ,,mxolod TamaSia“,
magram man zustad ar icis is, rac am TamaSis saSualebiT
xdeba misTvis ,,cnobili“.
TamaSis arsis problemas ar Seadgens moTamaSis
subieqturi refleqsia. aq saqme exeba, TamaSis, rogorc
aseTis, yofierebis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, gadam-
erisTvis mTavar saazrovno sagans warmoadgens ara es-
Tetikuri cnobiereba, aramed mxatvruli gamocdileba,
da masTan erTad, xelovnebis nawarmoebis yofierebis
SesaZleblobis problema. magram es ar niSnavs esTeti-
kuri cnobierebis nivelirebas. gadameri eyrdnoba mx-
atvrul gamocdilebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelovnebis
nawarmoebi ar aris Tavis-Tavad arsebul subieqtTan
dapirispirebuli sagani. xelovnebis nawarmoebis sa-
kuTrivi yofiereba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is iqceva
gamocdilebad, romelSic mocemulia SesaZlebloba,
gardaqmnas subieqti. mxatvruli gamocdilebis ,,subi-
eqti“, Tavad xelovnebis nawarmoebia. swored am punqtSi
iZens Tavis mniSvnelobas TamaSis yofierebis SesaZle-
bloba, ramdenadac mas aqvs moTamaSis cnobierebisgan
damoukidebeli, sakuTrivi arsi. TamaSs adgili aqvs
upiratesad iq, sadac Tematuri horizontebi ar vi-
wrovdeba TavisTvis-yofieri subieqturobiT da sadac
ar gvxvdeba moTamaSis-magvari subieqtebi. TamaSi xor-
cieldeba moTamaSis meSveobiT, magram TamaSis subi-
eqti ar aris moTamaSe. amaze mowmobs sityva ,,TamaSis“
mravalgvari gamoyeneba. saubroben sinaTlis, tal-
Rebis, cxovelebis, sityvebis TamaSze. yvela am SemTx-

156
vevaSi igulisxmeba moZraobis mudmivoba, romelic ar
aris dakavSirebuli garkveul mizanTan. TamaSebriv
qmedebas ar gaaCnia saboloo mizani, ramdenadac is aris
ganaxlebadi usasrulo ganmeorebebSi. TamaSis arsebi-
Ti gansazRvrebisTvis win da ukan moZraobis cneba imde-
nad centraluria, rom umniSvneloa vin an ra asrulebs
am moZraobas. TamaSebrivi qmedeba TiTqos substrats
(safuZvels) moklebulia: es aris TamaSi, romelSic
TamaSoben, anda romelic TamaSdeba ise, rom moTamaSe
subieqti ar fiqsirdeba. ase magaliTad, roca saubar-
ia ferTa TamaSze, am SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba ara ori
romelime feris erTmaneTTan TamaSi, aramed ferTa sx-
vadasxvagvari SenacvlebiT gamoxatuli erTiani pro-
cesi, an mTliani saxe. Cven xSirad vambobT, rom ama-da-am
dros raRac ,,TamaSobs“, an aqa-da-aq raRac ,,TamaSdeba“.
anu, saubaria raRacis ,,TamaSSi CarTulobaze“. gadam-
eris azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, TamaSis yofierebis Sesa-
Zlebloba gulisxmobs ara moTamaSis qcevis mqone subi-
eqtis arsebobas, aramed miuTiTebs TamaSis medialur
(gaSualebul) mniSvnelobaze: TamaSi warmoadgens iseT
wesrigs, sadac TamaSebrivi qmedeba, rogorc umizno da
uangaro, TiTqos TavisTavad, baZvis gareSe xorciel-
deba. TamaSis simartive ar niSnavs WeSmariti Zalisxme-
vis uqonlobas, magram fenomenologiurad swored misi
uqonloba igulisxmeba, anu subieqtis gamocdilebaSi
moiazreba, rogorc ganmuxtva. TamaSis struqturuli
mowesrigebuloba moTamaSes SesaZleblobas aZlevs ro-
gorRac CaerTos masSi da gaixsnas. amasTanave, arTmevs,
ukargavs mizans iyos iniciativiani, anu aTavisuflebs
imgvari daZabulobisgan, romelic Tan axlavs yofiers
da mizanmimarTuli qcevebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es
vlindeba ganmeorebis spontanur swrafvaSi, romelic
uCndeba moTamaSes, TamaSis mudmiv TviT-ganaxlebaSi.
(mag. refreni simReraSi).

157
 TamaSis gansakuTrebuloba ar aris ganpirobebuli
moTamaSis ganwyobiT an sulieri mdgomareobiT.
moTamaSe irCevs garkveuli TamaSis wesebs, anu mas
unda TamaSi, magram es arCevani xorcieldeba TamaSisT-
vis zogadi mzadyofnis farglebSi. is, rom nebismieri
TamaSi samarTliania mxolod maSin, rodesac TamaSis
mowesrigebuli moZraoba ganisazRvreba rogorc qceva
da gamocalkevebulia sxva tipis qcevebisgan. moTamaSe
adamiani garkveulwilad maimc TavSekavebulia. yovel
TamaSs Tavisi amocana gaaCnia. moTamaSes SeuZlia Tav-
daviwyebiT da Tavisuflad mieces TamaSis process, mx-
olod mas Semdeg, roca qcevebis mizandasaxuloba Tama-
Sis amocanad gardaiqmneba.
TamaSi, Tavisi zogadi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba iTq-
vas - aris warmodgena, sadac arcerTi moTamaSe ar aris
mayurebeli. magaliTad sakulto moqmedebis procesi
bevrad ufro metia, vidre sanaxaoba, vinaidan Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT man unda moicvas mTeli sakulto Semad-
genloba.sakulto moqmedeba - es aris WeSmariti war-
modgena yvelasTvis, vinc masSi monawileobs. zustad
aseve, speqtakli aris TamaSis procesi, igi moiTxovs
mayureblis arsebobas. aq moTamaSeebi mayureblisTvis
warmodgebian, rogorc erTi azrobrivi mTeli, am Sem-
TxvevaSi TamaSs sanaxaobad aqcevs TamaSis Tavis TavSi
Caketiloba, es Caketiloba qmnis gaxsnilobas mayureb-
lisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, TamaSi, rogorc medialuri
procesi ganisazRvreba Tavisi sruli mniSvnelobiT,
TamaSis yofiereba moTamaSeebis cnobierebaSi an qcev-
aSi ki ar xorcieldeba, aramed piriqiT, TamaSi izidavs
moTamaSeebs Tavis sferoSi da auwyebs maT Tavisi Ta-
vis Sesaxeb, e.i. moTamaSe TamaSs Seicnobs rogorc mis
sinamdvileze aRmatebuls. es misaRebi SeiZleba mx-
olod iyos im pirobiT, Tu TviTon TamaSi ,,moiazre-
ba“ rogorc aRmatebuli sinamdvile. xolo amas, Tavis

158
mxriv, adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac TamaSi xorcieldeba
mayureblisTvis gamarTuli warmodgenis saxiT.
amrigad, gadameri TamaSis avtonomiurobis cnebas,
gardaqmnis mniSvnelobasTan akavSirebs. is ambobs, rom
saqme gvaqvs TamaSis gardaqmnasTan romlis drosac ada-
mianuri TamaSi Tavis srulyofas aRwevs da xelovnebad
iqceva. am movlenas gadameri gardaqmnas uwodebs.
cneba gardaqmnasTan seriozuli mimarTeba cxadad
aCvenebs xelovnebis yofierebis ganmsazRvrel mniS-
vnelovan aspeqts. gardaqmna, gardasaxva - ar niSnavs
gansakuTrebuli masStabis cvlilebebs.
maSasadame, cneba gardaqmna mowodebulia daaxasia-
Tos ,,struqtura“, rogorc yofierebis damoukidebeli
da aRmatebuli forma romlis mixedviT e.w. sinamdvile
ganisazRvreba, rogorc gardaqmna, xolo xelovneba -
rogorc am sinamdvilis moxsna mis WeSmaritebaSi.
gadameris aRniSvniT, „TamaSi esaa - struqtura“.
rac amtkicebs, rom miuxedavad Tavisi procesualuri
SezRudulobisa, TamaSi gamodis rogorc mniSvnelo-
bis mqone ganmeorebadi mTlianoba, romlis sazrisic
gagebisTvis misawvdomia mxolod am procesualobidan
gamomdinare, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tavad struqturac
TamaSia.
rogorc vnaxeT, gadamerma TamaSis cneba original-
urad ganmarta. is daakavSira xelovnebis ontologiur
statusTan da amdenad ara marto TamaSi daakavSira xe-
lovnebasTan, aramed is warmoadgina xelovnebis safuZ-
vlad.
rac Seexeba dResaswaulis (zeims) cnebas gadamerma
is aiyvana filosofiuri ganxilvis rangSi. Seecada es
cneba daekavSirebina xelovnebis bunebis arssa da dan-
iSnulebasTan.
ras niSnavs, ra igulisxmeba, roca amboben: ,,zeimi
gamarTes, zeimoben, sazeimo dRea - dResaswaulia“? Tu

159
vityviT, rom es yovelive mxolod Sromisgan Tavisu-
flebaa, maSin sakiTxavia, ratom unda vizeimoT dasvene-
ba? gadameri pasuxobs, rom muSaobis reJimi adamianebs
erTmaneTisagan aSorebs, zeimis da dResaswaulis dros
ki adgili aqvs sayovelTao erTianobas. am niSandobli-
vi TaviseburebiT is ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. saqme exe-
ba, zeimis ganxorcielebis xelovnebas. sakuTriv, ra xe-
lovnebaa es?
zeims Tan axlavs gamoxatvis garkveuli saSuale-
bebi, saTanado, myari formebi, istoriuli wes-Cveule-
bebi, arsebobs Sesabamisi enobrivi mxare, e.w. sazeimo
sityva, magram dResaswauls umetesad SeSvenis siCume,
an rogorc mas uwodeben - sadResaswaulo mdumareba,
garindeba. amgvari dumili moicavs xolme yvelas, vinc
moulodnelad aRmoCndeba mxatvruli an religiuri
Semoqmedebis winaSe.
zeimis ,,mowyoba“ garkveul moRvaweobas, esTe-
tikuri terminologiiT - intencionalur qmedebas
moiTxovs. laparakia ara ubralod Tanadaswrebaze, ar-
amed intenciaze (Zalisxmevaze), romelic aerTianebs
yvelas da xels uSlis am erTobis rRvevas. aseve, af-
erxebs kerZo saubrebisa da piradi STabeWdilebis
saWiroebas. zeimis Tavdapirvel gagebaSi moiazreba
,,sxvasTan-erTad-TanagancdaSi-yofna“, roca ,,myofi
mTlianad iq aris“. monawileoba aq ar niSnavs raime
sagnis flobas, piriqiT, zeimis fenomeni Txoulobs
sakuTari Tavis raRac sxvasTan mindobiT arsebobas.
zeimoba ,,gaziarebis“ mniSvnelobas gulisxmobs. es
aris erTianobaSi raRacis zeimi, rogorc namdvili
monawileoba, anu, adamianTa sulieri moRvaweobis
Sedegi, rac ganzogadebuli gamocdilebis saxiT yal-
ibdeba. masSi koncentrirebulia sinamdvilis Semec-
nebiTi wvdomis Sedegebi. sabolood, zeimSi yovelTvis
raRac sxva ramis zeimoba igulisxmeba.

160
 gadameris azriT, xelovnebis, rogorc zeimis sa-
kuTrivi dro ar aris cxovrebisagan ganyenebuli moce-
muloba, piriqiT, - es gamocdileba aris ,,sazomi imisa,
rasac maradiulobas uwodeben“. am kuTxiT, gadameris
xelovnebis ontologia arasodes dakargavs Tavis Ri-
rebulebas.
gadameris Tvalsazrisis originaloba kidev ufro
cxadi gaxdeba, Tu ganvixilavT filosofiis istoriaSi
warmodgenil refleqsiebs TamaSisa da dResaswaulis
Sesaxeb. SevecadoT mokled mimovixiloT CvenTvis sain-
tereso sakiTxis - TamaSisa da dResaswaulis (zeimis)
Sesaxeb azrovnebis istoriaSi arsebuli filosofiuri
refleqsiebi.
jer kidev platonis filosofiaSi, kerZod ki mis
SromebSi: ,,saxelmwifo“ da ,,kanonebi“,TamaSisa da dRe-
saswaulis Sesaxeb aris saubari.
platonis or naSromSi: ,,saxelmwifo“ da ,,kanonebi“,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sakmaod gansxvavebuli mod-
elebia mocemuli.
TviTon platonis axsniT ,,kanonebSi“ aRwerili sax-
elmwifo wyoba ,,srulyofilebiT meorea“, is erTgvari
kompromisia: roca platonma praqtikulad scada pirve-
li utopiis ganxorcieleba sirakuzis tiranis daxmare-
biT da marcxi ganicada, man es Tavisi utopiis ,,maqsi-
malistur“ xasiaTs daabrala da gadawyvita meore,
ufro ,,advilad gansaxorcielebeli“, utopia Seeqmna
- ,,kanonebis“ saxiT.
saxelmwifoSi TamaSi naxsenebia mxolod rogorc
aRzrdis saSualeba, ,,kanonebSi“ ki TviT cxovreba
iRebs TamaSis saxes. aq mTavaria, raSi xedavs platoni
,,kanonebis“ mixedviT idealur saxelmwifoSi adamianis
daniSnulebas:
,,adamiani Tojinaa RmerTebis xelSi“- is unda dahyves
RmerTebis nebas, imisTvis, rom misi cxovreba zneobrivi

161
da samarTliani iyos.
roca viRaca viRacas Tavis nebaze aTamaSebs, is vi-
sac ,,aTamaSeben“, aris ki TamaSis gunebaze. magram roca
is, vinc aTamaSebs, RmerTia, mdgomareoba SeiZleba sx-
vagvaric iyos.
ras niSnavs adamianis RmerTebis saTamaSod yofna?
ra unda akeTos adamianma, rom morCili saTamaSo iyos
RmerTebis xelSi?
TamaSs - platoni ,,kanonebSi“ Tavdapirvelad isev
aRzrdis konteqstSi axsenebs. TiTqos damxmare saSu-
alebaa aRzrdis, gamiznulia, rom aRzrdis dros daSve-
buli Secdomebi gamoasworos, da Sromisagan dasvenebis
saSualeba misces. paideia-aRzrda - paidia- TamaSi: ci-
tatebSi , ,,TamaSi“ arc aris naxsenebi. erTgan saubrobs
,,dResaswaulze“ - meoregan ,,cekvebze“. SevecadoT
mokled movxazoT TamaSisa da dResaswaulis msgavseba
- gansxvavebis niSnebi, platonis moZRvrebaSi.
TamaSiseuli warmomavloba komediasa da tragedias
aSkarad atyvia. atikuri komedia dionisuri dResas-
waulebis dauokebeli ,,komosidan“ amoizarda. Segnebu-
lad literaturul saqmianobad is mxolod mogviano
stadiaze iqca, magram maSinac, aristofanes xanaSi, wam-
dauwum avlenda dionisur–sakralur warmomavlobis
niSnebs. arc tragediaa Tavis ZirSi adamianis bed-iRb-
lis erT–erTi gamovlenis Segnebulad literaturuli
gadmocema: is saRmrTo TamaSia, scenisTvis gankuTvni-
li literatura ki ara, gaTamaSebuli RvTismsaxureba.
rogorc tragedia, ise komedia imTaviTve Sejibris
sferoSi cocxlobs, es ki nebismier SemTxvevaSi TamaSad
unda iwodebodes. poetebi TavianT nawarmoebebs dioni-
sur dResaswaulebze gasamarTi paeqrobisTvis qmnidnen.
,,namdvili poeti, aTqmevinebs platoni sokrates
,,nadimSi“ erTdroulad tragikulic unda iyos da komi-
kuric, adamianis mTeli cxovreba unda aRviqvaT erT-

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droulad rogorc tragedia da rogorc komedia“.
platons ar Cautarebia analizi TamaSisa da dResaswau-
lis cnebebis mimarTebis, magram rogorc teqstidan Cans
isic iziarebs TamaSisa da dResaswaulis Sinagan arsobriv
naTesaobas. am or sityvas is arsebiTad sinonimebad xmar-
obs – misTvis TamaSi swored sadResaswaulo TamaSia, anu
dResaswauli rogorc TamaSi rac Seexeba cekvebs, plato-
ni miT ufro zustad ki ferxulebs, agreTve sagundo sim-
Reras, – mokled ,,musiur xelovnebas“ – sadResaswaulo
qmedebis ZiriTad elementad miiCnevs.
is, rasac dRes ,,TamaSs“, ,,Sromas“ da ,,xelovnebiT
tkbobas“ vuwodebT berZnul azrovnebaSi sul sx-
vagvarad miemarTeboda erTmaneTs, vidre CvensaSi.
– TamaSs, dResaswauls, cekvebs, saerTod musiur
xelovnebas, TviTon platoni erTmaneTs mWidrod uka-
vSirebs. es mxolod platonis azrovnebis Tavisebure-
biT rodia gamowveuli.
aristoteles xelovnebis Teoria cnobilia misi
tragediis Teoriis mixedviT. swored tragediis mizez-
iT Semoaqvs mas mibaZvis, mimezisis cneba, rogorc sakvan-
Zo termini platoniseuli moZRvrebis kritikisaTvis.
is cdilobs gaigos xelovnebis adgili kacobriobis su-
lier viTarebaSi da amiT gaamarTlos misi arseboba.
ras gulisxmobs aristotele, rodesac ambobs, rom
xelovneba aris mibaZva, mimezisi? ra aris mibaZva?
xelovnebis antikuri Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
nebismier xelovnebas safuZvlad udevs mimezisis, miba-
Zvis cneba ukavSirdeba TamaSis gagebas. magram mibaZvis
cnebaSi xelovnebis TamaSi moiazreba mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia is SemecnebiTi mniS-
vneloba, romelic mibaZvaSia Cadebuli. is, vinc raimes
baZavs, mas aqcevs iseTad rogori codnac mis Sesaxeb
gaaCnia; bavSvi TamaSs mibaZviT iwyebs. am dros is saqmiT
amtkicebs Tavis codnas, da amasTanave, TviTSemowmebas

163
awarmoebs. ase rom, bavSvis moTxovnileba gadacmisad-
mi, romliTac aristotelea dainteresebuli, niSnavs
ara sakuTari Tavis dafarvas, an moCvenebiT qmedebas,
romelsac amocnoba unda mohyves, aramed piriqiT, roca
bavSvi gadacmulia da mas ar unda rom vicnoT, amis saSu-
alebiT is warmoadgens imas, risi gamoxatvac unda, Tan
cdilobs aCvenos, rom gamoxatavs.
berZnuli TamaSis aRmniSvnel sityvas Paidia, misi
etimologiuri Ziris gamo, bavSvur TamaSs,sicelqes ver
scildeba. amitom TamaSis maRali formis aRsaniSnavad
gamoixateboda - Sejibri. Tavisufali drois gatareba.
amitom berZnulma gonma ver SeZlo imis gaazreba, rom
yvela cneba erT sazogado cnebaSi gaeerTianebina ra-
sac Homo Ludens evropul enebSi Seesatyviseboda. amitom
platonic da aristotelec arkveven imas Tu rogor
aRemateba musika TamaSs. ,,siamovneba, angariSgasawevi
sargebloba an ziani rom ar axlavs, aris TamaSi Paidia.
niSandoblivia, rom aq saqme isev musikis Sesrulebas
exeba. magram musikaSi raRac ufro maRali unda veZe-
boT, vidre aseTi siamovnebaa.
aristotele ambobs ,,Znelia ganvsazRvroT musikisa
da im sargeblis buneba, rasac misi codnisagan viRebT,
iqneb TamaSis es sityva Paidia vTargmnoT rogorc gar-
Toba, TavSeqceva rac dasvenebis gulisTvisaa. gar-
Tobis aRniSvnis dros musikas, TavSeqcevas, cekvasac
umatebs radgan igi gimnastikis msgavsad sxeulsac gvi-
kaJebs.“ ambobs aristotele.
i. kanti ki ,,msjelobis unaris kritikaSi“ aviTarebs
mSvenierebis Teorias. mSvenierebasTan kavSirSi warmo-
aCens TamaSis rolsa da mniSvnelobas. kanti svams kiTx-
vas, ris gamoa sagani lamazi? - formisa Tu Sinaarsis.
pasuxobs, formis gamo.sagnis silamazis ganmsazRvreli
aris forma. forma unda iyos mizanSewonili da maSin
iqneba sagani lamazi. magram unda ganvasxvavoT orgvari

164
mizanSewoniloba, subieqturi da obieqturi, an sx-
vagvarad, umizno da mizanSesabamisi mizanSewoniloba.
kantis mixedviT, namdvil mSvenierebasTan gvaqvs saqme,
roca forma subieqturad anu umiznod mizanSewonil-
ia. maSasadame formadqmnis principi Tavisufali anu
TamaSebrivi xasiaTisaa. TamaSs imdenad did mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebs kanti xelovnebis Seqmnis procesSic, rom
iZleva garkveul kriteriums rom erTmaneTisgan gan-
vasxvavoT, maRalmxatvruli da naklebad mxatvruli qm-
nilebebi. misi azriT maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi ar
unda qmnides winaswar ganzraxulis STabeWdilebas, is
warmodgenili unda iyos rogorc Tavisufali TamaSe-
brivi aqtivoba.
kantis gavleniT fridrix Sileri aseve did mniSvn-
elobas aniWebs TamaSs xelovnebis Seqmnis procesSi.
ufro metic, misi azriT adamians garda fizikuri da su-
lieri moTxovnilebebisa aqvs TamaSis moTxovnilebac.
TandaTanobiT adamiani swavlobs TamaSiT tkbobas. da
xelovnebas ganixilavs TamaSis erT-erT saxed, anu xe-
lovneba Sileris mixedviT TamaSisgan warmoiSva. msgavs
pozicias vxvdebiT ingliseli filosofosis herbert
spenseris naazrevSi.
herbert spenserma Camoayaliba xelovnebis TamaSi-
dan warmoSobis Teoria. man gamoiyena cneba ,,TamaSi“,
romelsac kantTan da SilerTan gnoseologiuri azri
hqonda, magram man ganmarta, rogorc wminda fsiqolo-
giuri Tu wminda fiziologiuri moqmedeba, romelic
erTnairad axasiaTebs cxovelsa da adamians, xelovnebis
warmoSobis wyarod miiCnia. gamodis, rom spenseris az-
riT mxatvruli Semoqmedeba warmoiSva adamianis bune-
baSi Canergili moTxovnilebidan – TamaSiT.
davsvaT kiTxva:
ra aris TamaSi TavisTavad?
TamaSi aris TviTmiznuri qmedeba, qmedeba, romelic

165
ar aris gansazRvruli raime garegani viTarebiT. TamaSs
Tavis TavSi aqvs mizanic da sazrisic. misi erTaderTi
motivi TviT TamaSis procesisagan miRebuli kmayo-
filebaa. TamaSi Tavisufali qcevaa, ZaliT TamaSi ab-
surdia, radgan TamaSis erTaderTi aRmZvreli TviTon
TamaSis procesisagan miRebuli siamovnebaa. TamaSi
zurgs aqcevs yoveldRiurobas, wesebs da kanonebs da
sakuTar dro-sivrces iqmnis.
iohan haizinga ase aRwers TamaSis am niSans:
,,TamaSi qmnis wesrigs, metic is aris wesrigi, am
arasrulyofil samyaroSi da ukuRmarT cxovrebaSi.
mas droebiT srulyofileba Semoaqvs. TamaSi upirobo
wesrigs moiTxovs. misgan umciresi gadaxveva angrevs
TamaSs, ganumeoreblobas arTmevs da aufasurebs.“
TamaSis wess araviTari sxva dasayrdeni ara aqvs,
garda moTamaSis survilisa, am wess daemorCilos.
haizinga agrZelebs msjelobas TamaSis Sesaxeb:
,,TamaSi aris araseriozuloba“ Tu amis nacvlad
vityviT ,,TamaSi ar aris seriozuli“, dapirispireba
ikargeba, radgan SeiZleba TamaSi Zalianac seriozuli
iyos. mag. sicili upirispirdeba seriozulobas, magram
sruliadac ar aris dakavSirebuli TamaSTan. magali-
Tad, bavSvebi, fexburTelebi, moWadrakeebi metismeti
serozulobiT uRrmavdebian TamaSs da am dros sicili-
sa araferi etyobaT.“
haizinga aseve miuTiTebs dResaswaulsa da TamaSs
Soris arsebul Rrma Sinagan kavSirze. is cdilobs
gamoikvlios am or cnebas Soris arsebuli mimarTeba.
radgan dResaswaulis cnebis kavSirs TamaSis cnebasTan
swored utopiis problemis fonze eZleva gansakuTreb-
uli mniSvneloba.
obieqturobisTvis unda iTqvas, rom TamaSis arsi da
buneba yvelaze reliefurad swored haizingas cnobil
gamokvlevaSi ,,kaci moTamaSe” aris warmodgenili. Tum-

166
ca masTan ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is arsebiTi momen-
ti, romelic gadamerma Camoayaliba Tavis koncefciaSi
sadac TamaSi da dResaswauli daakavSira xelovnebis
ontologiur statusTan.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TamaSsa da dResaswauls Sin-
aganad anaTesavebs upirveles yovlisa amorTuloba
,,Cveulebrivi“, ,,yoveldRiuri“ cxovrebis dinebidan.
Cven vcxovrobT wrfiv istoriul droSi, e.i. movdivarT
saidanRac ,,Cveulebrivi,“ ,,yoveldRiuri“ cxovrebis
dinebidan. Cven sadRac, veswrafviT garkveul, Cvens
mier Tu sxvis mier CvenTvis dadgenil miznebs. Cveni
cxovreba am ,,moZraobis wesebiTaa“ gansazRvruli. ro-
gorc TamaSi, ise dResaswauli gadaxvevaa am gzidan. am-
orTvaa am droidan da am wesrigidan, misgan gansxvave-
bul wesrigSi gadasvlaa. TamaSi da dResaswauli raRac
pirobiT kedlebs, sazRvrebs aRmarTaven Cveulebrivi
cxovrebis mimarT, da am pirobiTi sazRviris SigiT sa-
kuTar wesrigs axorcieleben. Tan – esec anaTesavebs
TamaSsa da dResaswauls – orive Tavisi arsiT nebayo-
flobiTia da sixaruliTaa gamsWvaluli. magram aris
gansxvavebac, is upirveles yovlisa imaSi iCens Tavs,
rom Tu TamaSi individualuri SeiZleba iyos, dResas-
wauli specifikurad kulturis fenomenia. am gansxvave-
bas, cxadia, siRrmiseuli Zirebica aqvs. rogorc Tama-
Si, ise dResaswauli SeuZlebelia pirobiTobis gareSe.
magram TamaSis pirobiToba ufro aSkaraa, TvalsaCi-
noa, amdenad TamaSi ufro subieqturi da TviTneburia.
moTamaSe sakuTari nebasurvilis mixedviT arCevs
TamaSis dros, adgils, wesebs, am mxriv moTamaSeTa er-
Toba aravis da arafris winaSe ar aris pasuxismgebeli.
TamaSi wmindad imanenturia im azriT, rom sazrisi da
gamarTleba mTlianad Tavis SigniT aqvs. dResaswauli
ki aucileblad ukavSirdeba raRac transcendenturs,
is aris TamaSi zegardmo sanqciiT – dResaswaulis Ziri

167
saswaulSia. dResaswauli Znelad iguebs TviTnebur
dadgenilebas: modiT, ama da am dRes vidResaswauloT.
aseTi dResaswauli xelovnuri iqneba da, amitom, usi-
cocxlo. saqme isaa, rom dResaswauli ubralod zurgs
ki ar aqcevs istoriuli drois wrfiv mdinarebas, e.i.
dResaswaulis dro mxolod uaryofiTad ki ar ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc wrfivi istoriuli droidan ,,amovard-
nili“ – is amasTan erTad simboluri ganmeorebaa sas-
waulis droisa, is aris dRe – saswaulisa. aucilebeli
araa, es saswauli specifikurad religiuri sazrisis
mqone iyos (mag. qristes aRdgoma): SeiZleba es iyos kos-
miuri xdomileba (gansakuTrebiT, warmarTul miTosur
dResaswaulebSi; dResaswaulTa am rigs miekuTvneba
arsebiTad ,,axali welic“), an mniSvnelovani istori-
uli movlena (qveynis damoukidebloba...) SesaZloa
individualuri dResaswaulic – mag. dabadebis dRe:
adamianis gaCena , dResaswaulis sixarulic am saswau-
liT aRfrTovanebaSi, mis xelaxal gancdaSia. modRe-
saswaule kaci, homo festivus, ubralod karg gunebaze
ki ar aris, mas garkveuli raRac uxaria, mas garkveul
saswaulTan dabruneba uxaria. magram cxadia, rom dRe-
saswauli realurad ver gaimeorebs saswauls: mas amis
gakeTeba mxolod simboluri formiT SeuZlia. mas Seu-
Zlia mxolod – ,,gaiTamaSos“ saswauli. ,,qristes sisx-
liT“ SeRebos kvercxi, ,,Tovlis papas“ piriT amcnos
,,axali wlis mobrZaneba“, sanTlebis Sesabamisi raode-
nobis saxiT ,,Caaqros“ iubilaris mier gavlili wlebi
da a.S. amitom dResaswauli mainc TamaSia, Tumca gansa-
kuTrebuli, transcendenturi sazrisis mqone TamaSi.
meore niSani dResaswaulisa aris misi sayovelTaoba –
an, SeiZleba sxva sityvac vixmaroT, iradialuroba. ker-
Zo dResaswaulsac ki – dabadebis dRes, an qorwils – ax-
asiaTebs Sinagani tendencia gavrceldes, gaiSalos. Tu
TamaSisaTvis aucilebelia SemosazRvruloba drosa

168
da sivrceSi, dResaswauli pirqiT, yovelgvari sivrci-
Ti sazRvrebis gadalaxvas cdilobs. TamaSi garkveul
,,segments“ SemosazRvravs samyaros, sadac Cveulebrivi
cxovreba grZeldeba.dResaswauli aCerebs mTel Cveu-
lebriv cxovrebas, aCerebs mTlianad dros,, epatroneba
mTel sasicocxlo sivrces im erTobis, romlisTvisac
,,saswauli“ saswaulobs.dResaswauli aris TamaSi, ro-
melic sayovelTaod qceula.
m. baxtinis gamonaTqvami, saxalxo dResaswaulze –
karnavalze:,,karnavalSi ,,TviT sicocxle TamaSobs“;
is aris ,,TamaSi rampis gareSe“ – samagierod, mas aqvs
sakmaod mkacri sazRvari droSi – vada.drois SeCereba,
mxolod droebiT SeiZleba; dResaswauli mxolod dRea
saswaulisa. vadis gasvlis Semdeg Cveulebrivi cxovre-
ba, ,,istoriuli dro“ Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeba.

literatura:
1.aristotele, poetika, Tb. 1966.
2. platoni, saxelmwifo, Tb. T. 2003.
3. Iohan Haizinga, HOMO LUDENS, Tb. 1997.
4. I.hasani, postmodernis koncefciisaken, ,,Artifaqti”, 2008.
5. Gadamer H.G. Die Lektion des Jahrhunderts; Muenster: LIT
2002.
6. Gadamer H.G Wahrheit und method, 2. Aufe Tubingen, 1993.

Nana Guliashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Assistant-Professor at Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; She studies problems of aesthetics,
philosophy of culture, history of Georgian aesthetic thought; has published
scientific articles and a monograph „Archil Jorjadze’s Philosophic-Aesthetic
Thought“ (Tbilisi, 2012).

Akaki Kulidjanishvili – Doctor of Philosophy. Professor at Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University Works on history of philosophy, culturology,
axiology, ethics, aesthetics. Has published more scientific papers.

169
 ART – GAME AND HOLIDAY (FESTIVAL)
ABSTRACT
The replacement of established aesthetic categories in the history of
philosophy is influenced by the aesthetic concept of Hans Gadammer
in 21st century aesthetic theories. These categories have been changed
by the concepts of game and holiday – (festival). In the article on
the postmodern, the author Ibn Hassan offers a table that shows the
difference between the characteristics of modern and postmodern.
This time, based on the objectives of our study, the focus in the
table above is on one pair the aim/goal and the game. The notion
of purpose is characteristic of modern culture, while in postmodern
culture it is replaced by the notion of play.
According to Hassan, modernism required the existence of a
purpose is the process of creation implies a pre-intention and thus
modern consciousness is international, while in postmodernism aim
setting is replaced by play.
Such raising of the issue certainly needs clarification and therefore
H. Gadammer a brief presentation of the transmitter’s point of view
will also add some clarity to the issue of aim and game relevance and
substitutability. The transferor connects the notion of game autonomy
with the meaning of transformation by Gadammer. He says that we
are dealing with the transformation of a game during which the human
game reaches its perfection and becomes an art. This phenomenon is
called transformation.
The serious relation to the notion of transformation clearly shows
an important defining aspect of the existence of art. Transformation,
conversion – does not mean change of special scale. Therefore, the
concept of transformation is intended to characterize the “structure”,
as an independent and transcendent form of being according to which
the so-called Reality is defined as transformation, and art – as the
removal of this reality in its truth.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.

170
marine lomiZe – Jurnalistikis doqtori, profesori.
muSaobs mediisa da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis prob-
lemebze. aris erovnuli da saerTaSoriso konferenciebis
monawile, sakvalifikacio naSromebis eqsperti, samecniero
krebulebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis redaqtori da recen-
zenti, avtori monografiebisa da araerTi samecniero da
publicisturi statiisa, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso profe-
siuli asociaciebis wevri, sergei mesxis saxelobis premiis
laureati.

jemal qarCxaZis ,,mwerluri

publicistikis“ Strixebi
,,…adamians siyvarulis maragi Semoaklda da am
maragis Sesavsebad kvlav is wminda zardaxSa unda
gaxsnas, romelSiac weria: giyvardes moyvasi Seni,
viTarca Tavi Seni. darwmunebuli var, asec izams“.
jemal qarCxaZe

amjerad samsjelo 2014 wels qarCxaZis gamomcem-

lobaSi dastambuli ,,jemal qarCxaZe. publicistikaa“.
ukve meramdened gavocdi jemal qarCxaZis publi-
cisturi sityvis azriT, siRrmiT, mxatvrulobiT; ada-
mianis siyvaruliT, pasuxismgeblobiT, damokidebule-
bebiT. mokled, dasafiqreblad bevrze bevria...
dainteresebis mizezi gamorCeuli mwerlis aral-
iteraturuli Semoqmedebis, ufro marTebuli iqneba
vTqva, ,,mwerluri publicistikis” samzeoze gamota-
naa, roca mis mimarT garkveuli interesi arsebobs. miT
ufro, Tu es interesi axalgazrdebis mxridanaa.
termin ,,mwerlur publicistikaSi“ igulisxme-
ba mwerlebis mier Seqmnili publicistika. qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istorias ,,mwerluri pub-

171
licistikis“ didi SemoqmedebiTi tradicia gaaCnia.
publicistikis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Cveni mw-
erali klasikosebis kalams ekuTvnis. aris raime dRes
ufro drouli da Tanamedrove globalizaciis piro-
bebis gasaazreblad, vidre vaJa-fSavelaseuli pozi-
cia ,,kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmia“[2, 584-587] an
mediis arsebul araprofesiul garemoSi ,,Jurnal-
gazeTebis“ (presis- m.l.) daniSnulebis gageba, vidre
es ilia WavWavaZis ,,iveriis“ winasityvaobebsa“[ 3, 229-
234; 234-239] da ,,saqarTvelos moambezedaa“, [3,51-66] an
Tundac Teatris mniSvnelobis gansazRvra, rogorc es
akaki wereTlis Teatrisadmi miZRvnil publikaciaTa
seriaSia- ,,Teatris gamo“ [4,18-23], ,,saTeatro SeniSvne-
bi“[4,374-387], ,,qarTuli Teatri“[4,388-401] - Camoyali-
bebuli?
ar mgonia, am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis garda sxva
iyos da es sruli simarTlea. am Txzulebebs, iseve ro-
gorc am avtorTa sxva naazrevs, ukve mesame saukunea
yavli ar gasdis. piriqiT, samwuxarod, SeiZleba iTqvas,
kidev ufro mgrZnobiare, sagangebo mniSvnelobis xde-
ba, vidre maSin, roca isini daiwera da amitomac samar-
Tlianad ikaveben adgils samamulo klasikuri publi-
cisturi nimuSebis CamonaTvalSi.
jemal qarCxaZis publicistikiT dainteresebas-
CemTvis sxva axsnac aqvs- Tu es is pirovnebaa, romlis
Tanamedrovec yofilxar, orives drois garkveul
monakveTSi erTdroulad gicxovriaT, Tqven Tvalwin
viTardeboda movlenebi, romlebic Sen (ara aqvs mniS-
vneloba ra mizeziT) arc SegimCnevia, an daginaxavs,
gagigia, magram arc dafiqrebulxar, unda daexmaro sa-
kuTar Tavs publicistis gonivruli xedviT miubrunde
drosa da adamianebs, SeigrZno drois suliskveTeba,
sxvac Caaxedo gardasuli Jamisa da viTarebis oromtri-
alSi, Tundac vinmesTvis nostalgiis dasaunjeblad,

172
an sulac am naazrevis gasacnobad sakuTari fiqris
warmarTvaSi rom waadges. mniSvnelovania, rogori gan-
zomilebiT Sexedav me-20-e saukunis meore naxevrisa da
21-is dasawyisis publicistikas. ra niSniT gansazRvrav,
dainteresebuli adamianisTvis vin unda aRmoCndes ,,ax-
loiT ganCxrekis“ subieqti.
vgoneb, ar unda vcdebode da, ase unda iyos-rogor
Sexedav. vimeoreb aTvlis sistemas gaaCnia. aTvlis
sistema ki yvelas Cven-Cveni gvaqvs. ise, rogorc arse-
bobs erTi simarTle, magram WeSmariteba yvelasTvis mx-
olod sakuTari simarTlea.
aris kidev erTi da Zalian mniSvnelovani -drois
faqtori, romelsac versad gaveqceviT. roca Cven ir-
gvliv yvelaferi katastrofuli siswrafiT icvleba,
roca moulodnelobis efeqtiT drosTan erTad realo-
bac ,,garbis“, icvleba damokidebulebebi, faseulobebi,
aRqma da Sefasebis kriteriumebi, didia cduneba nebiT
Tu uneblieT saZirkveli gamogecalos. sayrdeni Tu
davkargeT, cxadia, sakuTari Tavis dakargvamde arc
ise bevria. amgvarad drois simZafre jer kidev gasuli
saukunis 90-ian wlebSi SeigrZno jemal qarCxaZem, roca
werda: ,,dRes... drois ritmi ukiduresad aCqarda da
cxovreba amosunTqvis saSualebas ar iZleva“...[1, 77].
amitomac, vfiqrob, ar unda davaxanoT, drou-
lad unda daviwyoT sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis te-
qstebis kiTxva-gaSifvra. kvaldakval mivyveT, ufro
metic, kvalSi CavudgeT Cvens Tanamedroveebs, romelT-
agan, samwuxarod, zogierTi Cven gverdiT ukve aRaraa.
gavamyaroT azri, rom sakuTari Tavisa da garemos Ses-
acnobad Zalian mniSvnelovania icode qveynis bedze
dafiqrebuli adamianebis naazrevi.

173
 sakiTxis kvlevis sakvanZo sakiTxebi
CemTvis jemal qarCxaZis mwerluri publicistikis
arsebiTi saTqmeli formulasaviT ikiTxeba: adamianis
zneobrivi samyaro = xasiaTi + pozicia + qmedeba. kvle-
vis mTavar zogad hipoTezad swored es davsaxe.
vfiqrob, es mosazreba sakuTar cxovrebaSi wesri-
gis damyarebas hgavs da amgvari midgomiT publicisti
jemal qarCxaZe gvexmareba adamianis arsebobis(raobis)
maradiul amocanas gavarTvaT Tavi. aseve vecdebi dav-
asabuTo, rom jemal qarCxaZis ,,mwerlur publicis-
tikas“ gamoarCevs mkveTrad gamoxatuli mxatvruli
saxeebiT azrovneba, romelic aisaxeba sakiTxis (prob-
lemis) simwvavis/aqtualurobis warmoCeniT, argumen-
taciis xerxebisa da meTodebis moSveliebiT, mkeTrad
gamokveTili sakuTari poziciis meSveobiT.
gamoTqmuli varaudis Sesabamisad, sakvlevi
sakiTxebic ase Camovayalibe- jemal qarCxaZis publi-
cistur naazrevSi:
• ramdenad SeigrZnoba drois majiscema da rogor
vlindeba literaturisa da publicistikis gamWoli
principebis erTianoba;
• SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ori sferos (litera-
tura, publicistika) gamoxatvis romeli Taviseburebe-
bia upiratesi;
• teqstSi informacia/mosazreba pirdapir, Riad
Cans Tu qveteqsturadaa nagulisxmevi, rac mkiTxvels
calsaxa azrs uyalibebs an interpretaciis saSualebas
aZlevs;
• ra gzebiT miiRweva avtoris gamokveTili pozi-
ciis efeqti;
• teqstebis damajereblobis xarisxis ganmsaz-
Rvreli romeli faqtorebi Warbobs-argumentebis sak-
marisi raodenoba, siZliere Tu mravalferovneba;
• ramdenad konkretulia daskvnebi an/Tu iZleva

174
 saSualebas, mkiTxveli TviTon mivides daskvnamde.
kvlevis Catarebis ZiriTadi meTodi kontentana-
lizia, romelic hipoTezis dadasturebis miznobrivi
instrumentis funqcias iZens da argumentirebuli
daskvnebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas iZleva.
krebulis Sinaarsi, Tematika da Janruli Tavise­
burebebi
jemal qarCxaZis krebuli ,,publicistika“ 1988-
1998 wlebis qarTul periodikaSi gamoqveynebuli mw-
erlis publicisturi naazrevis amsaxvel 15 Txzulebas
moicavs. maT Soris 11 dialogis formatiTaa warmodge-
nili: zogan Semdgar saubars vecnobiT, sxvagan mosau-
bre ar Cans, kiTxvebi igulisxmeba da maT Sinaarss mwer-
lis pasuxebiT vxvdebiT/vigebT.
1. ,,mwerlobas eyofa Rone, Tavisi jvari Tavadve
zidos“ (gazeTi ,,Tbilisi“, 3. 07. 1989);
2. ,,omi sakuTar TavTan“ (Jurnali ,,kritika“,
#1.1991);
3. ,,saqarTvelo mTlad Waobi ar yofila“ (gazeTi
,,dedamiwa“, #9, seqtemberi,1991);
4. ,,yvelaferi Cvenzea damokidebuli“ (gazeTi
,,saqarTvelo“, 24.01.1992);
5. ,,arCevani jer kidev Cvenzea“ (gazeTi ,,liter-
aturuli saqarTvelo“, 15.05.1992);
6. ,,vuSveloT momaval Taobas“ (gazeTi ,,iveria
eqspresi“,17.10.1992 );
7. ,,roca samsxverploze Seni qveyanaa...“((gazeTi
,,literaturuli saqarTvelo“, 25.02.1994);
8. ,,vidre mzian mindorze gavalT...“(gazeTi ,,ari-
li“, 6.04. 1996);
9. ,,mwerali ,,farisevelTa samefoSi“ (gazeTi
,,Tbilisi“, 20.04.1996);
10. ,,saidumloebebis amoxsna SeiZleba, amowurva ki-
ara“(gazeTi ,,fenomeni“, #2, 1997);

175
 11. ,,Sexvedra- ara SemTxveviTi“(Jurnali ,,ciskari“,
#12, 1998).
2 Txzuleba formalurad inarCunebs dialo-
gis formats: erTi - ,,arseboba garkveuli azriT da
garkveuli doziT kompromisia“ (gazeTi ,,meridiani“,
6,05, 1998) klasikuri formis interviu ar aris, wamZR-
varebuli aqvs winasityvaoba da mwerali koresponden-
tis mier SeTavazebul Temebze saubrobs. xolo meore
- ,,monologi dialogidan“ Jurnal ,,mnaTobis“ 1998
wlis me-8 nomerSi daibeWda. redaqcias qarTveli mwer-
lebis erTi nawilisaTvis miumarTavs SekiTxvebiT da
uTxoviaT TavianTi mosazrebebi gamoeTqvaT liter-
aturisa da kulturis cxovrebasTan maTi mimarTebis
Sesaxeb. dasmul kiTxvebze respondentTa pasuxebis
TvalsaCinoebis gamo, Jurnal ,,mnaTobis“ redaqciam
interviuirebulTa pasuxebi gaaerTiana da TiToeuli
maTgani monologis formiT warmoadgina. Sesabamisad,
jemal qarCxaZesTan interviuc ase dasaTaurda - ,,mo-
nologi dialogidan“.
,,ramdenime fsiqologiuri Strixi Cveni uaxlesi
istoriisTvis“ (gazeTi ,,axalgazrda komunisti“, 1.
03.1990) farTo moculobis werilia da wignis 21 gverds
ikavebs, xolo bolo publikacia - ,,xelisufleba amo-
sacnobi niSnebis gareSe“(gazeTi ,,dedamiwa“, 10. 03.
1993)- mcire formatis eseia.
krebulis publikaciebis Janruli Tematikis ganx-
ilvisas yuradRebas imsaxurebs klasifikaciis sakiTxi.
literaturis istoriaSi cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca
kritikosebi nawarmoebs akuTvneben konkretul Janrs,
xolo avtorebi TavianTi naSromebis Janrul Tavise-
burebebs sxvagvarad gansazRvraven. amgvar SemTx-
vevebSi, albaT, ar ivargebs mwerlis mier saxeldebul
gansazRvrebaSi eWvis Setana, sulac Careva, radgan man
yvelaze ukeT uwyis da grZnobs Tavis naazrevs da vari-

176
antis SerCevis gadawyvetilebasac sakuTari gulisa da
gonebis karnaxiT iRebs.
amgvari gamocdileba jemal qarCxaZesac hqonia,
rac kargad Cans rostom CxeiZesTan dialogSi. liter-
aturis kritikosi aRniSnavs:,,...gansakuTrebiT ipyrobs
yuradRebas ,,zebuloni“, romelic Tqven Janrobrivad
gansazRvruli gaqvT rogorc moTxrobebis cikli, ma-
gram Tavisi aRnagobiT SesaZloa Taviseburi tipis ro-
mani ufro iyos. es is SemTxvevaa, roca ,,moTxrobebis
ciklic“ da ,,romanic“ pirobiTi ganmsazRvreli iqne-
ba“[1,102]. mogvianebiT mweralsac romani uwodebia ,,ze-
bulonisTvis“, Tumca, rogorc aRniSnavs, amas mniSvn-
elobas ar aniWebs[1,103].
mwerali ,,zebulonis“ istoriis kvalobaze sain-
teresod dasabuTebuli gulwrfelobiT gamoxat-
avs Tavis damokidebulebas Janruli klasifikaciis
mimarT: ,,saerTod, Janrobriv dawvrilmanebas, rac
literaturis TeoriisaTvis iqneba aucilebeli pedan-
tizmic iyos, Tavad literaturisTvis, Cemi azriT, ara-
viTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. piradad me yovelTvis eW-
vis TvaliT vuyurebdi Janrebis myife ganmartebebs da
axlac eWvis TvaliT vuyureb. nawarmoebi, romelic dai-
wera, SeiZleba iyos kargi an cudi, saintereso an uin-
tereso, xatovani an sada, daZabuli an dune... yvelaferi
es realuri Tvisebebia da aucileblad xazgasasmelic,
magram nawarmoebs moTxroba erqvas Tu romani, amis
garkveva-Tuki saerTod gavarkvieT- mxolod wminda
formalur niSans warmoadgens, romelsac nawarmoebis
Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia. Tumca ra vici, iqneb
iseT sferoSi viWrebi, sadac verafers davamtkiceb sa-
kuTari diletantizmis garda...“ [1,104]
gansaxilvel krebulSi Tavmoyrili masalidan in-
terviuebis Janrobrivi kuTvnileba eWvs ar iwvevs, cxa-
dia. rac Seexeba sxva Txzulebebs, wignis anotaciaSi

177
isini ,,publicistur werilebad“ da ,,eseebadaa“ moxse-
niebuli. sainteresoa mwerali Janrulad Tavad rogor
moiazrebda- ramdenad daeTanxmeboda am SemoTavaze-
bul variants. zemomoyvanili msjelobis logikidan,
amas arc unda hqondes mniSvneloba da, SesaZloa, arc
iyos saWiro CaRrmaveba, radgan,maTi Seqmnisas an kore-
spondentTa kiTxvebze pasuxisas, jemal qarCxaZe for-
maze metad, albaT, saTqmelis arsze fiqrobda. formati
da gamoxatvis stili ki misma unikalurma SemoqmedebiT-
ma unarebma bunebrivad ganapirobes. aqve aRsaniSnavia
Janrebis sistemis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tenden-
cia: Janri, rogorc forma misTvis miniWebuli damaxa-
siaTebeli sazRvrebisgan nel-nela iTavisuflebs Tavs
da warmoiqmneba e.w. hibriduli Janrebi, romelTa sax-
eldeba Zneldeba da procesic grZeldeba.
erTi ki naTelia, rom jemal qarCxaZis publicistu-
ri werilebis(maT Soris dialogebis /korespondentTa
kiTxvebze pasuxebis) arqiteqtonikis /struqturis
koncefcia ucvlelia: aqtualuri sakiTxi an mis mierve
gaaqtiurebuli Tema, dasabuTeba(xSir SemTxvevaSi vr-
celi pasaJebi), sakuTari poziciis sicxade, Tanmim-
devruloba, mosazrebad formulirebuli daskvna, ro-
melic mkiTxvelis safiqraladaa gansazRvruli.
mivyveT mwerlis msjelobas. kvlevis aTvlis werti-
li misi saTqmelebia da is moqalaqeobrivi pozicia,
romelsac yuric unda davugdoT, gonebac mivayoloT
da gulic mivaSveloT, an sulac gulSic gavataroT.
wignis [1] gareydaze miTiTebulia krebulSi ganxil-
uli Temebis zogadi CamonaTvali(sxvagvarad verc iqne-
boda): ,,xelovnebis koncefcia, ena da mwerloba, Taname-
drove politikuri da socialuri movlenebi, erovnuli
cnobierebis kvleva, kulturuli procesebis kvleva.“
Temis SerCevis sakiTxi publicistikaSi yovelTvis
aqtualuria, rasac ganapirobebs ramdenime faqtori.

178
pirveli isaa, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxi obieqturad
sazogadoebrivi rezonansis/gamoZaxilis mqone unda
iyos. mudmivad xangrZlivi da cvalebadi socialuri
realobis jeradobisa da rigiTobis pirobebSi publi-
cisturi gamosvlisTvis Temis SerCeva TiTqos ar unda
iyos rTuli, Tumca Tavad SerCevis principi TavisTavad
avtoris dakvirvebebiT gamdidrebul poziciasa da
SemoqmedebiTi potencialis mravalmxriv niuansebs aaS-
karavebs.
Temis SerCeva kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba av-
toris gamosvlis CanafiqriT, Temis/problemis sim-
wvave gamoxatos jer kidev SeumCnevel-gauazrebeli
sagnobrivi waxnagebiT, romlebic publicistis fa-
seulobebisadmi erTgulebasa da pirovnul Tvisebebs
aireklavs. sazogadoebasTan sasaubro Temis SerCeva
da damuSaveba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis, mizanmimar-
Tulobis, sazogadoebrivi interesis, individualuri
Taviseburebebis gamomzeurebaa, rogorc politikuri
(politikis farTo gagebiT) gamocdilebis Sedegi axa-
li codnis dauflebis, inteleqtualuri da emociuri
cxovrebis aqtiuri moqmedebebis gasaZliereblad.
gansaxilveli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi Tavise-
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tematikis SerCeva orgvari
midgomiT unda SevafasoT: interviuebis Tematika da
sakuTriv qarCxaZis presaSi gamosvlis iniciativa. in-
terviuebSi publicistis roli am TvalsazrisiT min-
imaluria- Tema saredaqcio politikiT an uSualod
Jurnalistis piradi interesiT/TaosnobiTaa gansaz-
Rvrul-gamokveTili. am situaciaSi arsebiTi publi-
cistis mxridan Temis damuSavebis sakiTxia, rogor war-
moaCens igi samsjelo problemas.
interviuebSi qarCxaZis komunikaciis SemoqmedebiTi
unari vlindeba kiTxvebze ubraloebiT, simarTliTa da
bunebriobiT gacemuli pasuxebiT, romlebic yvelaze

179
saukeTesod Seesatyviseba dialogis Sinaarss da sau-
bris logikis, sicxovelisa da uSualobis gansazRvris
saSualebas iZleva.
Jurnalistebis mier dasmuli kiTxvebis Tanmimdev-
robiT SesaZlebeli xdeba dialogis miznebis amoxsnac-
mosaubris SerCevis motivi, saubris sagani, responden-
tis, rogorc Semoqmedisa da moqalaqis, socialuri
roli da adgili sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa siste-
maSi.
fsiqo-socialuri TvalsazrisiT kiTxvis mniSvn-
eloba Jurnalistur praqtikaSi gacilebiT rTuli da
mniSvnelovania, vidre igi erTi SexedviT Cans. kiTxva,
upiratesad, mosazrebebis, azrTa dinamikis, moZraobis
mapirobebeli formaa: procesia ucodinrobidan/nak-
lebi codnidan codnisken. sxvagvarad arasruli, dasa-
zustebeli informaciidan srulyofil, dazustebul
ambavamde mimavali gzaa. kiTxva arsebiTad Jurnalistis
pirovnuli da profesiuli gamoxatvis xerxia, misi pro-
fesiuli ostatobis erTgvari indikatori/maCvenebe-
lia. korespondentis mxridan dasmuli kiTxva SeiZleba
Tanamosaubris gagebisa da TanagrZnobis Ziebis for-
mac iyos. rac mTavaria, profesionali Jurnalistis
xelSi kiTxva sazogadoebrivi interesebis gamoxatvis,
auditoriis xedvis asaxvis instrumentia, romelic
mkiTxvelisaTvis, msmenelisaTvis pasuxad gamoTqmuli
mosazrebis, ganwyobis, stereotipis, faseulobis gazi-
arebas an uaryofas emsaxureba.
dRes, roca mkveTrad izrdeba informaciis nakadi,
masze xelmisawvdomoba, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis far-
glebic ase gaSlilia, gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelobisaa sityvis roli komunikaciaSi: survilis
kvalobaze pasuxismgeblobis gancdiT, saqmis codniT
amtkico sakuTari pozicia da uaryo sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisi.

180
 krebulSi warmodgenil dialogebSi Cans:
• qarCxaZis Rrma codna gansaxilveli sakiTxebi-
sadmi da mkveTrad gamoxatulo poziciebi, romelsac
ganapirobebs Temebis aqtualoba, mwerlis msjelo-
bis drouloba, Tanmimdevruloba, informaciuloba,
sicxade, emociuroba ;
• Tanamosaubreebis mxridan gamokveTilia mis-
dami interesi ara marto rogorc mwerlisadmi, aseve
pirovnebisadmi;
• igrZnoba TvalsaCino sadiskusio Temebisadmi
mosaubreTa poziciebis Tanxvedrac da gansxvavebuli
sakamaTo azrebisadmi urTierTpativiscema;
• saazrovno atmosfero, romelic kiTxva-pasuxis
logikuri monacvleobiTaa miRweuli;
• saubris orientireba /warmarTva respondentis
ZiriTad saqmianobasa da misTvis ufro mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze.
rac Seexeba qarCxaZis moTaveobiT Seqmnili publika-
ciebis Temebs, isini namdvilad imsaxureben yuradRe-
bas, gamoarCevT logikuri midgomebi dadafiqrebad
Rirs: saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis da xelisu-
flebis moqmedebis analizi. mwerali, rogorc publi-
cisti, sakuTar Tavs warmoaCens ramdenime ampluiT: is
erTdroulad empirikosic aris da Teoretikosic, rac
arcaa gasakviri. es etapebi saazrovno SemoqmedebiTi
procesis Tanamdevia. publicisturi Semoqmedebis da-
sabamieri sagnobrivi Tavisebureba saWiroebs sinamdvi-
lis faqtebisa da movlenebis gaazrebas farTo audito-
riis mravalmxrivi interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
qarCxaZisTvis empirizmis mimdevroba sakuTari
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebiT realizdeba: mimdin-
are procesebs akvirdeba, agrovebs cxovrebiseul ga-
mocdilebas, xolo Teoretikosis poziciidan orien-

181
tirebulia empiriuli masalis - Tanamedrove uaxlesi
istoriis kanonzomieri, socialurad tipuri da SemTx-
veviTi, zogadi da erTeuli gamovlinebis analizsa da
ganzogadebaze, socialuri mniSvnelobis problemebis
gadawyvetis miseuli xedvis Camoyalibebaze, sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli garkveuli codnis popularizaciaze.
mwerlis narativSi yuradReba SeiZleba miiqcios
iman, rodis ra Warbobs: Wvreta Tu gansja. rogoric
ar unda iyos es Tanafardoba, Sedegi yvelgan erTia-
azris siRrme, problemis mravalmxrivi xedva, realo-
bis grZnoba, adamianuri bunebis codna, sibrZnis Zieba.
es aris is mTavari sayrdenebi, romlebic ganapirobeben
mwerlis mTavar saTqmelebs.
publicist jemal qarCxaZis mwerluri pozicia
Tanamedrove istoriis miseuli sagnobrivi mniSvn-
elobis emociur-eqspresiuli sityviT itvirTeba, rac
originalurad erwymis movlenebis konteqstsa da so-
cialur kavSirebs.
am sami parametriT inaskveba qarCxaZis mwerlur-
publicisturi portreti. misi SemoqmedebiTi buneba
vlindeba individualobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebebis urTierTkavSirebiT: fsiqologiuri, in-
teleqtualuri, emociur-mgrZnobelobiTi faqtore-
bi. am urTierTkavSirebis nairferovani mTlianobiT
aRwevs qarCxaZe publicistis TviTmyofadobas mkiTx-
velisaTvis informaciuli velis gasafarToveblad da
sinamdvilis sagnobrivi gaazrebisaTvis ise, rom didx-
ans rCeba misi kvali mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi. mwerlis
enobrivi mozaikiT Seferili mkafiod gamoxatuli
saTqmeli ki metyvelebis (zepiri, weriTi)kulturis
donis amaRlebasac uwyobs xels.

182
 daskvna

mSoblebi sicocxles gvCuqnian, maswavleblebi

keTil sicocxleso. aristoteles am naTqvams gavavr-
cob: maswavlebelia, visTanac swavlis wlebi gaatare
da yvela is, vinc cxovrebis gzaze Segxvda. Segxvda da
siyvarulis meSveobiT gaswavla dagenaxa Rrublebis-
gan moxatuli ca, mogesmina Citebis galoba Suagul qa-
laqSi, guliT gegrZno wrfeli sixarulisa da tkivilis
momgvreli cremlis istoria, rom SenSi adamiani gaeR-
viZebina da esuldgmulebina. aseTi maswavlebeli WeSma-
riti publicistikacaa-gonieri, znekeTili adamianebis
nafiqrali. miT ufro, roca igi cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebiT daxunZluli kargi mwerlis naazrevia, ro-
melic gCuqnis swored im keTil sicocxles, romelsac
cxovrebis wesi hqvia, brZenTa kvalze siaruli hqvia da
romelsac Sen irCev an ar irCev sakuTari gulisTqmiT,
azriTa Tu surviliT/nebiT.
amitomaa mniSvnelovani Wkviani adamianebis mosaz-
rebebs gaecno, CaeWido kidec, rom gaxvide napirze,
sadac meti Jangbadia Rrmad CasasunTqad, filtvebis
dasaberad da azris mosakrebad. da es imitom, rom ukeT
gaigo, saidan modixar, saiTaa Seni gza da ra ginda dagx-
vdes an dainaxo im gzis bolos... an sulac ukeTesi gaxde,
vidre xar...
jemal qarCxaZis naazrevis Seswavlam daadas-
tura gamoTqmuli mTavari varaudi. mwerlis pub-
licisturi mTavari saTqmeli isaa, rom adamianis
zneobrivi bunebis dasabami, saTave misi arsis warmomav-
lobaSia-xasiaTi, damokidebulebaTa sistema, saqcieli
aris mizezi(gacnobierebuli, SeiZleba gaucnobiere-
belic) da sawyisi sakuTar TavTan da garesamyarosTan
yovelgvari urTierTobisa. adamianis daniSnuleba
ufro metia, vidre gulgatexilobis filosofiiT

183
suldgmuloba, rom amqveyniur wuxilebsac SeiZleba
moeZebnos sargebeli da nebisa da mcdelobis pirobebSi
isini sixaruladac SeiZleba vaqcioT.
jemal qarCxaZis ,,mwerluri publicistika“ aRbe-
Wdilia simarTlis xedviT, sakuTari arsebis srulad
gamovleniT, survilebiT, romlebic misi faseulobaTa
sazomia.
mwerlis publicistikis mkvebavi fesvi siyvarulia
da am siyvarulis maragi ulevia. misi saTqmelis mTavari
gzavnilic ase mesmis: roca guli siyvaruliT savsea,
sikeTes qmni. mwerali Tavisi siyvarulis marags gvi-
nawilebs, rogorc ganZs.
Tu am ganZis sulieri energia pozitiur uZlevel
Zalad iqceva CvenSi, maSin uTvalav sasikeTo saqmes
daitevs da gagvabednierebs kidec!
arCevani Cvenzea!..

literatura:
1. jemal qarCxaZe. publicistika. ,,qarCxaZis gamomcem-
loba“, 2014.
2. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani or tomad.t. 2. gamomcem-
loba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo“. 1979.
3. ilia WavWavaZe. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad.t.
3.gamomcemloba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo“.. Tbilisi,
1986.
4. akaki wereTeli. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. 5.
gamomcemloba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo“.. Tbilisi, 1990.

Marine Lomidze – PhD in Journalism, Professor. Works on the issues related

to media and public relations(PR). Is participant of national and international
conferences, expert on qualification papers, editor and reviewer of scientific
collections and textbooks, author of 6 monographs and more than 100 scien-
tific and publicist articles, member of national and international professional
associations, receiver of Sergei Meskhi Prize.

184
 FEATURES OF “WRITER’S JOURNALISM” BY
JEMAL KARCHKHADZE
ABSTRACT

“Writer’s Journalism” by Jemal Karchkhadzeis significant for its spe-

cific artistic roles which are demonstrated by presenting the depth of
issue (problem), methods of argumentation and specifically distin-
guished personal position.
The concept of Jemal Karchkhadze’s letters (including dialogues/
answers to correspondents’ questions) is unchanged: pending issue or
theme, justification (mostly large passages), clarity of personal posi-
tion, consistency, open-ended conclusion.
Writer’s opinion of journalist Jemal Karchkadze is enriched by
his emotional expression of contemporary history which creatively
merges with the context of events and social connections.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.

185
manana CiteiSvili – filosofiis doqtori, akaki wereTlis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSao-
bs religiisa da xelovnebis, religiisa da eTikis sakiTxebze.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: „religiis istoriis sakiTxebi“
(quTaisi, 2004); „qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis sakiTxe-
bi“ (quTaisi, 2005); „eTikis safuZvlebi biznesisaTvis“ (quTai-
si, 2008); „taZris egzistencialuri da religiuri aspeqte-
bi“ (quTaisi, 2013); „xelovnebis filosofiis problemebi“
(quTaisi, 2017); aris filosofiis problemebze samecniero
statiebis avtori.

XVII-XVIII -ss. xelovneba da „simaxinjis“

SiSis daZleva
xelovnebis istoriis Sesaxeb mravalgvari Tvalsaz-
risia cnobili. erT–erTia xelovnebis istoriis miC-
neva gansxvavebul stilTa ambad. amgvari xedva nawilo-
brivaa marTebuli (radgan xelovnebis istoria mxolod
stilTa cvalebadoba rodia).
CvenTvis nacnobi, stilTa saxelwodebebis umravle-
soba Tavdapirvelad, salanZRavad an dasacinad iyo gam-
oyenebuli. termini „goTikuri“, pirvelad renesansis
xanis italiuri xelovnebis kritikosebma gamoiyenes, im
stilis aRsaniSnavad, romelic maT barbarosulad miaC-
ndaT da romelic, maTi azriT, italiaSi, romis imperi-
is damxobis da misi qalaqebis aklebis Semdeg, goTebma
daamkvidres. termini „baroko“, im kritikosebma Sem-
oiRes, romlebic XVII saukunis tendenciebs ebrZodnen
da maTi gamasxaraveba surdaT. „baroko“ absurduls, an
„groteskuls“ niSnavs. am termins isini iSveliebdnen,
vinc amtkicebda, klasikur SenobaTa formebi mxolod
ise unda gamoviyenoT da davukavSiroT erTmaneTs,
rogorc berZnebsa da romaelebs sCveviaTo. Zveli xu-
roTmoZRvrebis mkacri kanonebis ugulvebelyofa, am
kritikosTa SexedulebiT, gemovnebis nakleboba iyo,

186
amitom daarqves am stils baroko.
XVI saukuneSi warmoSobili kamaTi, xelovnebis prob-
lematikis irgvliv (mag., qandakeba sjobs, Tu ferwera,
an feri ufro mniSvnelovania ferwerul tiloSi, Tu
figuraTa gamosaxva), Seicvala da sja–baasis obieq-
tad gadaiqca ori mxatvari: anibale karaCi (1560-1609)
da karavajo (1573-1610). maTi meTodebi urTierTsawi-
naaRmdego Canda; karaCi rafaelis msgavs mSvenierebasa
da sisadaves etrfoda. eswrafvoda klasikuri sila-
maze daemkvidrebina. am mizandasaxulobas gvimJRavnebs
sakurTxevlis mxatvrobis nimuSi, romelzec RvTismSo-
beli qristes mkvdar sxeuls dastiris. karaCi mondo-
mebiT cdilobs, ar gagvaxsenos sikvdilis saSineleba.
suraTi martivad da harmoniulad, adreuli renesansis
mxatvrobis yaidazea agebuli. rac Seexeba meore mxat-
vars, karavajos, mas arad uRirs tradicia, an mSveniere-
ba (karaCisagan gansxvavebiT), mas itacebs simarTle da
is, rasac xedavs.
Tu, karaCi cdilobs Tavisi xelovneba daamkvidros
silamazis gziT, karavajo „simaxinjis“ SiSis atmosfer-
os qmnis da mis mimarT wayenebuli metsaxeli „natural-
isti“, ar aSinebs. orive mxatvris pozicia legitimuria,
radgan nebismier xelovans aqvs ufleba gamosaxos Ta-
visi Sexedulebisamebr. gavixsenoT, rom kiTxva, xe-
lovnebaSi ugvanos, mdabalis, maxinjis da a.S. Sesaxeb,
Teoriulad pirvelad aristotelem dasva. mxatvrul
nawarmoebs yovelTvis mSvenieri forma aqvs, magram xe-
lovnebis sagani SeiZleba iyos ara marto mSvenieri, ar-
amed misi sapirispiroc. iseTi movlenebic ki, romlebic
cxovrebaSi iwveven zizRs, gvaniWeben esTetikur sia-
movnebas, im SemTxvevaSi, roca maT, xelovnebis nawar-
moebi gamoxatavs. am siamovnebis safuZvelia sinamdvi-
lis cnoba, romelic xelovanma ostaturad gadmosca.
„Cven siamovnebiT vucqeriT yovelive imis zust asls,

187
risi cqerac sinamdvileSi usiamovnoa, magaliTad, bil-
wi cxovrebisa da gvamebis gamosaxulebis“, aRniSnavs ar-
istotele „poetikaSi“.
karavajosaTvis saZraxisi ususurobaa „simaxin-
jis SiSi“. amas adasturebs misi tilo, „urwmuno Toma“
(daaxl. 1602-1603 ww. potsdami). aq warmodgenli 3 moci-
quli (romelTagan erTs, iesos ferdze, iaraSi Seuyvia
TiTi), ar aris tradiciisamebr RirsebiT aRsavse, lamaz
samoselSi gamowyobili. isini Cveulebrivi muSakebi
arian. maTi amgvarad gamosaxvis gamo, karavajos ver
Seedavebi, radgan viciT, mociqulebi ubralo adamian-
ebi iyvnen. rac Seexeba urwmuno Tomas uCveulo Jests,
gavixsenoT iesos mimarTva am ukanasknelisadmi: „moita
Seni TiTi da ixile Cemi xelebi; moita Seni xeli da Caya-
vi Cems ferdSi; nu iqnebi urwmuno, aramed gwamdes“ (io-
ane XX, 27).
karavajos „naturalizmSi“, anu mis ganzraxvaSi, bune-
ba marTlad gadmoeca, SesaZloa, metia RvTismosaoba, vi-
dre mSvenieris karaCiseul xazgasmaSi. karavajos surda,
ise warmoedgina wminda movlenebi, TiTqos, moqmedeba
gverdiT xdeba. man yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom
bibliuri personaJebi, SeZlebisdagvarad bunebrivi da
xelSesaxebi gaexada. SuqCrdilis damuSavebis miseuli
meTodebic am mizans emsaxureba da swored amis wyalo-
biTaa scena Seulamazeblad rom warmogvidgeba, ramac
didi gavlena moaxdina momdevno xanis mxatvrobaze.
diego velaskesmac (1599-1660) Seisisxlxorca „natu-
ralizmis“ programa da Tavisi xelovneba bunebis dak-
virvebas uZRvna (yovelgvari pirobiTobis gareSe). misi
erT–erTi saintereso namuSevaria „sevilieli wylis
gamyidveli“ (1619-1620, londoni). es Janruli suraTi-
ab romelic karavajos, „urwmuno Tomas“ mogvagonebs.
misi Sesrulebis manera imdenad damajerebelia, rom am
sagnebis cqerisas, adamains ar uCndeba kiTxva, aq gamo-

188
saxuli sagnebi lamazia Tu ara, an warmodgenili scena
mniSvnelovania Tu trivialuri.
karavajos meTodebi, holandiis yvelaze didma
da yvela drois erT–erTma udidesma mxatvarma rem-
brant van reinmac (1609-1669) aiTvisa. misi erT–erTi
ofortia, bibliuri scena, „qristes qadageba“ (1652).
rembrants saerTod ar aRelvebs mSveniereba, metic,
igi aSkara simaxinjesac ar gaurbis. karavajosamebr,
farisevlebze augis gamo aRSfoTebuli kaci gamox-
ata. harmoniasa da mSvenierebaze metad, rembranti si-
marTlesa da gulwrfelobas afasebs. qriste, aRniSnul
nawarmoebSi mimarTavs Raribebs, mSivrebs, mWmunvarebs
(rac mSvenieri rodia). cxadia, rTulia da sakamaTo, ras
miviCnevT mSvenierebad, an saerTod, ra aris mSvenieri,
ras vuwodebT mSveniers? amave logikiT SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom rembrantis qmnilebaSi, brboSi Camuxluli,
galeuli moxuci, zeviT mzirali da smeniT garTuli,
saxeze xelebafarebuli, erT–erTi umSvenieresi figu-
raa, romelic odesme Seqmnila. rembranti ar ugulvebe-
lyofda italiuri xelovnebis tradicias da garkveul-
wilad swored misi wyalobiT flobda xalxis TiTqos
SemTxveviT, sinamdvileSi ki gamorCeulad harmoniul
jgufebad ganlagebis xelovnebas.
kaTolikurma samyarom aRmoaCina, rom xelovnebas
didi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZlo religiisaTvis. man moax-
erxa wamieri gamometyvelebis moxelTeba, religiuri
gamocdilebis vizualizaciisaTvis. mag., kornaros ka-
pelas, sakurTxevlis qandakeba, „wm. terezas eqstazi“
(1645-52) eZRvneba me-16 saukuneSi mcxovreb espanel
monazons, wm. terezas. berninim saxis gamometyvelebis
iseT simZafres miaRwia, romlis magaliTic adrindel
xelovnebaSi ar gvaqvs. imis magivrad, rom naoWebi nacad
klasikur yaidaze, darbaislurad eSvebodes Ziras, ber-
ninis xelSi isini igrixeba da brunavs, riTac moqandake

189
mRelvarebisa da moZraobis STabeWdilebebs aZlierebs.
yvela es xerxi male mTelma evropam aitaca.
sainteresoa ingliseli gravioris uiliam hogar-
Tis (1697-1764) Semoqmedeba.man Seqmna suraTebis se-
ria, romelic xalxs saTnoebis fassa da codnis saz-
Raurs daanaxebda. mas undoda eCvenebina „aramzadis
cxovrebis gza“, aRviraxsnilobidan da mconarobidan,
danaSaulamde da sikvdilamde. mis mier Seqmnil yvela
moqmed pirs Tavisi, garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. saz-
risis gacxadeba Jestebisa da sasceno rekvizitebis meS-
veobiT xdeba. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis
xelovneba gamosaxulebebs dasamoZRvrad iyenebda. su-
raT–qadagebis es tradicia, xalxur xelovnebaSi, hog-
arTis drosac cocxali iyo, man saSinelebebi Seulama-
zeblad aCvena (mag., „aramzadis cxovrebis gza, aramzada
bedlamSi“, 1735, londoni).
goiam (1746-1828) rembrantis msgavsad bevri graviura
Seqmna. mas ar axasiaTebs romelime cnobili siuJetis da-
suraTeba (arc bibliuris, arc istoriulis, arc Janru-
lis), aramed maTi umravlesoba kudianebisa da saSineli
moCvenebebis, jadoqrobis fantastikuri xilvebia. am
mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, mag., „goliaTi“ (1818). aq samyaros ki-
deze Camomjdari goliaTis figuraa warmodgenili. misi
kolosaluri zoma, fonad gamosaxuli, erTi cida peiza-
JiT gaizomeba. bunebrivia, mravali kiTxva Cndeba: iqneb,
goia, omebiTa da adamianTa ugnurobiT aklebuli, Tavisi
qveynis bedze fiqrobda? tradiciis wyvetis yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelovani Sedegic es iyo, egrZno mxatvars,
misi xilvebis qaRaldze gadatanis aucilebloba.

literatura:
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi 1991.
2. aristotele, poetika, Tb., 2013.
3. klarki judiT, xelovnebis ilustrirebuli istoria, Tb., 2010.

190
Manana Chiteishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor of Akaki
Tsereteli State University; works about religious, art and ethics matters. Her
books include: “Historical Matters of Religions” (Kutaisi, 2004); “Georgian
Christian Art Matters” (Kutaisi, 2005); “Ethics Foundations for Business”
(Kutaisi, 2008); “Existential and Religious Aspects of the Temple” (Kutaisi,
2013); “Problems of Art Philosophy” (Kutaisi, 2017); the author of some
scientific articles about the problems of philosophy.

ART AND OVERCOMING THE FEAR OF “UGLINESS”

XVII-XVIII CENTURIES
ABSTRACT

The controversy in the 16th century over the topic of art (for ex-
ample, a sculpture is better or a painting, or color is more important in
an oldie, or depiction of figures) has changed and two artists became
the object of controversy: Annibale Carracci (1560-1609) and Cara-
vaggio (1573-1610). Their methods seemed to contradict each other;
Carracci liked the beauty and simplicity like Raffaello. As for the sec-
ond artist, Caravaggio, he disregards the tradition, or the beauty (un-
like Carracci), he is interested in the truth and what he sees.
If, Carracci tries to establish his art through beauty, Caravaggio
creates an atmosphere of fear of “Ugliness” and the nickname “Natu-
ralist” imposed on him does not scare. Later, many creators mastered
the Caravaggio program and dedicated their art to nature observation.
For example, Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt van Rijn, Bernini, Wil-
liam Hogarth, Goya and others.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.

191
192
eTika

ETHICS

193
 merab oniani _ fsiqologiis doqtori, sapatriarqosTan
arsebuli fsiqologiuri daxmarebis centris TanamSromeli,
praqtikosi fsiqoTerapevti, Teologi, xelovnebadmcodne.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs: naSromebi socialuri fsiqologiis
problemebze; istoriul-Teologiuri narkvevi: `papistebis
Tavdasxma aTonis wminda mTaze;~ klasgareSe sakiTxavi lit-
eratura: `Cemo kargo qveyanav.~

mixeil xalvaSi – filosofiis doqtori, eTikis filoso-

fiuri problemebis mkvlevari; gamoqveynebuli aqvs eTikis
problemebze samecniero statiebi da vrceli monografia
`bedniereba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT~ (Tb., 2013).

eTikur problemaTa gamomwvevi mizeze-

bis _ tavtologiis da idolebis Sesaxeb

eTikur sakiTxebs, maTi gansakuTrebuli Rirebule-

biTi Sinaarsis gamo, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, TiTqmis
yvela filosofosi exeboda, ris Sedegadac am sferoSi
sami ZiriTadi safexuri Seiqmna sayovelTaod aRiare-
buli koncefciebis safuZvelze. pirveli safexuris ma-
mamTavari iyo aristotele da is grZeldeboda imanuel
kantamde daaxloebiT aTas xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
am ukanaskneli moazrovnis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar-
istoteleseuli eTika ZiriTadad iyo bednierebis Ses-
axeb moZRvreba, radgan is iTvleboda umaRles sikeTed
da eTikis amosaval principad. misgan gansxvavebiT i.
kanti qmnis movaleobis eTikas (5,29). istoriisTvis arc
ise didi xnis Semdeg XX saukuneSi kvlav iqmneba axali
safexuri maqs Seleris materialur-RirebulebiTi
Teoriis safuZvelze, ris Sedegadac eTikis amosaval
principad ara zneobrivi movaleoba, aramed Rirebule-
ba cxaddeba. Sesabamisad, i. kantis msgavsad m. Seleri,

194
iseve rogorc mravali sxva moazrovne, Seecdeba Rire-
bulebis safuZvelze eTikuri sakiTxebis gaazreba-da-
fuZnebas. SeZles Tu vera maT amis ganxorcieleba? iTv-
leba, rom aseTi mcdelobis miuxedavad ara Tu i. kantis,
aramed m. Seleris Semdegac arsebiTad araferi Secv-
lila _ yvela antinomia, anu eTikuri sakiTxebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli `amouxsneli~ Sinaarsi ucvleli darCa
da mTeli eTika arsebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara meta-
fizika. ufro zustad, _ metafizikisa Tu mecnierebis
zRvarze mdgari disciplina. amitom Zalauneburad is-
mis kiTxva: ra aris amis mizezi?
mizezi sxvadasxvaa da maTi ZiriTadi nawili Cvens
naSromebSi ganixilulia (4;263;6,63-82). am SemTxveva-
Si SevexebiT kidev or maTgans _ tavtologias da av-
toritetis idolas. Tu davemyarebiT Tanamedrove
transcendentalur _ filosofiisa da saerTod
mecnierebisTvis misaReb meTodologias, aRniSnul
tavtologiasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas: nax-
senebi antinomiurobisa Tu eTikuri sakiTxebis mecni-
eruli formiT srulyofilad vergaazrebis erT-er-
Ti ZiriTadi mizezi aris mis damfuZnebel principad
gamocxadebuli Rirebulebis ganmarteba mecnieruli
meTodologiisTvis miuRebeli, anu araadekvaturi
formiT. magaliTad, m. Seleri ganmartavs: 1) poziti-
uri Rirebulebis arseboba TviTonac aris pozitiuri
Rirebuleba. 2) ararseboba pozitiuri Rirebulebisa
aris TavisTavad negatiuri Rirebuleba. 3) arseboba
negatiuri Rirebulebisa TviTonac aris negatiuri Ri-
rebuleba. 4) ararseboba negatiuri Rirebulebisa aris
TviTon pozitiuri Rirebuleba (9,3000;3,412).
mecnieruli obieqturobidan gamomdinare, Tu droe-
biT mainc CamovicilebT avtoritetis idolisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zegavlenis Sesabamis sayovelTaod
miRebul ganwyobas da kritikulad davakvirdebiT nax-

195
seneb definiciebs, SevniSnavT, rom Rirebuleba, iqneba
is pozitiuri Tu negatiuri saxisa, ganimarteba Tavad
Rirebulebis safuZvelze. es, mecnieruli meTodolo-
giis mixedviT, tavtologiaa _ is, rac aris gansaz-
Rvrebis marcxena mxares, igive meordeba mis marjvena
nawilSi da movlenis sxva arc erTi arsebiTi niSani
araa masSi mocmeuli siaxlis saxiT. marTalia, aRniS-
nul ganmartebebSi naxsenebia arseboba da ararsebobac,
magram amiT arsebiTad araferi icvleba, radgan maTSi
isev Rirebulebis arseboba-ararseboba igulisxmeba.
rogorc vxedavT, m. Seleris gansakuTrebuli dam-
saxurebis miuxedavad aucilebelia davuSvaT, rom misi
ganmarteba tavtologiuri Sinaarsisaa da Seusabamoa
mecnieruli meTodologiisTvis. marTalia naxsenebi
moazrovne uaryofda mecnierul meTodologias da
fenomenologiuri meTodebiT cdilobda Tavisi konce-
fciis Camoyalibebas, magram es problemas ver xsnis. ami-
tom aucilebelia bolomde SevinarCunoT obieqturoba
da vaRiaroT: tavtologia ara mxolod mecnierebis, ar-
amed fenomenologiisa Tu metafizikisTvisac ki miuRe-
belia. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia davaskvnaT:
eTikis sferoSi ar gansazRvrula ra adekvaturad Ri-
rebuleba _ ar dadgenila ra misi arsi mecnieruli
meTodologiis Sesabamisad, kanonzomierad yvela eTi-
kuri sakiTxis arsi daufuZnebeli darCa. darCa imitom,
rom Rirebuleba iTvleba eTikis amosaval principad
da Tu misi arsi daudgenelia, ra Tqma unda, mis safuZ-
velze srulyofilad ver aixsneba verc erTi sxva masze
daqvemdebarebuli Tu masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis
kanonzomiereba _ ver gaicema pasuxi kiTxvaze ratom
kauzaluri saxiT. Sesabamisad, Cven vTvliT, rom i. kan-
tis Semdeg m. Seleris materialur-RirebulebiTi Teo-
riis saxiT marTalia Seiqmna axali safexuri eTikis
sferoSi, magram amiT arsebiTad araferi Secvlila _

196
antikuri epoqidan momdinare eTikuri sakiTxebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelma antinomiurma Sinaarsma jer i. kantis
zneobriv movaleobaSi fokusirda, Semdeg Seleriseul
RirebulebaSi gadainacvla.
Tu asea, Tanamedrove epoqamde ratom iyo SeumCneve-
li aseTi `primitiuli~ araadekvaturoba?! `ucnauria,~
rom SeumCneveli rCeba ara mxolod es, aramed sxva ukve
dasabuTebuli da advilad SesamCnevi araadekvaturoba-
ni (6,63), magram filosofia da saerTod meniereba kvlav
`dums!~ ra aris amis mizezi? migvaCnia, rom am movlenis
gamomwvevi erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi aris sayovel-
Taod miRebuli araobieqturi ganwyoba, romelic av-
toritetis idolis saxiTaa damkvidrebuli da iluziis
msgavsad ararealurs realurad `aCvenebs~ adamians.
amitom, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia ufro konkretulad,
magram mokled avxsnaT es movlena. cnobilia, rom ganwy-
obis sxvadasxva forma SeZenili refleqsebis saxiT jer
kidev bavSvobaSi uyalibdeba adamians da is kidev ufro
mravalferovan da mtkice Sinaarss iZens swavlis pro-
cesSi. skolaSi wasvlamde bavSvi, Cveulebriv, ded-mamas
da misi ojaxis sxva ufros wevrebs Tvlis avtorite-
tad. Sesabamisad, emorCileba maT azrs, radgan isini
misi mfarvelebi arian _ uzrunvelyofen mis arseboba-
gadarCenas da maT ufro meti codna Tu gamocdileba
gaaCniaT. amis wyalobiT is maTgan swavlobs cxovrebas
da es namdvilad jansaRi damokidebulebaa Svilebsa da
mSoblebs Soris, magram am urTierTmimarTebas erT-
gvari negatiuri mxarec gaaCnia. bavSvs instinqturad
uyalibdeba mSoblebis, rogorc avtoritetis, mier gad-
mocemuli codnis, Canergili ganwyobebisa da unarebis
mimarT ukritiko damokidebulebis Cveva, anu idola. is
ki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod pozitiuri, aramed negati-
uri Sinaarsis mqone. es Cvevebi kidev ufro daxvewili,
mravalferovani da mtkice xdeba skolasa Tu umaR-

197
les saswavleblebSi, radgan aq mSoblebs enacvleba
ufro aRiarebuli avtoritetebi: ara mxolod maswav-
leblebi, aramed mecnierebi. bavSvi skolaSi swavlobs
wera-kiTxvas, agrovebs saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemul
codnas da am procesSi mas exmarebian maswavleblebi.
isini mas gadascemen im codnas, romelic sayovelTaod
cnobilma avtoritetebma _ mecnierebma armoaCines da
daadgines. skolaSi bavSvi maT mier `SeTavazebul~ cod-
nas, Cveulebriv, spontanurad iTvisebs da Rebulobs
ise, rom arc ki fiqrobs maT WeSmariteba-mcdarobaze.
amasTanave, wlebis gasvlasTan erTad asaTvisebeli
codnis moculoba da mravalferovneba izrdeba. Se-
sabamisad, ufro metad myardeba da mravalferovani
xdeba avtoritetis idola saswavlo sagnebis simrav-
lis Sesabamisad. es meordeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi,
gameoreba ki SeZenili refleqsis gamomuSavebis da
ganmtkicebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia. am kanonzo-
mierebas, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli yuradreba eqceva.
universitetebsa da aspiranturaSi swavlis procesSi
profesor-maswavleblebi zrunaven, rom studentsa
da aspirants Camouyalibdes kritikuli azrovneba, ma-
gram es realobas ver cvlis. yoveldRiuri cxovreba,
araerTi istoriuli faqti da zemoT ganxiluli Seler-
iseuli araadekvaturobis verSemCneva naTelyofs, rom
adamianSi jer kidev bavSvobidan Camoyalibebuli avto-
ritetis idolis SeZenili refleqsebi sakmaod `myaria~
da gansazRvraven ara mxolod Cveulebriv adamianTa,
aramed did moazrovneTa da mkvlevarTa qcevebsa da
azrovnebas. am realobas, ra Tqma unda, gansakTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs fsiqologia da aqtiurad iyenebs mas
fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebisTvis. jer kidev axal epoqa-
Si, fsiqologiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis
Camoyalibebamde, frensis bekonma sagangebo yuradReba
gaamaxvila aRniSnul problemaze. mecnieruli, anu WeS-

198
mariti codnis dasadgenad, man SeimuSava ara mxolod
cdasa da eqsperimentze damyarebuli meTodebi, aramed
Seqmna moZRvreba idolebis Sesaxeb (1,79), anu iseTi wi-
naswar Camoyalibebuli qvecnobieri ganwyobebis Ses-
axeb, romelic adamians xels uSlis movlenisadmi obi-
eqtur kritikul damokidebulebaSi da WeSmaritebis
dadgenaSi. vfiqrobT, swored aseTma idolebma, ker-
Zod, avtoritetis mier gamoTqmuli azris ukritikod
mRebis Cvevam ganapiroba m. Seleris ganmartebis tav-
tologiuri Sinaarsis verSemCneva.
istoriaSi cnobilia araerTi SemTxveva, roca aTas-
wleulebisa Tu saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamiani ara-
adekvaturad aRiqvamda realobas da qmnida mis Sesa-
bamis mcdar Sexedulebas avtoritetuli, yvelas mier
miRebuli, `codnis~ saxiT, Semdeg ki Tavs ver aRwevda
mis tyveobas. magaliTad, kopernikamde Yyvela Tvli-
da, rom mze da mis sistemaSi Semavali planetebi tri-
alebdnen dedamiwis garSemo da ara piriqiT. am Tval-
sazrisis urayofis da kopernikiseuli WeSmaritebis
aRiarebis mcdelobis gamo jordano bruno inkviziciam
koconze dawva. kopernikis da jordano brunos Sem-
degac maTi siaxle uceb ar miuRia kacobriobas. mas
garkveuli dro dasWirda, rom avtoritetis idolis
`marwuxebisgan” mTlianad ganTavisuflebuliyo da
axali realoba eRiarebina, radgan mcdar idolebs ada-
mianis fsiqikaze zedapirulad SeumCneveli, magram
`Zlieri~ Sinagani zemoqmedebis unari gaaCnia. is marti-
vad ar `iSleba da qreba~ instinqtidan, Tu adamians ar
gaaCnia refleqsiis, anu sakuTar azrebze, Cvevebsa Tu
qcevebze dakvirvebis, maTi gardaqmnis da axali codnis
miRebis uanri. am niWiT ki, cnobilia, rom mxolod er-
Teulebi xasiaTddebian.
aucilebelia, SevniSnoT: aRniSnuli mizezis gamo,
ara mxolod maqs Seleris, aramed i.kantis Tu sxva moaz-

199
rovnis araerTi eTikuri debuleba ukritikodaa miRe-
buli da amosaval principebadaa gamoyenebuli sax-
elmZRvaneloebSic ki. es realobaa miuxedavad imisa,
rom i. kants sakmaod mravali aRiarebuli kritikosi
gamouCnda ara mxolod misi moRvaweobis dros, aramed
gardacvalebis Semdegac. saxeldobr, herderi, iakobi,
maimoni, fixte, Selingi, hegeli Tu sxva. maT kriti-
kis procesSi imdenad daxvewes da ganaviTares i. kan-
tis moZRvreba, rom am moazrovneTa Semoqmedebas ger-
manuli klasikuri filosofia ewoda. aseTi sidiadisa
da kritikuli azrovnebis miuxedavad maT mainc ver
SeniSnes i. kantis ramdenime paradoqsulad miuRebeli
araadekvaturoba. aRiniSna, rom isini Cvens naSromebSi
ZiriTadad ganxilulia. am SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba yur-
adReba gavamaxviloT i.kantis kidev erT araadekvatur
gansazRvrebaze. is jer kidev sabWoTa epoqaSi erT-erT
yvelaze avtoritetul gela banZelaZis eTikis saxelmZ-
RvaneloSic ki iyo gamoyenebuli `amosaval principad.~
kerZod, g. banZelaZes bednierebis raobis asaxsnelad
mohyavs i. kantis gansazRvreba, romelSic is Tvlis,
rom bedniereba aris permanentuli gancda imisa, rom
cxovreba sasiamovnoa (2,187;9,335).
rogorc vxedavT, bedniereba aq ganmartebulia si-
nonimiT _ siamovnebiT, anu ufro naklebi Tvisebis
mqone gancdiT. es ki tavtologiaa, radgan siamovneba
bednierebis `nairsaxeobaa~ da ara misi arsebiTi niSani.
amasTanave, bedniereba saerTod aris ara permanentuli
Tu xangrZlivi, aramed xanmokle gancda. ase, rom iman-
uel kantis mier gansazRvrebaSi naxsenebi arc erTi ni-
Sani ar warmoadgens bednierebis arss. Sesabamisad, is
ver gamoxatavs mis kanonzomierebas da mis safuZvelze
g. banZelaZe, iseve rogorc i. kanti, pasuxs ver scems am
movlenasTan dakavSirebul verc erT kiTxvas mecnier-
uli meTodologiis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, mis safuZ-

200
velze ver aixsneba ratomaa bedniereba warmavali? ra-
tom mohyveba erTsa da imave movlenasTan mimarTebas
ara mxolod bedniereba, aramed ubedureba? Sesabam-
isad, ratom sruldeba erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli
movlena _ zneobrivi qceva mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi
bednierebiT, meoreSi ki yvelaze negatiuri SedegiT _
ubedurebiT, anu araRirebuli SedegiT? ra aris sikeTe
da mis Sedegad gancdili bedniereba? an rogor unda
aixsnas kauzalurad SoTa rusTavelis saxarebiseuli
mcnebebis Sesatyvisi aforizmis Sinaarsi: rasaca gas-
cem, Senia, rasc ara, dakargulia!” ra iwvevs siyvaruls,
bednierebis uzrunvelmyofel erT-erT yvelaze faqiz
gancdas, da ratomaa is warmavali? ra SemTxvevaSi srul-
deba siyvaruli ara bednierebiT, aramed ubedurebiT?
miuxedavad amisa, ratom miiswrafvis yvela siyvaru-
lisa da bednierebisken, iseve rogorc _ umravlesoba
trfobis obieqtis erTpirovnuli flobisken? da a.S.
Tu aRiarebuli moazrovneebic ki amosaval eTi-
kur principebs da bednierebas tavtologiurad
gansazRvraven, es niSnavs, rom am movlenas saerTod
gavrcelebuli xasiaTi aqvs da misi araerTi magaliTi
SeiZleba vipovoT mecnierul monografiebSi Tu sxva
wyaroebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ leqsikonebSi. magaliTad,
miunxenis `bednierebis instituti” bednierebas gan-
saRvravs, rogorc saerTod cxovrebiT kmayofilebasa
Tu mravalferovani sasiamovno SegrZnebis molodiniT
tkbobas (12). xolo enciklopedia `didi britanikis~
bixedviT, bedniereba aris harmoniul mdgomareobaSi
sruli kmayofilebiT cxovreba, an rogorc siamovnebi-
sa da kmayofilebis gancda (11) da a.S. rogorc vxedavT,
am SemTxvevebSic iseTive tavtologiuri Secdomebia
daSvebuli, rogorc zemoT ganxilulebSi. harmoniuli
mdgomareoba, sruli kmayofilebiT cxovreba, iseve ro-
gorc siamovnebis da kmayofilebis gancda, sxvadasxva

201
sasiamovno SegrZnebebis molodiniT tkboba Tu yvela
sxva dadebiTi emocia arsebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara
Tavad bedniereba. e.i. mocemul SemTxvevaSi bedniere-
ba ganimarteba sinonimebiT misi arsis Cvenebis gareSe,
rac aris tavtologia. leqsikonebisTvis, rogorc cno-
bilia, saerod damaxasiaTTebelia tavtologia, magram
movlenis gansazRvreba sinonimebiT misi arsebiTi niS-
nebis Cvenebis gareSe, araadekvaturobaa mecnieruli
meTodologiis mixedviT.
ganxiluli araadekvaturobis garda bednierebis
problemisadmi da saerTod eTikuri sakiTxebisadmi da-
mokidebulebaSi daSvebulia sxva araadekvaturobac. ma-
Tgan yvelaze ZiriTadia logikuri Secdoma _ PETITIO
PRINCIPI (6,63). es niSnavs, rom filosofiis da saerTod
mecnierebisa Tu yovelRiuri azrovnebis sferoSi, anu
sayovelTaod damkvidrebulia Tvalsazrisi, romelic
uaryofs bednierebis da masTan dakavSirebul eTikur
sakiTxTa kanonzomierebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas.
is ki jer kidev antikur epoqaSi kvlevisa da dasabuTe-
bis gareSea miRebuli postulatis, anu amosavali debu-
lebis saxiT. postulatebs, bunebis erTgvarobis prin-
cipidan gamomdinare, Cveulebriv, emyareba mecniereba
da maT iyenebs amosaval debulebebad, magram aRniSnu-
li agnostiukur Tvalsazriss aucileblad sWirdebo-
da kvleva da dasabuTeba. postulatad iseTi debulebis
miReba, romelic dasabuTebis aucileblobas moiTxovs,
logikur Secdomad _ PETITIO PRINCIPI _ ad iTvleba.
gamodis, rom `negatiuri paradigmis” saxiT dominire-
buli bednierebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uarmyofe-
li tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi aris ara WeSmariti mec-
nieruli codna (episteme), aramed mxolod Sexeduleba
(winamecnieruli codna _ doqsa), magram is mecnieruli
codnis rangSia ayvanili logikuri Secdomis Sedegad.
SeuZlebelia, ar daibados kiTxva: ra Sedegi gamoiRo

202
am araadekvaturobam? airia ra erTmaneTSi doqsa da
episteme, bednierebis da saerTod eTikur sakiTxTa Se-
saxeb arsebulma codnam antinomiaTa, anu amouxsnel
problemaTa warmomSobi paralogisturi _ gaormage-
buli _ Tviseba SeiZina. is erTdroulad Seicavda ara-
mecnieruli da mecnieruli codnis Sinaarss. amitom
eTikuri sakiTxebi ara mxolod sxvadasxva amouxsneli
winaaRmdegobiT gvevlineba, aramed, xSiria bednierebis
terminTan dakavSirebiT faqtobrivi da logikuri Sec-
domebic. magaliTad, bednierebas kategoriisa Tu cne-
bis rangSi ganixilaven (7,60;9,256) maSin, roca amosavali
debulebis safuZvelze, misi Semecnebis SesaZleblo-
bas saerTod uaryofen da, realurad, arc aseTi cneba
arsebobs. amitom arc is iwvevs adekvatur reaqcias da
Sesabamis reagirebas, roca irkveva, rom bednierebas
ganmartaven mecnieruli meTodologiisTvis miuRe-
blad da tavtologiuri SecdomebiTac ki. yovelive
amis Sedegad bednierebis tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi
mecnieruli da aramecnieruli codnis zRvarze mdgari
iseTi `ultrafiqciuri” _ ukiduresad aramyari for-
miT mogvevlina, romlis `damfuZnebuli” argumentebi
Tu saerTod `paradigma”, bekoniseul Teatris sofis-
tur idolas daemsgavsa.
aseT pirobebSi, aris SemTxvevebi, roca mkvleva-
rebi cdiloben xolme argumentebiT gaamarTlon bed-
nierebis da eTikuri sakiTxebis kanonzomierebis Sem-
ecnebis uarmyofeli Tvalsazrisi, radgan is WeSmariti
mecnieruli codnis da paradigmis rols asrulebs. es
niSnavs, rom is sabaziso codnaa da mis safuZvelze unda
aixsnas yvela sxva eTikuri sakiTxis kanonzomiereba
mecnieruli meTodologiis Sesabamisad. es ki SeuZle-
belia, radgan aramecnieruli da kanonzomierebis
veramsaxveli codnis safuZvelze sxva movlenaTa
kanonzomierebas mecnierulad ver axsni. miT umetes,

203
srulyofilad ver daasabuTeb aRniSnuli aramecnier-
uli paradigmis realobas ragind didi moazrovne iyo:
argumenti iqneba mcdari da sapirispiro realobaze
mimTiTebeli. swored amitom, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom
i.kantis da sxva mkvlevarTa mier bednierebis kanonzo-
mierebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uarsayofad gamoy-
enebuli argumentebi maT Tvalsazriss ki ar asabuTebs,
aramed savsebiT sapirispiro realobas: bednierebis
kanonzomierebas da misi Semecnebis SesaZleblobas Tu
am sakiTxs filosofiisa da saerTod mecnierebisT-
vis misaRebi meTodologiis Sesabamisad ganvixilavT
(6,51;4,263).
filosofiis da mecnierebis daniSnulebidan gamom-
dinare, xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca mkvlevarTa nawili
saerTod ar exeba bednierebisa Tu sxva eTikuri
sakiTxebis istoriul warsuls da Tanamedrove mdgo-
mareobas _ maTi kanonzomierebis dadgenis SesaZle-
blobis uarmyofel sayovelTaod miRebul Tvalsazriss
da cdilobs bednierebis gansaRvrebis Camoyalibebas.
ufro zustad, ase iqceva ara mxolod Cveulebrivi, ar-
amed aRiarebuli moazrovneebic ki. magaliTad, i.kanti
amosavali debulebiT uaryofs bednierebis kanon-
zomierebis Semecnebas, magram, meore mxriv, Tavadve
cdilobs mis dadgenas da bednierebis gansazRvrebis
Camoyalibebas (amis Sesaxeb zemoT vimsjeleT). es niS-
navs, rom filosofiis funqcia da bednierebis, rogorc
umaRlesi sikeTis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mkvleva-
rebs instinqturad ubiZgebs misi kanonzomierebis Sem-
ecnebisken da paradigmis tyveobidan ganTavisuflebi-
sken. aseT miswrafebas veraviTari negatiuri winaRoba
ver daakavebs da moTokavs.
rogorc vxedavT, bednierebisa da eTikuri sakiTxebi-
sadmi damokidebulebaSi daSvebulma araadekvaturo-
bam mravalmxrivi uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo da ara

204
mxolod rigiTi eTikuri problemebis, aramed umaRlesi
sikeTis _ bednierebis kanonzomiereba `Seumecnebado-
bis borkilebiT SeboWa!” miuxedavad amisa filosofia
mainc cdilobs WeSmaritebis povnas, radgan is ara Tu
agnosticizmze, aramed skepticizmzec ki ver SeCerdeba,
rogorc es filosofiis istoriam daadastura. swored
amitom Seiqmna iseTi mdgomareoba, roca filosofia da
saerTod mecniereba uaryofs bednierebis arsis Semec-
nebis SesaZleblobas sayovelTaod miRebuli tradici-
uli Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad. meore mxriv, ki aqtiu-
rad ikvlevs mas arapirdapir an pirdapir da es procesi
garkveuli pozitiuri Sedegebis miuxedavad arsebiTad
warumateblad, anu mecnierulad arasrulyofili Sede-
gebiT sruldeba. ufro zustad: bednierebis antinomiis
saxiT iqmneba iseTi mdgomareoba, roca filosofia Tu
saerTod mecniereba realuri moqmedebiT logikurad
upirispirdeba bednierebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis
uaryofis Sesaxeb mis mierve miRebul Teoriul amo-
saval debulebas, radgan arapirdapir Tu pirdapir
cdilobs am movlenis arsis Semecnebas da ver aRwevs
sasurvel Sedegs. Sesabamisad, empiriuli movlena bed-
niereba paradoqsulad Seumecnebad, anu metafizikur
sakiTxad gvevlineba da masTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili
amouxsneli winaaRmdegoba karl iaspersis mier naxseneb
SemoqmedTan dakavSirebiT arsebul antinomiur mdgo-
mareobas emsgavseba: mecnierebas surs gaiazros is, rac
gaazrebadi ar aris (3,556), anu mas ar SeuZlia Seimecnos
bedniereba, iseve rogorc absoluti, magram amave dros
ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas mis Semecnebaze Tundac misi sa-
sicocxlo mniSvnelobis gamo (6,141). es niSnavs, rom ara
SemTxveviT, aramed paradoqsul araadekvaturobaTa
Sedegad, ori `diametriulad~ gansxvavebeli movlena
_ empiriuli bedniereba da metafizikuri RmerTi _
msgavs gamouval winaaRmdegobaSi moeqca. es maSin, roca

205
Seumecnebadad, Cveulebriv, metafizikuri movlenebi
iTvleba.
SeuZlebelia kvlav ar daisvas kiTxva: ra aris
gamosavali? pirvelyovlisa, unda ganvTavisufldeT
idolis tyveobidan. is, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, `bnel
SeumecnebadobiT mojadoebul fardasaviTaa~ aRmar-
Tuli bednierebis kanonzomierebasa da adamianur
gonebas Soris. roca is moixsneba, `sinaTle akiafdeba~
_ realoba gamoCndeba da yvela problema martivad
dalagdeba, radgan kanonzomierebisa da realobis ara
uaryofaze, aramed Semecnebaze viqnebiT orientire-
buli. dalagdeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu WeSmariti da
mcdari codnis ganmansxvavebel uZveles da umartives
parmenides meTods davemyarebiT: is, rac aris, mis Ses-
axeb unda iTqvas, rom is aris. rac ar aris, mis Sesaxeb
unda iTqvas, rom is ar aris. es niSnavs: bednierebas
da masTan dakavSirebul eTikur sakiTxebs Tu gaaCnia
kanonzomiereba, unda davuSvaT, rom es aris realoba
da am daSvebaSi winaaRmdegobebi an amouxsneli proble-
mebi ar unda aRmocendes. Tu tradiciulad miRebuli
`paradigmis~ Sesabamisad daviwyebT imis mtkicebas, rom
maT is ar gaaCniaT, swored maSin aRmocendeba sxvadasx-
vagvari winaaRmdegoba, amouxsneli gaurkvevloba da
araadekvaturoba. magaliTad, _ iseTebi, romlebic gan-
vixileT da es naTlad metyvelebs, rom aseTi Tvalsaz-
risi mcdaria. is, rom bedniereba da eTikuri sakiTxebi
kanonzomieri movlenebia da es daSveba raime winaaRm-
degobas ar warmoqmnis, amas, pirvelyovlisa, amtkicebs
filosofiisa da saerTod mecnieruli principebis
Sesabamisad dadgenili bednierebisa da sxva eTikuri
sakiTxebis zogadi kanonzomiereba (6,365). meore _ am
zogadi kanonzomierebis safuZvelze bednierebis da
saerTod eTikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela
ZiriTadi antinomiis amoxsna da am movlenebTan daka-

206
vSirebiT zemoT naxseneb yvela kiTxvaze argumetire-
buli pasuxis gacema (6,365). mesame _ fsiqologiasa da
sxva konkretul mecnierebebSi dadgenili bednierebis
mravali konkretuli kanonzomiereba (6,134). bedniere-
ba saerTod arakanonzomieri movlena rom iyos, nuTu is
konkretuli kanonzomierebis matarebeli iqneba?! meo-
Txe _ empiriul doneze imis garkveva, rom bednierebisa
da saerTod eTikuri sakiTxebis Semecneba SeuZleblad
iTvleboda maT mimarT damokidebulebaSi daSvebuli
araadekvarurobis Sedegad. mexuTe _ bednierebis
kanonzomierebis uarmyofeli paradigma araTu argu-
mentirebul pasuxs ver scems verc erT ZiriTad eTi-
kur problemas, aramed saerTod uaryofs amis SesaZle-
blobas da am uaryofasac ver asabuTebs. piriqiT, es
uarmyofeli argumentebi mis sapirispiro realobaze _
bednierebisa da eTikuri sakiTxebis kanonzomierebaze
metyvelebs. meeqvse _ aRniSnuli paradigmis krizisi da
masze daumorCileblobis sxvadasxvagvari mcdeloba.
ganxiluli sakiTxebis da misi Sedegebis safuZvelze
cxadi xdeba, rom rom i. kantamde sayovelTaod aRiare-
buli aristoteleseuli debuleba eTikis sagnis Ses-
axeb WeSmaritia, xolo misi uarmyofeli i. kantis da m.
Seleris Tvalsazrisi _ araadekvaturi. aristoteles-
gan gansxvavebiT i.kantma eTikis amosaval principad
bednierebis nacvlad zneobrivi movaleoba miiCnia da
scada daemtkicebina, rom bedniereba am funqciisT-
vis ar gamodgeboda misi empiriuli Sinaarsis (9,257)
_ Semecnebaze dauqvemdebarebeli Tvisebis gamo. amis
sapirispirod, radgan dadginda bednierebisa da mas-
Tan dakavSirebul eTikur movlenaTa kanonzomiereba
filosofiisa Tu saerTod mecnierebisTvis misaRebi
principebis Sesabamisad, unda davaskvnaT: aucilebe-
lia aRdges aristoteles filosofiuri WeSmariteba
da bedniereba, rogorc umaRlesi sikeTe, moTavsdes

207
eTikis saTaveSi. istoriam cxadyo, rom SeuZlebelia es
funqcia Seasrulos m. Seleris Rirebulebamac, radgan
man is tavtologiurad ganmarta. amasTanave, is saer-
Tod ar Sexebia bednierebasa Tu masTan dakavSirebuli
eTikuri movlenebisadmi damokidebulebaSi daSvebul,
zemoT ganxilul, araadekvaturobebs.
ase, rom aucilebelia filosofiam da saerTod mec-
nierebam, Tu maTi mizania saerTod kanonzomierebis
kvleva, WeSmaritad cnon aristoteles debuleba da
uaryon sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, aramecnieruli,
arafilosofiuri, amouxsneli problemebis warmomqm-
neli, kanonzomierebis uarmyofeli da mcdari Tval-
sazrisi, rogorc paradigma, raTa adamiani eziaros bed-
nierebis, zneobis da RvTis arsebobis kanonzomierebas!

L iteratura:
l
1. axali filosofiis istoria, baqraZe k., Tsu, 1969;
2. banZelaZe g., eTika, `ganaTleba,” Tb., 1980;
3. XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia g.TevzaZis da
v. svaniZis redaqciiT, `ganaTleba,” Tb., 1970;
4. filosofiuri Ziebani XII, saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 2008;
5.SuSanaSvili g., gamoyenebiTi eTikis safuZvlebi,
`lega,” Tb., 2004;
6. xalvaSi mixeil, bedniereba mecnieruli Tvalsazri-
siT, `rae” _ 2013;
7. Аргайл М.,Психология счастья, ,,Мысль,” М., 1990;
8. Аристотель, Сочинения в четырёх томах, т. 4, ,,Мысль,” М.,
1984;
9. Кант И., Сочинения в шести томах, т.4, часть 1, ,,Мысль,” М.,
1965;
10. Шелер М., Избранные произведения, ,,Гнозис,” М., 1994;
11. Encyclopedia Britaniqa CD 99, Happiness;
12. htt // www glueckforschung. de./ fag. htm.

208
Merab Oniani – The doctor of psychology, employer of the Georgian
Patriarchate Psychological Center, well-known psychotherapist practi-
tioner, theologist, art critic. He has pablished: the pieses of work about
problems of cocial psychology; Hystorico-theological assay ,,The attack
of papests on the hole mount Atho;’’ extra-curriculium reading literature:
,,You, my good country.’’

Mikheil Khalvashi – Doctor of Philosophy; he studies philosophical prob-

lems of ethics, has published scientific articles on problems of ethics and a
monograph `Happiness From Scientific Point of View~ (Tbilisi, 2013).

ABOUT THE REASONS OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS –

TAVTOLOGY END IDOLS

ABSTRACT

In the history of ethics three main staps were made on basic of

different theories, but it was imposible to state the regularity of happi-
ness and ethical fenomenas conected to it. In the article it is find out,
that the main reason of this failure are the mistakes, unacseptable for
scientific methodology, which were made in relation to happiness and
other ethical things: Tavtological definition of basic ethical principls,
logical mistake PETITIO PRINCIPI and influence of inadicvit idols.
So it is nacessery to deny the nonscientyfic paradigme, which neglicts
the regularity of happiness and othe ethical things.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba­

Ta akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.

209
210
qarTuli da ucxouri
filosofiis istoria

GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

211
Amaia kiknaZe – filosofiis doqtori. saqarTvelos erovnuli
universitetis `seu~-s socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis
asocirebuli profesori. muSaobs religiis filosofiisa
da sociologiis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali
samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoSi. maT Soris mono-
grafia `rwmenis adgili yofierebaSi~.

platonis „idealuri saxelmwifos“

zogierTi paradigma da Tanamedroveoba

saxelmwifos gansazRvra SeiZleba misi miznebis,

funqciebis sistemis mixedviT. antikurobis genial-
urma filosofosebma platonma da aristotelem sax-
elmwifo aRiares adamianis srulyofilebisaken mima-
val gzad da saSualebad. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo ar
sWirdeba arc mxecs (radgan ar icis sikeTe) da arc
RmerTs (igi keTilia). saxelmwifo sWirdeba mas vinc
SuaSia, romelmac icis sikeTe da ar aris keTili da
eswrafvis sikeTes. saxelmwifos daniSnulebaa adamia-
nis am metafizikur miswrafebebs Seuwyos xeli. sax-
elmwifos arsebobis safuZvelia adamianSi arsebuli
miswrafeba sikeTisaken, rac emyareba adamianis mier
sikeTis TanSobil codnas.
platonis „saxelmwifo“ misi simwifis xanis naSro-
mia. masSi igi gvTavazobs sazogadoebis wyobis ide-
alur models, sadac umaRlesi ganmgeblebi filo-
sofosebi arian, moqalaqeebi ki maT mier dawesebul
kanonebs emorCilebian. am dialogs Tavisi mraval-
ferovnebiT, siRrmiT, problemaTa siuxviT, gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia platonis SemoqmedebaSi.
da es savsebiT gasagebia, radganac idealuri saxelm-
wifos suraTi, romelsac esoden STagonebiT warud-
gens sokrate Tavis megobrebs, adamianuri cxovrebis

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yvela sferos moicavs - pirads, ojaxurs, polisurs
Tavisi inteleqtualuri, eTikuri Tu esTetikuri
aspeqtebiT.
platonis „saxelmwifo“ aTi wignisagan Sedgeba.
pirvel wignSi sadac sakiTxis dasmaa mocemuli mosau-
breTa sakmaod vrceli wre aris warmodgenili. sxva
dialogebis msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss
sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs. „saxelmwifos“ sawyis kiTx-
vaze: „ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani
kaci? - platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mi-
moixilavs, xolo Semdeg iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazri-
sis gadmocemas.
saxelmwifos warmoSobis gaazreba platonisTvis
aris azriseuli konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis
SesaZlo genezisis warmosadgenad. saqme imaSia, rom
formula - „Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT sax-
elmwifos warmoSobas“ jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom
amiT dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi,
rodesac manamde ar arsebobda saxelmwifo da Semdeg
raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.
saxelmwifos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT sokrate am-
bobs: „me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rode-
sac TiToeul CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Ta-
vis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval sxva
raimes“... amrigad yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs
xan erTs, xanac meores da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs
ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas... ganicdian
mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adami-
ani raTa erTad icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba
gauwion; swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba iZens
CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas“.
saxelmwifos warmoSobis pirveli mizezi is gax-
lavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayo-
filos moTxovnilebebi da amisaTvis saWiroebs sxva

213
mravali adamianis Tanadgomas. rogorc viciT ada-
mianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze mravalferovania. up-
irveles yovlisa sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli
sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg sacxovrisi, tansacmeli da
a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad mogviTxrobs TiToeul
aseT saWiroebaze. rac ufro meti cxovrebiseuli
saWiroeba iCens Tavs, rac ufro da ufro metad rTul-
deba sazogadoebis struqtura. platonis „saxelmwi-
fos“ mixedviT zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena
mmarTvelebi, mcvelebi da Tavisufali mewarme xalxi.
es fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi. miuxedavad amisa,
platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqtu-
ras kasturs ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis
gansazRvrulia erTi romelime saTnoeba. mmarTvelTa
fenaSi es aris sibrZne, mcvelebSi - simamace, xolo xe-
losnebSi da miwaTmoqmedebSi - gamWriaxoba. aq lapara-
kia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,
gamWriaxobasa da samarTlianobaze. samarTlianoba ki
imgvar saTnoebad cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebe-
lia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.
ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema
idealuri saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
problemaa. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi TvisebebiT
ar arian Tanasworni. zogierTi dajildoebulia saoc-
ari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogi-
erTi Sromismoyvare da gamrjea, zogic xelovnebisad-
mi midrekili. platoni romelic ar arRvevs kanonis
winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas, amave
dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze.
yovelma adamianma unda daikavos is adgili saxelmwi-
fos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba
mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc
TandaTanobiT naTeli xdeba swored esaa samarTli-
anad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is

214
saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSic yvela adamians
Sesabamisi adgili aqvs miCenili da ar xdeba sazoga-
doebrivi fenebis aRreva.
ras warmoadgens idealuri saxelmwifo romelzec
platoni saubrobs: idealuri saxelmwifo SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli formiT. is SeiZle-
ba iyos monarqia an aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTv-
eloba). rCeulebi, romelzedac platoni laparakobs
ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos
mmarTveli rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. filo-
sofosebSi is gulisxmobs brZen adamianebs. vin unda
marTos qveyana platonis mixedviT „Tu imaTTvis, vin
unda marTos qveyana, cxovrebis ukeTes wess hpoveb,
vidre mmarTvelobas, maSin imasac SesZleb, rom mSve-
nieri saxelmwifo wyobileba daamyaro. radganac mx-
olod amnairi saxelmwifos mmarTvelni Tu iqnebian
WeSmaritad mdidrebi, magram oqroTi ki ara, aramed
imiT, riTac mdidaria bednieri kaci sibrZniTa da
siqveliT, xolo Tu glaxakni da upovarni mieltvian
Zalauflebas, raTa saqveyno sikeTes msuye lukma Ca-
moaTalon, sasikeTos nuras moeli: radganac iwyeba
gauTavebeli SuRli, SfoTi, Sexla-Semoxla da es Si-
naaSliloba bolos uRebs TviT maTac da saxelmwi-
fosac“.
idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda
platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebis
mqone saxelmwifoebze: timokratiaze anu qonebriv
cenzze damyarebul realobaze, oligarqiaze anu um-
ciresobis mmarTvelobaze, demokratiaze anu xalxis
mmarTvelobaze da tiraniaze anu erTis mmarTvelo-
baze sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am formebs Soris
yvelaze uaresia tiraniaa.
samarTliani saxelmwifo platonis TvalSi iseTi
saxelmwifoa, romelic adamianTa urTierTmimarTe-

215
bebsac sworad gansazRvravs da samyaros kanonebTan
Sesatyvisia, ese igi - sicocxlisunariani da mdgradi
saxec aqvs.
platoni „saxelmwifoSi“ exeba qalis rolsa da
funqcias sazogadoebaSi. igi Tvlis, rom qali ise-
Tive aqtiuri personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, ro-
gorc mamakaci.
saxelmwifos warmoSoba kacobriobis ganviTarebis
Sedegia. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad gaCnda
simdidre sxvadasxva sikeTeebis saxiT. isini gansxvave-
bulad iqna ganawilebuli da am simdidreze gaCnda
sakuTrebis ufleba. Semdeg Camoyalibda mesakuTreTa
da uqonelTa klasebi. maT gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri
interesebi gauCndaT, romlebic erTmaneTis sapirisp-
iro iyo. es dapirispireba, rom ar gadaqceuliyo usas-
rulo omad sakuTrebisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda Zala
romelic mSvidobas da wesrigs daamyarebda sazoga-
doebaSi. aseTi Zala iyo saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo war-
moiSva sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebis moTxovnidan da
mowodebuli iyo daemyarebina wesrigi, uzrunveleyo
mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba da daecva mesakuTreTa in-
teresebi da sakuTreba. istoriulad saxelmwifos xe-
lisuflebis mizani iyo wesrigis dacva, samarTliani
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofa. es gu-
lisxmobda adamianis sicocxlisa da qonebis dacvas,
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis uzrunvelyofas.
saxelmwifos miznis gageba icvleboda istoriulad.
saxelmwifos da politikis mizani iyo samarTliano-
bisa da sikeTis damyareba amqveynad. saxelmwifos
Tanamedrove Teoriebi miiCneven, rom saxelmwifos
ZiriTadi mizania sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da
wesrigis dacva. saxelmwifo Taviseburi darajis fun-
qcias asrulebs.adamianis materialuri keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofa TviTon adamianis movaleobis sferoa.

216
Tumca Tanamedrove saxelmwifo cdilobs SeiTavsos
yvela es funqcia garkveuli doziT, raTa uzrunve-
lyos socialuri samarTlianoba.

literatura:

1.platoni „saxelmwifo“. Targmani baCana bregvaZisa.

gamomc. „nekeri“ 2013.
2.v.ramiSvili, filosofia, Tbilisi 2015.
3.d.jalaRonia, politikuri filosofia, Tbilisi,
2018.
4.narkvevebi filosofiaSi. krebuli II, Tbilisi 2005.

Maia Kiknadze - Doctor of Philosophy. Works on issues of philosophy of

philosophy and sociology. He has published numerous scientific papers in
these fields of science. Including the monograph - the place of faith in exis-
tence.

SOME PARADIGMS AND MODERNITY OF PLATO’S

“STATE”

ABSTRACT

The article discusses some of the paradigms of Plato’s «state» and

the functions of the modern state, that the purpose of creating the state
is to bring him the greatest happiness. This is due, on the one hand, to
a clear definition and attribution of the function and role of each of its
members in the state, and, on the other hand, to the quality by which
such a state should be characterized. These qualities are: Wisdom,
Courage, Moderation, and Righteousness.
In the modern world, the state is the sole seat of sovereignty. A
sovereign state is a whole clearly bounded by borders, governed by a

217
single government.
Modern theories of the state believe that the main purpose of the
state is to maintain public safety and order. The state acts as a kind of
watchman. Ensuring human material well-being is an area of ​​human
duty in itself. However, the modern state tries to combine all these
functions in a certain dose to ensure social justice.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is­
toriis ganyofilebam.

218
natalia biwaZe - Telavis i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis, socialur mecnierebaTa
biznesisa da samarTlis fakultetis, filosofiis
mimarTulebis asistent-profesori. istoriis akademiuri
doqtori. kiTxulobs leqciebs filosofiur disciplinebSi:
logika, istoriis filosofia, Sesavali filosofiur
azrovnebaSi, mecnierebis filosofia. aqvs gamoqveynebuli
erTi monografia da samecniero publikaciebi (bolo 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 22).

samyaros teqnicisturi percefcia

haidegeris azrovnebaSi
samyaros teqnicisturi percefcia umniSvnelova-
nesi aspeqtia haidegeris SemoqmedebiT azrovnebaSi.
garesamyaro sul ufro metad „kompiutizirebuli“
xdeba. civilizacia globaluri xasiaTis teqnicisturi
totalitarizmis realuri safrTxis winaSe dgeba. te-
qnologiuri procesebis marTva mxolod manqanebiTaa
SesaZlebeli, romelic Tavis mxriv aseve manqanebiT
imarTeba. am asepeqtiT ganxiluli es problema qmnis
imis safrTxes, rom adamiani TviTmmarTvel manqanad ga-
daiqca da dakarga Tavisi adgili samyaroSi. is zedmeti
aRmoCnda, rogorc pirovneba da CaerTo saerTo te-
qnologiur procesSi, rogorc manqanis nawili anu sa-
Sualeba. pirovnulobis dakargvis es safrTxe yvelaze
ufro Zlierad haidegerma daayena.man miuTiTa teqni-
kis damRupvel rolze da am viTarebis sabedisweroobis
CvenebiT gamosavlis Ziebisaken warmarTa kvleva.
humanitarulma cnobierebam unda gadaarCinos ada-
miani saSualebad yofnas da gaxados igi kulturisa da
civilizaciis miznad. amave dros, pirovnebis struq-
turaSi sul mcire adgili rCeba humanitaruli cno-
bierebisTvis, romelic Tavis mxriv, teqnicisturi

219
azrovnebis erTaderT sawinaaRmdego movlenad unda
ganixilebodes. yovelive es mraval sagulisxmo, mniS-
vnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris, romelTagan, cxadia, cen-
traluria Tavad pirovnebis realuri pasuxismgeblo-
ba garesamyarosa Tu sakuTari Tavis mimarT. riskisa
da sifrTxilis urTierTmimarTeba sul ufro moZa-
lebul teqnicistur miTosur azrovnebaSi amgvari pa-
suxismgeblobis Semadgeneli elementia. aq, SemTxveviT
ar aris miTosis cneba naxsenebi, radgan gasuli sauku-
nis calmxrivi orientacia teqnikaze epoqis ZiriTadi
warmmarTveli miTosia, e.i. adamianis bunebasTan, sa-
myarosTan, sazogadoebasTan mimarTebis wesia.
teqnicisturi miTosi warmoadgens saerTos miTo-
sis, rogorc cnobierebis aucilebeli da moucilebeli
struqturuli nawilis gamovlenas. misi Secvla cno-
bierebis humanitaruli orientaciiT kacobriobis ga-
darCenis erTaderT realur gzad gvesaxeba.
rogorc cnobilia, adamianis yovel moqmedebas win
uZRvis gadawyvetilebis mireba. am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs
mniSvneloba igi e.w. instiqturia Tu mofiqrebuli, sa-
kuTari gadawyvetilebaa Tu sxvisi gadawyvetilebis ga-
ziarebaa. gadawyvetileba sityvebSi formirdeba imisda
miuxedavad, iqneba is naTqvami, gaazrebuli Tu mxolod
nagrZnobi sityva. asea dResac da ase iyo miTosur cno-
bierebaSic.
nebismieri sityva, rogorc gadawyvetilebisken sv-
lis anda TviT gadawyvetilebis gamoxatva, Seicavs si-
frTxiles. sifrTxile adamianis imdenad Tandayolili
Tvisebaa, rom igi ara marto „adamianuri“ movlenaa, si-
frTxile cxoveluris niSanicaa. marTlac, ras SeiZleba
ewodos sifrTxile? aris is raRac instinqturi Tu mx-
olod racios sferoa? sanam uSualod dasmul SekiTx-
vaze gavcemT pasuxs, saWiroa msjelobaSi iseTi cnebis
Semotana, rogoricaa riski. isini (riski da sifrTxile)

220
gadawyvetilebis, arCevanis struqturas qmnian. riski
da sifrTxile ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneT-
Tan, oRond ise, rom jer sifrTxilea da Semdeg ki riski.
calke riskis warmodgena ar iqneboda swori maSinac ki,
roca risks windauxedavad an moufiqreblad Tvlian.
amgvari kvalifikacia mxolod saTanado siRrmisa da
gaazrebis nakls gulisxmobs da ara srul araarsebo-
bas. adamiani, Tu „mkacrad“ vimsjelebT, „racionaluri
arsebaa“ maSinac ki, roca iracionalurad iqceva, anda
ganzrax zurgs aqcevs racios, amgvari qcevac misi gon-
ebis gadawyvetilebaa da riskia. riski mxolod sifrTx-
ilesTan kavSirSi iZens mniSvnelobas. magram raRaa
maSin sifrTxile? - sifrTxile igive bedisweraa, gageb-
uli, rogorc adamianis arsebobis SesaZleblobaTa saz-
Rvrebi, romelSic unda moxdes amorCeva da riski. e.i.
adamianis bedis gaSinaganeba, radgan, ragind transce-
denturi ar unda iyos bediswera, mTeli misi ucvlelo-
bis miuxedavad, igi mainc mxolod im saxes iRebs, rasac
adamians adamiani aniWebs mas samyaroSi Tavisi adgilis,
daniSnulebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis dros. si-
frTxilem adamians unda gagebinos, „Seatyobinos“ saku-
Tari arsebobis winaSe pasuxismgebloba. magram, meore
mxriv, riskic xom bedisweraa. amdenad, SesaZlebelia
imis Tqma, rom bediswera sifrTxilisa da riskis erTma-
neTTan TamaSiseburi urTierTmimarTebis gamoxatule-
baa. riski, rogori xasiaTisac ar unda iyos, ukiduresi
negaciaa, gadavardnaa pirobiT ufskrulSi. riski si-
frTxiles „usxlteba“ da amiT, bedisweris sferoSi, sa-
kuTari pirvelobis dadgenas cdilobs. riski gawirvaa
da TiTqos individis gardauvali daRupviskenaa mimar-
Tuli. magram riskic xom amarTlebs; maSin es sifrTxi-
lis gamarjvebacaa. sifrTxile gvafrTxilebs maSinac
ki roca vriskavT.
azri gvafrTxilebs. grZnoba, an rogorc ityvian

221
„guli“, gvariskinebs. „grZnobadi azri“ riskisa da si-
frTxilis TamaSi-bedisweraa. am gagebiT sityva See-
sabameba sifrTxiles, xolo riski - grZnobas. miTosSi
orive es momenti( grZnoba da azri) erT mTlianobaSia
SeduRabebuli. swored amitom ganvixilavT aq grZnobad
azrs, rogorc erT mTlianobas. Sesabamisad, miTosSi
sifrTxile da riski aseve gadajaWvulia. aqedan gamom-
dinare, bediswera miTosSi sifrTxilisa da riskis erT-
maneTTan TamaSisebur urTierTmimarTebas ki ar gamox-
atavs, aramed raRac erTians, gaqvavebuls, mTlianad
daunawevrebels. sifrTxilesa da risks Soris Tama-
Siseburi urTierTmimarTeba ukve diferencirebuli
cnobierebis Camoyalibebis Sedegad Cndeba. amgvari
diferencirebuli azrovnebis Sedegad, Tu sifrTxile
unda ganixilebodes, rogorc pasuxismgebloba, riski
upasuxismgeblobas gautoldeba. amasTan erTad, cxa-
dia, amgvari pasuxismgebloba ganixileba ara mxolod
rogorc moraluri, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, ro-
gorc mimarTuli saboloo angariSiT, adamianuri saz-
risisaken.
ama Tu im sakiTxis dasma arsebul msjelobasTan ka-
vSirSi, rogorc cnobilia, SekiTxvis formas iRebs.
amdenad, zemoaRniSnuli msjelobis safuZvelze bune-
brivia daisvas kiTxva - rogoria bediswera? bediswera
neitraluria. Sesabamisad riskisa da sifrTxilis Tama-
Sic neitraluria. es imas niSnavs, rom arsebiTad yovel-
gvari iseTi saxis „erTmniSvnelovneba“, rogoricaa
bediswera, neitraluria im saxiT, rom arCevanis SesaZle-
blobas mudam tovebs da sxvadasxva formiT, saboloo
angariSSi, gamodis, rogorc pirovnebis moqmedebis
bunebrivi Sedegis damTxveva winaswargansazRvrulTan.
es im dros, rodesac yvela nabiji misken arCevanTa rigs
warmoadgens. ase rom bediswera neitraluria. miTosi,
rogorc Taviseburi refleqsia epoqis msoflSegrZne-

222
bebze, cxadia,garkveulad amartivebs realur viTa-
rebas da arCevanTan srul upiratesobas bedisweras,
mis erTmniSvnelovan gardauvalobas aniWebs. amitom
refleqsurad miTosSi ar aris TamaSi sifrTxilesa da
risks Soris. amitom miTosSi arc erTi maTgani ar mogve-
poveba. magram maSin cxadia, daismis kiTxva: raRas gu-
lisxmobs TamaSi an raSi xorcieldeba igi? zemoTqmu-
lis konteqstidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TamaSi wmindad individualuri fenomenia da individu-
alizmis, misi specifikis maqsimalur gamoxatulebas
utoldeba. es ukanaskneli religiur-esTetikuri xa-
siaTisaa, e.i. samyaros sxvagvar xedvas, sxvagvar mso-
flmxedvelobriv tips ganekuTvneba.
ras gulisxmobs sifrTxile da riski religiaSi?- aq,
albaT, upirveles yovlisa, unda amivdiodeT rwmeni-
dan. riski, romelic absoluturi rwmenis pirobebSi,
nebismier situaciaSi garantirebulia, ganxorcieleba-
dia - religiur fatalizms udris. magram maSin aRar
iarsebebs pasuxismgebloba, e.i. saerTod religiurobis
uarsebiTesi Tviseba. pasuxismgebloba, Tavis mxriv, si-
frTxiles gulisxmobs. sifrTxile individs ara marto
sakutari Tavis mimarT aniWebs pasuxismgeblobas, ar-
amed is erTgvari garantiacaa riskis. Tu arsebobs abso-
luturi rwmena (morwmunis), es imasac niSnavs, rom morw-
munes pasuxismgebloba gaaCnia Tavad am rwmenis mimarT.
am gagebiT riski sifrTxilis „sinonimia“. sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, riski am SemTxvevaSi, individis garedan Se-
fasebis Sedegad miRebuli STabeWdilebaa, maSin roca
Tavad individisaTvis riski sifrTxiles utoldeba.
amgvari saxis urTierTmonacvleoba sifrTxilesa da
risks Soris, agreTve TamaSis erT-erT momentad unda
CaiTvalos.. es rom TamaSi ar yofiliyo, maSin riski
riskad darCeboda, rogorc garedan SemfaseblisaTvis,
ise Tavad individisTvisac. amasTanave, rogorc zemoT

223
aRiniSna, nebismieri TamaSi mxolod neitralizmis pi-
robebSia SesaZlebeli. neitralizmi, rogorc xedvis
meTodi, warmoadgens warmosaxvis Zalis safuZvelze
Cveni cnobierebis cdas wonasworobaSi moiyvanos ada-
mianis unarebi da moqmedebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi.
bavSvisTvis es TamaSia, xolo cnobierebis sxva formeb-
Si igi samyaros warmosaxviT mowesrigebas gulisxmobs.
es imitom xdeba, rom sxvagvarad mTlianoba arc mxolod
codnis da arc mxolod rwmenis safuZvelze ar Seikvre-
ba. es warmosaxva SeiZleba iyos koleqtiuri (cnobieri
an aracnobieri), romelic gamoricxavs pirovnulobas
anu imonebs mis cnobierebas, da individualuric, ro-
melic Tavisufali pirovnebisaTvis qmnis samyaros da
cnobierebis humanitarul orientacias warmoadgens.
es ukanaskneli kulturis maRali mizania da igi miToss
mxolod daqvemdebarebul elementad Seicavs.
pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobis, riskisa da sifrTxi-
lis cnebaTa aRniSnuli analizis Sedegad, SewsaZle-
bloba gveZleva teqnikis, rogorc urTulesi fenomenis
adekvaturi gagebis dafuZneba, es ki erT-erT umniS-
vnelovanes amocanad unda CaiTvalos Tanamedrove epo-
qaSi.
Tu amovalT im debulebidan, rom iaraRi, rogorc
teqnikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gamomxatveli (miTosur-
Sic ki) saSualebaa, maSin is neitralur fenomenad unda
iqnes aRqmuli. magram Tu iaraRi, teqnika gadaiqceva
miznad, maSin saxeze gveqneba neitralizmis atribu-
tizacia, rac socialurad Zalmomreobis tolfas
movlenad warmogvidgeba. adamiani ejaWveba teqnikis
miToss da is veRar asrulebs im misias, rac diferenci-
rebuli azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sifrTxile
da riski urTierTgadajaWvulia. Tu am debulebidan
amovalT da warmovidgenT iseT situacias, rodesac
kacobrioba mTlianad moeqceva teqnikis da am azriT

224
„iaraRis“ miTosis qveS, maSin saqme sifrTxilisa da
riskis identifikaciasTan gveqneba, e.i. arCevanis mini-
mumamde dayvanasTan da e.w. teqnikur progresisadmi
damorCilebasTan.
humanitaruli cnobierebis upirvelesi amocana
isaa, rom daadginos iaraRi, teqnika mxolod, rogorc
saSualeba, xolo zneobrivi cnobiereba da sayovelTao
Semwynarebloba, rogorc umaRlesi da yovlis ganmsaz-
Rvreli mizani.

literatura:

1. martin haidegeri, yofiereba da dro, mTargmneli

g.TevzaZe. 2019 w.
2. revaz gordeziani, adamianis problema martin
haidegeris fundamentur ontologiaSi, 2012 w
.
Natalia Bitsadze - I. Gogebashvili Telavi State University, Faculty of Social
Sciences, Business and Law, Assistant Professor of Philosophy. Academic
Doctor of History. Lectures in philosophical disciplines: Logic, Philosophy
of History, Introduction to Philosophical Thinking, Philosophy of Science.
Has published one monograph and scientific publications (22 (twenty two)
in the last 5 years).

THE TECHNISTIC PERCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE IN

HEIDEGGER’S THINKING
ABSTRACT
The technistic perception of the world is an essential aspect of
Heidegger’s creative thinking. The outside world is becoming more
and more “computerized”. Civilization is facing a real threat of tech-
nocratic totalitarianism of a global nature. Technological processes

225
can be managed only by machines, which in turn are also controlled
by machines. This problem, discussed in this aspect, creates the dan-
ger that man has become a self-governing machine and has lost his
place in the world. He turned out to be superfluous as a person and
got involved in the overall technological process as a part or means
of a car. This threat of loss of personality was most strongly posed by
Heidegger.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis isto­
riis ganyofilebam.

226
oTar WuluxaZe - ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis doqtoranti. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
konservatoriaSi kiTxulobs saleqcio kursebs - „zogadi
da musikaluri esTetika“ da „Sesavali filosofiaSi“. is
aris gamomcemloba Carpe Diem-is xelmZRvanelis moadgile,
romelic qarTulad gamoscems kacobriobis filosofiur
memkvidreobas. naTargmni aqvs ramdenime filosofiuri
Txzuleba qarTulad: „Sopenhaueri rogorc aRmzrdeli“;
„sicocxlisaTvis istoriis sargeblisa da zianis Sesaxeb“
(fridrix nicSe); „erTganzomilebiani adamiani“ (herbert
markuze); „aRmosavluri sibrZne da Tanamedrove cxovreba“
(alan uotsi).

nicSe - xelovneba, WeSmariteba, afirmacia

tragediis dabadeba
„tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan“ nicSes
pirveli mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia, romlis bevr mo-
tivs nicSe mTlianad Semoqmedebis ganmavlobaSi in-
arCunebs. Tumca, misi midgomebisa da xedvebis nawili
wlebis ganmavlobaSi daixvewa an srulad Seicvala.
magaliTad, „tragediis dabadebis“ meore gamocemis5
winasityvaobaSi, 1886 wels, nicSe saubrobs, rom ganudga
vagnersa da Sopenhauers, da TviTkritikulad dasZens,
rom maTi gavlenebi jer kidev igrZnoboda wignis
pirvel gamocemaSi; nicSe agreTve ganudgeba yovelive
metafizikurs, rac gamokveTilia nawarmoebis pirvel
gamocemaSi. Tumca, nicSes SemoqmedebaSi narCundeba
„tragediis dabadebaSi“ mocemuli ramdenime mniS-
vnelovani idea - azri sicocxlis mtkicebis Sesaxeb,
ZvelberZnuli RmerTis dionises gandideba da
ararasken swrafvis uaryofiT konteqstSi gaazreba da
5. nicSe meore gamocemas TviTkritikul pasaJs daurTavs da
nawarmoebs ucvlis qvesaTaurs - „tragediis dabadeba: elinoba da
pesimizmi“.

227
sxva.
nicSe ar eTanxmeboda tipur ganmanaTleblur mo-
sazrebas ZvelberZnul kulturaze, romlis mixedviT-
ac, Zveli saberZneTi iyo „wynari keTildReobis“, ubra-
loebisa da eleganturobis kultura. nicSes mixedviT
(7: 7), berZnuli suli eltvoda pesimizms. nicSe aTenur
tragediaSi aRmoaCens mxatvrul formas, romelic
efuZneba samyaros usazrisobisa da masTan brZolis
ideas. antikur tragedias nicSe „dionisuri“ da „apo-
lonuri“ sawyisebis erTianobad miiCnevs (7: 68).
tragikuli xelovnebis ganviTarebamde, Zvelma sa-
berZneTma gaiara statikuri, idealizebuli plasti-
kuri xelovnebis epoqa, rodesac xelovnebis wamyvani
dargi iyo skulptura. skulptura warmoadgenda sa-
myaros wmindad apolonur xedvas. xolo dionisuri el-
ementebi gxvdeboda saxalxo dResaswaulis RreobaSi da
umTavresad, musikaSi. am ori sawyisis, dionisurisa da
apolonuris, erT formaSi Serwymam migviyvana tragedi-
is dabadebamde. nicSes azriT (7: ix), arc erT sawyiss ar
ZaluZs srulad daCagros meore da amitomac, maT uwevT
wonasworobaSi yofna.
dionisuri gauformebeli, araindividualizebuli
stiqiaa, xolo „apolonuri“ erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad
gamijnul formebs warmogvidgens. dionisuri sawy-
isis funqcionirebis mTavari wesi aris Troba (Rausch).
Trobas nicSes sxva naSromebsa Tu CanawerebSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. Troba subieqtur ZalTa matebaa,
Semoqmedebis winapirobaa, rasac nicSe akavSirebs - se-
qsualur instinqtTan (3: 536) da Zalauflebis momate-
bul gancdasTan (3: 545).
amgvar Trobas, erTi mxriv, gavyavarT individual-
uri arsebobis sazRvrebidan; igi aris transcendirebis
winapiroba, Tumc, misi buneba ormagia - igi amavdrou-
lad sazarelicaa (7: 25). berZnebis damsaxureba isaa,

228
rom dionises bunebis saSinelebis „polusis“ Semec-
nebis Semdeg, apolonuri sawyisis meoxebiT, dionisuri
sawyisi gardasaxes simbolur da SemoqmedebiT gamomx-
atvelobad. swored es ganasxvavebda berZnul civili-
zacias sxva civilizaciaTa barbarosobisgan. „buneba
pirvelad maTTan aRwevs Tavis mxatvrul aRtacebas,
pirvelad maTTan iqceva individuaciis principis ga-
nadgureba mxatvrul fenomenad“ (7: 25). dionisur sawy-
isSi xdeba erTgvari ganzaveba Semoqmedisa. dionisurSi
irRveva individualobis principi. TiTqos aq buneba
xarobs, - aq, am erTianobaSi, sapirwoned individual-
uri dayofisa (7: 30). „dionisuri“ vlindeba, viT mudmivi
bedniereba arsebobisa; magram am bednierebas Cven unda
veZebdeT ara movlenebSi, aramed movlenaTa miRma, ker-
Zod, imis gaxsenebaSi, rom is, rac ibadeba, tanjvisa da
sikvdilisaTvisaa ganwiruli. „dionisurma adamianma“
uwyis qmedebis uazroba - man icis, rom misi qmedebebiT
veraferi Seicvleba „saganTa maradiul bunebaSi“. Tum-
ca, nicSesTvis (7: 112) es antikuri kulturi upirateso-
baa - swored tragediis daxmarebiT SeZles berZnebma,
miegnoT balansisTvis realursa da religiur cxovre-
bas Soris.
Tu dionisuri sawyisis mTavari modusi Trobaa,
apolonuris modusi sizmaria. nicSes mixedviT (7:
25), sxva Zveli xalxebisgan gansxvavebiT, berZnebs
apoloni icavda vakxanaliisagan. apoloni artistizmis,
harmoniis, mSvenierebis, sizmris, iluziebis simboloa.
apolonuri iluziurobis simboloa, radgan is aris
individualuri, fenomenuri, gamovlenili samyaros
momwesrigebeli principi; Sesabamisad, is ganuyofelia
iluziurobisgan. nicSes mier sakiTxis amgvari
ganazreba, jer kidev eyrdnoboda Sopenhaueriseul
da kantiseul dualizms - kerZod, nicSe „tragediis
dabadebaSi“ mijnavs individualur, fenomenur

229
samyarosa da miRmurs, zeindividualursa da
daunawevrebels, radac is dionisurs miiCnevs. Tumca,
nicSes gviandeli TviTkritikis erT-erTi mizezi
„tragediis dabadebis“ pirvel gamocemaSi sakiTxis
dualisturi prizmiT ganWvretacaa.
apolonur iluzias, sizmars aqvs funqcia, rom
yoveldRiurobis fenomenur xasiaTs gaesvas xazi.
sizmarSi Cven vamartivebT samyaros mTlian suraTs,
vawarmoebT sasurvel saxe-xatebsa da ukuvagdebT
arasasurvel detalebs, romlebic umniSvneloa
sizmris „narativisTvis“. antikuri berZnebisTvis
amgvari apolonuri „narativis“ erT-erTi mTavari
nayofi, nicSes mixedviT (7: 27), olimpoeli RmerTebi
iyvnen. „titanebis Tavdapirveli saSineli RvTaebrivi
wesrigidan, mSvenierebisken apolonuri swrafviT, neli
gadasvlebiT, Camoyalibda olimpoelTa RvTaebrivi
wesrigi“ (7: 28). Zveli berZeni grZnobda arsebobis
saSinelebebs da amitomac, mas olimpoeli RmerTebi
dasWirda (7: 28).
nicSe gvafrTxilebs (7: 27), rom olimpos RmerTebs
ar unda SevxedoT „sxva religiis“ prizmiT: maTSi
ver aRmovaCenT moralur amaRlebulobas, verc
usxeulo sulierebasa Tu gulmowyalebas, - aq
araferi mogvagonebs askezas andac movaleobis mkacr
SegrZnebas; olimpoeli RmerTebi adamianis impulsTa
mravalferovnebis proeqcias warmoadgendnen. antikur
berZnebTan yvelaferi didebul arsebobaze metyvelebs,
romelSic yovelive RvTaebrivad iqceva, ganurCevlad
imisa, „sikeTea“ es Tu „boroteba“. olimpoeli
RmerTebi adamianuri cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen - amiT
antikuri xanis berZeni sakuTar arsebobas amarTlebda.
miuxedavad apolonuri xedvis (olimpoelebis)
iluziuri bunebisa, is erTgvar „marTal iluzias“
warmoadgenda, radgan olimpoeli RmerTebi ar iyvnen

230
„idealurni“. berZnebma, romlebsac siRrmiseuli Sexeba
hqondaT dionisur sawyisTan, icodnen, rom apolonuri
sawyisi arsebobis srul suraTs ar warmoaCenda;
ubralod, isini siRrmiseuli instinqtiT xvdebodnen
ori sawyisis - apolonuris da dionisuris - sinTezirebis
aucileblobas.
apolonuri da dionisuri sawyisebi xangrZlivi
brZolis Semdeg gaerTiandnen: apolonuri eTika
iqca erTgvar eTikad arsebobis saSinelebaTagan
dasacavad; xolo dionisuri Tavad sicocxlis Zalas
ganasaxierebda. dionisuri igrZnoba simRerebsa da
gundis musikaSi, xolo apoloniseuli - msaxiobTa
dialogebSi. apolonur sawyiss elinur tragediaSi
Seaqvs konkretuli simbolizmi, romelic dionisuri
stiqiis TavaSvebulobas abalansebs. apolonuri suli
formas aZlevs mouTokav dionisur grZnobas. nicSe am
ori sawyisis fonze iazrebs da aanalizebs sakuTriv
tragediis struqturasa da mis kulturul-istoriul
dinamikas.
nicSe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda musikas
da miiCnevda, rom tragediis warmoSobis fesvebi
musikaSi unda veZeboT. nicSe amas amowmebs imiTac, rom
tragediaSi samusiko Semadgenlis klebasTan erTad,
tragedia gadagvardeba da iqceva evripideseul dramad.
tragediaSi gundis rolis Semcirebac misi daRmasvlis
erT-erTi maniSnebelia. TandaTan gundi kargavs rols,
xolo evripidesTan da sxva dramaturgebTan misi qroba
Seuqcevad saxes iRebs. nicSes mixedviT, sokratemde
da evripidemde apolonuri da dionisuri sawyisebi
gadajaWvuli iyvnen erTmaneTTan (7: 68). esqilesa
da sofokles Semdeg iwyeba tragediis daRmasvla,
rac, nicSes mixedviT (7: 61-62; 62-63), evripideSi
gansxeulda. evripidem gundis rolis SemcirebiT
adamianuri drama ufro naturalisturad warmoadgina

231
da is yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realiebs daukavSira.
evripidesTan, mayurebeli Tavad swavlobs saubars -
swored amiT cdilobs evripide esqilesTan metoqeobas.
evripidesgan xalxi swavlobda sofistur xrikebs -
dakvirvebas, gansjas da daskvnebis gamotanas.
evripides misia iyo dionisuri sawyisis
apolonurisgan gamoyofa da xelaxali ageba tragediisa,
amjerad savsebiT aradionisur sawyisze. evripideTi
saubrobda ukve ara dionisuri da arc apolonuri,
aramed raRac sxva - sokrate.
nicSe gansakuTrebuli SemarTebiT esxmis Tavs
sokrates. apolonurisa da dionisuri sawyisebis gver-
diT, is gamoyofs samyarosTan sokrateseul midgomas.
amgvari mimarTeba winapirobaa „Teoriuli adamianis“
Camoyalibebisa. Teoriuli adamianis niSnebia - raciona-
lizmi da optimizmi. sokrate nicSesTvis aris antikuri
kulturis daRmasvlis maCvenebeli. sokratesadmi nic-
Ses kritikuli midgomis kvintesencia Semdegi sityve-
bia: „sokratesTan instinqti xdeba kritikosi, xolo
gansja Semoqmedi“ (7: 75).
sokratuli „Teoriuli optimizmi“ niSneuli xdeba
berZenTaTvis maSin, roca maTi kultura kvdomas iwyebs.
iwyeba samyaros mecnierul-logikurad ganmarteba.
sokrate nicSesTvis ganasaxierebs uryev rwmenas imisa,
rom azrovneba SeiZleba Sevides uRrmes ufskrulebSi
yofierebisa da ara mxolod Seimecnos, aramed gamoas-
woros kidec igi. amitomac, nicSem sokrate ganWvrita
im yovlis momabrunebel wertilad, romliTac iwyeba
gnoseologiuri (SemecnebiTi) optimizmi, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, racionaluri Semecnebisken swrafva aqcia ada-
mianuri midrekilebisa da saqmianobaTa dominant mo-
dusad.
nicSes TqmiT (7: 79), optimisturi dialeqtika, Tavi-
si silogizmebiT, tragedias swrafad aqrobs, e.i. moar-

232
Rvevs tragediis arss - musikasa da dionisur Trobas.
nicSesTvis, tragedias upirispirdeba optimizmi - xe-
dva da warmodgena imisa, rom yofierebis gamosworeba
SesaZlebelia gonebis meSveobiT. amgvari xedvis pirm-
Soa „Teoriuli adamiani“. TandaTan iqmneba mecniereba;
Tumca, mecnierebas sWirdeba erTgvari „gare narativi“,
rasac sokrate uzrunvelyofs. „sokratuli adamian-
isTvis“ dadebiTi movlenaa iluziisagan gamocalkev-
eba, racionalizacia.
nicSe tragikuli xelovnebis struqturaSi xedavs
ZvelberZnuli sulis istoriul dinamikas: Tavdapir-
velad, tragedia Sedgeboda mxolod satirebisgan, rac
qmnida civilizaciis iluziurobis efeqts. simRerebis
gamo, mayureblebi mxnevdebodnen bunebis sulebiT
- satirebiT. xolo dionises xat-saxe, romelic war-
mogvidgeboda gundis win, scenaze „apoloniseulad“
iyo gaformebuli da individualizebuli. msaxiobebi
da siuJeti miiCneoda gaformebuli xatis ganviTa-
rebad, romlis Sinagani arsic mdgomareobda RmerTis
danawevrebaSi da bakxur ritualebSi, daunawevrebel
eqstazsa da dardSi adamianur arsebobaze. „amasTanave,
Cemi azriT, berZen kulturul adamians Tavi unda egrZ-
no ganadgurebulad satirebis gundis winaSe: uaxloesi
moqmedeba dionisuri tragediisa mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba, yvela ufskruli ada-
miansa da adamians Soris qreba erTianobis gancdisas,
romelic bunebis wiaRSi gvabrunebs“ (7: 45) - ambobs nic-
Se.
siRrmiseulad moazrovne elinelisTvis gundi da-
mamSvidebeli iyo. elinelis maxvilma mzeram SeaRwia
qmnadobis erT-erTi modusis - ganadgurebis sazrisSi,
rac fonad gasdevda da gasdevs msoflio istorias da
rac nakarnaxevia bunebis sisastikiT.
sicocxlis mtkicebis (afirmaciis) meqanizmebi

233
 arsebobis am sisastikeTa fonze, rogor unda Se-
Zlos adamianma afirmacia, mtkiceba sicocxlisa? ro-
gor unda uTxras man sicocxles „ho“ – is „ho“, romelic
nicSes filosofiis laitmotivia? ra aris sicocxlis
gaZlebis aucilebeli meqanizmebi? amasTan dakavSire-
biT, rogor icvleba nicSes mosazrebebi misi filoso-
fiuri ganviTarebis Sua da gviandel periodebSi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ram-
denadac swored gaZlebis meqanizmebsa da „mware“ WeS-
maritebis gaazrebis siRrmezea damokidebuli, esa Tu
is msoflxedva afirmaciulia (mtkicebiTia), Tu ara.
samyaroseul saSinelebaTa gasaZlebad adamians sWird-
eba erTgvari safarveli, vuali, romelmac cnobierebas
unda daumalos garkveuli tipis egzistencialuri in-
formacia.
tragedia nicSesTvis warmoadgens samyaros siRrm-
iseul da pesimistur xedvas. „tragediis dabadebaSi“ nic-
Se, Sopenhaueris gavleniT, individuacias,borotebis
umTavres mizezad warmoadgens, Tumca aqve gvTavazobs
individuaciis gadalaxvis gzebs - „xelovneba, viT mx-
iaruli imedi, rom individuaciis navsi SeiZleba gaty-
des, viT winaTgrZnoba aRdgenili erTianobisa“ (7: 60).
Sesabamisad, rTulia daeTanxmo julian iangs, romlis
mixedviTac (13: 27), „tragediis dabadebaSi“ nicSe So-
penhaueriseul pesimizms ver gadalaxavs. sinamdvile-
Si, nicSe samyaroseuli dapirispirebis, dialeqtikis
orsaxa bunebas aRmoaCens - dapirispirebaSi (anu ar-
sebobaSi) aris tkivilic da gamarjvebis SesaZleblo-
bac. Sesabamisad, nicSes gamosavali „pesimisturia“
mxolod nawilobriv - im azriT, rom nicSe „tragediis
dabadebis“ pirvel gamocemaSi inarCunebs miRmur sa-
myaros, romelsac, aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, Semdgom
naSromebSi ganudgeba.

234
 iangis kidev erTi „sayveduri“ nicSesadmi imaSi md-
gomareobs (13: 48), rom Trobis saWiroeba, razec nic-
Se saubrobs, ukve iwvevs garkveul pesimistur aso-
ciaciebs adamianur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT. aq
iangi pesimizmsa da optimizms ise iazrebs, TiTqos
adamians SeeZlos gaauqmos tanjvis winaswargansaz-
Rvruloba. „pesimizmi“ an „optimizmi“ gamosavalTa Ze-
bnaa, pasuxia adamianuri tanjvis gardauvalobaze, misi
Semsubuqebis Ziebis gzebia da tanjvis sakuTar ZalTa
matebad gardasaxvis praqtikaa. „tragediis dabadebis“
erTgvari „metafizikuri Semadgeneli“, romelsac nic-
Se „TviTkritikul pasaJSi“ mogvianebiT ganudgeba,
SesaZloa, marTlac sZendes nicSes ganazrebebs erT-
gvar „pesimistur“ elfers, Tumca, nicSes pesimistad
Sefaseba gaumarTlebelia imitomac, rom, aseTi Sefase-
biT, „tragediis dabadeba“ ganxilulia izolirebulad
da araa danaxuli mTlianad nicSes filosofiis din-
amikaSi. qveviT vaCvenebT, rom iangis kidev erTi mosaz-
reba, TiTqos „tragediis dabadeba“ ar iyos kavSirSi
nicSes pozitivistur periodTan (13: 28), gaumarTlebe-
lia, miuxedavad xelovnebisadmi midgomis cvlilebisa,
romelsac nicSes „pozitivistur“ periodSi da metadre
am etapis mTavar nawarmoebSi - „adamianuri erTob ada-
mianuri“ vxvdebiT.
ver daveTanxmebiT verc iangis im pozicias, romlis
mixedviTac (13: 49), „tragediis dabadeba“ sicocxlis
uarmyofelia, radgan mas aqvs religiuri xasiaTi da
mogvagonebs adamianisaTvis saeklesio nugeSiscemis
Ziebas. es asociacia metad zedapirulia, radgan relig-
iur (qristianul) da dionisur transcendirebas Soris
tolobis niSnis dasma garkveul uxerxulobebs qmnis.
dionisur transcendirebas nicSe sicocxlis mamt-
kicebel Zalas aniWebs, xolo qristianuls - negaci-
urs. iangis es pozicia metadre gasakviria, radgan igi

235
Tavadve aRniSnavs (13: 50), rom nicSes „religia“ ufro
mamtkicebeli xasiaTisaa da moicavs „sicocxlisTvis
‘ho’-s Tqmis“ praqtikebs.
tragediis Sesaxeb nicSes msjelobis SefasebaSi, ver
daveTanxmebiT nicSes kidev erT mkvlevars, sebastian
gardners, vinc esTetikuri Sefasebebis Camoyalibebis
nicSeseul midgomas meTodologiurad gaumarTle-
blad miiCnevs, radgan nicSem esTetikuri Teoria m x o
l o d ZvelberZnul tragedias daayrdnoo (2: 609). up-
irveles yovlisa, gardners unda scodnoda, rom nic-
Ses preferencia tragediisadmi gamowveulia nicSes
filosofiuri plastebis ukufeniT - nicSe xelovnebis
klasifikacias axdens afirmacia/negaciis gamyof xaze-
bze. aRsaniSnavia, rom nicSe Tavad antikuri tragediis
istoriaSic gamohyofs daRmasvlis periods, radac,
rogorc vTqviT, evripides „racionalizebul“, masaze
gaTvlil Semoqmedebas miiCnevs da mas „sokratuli su-
lis matareblad“ dasaxavs (7: 64, 72, 73). gasaxsenebelia
agreTve, rom nicSe gvTavazobs ganazrebebs roman-
tizmisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebisa Tu mimdinareo-
bebis Sesaxeb. nicSesTvis xelovnebis „dargobrivi ana-
lizi“ ki araa mniSvnelovani, aramed xelovnebis rolis
gaazreba sicocxlis hoyofa/uaryofis saqmeSi - swored
esaa wamyvani xazi, romelsac mihyveba misi ganazrebani
xelovnebaze.
nicSesTvis racionaloba, propoziciuli WeSmarite-
ba da Tundac msjelobis „logikurad gamarTuloba“
araa mTavari da ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi. amgvar
sazomad misTvis sicocxlisTvis sargeblianoba gvev-
lineba. amitomacaa, rom iluzias SeiZleba ufro didi
sasicocxlo datvirTva hqondes, vidre WeSmaritebas.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom tragikuli iluzia
ufro met WeSmaritebas gvivlens, vidre, vTqvaT, Teo-
riuli optimizmi, romelsac ver gauazrebia, rom WeS-

236
maritebisken swrafvis (e.i. misi funqcionirebis mTavari
RerZis) egzistencialuri ukufena aris moTxovnileba
arsebobis gamarTlebisa. aseTia „tragediis dabadebis“
paTosi, Tumca, rogorc vTqviT, nicSes ganazrebebi xe-
lovnebis Sesaxeb icvleba, ixveweba da Semoqmedebis gvi-
andel periodSi ufro maRal-organul mTlianobas aRw-
evs mis filosofiasTan. „tragediis dabadeba“, rogorc
vTqviT, erTgvari aTvlis wertilia xelovnebis Sesaxeb
nicSes ganazrebebSi orientaciisTvis. Tumc, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania nicSes Sexedulebebi pozitivisturi da
simwifis periodidan.
nicSes pozitivisturi etapis nawarmoebTagan, xe-
lovnebis mimarT kritikuli paTosiT gamoirCeva Tx-
zuleba „adamianuri erTob adamianuri“. „tragediis
dabadebisgan“ gansxvavebiT, aq nicSe fiqrobs, rom xe-
lovnebas gadavyavarT ara zemecnierul, aramed wina-
mecnierul samyaroSi (4: 154-155, 162). vxvdebiT ufro
mwvave pasaJebsac - „xelovanebi male CaiTvlebian dide-
bul gadmonaSTad“ (4: 206); „samecniero adamiani aris
artistuli adamianis Semdgomi ganviTareba“ (4: 205).
xelovnebisadmi kritikuli ganazrebebis miuxe-
davad, „adamianuri erTob adamianurSi“ mainc aRniS-
nulia xelovnebis mniSvnelovani roli (4: 156-157).
zogadad, pozitivistur periodSic nicSe xelovnebas
calsaxad „uaryofiTad“ ar miiCnevs. mTel rig pasa-
JebSi, xelovnebis mniSvnelobas xazi gaesmis. ubralod,
igi ganZarcvulia religiuri da miRmuri aspeqtisgan,
romelic mas „tragediis dabadebaSi“ eniWeboda. relig-
iur-metafizikuri garsis mocilebis miuxedavad, nicSe
xelovanebs pozitiur konteqstSi moixseniebs da anti-
kur ideals wamoswevs wina planze, epoqas,rodesac xe-
lovanebi miiCneodnen - „zrdasrulTa maswavleblebad“,
„cxovelTa gardamqmnelad“ da „adamianTa Semqmnelad“
(5: 90). iangis zemoxsenebuli SeniSvna (13: 28), rom nicSes

237
nawarmoebi araa kavSirSi mis pozitivistur periodTan,
imiTac baTildeba, rom aq CamoTvlili nicSeseuli pas-
aJebi aSkarad xazs usvamen xelovanis rols da inarCu-
neben xelovanis mniSvnelobas. Tumc, xelovnebis „mxar-
damWer“ ganazrebebs vxvdebiT xelovnebis damakninebel
mosazrebaTa nakadis paralelurad, xelovnebis ze-
samyarodan aqaur samyaroSi Camoyvanis fonze. xe-
lovnebis „miwazedabrunebis“ tendenciaze miuTiTebs
isic, rom xelovnebaze saubrisas, vawydebiT mecnierul
momentTa xazgasmas - gonebas, zomierebis, racios: „zo-
miereba, simetria“ (5: 67); „aracnobieri simkacre da di-
lis sigrile, vnebis Tavidan arideba“ (5: 68); „siciviTa
da sifxizliT“ (5: 73).
mogvianebiT, Semoqmedebis simwifis fazaSi, nicSe kv-
lav kritikulia samecniero gonebis mimarT - mis ganaz-
rebaTa paTosi imeorebs Semoqmedebis adreuli etapis
kritikul suliskveTebas mecnierebisadmi: „[mecniere-
bas] Tavdapirvelad esaWiroeba RirebulebiTi ideali,
Rirebulebis Semqmneli Zala, romlis samsaxurSic Seu-
Zlia mas sakuTari Tavis rwmena - Tavad mecniereba ve-
rasdros warmoqmnis Rirebulebebs. asketur idealTan
mimarTebiT igi sulac ar aris antagonisturi“ (6: 113).
ramdenime damatebiT Tematikas wamoswevs nicSe
nawarmoebiT - „mxiaruli mecniereba“. igi kvlav sau-
brobs xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebis mimarTebaze: „rom
ar mivsalmebodiT xelovnebebs da ar gamogvegonebina
araWeSmaritebis kulti, maSin gaazreba zogadi araWeS-
maritebisa da siyalbisa, rac axla mecnierebiT mogve-
wodeba ... savsebiT autaneli iqneboda“ (8: 163); „oh,
es berZnebi! maT icodnen, rogor ecxovraT: amisTvis
saWiroa - SeinarCuno gabeduleba da SeCerde zedapir-
Tan, nakecebTan, kanTan; Tayvans scemde xilulobas;
gwamdes formebis, tonebis, sityvebis da xilulobis
mTeli am olimposi. es berZnebi siRrmisgan iyvnen

238
zedapirulebi“. (8: 38); „rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni,
sicocxle aris kvlavac asatani CvenTvis“ (8: 163); am
pasaJebis gverdiT, erTi SexedviT ucnaurad mosCans
mowodebebi „patiosnebisa“ da „inteleqtualuri sindi-
sierebisken“ (8: 266, 263-264). marTlac: Tu varT patios-
nebi da inteleqtualurad sindisierni, ratom gvWird-
eba iluzia da „araWeSmaritebis“ dafaseba?
es SekiTxva gamokveTs nicSes filosofiis ori mniS-
vnelovani principis, Amorfati-sa da iluziis urT-
ierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. Tu bedi unda gviyvardes da
viRebdeT mas, maSin ra saWiroa iluziebi? saqme isaa,
rom bedisweris siyvaruli ar gulisxmobs misadmi srul
morCilebas da moqmedebisTvis saWiro iluziaze uaris
Tqmas. nicSes filosofiis mTlianobiTi azri isaa, rom
patiosnad gvesmodes mTavari WeSmariteba - rom arse-
biTad usazriso samyaro gvTavazobs „iluziebisTvis“
sivrces. mocemulobas, rom usazrisoba tovebs mis-
gan „Tvalis aridebis“ saSualebas (rasac nicSe „iluz-
iebs“ uwodebs) ontologiurad mniSvnelovani da winas-
wargansazRvrulia.
am „iluziebs“ kvlav mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT
nicSes Semoqmedebis gviandel stadiaze. magaliTad,
nawarmoebSi - „kerpebis mwuxri“ nicSe myarad afiq-
sirebs xelovanis upirates rols (9: 55-56, 56, 57). nic-
SesTvis mniSvnelovania, rom xelovnebas viazrebdeT
Semoqmedis prizmidan (6: 74). araa gasakviri, rom nicSe
ewinaaRmdegeba mayureblis, TanaSemoqmedis esTetikas.
nacvlad amisa, misTvis upirvelesia Semoqmedi, rogorc
Zalauflebis nebis agenti, romelic, ZalTa aRmasvlisa
da gadmodinebis Sedegad, gaaformebs formis armqones
da sabolood, avlens im gardamqmnel potencials,
romliTac is adamianze zemoqmedebs. nicSesTvis aseve
miuRebelia dauinteresebeli Semecnebis Sesaxeb mo-
sazrebebi - xelovneba principulad sasicocxlo fun-

239
qciis matarebelia. dauinteresebloba ki fuZndeba ma-
Sin, roca araferi gvanaRvlebs. nicSesTvis xelovneba
araa vnebaTa ubralo ganiaveba, aramed adamianuri md-
gomareobis gaumjobesebaa, gzaa afirmaciisken.
nicSesTvis mniSvnelovania arsebobis esTetikuri
gamarTleba: ocneba gvmkurnalobs, radgan cxovrebis
sastiki, mosawyeni da bneli mxareebi mSvenierebad mi-
iCneva. esTetizaciis meSveobiT sicocxle ganiZarcve-
ba moralisagan. nicSe moralSi amjeradac dekadensis
simptoms - dualistur, rezignaciur morals gulisx-
mobs; amitomac, misTvis mniSvnelovania xelovnebis
afirmaciul (sicocxlis mamtkicebel) da transvalu-
aciur (RirebulebaTa gadafasebis) sqemebSi CarTva (3:
543, 552-553).
xelovneba aris cxovrebiseuli satanjvelisTvis
sazrisis miniWeba; nicSec, msgavsad Sopenhauerisa, sau-
brobs tanjvis gardauvalobaze. Tumca, maswavleblis-
gan gansxvavebiT, Semtevi suliskveTebiT wina planze
wamoswevs im meqanizmebs, romlebic tanjvas sazriss an-
iWeben da axdenen sicocxlis „hoyofas“. aseT umTavres
meqanizmad gvevlineba cxovrebis esTetizacia, rom-
lis implicituri paTosic aris: „rac ar gklavs, gva-
Zlierebs“ (9: 6).
xelovnebis qmnileba saWiroa, raTa aTvisebul iqnas
is sfero, romelsac ver aiTvisebs sazrisis mimniWebe-
li vercerTi matrica - swored aq warmoSobs xelovneba
„iluziurs“. nicSes surs, rom Semoqmedi, erTi mxriv,
gulwrfeli iyos, magram, meore mxriv, xvdeba aucile-
blobas sicocxlis afirmaciisa, raoden saSinelic ar
unda iyos is. swored nicSes filosofiis zogadi paTo-
si da nicSes filosofiidan zemoTmoyvanili mravali
pasaJi gvafiqrebinebs, rom gaumarTlebelia iangis mier
nicSes Sopenhaueriseul pesimistad warmoCena da misi
filosofiis warumateblobaze saubari (13: 140, 148).

240
iangi, imasac ambobs (13: 147), rom nicSec Tavisi epoqis
Svili iyo. iangi amas imowmebs nicSes sityvebiT, sadac
igi sakuTar Tavs vagneris msgavs dekadentad racxavda.
aq vxvdebiT iangis mier, sakuTari hipoTezis gamyarebis
mizniT, seleqciur midgomas nicSes teqstebisadmi -
marTlac, nicSes araerTi ganazreba arsebobs, romelic
sapirispiros gvafiqrebinebs; metadre maSin, roca
nicSes SemoqmedebaSi xelovnebis Sesaxeb ganazrebaTa
Sinaarsi icvleba. am cvlilebis Sesaxeb kargad icis
julian iangmac, radgan misi wigni nicSes filosofiis
sxvadasxva etapebs iazrebs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, sa-
kuTari mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, iangs nicSes fi-
losofiidan erTi konkretuli pasaJi mohyavs izoli-
rebulad.
mniSvnelovania nicSes filosofiis dinamikis
mTlianobaSi danaxva da misi sasicocxlo SemarTebis
gaazreba, „yuris gdeba“ filosofiuri impulsebisaT-
vis da, rac mTavaria, is, rom nicSes filosofia sicocx-
lis satanjvelze pasuxis gacemaa - sicocxlis hoyofaa.
amasTanave, ar unda dagvaviwydes, vin mogviwodebs si-
cocxlis afirmaciisken. - adamiani, romelsac qroni-
kuli daavadebebi tanjavda, dReebis ganmavlobaSi
ver axerxebda muSaobas mxedvelobis da janmrTelo-
bis sxva problemaTa gamo. adamiani, romelmac kargad
icoda, rom rogorc samyaros satanjveli, ise am satan-
jvelze afirmaciuli pasuxebi warmoadgens samyaros
pirvelsawyisi kodis nawils. swored es siRrmiseuli
xedva migvizidavs nicSes filosofiisken, romelSic xe-
lovneba umniSvnelovanes, SeiZleba iTqvas, sasicocx-
lo rols asulebs.
WeSmariteba da xelovneba
SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis ukanasknel wels (1888 w.),
fridrix nicSe werda:„Cveni religia, morali da fi-
losofia adamianis dekadenturi formebi arian. - sawi-

241
naaRmdego moZraoba: xelovneba“ (3: 533).
SesaZloa, nicSes filosofiuri Semoqmedebis
ganviTarebisas mTel rig momentebTan mimarTebaSi
azri Seucvlia, gadauazrebia ama Tu im moazrovnesTan
mimarTeba (mag., SopenhauerTan, vagnerTan), magram
arsebobs ramdenime tendencia, romelic ucvlel fonad
gasdevs mTel mis filosofias. es, upirveles yovlisa,
sicocxlis afirmaciis (mtkicebis) ideaa da amgvar
mtkicebaSi xelovnebis umniSvnelovanesi, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, gadamwyveti rolia. „gviandeli nicSe“, roca mas
ukve SemuSavebuli aqvs Zalauflebis nebis koncepti,
xelovnebas, viTarca „ki“-s mTqmels, Zalauflebis
nebis gamovlinebad ukve eqspliciturad ganixilavs (3,
554); rogorc vTqviT, xelovnebas udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba agreTve nicSes Semoqmedebis adreul etapzec
(1872-1876).
nicSes pirveli mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi -
„tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan“ eZRvneba
antikur tragedias, misi struqturis gaazrebasa
da mis umniSvnelovanes rols elinur kulturaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom nicSes, filosofiuri ganviTarebis
„simwifis“ xanaSi (1882-1888), specialuri traqtati
xelovnebis Sesaxeb ar Seuqmnia, Tumca xelovnebaze
refleqsiebi, romlebic mis sxvadasxva Canawerebsa
Tu nawarmoebebSia gabneuli, nicSes filosofiuri
korpusis organuli nawilia. amgvari urTierTkavSiri
upirvelesad swored xelovnebis gamorCeul rols
ukavSirdeba - nicSe xelovnebas umaRles funqciebs
aniWebs, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime pasaJs misi e.w.
„pozitivisturi“ periodis (1876-1882) „adamianuri
erTob adamianuridan“ da „ganTiadidan“. 6 am naSromeb-
6. fridrix nicSes filosofiis periodizacia SesaZlebelia sam
etapad:
1. adreuli (1872-1876) - rodesac nicSe amuSavebs sawyis filoso-

242
Si, rogorc vaCveneT, mecnierebas eniWeba garkveuli
upiratesoba xelovnebasTan SedarebiT da zogadad,
xelovneba erTgvar „uaryofiT konteqstSic“ ki war-
moCndeba. (4: 44-45, 157, 163-164, 199, 204-206).
nicSesTvis xelovnebac, rogorc yovelive sxva, Za-
lauflebis nebaa, misi gamovlinebaa, am nebis erT-erTi
ganzomilebaa. aqac, rogorc cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi,
Zalauflebis gamovlineba SeiZleba iyos afirmaciuli
(mtkicebiTi) an negaciuri (uaryofiTi). nicSe am - afir-
maciul/negaciur - mimarTebas avrcelebs xelovnebis
klasifikaciaze, rodesac Tanamedrove xelovnebas ma-
sis moTxovnebTan adaptaciis gamo akritikebs (10: 220),
fiur ganazrebebs; am periodSi igi kritikuladaa ganwyobili mec-
nierebis mimarT da xelovnebas mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs. am etapis
bolos, „araTanadroul ganazrebebSi“, nicSes ukve Camoyalibebuli
aqvs kritikuli mimarTebebi Tavisi maswavleblebisadmi, Sopenhau-
erisa da vagnerisadmi;
2. pozitivisturi (1876-1882) - am etapze nicSe ecnoba mecnierebis
uaxles miRwevebs, sabolood da myarad ganudgeba dualistur fi-
losofias (romlis gavlenac jer kidev mkveTrad igrZnoba adreuli
periodis „tragediis dabadebaSi“). mecnierebas da samecniero
midgomebs garkveuli upiratesoba eniWebaT TviT xelovnebasTan
mimarTebaSic;
3. simwifis (1882-1888) - am periodSi mecnierebis upiratesi roli
kritikuladaa gadaazrebuli; xelovneba ibrunebs Tavis mniSvnelo-
van funqcias - amJamad ukve simwifis xanis erT-erTi umTavresi kon-
ceptis, „Zalauflebis nebis“ WrilSi. amave periods ganekuTvneba
nicSes umniSvnelovanesi Sromebi - „ase ityoda zaratustra“ (1883),
„sikeTisa da borotebis miRma“ (1886), „moralis genealogia“ (1887),
„kerpebis mwuxri“ (1888).
nicSes SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis periodizaciidan gamomdinare,
winamdebare werilSi pozitivisturi periodi miCneulia erTgvar
aucilebel dialeqtikur „sazvered“, erTgvar gardauval saxadad,
romelic mniSvnelovani iyo, raTa nicSes siRrmiseulad SeegrZno
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa suli, gadaeazrebina sakuTari
adreuli Sexedulebani da raTa simwifis periodis ganazrebebs
hqonodaT mtkicebis meti Zala da sulierebis gamocdilebis meti
simZlavre. adreuli da simwifis periodis ganazrebaTa Soris
msgavseba met siTamames sZens nicSes mkvlevars mis mosazrebaTa
mTlianobiT WrilSi gansaxilvelad.

243
xolo romantizms - dekadenturi, reaqciuli bunebis
gamo (3: 556, 563).
nicSe Semoqmedebis adreul da simwifis peri-
odSi „utevs“ mecnierebas. mecniereba gnoseolo-
giurad (SemecnebiTad) SezRudulia, rac misi eg-
zistencialuri SezRudulobidan gamomdinareobs.
mecniereba TavisTavad ver amarTlebs arsebobas - ara
mxolod ontologiur doneze, aramed verc sakuTari
Tavis arsebobas. gasamarTleblad mas „gare narativi“
sWirdeba. mecnierebis mTavari „koziri“ misi Semecnebi-
Ti buneba da meTodologiuri aparatia. misi amgvari
buneba da meTodebi uZlurni aRmoCndebian arsebobis
mTel rig arsebiT sakiTxebSi - magaliTad, sazrisis Ses-
axeb, tanjvis gardauvalobisa da sxva umniSvnelovanes
egzistenciur problematikaSi (sikvdili/sicocxle,
adamianuri mdgomareoba da a.S.).
nicSe sakuTari filosofiuri Semoqmedebis ganmav-
lobaSi, sxvadasxva simwvaviTa da sicxadiT, saubrobs,
rom saWiroa sicocxlis afirmacia, magram es ver mox-
erxdeba religiiTa (misi dualisturi bunebis gamo) da
mecnierebiT (gnoseologiur-egzistenciuri SezRudu-
lobis gamo), da verc „Zveleburi“ filosofiiT (racio-
centrizmis gamo), aramed, nicSes azriT, gvesaWiroeba
xelovneba da filosofiis axleburi tipi.
Cndeba SekiTxvebi:
• risTvisaa saWiro sicocxlis afirmacia?
• ra aris is pirvelsawyisi samyaroseuli kodebi,
romlebic amgvar afirmacias saWirod aqcevs?
• afirmaciis ra „meqanizmebi“ moqmedeben?
• amasTan dakavSirebiT, ra gamosavals gvTavazobs
Tavad nicSe misi Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva etapze?
sicocxlis mtkicebis zogad-adamianur saWiroebaze
kargad miuTiTebs nicSes mimarTeba Sopenhaueris fi-
losofiisadmi. Sopenhaueri, eyrdnoba ra budisturi

244
filosofiis aspeqtebs, miiCnevs, rom yovelgvari sur-
vili iwvevs tanjvas: gnebavdes niSnavs itanjo; Sesabam-
isad, icocxlo, niSnavs itanjebode. Tavad arsebobis
sazriss daesmis SekiTxva - Sopenhaueris pasuxi aris
rezignacia (ararseboba jobs arsebobas, radgan arse-
boba tanjvas iwvevs), nicSesi - afirmacia. sicocxlis
hoyofa/uaryofis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovania nicSes So-
penhauerTan mimarTeba. nicSem kargad gaiazra pesimiz-
mi, magram man ganizraxa, daxsnoda pesimizms. Tu Sopen-
haueri ambobs (pirobiTad), „ar Rirs cxovreba“, nicSe
ambobs - „mainc“, cxovreba „mainc“ Rirs; Tumc, cxadia,
ase martivad araa saqme. sirTule ki gamoxatulia nic-
Ses Semdeg frazaSi: „Cven gvaqvs xelovneba, raTa ar da-
viRupoT WeSmaritebis gamo“ (3: 554).
ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi „WeSmariteba“? am kiTxvaze
pasuxisas, sifrTxilea saWiro, radgan nicSesTan es
„termini“ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. nicSes-
Tan „WeSmariteba“ gulisxmobs ara imdenad uwyinar WeS-
maritebebs (mag., „2+2=4“, „adamiani iZinebs da iRviZebs“),
ramdenadac „mware“ WeSmaritebebs, anu „WeSmaritebas
adamianuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“, romlis gaazrebac
Sopenhaueriseuli pesimizmis winapirobaa da romelsac,
magaliTad, eyrdnoba haidegeriseuli ganazrebani ara-
ras Sesaxeb. anu, nicSes mixedviT, savaraudod, aseTi
iqneboda „mware“ WeSmaritebebi:
• adamiani mokvdavia;
• adamians mokvdaobasTan Tvalis gasworeba uwevs;
• igi, misda uneburad, CarTulia ZalauflebiT
urTierTobebSi;
• adamians uwevs arseboba - misTvis aravis ukiTx-
avs qveynad movlinebis Sesaxeb da arsebiTad, arc
qveynidan wasvlaze ekiTxeba;
• igi emorCileba SemTxveviTobebs, bunebis kapri-
zebs, cxovrebis saSinelebebs;

245
 • mas uwevs, garkveul doneze, daemorCilos beds
da Seiyvaros igi (amorfati);
• gamomdinare yovelive aqedan, adamians uwevs,
gaumklavdes silenosis sibrZnes - „yoveli ka-
cisa da qalisaTvis saukeTesoa, rom ar dabade-
buliyvnen; ... meore saukeTesoa, rom mokvde rac
SeiZleba swrafad“ (11: 179). swored amgvar pesi-
mistur WeSmaritebaTa gadalaxvisa da gaazrebis
mniSvnelobaze saubrobs nicSe Tavis Cvens mier
zemoT ganxilul nawarmoebSi „tragediis dabade-
ba musikis sulidan“.
nicSes filosofia iribad migviTiTebs yofierebisa
da araras tolpirveladobis umZimesi mocemulobisa
da masTan gamklavebis aucileblobaze. am mxriv, nic-
SesTvis e.w. „iluziebs“ arsebiTi roli eniWebaT. nic-
SesTvis, yovelgvari kulturis forma Tu xelovnebis
nawarmoebi sxvadasxva doziT Seicavs iluziurobas,
e.i. sxvadasxva siRrmiT, sixSiriTa da xangrZlivobiT
axerxebs „ufskrulis“ TvalebSi yurebas. es iluzia
SeiZleba iyos „WeSmaritebac“.
am, erTi SexedviT damabnevel azrTa wyobas kargad
xsnis nicSes mier terminis „WeSmariteba“ orazrovani
gamoyeneba. erTi mxriv, (1) „WeSmariteba iluziis tipia,
romlis gareSec ver iarsebebda cocxali arseba“ (3: 343),
xolo, meore mxriv, (2) „Cven gvaqvs xelovneba, raTa ar
gavnadgurdeT WeSmaritebiT“ (3: 554). (1)-Si „WeSmarite-
ba“ iluziis tipia da mas aqvs iseTive roli, rogorc
(2)-Si „xelovnebas“ eniWeba. xolo (2)-Si „WeSmariteba“
saSinelebaTa warmoebulia, - ararasa da yofierebis
tolpirveladobis Sedegia, romlisgan gaqcevas adami-
ani cdilobs, maT Soris, (1)-Si xsenebuli WeSmaritebiT
(mag., samecniero-popularul WeSmaritebaTa generire-
biT, truizmebiT, laybobiT da a.S.).
sicocxlis saSinel WeSmaritebaTa gaZlebis konte-

246
qstSi, metad saintereso gansaxilvel masals gvawvdis
nicSes filosofiis ori mkvlevari - daniel qeimi da
bernard rejinsteri. erTi mxriv, rejinsteri miiC-
nevs (12: 248–9), rom nicSe, Semoqmedebis adreul peri-
odSi, ver axerxebs sicocxlis miRebas ise, „rogoric
is aris“, e.i. mis aRqmas cxovrebiseul saSinelebebTan
erTad;xolo Semoqmedebis simwifis periodSi, Zalau-
flebis nebis konceptis SemuSavebasTan erTad, is ukve
axerxebs amas, ukuagdebs ra iluziebis rols. sapirispi-
rod amisa, daniel qeimi fiqrobs (1: 210), rom rogorc
adrindel, ise gviandel periodSi, nicSe iluziebis
mniSvnelobas inarCunebs.
rejinsteris mosazreba, TiTqos Zalauflebis nebis
gamoCena nicSes Semoqmedebis gviandel stadiaze il-
uziebis uaryofas niSnavdes, gaumarTleblad mosCans,
radgan, nicSesTan, Zalauflebis neba aucileblobiT
kavSirSia perspeqtivebTan. xolo „iluziisa“ da „per-
speqtivis“ cnebebs nicSesTan TanakveTis farTo ar-
eali gaaCniaT. iluzia garkveulwilad perspeqtivaa,
misi nairsaxeobaa, romlis mizani, sabolood, samyaros
fundamenturi realobis, araras, da misi warmoebuli
Sinaarsebis gaZlebis Zalisxmevaa. aSkaraa, rom nicSes
mier xelovnebisa da iluziis aucileblobis wina plan-
ze wamoweviT, igi uSvebda yovelgvari perspeqtivis
„miRma“ WeSmaritebebs, oRond, cxadia, es „miRmuroba“
gansxvavebulia platonuri filosofiis „miRmurobis-
gan“; platonTan, obieqtur idealizmSi, ontologia
fundamentSivea moralizebuli. nicSesTvis ki, per-
speqtivis miRma arsebuli mocemulobani (sikvdili,
sicocxle, Zalauflebis neba) erTgvar „saSinel WeS-
maritebebs“ warmoadgenen, romlebTan gamklavebisa da
mimarTebis tipze aris damokidebuli epiTetebis - „kar-
gi“ da „cudi“ ganawileba. nicSesTan mocemulia ucvle-
li WeSmaritebebi, ubralod, isini, gansxvavebiT plato-

247
nis filosofiisa, ar atareben moralur konotaciebs,
Tumca, rogorc vTqviT, maTTan mimarTebis rogoroba
ayalibebs ama Tu im morals.
am konteqstSi, xelovnebis rogorc gamZleobis praq-
tikis gaazrebisTvis, sagulisxmoa nicSes sityvebi: „me
msurs metis swavla, - [msurs - o.W.] aucilebeli sagneb-
Si, miviCnio mSvenivrad. ase, erT-erTi imaTgani viqnebi,
romlebic sagnebs amSveniereben. Amorfati: dae, amieridan
es iyos Cemi siyvaruli! me ar vawarmoeb oms simaxinjis wi-
naaRmdeg. me ar msurs bralis dadeba. me ar msurs brali
wavuyeno TviT bralmdeblebsac. Tvalis aridebaa Cemi
erTaderTi uaryofa! ... me msurs odesme viyo mxolod
ki-s mTqmeli“ (8: 223). nicSesTvis xelovneba perspeq-
tivis mawarmoebelia da ukve am ganazrebiTac Cans, rom
is erTgvar saSinel aucileblobaTa gaZlebis Zalisx-
mevad warmoCindeba. amgvar aucileblobebs, awarmoebs
arara, rogorc samyaroSi yovelgvari naklovanebisa da
Sesabamisad tkivilis ganmsazRvreli pirvel-principi.
nicSesTvis araras ar eniWeba is „dadebiTi“ roli,
romelzec haidegeri saubrobs mis cnobil gamosvlaSi
„ra aris metafizika?“. Tu haidegerisTvis arara sa-
myaroSive pulsirebs (araraobs) da masTan „swori kav-
Sirebis damyareba“ avTenturi (sakuTrivi) egzistirebis
winapirobaa, nicSesTvis arara, raRac iseTia, rasac
unda gaveqceT da ris winaaRmdegac gvesaWiroeba „il-
uziebi“. am gaqcevis erT-erTi saSualeba ki xelovne-
baa da xelovnebis mier warmoebuli iluziebia. nicSes
fraza „rogor esTetikuri fenomeni, sicocxle aris
kvlavac asatani CvenTvis“ adgens kavSirs haidegeris
miwisa da samyaros dialeqtikasTan. sicocxle asatania
imitom, rom is garkveul „saSinel WeSmaritebebs“ mala-
vs, sxvebs ki warmoaCens. amiT is rakurss adgens, xolo
rakursis dadgena, Cenisa da damalvis dialeqtika, haid-
egeris mier naSromSi „dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa“

248
Teoretizebuli, samyarosa da miwis urTierTmimarTe-
biT gamoiTqmis.
xelovnebis mier afirmaciuli perspeqtivis war-
moebis sakiTxi damatebiT SekiTxvas badebs: nicSesTan,
xelovneba afirmaciul perspeqtivebs Rirebulebis
armqone sicocxlidan gamoiyvans, Tu im pirvelsawyis
sasicocxlo vels, romelTanac xelovneba mimarTebebs
amyarebs, nicSe garkveul Rirebulebas aniWebs? daniel
qeimi, magaliTad, pirvel pasuxs irCevs. qeimi miiCnevs,
rom nicSesTvis winadadeba „iqsi aris Rirebuli“ aras-
woria, radgan sicocxle mis fundamentSi aris erT-
gvarad qaoturi da uformo. „arc erTi RirebulebiTi
msjeloba araa WeSmariti, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebis
miniWeba Cvens sicocxleSi savse unda iyos fiqciebiT.
... Amor fati kvlav Seicavs garkveul gamrudebas nak-
lebad sasiamovno gamocdilebebisa“ (1: 220). es pasuxi
metad gavrcelebulia nicSes mkvlevrebSi, - rom nicSe
sicocxles TavisTavadi Rirebulebisgan ganZarcvavs.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sapirispiros migvaniSnebs
nicSes sityvebi „mxiaruli mecnierebis“ damatebiTi,
mexuTe wignidan - „dRes marTlac sasaciloa, Tu adami-
ani moisurvebda RirebulebaTa gamogonebas, romelTac
unda daeZliaT msoflios namdvili Rirebuleba, - Cven
ganvudeqiT swored amas, viTarca TavaSvebul gaukuR-
marTebas adamianuri pativmoyvareobisa da ugunurebi-
sa, romelic didxans ar miiCneoda aseTad. (...) - mTeli
es midgoma ‘adamiani msoflios winaaRmdeg’; adamiani,
rogorc ‘msoflios uarmyofeli’ principi; adamiani,
rogorc saganTa Rirebulebebis mdgeneli; rogorc
msoflio-msajuli, romelic, sabolood, Tavad arse-
bobas debs sakuTari sasworis pinaze da metismetad
martivad miiCnevs mas. Semzaravi sisulele amgvari mid-
gomisa, rogorc aseTisa, ewvia Cvens cnobierebas da
mowamla igi. Cven ukve gvecineba, rodesac ‘adamians da

249
samyaros’ gverdigverd aRmovaCenT, gamoyofils amaR-
lebuli medidurobiT mokle sityvisa ‘da’“! (8: 286).
nicSes ganazrebisqeimiseuli gageba problemuria -
is nicSes filosofias subieqt-obieqturi diqotomiiT
uyurebs. TiTqos nicSesTvis arsebobdes usulo gan-
fenili sagnebi da subieqti, romelic, Tundac esTeti-
kuri praqtikebiT da „mSvenieri SeferadebiT“ aniWeb-
des Rirebulebas sicocxles. sinamdvileSi, nicSesTvis
sworedac sicocxle „rogorc aseTi“ Tavis TavSi at-
arebs potencialobas RirebulebiTi dafuZnebisa Tu
gardasaxvisa. ar arsebobs Rirebulebebi, romlebic ar
SeiZleba iyvnen sicocxlisgan gansxvavebulni. es mo-
cemuloba swored sicocxlis unarze miuTiTebs, iyos
erTaderTi da mTavari safuZveli nebismieri Rireb-
ulebisa.
daskvnis magier
nicSes filosofiis zogadi tendenciaa xelovnebi-
sTvis sicocxlis mamtkicebeli, afirmaciuli rolis
miniWeba. es tendencia sustdeba misi Semoqmedebis
„pozitivistur“ periodSi da kvlav Zlierdeba simwifis
etapze. Tumc, TviT pozitivistur periodSic Senar-
Cunebulia xelovnebis Sesaxeb „dadebiTi“ ganazrebe-
bi, uaryofiTisa da kritikulis gverdiT; am ganazre-
baTa erTgvari niSansvetia nicSes pirveli nawarmoebi
„tragediis dabadeba“. am Txzulebis arsi SemdegSia:
berZnuli tragedia Seiqmna apolonuri da dionisuri
sawyisebis gaerTianebiT. berZnebisTvis tragedia sa-
sicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan isini, cxovrebi-
seul saSinelebebs swored tragediaSi arsebuli apo-
lonurisa da dionisuris metad Taviseburi, mxolod
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli sinTeziT upirispirdebod-
nen.
nicSe gamokveTs tragediis daRmasvlis algoriTms.
is iwyeba tragediisgan dionisuri momentisa da musikis

250
TandaTanobiTi ganleviT da Tavis apogeas evripides
SemoqmedebaSi aRwevs. tragikuli xedvis Camnacvle-
blad nicSe miiCnevs sokratul, Teoriul optimizms,
romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebelia samyaros saSinele-
baTa Secvla. miuxedavad imisa, rom nicSe kargad iaz-
rebs samyaros saSinelebebs, igi rCeba samyaros „hoyo-
fis“ apologetad, rasac - gasakviria da - mTeli rigi
mkvlevarebi arasaTanadod ganWvreten. marTlac, ro-
gorc samyaros satanjveli, ise misgan „gaqcevis“ gzebi
samyaros ontologiuri kodis fundamenturi Semad-
genlebi arian. am poziciidan, SesaZloa nicSes termini
- „iluzia“ saerTod ar iyos Sesabamisi samyaroSi moq-
medebis gagrZelebis mamoZraveblis dasaxelebisTvis.
„iluzia“ erTgvari rakursia, romlis arCevis saSuale-
basac gvaZlevs samyaro da romlis arCevac sicocxlis
hoyofis winapirobaa.
samyaros „hoyofis“ saqmeSi mniSvnelovania WeS-
maritebis roli da misi gaazreba nicSes filosofiaSi.
am mxriv, Cven vxvdebiT garkveul orazrovnebas - erTis
mxriv, nicSesTvis WeSmariteba gagebulia, rogorc ilu-
ziis tipi, erTgvari „damamSvidebeli saSualeba“, xolo,
meore mxriv, nicSe „termins“ WeSmariteba iyenebs sa-
myaroseul saSinelebaTa aRsawerad. pirveli gagebiT,
WeSmaritebas mivyavarT erTgvar racionalizebul, us-
afrTxo, yoveldRiur WeSmaritebebTan, xolo meores
samyaros „fundamentur WeSmaritebebTan“, romelic
Cveni egzistencisTvis „arc ise sasiamovnoa“. swored
am ukanaskneli tipis WeSmaritebebs iazrebs nicSe, viT
yovelgvari perspeqtivis mdgenels. swored amitom,
SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom nicSe wvdeba araras fundamen-
tur rols, miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsplicituri saxiT,
igi sakuTar filosofiaSi araras iazrebs ara haideger-
iseulad (rogorc arsebulTa fabrikaSi „moararaves“),
aramed „klasikurad“, rogorc raRac sicocxlisTvis

251
sapirispirod myofs, romelsac unda ganveridoT. ma-
gram, sinamdvileSi, nicSes filosofiis zogadi paTosi
da konkretuli ganazrebani gvivlenen erTs: nicSe uax-
lovdeba ararashaidegeriseul gagebas, Tumca eqsplic-
iturad, ganSlilad ar warmoaCens mas. sikvdilTan - ar-
aras am mTavar warmoebulTan - mimarTebisTvis ki nicSe
xelovnebas dasaxavs mTavar perspeqtivad, gamZleobis
mTavar meqanizmad, romlisTvisac „iluziis“ wodeba
ara mxolod „terminologiuradaa“ gaugebari, aramed
ontologiuradac, radgan es „iluziac“samyaros mieraa
winaswardadgenili - marTlac, ganviTarebul cocxal
organizms, saxelad adamians, fundamentur sasicocx-
lo arsenalSi gaaCnia kulturis is forma, romelic mas
araras da sikvdils Semoayvaninebs sakuTar samyaroSi,
magram,amis miuxedavad, igi ar iqceva „dekadentad“, is
ar garbis, - is siRrmiseulad iTavsebs samyaros „mware“,
fundamentur WeSmaritebebs.
xelovneba gvivlens rTul da mware WeSmaritebebs.
gamovlenis mizanica da saSualebac sicocxlis
mtkicebaa, misi afirmaciaa.

literatura:

1. Came, D. The Themes of Affirmation and Illusionin the Birth of

Tragedy and Beyond. In K. Gemes&Richardson (Eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of Nietzsche (pp. 209-225). Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2013;
2. Gardner, S. Nietzsche’s Philosophical Aestheticism. In K. Gemes&J.
Richardson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche (pp. 599-
628). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013;
3. Nietzsche, F. Der Wille zur Macht. Leipzig: Alfred KrönerVerlag,
1930;
4. Nietzsche, F. Human all-too-Human (Part 1). Edinburgh and Lon-
don: T. N. Foulis, 1910;

252
5. Nietzsche, F. Human all-too-Human (Part 2). New York: The Mac-
millan Company, 1911;
6. Nietzsche, F. On Genealogy of Morality. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2006;
7. Nietzsche, F. The Birth of Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2000;
8. Nietzsche, F. The Gay Science. New York: Vintage Books, 1974;
9. Nietzsche, F. Twilight of Idols. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett
Publishing Company, Inc, 1997;
10. Nietzsche, F. Untimely Meditations. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997;
11. Plutarch. Moralia. Harvard & London: Harvard University
Press & William Heinemann, 1928;
12. Reginster, B. The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcom-
ing Nihilism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006;
13. Young, J. Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Art. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1992.

Otar Tchulukhadze - PhD student at Tbilisi State University. He is also a

lecturer at Tbilisi State Conservatoire, where he reads courses - General and
Musical Aesthetics and Introduction to Philosophy. He is a deputy head of
the publishing house Carpe Diem, which publishes philosophical heritage
of humanity into Georgian. Otar Tchulukhadze has translated several philo-
sophical works into Georgian: Schopenhauer as Educator; On the Use and
Abuse of History for Life (Friedrich Nietzsche); One-Dimensional Man
(Herbert Marcuse); Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life (Alan Watts).

NIETZSCHE - ART, TRUTH, AFFIRMATION

Abstract
The aim of this essay is to analyse the development of Nietzsche’s
views on art throughout the three main stages of his creative work –
early, positivistic, mature. We endeavour to show these three have in-
ternal coherence and are deeply guided by the leitmotif of affirmation
life. This reading of Nietzsche’s philosophy is underpinned by both

253
the textual evidence from Nietzsche’s works and polemical discussion
with the scholars of Nietzsche.
Moreover, we endeavour to illustrate that Nietzsche’s perception
of “truth” needs scholarly scrutiny as he uses the term in two main
senses – (1) as a type of illusion and (2) as something that we endure.
In light of these analyses, the interconnection of the Nothings and Art
in the philosophy of Nietzsche is also elaborated.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri fi­
losofiis istoriis ganyofilebam.

254
filosofiuri anTropologia

PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPOLOGY

255
 arsen burjaliani – filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqto-
ri. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis vice
prezidenti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profe-
sori. muSaobs filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoSi.

lia metreveli – ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiuri

doqtori. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro
ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecniereba-
Ta fakultetis profesori. aris saxelmZRvaneloebis avto-
ri. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero Sromebi rogorc saqarT-
veloSi aseve ucxoeTSi. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad muSao-
bs fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis problemebze.

eqsistencis Sinagani potenciebis

metafizika

meored mosvlam daigviana;

idumali ganadgureba
gveSinis; cecxli, Tu uxilavi maxvili,
garegani, Tu Sinagani ,,arara”.
mesia yoymanobs.

RmerTma Seqmna adamiani da daanaTla mas mravali po-

tencia. mavanni amtkiceben, rom adamianSi mTavaria Sem-
ecnebiTi unarebi da potenciebi. mTavaria WeSmaritebis
Semecneba da misi daufleba. sxvani fiqrobdnen da
fiqroben jerac, rom mTavari adamianSi aris misi zneo-
ba, misi eTika da warmateba. adamianisa da pirovnebis Te-
mis gagebisaTvis saWiroa kidev ufro mis Rrma sulier
plastebSi Caxedva da maTi gaanalizeba, wvdoma. froi-
dis azriT, adamiani dgas ,,libidoze”, romlis ,,xarjva”
ganapirobebs mTels mis cxovrebas. Tuki froids dav-

256
eTanxmebiT, maSin yvelaferi pirovnebisaTvis seqsual-
uri energiis racionalur gamoyenebaze aris damokide-
buli, rogorc misi Semecneba da cnobiereba, aseve
zneoba da eTikuri normebi.
vfiqrobT, garda zemoTxsenebuli Sinagani poten-
ciebisa, adamianis Sinagan sulier samyaroSi SeiZleba
ganvWvritoT umniSvnelovanesi cnebebi, unarebi, po-
tenciebi da gavamaxviloT analitikuri azrovnebis
isari ara mxolod Semecnebasa da cnobierebaze, zneo-
baze da eTikaze, fsiqoanalizze, aramed sxva, adamian-
isaTvis umniSvnelovanes sulier unarebze, romlebic
gacilebiT ufro axlos arian ,,Cems me”-sTan. adamianis
transcendentalur apercefciasTan, Tavisebur Causa
sui-sTan. es aris ,,proto-fenomeni = me”, romelsac moZ-
raobaSi mohyavs adamianis mTeli samyaro, rogorc Sina-
gani, aseve garegani.
TviTSenaxvaze da Tavisuflebaze, sicocxlis neba-
ze da sikvdilis nebaze amaRlebuli adamianuri gancdi-
seuli yofiereba, suli, romelmac Tavis TavSi gaiara
,,ego”-sa da ,,sxvis” uaryofa; Tavis TavSi uaryofiT
gamdidrebuli da dabrunebuli me=rwmenis potencia,
esaa rwmenis unari, rwmena Tavisi Tavisa da ,,sxvisa’, da
vinaidan rwmena aris ara ubralo igiveoba Tavis TavTan
(ego), aramed TavisuflebiT gamdidrebuli TviTdad-
gena, vinaidan rwmena es aris sikvdilze amaRlebuli
sicocxle, igi aris, amave dros, pozitiuri, - Semoq-
medebis potencia. rwmena aris pirovnebis mTlianobis
safuZveli da, amdenad, misi Semoqmedebis safuZvelic,
Sinagani rwmenis gareSe ar arsebobs Semoqmedeba.
pirveladi erTianobis emanacia7

7. Tu neoplatonizmSi Cven gvaqvs saqme mxolod RmerTis simbolur

emanaciasTan, aq simbolur-RvTaebrivi emanacia gaigeba, rogorc
simbolur-gancdiseuli fenomeni, Tumca simbolur-RvTaebriv
emanacias ar SeiZleba Tan ar axldes RvTaebrivis gancdiseulobac

257
 1. Tezisi – TviTSenaxvis, sicocxlis nebis unari.
adamianuri yofiereba, eqsistenti adgens Tavis Tavs
uSualod, gancdis safuZvelze.
2. antiTezisi – Tavisufleba, Tavisuflebis un-
ari, sikvdilis, TviTmkvlelobis potencia. eqsistenci
adamianuri yofiereba Tavis Tavis dadgenis, Wvretis
safuZvelze Tavis TavSi aRmoaCens uaryofas, ,,sxvas”.
,,sxvis” uaryofiT igi uaryofs Tavis Tavsac. SeuZlebe-
lia ,,sxvis” uaryofa Tavis Tavis uaryofis potenciis
gareSe.
3. sinTezi – rwmenis unari warmoadgens pirveli
ori unaris erTianobas da, amave dros, warmoadgens
pirovnebis mTlianobis, misi yofierebis mTlianobis,
Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
vfiqrobT, rom adamianis Sinagani gancdiseuli
yofiereba trialebs am sami unaris dialeqtikur er-
TianobaSi. mas SeiZleba vuwodoT sulis simbolur-
gancdiseuli emanacia Tavis TavSi.
dasabuTeba pirveladi erTianobisa:
Tezisi – TviTSenaxva adgens Tavis Tavs, rogorc
uSualo gancdiseul yofierebas, sicocxles. aq dg-
indeba adamianuri yofiereba TviT Tavisi TaviT Tavis
TavTan uSualo gancdiseul mimarTebaSi (ego). TviT-
dadgenis es gancdiseul-simboluri Wvreta ar aris
cnobierebis mier TviTSemecnebis sawyisi, rogorc amas
adgili aqvs magaliTad fixtesa da Selingis filoso-
fiur SexedulebaSi.
TviTSenaxvis etapze cnobiereba ki ar adgens Tavis
Tavs, aramed adamianuri yofiereba Wvrets Tavis Tavs
Signidan Tavis Tavis gancdis safuZvelze. am etapze
simboluri azrovnebiTi unaris safuZvelze adami-
anuri yofiereba ki ar imecnebs Tavis Tavs, rogorc me-

(avt.).

258
s, aramed igi sakuTari Tavis gancdis safuZvelze yofi-
erobs, Wvrets. am azriT, unda gavigoT yofierebis mier
Tavisi Tavis TviTdagdenis aqti.
adamianuri yofiereba ganicdis sakuTar yofierebas,
upirveles yovlisa, rogorc sicocxlis Zalas da si-
cocxlisadmi swrafvas (nicSe, bergsoni). misi aucile-
bloba imaSia, rom ar arsebobs araviTari adamianuri yo-
fiereba TviTdadgenis, TviTSenaxvis, sicocxlis nebis
gareSe. aq azrovnebis simboluri unari, rogorc ada-
mianuri yofierebis uSualo TviTgancdis unari, uSu-
alo mimarTebaSia Tavis TavTan. am etapze ,,jer kidev”
adamianur yofierebaSi ar Semosula ,,sxva” ,,ucnobi
aCrdili”, jer kidev ar damdgara ,,eqsistencialuri ga-
naTeba”, - romelic, k.iaspersis azriT, - ,,ki ar imecnebs,
aramed apelacias axdens mis SesaZleblobaze”.8
maSasadame, adamianuri yofiereba TviTSenaxvis un-
arSi iazrebs Tavis Tavs uSualod da ar axdens aravi-
Tar ,,apelacias” sakuTar SesaZleblobaze, eqsistenci-
alebze. Tavisi Tavis simboluri gancdis safuZvelze
adamianuri yofiereba rogorc Tavis TavTan uSualo
igiveoba, gamoricxavs ,,sxvas”, rogorc ,,Tavis sxvas”.
TviTSenaxvis etapze adamianuri yofiereba uaryofiT
damokidebulebaSia ,,sxvas”-Tan, ,,sxva” misTvis, ro-
gorc fixte ityoda, sazRvriTi cnebaa, ,,carieli nega-
cia” Cven davumatebdiT, - raRacis simboloa.
antiTezisi – misi aucilebloba imaSia, rom SeuZle-
belia dadgindes adamianuri yofiereba, eqsistenci
,,sxvis”, - sxvasTan” urTierTobis gareSe, maSasadame
,,uaryofis” gareSe. adamianuri yofierebis, eqsisten-
cis uaryofa Tavisuflebas warmoadgens.
Tavisufleba aris simboluri, intuiciuri az-
rovnebis unari Tavisi Tavis Sinagani yofierebis dad-

8. Iaspers K. Vernunft und Existenz. Uroningen, 1935, s. 52-53.

259
genis safuZvelze, ,,sxvasTan” mimarTebisa (eqsisten-
cialuri komunikaciis safuZveli), romelic uaryofas
gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi.
mas Semdeg, rac adamianuri yofiereba daadgens Ta-
vis Tavs, igi cdilobs daadginos Tavisi Tavis uaryofa,
ra aris ,,es”? is ucxo momenti yofierebaSi, eqsistenc-
Si, romelic zRudavs mis sicocxles, ewinaaRmdegeba
adamianuri yofierebis TviTSenaxvas, da miiswrafvis
mis uaryofisaken. iseve, rogorc, Tavis mxriv, adami-
anuri yofiereba miiswrafvis sakuTari negaciis nega-
ciisadmi. adamianuri yofiereba uaryofs ,,sxvas”, is-
eve rogorc ,,sxva”, uaryofs yofierebas TviT Tavisive
TavSi. Cvenis azriT, Tavisufleba, Tavisuflebis unari,
mdgomareobs swored ,,sxvis” uaryofaSi yofierebis, eq-
sistencis SigniT, Tavisufleba Tavis TavSi yovelTvis
gulisxmobs uaryofas. absoluturad Tavisufalia is,
visac SeuZlia, vinc potenciaSia yvelaferi uaryos –
rogorc ,,sxva”, aseve ,,Tavis Tavic”. maSasadame, Tavi-
suflebis unari uaryofaa Tavisi arsebiT, sikvdilis
potenciaa, unaria, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver avxsniT
Tavganwirvas, ganaxlebis, Tavis Tavis da sxvisi ngrevis
unars adamianSi. tyveobaSic ki adamians SeuZlia iyos
Tavisufali, miaRwios sulis Tavisuflebas, dastovos
sxeulis borkilebi (magaliTad iaponeli samuraebis
rituali ,,xarakiri”) da amiT gamoxatos Tavisi wmin-
da ,,ara” samyaros mimarT, saganTa arsebuli wesrigis
kanonzomierebis mimarT, romelsac ver egueba sulis
Tavisufleba, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara ,,ara”-s Tqmis
potencia adamianur yofierebaSi.9
sinTezi – Cvenis azriT, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes
adamianuri yofiereba eqsistenci Tavis Tavis dadge-
nis gareSe (Tezisi). Tavis Tavis dadgena SeuZlebelia

9. Гегель. Философия права. Соч. т. VII. М. 1934. $9.

260
,,sxvis” gareSe Wvretis (antiTezisi), xolo eqsistencis
mier Tavis Tavis dadgena ,,sxvis” erTianobaSi aris Sina-
gani rwmena, rogorc rwmena ,,Tavisi Tavisa” da ,,sxvisa”.
am gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavis TavSi dabruneb-
uli gancdiseul-simboluri azri aris rwmena. rwmena
yovelTvis warmoadgens rwmenas ,,Tavisi Tavisa”, an ,,sx-
visa”, amitom, nawilobriv SeiZleba daveTanxmoT kants,
im azriT, rom rwmena aris ,,sulis ZiriTadi debuleba”,
magram ar migvaCnia srulad rwmenis gamocxadeba mx-
olod umaRlesi moraluri miznis miRwevis darwmuneb-
ulobad, romelic CvenTvis aris movaleoba.10 vinaidan,
Tu mxolod teleologiur aspeqtSi gavigebT rwmenas,
maSin mxedvelobidan gvrCeba da ukana planze iwevs ada-
mianuri yofierebis mimarTeba Tavis TavTan, rogorc
uaryofiT, anu TavisuflebiT gaSualebuli mimarTe-
ba. migvaCnia, rom am azriT, Sinaganad Tavisufleba win
uswrebs rwmenas, rwmena Tavis TavSi moicavs, moxsnili
momentis saxiT, Tavisuflebas. rwmena ar aris mxolod
moralur-religiuri aspeqtis mqone, rogorc es kants
aqvs gagebuli (kanti rwmenis saqmed acxadebda Rmer-
Tis yofierebas da sulis ukvdavebas”)11, aramed rwmena
aucileblobiT gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi upirveles yov-
lisa, adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis mimarTebas
Tavis TavTan da mxolod amis Semdeg ,,sxvas”-Tan, igi
maT erTianobas warmoadgens.
pirveladi yofierebiseuli sinTezis mixedviT Sei-
Zleba gamoiyos Sesabamisi mTavari simboloebi – eqsis-
tencialebi:
Tezisi – vin an, ra var me, rogorc sicocxle, eqsis-
tenci adamianuri yofiereba, ,,ego”. me var ,,arara”, mi-
tovebuli var, rom Cemi yofierebis arsebobis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebelia SiSi, sakuTari Tavis SiSi da sxva (egosi-
10. Кант И. Критика способности суждения. т. 5. с. 510-511.
11. iqve, gv. 508-509.

261
turi eqsistencial-simboloebi). aRniSnuli eqsisten-
cialebi rom ar SeiZleba Semecnebulni iyvnen cnebiTi
aparatiT da rom isini ar arian, Sesabamisad, cnebebi.
amas aRniSnavs k. iaspersi, rodesac wers, rom ,,is, radac
me vici Cemi Tavi, ara var sinamdvileSi TviT me”.12
am etapze adamianur yofierebaze ver vityviT, rom
igi aris ,,ek-sistencia”, anu ,,yofna Tavis Tavis gareSe
(Hinausstehen)” rogorc amas ambobs m. haidegeri Tavis
mogviano SromaSi ,,werili humanizmis Sesaxeb”. sakiTxis
dasma sakuTari yofierebis winaSe, Tu ra aris TviT ada-
mianuri yofiereba, win uswrebs ,,Tavis Tavis gareT yof-
nas”, vinaidan Cemis azriT Tavis Tavis gareT ver gava is,
vinc imTaviTve Tavis TavTan ar imyofeba. Tavis Tavis
,,gareT yofnis” gancdas win uswrebs ,,Tavis TavTan yof-
nis” gancda. Tavis TavTan yofnis gancda aris pirveli
simbolo, romelsac mohyveba ,,ek-sistencia”, an eqsis-
tencialebi, rogoricaa ,,zrunva”, ,,mocva” da sxva. ma-
Sasadame, jer aris adamianuri yofierebis mier Tavis
Tavis uSualo gancda, xolo mis safuZvelze Cndeba misi
mimarTeba ,,sxvisadmi”, sul erTia ras vuwodebT mas,
araras, Zrwolas Tu sxva raimes. mxolod da mxolod
mas Semdeg ,,iwyeba” adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis
Tavis Tavisagan gaqceva, raJams igi daadgens Tavis Tavs
rogorc araraobas, Zrwolas; sikvdilisadmi mimarTeba
asebiTad aris Zrwola, wers haidegeri.13 magram sikvdi-
lis SiSi, Cemis azriT, manc, ase Tu ise, gulisxmobs Ta-
vis TavSi ara mxolod adamianur yofierebas, aramed
samyarosac da samyaroSi mis droulobas. maSasadame,
,,SiSi” ar aris yofierebiseuli eqsistenciali, aramed
mxolod is kiTxvebi, romlebic exebian mxolod da mx-
olod wminda eqsistencs adamianur yofierebas. Sesa-
bamisad, haidegeri adamianur yofierebas rom miawers
12. Iaspers K. Philosophie. Bd. I. Berlin, 1956, s. 15.
13. haidegeri m. yofiereba da dro. Tb. 1989, gv. 399.

262
sikvdilis SiSs, es ar gamomdinareobs TviT adamianuri
yofierebis eqsistencis Tavis TavTan igiveobidan, ar-
amed igi Cndeba eqsistencis TvTdadgenis Semdeg, rode-
sac igi iwyebs ,,sxvasTan” urTierTobas, vinaidan ,,sxv-
asTan” urTierTobis dawyebamde adamianuri yofiereba
ganicdis SiSs Tavisi arsebobisa, magram es SiSi sikvdi-
lis SiSia, Tu sircxvilis SiSi, jer ar aris dadgenili
Tezisis doneze.
antiTezisi – Tavisufleba TviTaa (eqsistencial-
uri simbolo) da ara cneba. Tavisufleba aris ,,uaryo-
fa”, igi aris pirvelad eqsistencialuri negacia, e.i.
is momenti, rodesac adamianuri yofiereba Tavis TavSi
aRmoaCens ,,sxvas” da amyarebs masTan Wvretul mimarTe-
bas, romelic Tavis safuZvelSi uaryofas warmoadgens.
antiTezisis momenti miuTiTebs imaze, rom adamianuri
yofiereba upirispirdeba ,,sxvas” rogorc ,,Tavis sx-
vas”, maSasadame, aq iwyeba ,,Tavis Tavisagan gasvlis”
procesi ,,uaryofis” safuZvelze, anu rac igivea ,,sx-
vis” ,,Semosvlis” procesi adamianur yofierebaSi, es,
iaspersis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aris ,,eqsistencis ga-
naTebis dasawyisi”.
SeuZlebelia Tavisuflebis dadgena TavisTavad,
obieqturad, cnebis safuZvelze. Tavisuflebis cneba
adamianuri yofierebisaTvis eqsistencisaTvis ,,cari-
eli sityvaa”. Tavisufleba adamianur-eqsistencial-
uri unaria, romlis ZiriTadi gamJRavnebis formaa
- ,,uaryofa”, ganWvretil-dadgenili adamianuri yo-
fierebis gancdiseul safuZvelze. Tavisufleba aris
uaryofa ,,Tavisi Tavisa” da ,,sxvisa”. Tavisufalia is,
visac SeuZlia ,,uari” uTxras rogorc samyaros, aseve
Tavis Tavs. swored am aspeqtSi SeiZleba aRiniSnos erT-
gvari msgavseba a.Sopenhaueris filosofiasa da eqsis-

263
tencializms Soris.14 kerZod, aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
adamianuri yofierebis mimarTeba sikvdilisadmi. aq,
,,arara”, ,,SiSi”, konkretdeba ukve, rogorc ,,raRacis
SiSi”, adamianuri yofierebis SiSi ,,sxvis” safuZvelze.
am etapze xdeba eqsistencis mier ,,sxvis” dadgena, ro-
gorc mxolod uaryofisa, ,,sxva” am etapze ar aris gas-
azrisebuli, maSasadame, jer kidev ar aris eqsistencis
mier dasmuli kiTxva ra aris ,,sxva”, rogorc eqsisten-
cis, adamianuri yofiereba da rogorc samyaro? Tavi-
suflebis, rogorc antiTezisis momentSi adamianuri
yofiereba mxolod da mxolod mimarTulia ,,sxvis”-ken
da dgindeba, rom igi ar aris adamianuri yofiereba, igi
eqsistencis uaryofaa.
maSasadame, Tavisuflebis unaris safuZvelze jer
kidev ar gvaqvs saqme adamianuri yofierebis dadebiT
eqsistencial-simboloebTan, maxasiaTeblebTan e.i.
haidegeris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT - ,,zrunvasTan”. ami-
tom ver daveTanxmebiT haidegers im azriT, rom igi ada-
mianuri yofierebis struqturas aRniSnavs ,,zrunvis”
eqsistencialiT, vinaidan ,,zrunva” ar axasiaTebs mis
mTlian struqturas, kerZod ,,TviTSenaxvis unars” da
,,Tavisuflebis unars”, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis
eqsistencis struqturis elementebs. ,,zrunvas” haid-
egeri warmoadgens rogorc erTianobas sami momentisa;
esenia: ,,yofna samyaroSi”, ,,winaswar yofna” da ,,yof-
na Sida samyaroul yofierebasTan”. rogorc vxedavT
,,zrunvis” arc erTi momenti ar aris warmodgenili ,,sa-
myaros”, anu ,,sxvis” gareSe. samive eqsistenciali gu-
lisxmobs samyaros, rogorc arsebuls da adamianur yo-
fierebasTan mimarTebaSi myofs. magram Tavisuflebis
etapze adamianur yofierebas saqme aqvs mxolod Tavis
14 aq igulisxmeba a. Sopenhaueris cnobili naSromi ,,samyaro,
rogorc neba da warmodgena”. ix. Шопенгауер А. Мир как Воля и
Представление. М. 1900. т. . gv. 414.

264
mimarTulebasTan ,,sxvisadmi”, e.i. aqcenti gadaitaneba
ara ,,sxva”-ze, aramed mxolod ,,misdami mimarTuleba-
ze”, mimarTebaze. samyaro jer ar aris adamianuri yofi-
erebisaTvis ,,Tavis sxva” Sinaganad, aramed igi mxolod
,,sxva”-Si aris Camaluli, dafaruli. Sesabamisad:
sinTezi – rwmenis simbolo SeiZleba iyos orgvari,
vinaidan igi dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa, sinTezia:
adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis simbolo eqsis-
tenciali – me var me, vinaidan me var Tavisufali;
,sxvis” simbolo –
a) ,,sxva, rogorc analogiuri me, anu sazogadoeba,
socialuri momenti adamianur yofierebaSi.
b) ,,sxva”, rogorc ,,ara-me” =
1) samyaro, rogorc buneba, misi yofiereba;
2) samyaro, rogorc zeyofiereba, RmerTi.
Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT rwmena SeiZleba Tavisi Ta-
visac da ,,sxvisac”; ,,sxvaSi” adamianuri yofiereba gu-
lisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis ,,sxvas”, maSasadame,
,,sxvaSi” adamianuri yofiereba gulisxmobs mxolod da
mxolod ,,sxva” misdami analogiur, adamianur yofiere-
bas – eqsistencs, vinaidan mas ,,sxvisi” axsnis sxvagvari
safuZveli garda analogiisa, ar gaaCnia. igi yvelafers
Tavisi TaviT da Tavisi Sinagani meobidan gamosuli xs-
nis, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod azrovnebis
rwmenis etapze. Cemis azriT, rwmenaa adamianuri ,,yo-
fierebis” safuZveli da ara Tavisufleba, rogorc es
k. iasperss hqonda warmodgenili da, saerTod, rogorc
es saerTod aris miRebuli. Tavisuflebis etapze eqsis-
tenci mudam gaorebulia Tavis Tavsa da ,,sxvas” Soris,
Tavisuflebasa da rwmenas Soris, vinaidan azrovnebis
ganviTarebis am etapze igi jer kidev ar ,,misula” er-
Tianobis safuZvlamde. erTianobis safuZveli aris
TviT adamianuri yofiereba, romelmac gadalaxa Tavi-
suflebis momenti da daubrunda Tavis Tavs, rogorc

265
ukve ara uSualo ,,egoisturi” yofiereba, aramed ro-
gorc ukve pirovnul-adamianuri yofiereba eqsistenci
mis mTlianobaSi, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs Tavis
,,sxvasac”, e.i. Tavisuflebis potencias. adamianurma
yofierebam Tavis Tavis dadgeniT ,,sxvas”-Tan erTiano-
baSi aRmoaCina, rom ,,sxva” aris ara raRac ,,ucxo”, ar-
amed Tavisi ,,sxva”, rom ,,arara”, romelic adamianur yo-
fierebas upirispirdeba, Cemi ,,araraa” da masTan ,,sxvas”
araferi esaqmeba; rom RmerTi ,,Cemi” RmerTia, rom samya-
ro ,,Cemi” samyaroa, rom buneba ,,Cemi” bunebaa, igi ,,Cem-
Si” da ,,CemTvis” arsebobs. ar arsebobs CemTvis, rogorc
pirovnuli yofierebisaTvis eqsistencisaTvis ,,Cemze”
ufro ,,sakmao safuZveli”, iseve, rogorc fixtesaTvis,
SelingisaTvis da hegelisaTvis ar arsebobda TviTcno-
bierebiseul ,,me”-ze ufro sakmao safuZveli Semecneba-
Si. is, rom ,,Cemi safuZveli” me davadgine ,,Cems yofiere-
baSi” da ara bunebaSi, RmerTSi, an eSmakSi, rom sicocxle
,,Cemi sicocxlea” da ,,sikvdili Cemi sikvdilia”, es aris
swored rwmena, anu adamianuri yofiereba eqsisten-
cialoba mis mTlianobaSi. amitom, vfiqrobT, Secdomaa
is, rom rwmenas TavisuflebaSi ureven da eqsistencis
mTlianobis da ,,TavisTavadobis” gamoxatulebad Ta-
visufleba miaCniaT. Tavisufleba mxolod rwmenis, e.i.
adamianuri yofierebis, eqsistencis mTlianobis momen-
tia. Sinaganad, pirovnul-yofierebiseulad da ara obi-
eqturad rwmena Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi.
eqsistencis mTlianoba warmoadgens rwmenas. gamosu-
li am azridan, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom adamianuri
yofierebis struqturas ki ar gamoxatavs haidegeris
,,zrunva”, aramed igi warmoadgens misi struqturis
gamovlenis formebs, mis orientacias samyaroSi. unda
iTqvas, rom yofiereba eqsistenci, TavisTavad, erTia
da misi eqsistencialebi, - sxva. Cemis azriT, adamianuri
yofierebis eqsistencis dayvana mis eqsistencialebze,

266
rogoricaa ,,zrunvis” simboloebi, ar aris marTebuli,
vinaidan adamianuri yofiereba, romelic yofierobs
magaliTad: ,,samyaroSi yofniT”, mTlianad imyofeba
samyaroSi, mTlianad yofierobs. ise xom ar SeiZleba
gavigoT, rom yofierebis erTi momenti samyaroSia, meo-
re ,,win uswrebs”, xolo mesame yofierobs ,,yofierebis
SigniT arsebulisas”, amitom, vuSveb, rom ,,zrunva” ar
gamoxatavs adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis Sina-
gan struqturas, aramed igi mxolod adamianuri yofi-
erebis ,,orientaciis” maxasiaTebelia samyaroSi da Ses-
aZlebelia mxolod rwmenis safuZvelze (post Glauben)15.
zemoT moyvanili msjelobidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
mizans ver aRwevs, agreTve, k. iaspersis mier yofierebis
eqsistencis gagebac. iaspersi gamohyofs erTmaneTisa-
gan yofierebis 4 tips, romelic ,,TviT Cven varT”:
1. empiriuli yofiereba;
2. saerTod cnobiereba;
3. suli;
4. eqsistencia.
pirveli sami, iaspersis azriT, miekuTvneba ,,Cvens”
gagebas, rogorc samyaroulisas, xolo meoTxe aris
TviT ,,Cveni Tavi”. iaspersi yofierebis yofierobas
gamoxatavs ,,momcvelis” gagebiT, cnebiT, riTac amoi-
wureba adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis Sinagani
struqtura. magram, faqtiurad, adamianuri yofierebis
Sinagan struqturas gamoxatavs sityva ,,eqsistencia”,
romlis iqiT iaspersi aRar midis. eqsistenci misTvis
aris yovelTvis mimarTuli transcendentisaken, raSic
vlindeba eqsistenci. maSasadame, eqsistenci gagebulia
ara rogorc raRac Sinagani struqturis mqone, aramed
mis Sinagan struqturas qmnis mimarTeba transcenden-
turTan, riTac, Cemis azriT, adamianuri yofierebis

15. Iaspers K. Der philosophische Glaube. München, 1955, s. 18.

267
Sinagani struqtura ki ar ixsneba, aramed ifareba,
radganac, vfiqrob, rom mimarTeba ar aris apriorul-
adeqvaturi adamianuri yofierebis Sinagani struq-
turisa; adamianuri yofierebis eqsistencis Sinagani
struqtura win uswrebs yovelgvar ,,mimarTebas” – hai-
degeris (Sorgen) ,,zrunva”-sac da iaspersis ,,mocvasac”
(Umbassen).
rogorc vTqviT, adamianuri yofierebisaTvis rw-
menis unari arsebiTia. am etapze adamianur yofiere-
bas eqsistencs SeiZleba, swamdes Tavisi Tavi, rogorc
adamianuri yofiereba, an ,,arara”, ,,sxva” adamianis yo-
fiereba, rogorc Tavis Tavis analogiuri; buneba, ro-
gorc mun-yofiereba da RmerTi, rogorc yofierebaTa
yofiereba, an araraoba. mTavari am alternativaSi aris
adamianuri yofiereba eqsistenci, rogorc rwmena TviT-
Senaxvisa da Tavisuflebis metafizikuri erTianoba.
am gagebiT, rwmena warmoadgens adamianur yofierebas
mis struqturul mTlianobaSi. sulis erTianoba aris
rwmena, eqsistencis mTlianoba, ,,gaoreba” aris Tavisu-
fleba, romelic metafizikurad eWvs efuZneba.
maSasadame, azrovnebis eqsistencialuri unari
iSleba sam metafizikur mimarTulebad, potenciad: 1)
TviTSenaxvis, 2) Tavisuflebis da 3) rwmenis unarad,
romelTa erTianobasac warmoadgens adamianuri yofi-
ereba, eqsistenci. azrovnebis eqsistencialuri unari,
Cemis azriT sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianuri yofi-
erebis potencia, romelic ,,Semoqmedebis nebis” da war-
mosaxvis unaris saSualebiT SeiZleba gadavides aqtua-
lurSi, rogorc a. Sopenhaueri ityoda nebis stiqiaSi.
Semoqmedebis neba aris adamianis iseTi unari, romelic
aerTianebs Tavis TavSi rogorc adamianuri yofierebis
eqsistencialurobis potencias, aseve ,,Teoriul” po-
tenciasac.
,,Semoqmedeba, - wers k. kapaneli, iqneba mxatvruli

268
Tu Teoriul-mecnieruli – sul erTia, aris erTgvari
esTetikuri gansxeuleba adamianis sulieri mRelva-
rebisa. yoveli adamianis sulieri mRelvareba, yovel
adamianis grZnobebisa da cnebebis SemoqmedebiTi moZ-
raoba aris erTgvari energiis xarjva, ,,yovel nebisyo-
fis cxadyofa gamoixateba... Semoqmedebis gancdaSi.
Semoqmeds SeuZlia kveTos cxovrebis saxe, ,,mxolod
gancdis dazgaze”.16
Semoqmedebis neba aris Teoriulis da eqsisten-
cialuris potenciaTa praqtikuli ganamdvilebis
SesaZlebloba, rac, Tavis mxriv, vlindeba Teoriulis
praqtikul moqmedebasa da adamianis yofierebiseul
praqtikul moqmedebaSi. Teoriulis praqtikuli ga-
namdvileba mecnierebaa, xolo adamianuri yofierebisa
– zneoba, xelovneba, cxovreba, miTologia, religia da
sxva.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom azrovnebis eqsistencial-
ur-simbluri unari gansxvavdeba, saerTod, praqtiki-
sagan, rogorc Semoqmedebisagan, praqtikuli mizan-
dasaxuli saqmianobisagan, samyaros gardaqmnisagan,
iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, zneobrivi norma gansxvavdeba
zneobrivi qcevisagan realur cxovrebaSi da ara poten-
ciaSi; an, manqanis modeli, arsebuli cnobierebaSi, misi
realobaSi ganxorcielebisagan.
azrovnebis Teoriuli da eqsistencialur-simbol-
uri unari amodian azrovnebidan, rogorc ,,mzis ori
sinaTlis sxivi”, warmarTuli sxvadasxva mimarTule-
biT. bergsonis Sedareba rom gamoviyenoT (Tumca berg-
soni am Sedarebas xmarobda inteleqtisa da intuiciis
mimarT), isini adamianSi avseben erTmaneTs. Cemis azriT,
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SeiZleba aRiniSnos Sesabamisi

16. k. kapaneli, idea da forma. filosofiuri Sromebi. Tbilisi,

1989w, gv. 191.

269
analogiuri unarebi rogorc Teoriul, ise eqsisten-
cialur, azrovnebaSi:

azrovnebis eqsistencialuri azrovnebis Teoriuli

simboluri unari: unari:
1. TviTSenaxvis unars Seesabameba 1. analizis unari,
2. Tavisuflebis unars ,,--------“ 2. abstrahirebis unari,
3. rwmenis unars ,,--------“ 3. sinTezis unari.

damtkiceba:
TviTSenaxvis unari Cven ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
adamianuri yofierebis uSualo igiveoba Tavis TavTan.
analizis unari, Sesabamisad, ganixilavs, Tu ra aris sa-
gani TavisTavad da risgan Sesdgeba igi.
Tavisuflebis unari aris adamianuri yofierebis
mier gansxvavebis, anu uaryofis dadgena; Sesabamisad,
abstrahirebis unari arkvevs, Tu ra mimarTebaSia obi-
eqti ,,sxvasTan”, sxva obieqtebTan (xdeba saerTo niSnis
gamoyofa gasxvavebis safuZvelze).
rwmenis unari aris adamianuri yofierebis
,,uaryofiT” gaSualebuli mimarTeba Tavis TavTan. sin-
Tezis unari adgens imas, rom sagani aris am sagnisa da
sxva sagnebis dialeqtikuri erTianoba, rogorc gansx-
vavebulTa erTianoba.
azrovnebis eqsistencialur-simboluri unari
warmoadgens adamianuri yofierebis mTlianobas, mis
struqturas. igi gansxvavdeba azrovnebis mecnieruli
unarisagan, rogorc obieqturi azrovnebisagan, ro-
gorc cnebiTi azrovnebisagan imiT, rom am ukanasknel-
Si ar monawileobs gancda, emocia, tanjva. marTalia,
azrovnebis es gansxvavebuli unarebi Tavisi bunebis
mixedviT erTmaneTs upirispirdebian, magram, swored
amitom, isini erTmaneTs avseben adamianSi. adamianis
yofierebiseuli, anu eqsistencialur-simboluri az-

270
rovneba gamoricxavs mecnierul azrovnebas da piriqiT,
magram isini, amave dros, adamianis azrovnebad rCebian,
amitom SesaZlebelia ise moxdes, rom erTma moindomos
meoris unarebis dadgena, rac ar aris gamoricxuli az-
rovnebaSi rogorc aseTSi. magaliTad: Tu mecniereba
moindomebs TviTSenaxvis unaris mecnierul, e.i. obieq-
tur Seswavlas, mas xelSi SerCeba ,,TiTqos” TviTSenax-
vis principis moqmedeba mecnierul debulebaSi, anu
igi daiwyebs iseTi debulebis Ziebas, romelsac Tavis
Tavis safuZveli Tavis TavSi aqvs, e.i. upirobo debule-
bas miiRebs, anu me=me: romelic amasTanave, dawmendil-
ia yovelgvari adamianurisagan da warmoadgens wminda
Teoriul debulebas, usasrulo daskvnas.
Tu, mecniereba moindomebs Tavisuflebis unaris
cnebiT gamosaxvas, mas xelSi SerCeba Tavisuflebis
mxolod da mxolod obieqturi aspeqti, rac kargad
gamoixateba, Cvenis azriT, spinozadan momdinare deb-
ulebaSi (romelic SemdgomSi hegelis gaSualebiT mar-
qsizmmac gaiziara), romlis mixedviTac ,,Tavisufleba
aris Secnobili aucilebloba”. obieqturad isini WeS-
maritebas gamosTqvamen, magram, rodesac saqme exeba
Tavisuflebis adamianur-yofierebiseul gagebas, igi
sxva araferia, Tu ara ,,negaturi damokidebulebis
unari” adamianuri yofierebisa, eqsistencisa Tavis
TavTan da ,,sxvas”-Tan. adamianur yofierebas sruli
Tavisufleba aqvs mxolod da mxolod ,,uaryofaSi”. mas
SeuZlia yvelaferi uaryos, magram ,,dadgenis” momen-
tSi igi ukve aRar aris Tavisufleba, aramed ukve rwme-
naa. adamianur yofierebas raime alternativa anu eWvi
SeiZleba gauCndes swored Tavisuflebis da rwmenis
unarebs Soris subordinaciis darRvevisas, rasac xSir-
ad ,,pirovnebis gaorebas” uwodeben da ara TviT Tavi-
suflebaSi. ,,arCevans”, rogorc cnobilia uwodeben or
SesaZlebel pirobas, winamZRvars Soris adamianuri yo-

271
fierebis gaorebas (mag: sikeTisa da borotebis kirke-
goriseuli, an dostoevskiseuli arCevis dros, Tumca
es aqti garkveul pirobebSi aracnobieric SeiZleba
iyos); am dros unda moxdes erTis winamZRvris uaryofa
Tavisuflebis unaris safuZvelze da meoris ,,dadgena-
miReba”. anu ,,arCeva”-rwmenis unaris safuZvelze. ma-
Sasadame, Tavisufleba ,,uaryofs”, rwmena ki – adgens”
raime azrs. amdenad, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, ,,dadebiTi Ta-
visufleba” winaaRmdegobaa, iseve, rogorc uaryofi-
Ti rwmena, vinaidan Tavisufleba aris uaryofa, xolo
raimes dadgena, imitom, rom is dadgenaa raimesi, ukve
aRar aris ,,sxva”, aramed ,,raRac”, romelic Tavisi Ta-
vidan gamoricxavs yvela ,,sxva” SesaZleblobas, e.i.
raRac pozitiurobaa – rwmenaa. obieqturad warmod-
genili rwmena aris ,,darwmunebuloba”, anu logikurad
rom vTqvaT, raimes dadgena aris logikuri dasabuTeba,
gamomdinareoba-daskvna. raime WeSmaritebis dasabuTe-
ba aris, amave dros darwmunebuloba, demonstracia obi-
eqturi viTarebisa, sadac ar SeiZleba adgili hqondes
gancdiseul yofierebas da, saerTod, pirovnulobas.
darwmunebulobas qmnis obieqturi, mecnieruli wanamZ-
Rvrebi, romlebidanac logikurad gamomdinareobs WeS-
mariti daskvna, e.i. pozitiuroba, raimes dadgena, raime
sagnobrivi xdomilebis moxdenis ,,darwmunebuloba”.
amis sapirispirod, RmerTis rwmenas foierbaxi
gansazRvravs, rogorc Rrma darwmunebulobas subi-
eqturis realobisa; e.i. uTuo mniSvnelobisa da WeS-
maritebisa, winaaRmdeg bunebisa da gonebis kanonebisa.17
am gansazRvrebis mimarT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: Cemis
azriT, rwmena ar aris darwmunebuloba, rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, darwmunebuloba axasiaTebs mecnierul de-
bulebas, dasabuTebas, demonstracias da sxva. magram

17. l. foierbaxi, qristianobis arseba, gv. 172.

272
foierbaxi marTalia im daSvebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad
,,rwmena subieqturi realobis uTuo mniSvnelobaa” e.i.
adamianur-yofierebiseulia da upirispirdeba bunebi-
sa da gonebis kanonebs. rwmena Rrmad adamianuri yofi-
erebiseulia, subieqturia. es debuleba foierbaxisa
savsebiT misaRebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram rwme-
naSi foierbaxs iseve, rogorc kants18 esmis mxolod re-
ligiuri rwmena, rac Cvenis azriT, sakamaToa. rwmenaSi
Cven, upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmobT adamianuri eq-
sistencis yofierebis, Tavisufal mimarTebas Tavis
TavTan ,,TviTSenaxvis” safuZvelze, rac gamoixateba,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavisi Tavisa da ,,sxvis” dadgena-
Sio, sadac religiuri rwmena ,,sxvis” erT-erT rigiT
rwmeniT gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, xolo foierb-
axs, saerTod, rwmena, dahyavs saswaulebis rwmenaze.
igi wers: rwmena aris saswaulebis rwmena, rwmena da sas-
wauli absoluturad ganuyofelia. is, rac obieqturad
saswaulia, an saswaulis Zalaa, is subieqturad rwmenaa
– saswauli rwmenis garegani saxea-rwmena ki saswaulis
Sianagani sulia – rwmena aris gonis saswauleba, saswau-
li grZnobisa, romelic Tavis Tavs garegan saswaulSi
asagnobrivebs mxolod. rwmenisaTvis araferia SuZle-
beli – da es rwmenis yovladZliereba, anamdvilebs mx-
olod saswauls... rwmena imisTana sagnebs exeba, romle-
bic adamianis sulis, adamianis grZnobis, adamianebis
survilebis yovlisSemZleobas asagnobrivebs winaaRm-
deg bunebisa da gonebis SezRudvebisa, e.i. kanonebisa.19
rwmenis dayvana religiur rwmenaze igivea, rac
bunebis dayvana zebunebrivze, adamianisa zeadami-

18. SeniSvna. kanti werda, rom RmerTis arseboba da sulis ukvdav-

eba rwmenis saqmea... isini ar SeiZleba emyarebodnen Teoriul dasab-
uTebas da miuwvdomelni Teoriuli SemecnebisaTvis. Кант И. Критика
способности суждения. Соч. т. 9. с. 373-375.
19. l. foierbaxi. qristianobis arseba. gv. 172-173.

273
anurze (RmerTze). ,,rwmena sxva araferia Tu ara rwme-
na adamianis RvTaebriobisa”, magram, Tu am debulebas
TviT foierbaxiseulad, logikurad ganvaviTarebT
bolomde, maSin miviRebT, rom RvTaebriobis safuZve-
li adamiania, rwenis safuZvelic adamiania, romelsac,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavisi Tavi unda swamdes ,,sxv-
asTan” mimarTebis safuZvelze. magram aRsaniSnavia
is garemoeba, rom foierbaxi sruliad gansxvavebul
aspeqtSi ganixilavs rwmenas, esaa – religiis kritika,
misi ,,arsebis” sakiTxi da ara adamianuri yofierebis
struqturuli mTlianobis dadgena. igi rwmenas ikv-
levs, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc religiurs da ara,
rogorc adamianuri yofierebis Sinagani mTlianobis
safuZvels, Tumca igi rwmenas e.i. religiur rwmenas, ar
wyvets adamianuri yofierebis Sinagan-gancdiT bunebas.
am aspeqtiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis yofierebis
Sinagani bunebis kvleva, marTalia, religiis kritikis
formaSi, kirkegorTan erTad mocemuli aqvs l. foi-
erbaxs. magram, Tu kirkegorma pirdapir gaamaxvila yu-
radReba yofierebis eqsistenciur kvlevaze, hegelis
filosofiis sapirispirod, foierbaxi awarmoebs re-
ligiis ,,eqsistencialur” kritikas, e.i. man, garkveuli
azriT, mogvca adamianuri yofierebis problemebi re-
ligiasTan mimarTebaSi, daaxloebiT is, rac asi wlis
Semdeg sxva sityvebiT, wamoayena k. iaspersma eqsisten-
cis transcendentisaken mimarTebis ideaSi, im gansx-
vavebiT, rom iaspersi ar awarmoebs religiis da tran-
scendentis kritikas. Tumca, es azri SeiZleba ar iyos
aprioruli. foierbaxi wers: RmerTi rom sxva arseba
aris, es mxolod moCvenebaa, mxolod warmosaxvaa. Rmer-
Ti rom Seni sakuTari arseba aris, amas Sen imiT gamox-
atav, rom RmerTi aris arseba SenTvis. amrigad, ra aris
rwmena, Tu ara adamianis TviTdarwmuneba, eWvmiutane-
li rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTari subieqturi arseba

274
aris obieqturi... RmerTis rwmena aris adamianis Rmer-
Ti. Tu RmerTi aris ise da aris is, romelic me mwams da
rogorc me mwams, maSin gana sxva ra aris RmerTis arseba,
Tu ara arseba rwmenisa? magram gana SegiZlia gwamdes
keTili, roca Sen TviTon keTili ar xar, rodesac Sen
adamianze daeWvebuli xar, roca is SenTvis araferia.20
rwmenis arsebad foierbaxi adamianis gancdebs, survi-
lebs acxadebs, ,,samyaros daRupvis SiSis” sawinaaRm-
degod. rwmenis arseba... aris, is rac adamians surs. mas
surs ukvdavi iyos, maSasadame igi ukvdavia, mas surs,
rom arsebobdes iseTi arseba, romelsac yvelaferi is
SeeZleboda, rac bunebisa da gonebisaTvis SeuZlebe-
lia, maSasadame, arsebobs aseTi arseba... rwmena, siyvar-
uli da imedi qristianobis samebaa.21 maSasadame, rwmenis
dafuZneba foierbaxTan xdeba ara racionaluri gziT,
aramed grZnobebze gancdebze, e.i. adamianuri yofi-
erebis Sinagan samyaroze, ara adamianze, an mis ideaze
saerTod, aramed mis gancdiseul azrovnebaze dayrd-
nobiT, sapirispirod ,,gonebisa da bunebis kanonebisa”,
rac Cemis azriT, materializmTan erTad, foierbaxis
filosofiis kidev erT siaxles unda warmoadgendes
hegelis filosofiasTan SedarebiT.
maSasadame, akritikebs ra religiur rwmenas, foi-
erbaxi, amave dros, adgens adamianur yofierebas, rom-
lis gareSec azri ara aqvs araviTar religias, aravi-
Tar rwmenas. rwmenis arseba aris adamianis yofiereba,
misi gancdebi, survilebi. adamianuri yofiereba aris
gancdebis prizmaSi gadatexili azrovneba. amitom, am
kuTxiT danaxuli SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos kirkegoris
mier yofierebis eqsistencialuri problemebis wina
planze wamowevis pirvelobis sakiTxi filosofiaSi.
marTalia, foierbaxs ar uxmaria termini ,,eqsistenci”
20. iqve, gv. 174.
21. iqve, gv. 175.

275
Tanamedrove gagebiT, magram rogorc Cans savaraudoa,
rom adamianuri yofierebis gancdiseuli mxaris wina
planze wamoweva, hegelis filosofiis ,,batonobis” Sem-
deg, mxolod kirkegors ar unda ekuTvnodes.
RmerTis rwmenis sruliad gansxvavebuli safuZveli
aqvs dadgenili hegels. esaa – abstraqtuli azrovneba.
misi azriT, rwmena aris wminda cnobiereba arsebisa,
riTac rwmenis bunebaSi ZiriTadad cxaddeba logi-
kuri azrovneba. rwmena aris, - wers hegeli, - arsebis
wminda cnobiereba, e.i. martivi ,,Sinaganisa”, e.i. war-
moadgens azronebas – mTavari momenti rwmenis buneba-
Si, romelsac xSirad mxedvelobidan uSveben xolme. is
uSualoba, romliTac arseba Sedis rwmenaSi, imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom misi sagania arseba, e.i. wminda azri.22 maSa-
sadame, hegels rwmena esmis ara pirovnebis gancdiseuli
TvalsazrisiT, aramed racionalisturad. misi azriT,
ramdenadac azrovneba Sedis cnobierebaSi, anu, rac
igivea, wminda cnobiereba Sedis TviTcnobierebaSi, rw-
menis uSualoba Rebulobs erTgvar sagnobriv yofiere-
bas. sagnobrivi yofiereba imyofeba ,,TviTobis” (Selbst)
cnobierebis miRma. amis mizezia is, rom cnobierebis da
rwmenis uSualo, wminda azrovnebis simartive, dabl-
deba warmodgenis donemde da gardaiqmneba zegrZno-
bad samyarod, romelic TviTon cnobierebisaTvis
raRac ,,sxva” samayrod iqceva, da warmoadgens TviTc-
nobierebis ,,sxvas”. rwmena warmoadgens cnebis Zalis
gamovlenis asparezs, riTac rwmena wminda cnobiere-
baSi fuZndeba. hegelis azriT wminda saR azrovnebaSi
cneba aris is, rac erTaderTi namdvilia, xolo es aris
rwmenis mesame mxare: iyos sagani wminda saRi azrovnebi-
sa sakuTrivi azriT, aris is mimarTeba, romelSic gamo-
dis rwmena... specifikuri sagani, romelzedac wminda

22. Гегель Г. Феноменология духа. Соч. т. IV, М. 1959, с. 286.

276
saRi azri mimarTavs cnebis Zalas, aris rwmena, rogorc
wminda cnobierebis forma...23
maSasadame, rwmenis gagebis sakiTxSi unda aRiniSnos
garkveuli mimarTebis arseboba foierbaxisa da hege-
lis TvalsazrisebSi – isini gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisagan RmerTis rwmenis dafuZnebaSi. hegeli rwmenas
afuZnebs gonebaSi, wminda cnobierebaSi, cnebaSi, foi-
erbaxi, hegelis sapirispiro Tvalsazriss aviTarebs
rwmenis Sesaxeb – igi rwmenas gancdiseul adamianur yo-
fierebaze afuZnebs.

daskvna

naSromSi ganxilulia adamianuri yofierebis, anu

rac igivea ,,eqsistencis” (Existenz) imanenturi struq-
turis SesaZlo, potenciuri metafizika. miCneulia,
rom am sferos amomwuravi pasuxi gasca m.haidegerisa da
k. iaspersis eqsistencializmma, agreTve m. Selerisa da
g.gadameris filosofiam.
magram azrovneba usasruloa, iseve, rogorc TviT
samyaro da ufali RmerTi, es ki saSulebas aZlevs maZ-
iebel gonebas iswrafvodes azrovnebis usasrulobaSi
svlisaTvis da axali azrebis wvdomisaTvis. eqsisten-
cis struqturuli kvleva-Wvreta inteleqtualuri
intuiciisa da grZnobadi metafizikis meoxebiT saSu-
alebas iZleva davadginoT eqsistencis Sinagani struq-
turis ZiriTadi unarebi da elementebi, rogoric ari-
an: 1. TviTSenaxvis unari; 2. Tavisuflebis unari da 3.
rwmenis unari (usasrulobaSi SeiZleba vimsjeloT sxva
unarebzec).
eqsistenci, anu pirovnebis siRrmiseuli safuZveli
warmoadgens am unarebis urTules struqturuli er-

23. iqve, gv. 288-289/

277
Tianobis fenomens, romlis gageba dResac aqtualuria
hermenevtikisa da anTropologiisaTvis.

Lliteratura:
1. m. haidegeri. yofiereba da dro. Tbilisi, 1989w.
2. k. kapaneli. filosofiuri Sromebi. Tbilisi, 1989w.
3. l. foierbaxi. qristianobis arseba. Tbilisi, 1956w.
4. И. Кант. Метафизика нравов. Соч. т. 4(1). Москва, 1965.
5. v. pronnikovi da i. ladanovi. iaponelebi. Tbilisi,
1991w.
6. И. Кант. Критика практического разума. Соч. т. 4(1). Москва,
1965.
7. И. Кант. Критика чистого разума. Соч. т. 3. Москва, 1963.
8. И. Кант. Критика способности суждения. Соч. т. 5. Москва,
1966.
9. Гегель Г. Философия права. Соч. т. VII. Москва, 1934.
10. Гегель Г. Феноменология Духа. Соч. т. IV. Москва, 1959.
11. Шопенгауер А. Мир как Воля и Представление. Соч. т.1.
Москва, 1900.
12. Iaspers K. Vernunft und Existenz. Ironingen. 1935.
13. Iaspers K. Philosophie. Bd. 1. Berlin. 1956.
14. Iaspers K. Der Philosophische Glaube. München. 1955.

Arsen Burjaliani -Doctor of Philosophy; Vice-president of the Academy of

Philosphical Sciences of Georgia; Professor at Technical University of Geor-
gia. He works on problems of philosophy, is the author of many scientific
works.

Lia Metreveli - Academic Doctor of Education Sciences. Associate Profes-

sor, Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sci-
ences, Georgian Technical University. Is the author of few textbooks, has
published scientific articles both in Georgia and abroad. Also she has par-
ticipated in many international scientific conferences. The spheres of her re-
search mainly are psychology and education problems.

278
 METAPHYSICS OF THE IMMANENT POTENTIALS OF
EXISTENZ
ABSTRACT
A possible, potential metaphysics of the immanent structure of
man’s being i.e. “Existenz” is discussed in the article. It is shown
that acomprehensive answer was given to this issue in M. Hei-
degger’s and K. Jaspers’s existentialism as well as in M. Scheler’s
and G. Gadamer’s philosophy.
Though as thinking is endless like the world itself and God,
the inquisitive mind possesses the possibility to advance and gen-
erate new ideas and attitudes. Structural study-contemplation of
Existenz with intellectual intuition and sensuous metaphysics en-
ables us to state the principal abilities of the immanent structure of
Existenz suchas 1. The ability of self-preservation; 2. The ability
of freedom and 3.The ability of faith (in the infinity other abilities
can be discussed).
Existenz or the in-depth foundation of a person is the most com-
plex structural unity of these abilities and one of the actual tasks
of present-day hermeneutics and anthropology is to understand it.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis filosofiuri anTropolo­
giis ganyofilebam.

279
 natalia biwaZe - Telavis i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis sax-
elmwifo universitetis, socialur mecnierebaTa biznesisa
da samarTlis fakultetis, filosofiis mimarTulebis asis-
tent-profesori. istoriis akademiuri doqtori. kiTxulobs
leqciebs filosofiur disciplinebSi: logika, istoriis fi-
losofia, Sesavali filosofiur azrovnebaSi, mecnierebis
filosofia. aqvs gamoqveynebuli erTi monografia da samec-
niero publikaciebi (bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi 22).

filosofiuri anTropologiis
kvlevis sfero Tanamedrove epoqaSi
adamianis arsis da sazrisis dadgena filosofiuri
anTropologiis kvlevis sferos warmoadgens. .
moazrovneTa winaSe gansakuTrebiT mwvaved daisva
adamianis da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis ana-
lizi. es ar aris SemTxveviTi. rogorc gamoirkva, ada-
mianis samyaro arc ise myari yofila, rogorc aqamde
fiqrobdnen. kacobriobis winaSe dRes dadga mTavari
sakiTxi - awmyos gansazRvra, adamianis adgilis povna
Tanamedrove samyaroSi da momavlis gageba. ratom aris
rom dRes adamiani undoblad aris ganwyobili da moma-
vals uimedod Sescqeris. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva Tu
ram ganapiroba es? ra procesebTan gvaqvs saqme?
msoflio samecniero rukaze ganxorcielda radi-
kaluri inversia – pirvel planze gamovida mikrodone,
mikroprocesebi, centidanuli tendenciebi, lokali-
zacia, fragmentacia, individualizacia da es mdgo-
mareoba filosofiam bunebrivad miiCnia.
hegeli werda, rom “Semecneba Tavis namdvilobas fi-
losofiaSi aRwevs”.(2). amiT imas gulisxmobda, rom fi-

280
losofia mTlianobis Semecnebaa. swored mTlianobis
Tema gaxada aqtualuri. msoflioSi mimdinare proce-
sebis izolirebuli, erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli
Semecneba aRaraa sakmarisi.
adamianis keTildRobaze da misi cxovrebis idealu-
rad mowyobaze yvela epoqis moazrovneni ocnebobdnen.
Cveni epoqis sxvadasxva sferos moazrovneebi: anTro-
pologebi, sociologebi, filosofosebi, fsiqolo-
gebi, teqnikuri inteligenciis Tu xelovnebis war-
momadgenlebi erTnairi interesiT ekidebian sakiTxs
– vin var da ra sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT? mkvlevarTa
azriT ukanaskneli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi adami-
anTa sazogadoeba mkveTrad Seicvala. momavali ufro
met cvlilebebs gvpirdeba. mosalodnelia Rirebule-
baTa didi gadafaseba. “SeiZleba daikargos politi-
kuri Tavisufleba, SeiZleba savsebiT gaqres yvelaze
saSiSi daavadebani, Cven unda vcadoT yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa prognozireba. yvela cv-
lilebis prognozireba ki srulad SeuZlebelia. moma-
vali yovelTvis Seicavs ganusazRvrelobas da es unda
gvaxsovdes”(1). aseTi mkveTri cvlilebebi, upirveles
yovlisa RirebulebaTa kriziss da mis radikalur gada-
fasebas gulisxmobs.
sazogadoebaSi mwvaved dadga adamianis problema.
sad vimyofebiT dRes Cven? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
sirTules warmoadgens. poperis azriT, kiTxva – sad vi-
myofebiT Cven? Ppasuxi iqneba, “Cven... ar viciT saiT midis
kacobrioba da maSasadame, arc is viciT, sad vimyofebiT
dRes”(1). marTalia, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba mkvlev-
arTa azriT adamianis moqmedebis sarbielia, rogorc
individualuri, ise socialuri formiT da am sazoga-

281
doebis ZiriTadi niSnebi humanizmi, kritikuli cno-
biereba da demokratiaa, magram miuxedavad amisa meore
mxriv dRes adamianisaTvis yvelaferi bunebrivi gaxda,
mas araferi izidavs, araferi axarebs. igi gulgrilia
yvelafris mimarT. frankis TqmiT, “adamianebi sulie-
rad gaiyinen”(3)). Citis gafrena, romelzedac kacobri-
oba saukuneebis manZilze ocnebobda ukve yoveldRi-
uri movlena gaxda, magram vis raSi sWirdeba es, Tu mTel
samyaroSi mowyeniloba, gamouvali sulieri martooba
da uSinaarsoba batonobs? saerTod saWiroa Tu ara ada-
mianis bednierebisaTvis teqnikis aseTi usazRvro gan-
viTareba?.. adamianis gadaqceva nivTis, manqanis, tele-
fonisa da sxva nawarmTa da mkvdar saSualebaTa monad?
Cven ar gagvaCnia pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram gvaqvs eWvi
da undobloba, romelic adre ucnobi iyo (3).
adamiani im dilemis winaSe dadga irwmunos Tu ara
teqnikis yovlisSemZleoba? marTalia man gazarda ada-
mianis Zliereba misi saqmianobis yvela sferoSi, magram
aRmoCnda rom zrdasac aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi. gaizarda
riskis safrTxeebi. gansxvavebul Sinaarss iZens adami-
anTa ideebi, interesebi, ganwyobilebebi, Teoriebi, Ri-
rebulebani. icvleba adamianTa cxovrebis wesi, adaT-
wesebi, kultura.
da mainc procesis zegavlenis ra SedegebTan gvaqvs
saqme; Cven viciT rom es movlena adamianis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi Tavs mravali formiT iCens: komunikaciebis,
globaluri ekologiuri problemebis, aralegaluri
migraciis, demografiuli, urbanizaciis, energetiku-
li problemis da a.S problemebis saxiT.
ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi mcxovrebi adamiani
wina Taobebze metad acnobierebs mTel msoflios Tavis

282
sacxovrisad. amitom is Tavisi cnobierebiT ufro da
ufro xdeba “ msoflio moqalaqe”.
Cven vzivarT sakuTar saxlSi da televiziiT vuyure-
bT, Tu ra xdeba mocemul momentSi buenos – airessa da
pekinSi; mobiluriT velaparakebiT niu-iorkSi; gvacvia
jinsebi, vsvamT koka-kolas da mivirTmevT Cisburgers;
internetis saSualibiT vkiTxulobT uaxles parizul
gazeTebs da, misive daxmarebiT, saxlidan gausvlelad
vyidulobT saWiro nivTs; evrokavSiri gvisazRvravs
produqtebze fasebs da Soreul safinanso birJebze
momxdari cvlilebebi maSinve aisaxeba Cvens biujetze;
axla SevexoT im unar-Cvevebs, romelic Tanamedrove
epoqaSi codnis SeZenasa da ganaTlebis miRebaSi sWird-
eba dRevandel adamians, ufro swored dRes ganaTleba
da codna rogor moTxovnebs ayenebs zogadad.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba moiTxovs ganaTlebis
sistemis gansakuTrebul organizacias. swavlebis ro-
gorc kvalifikaciis micemis cneba icvleba ganaTlebis,
rogorc metakvalifikaciis Camoyalibebis cnebiT.
prof. kacitaZis azriT, kvalifikacia gulisxmobs
swavlebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul Cvevebis ubralo
gamoyenebas, xolo metakvalifikacia imgvar codnas,
romelic axali informaciis moZebnis, seleqciis da
aTvisebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. mag: soflis meurneo-
bis muSaks unda gaaCndes ara mxolod soflis meurneo-
bisTvis saWiro tradiciuli Cvevebi, e.i. kvalifikacia,
aramed metakvalifikaciac. fermers informacia unda
hqondes ara mxolod sasuqebze da hibridul Teslebze,
veterinarul saSualebebsa da pesticidebze, kombainsa
da traqtorze, aramed unda SeeZlos aRricxva, kontr-
oli, Tvalyuris devneba axali teqnologiebisaTvis, am

283
sferoSi misTvis sainteresoa informaciis seleqcia,
kompiuteris moxmareba. fermerma Tavisi metakvalifi-
kaciiT unda icodes, vis da rodis mimarTos: iurists,
momaragebis agents da a.S. amitom dRes did mniSvn-
elobas iZens mecnierebis is aratradiciuli dargebi,
romlebic, upiratesad, metakvalifikaciisTvis aris
gamiznuli. laparakia iseT mecnierebebze, rogoricaa:
marTvis sistemis organizacia, marTvis socialuri
fsiqologia, gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da TamaSis
Teoriebi da sxv.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, fasdebian adamianebi,
romelTac axasiaTebT: cvlilebebTan swrafad Seg-
uebis unari; moqniloba, rodesac adamians SeuZlia ram-
denime adgilas muSaoba da Tu saWiro gaxda Tavadac
gaswios xelmZRvaneloba; cnobismoyvareoba – rodesac
adamians ainteresebs ra xdeba da aqvs survili gavlena
moaxdinos mimdinare procesebze; unari, SeinarCunos
TavdaWera gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi; kritikul situ-
aciaSi moqmedebis Cveva; Seasrulon Semrigeblisa da
Suamavlis roli; unari, daiwyon axali saqme; iyvnen aRm-
sruleblebi; isini “ realisturad” meocnebeni arian,
aqvT ganviTarebuli warmosaxva da, rac mTavaria, moma-
valze ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre warsulze.
es sazogadoeba, aseve, daafasebs ucxo enebis codnas,
gansxvavebul kulturaTa gagebisa da maTTan Seguebis
unars. Tanac, yovelive amas eqneba ara mxolod Teori-
uli mniSvneloba, aramed ufro praqtikuli.
yvelaze ufro metad sadac adamianma sulieri si-
cariele igrZno kulturis sferoa, adamianebi sauku-
neebis manZilze qmnidnen TavianT erovnul kulturas
da sisxlis fasad inarCunebdnen mas. swored erovnuli

284
kultura iZleoda mudam erovnuli identifikaciis sa-
Sualebas. kultura igiveobrivia adamianuris, social-
uris. unebrivia, kulturis krizisi exeba mis Semqmnels
uwinares yovlisa. adamiani kulturis centria da misi
substancia. yvela gza adamianisken midis. kulturis
krizisis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani simptomi haizingas
azriT Semecnebis idealis Secvlaa. azrovnebisa da
codnis ideali Seicvala cxovrebisa da saqmis idealiT
“ konfliqti yofierebasa da codnas Soris kulturis
krizisis ZiriTadi momentia”(5) WeSmariteba daeqvemde-
bara cxovrebis interesebs, adamianis mTeli sulieri
moRvaweoba cxovrebam daimona. Cveni drois yoveldRi-
urma cnobierebam, n.kvaracxelias azriT, sagani icis mx-
olod imdenad, ramdenadac es codna masze gabatonebis
da am gziT individis biologiuri arsebobis maRal
doneze SenarCunebisa da garemosTan nivTierebaTa
cvlis Seuferxebeli mimdinareobis uzrunvelyofis
garantias iZleva. misTvis sagani aris sasargeblo da
gamosayenebeli da mxolod amdenad-saintereso da yu-
radsaRebi. saRi azri ukritikod Tvlis, rom sinamd-
vile mis moTxovnilebebs, interesebs, miswrafebebsa da
miznebs unda emsaxuros, am miznebis mixedviT Seiqmnas
da gardaiqmnas. sinamdvile, amdenad da mxolod amde-
nad, imsaxurebs Semecnebas, SeiZleba iyos codnisa da
gaazrebis Rirsi. sargeblianobisa da utilitarizmis
principi Cveni epoqis, saerTod axali drois ZiriTadi
principia (3).
cxovrebis filosofiam mwvaved daayena yofierebis
dasasrulis sakiTxi. adamianis gaazrebis ZiriTadi Tema
sakuTari cxovrebis sazrisia. Tanamedrove kulturaSi
dairRva harmonia kulturis warmmarTveli Zala-goni

285
daeqvemdebara materialur elements, romelic kul-
turisaTvis ar aris pirveladi.
dRes kerZo asociaciuri cxovreba gaxlavT Taname-
drove adamianis kmayofilebis wyaro. liberaluri
principebi ar gulisxmobs araviTar Semweobas tradici-
uli erTobebisaTvis, piriqiT es principebi xalxis
daqucmacebisken aris ufro mimarTuli. Tanamedrove
mobilurobis moTxovnebi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis
wevrTa sul ufro da ufro masiur mowyvetas im gare-
mosgan, sadac adre cxovrobdnen. is rac, uwin arsebobis
individualizebul formebSi erToblivad daiZleoda,
rogorc klasobrivi xvedri axala adamianebi iZuleb-
ulni arian yvelaferi Tavis Tavs daabralon, rogorc
piradi warumatebloba; aseve cxovrebis maxeebSi mou-
lodneli gabma, saidanac Tavis daRweva xSirad martos
uwevT. “ Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi, adamianis saxis
dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia”, - ase aRwers Tavis ube-
durebas germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari.
axali adamianis, axali azrovnebis Camoyalibeba
erTi SexedviT TiTqosda gacveTili frazebia, magram
saTanado SinaarsiT maT uTuod aqvT mniSvneliba. esaa
ZiriTadad adamianTa axleburi damokidebuleba saka-
cobrio faseulobebisadmi maTi Rrma arsis wvdomidan
gamomdinare, orientacia upiratesad sulieri da so-
cialuri sikeTisadmi; maradiul, sakacobrio faseulo-
baTa upiratesobis gacnobiereba, rac adamianTa WeSma-
riti keTildReobis gadamwyveti pirobaa.
sabolood rac SeiZleba iTqvas dRevandel mdgo-
mareobaze aris is, rom igi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba
wina istoriuli periodisagan. dRes Tanamedrove epo-
qaSi, adamianma gansxvavebulad unda aRiqvas, gansxvave-

286
bulad unda gaicnobieros mimdinare procesebi da swo-
ri reagireba moaxdinos maTze.

literatura:
1.sociologia entoni gidensis mixedviT, Tb. 2011
2.hegeli, gonis filosofia, Tb.1984.
3.kvaracxelia n. adamiani da msoflmxedveloba, 2001.
4. fukuiama f. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli ada-
miani, Tb.1999.
5.berdiaevi n. adamianis bedi Tanamedrove samyaroSi,
1934.

Natalia Bitsadze - I. Gogebashvili Telavi State University, Faculty of
Social Sciences, Business and Law, Assistant Professor of Philosophy.
Academic Doctor of History. Lectures in philosophical disciplines:
Logic, Philosophy of History, Introduction to Philosophical Thinking,
Philosophy of Science. Has published one monograph and scientific
publications (22 (twenty two) in the last 5 years).

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
FIELD OF RESEARCH IN THE MODERN ERA
Abstract
Forming a new person, a new way of thinking may seem like faded
phrases at first glance, but with proper content they undoubtedly
have meaning. It is mainly a new attitude of people towards human
values ​​due to their access to their deep essence, an orientation towards
predominantly spiritual and social goodness; Realizing the superiority
of eternal, human values, which is a crucial condition for the true
well-being of human beings.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere­

baTa akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyo­
filebam.

287
irakli gogiCaZe – filosofiis magistri, avtori mra-
valricxovani statiebisa Teoriuli filosofiis sferoSi
filosofiuri anTropologiis ganxriT; administrirebas
uwevs pirvel qarTul filosofiur internet saits – www.
philosophya.ge-s.

„Tavisuflebis determinantebi - piroba,

motivi da idea”

“Ansinus buridani inter duo prata”

„buridanis viris” paradoqsi erT-erTia im parado-
qsTa Soris, romelic filosofiis istoriaSicnobilia-
Zenonidan moyolebuli. es konkretuli paradoqsi, ro-
melic miewereba sorbonis universitetis erT-erT Sua
saukuneebSi moRvawe reqtors -- Jan buridans, mis naS-
romebSi araa mocemuli da Camoyalibebuli. arsebobs
varaudi, rom igi mas zepirad iyenebda Tavis leqciebze
da es grZeldeboda imdenad didxans, rom gabezrebulma
msmenelebma am paradoqss buridanis saxeli saukunod
miawebes. ramdenadac filosofiur problemaTa cal-
saxa Camoyalibeba urTulesia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca
xelT gvaqvs pirvelwyaro dedanSi, amdenad gacilebiT
rTuli viTareba iqmneba maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs ze-
pir gadmocemasTan, erTgvar filosofiur Tqmulebas-
Tan. am dros warmoiSoba mravalsaxa interpretaciebi
da problemis istoria boboqar okeaned gadaiqceva. am
paradoqss Sexebian ara mxolod filosofosebi, magal-
iTad laibnici (romelic Tavisuflebis problemasTan
dakavSirebiT agrZelebs hobsisa da spinozas xazs), ar-
amed iseTi inteleqtuali poetic, rogoric iyo didi
dante alegieri. Cveni statiis mizani araa filosofiis
istoriuli xasiaTisa, ris gamoc Cven aq ar SevudgebiT

288
am paradoqsis istoriul-arqeologiuri detalebis kv-
leva-Ziebas. CvenTvis mTavari iqneba im ZiriTadi inter-
pretaciebis fonze, romelic filosofiis istoriaSi
arsebobs, Cveneuli poziciis dafiqsireba.
***
am paradoqsis pirvandel versias vxvdebiT jer
kidev aristoteles TxzulebaSi -- “zecis Sesaxeb”, sa-
dac didi stagireli akritikebs sofistur debulebas
imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos dedamiwas ar SeuZlia brun-
va an, ufro zustad gadaadgileba, imitom, rom is aris
wriseburi da gareSe Zalebi mis yvela wertilze sruli-
ad Tanabrad moqmedebs. yvela mxridan Zalis erTnairi
zemoqmedeba iwvevs mis uZraobas. aristotele am deb-
ulebas aSarJebs swored imiT, rac Camoyalibebulia e.w.
“buridanis viris” paradoqsSi. Tu sofistebi marTalni
arian, ambobs aristotele, maSin mSier-mwyurvali kaci,
romelsac daayeneben Tanabari daSorebiT sasmel-saW-
melis winaSe, unda mokvdes uZraobasa da yoymanSi, ra-
meTu Tanabrad daSorebuli sasmeli da saWmeli masze
swored erTnairi ZaliT moqmedebs, ris gamoc is ver
moaxerxebs moZraobas.
sagulisxmoa, rom aristotelTan es paradoqsi ar
gamoiyeneba raime mentalur-imanenturi sakiTxebis,
mag., nebis Tavisuflebis problemis raimenairi axsnisT-
vis. is mas iyenebs wminda sabunebismetyvelo problemis
naTelsayofad da mas (am paradoqss) ekisreba mxolod
analogiis roli.
rac Seexeba Tavad Jan buridans da am paradoq-
sis zepirmetyvel gamoyenebas mis leqciebSi, gaaC-
nia ori, albaT sruliad sapirispiro interpretacia
da amitomac darCa is sorboneli reqtoris Semdgom
paradoqsad(paradoqsi xom ori urTierTsapirispiro
Tvalsazrisis Tanabar dasabuTebiTobasac gulisx-
mobs) da ara mxolod analogiad. pirveli interpreta-

289
ciis Tanaxmad, am paradoqsis leqciebze CamoyalibebiT,
buridani asabuTebda indeterminizms -- Teoriulad
virma SeiZleba usasrulod iyoymanos, rameTu erTi
zvini arafriTaa ukeTesi meoreze, da sabolood, adre
Tu gvian is mokvdeba SimSiliT, magram realur yofa-
cxovrebaSi ase rom xdebodes, maSin mTeli azia mofe-
nili iqneboda viris leSiT, ambobda is. cxadia, rom re-
alurad arcerTi viri ar iklavs Tavs SimSiliT, ufro
zustad, ar irCevs SimSiliT TviTmkvlelobisgzas
(TumcaRa TviTmkvlelobac arCevania da Tavisuflebis
arsebobas gulisxmobs), is yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe
mosZovs jer erTi romelime zvinidan da mere meoresac
miadgeba. e.i. arsebobs Tavisufleba.
meore varianti interpretaciisa sruliad sapir-
ispiros amtkicebs (laibnici swored am versias izi-
arebda) da mas mivyavarT determinizmamde. realur
yofa-cxovrebaSi viri ar kvdeba SimSiliT imitom, rom
SeuZlebelia bsoluturad identuri parametrebis
mqone ori zvinis (misi terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, ori
identuri monada-substanciis) arseboba da maTgan ab-
soluturad Tnabari manZiliT daSorebuloba. es Sesa-
Zlebelia mxolod Teoriuli daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, ris
gamoc erTi SesaZlo variantis arsebobac ki (Tundac
Teoriul doneze), roca samoqmedo are absoluturad
gansazRvrulia, aucileblad klavs virs, rac mTlianad
angrevs indeterminizms da, maSasadame nebis Tavisu-
fleba uaryofilia. nebis Tavisufleba, am terminebis
absoluturi gagebiT, gaaCnia mxolod RmerTs da isic
swored imis safuZvelze, rom ar arsebobs ori abso-
luturad identuri monada, am SemTxvevaSi, ori abso-
luturad erTnari samyaro. ramdenadac yvela SesaZlo
samyaro gansxvavebulia, RmerTi Tavisuflad irCevs
maTgan saukeTesos da e.i. Cveni samyaro saukeTesoa yve-
la SesaZloTa Soris.

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 rac Seexeba mokvdav adamians, is absoluturad Ta-
visufali arasodesaa. SeiZleba visaubroT mxolod
Tavisuflebis xarisxebze - mas gaaCnia garkveuli ra-
odenobis (es raodenobani misi gonebrivi Tvalsawieris
sifarTovezea damokidebuli - didi goniTi gaqanebis
adamians ufro meti SesaZlo alternativis danaxva Za-
luZs da arCevanic meti aqvs) alternativebi moqmedebi-
sa da is Segnebulad, awon-dawonilad irCevs sauke-
Tesos. es alternativebi yovelTvis gansazRvrulia
garkveuli pirobebiT (obieqturiT) da motivebiT
(subieqturiT). sxvagavar viTarebas gamoricxulia ad-
gili hqondes wuTisoflur yofaSi. sxvaTa Soris, saq-
mis amgvari viTareba dadginda kvanturi meqanikis Se-
qmniT, sadac ZalaSia e.w. albaTobis Teoria, romlic
nawilakze impulsuri zemoqmedebiT warmoSobil ara-
calsaxad gansazRvruli moZraobis ramdenime SesaZlo
marSrutis pirobebs aRricxavs da imis albaTobas iT-
vlis Tu romeli maSrutiT gadadgilebaa ufro metad
SesaZlebeli. nawilaki SeiZleba amoZravdes mag., A,B,C, an D
wertilis mimarTulebiT (esaa yvela SesaZlo varianti),
magram romliskenaa moZraoba ufro saalbaTo? ai amaze
gvcems pasuxs albaTobis Teoria.es, mikro doneze dam-
kvidrebuli saqmis viTareba, gvagonebs zemoxsenebul
pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac moqmedebis aqtori Tavi-
sufalia im gagebiT, rom is irCevs qmedebis ramdenime
SesaZlo variantidan romelimes.Tu romels airCevs is,
es damokidebulia miseul gaTvlaze awon- dawonvaze,
garkveuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaze, motivaciaze.

***
aqve unda davsZinoT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba nebi-
sa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas Soris. marTalia, orive
maTgani gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas, oRond gansxvave-
buli statusiT -- absoluturiT da fardobiTiT. nebis

291
Tavisufleba absoluturia im gagebiT, rom is emyareba
mxolod nebis karnaxs, nebas “TavisTavad” (amasTan daka-
vSirebiT ixileT Cveni statia “neba da adamianis yofi-
erebis mTlianoba”). amas jer kidev bernard klervoeli
aRniSnavda xazgasmiT. marTalia, neba TanamSrolobs
azrovnebasTan, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom neba yov-
elTvis azrovnebis karnaxiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas.
neba xSirad warmarTavs moqmedebas azrovnebis sawi-
naaRmdegodac ki, an sruliad araordinaluri mimar-
TulebiT, iseTiT, romelsac arcerTi alternativa ar
iTvaliswinebda -- arc ukeTesi da arc uaresi.
rac Seexeba arCevanis fardobiT Tavisuflebas, is
gulisxmobs raime nebisgareSe instanciasTan TanamS-
rolobiT moqmedebis warmarTvas, iqneba es fizikuri
SesaZleblobebi -- simaRle, moqniloba, amtanoba, Zal-
mosileba..., racionaluri gaangariSeba, pragmatuli
gaTvla, piradi gamocdileba -- sayofacxovrebo, samx-
edro, sasuliero..., da a.S. cxadia, rom mas, rasTanac
TanamSrolobs neba, gaaCnia Tavisi sazRvrebi, zRvarde-
buloba da, amdenad, misi “Tvalsawieric” gansaszRvru-
li raodenobis alternativas gvTavazobs moqmedebisT-
vis. am SemTxvevaSi unda vilaparakoT swored arCevanis
Tavisuflebaze. RmerTTan mimarTebaSi, laibniciseul
konteqstSi, saqme exeba nebis Tavisuflebas, xolo ada-
mianTan mimarTebaSi -- arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
***
Tavisufleba, neba, moqmedeba da yoymani, aucile-
bloba, SesaZlebloba, absoluturi identoba da
Tanabroba, ukeTesi da uaresi ... ai cnebebi, romelTa wi-
naSec gvayenebs es paradoqsi.problemebi da urTierT-
mimarTebebebi, romelTac es cnebebi ganapirobeben,
warmoSoben ganazrebebs da maT SevyavarT anTroposis
im wertilis Sesaxeb codnaSi, nebelobiT-zneobrivi
instancia rom hqvia da romelic siRrmiseulad axdens

292
anTroposis imanenturi Tavisuflebis demonstrire-
bas, Tavisuflebisa, romliTac is dawyevlilia.
am instancias, am imanantur Tavisuflebas, Tuki mis
arsebobas aRiareben ama Tu im disciplinis warmomad-
genlebi (mag., fsiqologia, samarTali, religiaTmcod-
neoba, eTika ...) ganazrebis sagnad ixdis filosofiuri
anTropologiac. am ukanasknels SemecnebiTi xedvis
mimarTvis gansxvavebuli (pozitivisturi, religiuri-
mistiuri, SemoqmedebiT-esTetiuri...) perspeqtivebi
gaaCnia. maT Soris erT-erTma perspeqtivam mzera Sei-
Zleba mimarTos Semdegnairadac: 1. unda ganaxorcielos
zemoCamoTvlili cnebebis konceptualuri analizi da
2. ganazrebis Sedegebi miuyenos anTroposis miseul su-
raTs.
amiT Cven davinaxavdiT anTroposis mimarTebas am
cnebebiT moxazul im realobasTan, romelic anTro-
posis imanenturobaSia daflul-davanebuli imateri-
aluri, sulier-goniTi mocemulobis formiT da mu-
dam xorcSesmas eswrafvis. Seisxams Tu ara is xorcs
sasurveli formiT es calke sakiTxia, magram TviT es
swrafva ukve maniSnebelia Tavisuflebisa.
xsenebuli ganazreba gulisxmobs kiTxvaTa uzarma-
zar rigs, mag., - ras niSnavs anTroposisTvis Tavisu-
fleba?, aRiarebs is mas?, ramdenad faseulia is misT-
vis?, rogor warmarTavs is Tavis qmedebebs rogorc
Tavisufali arseba - sikeTisken Tu borotebisken?, Ta-
visufleba tvirTia misTvis Tu, piriqiT, aRmafrenisa
da Svebis momgvreli?...
cxadia, amgvari rakursiT mimarTuli mzeris are-
Si moxvedrili sinamdvilis sruli SemecnebiTi mocva
erTi statiis farglebSi SeuZlebelia da amis preten-
zia arc gvaqvs. Cveni amocana mokrZalebuli monaxazis
warmodgena iqneba.
***

293
 Cvens mier winamorbed statiebSi warmodgenili su-
raTi anTroposisa Semdegnairia. anTroposi ar aris
raRac erT ganzomilebiani arseba. erTganzomilebi-
anad SeiZleba mavanma warmoidginos adamiani da ara
anTroposi. adamiani Cveneul anTropologiur suraTSi
anTroposis mxolod erT-erTi plastia da Cven mas mov-
ixseniebdiT xolme “racionaluri subieqt-obieqtisa”
an “sakuTriv adamianis” terminebiT. es ukanaskneli epi-
fenomenaluri, warmoebuli, meoreuli mocemulobaa.
anu anTroposi SeiZleba iqces “sakuTriv adamianadac”
Tu is moxvdeba saTanado socio-kulturul garemoSi
da gaivlis Sesabamis aRrzda-ganmanaTleblobiT wvrT-
nas, SeiTvisebs socio-kulturul normebs, adaT-wesebs
da a.S.
pirveladi, fundamenturi, imTaviTve mocemuli
plasti anTroposisa aris is, rasac Cven movixseniebT
xolme “empiriul subieqt-obieqtad” an “cxovelad”.
esaa wmindad bunebriv-vitaluri onto-mocemuloba,
romelic moqmedebs instinqtebis karnaxiT da “sa-
kuTriv adamianisgan” gansxvavebiT am qmedebebisas en-
doba ara logikasa da eqsperiments, aramed empiriul-
saRiazriseuli tipis “grZnobad codnas”. gamomdinare
aqedan, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT “gulubryvilo realis-
tic”.
Semdgom plastad Cven warmogvidgeba e.w. “individu-
ali”. es termini ar unda avurioT “individSi” romelic
biologiuri asociaciebis gamomwvevia da mieyeneba
“cxovels”. “individualSi” Cven vgulisxmobT Semoq-
medebiTi muxtis matarebel anTropotips, romelsac
Tavisi kulturSemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT Semoaqvs
siaxle yvela SesaZlo sferoSi da zogadad samyaroSi.
da bolo, damagvirgvinebel, anTroposis amaR-
lebul plastad warmovidgenT “pirovnebas”, romelic,
Tu realizda, demonstrirdeba anTroposis imanentur

294
centrad da maSin mis gacnobierebul marTvas (da esaa
swored anTropuli Tavisuflebis kulminacia, arseba)
SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros yvela sxva plastSi mimdi-
nare procesebi - grZnobebi, miswrafebebi, afeqtebi,
survilebi, gaTvla-gangariSebebi, SemoqmedebiTi fan-
taziebi da impulsebi...
***
maS ase, ismeba kiTxva: arsebobs anTroposisTvis Ta-
visufleba? es kiTxva damcinavad JRers im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar ibadeba
am qveynad Tavisi nebiT (Tavisi nebiT amqveynad gankacda
mxolod mama RmerTi Ze RvTisas, iesos saxiT da mxolod
isaa absoluturad Tavisufali Teo-anTroposi. amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT ixileT Cveni statia - “absoluturi
Tavisufleba da Teo-anTroposi”). da mainc, am gagebiT
absoluturis modusiT ara, magram, Tavisufleba cxadia
CvenTvisac, arsebobs, aba risi mopoveba-damkvidrebi-
sTvis ibrZvian erebi, erovnuli gmirebi, pirovnebebi,
organizaciebi, partiebi... sxva sakiTxia Tavisuflebis
ra formiT arsebobas aRiareben es ukanasknelni, an, ro-
gor arsebobs Tavisufleba anTroposis warmodgenaSi
an koncepturaSi? an, ragvarad moqmedebs is Tavisu-
flebis egidiT? keTilqmedebas eswrafvis is rogorc
Tavisufali arseba Tu borotqmedebas?...
erTi ram Tavidanve unda vTqvaT; ramdenadac anTro-
posis Cveneuli suraTi ramdenime plastiania, amdenad
zemoCamoTvlil kiTxvebsac gansxvavebulad, im instan-
ciis gadmosaxedidan - cxoveli, sakuTriv adamiani, in-
dividuali, pirovneba - gaecema pasuxi, konkretulad
romelTanac gveqneba SekiTxviTi mimarTeba. maSasadame,
Tavidanve vTanxmdebiT, rom Tavisuflebaze SeiZleba
visaubroT absoluturis (Teo-anTroposTan mimarTe-
baSi) da fardobiTis (anTroposTan mimarTebaSi) azr-
gagebiT. aseve imaze, rom ar arsebobs Tavisufleba Sez-

295
Rudvebis, determinantebis sruli gauqmebis pirobebSi
(amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Cveni statia “neba da ada-
mianuri yofierebis mTlianoba”); Tvisufleba SezRud-
vis gadalaxvas, masTan Widils gulisxmobs da ara mis
gauqmebas, saxeze aryofnas.
***
cxoveli SeiZleba metnaklebad acnobierebdes an
ver acnobierebdes Tavisuflebis arsebobas (gare dam-
kvirveblisTvis amis gageba uSualod gamoricxulia),
magaram Tavisuflebis arseboba arapirdapir mainc mka-
fiod mosCans ukve iseT fundamentur biologiur in-
stinqtTan Sexebisas, rogoricaa mag., gamravlebis in-
stinqti. mgels xrovaSi SeiZleba ar mieces mdedrTan
sqesobrivi kontaqtis Tavisuflad dakmayofilebis
neba. magram, jer erTi, es ar gamoricxavs Tavisuflebis
arsebobas da meore, rom am konkretuli mglis ltol-
vis ganxorcieleba SeuZebelia. sxva saqmea, rom mas mou-
wevs seriozuli jaxi ojaxis lider xvadTan. is SeiZle-
ba mokvdes am jaxSi da maSin yvelaferTan erTad misTvis
xazi gadasmeba Tavisuflebasac (Tumca, es mainc iqneba
TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi dacema, rac Tavisu-
flebis aRiarebas gulisxmobs). xolo Tu gaimarjva, ma-
Sin misi ltolva realizdeba da Tavisuflebac imwamsve
iCens Tavs rogorc onto mocemuloba.
cxadia, deterministi Semogvedaveba da gvetyvis,
rom mgeli imTaviTve monaa sakuTri instinqtisa, rom
igi SeboWilia mZunaobis marwuxebiT da amdenad, misi
moqmedebanic determinirebulia. ki, magram, nuTu si-
cocxleze uaris Tqma, risi gulisTvisac ar unda mox-
des es, ar gulisxmobs kidev ufro fundamenturi in-
stinqtiT SeboWilobis gadalaxvas? TviTSenarCunebis
instinqtze maRla dadgoma xom Tavisuflebis arsebo-
bis yvelaze mtkice biologiuri dasturia?
garda amisa, roca Cveni msjeloba exeba biologiur

296
arsebas, cxovels, cxadia, rom saerTod uadgiloa mis
gasagonad iseTi cnebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa ara mx-
olod “siyvaruli”, “Tavisufleba”, “Tavganwirva”, ar-
amed, TviT “gamravlebis, an gvaris SenarCunebis instinq-
ti” da “TviTSenarCunebis instiqti”. cxovelur doneze
es ukanasknelni warmoadgenen mxolod verbalur-akus-
tikur JReradobas, xmaurs da sruliad daclilni arian
sazrisobrivi Sinaarsisgan. roca am terminebs viyenebT
cxovelis qmedebebis aRwerisas, Cven uneblied veweviT
situaciis anTropizirebas, Cven sxva ena garda anTro-
pulisa ar gagvaCnia. ise ki, yvelaferi es, instiqtebis
CaTvliT, am SemTxvevaSi, anu cxovelis gadmosaxedidan
warmoebuli msjelobisas, warmogvidgebian “moqmedebis
pirobebad” sxva bio-fsiqiur da fiziko-qimiur piro-
baTa gverdiT. e.i. cxoveli, Tavis wminda plastobriv-
izolirebul mdgomareobaSi, moqmedebebs axorcielebs
garkveul pirobaTa karnaxiT. am pirobaTa TavmoyriT
gasagnebuli areali moqmedebisa gulisxmobs usasru-
lod mraval variacias. bio-fsiqiuri da fiziko-qimi-
uri pirobebi uamravnairad SeiZleba kombinirdes da,
Sesabamisad, cxovelis, anu moqmedebis aqtoris (ro-
melic Tavadac erT-erTi, magram umTavresi pirobaa
moqmedebisa. aqtoris gareSe pirobaTa kombinacia, mo-
qmedebis konkretuli are sarTod azrdakarguli ra-
maa. am SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs pirobaTa qaosi) qmede-
bac sxvadasxvanairi, arastandartuli SeiZleba iyos.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklis SemTxvevebs yovelTvis
eqneba adgili. zogi mgeli ibrZolebs da miaRwevs saw-
adels, zogi am brZolas Seewireba, zogi ganikveTeba
xrovidan da martosulobaSi amoZvreba suli da a.S. es
alternativebi ukve aris Tavisuflebis dasturi. cxa-
dia es araa absoluturi Tavisufleba, magram arCevanis
Tavisufleba aq ueWvelad igulisxmeba.
pirobebi moqmedebisa ar qmnian aucileblobiT Se-

297
boWil garemos aqtoris moqmedebisTvis. pirobebi ver
lagdebian mxolod erT horizontalur Skalaze. isini
rom ase lagdebodnen yvela pirobas Tanabari Zala eqne-
boda moqmedebis aqtorisTvis da am ukanasknels saer-
Tod moespoboda yovelgvari SesaZlo moqmedebis saSu-
aleba. es iqneboda absoluturi aucileblobebis anu
sikvdilis samyaro. aki kvdeba kidec, Sua saukuneebi-
dan moyolebuli, sacodavi “buridanis viri” SimSiliT.
amitom, TviT is erTi gamonaklisi faqtic ki, romelic
gviCvenebs “TviTSenarCunebis instiqtze” cxovelis
amaRlebas, sicocxlis brmad gawirvas,metyvelebs, er-
Tis mxriv, imaze, rom cxovelic ki moqmedebis pirobebs
“alagebs”vertikalur Skalaze da erT pirobas meoreze
maRla ayenebs, mimarTavs improvizacias; es ki, meores
mxriv, cxadyofs, rom cxovelic ki ar aris garemo piro-
bebiT aucileblobiT SeboWili. amis sailustraciod
uamravi video-dokumenturi masala daagroves natu-
ralistebma dReisTvis. Tumca amgvar faqtebs videos
gamogonebamdec hqonda adgili. magaliTad ernst se-
ton tomfsonis wigni - ,,moTxrobebi cxovelebze”-c
kmara (romelTagan miRebuli STabeWdilebanic bavSvo-
bidan ar gamnelebia), kerZod ki moTxroba “lobo”, ro-
melic uzarmazari, mwyemsebis sisxlisgamSrobi mglis
ambavs gadmogvcems, mglisa, romelic veranairi xerxiT
ver gamoiWires da romelic sabolood Tavisi Zu mewy-
viles daRupvas gadahyva.
Tavisuflebis demonstrireba maSinve moxda, rawam-
sac anTroposis ara raRac siRrmiseul, aramed sawyis,
zedapirze mdebare plasts mivadeqiT. es cxoveluri
plasti da mxolod es arsebobs rogorc imTaviTve sax-
eze myofi SiSveli fizikuri mocemuloba. maSin, roca
Tavisufleba ar arsebobs fizikur-nivTobrivi saxiT.
mas arc awonvad-gazomvadi masa gaaCnia, arc moculoba,
simkvrive an sxva fizikur-qimiuri Tviseba.

298
 e.i. aq, am plastTan mimarTebaSi Tavisuflebam Tavi
iCina rogorc ganxorcielebulma SesaZleblobam, ro-
melic yovelTvis gulisxmobs qmedebis gansxvavebul
variants (ganxorcielebas ar saWiroebs aucilebloba,
is yovelTvis ukve ganxorcielebulia calsaxad, risi
sapirispirocaa SesaZlebloba), ris gamoc pirobaTa
mxridan moqmedebis aqtoris absoluturi, standartu-
li determinacia gamoricxulia.
***
rogor SeiZleba axerxebdes cxoveli moqmedebis
pirobebis vertikalur Skalad dalagebas? xom ar aqvs
aq adgili aqseolgiaSi kargad cnobil “RirebulebTa
Skalis” msgavs movlenas? pasuxi am ukanasknel kiTxvaze
uaryofiTi unda iyos. cxovels ar SeiZleba gaaCndes
Rirebulebis Segnebuli cnobiereba, ris gareSec Rire-
bulebiTi Skala warmoudgenelia. mas amgvarad SeiZleba
amoqmedebdes mxolod improvizaciis unari, romelic
namdvili SemoqmedebiTobis (romelic “individualis”
kompetenciaa, gamovlinebaa da ara “cxovelis”) Cana-
saxovan mdgomareobas gulisxmobs mxolod. cxoveli,
am unaris wyalobiT, erT SemTxvevaSi ignorirebas uke-
Tebs erT romelime, an ramdenime pirobas moqmedebisa,
meore SemTxvevaSi ki sxvas da post-faqtum aRwevs stan-
dartuli qmedebis SemuSavebas. Tumca es ar niSnavs
imas, rom is am standartul qmedebas arasodes Secvlis.
Rirebulebis Segnebuli cnobiereba “sakuTriv adamia-
nis” kompetenciaa, ufro sworad, am plastidan Semo-
dis anTropul yofierebaSi, da is mas socializaciis
kulturul-ganmanaTleblobiT procesebSi CarTviT
iyalibebs. “sakuTriv adamiani”, romelic sawyis bazisad
gulisxmobs “cxovelsac”, Tavis qmedebebSi SexabaSi mo-
dis ara mxolod “moqmedebis pirobebTan”, rogorc amas
adgili aqvs cxovelis SemTxvevaSi, aramed “moqmedebis
motivebTanac”. Tu ras warmoadgens moqmedebis motivi,

299
riT gansxvavdeba is moqmedebis pirobisgan da rogor
iCens is moqmedebaSi Tavs swored amis ganxilvaze gada-
valT qvemoT.
***
zemoT Cven vaxseneT, rom anTroposis cxoveluri
plastis “subieqtma”, igive individma, rogorc biolo-
giurma kategoriam (da ara “individualma”, rogorc
SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis subieqtma), SeiZleba ver gaac-
nobieros Tavisuflebis arseboba faqtamde. rogorc
wesi, am doneze amis faqtamde gacnobiereba ar xdeba. aq
Tavisufleba SesaZleblobaa, e.i. momavlis perspeqtiva-
Si ganfenili ram. momavlis Segnebuli xedva ki cxovels
ar gaaCnia. ciyvi, romelsac jer ar unaxavs zamTari, anu
ar icis, rom zamTarSi sakvebis Sovna Wirs, miuxedavad
amisa, iwyebs sanovagis winaswar momaragebas fuRuroSi.
mas amoZravebs erTgvari intuicia da ara Segnebuli
cnobierebiseuli impulsi. aba saidan unda hqondes mas
imis Taobaze codna, rac Tavs ar gadaxdenia?
amdenad, ramdenadac Tavisuflebis faqtamde gac-
nobiereba aq arxdeba (da saerTodac gacnobierba, gaaz-
reba risic ar unda iyos), amis gareSe siRrmiseuli
wvdoma yofierebisa (Tavisi konkretuli SesaZleblo-
bebiTurT) SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia yofna am yofi-
erebaSi (amgvarad an imgvarad), magram ara misi azro-
brivi wvdoma.
sxvaTa Soris, Tavisuflebis problemis Tanmim-
devrul ganxilvas, mivyavarT yofierebis raRacagvar
gagebamde. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, e.w. uni-
versaliebis problemamde, romelic TiTqmis yvela
filosofiuri problemis msgavsad araa calsaxad
gadawyvetili dRemde. miuxedavad amisa, Cven unda
gaviziaroT misi romeliRac interpretacia, rameTu
moqmedebis warmmarTvel determinantTagan, pirobisa
da motivis gverdiT, erT-erTad gvesaxeba idea. amitom

300
qvemoT Cven mogviwevs ara mxolod pirobisa da motivis,
aramed motivisa da ideis urTierTgamijvna, urTierT-
gansxvavebis fiqsireba da maTi Sesabamisi gavlenisare-
alis gansazRvra.
yofna msvlelobaa garkveuli procesebisa, xolo
procesebi nawilebis garkveul variantebad dalage-
buli Tanmimdevrobebia. mag., Cven vamzadebT yvelas-
Tvis kargad nacnob kitrisa da pomidvris salaTs
imerul yaidaze. aq procesis nawilebia: kitri, pomi-
dori, nigozi, xaxvi, oxraxuSi, rehani, Zmari, marili,
wiwaka (mgoni araferi gamomrCenia). maTi garecxva,
daWra... agreTve nawilebia procesisa, iseve rogorc
am yvelafris erTmaneTan Sezaveba da dagemovneba.
sabolood “jamSi” miiReba Cvens gemoze Semzadebuli
salaTi. ufro metic, araTu mxolod Cveni gemos, ar-
amed CvenSi arsebuli imeruli salaTis ideis Sesabamisi
konkretul-yofieri mocemuloba. Cven rom am ingredi-
entebis kombinaciaSi mciredi cvlileba SevitanoT da
Tundac erTi komponenti - mag., nigozi SevcvaloT ara-
rafinirebuli mzesumziris zeTiT, maSin Cven miviRebT
ara imerul, aramed kaxur salaTs.
risTvis movixmeT es kulinariuli magaliTi? mavnni
(mag., realizmis warmomadgenlebi. gavixsenoT univer-
saliebis problema) miiCneven, rom Tu ar gagaCnia idea
imisa, rasac amzadeb, Sen ver Sehqmni Sesabamis konkret-
ul-yofiers - imerul salaTs.
zogni miiCneven piriqiT, Sen jer akeTeb salaTs da
mereRa giCndeba idea mis Sesaxeb.
ki batono, davuSvaT salaTis SemTxvevaSi marTalni
arian es ukanasknelni, magram xom cxadia, rom konkre-
tulad imeruli salaTi ar gamouva aravis pirvelsave
jerze. erTi xelis mosmiT zustad am ingredientebis
“jamSi” Tavmoyra spontanurad SeuZlebelia. Tumca es
savsebiT SesaZlebelia ingredientebis kombinirbis,

301
anu improvizorebis mravali, magram sasruli raodeno-
bis mcdelobaTa Sedegad. magram, mTlad bolomde mar-
Tlebi ver iqnebian realizmis mowinaaRdegeebi, rameTu,
miT ufro savalalo xdeba maTi mdgomareoba, rac ufro
rTul wamowyebasTan gveqneba saqme. mag., aviRoT “vefx-
is tyaosanis” dawera. Tu am grandiozuli nawarmoebis
ideuri monaxazi ar gagaCnia winaswar, anbanis asoebis
ramdeni kombinaciis Semdeg miiRebT am Sedevrs?
miuxedavad antirealistebis savalalo mdgomareo-
bisa, arc realistebi arian mTlad bolomde marTlebi
Tavis poziciaSi. ciyvis zemoT moyvanili magaliTic
amis sakmarisi dasturia. mercxali yovelgavri sain-
Jinro-saxelosno ganaTlebisa da unarebis SemuSavebis
gareSe rom aSenebs budes im bartyebis gamosazrdelad,
romelic mas jer arasodes hyolia da eSmakma uwyis
eyoleba Tu ara (xom SeiZleba rom unayofo aRmoCndes),
amis araviTari idea mas winaswar ar SeiZleba gaaCndes.
is rom ideebiT xelmZRvanelobdes, dainaxavda ra, rom
momdevno wlisTvis es bude gamousadegaria da axalia
saSenebeli, dagegmavda mravalwliani gamoyenebisTvis
Sesaferis budes -- kapitalur-feSenebelurs, vinaidan
sacxovreblis idea ar gulisxmobs mxolod budes, bu-
nags, fuRuros, aramed gulisxmobs gamoqvabulsac,
miwursac, qoxsac, sasaxlesac, caTambjensac...magram,
mercxali ar iqceva ase ukve milionobiT wlebia, maSin
roca anTroposma gamoqvabulidan megapolisur caTam-
bjenebSi Seabija. e.i. cxoveluri instinqtebisa da intu-
iciebis done sakmarisi araa am anTropuli procesebis
msvlelobisTvis. mxolod “improvizacia”(rac cxove-
lis kompetenciaa) namdvili “SemoqmedebiTobisa”(rac
andividualis kompetenciaa) da winaswari “dageg-
marebis” (rac sakuTriv adamianis kompetenciaa) gareSe
sakmarisi araa Tanamedrove anTropul civilizaciamde
misvlisaTvis. is, rac cxovelSi primitiuli unarebis

302
formiTaa mocemuli, igive improvizacia xsenebuli
gagebiT, is narCundeba anTroposSic, romelic Tavisi
plastobrivi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisda kva-
lad avlens kidev ufro rTul unarebs. improvizacias
cxoveli (maT Soris anTroposis cxoveluri plastic)
avlens raTa moergos moqmedebis areSi Semaval piro-
bebs, xolo dagegmarebas “sakuTriv adamiani” mimarTavs
raTa moirgos garemo pirobebi, TavisTvis komfortu-
lad moawyos is. xolo SemoqmedebiTobas, am sityvis
xelovnebiseuli gagebiT, is avlens dauintereseblad,
uangarod, mxolod masSi arsebuli, Sinagani ideebis
STagonebiT wamosuli impulsebis xorcSesasxmelad,
riTac mas samyaroSi Semoaqvs ara kombinireba arsebuli
nawilebisa, aramed novacia - xelovnebis Sedevris Seqm-
na sruliad axali yofierebis dabadebaa da is gulisx-
mobs swored ideis (da ara mxolod pirobiT an motiviT)
naTeliT xelmZRvanelobas. anTroposSi, yvela es unari
improvizacia (mimarTebaSia zemoxsenebul moqmedebis
pirobebTan), dagegmareba (mimarTebaSia moqmedebis mo-
tivebTan) Tu SemoqmedebiToba (mimarTebaSia ideiT ST-
agonebul moqmedebasTan) - met-naklebad srulyofili
formiTaa warmodgenili, maSin, roca cxovelSi maTi mx-
olod savaraudod mimsgavsebuli, Canasaxovani forme-
bi SeiZleba iyos mocemuli da Tanac ise, rom cxoveli
maT gacnobierebas apriori ver axdens (Tu saerTod
acnobierebs rames, am terminis mkacri Sinaarsobrivi
gagebiT). rac Seexeba pirovnebas, mas ZaluZs mxolod sa-
kuTar nebelobiT Zalmosilebaze dayrdnobiT, gverdi
auaros rogorc pirobaTa da motivTa karnaxiT gansax-
orcielebel, ise ideis karnaxiT gansaxorcielebel
qmedebebsac.
aq dgeba saukunovani problema - ki, magram konkre-
tul-yofieri sasruli nawilebis kombinaciebisgan
Sedgeba (Tu “jamSi” imaze met ingredients Cayri, vidre

303
es sWirdeba imerul salaTs, maSin Tqven miiRebT “ajab-
sandals”). rogor SeiZleba sasruli nawilebis Wvretam
mogvces usasrulo, sayovelTao, sazogado idea (anti-
realizmi), romlis regulaciis gareSec (realizmi) es
nawilebi ubralod qaosia?Cvenis azriT, sakiTxi Zir-
Sive arasworadaa dasmuli -- sasruli nawilebis Wvre-
tam ki ar unda mogvces usasrulo idea, aramed piriqiT,
usasrulo ideam unda gagvinaTos Cveni TvalTaxedvis
are, da sasruli nawilebi erT mTlianobad aRgvaqmevi-
nos.
mainc rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT idea, ra aris
is? idea aris Cveni imanenturisinamdvilis (romelic
warmoadgens ara-cnobierisa da cnobieris, qve-cno-
bierisa da ze-cnobieris erTianobas. amis Taobaze ixi-
leT Cveni statia “pirovneba da adamianuri yofierebis
mTlianoba”) Sinaarsobriv SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
obieqturi sazrisis matarebeli, srulyofili frag-
menti.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram cxadia am usasrulos
danaxvis mcdeloba gareT, transcendenturad mimar-
Tuli mzerisTvis amaoa. gareT mimarTuli fizikuri
Tvali (da is miwyiv gareTaa mimarTuli, Tvali ara-
sodes imzireba sakuTar TvalSi), yvelaze farTo Tav-
lsawieris SemTxvaSic ki, sul mcire, or rames mainc
xedavs -- hortizonts zemoTs da horizonts qvemoTs,
zenaarsa da qvenaarss, zeciersa da miwiers... xolo, Tu
kargad davakvirdebiT, aq Cans mesamec -- horizontis
xazi. horizontis xazi sasrulobis, zRvardebulobis-
maCvenebelia. am xazis gadalaxva konkretul yofiere-
baSi moqceuli arsebulisTvis SeuZlebelia, Tu mas mx-
olod fizikuri ganzomileba, plasti gaaCnia, rameTu am
SemTxvevaSi fizikuri ejaxeba fizikurs da morCa. esaa
wminda meqanika. am doneze sasruloba dauZlevelia. maS
sadaa zogadi, sayovelTao da usasrulo idea?

304
 erTaderTi gzaa darCenili: Caxedva imanenturad
mimarTuli e.w. “gonebis TvaliT” sulier-goniT siR-
rmeebSi. Tvalma unda Seixedos im sulis, im fanjaraSi,
romlis da mxolod romlis Tavlic is aris. am fanja-
raSi Sexedvis Sansi uSualod mxolod am Tvals aqvs. am
fanjris SigniT arsebuli “oTaxi” usasruloa. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, iq SigniT, imanenturobaSi arc zeviT, arc
qveviT, arc marjvniv, arc marcxniv ar sCans “horizon-
tis xazi”, tixari rac am “oTaxis” usasrulobaze metyve-
lebs. aq usasruloba moicavs yovelive imanentursa da
transcendentalurs da ara mxolod nawilebs (Tundac
ganuzomlad mravals), rogorc amas adgili aqvs tran-
scendentur-fizikalurSi. es yovlismomcveli usasru-
loba aris erTiani idealuri, unaklo usasruloba, ma-
Sin roca transcendentur-fizikaluri “usasruloba”
e.w. “cudi usasrulobaa”. am idealur usasrulobaSi mx-
olod srulyofili ideebi kiafoben varskvlavebiviT
da gzas unaTeben gareT mimarTul empiriul mzerasac,
romlis wyalobiTac qaosurad mimofantuli nawile-
bi konkretul-yofier kosmosad ikvreba da swored
esaa anTropuli Tavisufleba, swored aq, am idealur
Sinagan usasrulobaSia davanebuli anTroposis Tavi-
sufleba. oRondac egaa, rom am Sinagan Tavisuflebas
sWirdeba gacnobierba, cnobierebis Tvali.amitomaa,
rom “cxovelis” doneze am kosmosirebas qaosisa ar aqvs
Segnebuli xasiaTi. Segnebul xasiaTs es procesi iZens
“sakuTriv adamianis” safexuridan, e.i. anTroposTan
mimarTebaSi, romelsac damxolod romelasac gaaCnia es
gansakuTrebuli “Tvali” ratomRac. anu, cxoveli moq-
medebs sakmaod xSirad ara mxolod moqmedebis fizi-
kur-qimiuri da biologiur-fsiqologiuri pirobebis
calsaxovani karnaxiT, aramed ze-fizikur-qimiuri da
ze-bio-fsiqiuri ideebis SuqqveS; oRondac es yove-
live atarebs instiqtualur xasiaTs da am ukanasknels

305
mxolod post-faqtum Tu gaacnobierebs cxoveli, ro-
gorc ganxorcielebul SesaZleblobas.

***
ai am imanenturi usasrulobidan anaTebs Tavisu-
flebis ideac, romlis danaxvac empiriuli TvaliT
SeuZlebelia. cxovels ki sxva Tvali ar gaaCnia. ar-
sebiTad es Sinagani usasrulo “oTaxi” Tavisuflebaa
(ramdenadac aq ar gvaqvs “horizontis xazebi”). empiri-
uli TvaliT sawvdom samyaroSi Tavisuflebis mxolod
landi, an ufro zustad, Crdili, ideisgan dacemuli
Crdili (e.i. fardobiTi Tavisufleba) SeimCneva da isic
mxolod post-faqtum (Tu saqme gvaqvs mxolod cxov-
elTan).
Tavisuflebis ideis (da saerTod ideis) usasru-
loba gulisxmobs, rom mas “konkretul-yofieris Ta-
visTavad” qaosurad momofantuli nawilebis mimarT
maregulirebeli mniSvneloba gaaCnia mudmivad da ara
mxolod erTi an ramdenime arsebulisTvis raRac erT
istoriul monakveTSi. igive iTqmis sikeTis ideazec,
is anTroposis moqmedebas aregulirebs mudmivad, sxva
saqmea, vin ras gulisxmobs sikeTesa Tu borotebaSi. ro-
gor axerxebs es idea anTroposis moqmedebaTa regula-
cias? rogor da sindisis xmis saSualebiT, romelic ar
SeiZleba gaaCndes cxovels - cxovelis qmedeba, Tundac
yvelaze sisxlismRvreli, arc sikeTea da arc boroteba
(amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Cveni statia, “pirovneba
da sikeTis idea”). maSin, roca anTroposi - sakuTriv
adamiani, individuali, pirovneba - neitralur qmede-
baTa garda axorcielebs qmedebebs, romelnic kvali-
ficirdebian sikeTed an borotebad. es xdeba imitom,
rom anTroposis am plastebSi ukve muSaobs, erTis
mxriv sindisis xma, da, meores mxriv, qmedebaTa Segnebu-
lobis cnobiereba. rac ar unda esmodes mavans sikeTesa

306
Tu borotebaSi Tu is Seugneblad, aracnobierad axor-
cielebs ama Tu im kvalifikaciis qmedebas, is arc boro-
tia am SemTxvevaSi da arc keTili. aseTad an iseTad mas
aqcevs Segnebul-cnobieri damokidebuleba imasTan rac
mas esmis sikeTesa Tu borotebaSi. me mesmis sikeTeSi es
da es da me Segnebulad vasxam mas xorcs Cems qmedebebSi,
maSasadame keTilmoqmedi var da, piriqiT, me borotebad
miviCnev amas da amas, magaram mainc vCavdivar amas, maSa-
sadame borotmoqmedi var.
***
maSasadame, anTroposis “Suaguli”, imanenturi siR-
rme erTTavad Tavisuflebaa. miuxedavad amisa, anTrop-
oss amis gacnobiereba uWirs (swored aman warmoSva sul
mcire oTxi tipis determinizmi, romelnic uaryofen
Tavisufali nebis karnaxiT ganxorcielebul aqtTa re-
alobasa da zogadad Tavisuflebas - 1. materialistu-
ri determinizmi; 2. fsiqologisturi determinizmi; 3.
Teologiuri determinizmi; 4. logicisturi determin-
izmi.moqmedebis pirobaTa cneba fundamenturia (1) ti-
pis determinizmisTvis, motivis cneba - (2)-sTvis, abso-
lutis cneba - (3)-sTvis da kanonis (logikuri kanonis)
– (4)-sTvis.).
xsenebuli garemoebebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT uWirs
Sinagani Tavisuflebis gacnobiereba “cxovels”. Ta-
visuflebis cnobiereba SedarebiT izrdeba jer “sa-
kuTriv adamianuri” plastisa da Semdgom “individu-
alis” doneze da Tavis apogeas aRwevs “pirovnebis”
plastis realizebis SemTxvevaSi. pirovnebad Sedgoma,
romelic aTroposis arsebobis sazrisad gvesaxeba, Za-
lze iSviaTi SemTxvevaa da, amdenad, anTropuli sisru-
liTac cota vinme Tu acnobierebs sakuTar siRrmeebSi
davanebul potencials am Tavisuflebisa. es “cotani”
kacobriobis istoriis gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi
arian. maT TavianTi cxovrebisTvis sikvdil-sicocxlis

307
mniSvnelobis mqone gzad airCies am Sinagani Tavisu-
flebisTvis istoriuli xorcSesxma. amis magaliTad,
winamorbed statiebSi araerTgzis xsenebuli sokrate
da iesoc kmara. maT ganaxorcieles Tavisufleba, Tu
SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, magram cxovels (cxoveluri plas-
tis doneze gayinul anTropossac maT Soris) ganoxr-
cieleba am Sinagani Tavisuflebisa erTob uWirs, xolo
gacnobiereba ki praqtikulad arxelewifeba, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, faqtamde. ganxorcielebiT kidev SeiZleba
xolme ganaxorcielos Tavisufali nebiT nakarnaxevi
aqtebi, oRond gaucnobiereblad da es SesamCnevi xdeba
ufro maRal inteleqtualur doneze mdgomi damkvirve-
blisTvis, isic post-faqtum.amitomaa, rom “buridanis
viris” paradoqsSi gamoyvanili aqtori cxovelia da ara
ufro maRal inteleqtualur doneze mdgomi arsebuli.
cxovels borkavs garegani piroba - Tivis ori zvinis ab-
soluturi msgavseba, rac mxolod Teoriuladaa dasaS-
vebi, da aseve Teoriulad emuqreba SimSiliT sikvdili.
praqtikulad virs aranairi gasaWiri ar SeiZleba adg-
es. is yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mosZovs Tivas rome-
lime zvinidan da roca mas gadasanslavs, meoresac mi-
ubrundeba. Tumca es ar iqneba Tavisufalebis winaswari
cnobierebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba.
sxvaTa Soris, roca qmedebis ganxorcielebis Ta-
visuflebis problemaze midgeba xolme saqme, xSirad
xdeba 1. moqmedebis “pirobebisa” da “motivebis” aR-
reva. arada es ori ram mkacrad unda gaimijnos erT-
maneTisgan. garda am aRrevisa, 2. Tavisufalad ganxor-
cielebuli qmedebebisa da zogadad indeterminizmis
sawinaaRmdego argumentad moixmoben moqmedebis am “pi-
robebisa” da “motivebis” saxeze yofnas (ZiriTadad aR-
reuli formiT). TiTqosda piroba an motivi mTlianad
adeterminirebs yovelgvar qmedebas da, amdenad, Tavi-
sufflebac gauqmebulia. Tavisufleba, rogorc iTqva,

308
am pirobebTan da motivebTan Widilia swored.

***
Cvenis azriT, “buridanis viris” paradoqss, Jan
buridani am ori problemis demonstrirebisTvis mimar-
Tavda. virs SimSiliT unda klavdes ara motivi, aramed
piroba. am paradoqsSi pirobebi moqmedebis ganxor-
cieleba-arganxorcielebisTvis, esaa ori identuri
Tivis zvinis winaSe dgoma. rogorc vxedavT, es pirobebi
aqtorisTvis garegan faqtors gulisxmobs, maSin roca,
motivi sruliad imanenturi gansazRvrulobis mqone
fenomenia da is ar SeiZleba gaaCndes arc virs da arc
zogadad cxovels.
ra aris motivi? motivi, Cvenis azriT, aris cno-
bierebis Sinaarsobriv SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
subieqturad(gansxvavebiT obieqturi sazrisis mqone
ideisgan)gasazrisianebuli fragmenti an fragmentTa
garkveuli kombinacia, kompleqti. sazrismimniWebeli
aqtivoba goniTi aqtivobaa da cxovelze maRal intele-
qtualuri donis gadmosaxeds gulisxmobs rac, Tavad
mogexsenebaT, rom naklebadaa viris maxasiaTebeli.
buridanma am paradoqsis moxmobiT aCvena materi-
alisturi determinizmis ususureba. materialisturi
determinizmi am SemTxvevaSi apelirebs ukeTesisa da
uaresis cnebebiT, ufro zustad saerTod auqmebs maT
da Semoaqvs absoluturi identobis cneba, riTic iwvevs
arCevanis unaris paralizebas, romelic TiTqosda
apriori ukeTesisken (raRac miseuli konkretuli azr-
gagebiT ukeTesisken) onda iyos mimarTuli. Tu erTi
Tivis zvini iqneboda ufro xalasi feris, ufro msuye,
margebeli, surnelovani da a.S. maSin viric mas airCevda
da TiTqos Tavisuflebac, indeterminizmic iarsebebda.
magaram determinizmis gasamyareblad erTi SemTxvevac
- ori absoluturad identuri zvinis Teoriulad daS-

309
veba - sakmarisadaa miCneuli. ai aq Cans xsenebuli aRreva
pirobisa da motivisa, fizikuri determinizmis safuZ-
velze zogadad determinizmis dafuZneba, “cxovelis”,
“sakuTriv adamianis”, “individualis” Tu “pirovnebis”
erTian deterministul “qvabSi moxarSva” da a.S.
Tu viris adgilze davayenebT ufro maRal intele-
qtualur doneze mdgom arsebas Tundac “sakuTriv
adamians” (Tavi rom davaneboT “pirovnebas”), xolo Ti-
vis zvinebis adgilze misTvis Sesaferi kerZis or ab-
soluturad identur ulufas, viTareba kardinalu-
rad Seicvleba, rameTu es ukanaskneli angariSs uwevs
ara mxolod moqmedebis pirobebs aramed moqmedebis
motivebsac. miuxedavad amisa, Teoriulad SeiZleba
anTroposic “mokvdes SimSiliT”, magram ara imitom,
rom moqmedebis pirobaTa ori alternativaa absolu-
turad identuri, erTnairi Zalis mqone moqmedebis
aqtorisTvis (es wminda meqanika iqneboda da ori fizi-
kuri mocemulobis - zvinisa da viris - doneze iqneboda
mxolod Teoriuli determinaciisTvis sakmarisi), ar-
amed imitom, rom aq aqtori ufro maRali inteleqtis
demonstartoria, vidre cxoveli. am demonstrators ki
avtomaturad Semoyavs asparezze motivi. am ukanaskne-
lis “SimSiliT sikvdilis” faqtori SeiZleba gaxdes
mag., vegetarianuli msoflmxedvelobis erTguleba
- is ar Wams imitom, rom ulufebi aravegetarianul
produqtebs Seicavs, an safuZvliani eWvi aqvs, rom
misma avismosurneebma sakvebi mowamles da a.S. cxadia,
rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi is mainc mokvdeba - Tu
SimSiliT, Tu mowamvliT. magram, mowamvla mas swrafad
mouRebs bolos, mSieri ki ramdenime dRes mainc icocx-
lebs da am dros is gamoiyenebs mniSvnelovani cxovreb-
iseuli saqmeebis - axlobel adamianebTan gamoTxoveba,
anderZis dawera, saidumlo codnis saTanado pirisTvis
gadacema... - mosagvareblad.

310
 ai es ukve aris motivis mixedviT xelmZRvaneloba,
rac virs ar xelewifeba.

***
SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom paradoqsTa war-
moSobis ZiriTad mizezebs Soris myarad uWiravs mowi-
nave adgili ara ubralod terminTa aRrevas, armed
am terminTa mier SemosazRvrul areTa Soris sade-
markacio xazebis (“horizontis xazebis”) waSlas. ze-
moT Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom determinizmis
erT SesaZlo formaze ar daiyvaneba determinizmis
sxva SesaZlo formebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im deter-
minantebma, romelTac gadmwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT,
deterministebis azriT, moqmedebis aqtoris qmedebi-
sTvis materialisturi determinizmis farglebSi,
aseTive gadamwyvetiroli veRar unda Seasrulonmag.,
fsiqologisturi determinizmis farglebSi. met-
ic, zemomoyvanil klasifikaciaSi (romelic sakmaod
gavrcelebulia)Sesatania erTgvarikoreqtiva.TviT
materialisturi determinizmis farglebSia gasavlebi
sadematkacio xazebi. termini “materialisturi”, gu-
lisxmobs, sul mcire, sam tips sinamdvilisa -- wminda 1.
fizikur-qimiurs (ZiriTadad araorganul qimiuri), da
mas unda ewodos “movlenaTa” sfero sinamdvilisa, 2. bi-
ologiurs, romelic gulisxmobs bio-qimiursa (ZiriTa-
dad organul qimiuri) da bio-socialurs, an bio-kole-
qtiurs, da 3. istoriuls. (2)-sa da (3)-es unda ewodos
“qmedebaTa” sfero. Sesabamisad,materialisturi de-
terminizmis cnebaSi unda moviazroT -- 1. fizikaluri
determinizmi, 2. biologiuri determinizmi, da 3. is-
toriuli determinizmi. fizikaluri determinaciis
SemTxvevaSi saqme SeiZleba gvqondes movlenaTa deter-
minaciasTan, xolo, biologiuri da istoriuli deter-
minaciis SemTxvevaSi -- qmedebaTa determinaciasTan.

311
risTvisaa saWiro amgvari diferencireba? cxadia, im-
isTvis, rom mkafiod davinaxoT “buridanis viris” para-
doqsis arsi.
materialisturi determinizmis dayvana mxolod
fizikalur determinizmze am paradoqsis warmoSobis
Zireuli faqtoria. wminda fizikaluri determinizmi,
romelic cnobilia “laplasis determinizmis” sax-
eliT fundamentur sayrdenad gulisxmobs kauzalobis
cnebas - yoveli movlena gansazRvrulia da Camjdaria
mizezobriv jaWvSi. Tu Cven gvecodinebamizezi, ma-
Sin gvecodineba ueWvelad, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba mas.
saboloo jamSi, fizikaluri determinizmi Tavis kla-
sikur formaSi, gulisxmobs, an ufro sworad, midis
pirvelmizezis, an Tu gnebavT umartivesi, primiti-
uli mizezis cnebasTan. Cven dRes imitom vorWofobT
da mtkice siszustiT ver vademonstrirebT samyaros
daTavboloebul suraTs (mdgomareobas), rom zus-
tad ar viciT xsenebuli pirvelmizezi. cxadia, rom es
dromoWmuli Sexedulebaa da is ver SeeTanxmeba Taname-
drove bunebismetyvelebis, kerZod ki kvanturi meqani-
kis aRmoCenebs. is Tanadrouli SeiZleba iyo fizikis im
mecnierul suraTTan mimarTebaSi, romelSic “RmerTi
kamaTlebiT ar TamaSobda”. magram. kvanturi meqanikis
farglebSi piriqiTaa -- “RmerTi kamaTlebiT TamaSobs”,
ris gamoc kauzaluri mimarTebebi gansazRvrulia
SedegebTan ara calsaxad, aramed saalbaTod misasvle-
lad. e.i. mikro doneze, anu fizikalur movlenaTa da
mocemulobaTa SuagulSi, siRrmeSi yovelive isea mowy-
obili, rom erT konkretul mizezs, impulss, magaliTs
aucileblobiT rodi mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi, B, aramed,
an B, an C, an D... da am SemTxvevaSi gamosarkvevi rCeba, Tu
romeli maTganis axdenis albaTobaa ufro xSiri, ramde-
nad xSiri da a.S.
erTi sityviT, TviT movlenaTa sferos mimarTac ki

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calsaxa kauzaluri gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb Sexed-
ulebis adgili mecnierul Tu sxva tipis msoflmxed-
velobriv suraTSi didi xania gauqmebulia.ramdena-
dac es asea, maSin rogorRaa SesaZlebeli, rom calsaxa
gansazRvrulobaTaTvis adgili darCes moqmedebaTa
sferos mimarT iq, sadac saqme gvaqvs biologiasTan, si-
cocxlesTan da mis iseT garTulebul formebTan, ro-
goricaa koleqtiuri da istoriuli sinamdvile?
mokled, is rac mizezia (Tundac ara calsaxa Sede-
gebamde mimavali) mxolod fizikaluri mocemulobebis
SemTxvevaSi aRar emTxveva imaT, rac SeiZleba mizezi
iyos Tundac mxolod biologiuri mocemulobebis Sem-
TxvevaSi. biologiuri mocemuloba, igive “viri” ar Sei-
Zleba reducierebul iqnes mis ujredebSi mimdinare,
molekulur, atomarul ganzomilebaze. “viri” cocx-
ali, mTlian-erTiani mocemulobaa da is meqanikurad
rodia CarTuli “movlenaTa jaWvSi”, aramed aqtiuradaa
Cabmuli “qmedebaTa ganxorcielebaSi”. am ukanasknelSi
mizezad unda viazroT ara meqanikuri, primitiuli
impulsi, aramed iseTi rTuli fenomeni, rogoricaa
“ltolva”, xolo Sedegad -- “dakmayofileba”.ltolvis
kidev ufro martiv mizezebze dayvana aRar SeiZleba,
rameTu am SemTxvevaSi Cven gavalT bilogiuris, si-
cocxlis sferodan da sabolood SevalT fizikur-qi-
miur ganzomilebaSi. es mogvcems ara cocxal virs, ar-
amed mkvdars, romelic mkvdari iqneba ukve manam, sanam
SimSiliT mokvdeba.“buridanis viri” Tavidanve mkvdar-
ia, anu im wamidan mkvdaria, rawamsac is ori absolutu-
rad identuri Tivis zvinis winaSe daayenes orivesgan
absoluturad identuri manZilis daSorebiT.es iden-
turoba gulisxmobs mkvdar fizikalur niSan-Tvisebebs
- masas, manZils, simkvrives, mizidulobis Zalas... aseTi
midgomisas mizezis rangSi gamodis Tivis zvinis masa,
zoma, misgan areklil-wamosuli optikuri-vizualuri

313
talRebi... da viris qsovilebSi mimdinare atomarul-
nawilakuri impulsebi.amitomaa rom viri adgilidan ver
iZvris, is mkvdari fizikur-meqanikuri jaWvis rgolia,
romelsac am jaWvSi sruliad gansaRvruli adgili uWi-
ravs.am viri-rgolis gadaadgileba SeuZlebelia, fizi-
kurad determinirebulia.magaram viTareba kardinalu-
rad icvleba roca virs STaberili aqvs macocxlebeli
suli.am SemTxvevaSi mizezis rangSi gvevlineba “ltol-
va” -- SimSilis grZnoba, xolo Tivis zvini mizezis rols
kargavs da iqceva ltolvis “dakmayofilebis” (Sedegis)
pirobad.rac gviCvenebs, rom am paradoqsis warmoSobis
erT-erTi mTavari faqtori mizezisa da pirobis cne-
baTa im aRreviTaa gamowveuli romelic unisonSi muS-
aobs, erTis mxriv, “materialisturis” cnebis gaerTm-
niSvnelianebasTan (dayvanasTan mxolod fizikalurze)
da, meores mxriv, materialisturi da fsiqologisturi
madeterminerebeli faqtorebis gaigivebasTan.

***
Cveneuli anTropologiuri suraTis fonze, “bur-
idanis viris” saxeliT cnobili paradoqsis Taobaze
refleqsiam, dagvanaxa, rom moqmedebis determinantebi
- pirobebi, motivebi, ideebi Tu “sindisis xma” - safex-
ureobrivad zRudavs anTroposis ama Tu im plastis -
cxoveli, sakuTriv adamiani, individuali - samoqmedo
SesaZleblobebs. Tumca, es SezRudva araa absoluturi.
cxoveli pirobebiT izRudeba, sakuTriv adamiani -- mo-
tivebiT, individuali - ideebiT. SezRudulobis araab-
soluturoba, gulisxmobs sul mcire arCevanis Tavi-
suflebas - cxoveli improvizaciis unaris wyalobiT
“TamaSobs” moqmedebis pirobaTa kombinirebiT, is erTi
cdisas ignorirebas ukeTebs erT an ramdenime pirobas
moqmedebisa, Semdeg jerze - piriqiT, ukve ignorirebul
pirobebs mianiWebs prioritets da sxvebs daaignori-

314
rebs. ase aRwevs is iseTi standartuli qmedebis Se-
muSavebas, romelic ar gamoricxavs misgan gadaxvevas
nebismier samomavlo SemTxvevebSi. Tumca, aq saxeze
gvaqvs moqmedebis alternativaTa arCevani, mainc am
qmedebebs ar axlavs Tan Tavisuflebis Segnebuli cno-
biereba.
motivebiT determinirebulia sakuTriv adamiani,
romelic arCevans akeTebs Tavisuflebis Segnebuli
cnobierebiT - mas SeuZlia winaswar gaTvalos moq-
medebis SesaZlo alternativebi, romelnic gulisxmo-
ben sakuTar motivaciur fons, da is Segnebulad irCevs
alternativaTagan saukeTesos.
individuali SemoqmedebiT determinacias ganic-
dis ideuri STagonebis ZaliT. is mihyveba ideis naTels,
miuxedavad racionaluri da empiriuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze dagrovebuli codnisa. van gogi yoveldRi-
urad mowme xdeboda imisa, rom is, rasac is xatavda da
rogorc xatavda, sulac ar esadageboda misi Tanadrou-
li sazogadoebis esTetikur gemovnebasa da moTxovnebs,
magaram is mainc jiutad, “yurmoWrilad” miuyveboda
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi muxtis momcemi ideebiT ga-
naTebul gzas, ramac saboloo jamSi, gaamarTla; aCvena,
rom sazogadoeba, umravlesoba xSirad cdeba.
anTroposi Tavis imanentobaSi Tavisuflebaa, Ta-
visuflebaa misi Sinagani arseba, magram ramdenadac is
bio-fsiqo-fizikuri mocemulobacaa, mas udgas gasaWi-
ri am Sinagani Tavisuflebis gamomzeurebisa. winamde-
bare statiaSi Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, Tu rogor
Zlevs da laxavs anTroposi cxovelur SeboWilobas mo-
qmedebis pirobebisgan, sakuTriv adamianur SeboWilo-
bas moqmedebis motivebisgan da rogor uqvemdebardeba
is zematerialuri ideebiT xelmZRvanelobas sruliad
uangaro SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisTvis. raoden absur-
duladac ar unda JRerdes, unda vTqvaT, rom rac ufro

315
meti, arsobrivad gansxvavebuli determinanti upirisp-
irdeba moqmedebis aqtors, rac ufro meti determini-
ciis forma SeuZlia gaacnobieros da Segnebuli reaq-
cia iqonios maTze, miT ufro izrdeba anTroposis
Tavisuflebis xarisxi - 1. materialur determinaciaze
improvizaciuli reaqcia iZleva Tavisuflebis mini-
mums, Seguebas, 2. fsiqologistur, motivaciur deter-
minaciaze reagirebas moaqvs garemomcveli pirobebis
sakuTari moTxovnilebebis mixedviT morgeba, komfor-
tizacia da es Tavisuflebis xarisxis matebis maCvene-
belia (Tumca aq fiqsirebuli Tavisuflebis maCvene-
beli negatiuria, rameTu komfortizaciis gzaze svla
ekologiuri katastrofisken mimavali gzaa), 3. ideebiT
STagonebul SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas moaqvs uangaro,
e.i. pirobebisgan da motivebisgan damoukidebeli, Seg-
uebaze da komfortze maRla mdgomi Sedevri, axali on-
tologiuri erTeuli am samyaroSi. Tumca is verasodes
miaRwevs absolutur demonstrirebas zemoxsenebuli
Sinagani Tavisuflebisa. asea, radgan aravin ibadeba
amqveynad sakuTari Tavisufali nebiT. sakuTari nebiT
mxolod mxolod mama RmerTi gankacda Ze RvTisas saxiT
da amdenad mxolod ieso anu Teo-anTroposia absolu-
turad Tavisufali. am ukanasknelTan yvelaze axlos
midis anTrposis is plasti, romelsac Cven vuwodebT
pirovnebas, romelTan mimarTebaSic Cven SegviZlia
vilaparakoT anTropuli Tavisuflebis maqsimumze.
pirovneba, romelic erTob iSviaTad relizdeba da ka-
cobriobis umciresobas warmoadgens, Tavis qmedebebs
uqvemdebarebs mxolod sakuTari nebis Zalmosilebis
Segnebul cnobierebas. is Segnebulad marTavs moq-
medebis pirobaTagan mravals, TiTqmis srulad aqa-
rvebs yovelgvar survilsa da vnebas, romelnic gansaz-
Rvraven sakuTriv adamianis motivebs da arasodes
dahyveba ideebis karnaxs brmad da umweod; metic, mas

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ZaluZs sakuTari nebiT Semoiyvanos goniTi xedvis
areSi esa Tu is idea, an piriqiT - ukuagdos iqedan. mas
ZaluZs, sakuTari nebiTa da specialuri meditaciuri
teqnikis virtuozuli gamoyenebiT, datovos (droebiT
an samudamod) sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvari da eziaros
nirvanul netarebas.

Irakli Gogichadze – Master of Philosophy, the author of numerous articles

in theoretical philosophy field, mostly on philosophical anthropology. He
also manages first Georgian philosophical website www.philosophya.
ge.

DETERMINANTS OF FREEDOM – CONDITION,

MOTIVE, IDEA
Abstract
Inspired by “Buridan’s Ass” paradox, in this article, we tried to show the
following: 1. How paradoxes arise because the terms used in the discussion
aren’t being differentiated, aren’t being expressed clearly, aren’t being dis-
tinguished from one another. This causes mingling of their essence which is
naturally followed by a paradoxical situation; 2. How the mixed use of the
terms causes spreading of the determinants to other strata, which are different
by essence and this ruins the possibility of thorough discussion of the issue (in
this case, issue of freedom) and this all ends with unequivocal resolution of
the issue through absolute determination or indetermination; 3. Which type
of determinants define the circumstances of the case in various strata of real-
ity and how the anthropic freedom increases through the struggle between
strata; 4. How Anthropos is formed, which, we believe, is constituted of such
different strata as: animal, or empirical subject-object; human being – rational
subject-object; individual – creative subject and the person which is the cen-
ter or the peak of Anthropic existence and who governs different processes
in all the rest of the three strata of anthropic existence; 5. How Anthropos is
related to the determinants of: animal stratum - conditions of action; human
stratum– motives of actions; individual stratum – ideas and based on these
relations, positive or negative is the freedom realized in this or that stratum;

317
6. What is the difference between the condition, the motive and the idea?; 7.
What is the difference between the free will and the freedom of choice and
how do they relate to freedom in general, freedom in itself; 8. How do we
touch the freedom in itself in our immanent reality and how we’re trying to
establish it in our lives based on our stratal constitution.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mec­

nierebaTa akademiis filosofiuri anTropolo­
giis ganyofilebam.

318
 filosofiuri da religiuri
teqstebis Targmani

TRANSLATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL
AND RELIGIOUS TEXTS

319
 dekanozi aleqsandre meni

apokalifsi•24
biblia axali aRTqmis wignebs Soris idumali da
yvelaze metad pirquSi wigniT mTavrdeba, romelic
msoflio xelovnebis mraval nawarmoebSia aRbeWdili.
Tu Tqven nebismier Zvel taZarSi - iqneba es kremlis, za-
gorskis an troickis lavra an nebismieri Zveli qalaqis
taZari an SedarebiT axali wm. vladimiris taZari ki-
evSi, SexvalT dasavleTis Soreul kedelze gamosaxul
saxeebs ixilavT, romlebic apokalifsis ilustrire-
bas axdenen. vfiqrob, mravali TqvenganisaTvis kargad
aris cnobili diureris saxelganTqmuli graviurebi
apokalifsisaTvis. mrisxane cxenebi, sikvdilis saSine-
li rokva - is saxeebia, romlebic xSirad izidavda mx-
tavrebs krizisul epoqebSi: Sua saukuneebSi, aRorZ-
ienebis epoqasa da XIX saukunis dasaliers.
swored maSin, rodesac krizisuli Jami dgeboda,
adamianebi kvlav ubrundebodnen am Zvel, magram marad
axal wigns - apokalifss.
rusi raskolniki-staroverebi apokalifsis su-
liskveTebiT, sityvebiTa da ideebiT cxovrobdnen mu-
dam. isini mas mravaljer gadawerdnen da gadabeWdavd-
nen xolme. XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki staroverul
gamomcemlobaSi apokalifsis ganmartebaTa uzarmaz-
ari folianti gamoica XV-XVI saukuneebis droindeli
Zveli miniaturebis mixedviT gakeTebeuli graviure-
biT.
nebismieri kompozitoris reqviemSi, iqneba es mocar-
tis Tu dvorJakis saxelganTqmuli reqviemi, gvxvdeba
musikaluri nawili, romelsac „Dies Irae “, „risxvis dRe“,

. Targmna, bibliografia da SeniSvnebi daurTo kaxa qecbaiam.

320
„gankiTxvis dRe“ ewodeba. am musikas apokalifsuri sax-
eebi asuldgmulebs.
ukanaskneli samsjavros dRe, gankiTxvis dRe, dRe
samarTlianobisa, dRe romelic zogierTebs aSinebs,
zogierTebi ki mas nanatri wamebiviT moelian, rodesac
borotebas samagiero miezRveba, rodesac daTesili
mware Tesli amova da nayofs gamoiRebs.
zogierT Tqvengans albaT exsomeba, rom XIX saukune-
Si sworxazovani progresis, cxovrebis gaumjobesebi-
sa da harmonizebis moimede adamianebi katastrofaTa
am wigns udierad, almacerad uyurebdnen. cnobilia
CerniSevskis gmiris sityvebi, rom apokalifsi giJis
nawarmoebia.
ase fiqrobda cnobili narodniki nikoloz moro-
zovi, romelmac cixe-simagreSi jdomasa da martoobaSi
saukunis meoTxedi gaatara. iq man dekabristebis droi-
dan darCenili Zveli franguli axali aRTqma ipova,
romlis daTvalierebisas yuradReba apokalifss mi-
aqcia. mis Sesaxeb mxolod is icoda, rom giJis nawar-
amoebia. rodesac man misi wakiTxva daiwyo moeCvena, rom
misi gasaRebi ipova, rom apokalifsi astrologuri Tx-
zulebaa, xolo saocari, mrisxane, fantastiuri da uc-
nauri saxeebi, romlebic am wigns aRavseben, Tanavarskv-
lavedTa simboloebia mxolod da morozovma am wignis
Tavis yaidaze Targmna daiwyo. Sedegad, rodesac man Ta-
visuflebaze gamosvla moaxerxa 1907 wels apokalifsis
ilustrirebuli Tavisufali Targmani gamoaqveyna. il-
ustraciebi cnobilma peizaJistma lisnerma moamzada,
romelmac aCvena, Tu rogor gaCnda RrubelTa ucnauri
formebisagan, romlebic TiTqos wignis avtorma ixila,
apokalifsuri saxeebi.
morozovma erTob ucnaur gamoTvlas mimarTa. man
apokalifsis erT-erTi nawyveti ganmarta rogorc
TanavarskvlavedTa garkveul ganlagebaTa miniSneba.

321
misi gaangariSebiT wigni IV saukuneSi iwereboda, xolo
avtori ioane oqropiri iyo.
morozovma TanadaTan istoriis Sesaxeb Ta-
visi ucnauri Teoriis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, romlis
dedaazri SemdegSi mdgomareobs: qristemde pirve-
lyofili sazogadoebrivi wyoba iyo da qveyana velu-
robaSi cxovrobda. qriste Cveni welTaRricxvis IV sau-
kuneSi gamoCnda da civilizaciis safuZvlebi Seqmna.
ioane oqropiri misi erT-erTi mimdevari iyo, xolo
Zveli da Suasaukuneebis droindeli mTeli kultura
da xelovneba aRmosavleTSi, saberZneTsa da romSi
aRorZinebis epoqaSi iqmneboda, winaswarmetyvelebi
Sua saukuneebSi werdnen da a.S. da mTeli es abrakadabra
apokalifsis ganmartebiT daiwyo.
aranaklebi roli Seasrula apokalifsma ganmaTavi-
suflebel moZraobaSi. gasuli saukunis miwuruls sxva
narodniki arsebobda - lev tixomirovi, romelic emi-
grirebuli iyo, Semdeg Sewyalebuli iqna da ruseTSi
dabrunda (gardaicvala XX saukuneSi). igi „marTali“
monarqisti da marTlmadidebeli gaxda da apokalifi-
sis ganmartebis Zvel wess mimarTa, romlis mixedviT,
Svidi eklesia, romelTac wignis avtori mimarTavs,
eklesiisa da kacobriobis istoriis Svidi epoqaa.
sagangebo Txzuleba miuZRvna apokalifss fr. en-
gelsma. am Temas mravali didi swavluli, poeti da mx-
atvari mimarTavda.
sanam cota rames vityodeT apokalisfsis Sesaxeb, im-
TaviTve msurs ori Tezisi wamovayeno. pirveli: dRes es
wigni aqtualuria. es aris wigni kacTa modgmis krizisis,
kulturis krizisis Sesaxeb da amitom gasagebia, rom
dRes igi CvenTvis saWirborotod JRers.
da meore Tezisi: es wigni bneli antiutopiebis da
raRac Semzaravi suraTebis ubralo krebuli rodia,
romelsac imedgacruebisa da panikis daTesva ZaluZs.

322
apokalifsi imediTaa gaJRenTili. eWvgareSea, rom igi
imedis udidesi wignia, vidre Savi istoriuli perspeq-
tiva, romelsac winaswarmetyveli gvaZlevs. masze ufro
saocari gamarjvebis, naTeli samyaros sayviris xmebia,
romelic bneleTis nacvlad modis.
oriode sityviT wignis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. I sauku-
neSi, SeiZleba 60-iani wlebis miwuruls an sxva Tval-
sazrisiT 90-iani wlebis bolos saxarebis qadagebis
gamo egeosis zRvaSi ganmartoebul kldovan kunZul
patmosze gadasaxlebul iqna vinme ioane, kaci romelic
mcire aziis qristeanul TemebSi, ueWvelad, didi av-
toritetiT sargeblobda. gansakuTrebiT maTs su-
lier centr efesoSi. es kaci gamodioda rogorc wi-
naswarmetyveli da sakuTar Tavs winaswarmetyvelad,
yovel qristeanTa moZmed uxmobda. erT-erTi saekle-
sio tradiciis Tanaxmad, es saidumloebiT moculi io-
ane, patmosze gadasaxlebuli, iesos sayvareli mowafe
iaone zebedes Ze anu rogorc mas SemdgomSi uwodebdnen
ioane RvTismetyveli iyo.
am Tvalsazriss yvela Teologi da bibliis special-
isti ar iziarebs. marTalia, wigni, ueWvelad, berZnuli
enis mcodnis mier aris dawerili, romelic berZnulad
werda, magram ebraulad an arameulad fiqrobda. wigni
im ZalisxmeviTaa dawerili, ragvaradac wers ucxoeli
da misi zogierTi adgili sruliad gansxvavebuli sti-
lis azrovnebas avlens. es, ra Tqma unda, mociqul ioan-
es, galilevel kacs ufro Seefereba, magram, sxva mxriv,
ratom ar wers igi Tavis Tavze, rogorc mociqulze, ro-
melic TormetTagan erT-erTia, ratom ar aris am wignSi
TiTqmis araferi, odnavi miniSnebac ki qristes amqveyn-
iur cxovrebaze, romelmac ioanes Tvalwin gaiara? jer
kidev III saukuneSi wm. dionise didma SeniSna ioanes sax-
arebasa da apokalifsis stils Soris uzarmazari gansx-
vaveba.

323
 am garemoebaTa gamo, apokalifsis kanonikurobis,
misi teqstis siwmindisa da saeklesio avtoritetis
sakiTxi didxans idga. isini, romlebic Tqvens Soris
didi xania taZarSi dadis, SeamCnevda, rom eklesiaSi
RvTismetyvelebis Jams apokalifsi arasodes ikiTxeba
anu saRvTismetyvelo wesdeba ufro adre Camoyalibda,
vidre wigni sabolood bibliur rjulSi Sevidoda.
magram unda giTxraT, rom es yvelaferi umniSvneloa.
swavlulTa dava wignis avtoris Sesaxeb dRemde ar wyde-
ba. misi avtori ioane RvTismetyvelia Tu ucnobi efese-
li winaswarmetyveli an ioane presviteri, umniSvneloa,
radganac sinamdvileSi wigni iwodeba gamocxadebad
ieso qristesi da ara ioanesi. es aris is, rasac qriste
adamianebs amcnobs.
rogor konteqstSi aris dawerili apokalifsi?
omebisa da brZolebis konteqstSi. cxadia, rom qriste-
anTa pirveli erTobebis saqveynod gamoCena warmarT
mTavrobebsa da sazogadoebebs Tavidan didad ar
SeumCneviaT, magram 64 wlis Semodgomaze, rodesac rom-
Si cnobilma xanZarma ifeTqa, pirveli dramebi gaTamaS-
da da norC, amomaval qristeanul eklesiasa da romis
imperiis mZlavr xelisuflebas Soris pirveli Sjaxe-
bebi swored maSin moxda.
ai, maSin adamianebi saSineli scenebis mowmeni gax-
dnen. neronma saxalxo seirnobebze parkebis Ramis ga-
naTebebi moawyo: xeivnis gaswvriv romlis Cayolebaze
damsvenebelTa publika miseirnobda, boZebze sawvav
nivTierebaSi amosvrili qristeanebi iyo mibmuli, rom-
lebic iwvodnen. es cocxali CiraRdnebi anaTebdnen
xeivans, romelsac mxedris samoselSi gamowyobili
orTvalaSi mokalaTebuli imperatori miuyveboda da
adamianTa agoniiT tkbeboda. zogierTebs mxecis tyav-
Si gamokeravdnen da cirkis arenaze lomebs an uzarma-
zar qofakebs ugdebdnen dasaglejad, rom mayurebels,

324
xolo romaelebs, gladiatorebis sikvdilis yurebis
sisxlsmowyurebuli wesi hqondaT, ecqiraT Tu rogor
kvdebodnen qristeanebi.
im dros qristeanulma eklesiam imperia urCxulad
miiCnia, romelic wmindanebs nTqvada. xolo neronis
sikvdilidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg - man Tavi moikla 67
wels ajanyebis dros, im wels sikvdiliT dasajes moci-
quli pavle, saimperatoro gvirgvini neronis msgavsma
ramdenime adamianma zedized gamoicvala da xelisu-
flebis saTaveSi imperatori domiciani movida. igi im
titusis Zma iyo, romelmac 70 wels ierusalimi daangria
da gadawva. omi mamamisma, generalma vespasianem daiwyo,
romelic omis dros armiam imperatorad gamoacxada.
igi dedaqalaqSi dabrunda, xolo saomari kampania misma
Svilma titusma gaagrZela.
daiwva da daingra taZari, sadac qriste qadagebda,
sadac ukansakneli winaswarmetyvelebi qadagebdnen.
Camoingra wmidaTa wmida, romelic Zveli aRTqmis isto-
rias ukavSirdeba. es iyo movlena romelmac mtkivneuli
Wriloba ara mxolod iudevelebs, aramed qristeaneb-
sac miayena. daiRvara mowameTa sisxli, taZari nan-
grevebad iqca...
bolos vespasianem qristeanTa devnis axali talRa
daiwyo. amasTan ganaTlebul adamianebs uswordebod-
nen, romlebmac qristeanoba miiRes. TviT domicians sa-
kuTari RvTaebrioba hqonda daJinebuli.
saxarebiseul movlenaTa Tanamedrove kidev erTi
imperatori tiberiusi iyo, romelmac udidebuleso-
bis SeuracxyofisaTvis sasjeli daawesa. domicianma
sakuTar titulaturaSi RvTaebrivi elementi Seitana,
amitom qristianebi dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen: an mi-
eRoT es saxelmwifo, romelmac sakuTari Tavi gaaRmer-
Ta an dapirispirebodnen mas da mowameoba aerCiaT.
iwyeba devna da, rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis ioane

325
patmosze aRmoCnda, sadac roms qvis samtexloebi hqon-
da. katorRelebi ormoebSi eSvebodnen, qvis lodebs
amtvrevdnen, romelsac xomaldze tvirTavdnen da aga-
zvnidnen. SeiZleba iq zRvis piras Sesvenebis Jams ioane
mjdariyo kvira dRes, radganac im dros ukve qriste-
anebi kviris pirvel dRes RmerTs uZRvnidnen. mis win
gadaSliliyo zRva da SiSveli kldeebi.
igi mowyvetiliyo sakuTar eklesias, magram Sesa-
Zlebelia Seetyo im dramatuli movlenebis - sulieri
krizisis, qristeanTa erTobis SigniT arsebuli uTanx-
moebebis, mtris Tavdasxmebisa da saimperatoro xelisu-
flebis zewolis Sesaxeb. mas surs sanugeSo sityvebiT
mimarTos gangaSSi myofT, magram maT ver xedavs da ai,
aq iwyeba apokalifsi: igi mTeli arsebiT moicva uflis
sulma da wera daiwyo. igi werda imas, rasac xedavda.
meeWveba, rom xilva TvaliT dasanaxi yofiliyo.
yovelive es misi arsebis sirRmeSi xdeboda, radganac
xilvebi sxvadsxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. ratom vfiqrob
amgvarad? imitom rom imis aRwerisas rasac xedavda
ioane Zveli aRTqmis saxeebs iyenebs gamudmebiT. igi
maTiT sunTqavs, maTiT azrovnebs. am mcire zomis wignSi
orasze meti citataa Zveli aRTqmidan.
es wigni sakmaod gamWvirvale da gasagebia yvela-
saTvis, visac danielis, esaias, ezekielis da sxva wi-
naswarmetyvelTa da axali aRTqmis winaredroindeli
apokalifsuri wignebi waukiTxavs. is, rac zedapirul
Sexedulebas sakmaod burusiT moculi da amoucnobi
eCveneba, axlos gacnobisas gasageb simboloTa erTo-
bliobad gamoCndeba.
„me, ioane, Tqveni Zma da ieso qristes urvis, sufevisa
da moTminebis Tanaziari, viyavi kunZulze, romelsac
hqvia patmosi, RvTis sityvisa da ieso qristes mowmo-
bisaTvis.
viyavi suliT, kvira dRes, da momesma uknidan mgrgvi-

326
navi xma, sayviris xmis msgavsi, romelmac Tqva: me var
ani da hae, pirveli da ukanaskneli. rasac xedav, dawere
wignSi da daugzavne asiis (asia mcire aziaa - a.m.) ekle-
siebs - efesoSi, smirnaSi, pergamonSi, TiatiraSi, sarde-
Si, filadelfiasa da laodikiaSi.
me mivbrundi, rom mexila xma, romelic mesityveboda,
da mibrunebulma vixile Svidi sasanTle oqrosi,
xolo Svid sasanTles Soris - msgavseba kacis Zisa,
romelsac emosa grZeli mosasxami (pirvelmRvdelm-
Tavris TeTri mosasxami - a.m.) da mkerds ertya oqros
sartyeli;
xolo Svid sasanTles Soris - msgavseba kacis Zisa,
romelsac emosa grZeli mosasxami da mkerds ertya
oqros sartyeli;
Tavi misi da Tmani - spetaki, rogorc qaTqaTa matyli
da rogorc Tovli, xolo Tvalni misni, rogorc ali ce-
cxlisa.
fexni misni - cecxlSi gavarvarebuli elvare rvali,
xolo xma misi, rogorc zaTqi mravali wylisa.
marjvena xelSi epyra Svidi varskvlavi da misi piri-
dan gamodioda maxvili orlesuli, xolo saxe misi, ro-
gorc mze, sxivmfinari Tavisi ZaliT“ (gamocxadeba 1,
9-16).
albrext diureri Seecada es grafikulad gamoesa-
xa, magram araferi gamouvida, radgan es egreTwode-
buli pirobiTi, konvencionaluri simbolikaa, romlis
plastikuri gamosaxva SeuZlebelia. unda gavigoT ara
saxe, aramed misi sazrisi. aq qriste gamodis ara rogorc
miwieri arseba, romelic jvris simZimiT TavCaRunulia,
aramed rogorc gamarjvebuli: „me var alfa da omega,
dasawyisi da dasasruli“. igi aerTebs zecas da miwas,
amitomac acvia pirvelmRvdelmTavris mosasxami. mas
xelSi Svidi varskvlavi uWiravs, rac qmnilebaTa savse-
bas, srulyofilebas ganasaxierebs, imitom rom ricxvi

327
Svidi sisrulis simboloa. igi Svid sasanTles Soris
imyofeba. sasanTleebi qristeanTa sakrebuloebia. mc-
ire aziis Svidi sakrebulo ara mxolod konkretuli
qristeanuli sakrebuloebia, aramed isini Tavis TavSi
msoflio eklesiis sisrules ganasaxiereben warsulSi,
awmyosa da momavalSi.
Semdeg Ze kacisa yoveli am eklesiisadmi weriliT io-
anes mimarTavs. maTi adgilmdebareoba rukaze advili
sapovnelia. es mcire aziis dasavleTi sanapiroa: efeso,
pergamosi, smirna da sxv. unda iTqvas, rom am qalaqebis
adgilas axla nangrvebia darCenili.
ratom aris mniSvnelovani imis codna Tu rogori
iyo eklesiebis mdgomareoba I saukunis miwuruls mcire
aziaSi? imitom rom aq maradiuli modelia. mTlian te-
qsts ar wavikiTxav, magram mxolod erT-erT mimarTvas
aviReb: „xolo pergamonis eklesiis angelozs miswere:
amas ambobs orlesuli maxvilis mqone: vici, rom cxov-
rob iq, sadac aris satanis taxti“ (gamocxadeba 2, 12-13).
zogierTi fiqrobs, rom sauabri pergamos cnobil sam-
sxverplos Seexeba, magram xom SeiZleba es ase ar iyos.
satanis taxti borotebis meufebas niSnavs da nebismier
epoqaSi qristeanebi da, saerTod, alal-marTali, pa-
tiosani, naTeli da keTili adamianebi SeiZleba cxov-
robdnen iq sadac satanis taxti mdebareobs. „vici, rom
cxovrob iq... mtkiced gipyria Cemi sabeli da ar uaryav
Cemi rwmena TviT im dReebSic, roca Tqvens Soris, sadac
satana mkvidrobs, mokles antipa, sarwmuno mowame Cemi“.
es niSnavs, devna im zomamde mivida, rom adgili hqonda
qristeanTa sikvdiliT dasjas. Semdeg yoveli sakrebu-
losadmi mimarTvisas ioane, xolo misi meSveobiT Rmer-
Ti, imis Sesaxeb saubrobs, Tu rogor unda Seinaxo Seni
pirveli siyvaruli. imitom rom sulier samyaroSi Sema-
vali adamiani zogjer Tavidanve iferfleba, icis es zo-
gierTma Tqvenganma, Semdeg pirveli siyvarulis cecx-

328
li qreba da yovelive ferfliT ifareba. „Sen dauteve,
- ambobs ioane, pirveli siyvaruli Seni“. sxva adgilas
qriste ioanes meSveobiT mimarTavs eklesias: „arc civi
xar da arc cxeli“, anu nel-Tbili xar. es naxevradm-
kvdari mdgomareobaa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT.
yoveli eklesiisadmi werili Cvendami mimarTvaa. Cven
yuradRebiT Cafiqrebulni masSi imas vpoulobT rac
gvWirdeba.
Semdeg istoriuli suraTebi modis, magram es ubralo
istoria ki ara metaistoriaa. es istoriuli procesis
arsia, es brZolaa.
Tavidan zecis simbolo Cndeba, rogorc minis zRva
anu qmnilebaTa gamWvirvale zRva, romelic zeciuri
krebulis simbolizirebaa. oTxi cxoveli kideze cocx-
al arsebebs ganasaxierebs. xolo garSemo ocdaoTxi ux-
ucesi - orjer Tormeti, Zveli da axali aRTqmis ekle-
siis fuZemdeblebia. ueWvelia, rom qveynierebis raRac
saidumlo unda gacxaddes.
da aha, gamoCndeba tarigi, kravi uflisa. igi ara mx-
olod dasustebuli da dauZlurebulia qyveynierebis
sazarlobaTa winaSe, aramed gangmirulia. daklulia
- asea sinodalur TargmanSi. igi moklulia, magram
cocxalia. es zeciuri arseba qristea.
qveyniereba raRac grandiozuls elodeba, ma-
gram Tavidan apokalifsis pirquSi mxedrebi modian.
maT Zaladoba, omebi, SimSili da sikvdili moaqvT. es
yvelaferi unda moxdes imitom, rom adamiani sikeTesa
da simarTles Sordeba. igi Zalas, materialur keTil-
dReobas endoba, magram ai, grgvinavs bedaurTa qaCaCi -
es apokalifsis mxedrebi modian da cru imedebi kraxiT
mTavrdeba.
Semdeg cxaddeba uflis gangeba. mas dabeWdili grag-
nilis saxe aqvs, xolo kravi, erTaderTia, romelsac
misi gaxsna SeuZlia da gamocxadebaSi erTi meoris mi-

329
yolebiT gamoisaxeba suraTi, rac istoriis siRrmeSi
xdeba.
masSi omi mimidinareobs. omi sinaTlesa da sibneles,
kravsa da mxecs, urCxuls Soris, romlic zRvidan amo-
dis. am fantastiur arsebas RvTismgmobeli saxelebi
aqvs - es yvelaferi ukve iyo Zvel aRTqmaSi. RvTis qm-
nilebis es parodia zRvidan amoZvreba da xelT igdebs
Zalauflebas qyveynierebaze. misi saxelis ricxvi pi-
robiTia da eqvsas samocdaeqvss udris. Zvelad igi iSi-
freboda, rogorc „keisari neroni“, imitom rom maSin
neroni despotizmTan, politikur mkvlelobebTan da
sulier tiraniasTan asocirdeboda.
magram es imas ar niSanvs, rom apokalifsi mxolod
warsulis Sesaxeb saubrobs. mxeci yovelgvari boroti
sulis matareblis gansaxierebaa romel epoqaSic ar
unda cxovrobdes igi: „da gancvifrda mTeli qveyana
mxecis kvaldakval... vin Seedreba am mxecs? vis SeuZlia
Seebas mas? da RvTis sagmoblad ganaxvna bageni Tvisni...
da mieca mas Zala wmidaTa (anu morwmuneTa - a.m) winaaR-
mdeg brZolisa da maTi Zlevisa“ (gamocxadeba 13, 3-7).
amgvaradaa nawinaswarmetyvelevi borotebis garegnu-
li gamarjveba.
xolo mas Semdeg, rac dedamiwaze mxecis samefo dam-
yardeba zecaSi Svidi angelozi gamoCndeba, macneni
TasiT xelSi da yoveli maTgani Tavis Tass mxecis same-
fos daaclis zemodan. udidesi ubedurebebi moxdeba.
iseTi ubedurebebi, romlebic XVIII saukunis adamianebs
daujereblad moeCvenebodaT: msoflio okeanis, haeris
mowamvla, yovelive suldgmulis daxocva.
ra aris es? es RvTis sasjeli ki ara kacobriobis
araswori ganviTarebis nayofia, xolo boroteba ufro
da ufro iWirxvneba, magram mxecis samefoSi lxinisa da
sixarulis nacvlad adamianebi enas ikvneten. bneleTi
moicavs am samefos.

330
 Semdeg movlenaTa sxva wyeba mimdinareobs: zecaSi
sxva niSani Cndeba - qali, romelic mSobiarobs. igi gah-
kivis mSobiarobis tkivilebis gamo. unda iSvas yrma
da ai, qvemodan, zRvidan uzarmazari wiTeli drakoni
aRimarTeba, romelic yrmis STanqmas elodeba.
wiTeli drakoni dasabamieri gvelia, swored is, ro-
melic bibliis wignSi adamians acdunebs. es qaosis dra-
konia, romelic amieridan imperiis drakoni gaxdeba.
mewamuli, wiTeli feri xom romaeli imperatorebis fe-
ria.
xolo qali Zveli aRTqmiseuli eklesiis simboloa,
romelmac axali suli, qriste, mesia unda Svas da imper-
atorTa romma igi unda gadaylapos, magram im momentSi,
rodesac Ze ibadeba, qali ifareba. mas frTebi miecema
da udabnoSi gaeqaneba, xolo wiTeli drakoni mas dae-
devneba.
aq ki sazareli msoflio borotebis yvela simbolo
Tavis namdvil saxes gamoaCens. yvela niRabi Camoixsne-
ba. sazizRari monstrebi sulis winaaRmdeg amxedrdebi-
an da TiTqos suli unda danebdes, magram drodadro
Cndebian RmrTis macneni, romlebic xels uSlian mis da-
Rupvas.
RmrTis macneTa Soris erT-erTi miqaelad iwodeba.
es mTavarangelozi miqaelia. igi ibrZvis. ibrZvian winas-
warmetyvelebic. wminda qalaqSi ori winaswametyveli
gamoCndeba. erTi maTgani - elia, winaswarmetyvelebas
ganasaxierebs, xolo meore - enoqi, Zveli brZenTabrZe-
ni, momavlis mcodnea. maT klaven. maTi sxeuli ierusa-
limis quCebSi agdia. RmrTis sawinaaRmdego principi,
antiqristes principi zeimobs.
sabolood, naTlis Zalebi bnel ZalTa paralizebas
axdenen da istoriis dasalierSi or Sedegs vxedavT:
rogorc sinaTlis aseve sibnelis arasrul gamarjve-
bas. orive polusi paralelurad viTardeba da katak-

331
lizmebis saxiT erTmaneTs periodulad ejaxeba.
es eklesiis pirveli saukunis, Sua saukuneebisa da
dRevandeli istoriaa, romelic jer ar dasrulebula.
apokalifsi gveubneba, rom dedamiwaze ara molod mxe-
cis samefo ganmeordeba araerTgzis, aramed qristes
mimdevarTa aTaswlovani samefo iqneba da dedamiwaze,
romeliRac istoriul, qronoligiur da geografiul
sivrceSi sikeTisa da simarTlis zeimi dadgeba, magram
igi ar iqneba maradiuli, iseve rogorc antiqristes
samefo ar iyo maradiuli imitom, rom yovelive es
CvenTvis Cveuli miwieri yofierebis farglebSi moxde-
ba, xolo apokalifsis mixedviT, kacTa modgma da mTeli
samyaro axal safexurze unda avides.
gamocxaddeba qriste da Zveli istoria srulde-
ba. ioane ambobs, rom axali ca da axali miwa ixila. es
bunebisa da adamianis feriscvaleba da sikvdilis,
rRvevis, sneulebebis, zneobrivi borotebis mospobaa.
yoveli bneli daiZleva da naTeli izeimebs.
gamoCndeba wminda qalaqi ierusalimi, magram es isto-
riuli qalaqi ki ara, im qalaqis simboloa, sadac CvenT-
vis jvars acves qriste da sadac Tavidan Cvens bunebriv
miwaze damyarda caTa sasufeveli, xolo Semdgom sis-
ruliT axal, feriscvalebul miwaze.
saSineli omebi da Zaladoba, romelic sazareli ka-
liis saxiT aris gamosaxuli apokalifsisSi adamianTa
ganadgurebis im meqanizmebis msgavsia, romlebic adami-
anebma ukansknel saukuneebSi Seqmnes. yovelive es nam-
dvil sanaxaobriv suraTs badebs. swored aseTia adami-
anTa istoria, amitom apokalifsi marTali da patiosani
wignia.
es wigni yoveli Cvenganis gafrTxilebaa imis Ses-
axeb, rom Tuki kacobrioba uflis aRTqmebs ar daicavs,
mas usastikesi risxva moelis, magram ara imitom, rom
RmerTi mas dasjis, - es primitiuli warmodgenaa, ar-

332
amed imitom, rom man Seqmna zneobrivi wesrigi, romlis
Sedegad boroteba yovelTvis bolos da bolos kninis
matarebeli iqneba. risxva adre Tu gvian mova da sikeTe
mainc gaimarjvebs, adamianma ki arCevani unda gaakeTos,
visTan aris igi: naTelTan Tu bnelTan. amitom aris, rom
es arCevani CvenTvis pirad da sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi yovelTvis aqtualuria.
apokalifsi saocari da mniSvnelovani sityvebiT
sruldeba. es aris sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mo-
dis adamianebTan WeSmariteba. aq ori aspeqtia. erTi
zogadia. „aha, moval male, netaria vinc inaxavs am wignis
winaswarmetyvelebis sityvebs“. ioanesaTvis es niSnavda,
rom msoflio feriscvaleba male iqneba da yvelaferi
male Seicvleba. RmerTisTvis „male“ SeiZleba usasru-
lod did dros niSnavdes, radganac adamiani erTi masS-
tabebiT arsebobs, xolo RmerTs sxva masStabebi aqvs.
es sulac ar niSnavs, rom bibliaSi naTqvamia: am wuTas
dadgeba qveynierebis aRsasruli.
mravali adamiani cdilobs es dro gamoTvalos.
sinamdvileSi qyveynierebis aRsasruli premanentu-
li realobaa. igi mudmivad ganaxldeba. rodesac ro-
mis imperia daingra, es im samyaros aRsasruli iyo da
uflis sityvebi axda. sxva istoriuli kataklizmebis
SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis aRsasrulis is Jami dgeboda,
romelsac apokalifsi karnaxobda. Semobrunebis nebi-
smieri epoqa apokalifsuria. yovelTvis ase xdeba -
gankiTxva saukunoobiT grZeldeba.
apokalifsSi sxva sityvebic weria, romlebic aseve
didad mniSvnelovania. qriste ambobs: „aha, karTan vdga-
var da vakakuneb“. es is mrgvinavi sityvebi rodia: „ho,
moval male“, aramed „karTan vdgavar da vakakuneb“. es
istoriis karibWe ki ara adamianis gulis karia da es si-
tyvebi msoflio qartexilebisa da Weqa-quxilis xma ki
ara, mwiris Cumi sityvebia.

333
 mwiri es qristea. igi yvelasTan modis da simxneve,
sikeTe, naTeli, rwmena, imedi da, upirvelesad, si-
yvaruli moaqvs. „aha, karTan vdgavar da vakakuneb. Tu
vinme gaigebs Cems xmas da kars gamiRebs, Seval da masTan
vivaxSmeb, xolo is - CemTan“ ras niSnavs es?
gavixsenoT andrei rubliovis „sameba“. wminda tra-
pezi qveynierebaze uflis myofobas niSnavs, xolo aq
ki adamianis sulSi myofobas. is, vinc mas kars gauRebs,
igrZnobs, rom igi masSi Semovida da masTan erTadaa.
vinc icis, Tu ra aris evqaristiis wminda Tasi, momza-
debuli midis masTan im rwmeniT, rom igi masTan erTad
miiRebs monawileobas am trapezSi.
„me karTan vdgavar da vakakuneb. Tuki vinme Cems
xmas gaigonebs da kars gamiRebs, Seval masTan“. misi
Cumi kakuni niSnavs, rom es Cven gvikakunebs, Cvens is-
torias, Cvens sulsa da cxovrebas ukakunebs. es TviT
WeSmaritebis kakunia, romelic CvenTan TiTqmis maTx-
ovariviT, Raribi mwiriviT modis, romelic Tavs rames
ki ar gvaxvevs, armed gvifrTxildeba...
da rodesac Cveni daukmayofilebloba amoi-
wureba, maSin adamianis winaSe usasrulo horizontebi
gaixsneba. imisaTvis rom aqamde mivaRwioT kari unda
gavuRoT da SemouSvaT simarTle, WeSmariteba, sikeTe,
SemovuSvaT kravi uflisa, romelic qveynierebas ux-
mobs. es bibliis ukanaskneli Strixia, romelic sasoe-
biTa da naTliT sruldeba da ara vardisferi imediT,
ara carieli dapirebebiTa da istoriuli iluziebiT,
aramed gabeduli mzeriT yovelive bnelisadmi, rac is-
toriaSia da imis xarebiT, rom boroteba Zleul iqneba.
amaSia arsi SesaniSnavi wignisa, romelsac apokalifsi
anu gamocxadeba ioanesi ewodeba.

334
 bibliografia da SeniSvnebi:

1. Targmani Sesrulebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixed-

viT: dekanozi aleqsandre meni, saubrebi ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, moskovi,
2011, danarTi. gv: 235-249 (mzaddeba dekanoz al.
menis xsenebuli wignis Cveneuli Targmani). moce-
muli Targmanis teqsti warmoadgens leqcias, ro-
melic mama al. menma 1989 wlis 3 ivniss waikiTxa.
al. mens ekuTvnis agreTve statia ioanes ga-
mocxadebis Sesaxeb mis mier Sedgenil „bibliolo-
giur leqsikonSi“, romelic 1790 werilisagan da
sami tomisagan Sedgeba. (ix. al. meni, bibliologi-
uri leqsikoni, m. 2002. teqstis Targmani Cven mier
momzadebulia gamosaqveyneblad).
2. raskolniki-staroverebi - „staroveri“ Zve-
li sarwmunoebis anu wesis mimdevars niSnavs.
staroverebs raskolnikebsac (sqizmatikosebi)
uwodeben. es sqizma rusul marTlamadidebel
eklesiaSi 1653 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac
patriarq nikonis saeklesio reformas (berZnul
liturgiaze gadasvla) rigma sasuliero da saero
pirebma mxari ar dauWires. saxelmwifo maT devn-
ida da imperiis ganapira provinciebSi asaxlebda
(maT Soris saqarTveloSic). devnam da Seviwroe-
bam maTSi qveynierebis apokalifisisuri xedvebi
Camoayaliba da gaaZliera, razec al. meni amaxvi-
lebs yuradRebas.
3. narodniki - socialisturi mimdinareoba ruseTSi
XIX saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi.
4. nikoloz morozovi - (1854-1964) rusi revolu-
cioneri da narodniki, literatori da masoni.
Sliseburgis cixeSi 20 weli gaatra. 1874 wels
narodnikebs SeuerTda. iyo internacionalis

335
 wevri. monawileobas iRebda imperator aleqsan-
dre II-is mkvlelobaSi. 1932 wels ssrk mecniere-
baTa akademiis wevrad airCies fizika-qimia-
maTematikis ganyofilebaSi. bunebismecnierebis
sferoSi miRwevebisaTvis 1944 wels leninis or-
deniT daajildoves. morozovma mrvali wigni
dawera astronomiis, kosmogoniis, fizikis, qimi-
is, biologiisa da maTematikis sferoSi. erT dros
mendeleevis yuradRebac miupyria. 1920 wels
cdilobda fardobiTobis Teoria gaekritike-
bina. miaweren kosmiuri skafandris gamogonebas.
astronomiuli movlenebis analizisa da Tavisi
gamoTvlebis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom IV
saukunemdeli kacobriobis istoria gamogonilia
da. a.S.
5. ernst lisneri - (1974-1941) rusi mxatvari, peiza-
Jisti. mravali wignis ilustratori. i. repinis
mowafe. gaformebuli aqvs mravali cnobili mwer-
lis (mag. l. tolstois) wignebi.
6. lev tixomirovi - (1853-1923) rusi sazogado
moRvawe, axalgazrdobis periodSi narodniki.
1888 wels uari Tqva revoluciur Sexedulebe-
bze da Sewyalebis Semdeg ruseTSi dabrunda, sa-
dac monarqisti gaxda. petre stolipinma 1907
wels sankt-beterburgSi miiwvia mrCevlad. sikv-
dilamde aTi wliT adre igi moskovSi sergiev-
posadSi dasaxlda, sadac „istoriis religiur-
filosofiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“ traqtati
dawera, xolo 1919-1920 wlebSi daweril Txzule-
baSi „uknasaknel dReebSi (esqatologiuri fan-
taziebi)“ apokalifsur Tematikas exeba.
7. fr. engelsi - mas miaCnda, rom ioanes gamocxadeba
erT-erTi saukeTeso wyaroa imis dasadasture-
blad, Tu ras warmoadgenda qristeanoba misi war-

336
 moSobis momentSi.
8. albrext diureri - (1471-1528) germaneli fer-
mweri, grafikosi, graviuris didostati, xe-
lovnebis Teoretikosi.

***
wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadeba
(statia bibliologiuri leqsikonidan)

gamocxadeba wm. ioane RvTismetyvelisa anu apoka-

lifsi bibliis ukanskneli wignia. igi erTaderTia axa-
li aRTqmis rjulSi, romelic Janrobrivad axlosaa wi-
naswarmetyvelTa wignebTan. dawerilia berZnul enaze;
Sedgeba 22 Tavisagan.
kanonikuroba: gamocxadeba marTlmadidebluri
RvTismsaxurebis Jams ar ikiTxeba, rac imasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, rom igi rjulis kanonSi gvian iqna Se-
tanili. igi RvTivgansulierebulad dasavleTSi ufro
adare aRiares, vidre aRmosavleTSi. wm. iustine filo-
sofosi, wm. irineos lioneli, wm. ilarion puatieli,
wm. ambrosi mediolaneli, netari ieronime, netari av-
gustine, viqtorin petaveli gamocxadebas wminda weri-
lis wignad miiCnevdnen. foramlurad misi kanonizeba
hiponisa (393) da karTagenis (397) krebebiT damtkicda,
xolo manamde muratoriul kanonebSi iyo Setanili.
aRmosavleTSi gamocxadeba didi xnis manZilze dis-
kusiebs iwvevda, Tuma iq am winaswarmetyveluri wignis
kanonikurobas mravali saeklesio avtoriteti aRi-
arebda (wm. aTanase didi, wm. basili didi, wm. grigol
noseli). peSitaSi (bibliis siriuli varianti - mTargm-
neli) gamocxadeba ar figurirebs, magram IV s-Si, rode-
sac andria kesarieli mis ganmartebebs werda, marTl-
madidebel eklesiaSi gamocxadebis kanonikuroba ukve
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo.

337
 saTauri, Janri da ena: wignis grZeli saTauri: „ga-
mocxadeba ieso qristesi, romelic misca mas RmerTma,
raTa eCvenebina Tavisi monebisaTvis, rac unda moxdes
male“ (gamocxadeba 1, 1-2) imTaviTve gansazRvravs, Tu
romel literaturul Janrs ganekuTvneba wigni. es ga-
mocxadebaa, apokalifsi anu istoriuli procesis arsis
simboluri gamosaxuleba. sasuliero mwerali seklesio
da amqveyniur istoriul movlenebSi RmrTis gangebis
moqmedebas aCvenebs saxeebis, igavebis, kriptogramebi-
sa da SemaZrwunebeli gamosaxulebebis meSveobiT. am
mimarTebiT gamocxadeba apokalipturi literaturis
kanonebiT aris dawerili, romelic Tavis warmomav-
lobas winaswarmetyvel danielidan, ezekielidan da
aRTqmebs Soris droindeli apokrifuli apokalifise-
bidan iRebs. amis safuZvelze zogierTi ganmmartebeli
ayenebda hipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmad gamocxadeba iu-
deuri apokalifsisia, romelic qristeanis xelma daa-
muSava. SeuZlebelia am Sexedulebis miReba, radganac
wigni aSkarad qristeanuli xasiaTis matarebelia. Zveli
aRTqmiseuli da apokrifuli apokalifsisebis umrav-
lesobisagan gansxvavebiT, gamocxadeba arc anonimuri
da arc fsevdonimuri nawarmoebia. igi im kacis piriT
aris dawerili, romelic mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad nac-
nobia. es ioanea devnil qristeanTa „Zma“ da „mwuxare-
baSi Tanamonawile“ (1:1, 4, 9; 22:8). igi sakuTar Tavs „mo-
nas“ anu ieso qristes msaxurs uwodebs (1:1). yvelaferi,
rac mas ecxadeba qristianul ekelsiaTa cxovrebasa
da momavals exeba. gamocxadebis centrSi dgas qriste.
igi axal dogmatur WeSmaritebebs ki ar iuwyeba, aramed
im gansacdelebze metyvelebs, romelic marTlebma
unda gamoiaron manam, sanam uflis simarTle srulad
izeimebs. gamocxadeba mcire aziis Svidi eklesiisadmi
mimarTviT iwyeba, romelSic qveynierebaze maTi yofnis
Sesaxebaa saubari. Tavisi wignis epistoleebTan mims-

338
gavsebiT sasuliero mwerali wminda apkalifsur Janrs
scildeba. jer kidev III saukuneSi wm. dionise didma
SeniSna gamocxadebis enis Tavisebureba. „misi ena da me-
tyveleba sufTa berZnuli rodia, aramed rig adgilas
araswor ucxo metyvelebasTan aris Sereuli“ (evsevi.
saeklesio istoria, VII, 25). sabolood, filologiurma
Ziebebma daadgines, rom avtori fiqrobda ra ebraulad,
werda berZnulad. garda amisa, saidumloTa mWvreteli
ioane Zveli aRTqmis ara ubralod Rrma codnas avlens,
aramed Zveli aRTqmiseuli saxeebiT, simboloebiTa da
gamoxatvis formebiT azrovnebs. Zveli aRTqmidan aRe-
buli asobiT citati, pirdapiri Tu iribi miniSnebani,
reminscenciebi da parafrazebi aCveneben, rom ioane
wminda werilis samyaroSi cxovrobda gamoxatavda ra
imas, rac gamoecxada im sityvebiT, romlebic odiT-
gan iyo miRebuli wminda wignebSi. rogorc e. lomai-
erma aCvena, gamocxadeba dawerilia riTmuli proziT
da erTgvar poemas warmoadgens riTac igi winaswarm-
etyvelTa tradicias agrZelebs. ioanem Zveli aTqmidan
rig literaturul xerxs sesxulobs, kerZod koncep-
tualur simbolikas. bibliis ukanaskneli wignis siRrm-
iseuli kavSiri ZvelaRTqmiseul tradiciasTan didad
mniSvnelovania gamocxadebis gasagebad da mis egzege-
zas exmareba. ioane wers adamianebs, romlebic masaviT
mocavs wminda werilis suls.
kompozicia da Sinaarsi: gamocxadebis kompozi-
ciis simwyobre erTbaSad, pirvelive wakiTxvaze ar
Cans. araerTgzis varaudobdnen egzegetebi, rom wigni
mozaikis msgavsad sxvadasxvagvari wyaroebisaganaa
Sedgenili, Tumca TandaTanobiT dadginda, rom said-
umloTa mWvretelma gamocxadeba simboluri mniSvn-
elobis mqone rTul ricxobriv sistemas dauqvemdeba-
ra. arabibliur literaturaSi misi Sedareba mxolod im
sistemasTanaa SesaZlebli, romlis mixedviT agebulia

339
dantes „RvTaebrivi komedia“, romelic didwilad ST-
agonebulia gamocxadebiT. wminda ricxvTa simbolikas
biblia odiTgan iyenebda, gansakuTrebiT, mimarTavdnen
mas winaswarmetyvelebi da apokaliptikebi, amitomac
igi kargad gamoiyeneba ioanes gamocxadebaSic. gamWol
simbolos, romelic wignSi yvelgan gvxvdeba Svidi-
ani warmoadgens. igi sisrulis niSania da istoriaSi
RmrTis gangebis aRsrulebis simrTeleze mianiSnebs.
gamocxadeba istorias maradiulobis Suqze ganixilavs.
ricxvi eqvsi arasrulyofilebas gamoxatavs, xolo
rvianis naxevari gansacdelis Jamia, romelic yvelas
moelis (12:14; 13:15; Sdr. danieli 7:25; 8:14). gamocxade-
baSi makarizmebi (berZn. netareba. igulisxmeba cxra ne-
tareba - mTargmneli) Svidgzis gamoiTqmis. mcire aziis
Svidi eklesia qristes eklesiis sisrulis simboloa.
gamocxadebis kompoziciac Svideulebis principzea
agebuli.
1. Sesavali da Svidi werili Svidi eklesiisadmi (1-3),
2. zeciuri liturgiis xilva. kravi axsnis RmrTis
gangebis Svid beWeds (4:1-8:1).
3. Svidi angelozi sayviriT amcnobs ubedurebas (8:2-
11:18),
4. Svidi niSani zecaSi, romelic eklesiasTan satanis
brZolas ganasaxierebs (11:19-15:4),
5. RmrTis risxvis Svidi nabiji, romelic qyveyniere-
bas Tavze daatydeba (15:5-16:21),
6. Svidi xilva, romelic babilonis momavals moas-
wavebs (imperiebi, eklesiis mdevnelebi) (17:1-20:15)
da gankiTxvis dRe
7. naTlis zeimi. axali ierusalimi. epilogi (21-22).
gamocxadebis erT-erTma pirvelma ganmmartebelma
viqtorin petavelma wamoayena hipoTeza wignis kompozi-
ciis Sesaxeb, romelmac „rekapitulaciis“ saxelwodeba
miiRo. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, romelsac rigi Taname-
drove egzegetebic iziareben (mag., e. alo), sayvirTa,

340
niSanTa, Tasebisa da xilvebis Tanmimdevroba droSi
konkretul Tanmimdevrobas ki ar niSnavs, aramed bib-
liuri wignebis semituri poetikis principebiT erTi
da imave Temis variaciebia mxolod, romlis winasaxes
gamosvlaTa wignis „egviptur sasjelebze“ Txroba war-
moadgens. rac Seexeba wignis Sinaarss, mis Sesaxeb eg-
zegetTa mosazrebebi sami ZiriTadi koncefciis saxiT
SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
gamocxadeba yveba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
istoriis dasasruls unda moxdes (viqtorin petaveli,
andria kesarieli da sxv.);
saidumloTa mWvreteli Tavisi drois saeklesio-
istoriul movlenebs igavuri formiT gamosaxavs (e. re-
nani, f. fareri, a. Jdanovi, t. cani da sxv.);
gamocxadeba saeklesio-istoriuli procesis arsis
zogad „models“ Seicavs (s. bulgakovi, e. lomaieri, a.
feie, u. haringtoni da sxv.).
es aspeqtebi ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed erTimeores
avseben.
wigni dawerilia „mowamis mier mowameTaTvis“ (e.
lomaieri) garkveuli mizniT - gaamxnevos marTalni
gansacdelis Jams. misi „cxovrebiseuli konteqsti“
eklesiasa da imperias Soris, romelsac keisris kulti
asuldgmulebda, pirvel konfliqts ukavSirdeba. said-
umloTa mWvreteli brZolisa da qristes saboloo
gamarjvebis, gardauvali RvTaebrivi misageblisa da
marTalTa zeimis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs. gamocxadebis si-
tyvebi „istoriuli momentis uSualo moaxloebis az-
riT ki ara, zogad esqatologiur perspeqtivaSi unda
gavigoT“ (s. bulgakovi). wignis kompozicia antiTez-
isebs iyenebs: magaliTad, RvTaebriv samebas (taxtze mj-
domi, kravi da suli) demonuri triada (drakoni, mxeci,
cruwinaswarmetyveli) upirispirdeba. qalis, romelic
mziT Seimoseba da mesias Sobs, antipods babilonis
meZavi warmoadgens. zeciur liturgias upirispirdeba

341
mxecis saxis usircxvo Tayvaniscema, WeSmarit macxovar
kravs - rqiani urCxuli, zeciur beWeds - antiqristes
beWedi, mxecis samefos - axali ierusalimi. yovelive
amiT ori samyaros Sejaxebis xazgasma xdeba.
wignis winaswarmetyveleba: gamocxadeba sasoe-
bis wignia. igi, mtrul ZalTa uZlieresi winaaRmde-
gobis miuxedavad, qmnilebis Sesaxeb RmrTis gangebis
aRsrulebas gvamcnobs. winaswarmetyveli marTalTa
didi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxebac saubrobs. eklesiebi-
sadmi mimarTva sacdurisa da kompromisebisagan gvi-
cavs da mkacrad ganikiTxavs sulier nel-Tbilobas.
vinc „dauteva pirveli siyvaruli“ (2:4), adreul dReTa
ZmaTmoyvareobis suli, riskulobs gaxdes uaryofili.
ufali siyvaruliT midis adamianebTan sapasuxo siyvar-
ulis momlodine - „aha, karTan vdgavar da vakakuneb. Tu
vinme gaigebs Cems xmas da kars gamiRebs, Seval da masTan
vivaxSmeb, xolo is - CemTan“ (3:20). magram mzadeba uflis
sityvebis gasagebad udides moTminebasa da cdunebaze
gamarjvebas saWiroebs. WeSmariti qriteani „mZlevelia“
(3:21). amave dros uflis nebis winaaRmdegoba adamian-
ebs auracxel ubedurebas moutans, rameTu cxovrebis
wignidan amoRebiT, isini demonuri Zalebis tyveobaSi
aRmoCndebian. RmrTis risxva am dacemulTa bedisweris
anTropomorfuli saxea.
gamocxadeba qristes Sesaxeb aswavlis, rogorc da-
viTis fesvidan „iudevelis muxlidan“ Sobil adamianze
(5:5). amave dros igi maradiuli kravia, romelmac saku-
Tari Tavi msxverplad gaiRo „qveynierebis dasabamidan“
(13:8). am qveynad igi iyo „sarwmuno mowme“ anu dasabami
RvTis qmnilebisa da winaswarmetyveli (1:5; 3:14). igia
„pirmSo gansvenebulTagan da miwier mefeTa mTavari“
(1:5), „meufeTa meufe da uflebaTa ufali“ (19:16), mas
unda vceT Tayvani (5:13), amasTan igi erTobaSi imyofeba
Tavis eklesiasTan, romelic Zveli aRTqmiseuli sim-

342
bolikiT kravis sasZlod aris warmodgenili (22:17).
gamocxadeba mowmobs, rom qristes gamarjveba ukve
aRsrulda, rom igi droebiT iqna „atacebuli“ RmrTis
taxtis winaSe (12:5). misi gamoCenisTanave borotebis
agoniis esqatologiuri periodi daiwyo, romelSic
marTlebma da wmindanebma unda gaZlon, vidre gankiTx-
vis dRe dadgeba da „RvTisagan Camomavali zeciT“ ax-
ali ierusalimi Camova (21:2). masSi ukve aRar iqneba
taZari (21:3), aramed myofTan uSualo erTobas - aRTq-
mis ukanasknel da uzenaes mizans, eqneba adgili. ga-
mocxadebis esqatologia iseT Temas Seicavs, romelic
eklesiis pirveli saukuneebidan sxvadsxvagvarad iyo
gagebuli. saqme mkvdreTiT aRmdgar marTlebTan erTad
dedamiwaze qristes aTaswlovan samefos exeba (20:1-10).
erTni am winaswarmetyvelebas gadataniTi mniSvnelo-
beiT iRebdnen xdavdnen ra masSi mTlianad saeklesio
istoriis simbolos. msgavs ganmartebas saTave netarma
avgustinem daudo, magram SedarebiT adreuli peri-
odis wminda mamebi wm. irineosiT dawyebuli sityva-
sityviTi egzegetikisaken ixrebodnen da swamdaT, rom
bolo Jams qveyana ara mxolod borotebis parpaSs, ar-
amed sikeTis zeimsac dainaxavs. yvelasaTvis misaRebi
ganmarteba eklesiaSi ar aris, amitom aTaswlovani same-
fos Sesaxeb winaswarmetyvelebas hiliazmis (moZRvreba
aTaswlovani oqris xanis Sesaxeb - mTargmneli) ideebi
araerTxel kvebavda. wignis ZiriTadi saTqmeli udavod
rCeba: adamiani axal edemsa da sicocxlis xes moipovebs.
„aRaraferi darCeba dawyevlili, RvTisa da kravis
taxti iqneba iq, da misi monebi moemsaxurebian mas. ixi-
laven mis saxes da maT Sublze iqneba misi saxeli. Rame
aRar iqneba iq, ase rom, aRarc sanTeli dasWirdebaT da
arc mzis naTeli, radganac RmerTi gaanaTlebs maT, da
imefeben ukuniTi ukunisamde“ (22:3-5).
daTariRebisa da avtorobis problema: wm. irineos
lioneli, romelic mociqul ioanes mowafebTan axlos

343
iyo gamocxadebas romis imperator domicianis mmarT-
velobis periodiT aTariRebda (eresebis winaaRmdeg.
30,3; Srd. evsevi, saeklesio istoria, III, 18). domiciani
91-96 wlebSi mefobda, amitom gamocxadeba am wlebs
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT. Tanamedrove egzegetikTa um-
ravlesoba wm. irineosis daTariRebas im safuZvelze
eTanxmeba, rom imperatoris kulti swored domician-
ma gaaZliera da qristianebs sdevinida. sxva mosazre-
bac arsebobs, romelic gamocxadebas emyareba 17:10,
romelSic Svidi mefe moixsenieba, romelTagan „xuTi
daemxo, erTi aris, sxva ki jerac ar mosula, magram
rodesac mova, didxans ver gaZlebs“. am Svid mefes sx-
vadsxva ganmmartebeli keisar avgustusiT dawyebuli
domicianiT dasrulebuli romis Svid imperatorTan
aigivebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi gamocxadebas 60-iani
wlebis bolos miakuTvnebdnen. XX saukuneSi germanelma
swavlulma f. benarma erT-erT pirvelma gaSifra krip-
tograma eqvasas samocda eqvsi (13:18), rogorc berZnu-
li sityvebis „keisari neroni“-s adamianuri ekvivalen-
ti ebrauli damwerlobiT. amaSi cru-neronze Worebis
miniSneba surdaT, romlebic neronis sikvdilis Semdeg
gaCnda.
neroni marTlac iyo qristeanTa mdevneli pirveli
warmarTi da SeiZleba antiqristes momaswavebelic yo-
filiyo, magram radganac sxva gaSifruli kriptograme-
bic arsebobs, es sakiTxi Riad rCeba. arsebobs hipoTeza,
rom iaoanem Tavisi wignis nawili 60-ian wlebSi dawera,
xolo igi domicianis dros kunZul patmosze daaxloe-
biT 95 wels daasrula. pirvel variants miekuTvneba
nawilebi 12:7-12; 13-16; 17:10 da sxv.
kidev ufro rTulia sakiTxi wignis avtoris Ses-
axeb. vin iyo apokalifsis avtori ioane? pirveli miniS-
neba iustine filosofosidan momdinareobs, romelic
daaxloebiT 130-40-ian wlebSi mas ioane zebedes ZesTan
aigivebda (trifonTan dialogi, 81,4.). am mosazrebas

344
eklesiis adreuli periodis mamebisa da moZRvrebis
sagrZnobi odenoba miemxro. Tumca wm. dionise didi
gadmocemis marTebulobaSi daeWvda. „TviT ena amarT-
lebs varauds saxrebasa da gamocxadebas Soris gansx-
vavebis Sesaxeb“, - werda igi (evsevi saeklesio istoria.
VII, 24-25). amasTan wmindani aRniSnavda, rom igi „am wignis
uaryofas ver gabedavs“ da swams, rom ioanem, apokalif-
sis avtroma „miiRo winaswarmetyveleba“, magram is ar
yofila erT-erTi TormetTagani da meoTxe saxarebis
avtori. wm. dionises Sexeduleba luTerma ganaaxla da
mravlama egzegetma miiRo. dRes orive Tvalsazrisi
isagogikaSi (bibliologiuri disciplina, romelic
wminda teqstebis warmomavlobasa da kanonikurobas
Seiswavlis - mTargmneli) Semdegi variantebis saxiT
aris SenarCunebuli:
1. ioane zebedes Ze yvela im Txzulebis avtori iyo,
romlebic ioanes saxels atareben;
2. ioanes yvela Txzuleba vinme pirvelqristean winas-
warmetyvels ekuTvnis da ara mociqul ioanes;
3. ioane zebdes Ze gamocxadebis atoria, magram ara io-
anes saxrebis da ioanes 1-3 werilis;
4. mociquli ioane da apokalifsis avtori qristeanTa
Soris didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen;
5. gamocxadebis avtori palestineli ebraelia da ar-
sebobs safuZveli varaudisa, rom igi galileveli
iyo (r. Carlzi);
6. gamocxadebis suliskeveTeba da stili emTxeveva
imas, rac ioanes Sesaxeb sinoptikebidan (sinoptiku-
rad iwodeba pirveli sami saxareba, radganac erT-
nairi xedva da suliskveTeba axasiaTebT - mTargm-
neli) aris cnobili (markozi 3:17; luka 9:54).
mniSvnelovania agreTve isic, rom adreulma saekle-
sio tradiciam sxva adamiani ar icis, romelsac im ZaliT
da xelmwifebiT laparakis safuZveli hqonda, rogorc
amas apokalifsis avtori akeTebs.

345
346
iubilarebi
JUBILARIANS

347
 anzor bregaZe - 85
cnobil qarTvel filosofoss, filosofiis
mecn. doqtors, saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa akademiis akademikoss, qarTuli filos-
fiur-anTroplogiuri skolis brwyinvale warmo-
madgenels anzor bregaZes 85 weli Seusrulda.
anzor aleqsandres Ze bregaZe daibada 1936
wlis 28 dekemebers q. quTaisSi, sadac qarTuli
tradiciebiT mdidar ojaxSi gaatara bavSvoba.
skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, swavla ga-
nagrZo quTaisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri insti-
tutis istoria-filologiis fakultetze, rom-
lis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg, samecniero
saqmianobas Seudga. misi aRmzrdel-xelmZRvaneli
cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, akademikosi angia bo-
WoriSvili gaxldaT, romlis xelmZRvanelobiTac
daicva disertacia da 1962 wels saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSi angia
boWoriSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnil filoso-

348
fiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi Seudga
adamianis filosfiuri problemebis kvlevas. am
droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos mecniereba-
Ta akademiis savle wereTlis filosofiis insti-
tutSi man ganvlo metad saintereso samecniero
gza - dawyebuli mecnier TanamSromlis Tanamdebo-
biT, filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis
gamgeobiT damTavrebuli. 1986 – 2011 wlebSi igi
filosofiis institutSi filosofiuri anTro-
pologiis ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobda. mTe-
li Tavisi Segnebuli saqmianoba man am instituts
Sealia, vidre saqarTvelos mtrebi filosofiis
instituts daxuravdnen (2011 w.). institutSi muS-
aobis wlebSi Seiqmna misi originaluri naSromebi,
romlebic SemdegSi wignad gamoica. maTgan um-
Tavresia: „adamianis arsi da xasiaTi“ (1991), „Seican
Tavi Seni - (adamianis Semecnebis meTodebi) (1994),
„maradiuli sibrZne“ (2016), „qarTveli filoso-
fos-anTropologebi (2007), „adamianis Sinagani
buneba da misi garegamovlineba“ (1984), „adamianis
Sesaxeb religiur-filosofiuri koncefciebis
kritika“ (1977), „ra aris adamiani?“ (1997), „adamiani
da rwmena“ (1988). anzor bregaZes gamoqveynebuli
aqvs 100-ze meti samecniero naSromi qarTul da
ucxour enebze, romlebic Seexeba filosofiuri
anTroplogiis araerT sakvanZo sakiTxebs. Tavisi
samecniero moRvaweobis periodSi man SeimuSava go-
niTi anTropologiis koncefcia, romelic adamia-
nis arss xedavs goniT moRvaweobaSi, sagnebisagan
sakuTari Tavis distancirebaSi. adamianis Semec-
nebis specifikur meTodad gagebas miiCnevs, Tumca,
arc aRwerasa da axsnas uaryofs. igi aris goniTi
religiur-filosofiuri anTropologiis fuZem-

349
debeli saqarTveloSi. samecniero moRvaweobis
paralelurad, anzor bregaZe pedagogiur saqmi-
anobas eweoda. wlebis ganmavlobaSi kiTxulobda
leqciebs ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi, saxelmwifo samedi-
cino universitetSi, ucxo enebisa da Teatralur
institutebSi. muSaobda Tbilisis adamianTmcod-
neobis institutSi dekanis Tanamdebobaze. iyo
gamorCeuli pedagogi. misi leqciebi studenti
axalgazrdobis udides mowonebas imsaxurebda.
1995 wlidan anzor bregaZe aris saqarTvelos fi-
losfiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademokosi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom anzor bregaZis kalams ekuTvnis
araerTi samecniero statia, recenzia da saintere-
so kritikuli werilebi, romlebic filosofiuri
anTroplogiis, adamianis cxovrebis sazrisisa da
religiuri rwmenis aqtualur problemebs Seexeba.
mis mier gamoqveynebul naSromebSi Cans siRrmiseu-
li azrovneba da gamorCeuli filosofiuri xel-
wera. mas, rogorc angia boWoriSvilis erT-erT
gamorCeul mowafes, anTroplogiis problemebis
TvalsaCino mkvlevars, araerTi brZola gadauta-
nia im droisaTvis filosofiis am axali ganStoebis
qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi dasamkvidreblad.
qarTvel filosofosTa Soris anzor bergaZe
gamorCeulia Tavisi uangarobiT, kacTmoyvareo-
biTa da stumarTmoyvareobiT. sintereso pedagogi
da mecniero kidev ufro saintereso da momxiblve-
li xdeba megobrebisa da misi saTayvanebeli ko-
legebis wreSi qarTul sufrasTan. qarTul sufra-
sTan masTan erTad gatarebuli dro filosofiuri
azrovnebis zeimi da Seucnoblis Secnobis morigi
virtuozuli gakveTilebia yvelasaTvis.

350
 anzor bregaZe Tavisi yoveldRiuri cxovre-
biT, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiTa da patriotizmiT
adasturebs, rom filosofosoba cxovrebis gan-
sakuTrebuli wesia da am wesiT mcxovrebi adamian-
ebi udides pativiscemasa da dafasebas imsaxure-
ben. aqve aRsaniSnavia anzor bregaZis erTuleba
erovnuli xelisuflebisa da zviad gamsaxurdiasa-
dmi. maSin rodesac qarTuli inteleqtualuri in-
teligenciis mraval warmomadgenels erovnuli xe-
lisflebis gverdiT dgoma examuSa, anzor bregaZe
erT-erTi pirveli daudga gverdiT zviad gamsax-
urdiasa da merab kostavas.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad batoni an-
zor bergaZe ubadlo meojaxea. hyavs meuRle, ori
Svili ana da sandro da 6 SviliSvili.
85 wlis asakSi batoni anzori kvlavac mxned
gamoiyureba. am simxneves aZlevs imis rwmena, rom
misi saTayvanebeli saqarTvelo male gamTliandeba
da gabrwyindeba.
vusurvebT Cvens saxelovan iubilars, ufros
kolegasa da megobars janmrTelobasa da didaxns
sicocxles.

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis prezidiumi

351
352
gamosaTxovari
FAREWELL

353
 nino TomaSvili
(1954-2021)
qarTvel filosofosTa rigebs moulodnelad daak-
lda filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiS-
vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis Teoriuli fi-
losofiis mimarTulebis profesori,
cnobili qarTveli logikosi, gamor-
Ceuli pirovneba da Rirseuli adami-
ani nino nikolozis asuli TomaSvili.
nino TomaSvili 1954 wlis 15 dekem-
bers daibada. 1972-1977 wlebSi swav-
lobda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
filosofia-fsiqologiis fakulte-
tze, romelic warmatebiT daasrula
filosofiis specialobiT da swavla ganagrZo saqa-
rTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis insti-
tutis Teoriuli filosofiis aspiranturaSi logikis
specialobiT. 1994 wels warmatebiT daicva disertacia
Temaze: „enis gnoseologiuri funqcia“ da samecniero
saqmianoba daiwyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is savle wereTlis filosofiis institutSi, sadac
gaiara gza umcrosi mecnier-TanamSromlidan insti-
tutis direqtoris moadgileobamde (2002 – 2005 ww.).
filosofiis institutis daxurvamde (2011 w.) muSaobda
Teoriuli filosofiisa da logikis ganyofilebaSi
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromlis Tanamdebobaze. 2015
wlidan tragikul gardacvalebamde iyo ivane javaxiS-
vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori.
nino TomaSvili samecniero moRvaweobasTan erTad
pedagogiur saqmianobas eweoda. 1977- 1979 wlebSi mes-
tiis @#1 saS. skolaSi istoriis maswavlebelad muSaobda.
1979-1981 wlebSi iyo mestiis raionis ganaTlebis gan-

354
yofilebis meTodisti da moswavleTa saxlis direqto-
ri. nino TomaSvili, garda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelo-
bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa, leqciebs
kiTxulobda saqarTvelos saxvadsxva umaRles saswav-
leblebSi. iyo gamocdebis erovnuli centris zogadi
unarebis sagnobrivi jgufis - logikis specialisti,
filosofiis umaRlesi dargobrivi sabWos wevri, sa-
jaro moxeleTa zogadi unarebis gamocdis erTjeradi
mosamzadebeli kursis leqtori da sxv. nino TomaSvili
aris arerTi saintereso samecniero naSromis (statie-
bi), saxelmZRvaneloebisa (logikis sferoSi) da mono-
grafiebis avtori. misi samecniero naSromebi gamo-
qveynebuli ucxour (inglisur) enaze. nino TomaSvilis
filosofiuri Semoqmedebidan sayuradReboa wignebi:
„logika“ (2021), „logika da kritikuli azrovneba mo-
zardTaTvis“ (2014), ,,ena da Semecneba“ (2013). is aris av-
tori araerTi statiisa romlebic Sesulia „qarTuli
filosofiisa da Teologiis enciklopediaSi“ (2021).
misi samecniero saqmianobis sferoebi iyo: gnoseolo-
gia, logika, enis filosofia. leqciebsac umTavresad
filosofiis am dargebSi kiTxulobda. xelmZRvanelob-
da mis mier daarsebul filosofiur gamomcemlobas
„ioane petriwi“, romelmac araerTi saintereso, origi-
naluri naSromi da Targmnili filosofiuri litera-
tura gamosca, riTac gaamdidra qarTuli samecniero
(filosofiuri da sociologiuri) literatura. iyo
eleqtronuli cnobaris ,,mecnieri qali - saqarTvelo,
meoce saukune“ - redaqtori, ideis avtori da organi-
zatori. misi TaosnobiT gamoica qarTveli mecnieri
qalebisadmi miZRvnili samecniero krebulebi. iyo mra-
vali wignis redaqtori, recenzenti da gardacvlili
ufrosi kolegebisa da maswavlebelTa (prof. sergi
avaliani, prof. leri mWedliSvili, prof. mixeil be-
JaniSvili da sxv.) xsovnisadmi miZRvnili filosofiuri
werilebis avtori.
urTules Teoriul filosofiur (logika da

355
gnoseologia) problemebze dafiqrebuli, didebuli
meojaxe gaxldaT. didad ganicdida sayvareli meuRl-
is, filosofos oTar nakanis gardacvalebas. xarobda
Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis sixaruliT da cxovrebis
gzas ukvalavda maT.
nino TomaSvili gamoirCeoda Tavisi keTilSo-
bilebiT, uangarobiTa da kacTmoyvareobiT. erTguli
megobari da axloblebis daxmarebisaTvis mudam mzad
myofi, nino TomaSvili mSvidi da upretenzio adamiani
iyo. misi mTavari sazrunavi adamianebi, maTdami Tanad-
goma da siyvaruli iyo.
misi gardacvaleba didi danaklisia qarTuli fi-
losofiuri mecnierebisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom
CvenSi logikis specialistebidan TiTqmis aRaravin
darCa cocxali. nino TomaSvili qarTuli logikuri
skolis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli iyo. im wignebs,
romlebic man logikis sferoSi dawera, yovel epoqaSi
eyoleba Tavisi mkiTxveli.
marTalia, igi ar iyo saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, magram xSirad beW-
davda samecniero statiebs „filosofiur Zieban-
Si“ („filosofiuri Ziebanis“ winamdebare krebulSi
statiis gamogzavna veRar moaswro) da gulmxurvaled
gulSematkivrobda saqarTveloSi filosofiis sfero-
Si erTaderT regularul beWdviT organos. am qveyni-
dan misma moulodnelma wasvlam (tragikuli daRupva
avtoavariaSi) yvelas dagvwyvita guli.

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis prezidiumi da
gamomcemloba Carpe Diem

356
xsovna keTili

GOOD MEMORY

357
 germane facacia - 70
Cvens kolegas, filosofiis
doqtors, profesors, saqarT-
velos politikur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikoss, saqarT-
velos parlamentisa da afxaze-
Tis avtonomiuri respublikis
umaRlesi sabWos deputats (1991
– 2013 ww.), vaJa-fSavelas premiis
laureats germane facacias 70
weli Seusruldeboda. igi afxazeTSi, oCamCiris
r/n-is sofel axaldabaSi daibada 1951 wlis 21agvis-
tos. 1968 wels daamTavra soxumis# me-18-e saSualo
skola, xolo 1973 wels iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofia-
fsiqologiis fakulteti. wlebis manZilze eweoda
aqtiur moRvaweobas sxvadasxva sferoSi, iyo cno-
bili da gamorCeuli politikosi.
cnobilia, rom Zveli romaelebi gaurbodnen si-
tyvas „mokvda“, ambobdnen „icxovrao“. sityvas ki
gaeqcevi, magram realobas - vera. amitomac Cvenma
brZenma winaprebma daamkvidres saocrad tevadi
termini „gardacvaleba“. qristianuli moZRvrebis
mixedviT xom amqveyniuri cxovreba aZlevs adami-
ans SesaZleblobas daimkvidros caTa sasufeveli,
eziaros ukvdavebas.
germane facacias msgavs rCeulebs zeca imedad
da nugeSad agzavnis dedamiwaze da Semdeg xSir-
ad ise xdeba, rom ufali maT sulebs Zalian male
ukanve uxmobs zecaSi, RvTis saufloSi. SedarebiT
xanmokle aRmoCnda germanes sicocxle, magram,
rogorc romaeli filosofosi seneka ambobs, si-
cocxle igav-arakis msgavsad, xangrZlivobiT ki ar

358
fasdeba da izomeba, aramed SinaarsiT. mTavari is ki
ar aris, ramdeni xani dahyo adamianma dedamiwaze,
armed is, Tu ra principebiT, moraluri normebiT
icxovra man.
germane facacias cxovreba da moRvaweoba ki
imis naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogor unda iRvwodes
da ibrZodes WeSmariti mamuliSvili Tavisi qvey-
nis, samSoblos ukeTesi mermisisaTvis. mas gansa-
kuTrebuli niWi hqonda momadlebuli da amdenad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bednier varskvlavze iyo
dabadebuli, Tumca, arc piradi tragedia dahkle-
bia da mis mSobliur afxazeTsa da samaCabloSi gan-
viTarebulma movlenebmac xom, rogorc ityvian,
mouswrafa sicocxle. magram, yvelafris miuxe-
davad, is, rogorc WeSmariti patrioti, mudam
grZnobda did pasuxismgeblobas qveynis intere-
sebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis dasacavad
da yovelTvis sazogadoebisaTvis sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovani movlenebis SuagulSi trialebda,
rogorc gamousworebeli meamboxe sulis adamiani,
romlis msgavsnic iSviaTad an saerTod ver „iT-
viseben morCilebis gakveTilebs“. igi uSiSrad ibr-
Zoda yvela im mankierebaTa winaaRmdeg, rac Cvens
sazogadoebaSi uxvadaa mozRvavebuli.
germane facaciam, am uniWieresma, farTo gana-
Tlebisa da erudiciis adamianma, araCveulebrivi
adamianuri TvisebebiTa da gamorCeuli xibliT da-
jildoebulma, RvTivkurTxeulma pirovnebam, Se-
darebiT xanmokle sicocxlis gamo, sruliad ver
moaxerxa Tavisi usazRvro potencialis realize-
ba, magram is, rac man moaswro, rogorc mecnierma,
publicistma, politikosma, sazogado moRvawem,
poetma, mTargmnelma... namdvilad gvaZlevs imis

359
safuZvels, rom dabejiTebiT iTqvas: igi Tavisi
samSoblos, yovelive qarTulis erTguli moamage,
WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis msaxuri, jer kidev Semo-
qmedebiTi niWis aRmasvlis wlebSi, valmoxdili da
pirnaTeli wavida am qveynidan (aki, mudam sadRac
eCqareboda, arcerT Sexvedras, oficialurs Tu
araoficialurs, arasodes bolomde ar eswreboda,
CvenTan iyo da arc iyo, „sxvagan qroda misi goneba“,
zeca uxmobda) da umZimes tkivilTan, mwuxarebas-
Tan erTad, nugeSad dagvitova dauviwyari mogone-
bani im WeSmaritad adamianur urTierTobebze, ra-
sac ganumeorebel xiblsa da lazaTs matebda misi
RvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebuli Tvisebebi.
Cveno „mwuxare saxis raindo“ (ase SevarqviT mas
studentobis wlebSi megobrebma), sevdiTa mwuxare-
biT vxvdebiT am dReebSi Seni dabadebidan 70 wlis
mrgval TariRs (21 agvisto) da gardacvalebidan
8 wlisTavs (10 seqtemberi), Cveno dauviwyaro Zmao
da megobaro, magram, amave dros, Cven varT amayni da
bednierni imiT, rom ufalma mogvca SesaZlebloba,
Cveni cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebi gagvetarebina
Sens gverdiT da mraval sxva sibrZneTa Soris, Sen-
Tan erTad da Seni wyalobiT, isic kargad gagveTa-
visebina, rom amqveynad adamianebs Soris namdvil
adamianur urTierTobebze didi da mniSvnelovani
simdidre ar SeiZleba arsebobdes.
Zmao germane, Seni umcrosi Zmis, erekles da
uaxloesi megobrebis TaosnobiT, Cven Sevikribe-
biT am dReebSi da, rodesac Wiqa RviniT xelSi mo-
gigonebT, gagixsenebT (Tumca, Sen gasaxsenebeli ra
gWirs, gaxseneba imas sWirdeba, vinc daviwyebulia,
Sen ki mudam Cven gverdiT xar!), Sens sadRegrZelo-
Si kidev erTxel gamovxatavT uRrmes madlierebas

360
imis gamoc, rom Sen imqveynadac (iseve rogorc si-
cocxleSi), kvlavac erTmaneTis Tanadgoma - urT-
ierTgagebisa da urTierTsiyvarulisaken mogviwo-
deb
rac Seexeba Sens fizikur garidebas am wuTi-
soflisagan da Seni sulis zecad amaRlebas, am
gancdis gadmosacemad poetis sityvebs moviSveli-
ebT: „ise kacurad ganvle cxovreba, mzis Casvlas
hgavda Seni sikvdili“. Tumca, sikvdils SenTan „ra
xeli aqvs“, Sen xom caTa sasufevelSi ganisveneb,
RvTis saufloSi hpove samudamo gansasvenebeli,
xolo amqveynad Cvens xsovnaSi agrZeleb sicocx-
les.

kolegebisa da uaxloesi megobrebis saxeliT,

irakli kalandia,
kaxa qecbaia

361
 sarCevi

mTavari redaqtoris winasityvaoba .................................. 5

nawili pirveli
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
cnobari ..................................................................................... 7

nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani

ontologia, gnoseologia
napo kvaracxelia - Semmecnebeli subieqtisa da codnis
mimarTebis problema ........................................................... 15
badri forCxiZe - amaoebisa da sasowarkveTilebis Si-
naarsisa da moculobis kategoria ................................... 29

mecnierebis filosofia
eTer ormocaZe – meqanicizmis sakiTxisaTvis fsiqolo-
giaSi .......................................................................................... 46

politikis filosofia
guram abesaZe, nodar abesaZe - politikuri socia-
lizacia da Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
identobis formireba .......................................................... 52

sociologia da socialuri fsiqologia

amiran berZeniSvili - codnis - azrovnebis sociologiu-
ri gagebis saTaveebTan (marqsi, diurkemi, manhaimi) ........ 64
Teimuraz faCulia - sociologia da Tanamedroveobis
gamowvevebi .............................................................................. 88
manana gagoSiZe - globalizacia da ekonomika ............ 97
elguja qavTaraZe - qalTa mimarT Zaladobis deskri-
fcia ......................................................................................... 106
lia metreveli – kidev erTi gadaxrili qcevis Sesaxeb
suicidi) ................................................................................. 116

362
 kulturis filosofia
Aakaki yulijaniSvili - televizia - postmodernuli
kulturis modeli da stili ........................................... 130

religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba
kaxa qecbaia - religiis problema sekularul sazoga-
doebaSi (h. koqsi, d. beli, i. moltmani, e. bloxi) ........ 142

esTetika
nana guliaSvili, Aakaki yulijaniSvili – xelovneba -
TamaSi da dResaswauli (zeimi) ........................................ 154
marine lomiZe - jemal qarCxaZis ,,mwerluri publici-
stikis“ Strixebi .................................................................. 171
manana CiteiSvili - XVII-XVIII -ss. xelovneba da „sima-
xinjis“ SiSis daZleva ......................................................... 186

eTika
merab oniani, mixeil xalvaSi – eTikur problemaTa ga-
momwvevi mizezebis - tavtologiisa da idolebis Sesa-
xeb ........................................................................................... 194

qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis

istoria
maia kiknaZe - platonis „idealuri saxelmwifos“ zo-
gierTi paradigma da Tanamedroveoba ........................... 212
natalia biwaZe - samyaros teqnicisturi percefcia
haidegeris azrovnebaSi ..................................................... 219
oTar WuluxaZe - nicSe - xelovneba, WeSmariteba, afir-
macia ........................................................................................ 227

filosofiuri anTropologia
arsen burjaliani, lia metreveli - eqsistencis Sina-
gani potenciebis metafizika .......................................... 256

363
natalia biwaZe - filosofiuri anTropologiis kvle-
vis sfero Tanamedrove epoqaSi ............................ ......... 280
irakli gogiCaZe – Tavisuflebis determinantebi - pi-
roba, motivi da idea .......................................................... 288

filosofiuri da religiuri teqstebis Targmani

aleqsandre meni - apokalifsi ........................................ 319

iubilarebi
anzor bregaZe - 85 ................................................................ 348

gamosaTxovari
nino TomaSvili ..................................................................... 354

xsovna keTili
germane facacaia - 70 ......................................................... 358

364
 CONTENTS

Preface – Irakli Kalandia ............................................................. 5

FIRST PART
Reference Book of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences of Geor-
gia ................................................................................................ 7

SECOND PART
Philosophical Investigations

ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY

Napo Kvaratskelia – The problem of Interrelation of a Knowing

Subject and Knowledge ................................................................ 15
Badri porchkhidze - The category of content and volume of vanity
and despair ................................................................................... 29

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Eter Ormocadze - Mechanism in Psyhology ............................... 46

PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS

Guram Abesadze, Nodar Abesadze - Political socialization and the

formation of a modern Georgian state identity ............................... 52

SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Amiran Berdzenishvili - At the Origins of Sociological Understand-

ing of Knowledge/Thinking (Marx, Durkheim, Manheim) ............ 64
Teimuraz Pachulia - Sociology and the Challenges of Modernity....88
Manana Gagoshidze – Globalization and the Economy .............. 97
Elgudja Kavtradze - Description of Violence against Women ..... 106
Lia Metrevli – Another deviant behavior (Suicide) ..................... 116

365
 PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE

Akaki kulidjanishvili - Television - a model and style of postmodern

culture ........................................................................................ 130

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

Kakha Ketsbaia – Problems of Religion in a Secular Society (H.

Cox, D. Bell. J. Moltmann, E. Bloch) ........................................ 142

AESTHETICS

Nana Guliashvili, Akaki kulidjanishvili - Art – Game and Holiday

(festival) .................................................................................... 154
Marine Lomidze – Features of “Writer’s Journalism” by Jemal
Karchkhadze ............................................................................. 171
Manana Chiteishvili – Art and Overcoming the Fear of “Ugliness”
XVII-XVIII Centuries ................................................................ 186

ETHICS
Merab Oniani, Mikheil Khalvashi – About the Reasons of Ethical
problems – Tavtology end Idols ................................................. 194

GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN HISTORY

OF PHILOSOPHY

Maia Kiknadze - Some paradigms and modernity of Plato’s “state” .... 212
Natalia Bitsadze - The technistic perception of the universe in
Heidegger’s thinking .................................................................. 219
Otar Tchulukhadze - Nietzsche - Art, Truth, Affirmation .......... 227

PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPLOGY

Arsen Burdjaliani, lia Metreveli - Metaphysics of the Immanent

Potentials of Existenz ................................................................. 256

366
Natalia Bitsadze - Philosophical Anthropology Field of research in
the modern Era ........................................................................... 280
Irakli Gogichadze – Determinants of Freedom – Condition, Motive,
Idea .......................................................................................... 288

TRANSLATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND

RELIGIOUS TEXTS

Alexander Menn - Apocalypse .................................................. 319

JUBILARENS

Anzor Bregadze - 85 ................................................................. 348

FAREWELL

Nino Tomashvili ......................................................................... 354

GOOD MEMORY
Germane Patsatsia - 70 ............................................................... 358

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 avtorTa sayuradRebod!

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368