Uxmo Kino

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
zviad doliZe
msoflio kinematografis istoria
uxmo kino
saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis
gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi
2016
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)
s-364
ISBN 978-9941-9004-1-9 (pirveli gamocema)
Tavdapirvelad teqnikur siaxled, Semdeg ki xelovnebis dargad aRiarebuli

kinematografi imTaviTve moeqca kacobriobis yuradRebis centrSi. man mayurebeli
moajadova originaluri gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT, ganumeorebeli mxatvru-
li SesaZleblobebiTa da specifikuri TaviseburebebiT.
msoflio kinos istoria ramdenime etapad iyofa. misi pirveli monakveTi moi-
cavs uxmo (munj) periods, romelic saTaves iRebs XIX saukunis miwurulidan da
mTavrdeba XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, roca kino gaxmovanda.
winamdebare wigni aris uxmo kinos erTiani istoriis amsaxveli pirveli qar-
Tulenovani naSromi. leonardo da vinCi werda, rom nebismieri codnis SeZena yo-
velTvis sasargebloa inteleqtisaTvis, radgan mas ZaluZs Tavidan moiSoros
uvargisi da daitovos gamosadegi informacia, amitom araferi SeiZleba giyvardes
an gZuldes, vidre ar geqneba masze naTeli warmodgenao. amdenad, es wigni ara
marto saxelmZRvaneloa studentebisaTvis, aramed gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa
farTo wrisaTvisac, visac WeSmaritad uyvars kinoxelovneba da ainteresebs mis
mier ganvlili gza.
saredaqcio sabWo:
nodar gurabaniZe
lela oCiauri
koreqtori:
manana sanadiraZe
garekanis dizaineri:
laSa Cxenkeli
Dolidze, Zviad. History of World Cinema. The Silent Film. Tbilisi: Kentavri, 2016
© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba `kentavri~, 2016
© Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, Publishing House “Kentavri”, 2016
© zviad doliZe, 2016

© Zviad Dolidze, 2016
mesame Sesworebuli gamocema

Third revised edition
ISBN 978-9941-9461-2-7 (mesame gamocema)

sarCevi
preistoria 5
edisoni 15
lumierebi 25
meliesi 35
franguli kino: pirveli etapi 45
franguli kino: meore etapi 55
kinoavangardi 65
daniuri kino 75
Sveduri kino 85
aSS-is kino: pirveli etapi 95
aSS-is kino: meore etapi 105
grifiTi 115
Caplini 125
germanuli kino: pirveli etapi 135
germanuli kino: meore etapi 145
kinoeqspresionizmi 155
britanuli kino: pirveli etapi 165
britanuli kino: meore etapi 175
italiuri kino: pirveli etapi 185
italiuri kino: meore etapi 195
rusuli kino 205
sabWoTa kino 215
iaponuri kino 225
sxva qveynebis kino 235
dokumenturi kino 245
animaciuri kino 255
gamoyenebuli literatura 265
pirTa saZiebeli 267
filmTa saZiebeli 279
preistoria
kino warmoadgens bevri, Tanmimdevruli fotosuraTis swrafi proeqciis Se-

degad miRebuli moZraobis iluzias. esaa wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebu-
li sxvadasxva eqsperimentisa da gamogonebis Sedegi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili
`kamera obskurebsa~ da `laterna majikebSi~ iyo garkveuli, meore nawili _ fo-
tografiaSi, zogs ainteresebda gamosaxulebis proeqcireba, zogierTs ki _ ro-
gor masalaze gadaetana es gamosaxuleba, zogic kidev Tavs itexda, raTa gamoe-
gonebina iseTi aparati, romelic moZraobas jer daafiqsirebda, Semdeg ki aCveneb-
da. saerTod, adamians odiTganve ainteresebda moZravi gamosaxulebis miRebis
saSualebis moZebna.
kinos sxvanairad kinematografs uwodeben frangi Zmebi lumierebis kinoapa-
ratis _ `sinematografis~ saxelwodebis gavleniT. es termini Sedgeba ori berZ-
nuli sityvisagan: `kinema~, rac moZraobas niSnavs da `grafos~, anu wera. kino
aris moZraobis Cawera, ufro sworad ki, moZraobis kinofirze aRbeWdva, radgan
kinoaparati jer firze afiqsirebs moZraobas, xolo Semdeg saproeqcio danadga-
ridan xdeba misi demonstrireba farTo auditoriisaTvis.
moZraobis Caweris pirveli cdebi aRmoCenilia espaneTsa da safrangeTSi, sa-
dac gamoqvabulebis kedlebze ipoves pirvelyofili adamianebis Canaxatebi. maT
Sorisaa cxovelTa gamosaxulebebi, oTx fexTan erTad kidev ori rom aqvT mixa-
tuli. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, maSindel mxatvrebs surdaT cxovelis sirbilis
Cveneba, amitom akvirdebodnen yoveldRiurobas, cdilobdnen maqsimaluri sizus-
tiT gadaetanaT moZraobis sxvadasxva faza. Tavdapirvelad mxolod cxovelebi
gamoisaxeboda amgvarad, mere ki garTulda naxatebi da maTze aRibeWda nadiro-
bisa da brZolebis scenebi, romlebzec adamianis gamosaxulebac gamoCnda.
antikuri xanis xelovnebaSic gvxvdeba moZraobis dafiqsirebis magaliTebi
Zvel egviptursa da berZnul taZrebSi, akldamebSi, sasaxleebSi, sayofacxovrebo
nivTebze. erT maSindel larnakze mxatvars gamousaxavs mocekvave sxvadasxva po-
ziciaSi. es igivea, rac Tanamedrove animatorma rom daxatos ama Tu im moZrao-
bis calkeuli faza.
Zveli egviptelebi da babilonelebi SuqCrdilebs iyenebdnen martiv gasar-
Tobebad, xolo Cinelebi _ buxris Suqs TavianTi Crdilebis gasanaTeblad. Zve-
lad adamianebi xmarobdnen linzebs garkveuli sanaxaobebis mosawyobadac. `moZ-
ravi landebi~ yvelas SeuZlia gaakeTos da gaukeTebia kidec, roca oTaxSi Suqsa
da kedels Soris xelebiT raime figura gamousaxavs da aumoZravebia.
Zvel Cinur literaturaSia aRwerili is ZiriTadi optikuri principebi,
rac kinos daedo safuZvlad. adgilobrivi filosofosebi akvirdebodnen WuWru-
tanidan gamomaval amotrialebul gamosaxulebas, mis mier datovebul kvals.
maT Seiswavles, rom obieqtebi asxiveben Suqs yvela mimarTulebiT. amis Sesaxeb
werda gamoCenili berZeni filosofosi aristotele, magram verafriT mouZebna
axsna am movlenas. igi akvirdeboda nawilobriv dabnelebuli mzis formas Cveu-
lebriv WuWrutanaSic da xeebis foTlebs Sorisac da SeamCnia, rom rac ufro
pataraa WuWrutana, miT ufro mkveTria gamosaxuleba. meore berZeni swavluli
demokrite kidev ufro Sors wavida da ganaviTara manamde arsebuli Sexedule-
bebi imaze, rom obieqtebi sxvagan asxiveben im Suqs, rac maT ecemaT. sirakuzSi
moRvawe mecnierma, arqimedem praqtikaSi gamoiyena es codna da moigona e. w. `cxe-
5
li SuSis efeqti~, ris mixedviTac daayena uzarmazari sqeli sarkeebi, rasac ece-
moda mzis sxivebi, romlebic aireklnen da TavianTi mcxunvarebiT samtrod misu-
li romaelebis xomaldebi dawves.
Zveli egviptelebi fiqrobdnen, rom adamianis Tvals aqvs Tviseba _ ramdeni-
me wamiT SeaCeros obieqtis gamosaxuleba mas Semdeg, rac is qreba TvalTaxedvis
aredan. rogorc Tanamedrove mecnierebma daadgines, sinamdvileSi es Tviseba ada-
mianis ara Tvals, aramed tvins gaaCnia. amas mxedvelobis persistencia ewodeba.
berZeni maTematikosi evklide optikis Seswavlis Sedegad amtkicebda, rom TiTo-
euli Tvali grZnobs or sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas da mere isini erTmaneTs Se-
erwymian, raTa erTi mTliani Seqmnano.
Cvens eramde 121 wels erTma Cinelma ostatma sazogadoebas aCvena Crdile-
bis warmodgena gardacvlili imperatorisa da misi sayvareli qalis marionete-
biT. man sinaTlis wyarosa da TeTr zewars Soris moaTavsa isini da aaTamaSa.
amgvari sanaxaoba male gavrcelda mTel aziaSi. amiT safuZveli Caeyara `Crdi-
lebis Cinur Teatrs~.
X-XI saukuneebSi mcxovrebi arabi fizikosi da maTematikosi alhazeni, ro-
melmac Zalze didi dro dauTmo aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi sxvadasxva mecnie-
rebis Seswavlas, atarebda eqsperimentebs WuWrutanis gamosaxulebebze. aRniSnu-
li dakvirvebebidan man gamoitana daskvna Suqis sworxazovnebaze da naSromSi
òptikis wigni~ dawera, rom gamosaxulebis gadideba SesaZlebelia ubralo lin-
zebis wyalobiT. alhazenma pirvelma gamoikvlia, rogor formirdeba adamianis
Tvalze esa Tu is gamosaxuleba. man erTi Taviseburi cdac moawyo – sami sanTe-
li Caamwkriva rigSi da maTsa da kedels Soris moaTavsa patara ekrani viwro
naxvretiT. aRmoCnda, rom gamosaxulebam gaiara naxvretSi da marjvena sanTlis
gamosaxuleba kedlis marcxniv airekla.
momdevno epoqebSi WuWrutanidan gamosuli amobrunebuli gamosaxulebis
teqnikas mecnierebi iyenebdnen raime sibrtyeze mzis sxivis anareklis Sesaswav-
lad. aman warmoSva `kamera obskuras~ (`bneli oTaxis~) efeqti. aseve, mas iyeneb-
dnen mxatvrebi naxatebis ukana fonebisaTvis, swavlulebi mzis dabnelebis sa-
yureblad, xolo gamomgoneblebi _ axali aparatebis dasamzadeblad.
1290 wels espanelma fizikosma da alqimikosma arno de vilanovam xisagan
aaSena didi oTaxi, sadac gaakeTa patara WuWrutana. man oTaxSi dasva mayurebe-
li, gareT ki aTamaSebda msaxiobebs, romelTa moZraobis bundovani gamosaxuleba
WuWrutaniT Sedioda oTaxSi da gadadioda kedelze. am gamogonebis avtors
hqonda repertuaric _ omisa da nadirobis scenebi. faqtobrivad, es iyo didi `ka-
mera obskura~, Taviseburi kinoTeatris pirvandeli saxeoba, ris Cvenebas meti re-
alobisaTvis Tan axlda xmovani efeqtebic.
`kamera obskuras~ erT-erTi pirveli aRwera da Canaxatebi kacobriobas da-
utova leonardo da vinCim. 1470 wels erT xelnawerSi igi werda, rom, Tu mziT
ganaTebuli romelime peizaJis mopirdapire mxares davayenebT daxurul nagebo-
bas da mas davutovebT WuWrutanas, mziT ganaTebuli yvela sagani airekleba na-
gebobis sawinaaRmdego kedelze, oRond amobrunebulado. igi miuTiTebda, rom
erTma cdam aCvena, Tu rogor ikveTebian erTmaneTSi sagnebis sxivebi adamianis
Tvalis SigniT arsebul cilovan siTxeSi. roca gaSuqebuli sagnebis gamosaxu-
lebebi xvdeba bneli oTaxis pawawina mrgval naxvretSi, maSin SeiZleba am nax-
vretisagan mcireodeni daSorebiT davikavoT TeTri qaRaldi, razec aRmovaCenT
yvela aRniSnul sagans Tavis dapataravebul zomebsa da ferebSi aRniSnuli ga-
dakveTis gamo. mas sailustraciod mohyavda naxvretis adgilmdebareobis sqema
6
da ekranisa da mzis sxivebis moZraoba, Tumca ar axsenebda, rom es misi gamogone-
baa, amitom mecnierebi fiqroben, rom amgvari ram adrec iyo cnobili.
italielma swavlulma jambatista dela portam, romelic erTxans iTvle-
boda `kamera obskuras~ gamomgoneblad, 1560 wels erT naSromSi aRwera, rom ga-
mosaxulebis simkveTris momateba WuWrutanaSi linzis CamagrebiT SeiZleboda.
igi aseve werda: Tu vinmem ar icis xatva, SeuZlia es aparati gamoiyenos, fanqriT
gamosaxulebis konturebi daxatos da mere gaaferadoso. manac aaSena didi `ka-
mera obskura~, sadac dasva stumrebi, xolo daqiravebul msaxiobTa jgufs uTxra,
rom gareT eTamaSaT raime warmodgena, rac WuWrutaniT Sevida oTaxSi da gadavi-
da kedelze, magram amobrunebulma gamosaxulebebma stumrebi daafrTxo, gaaqcia,
dela portas ki mouwia sasamarTlos winaSe wardgoma da Tavis marTleba imis
Taobaze, rom eSmakTan wilnayari ar iyo.
amobrunebuli gamosaxulebis gamosasworeblad italielma kosmografma,
iniacio dantim 1573 wels gamoiyena sarke da miiRo swori gamosaxuleba.
`kamera obskurebi~ sxvadasxvagvari iyo: pirvelad akeTebdnen yuTebs, mere ki
gaCnda oTaxebic, sadac idga sarkeebiani linzebi, romlebic magidaze damagre-
bul ekranze ireklavdnen gamosaxulebas. zog `kamera obskuras~ karvis forma
hqonda. maT saxuravze amagrebdnen linzas mbrunavi sarkiT, xolo sagnebis gamo-
saxulebebis proeqcia xdeboda centrSi dadgmul magidaze, rasac erTdroulad
ramdenime adamiani adevnebda Tvals, Tumca aseTebi praqtikaSi SedarebiT nakle-
bad dainerga.
1645 wels germaniidan ltolvilma iezuitma berma, aTanazius kirxerma rom-
Si Seqmna xelsawyo, romelic ireklavda mzis sxivs sarkidan da mopirdapire ek-
ranze aCvenebda linzaze daxatul suraTs. amas ewoda `laterna majika~ (`jado-
snuri farani~). arsebobs cnobebi, rom adre aseTive aparati gamoigona da vinCim
da misi suraTic daxata. kirxerma naSromSi `Suqisa da Crdilebis diadi xelov-
neba~ saTanadod aRwera `kamera obskurac~ da `laterna majikac~. is miuTiTebda,
rom am xelsawyoSi lampis Suqi Tavsdeba Cazneqil sarkeSi da iqidan miemarTeba
linzisaken, romelic milis bolosaa Camagrebuli, xolo Tavad es mili dgas
sarkis sawinaaRmdegod. Tu masSi CavdebT SuSaze daxatul naxats, TeTr kedelze
gamoCndeba misi gadidebuli gamosaxulebao.
faqtobrivad, `laterna majika~ iyo saproeqcio aparati (igive slaidoproeq-
tori da dRevandeli kinoproeqtoris winapari). arsebobda iseTi aparatebic,
romlebic suraTebs aCvenebdnen ara ekranze, aramed okularSi, raSic unda Cage-
xeda. maT òptikur yuTebs~ uwodebdnen. Tavdapirvelad amgvar aparatebs sanT-
lebiTa da navTis lampebiT anaTebdnen. zogan maT gamomgoneblebsa da demons-
tratorebs, rogorc Sua saukuneebidan modioda yovelive siaxlis mimarT, Savi
magiis warmomadgenlebad Tvlidnen da devnidnen.
1671 wels kirxerma amsterdamSi gamosca naSromi, riTac sazogadoebas waru-
dgina Tavisi morigi gamogoneba _ `smikroskopini~, araordinaluri `laterna ma-
jika~, romelic Sedgeboda wriuli formisagan da aCvenebda istoriul naxatebs.
is Seicavda rva naxats, razec aRbeWdili iyo ieso qristes wamebis Tanmimdevru-
li epizodebi. axlo momavalSi kirxerma gaakeTa am xelsawyosaTvis gaTvaliswi-
nebuli naxatebis mTeli seria cnobil istoriul movlenebsa da pirovnebebze.
samwuxarod, es aparati ise sarfianad ver gavida mimoqcevaSi, rogorc `kamera ob-
skura~ an `laterna majika~.
gaCnda axali profesia _ `laterna majikas~ demonstratori. maSin ukve ar-
sebobda am aparatis portatiuli nimuSebi, romlebsac daatarebdnen es moxetia-
7
le adamianebi da qalaqebsa Tu soflebSi, zRvisa Tu mTis kurortebze oriode
groSis fasad uCvenebdnen xalxs maT programebs.
germanelma iohan Sropferma sabiliardo gadaakeTa sademonstracio darba-
zad da 1770 wels moawyo pirveli sanaxaoba, sadac `laterna majikas~ saSuale-
biT slaidebze daxatuli sazareli moCvenebebi gadahqonda ekranze, romlis
drosac iyenebda rogorc xmovan, ise kvamlis efeqtebs. misi mizani iyo audito-
riis jer gaoceba, mere ki daSineba. Sropferma pirvelma daiwyo sulebisa da
moCvenebebis warmodgena. es gamogoneba imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom male mi-
si avtori sagastrolod gaeSura evropis qveynebSi da didZali mogeba naxa, mag-
ram 1774 wels ucabedad Tavi moikla. misi avismosurneni imas miuTiTebdnen, rom
mas misive aCrdilebma mouRes boloo. amgvar atraqcionebs imxanad `fantasmago-
riebs~ uwodebdnen.
1772 wels fransua serafenma safrangeTSi Seitana `Crdilebis Cinuri Teat-
ri~ da pirveli Cveneba moawyo versalis samefo sasaxleSi. mefesa da mis dide-
bulebs Zalian moewonaT ucxouri gasarTobi warmodgena. aqedan moyolebuli es
sanaxaoba didxans iyo popularuli evropaSi.
1781 wels frangma fermwerma da londonis erT-erTi Teatris mxatvarma fi-
lip-Jak de luTerburma gaakeTa atraqcioni èidofuzikoni~, riTac aCvenebda
Tanmimdevrul suraTebs da qmnida moZraobis efeqts. misi prezentacia man saku-
Tar saxlSi moawyo da Sekrebil sazogadoebas warudgina dilis londonis
cxovrebis scenebi. èidofuzikoni~ warmoadgenda Tavisebur meqanikur Teatrs,
sadac mayureblis winaSe masiur CarCoSi iyo damontaJebuli ekrani, romelzec
gadioda naxatebi xmisa da Suqis efeqtebiT. erT-erT programaSi Sedioda scena
`Stormi zRvaze da gemis CaZirva~. is imdenad amaRelvebeli iyo, rom mayurebeli
Zalze ganicdida am katastrofas. de luTerburis atraqcioni 19 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi aocebda xalxs, sanam ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo ar daiwva.
germanelma paul filidorma 1789 wels berlinelebs warudgina `fantasma-
goria~, romelic Sedgeboda klasikuri moCvenebebisagan, rasac emateboda warmod-
genis dasawyisSi cecxlis alis imitaciis Seqmna, magram amiT dapanikebulma au-
ditoriam CaSala seansi da miatova Senoba. filidori venaSi gaemgzavra, xolo
iqidan 1792 wels parizs miaSura da sakmao warmatebiT aCvenebda Tavis gamogone-
bas, sanam erT-erT programaSi satirulad ar aCvena mavani politikuri figura,
ris gamoc xelisuflebam dauxura Sou, xolo Tavad filidori Zlivs gadaurCa
giliotinas, gaiqca inglisSi, sadac gvari de filipstalad gadaikeTa da gaagr-
Zela saqmianoba.
yvelaze originaluri da rTuli warmodgena hqonda belgiel etien-gaspar
robers. igi 1796 wels Cavida parizSi da safrangeTis xelisuflebas SesTavaza,
arqimedeseuli sarkeebis gaumjobesebuli variantiT gadaewvaT britaneTis flo-
ti, magram uari miiRo. roberma gvari robertsonad gadaikeTa da 1798 wels erT
yofil samlocveloSi moawyo atraqcioni `fantasmagoria~, sadac xdeboda adami-
anebis sulebis TiTqos gamoZaxeba. maTi moCvenebebi dadiodnen oTaxSi, xan did-
debodnen, xan pataravdebodnen, xanac ifantebodnen sibneleSi, rac gvarianad aSi-
nebda mayurebels, romelsac samlocveloSi Sesvlamde unda gaevlo sasaflao.
am saocar efeqtebs roberi akeTebda `fantaskopiT~ (`laterna majikas~ sa-
xeoba), rac Tavad gamoigona. garegnulad aparati sruliad gansxvavdeboda sxve-
bisagan da idga oTxborblian urikaze, romelic win da ukan moZraobda iatakSi
CarWobil spilenZis relsze. robers Zalian siamovnebda, roca Tavisi aCrdile-
biTa da ConCxebiT afrTxobda auditorias. seansis msvlelobisas maspinZeli
8
kars gasaRebiT ketavda, raTa xalxi ar gaqceuliyo da saaTnaxevris ganmavloba-
Si aCvenebda warmodgenas, romlis drosac Tan laparakobda sikvdilze, mkvdre-
TiT aRdgomaze, sibneleze, ukvdavebaze da Tan aCvenebda monstrebs. mas hqonda
sagangebo repertuari, romelic Sedgeboda sxvadasxva scenisagan: `lord liTl-
Tonis sikvdili~, `meduzas Tavi~, `pandoras yuTis gaxsna~, `sisxlisagan daclili
monazoni~, `mesaflave~ da sxv. roberi aseve waradgenda cnobili sazogado moR-
vaweebisa da politikuri liderebis moCvenebebs. misma `fantasmagoriam~ namdvi-
li sensacia gamoiwvia revoluciis Semdgomi periodis parizSi.
erTi wlis Semdeg roberma miiRo patenti `fantaskopze~. misi warmodgenebi
Zalian popularuli iyo, magram male daiwyo skandali, radgan misma erTma
asistentma saqveynod ganacxada, rom Tavad gamoigona `fantaskopi~ da ara rober-
ma. sasamarTlo garCevebisas am ukanasknelis optikuri saidumloebebis umetesi
nawili cnobili gaxda yvelasaTvis, amitom man gadawyvita droulad gacloda
iqaurobas, Tan aparatic gaiyola da evropis araerTi qveyana moiara.
`laterna majikas~ demonstratorebi kvlavac agrZelebdnen atraqcionebs,
romelTa repertuarSi Sedioda sxvadasxva scena bibliuri ambebidan dawyebuli
da Tanamedrove movlenebiT damTavrebuli. maT TandaTan gaarTules programebi,
daumates xmovani da sxva saxis efeqtebi, romlebsac asrulebdnen maTi TanaSem-
weebi, erTdroulad iyenebdnen ramdenime farans, raTa mieRwiaT erTmaneTSi Ser-
wymuli suraTebis efeqtisaTvis. aseve gamoigones iseTi meqanikuri xelsawyoebi,
gamosaxulebis SigniT figuris gadaadgilebis saSualebas rom iZleodnen da
amiT moZraobis gasaocari iluzia iqmneboda.
XIX saukunes `gamogonebebis aswleuls~ uwodeben. garkveuli teqnikuri co-
dnis dagrovebis Sedegad adamianma gaakeTa bevri saintereso da sasargeblo ins-
trumenti, rac cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi gamoiyeneboda. kacobrioba ganviTa-
rebis axal stadiaSi Sevida. siaxleebi dainerga yoveldRiur yofaSic da samec-
niero wreebSic. istoriis es periodi daxunZlulia iseTi gamogonebebiT, romle-
bic uSualo kavSirSia kinosTan da mis uaxloes winaprebad iTvlebian.
1816 wels frangi qimikosi Jozef niepsi muSaobda liTografiul beWdvaze
da SeamCnia, rom Turme asfalts hqonda SuqmgrZnobiaroba da Suqis moqmedebis
Sedegad magrdeboda. lavandis zeTSi damuSavebis mere mis zedapirze amoiburce-
boda reliefuri gamosaxuleba, romelic Suqis gamosaxulebis proporciuli
iyo. aman gadaawyvetina mas, Caetarebina cdebi heliografiaze, anu Suqis meSveo-
biT gamosaxulebis miRebaze, moeZebna saukeTeso saSualeba am ukanasknelis rame-
nairad dasafiqsireblad.
1822 wels lui dagerma parizSi gaakeTa axali optikuri atraqcioni `dio-
rama~, romlis warmodgenisas darabebisa da Jaluzebis meoxebiT aregulirebda
Suqis nakads da xdeboda gamosaxulebebis _ giganturi mxatvruli peizaJebis ka-
leidoskopuri cvla. dageri iyo arqiteqtori da mxatvari. amasTanave, saTanadod
erkveoda iluzionistobaSic. erTi wlis Semdeg man kidev erTi `diorama~ gaxsna,
amjerad londonSi, ramac udidesi finansuri warmateba moutana. axlo momaval-
Si es sanaxaoba popularuli gaxda.
1824 wels britanelma jon parisma gamoigona saTamaSo `Taumatropi~, rome-
lic Sedgeboda Tokis saxelurebisa da muyaos diskosagan, ris TiToeul gverd-
ze datanili iyo naxati. rodesac Tokebs atrialebdnen, naxatebi erTmaneTs erw-
ymoda da erTiani gamosaxuleba Canda. pirvel repertuars erqva `Citi galiaSi~.
1826 wels niepsma `kamera obskuras~ saSualebiT gadaiRo pirveli fotogra-
fiuli suraTi, rasac `heliografi~ daarqva. asfaltiT dafarul kalis firfi-
9
taze man aRbeWda xedi, romelsac mecnierebi pirobiTad uwodeben `xeds fanjri-
dan grasSi~. aRniSnuli gamosaxulebis dafiqsirebas 8 saaTi dasWirda. mere ni-
epss morigi fotoebi gadahqonda sxvadasxva liTonze. 1829 wels man da lui da-
germa gadawyvites erToblivad emuSavaT heliografiis ganviTarebaze da aseu-
lobiT cda Caatares.
cnobili ingliseli fizikosis, maikl faredeis cdebis principebze dayrd-
nobiT belgielma swavlulma Jozef platom 1832 wels gamoigona saTamaSo `fena-
kistiskopi~, romelsac hqonda vertikaluri Wrilebi da cal mxareze Tanmimdev-
ruli fazebiT daxatuli figurebi. sarkis win am ukanasknelis datrialeba da
Wrilebidan sarkeSi misi cqera qmnida figurebis moZraobis iluzias. naxatebis
pirveli seria platom Tavadve daxata. misTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda gamosa-
xulebebis detalebis sizustes. imave wels platosagan damoukideblad avstri-
elma mecnierma simon fon Stampferma daamzada aparati `stroboskopi~, raSic
ido 8 an 12 Tanmimdevruli naxati. man gamoiyena ramdenime Tanabarzomiani naxv-
retiT perforirebuli (anu gaxvretili), brtyeli, Savad SeRebili disko, mbruna-
vi RerZiT rom ukavSirdebodnen mopirdapire diskoebs, romlebzec iyo daxatuli
ama Tu im figuris Tanmimdevruli faza. roca mayurebeli am diskoebs daatria-
lebda, nebismieri naxvretidan xedavda uwyvet moZraobas.
1834 wels britanelma maTematikosma, uiliam hornerma gaakeTa optikuri
xelsawyo `dedaliemi~, horizontalurad mbrunavi dolaki, romlis Sida CarCoSi
iyo Caxatuli sxvadasxva TanmimdevrobiTi faza, gareTaze ki _ sacqereli naxvre-
tebi. amis Semdeg gakeTda bevri amgvari saTamaSo aparati.
1839 wels ingliselma uiliam tolbotma `londonis samefo sazogadoebas~
gaacno `fotogenuri xatvis~ meTodi da aCvena negatiuri firidan aslebis miRe-
bis saSualeba, xolo lui dagerma gamosca broSura, sadac aRwera fotografi-
rebis principi. ase gaCnda fotografia, romelsac Tavdapirvelad mxolod samec-
niero interesebisaTvis iyenebdnen. gamosaxulebis dafiqsirebas maSin ramdenime
saaTi sWirdeboda. Tavad sityva `fotografia~, anu `Suqwera~ pirvelad leqsika-
Si 1839 wels gamoiyena ingliselma Carlz uitstonma.
avstrielma franc fon uxaciusma 1845 wels `laterna majikaSi~ sanTeli
Secvala navTis lampiT, sinaTlis amgvar wyarosa da linzas Soris Cado `stro-
boskopis~ SuSis disko, romelzec daxata Tanmimdevruli suraTebi, da meore, nax-
vretebiani disko. am aparats, romelic praqtikulad saproeqcio `stroboskopi~
iyo, man uwoda `sinaTlis farnis borbali~, rasac diskoebis datrialebis Sede-
gad moZravi gamosaxuleba pawawina ekranze gadahqonda. 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi
masSi gadioda asamde suraTi. fon uxaciusis gamogoneba warmoadgenda Tavise-
bur kinoproeqtors, risTvisac ukve ara erT, aramed bevr adamians SeeZlo ecqi-
ra. rva wlis Semdeg fon uxaciusi isev miubrunda am aparats, gaaumjobesa ise,
rom is ukve aCvenebda SedarebiT did ekranze da SedarebiT mkveTr suraTebs.
aparatis prezentacia man moawyo avstriis mecnierebaTa akademiaSi, xolo mcire
xanSi daiwyo misi seriuli damzadeba da gayidva.
Tanamedrove kinos idea 1860 wels pirvelad ganaviTara frangma toma du
monma, romelmac erTi wlis Semdgom miiRo patenti gamogonebaze, romelic mxo-
lod aRwera, Tumca, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, ver daamzada. es unda yofiliyo
adamianis moZraobis Tanmimdevruli fotografiuli fazebis gadamRebi kamera.
du mons udidesi damsaxureba miuZRvis momavali kinokameris muSaobis principis
aRweraSi. amiT man safuZveli Cauyara qronofotografias (Tanmimdevrul foto-
grafias).
10
1867 wels amerikelma uiliam linqolnma gaaumjobesa `dedaliemi~ da daa-
patenta `zoitropis~ saxelwodebiT. am saTamaSos yureba amjerad ramdenime ada-
mians SeeZlo. masSi ido asamde naxati, xolo misi firi Tanamedrove kinofiris
erTgvar winapradac SeiZleba miviCnioT. `zoitropi~ aCvenebda sirbils, akroba-
tikasa da sxva moZraobebs.
britaneTidan aSS-Si Casulma fotografma, edverd maibrijma daiwyo inten-
siuri muSaoba qronofotografiebis Sesaqmnelad. kaliforniis Statis maSinde-
li gubernatori, lilend stenfordi megobrebs daenaZleva, rom navardiT mimava-
li cxeni raRac momentSi miwidan oTxive fexs haerSi swevso. amis dasamtkiceb-
lad man 1872 wels miiwvia maibriji, Seuqmna yvela piroba da daavala eqsperimen-
tis Catareba. edverdma ipodromis sarbeni bilikis gaswvriv daayena xuTi foto-
aparati, romlebsac sasxletebze miaba Zafebi, xolo es ukanasknelebi daamagra
mopirdapire mxares gamzadebul grZel moajirze, romlis ukan daamontaJa TeTri
kedeli. rodesac mxedari cxeniT wamovida bilikze, cxenma saTiTaod gawyvita Za-
febi da, Sesabamisad, fotoaparatebmac daafiqsires misi TiToeuli moZraoba. Sem-
deg maibrijma es cda gaimeora 12, mogvianebiT ki _ 24 fotoaparatiT. eqsperimen-
tebis Sedegad man daamtkica stenfordis pozicia.
1876 wels frangma mxatvarma Sarl-emil reinom gamoigona aparati `praqsi-
noskopi~, romelic warmoadgenda gaumjobesebul `zoitrops~, rasac naxvretebis
nacvlad hqonda dolakis centrSi ganTavsebuli sworkuTxa sarkeebi, risi saSua-
lebiTac is jer SuSis, Semdeg maRalxarisxovani Jelatinis elastikur firfi-
tebze datanebul moZrav naxatebs aCvenebda miniaturul ekranze. `praqsinoskopi~
iyideboda maRaziebSi da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. 1877 wlis 30 agvis-
tos reinom parizSi daapatenta Tavisi aparati. am dRes kinoistorikosTa umrav-
lesoba Tvlis animaciis (multiplikaciis) dabadebis TariRad. avtorma `praqsi-
noskopi~ safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis winaSec waradgina da moxsenebiT
gamovida mis erT sxdomaze. zogierTma akademikosma reinos namuSevars `gasulie-
rebuli naxatis xelovneba~ uwoda.
maibrijma gaagrZela saqme da iRebda qronofotografiebs. 1879 wels man
Tavisi namuSevrebis sademonstraciod gamoigona `zupraqsiskopi~, romelic SuSis
firfitebze datanebul Tanmimdevrul fotoebs aCvenebda. erTi wlis Semdeg ma-
ibriji ukve atarebda leqciebs `zupraqsiskopis~ seansebiT rogorc aSS-Si, ise
evropaSi. reinom, romelic ufro aumjobesebda Tavisi xelsawyos detalebs, Ta-
vad xatavda da aferadebda naxatebs, 1880 wels `praqsinoskops~ daamata proeqto-
ri, romelsac sibrtyeze gadahqonda daxatuli gamosaxulebebi.
parizTan mdebare laboratoriaSi iRebda adamianis moZraobis qronofoto-
grafiul suraTebs gamomgonebeli da fiziologi etien-Jul mare. is dainteres-
da frinvelebisa da mwerebis moZraobiT da gadawyvita, maTTvisac gadaeRo Tan-
mimdevruli fotoebi. 1882 wels man gamoigona `fotografiuli Tofi~, raSic Su-
Sis SuqmgrZnobiare firfitasTan erTad ido saaTis meqanizmis msgavsi gadamaad-
gilebeli xelsawyo, romelic sasxletze TiTis gamokvris Sedegad atrialebda
firfitas da wamSi iRebda 12 suraTs. pirveli seriuli fotoebi am aparatiT ma-
rem gadauRo Toliebs da safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademias amcno Sedegebi,
xolo Semdeg erT ilustrirebul JurnalSi gamoaqveyna maTi aRwera. Tu maibri-
ji ramdenime aparatiT akeTebda qronofotografiebs, marem es problema erTiT
moagvara.
1885 wels kompania `kodakis~ damaarsebelma jorj istmenma Tavisi aparate-
bisaTvis fotofirfitebis magivrad gamoiyena SuqmgrZnobiare qaRaldis rulone-
11
bi, magram am masalam praqtikaSi ar ivarga, radgan proeqcirebisas an ixeoda, an
iWedeboda aparatSi. maSin istmenma daiwyo celuloidis firis xveulebis warmo-
eba. aseTi firi, romelsac hqonda wasmuli SuqmgrZnobiare fena, ufro sasargeb-
lo gamodga. momavalSi sxvadasxva gamomgonebeli Seudga mis Semdgom gaumjobe-
sebas.
inglisSi mcxovrebma frangma inJinerma lui le prensma, romelic damouki-
deblad saqmianobda `moZravi fotografiebis~ Seqmnaze, 1886 wels gaakeTa qrono-
fotografiuli aparati, romelSic 16 obieqtivi oTx rigad ido da TiToeuls
Tavisi Camketi hqonda. le prensma gamosaxulebebis proeqciac SeZlo ekranze.
firis gadaxvevisas problemebi rom ar Seqmnoda, man gaxvrita misi kideebi da ga-
ukeTa perforaciebi, romlebSic xvdeboda dolakis kbilanebi da gadaswevda
firs erTi dolakidan meoreze. amdenad, le prensi iyo pirveli adamiani, romel-
mac kinematografis idea sisruleSi moiyvana, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi gamogo-
neba Zalze primitiul aparaturas warmoadgenda. imave xanebSi is wavida niu-
iorkSi, sadac smenadaqveiTebulTa institutSi kedelze aCvenebda bundovan moZ-
rav gamosaxulebebs.
1888 wels marem gaakeTa axali qronofotografiuli kamera, raSic Cado qa-
Raldis rulonebi SuSis firfitebis magivrad. mas ewoda `qronofotografi~. is,
Tanmimdevruli fotoebis gadaRebasTan erTad, mares sWirdeboda Tavisi mecnie-
ruli gamokvlevebisaTvis _ gulisa da sisxlis cirkulaciis Casawerad. `qrono-
fotografi~, romelic wamSi oc fotos iRebda, imave wels waradgines safrange-
Tis mecnierebaTa akademiaSi, sadac didi mowoneba daimsaxura. Semdeg marem qa-
Raldis rulonebi 90-milimetriani celuloidis firiT Secvala.
le prensma aSS-Si daapatenta Tavisi xelsawyo, dabrunda did britaneTSi
da sxva patentebzec gaakeTa ganacxadi ramdenime evropul qveyanaSi. sagangebod
damuSavebuli qaRaldis firiT man gadaiRo ramdenimewamiani filmi `transpor-
tis moZraoba lidzis xidze~, romelic iTvleba pirvel srulyofil kinosura-
Tad, dRemde rom arsebobs. mis Sesaxeb oriode gazeTma dabeWda informacia, mag-
ram maSin amas didi yuradReba aravin miaqcia. le prensma ori kviriT adre gada-
iRo sxva filmi, sadac aRbeWda Tavisi ojaxis wevrebi da maTi megobari qalba-
toni, romlebic baRSi seirnobdnen, magram am kinosuraTis mxolod negativebia
SemorCenili. SesaZloa, le prensma kidev gadaiRo sxva filmebi, magram amis da-
mamtkicebeli arc erTi sabuTi ar arsebobs.
1889 wels ingliselebma _ uiliam friz-grinma da jon rajma gamoigones
aparati `baiofantaskopi~, romelic iseT slaidebs aCvenebda, rom amiT moZraobis
STabeWdileba iqmneboda. mogvianebiT friz-grinma gaakeTa sxva kamera, raSic Suq-
mgrZnobiare qaRalds debda da wamSi 4-5 kadrs iRebda. misi srulyofili proeq-
cia man ver SeZlo, amitom gamoiyena celuloidis perforirebuli firi da mi-
zans miaRwia. friz-grinma am aparatSi CaamontaJa `moxtunave meqanizmi~, riTac
gaaumjobesa siCqarec da proeqciis simkveTrec. kinofiri erTi dolakidan gada-
dioda meoreze da momwodeblidan _ mimRebze, romelic xeliT satrialebeli sa-
xeluriT iwyebda moZraobas. TiToeuli bruni TiTo kadrs aCvenebda. friz-grin-
ma londonis haid parkSi gadaiRo patara filmi, romelic aCvena fotografebis
yrilobaze, Tumca usaxsrobis gamo veRar ganaviTara es aparati. igi uiRblobas
ar epueboda. mcire xniT is valebisaTvis sapyrobileSic ki ijda, radgan gamogo-
nebebisaTvis nasesxeb Tanxebs droulad ver abrunebda, arada, fuli mudmivad
sWirdeboda rogorc arsebobisaTvis, radgan mis ZiriTad saqmianobas _ fotogra-
fobas didi Semosavali aRar mohqonda, ise gamomgoneblobisaTvis.
12
1889 wels aSS-Si, istmenis erT-erTma TanamSromelma gamoigona gamZle da
moqnili celuloidis firi, rac male warmatebiT gayida misma damqiravebelma.
daiwyo axali era fotografiaSi. am firs iyenebdnen qronofotografiaSi moRva-
we mkvlevarebi. etien-Jul mares kamera wamSi asamde fotosuraTs iRebda. igi ise
gaitaca frinvelTa moZraobis gadaRebam, rom SesaniSnav ornitologad Camoya-
libda da ramdenime naSromic gamosca am mecnierebaSi.
1890 wels moxda tragedia. diJonidan parizSi ZmasTan matarebliT mimavali
lui le prensi ukvalod daikarga, mas uSedegod eZebdnen. boroti enebi imasac
ambobdnen, rom es niWieri kaci, visac kidev bevri saintereso Canafiqris ganxor-
cieleba ar dascalda, konkurentebma mokleso, Tumca arsebobda versiac, rom igi
finansuri problemebis gamo gauCinarda.
amerikelma herman qaslerma 1890 wels gaakeTa `miutoskopi~, romelic qaRa-
ldze dawebebul qronofotografiebs aCvenebda. es iyo yuTi, romelSic unda Ca-
gexeda da ise geyurebina seansisaTvis. igi aTasamde fotosuraTs atarebda da
muSaobas masSi monetis CagdebiT iwyebda. 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi es aparatebi sagangebod gawyobil darbazebSi idgnen da mnaxvels
arTobdnen, Tumca konkurencias ver uwevdnen saproeqcio kinos.
mares asistentma, JorJ demenim 1892 wels Seqmna `fonofoni~ qronofotogra-
fiebis gadasaRebad da SuSis diskoebiani `fonoskopi~ maT saproeqciod. `fono-
skopi~ aCvenebda erT firfitaze datanebul 12 Tanmimdevrul fotos. demeni
gulmodgined swavlobda adamianis moZraobebis Tanmimdevrobas da gadaiRo mo-
farikavis qronofotografiebi. man komerciuli miznebisaTvis gaamzada aparati,
magram amas mohyva usiamovneba maresTan. am ukanasknelma igi daiTxova samsaxuri-
dan, radgan masSi seriozuli konkurenti dainaxa da Tanac isic ewyina, rom asis-
tentma araferi auwya Tavis damoukidebel moRvaweobaze.
amasobaSi reinom, romelic ukve 35-milimetrian celuloidis firs iyenebda,
gaadida Tavisi aparatis moculoba, Seqmna e. w. òptikuri Teatri~ _ rTuli da
kompleqsuri xelsawyo, ris erT nawilze erTi demonstratori atrialebda do-
laks ori saxeluriT. firze aRbeWdili gamosaxuleba farnis win gaivlida da
mere proeqcirdeboda daxril sarkeze, romelic mas aireklavda darbazSi daki-
debul ekranze. meore demonstratori meore aparatiT aproeqcirebda daxatul
dekoracias, romlis fonzec mimdinareobda moqmedeba. es aRar iyo marto moZrao-
ba, aramed reinom pirvelma aCvena Tanmimdevruli ambavi. misi gmirebi TamaSob-
dnen patara scenebs da seansi 15-20 wuTs grZeldeboda. ase Caeyara safuZveli
kinos erT-erT saxeobas _ animacias, rameTu reinos namuSevrebi warmoadgendnen
pirvel naxat kinosuraTebs. maT Sesaqmnelad saWiro iyo xangrZlivi Sroma. Ti-
ToeulisaTvis reino xatavda aseulobiT suraTs.
1892 wlis 28 oqtombers parizSi, grevenis cvilis figurebis muzeumSi moew-
yo òptikuri Teatris~ premiera. es warmodgenebi imdenad popularuli gaxda,
rom rva wlis ganmavlobaSi sruli anSlagiT midioda da daaxloebiT naxevarma
milionma adamianma naxa. seansebs Tan erTvoda sagangebod dawerili musika, gun-
dis mier Sesrulebuli simRerebi da xmovani efeqtebi. saerTo jamSi, reinos mi-
er gakeTebuli Svidi filmidan (àkvariumi~, `kaTxa ludi~, `sabralo piero~, `mas-
xara ZaRlebiT~ da sxv.) gamoirCeoda iumoristuli elementebis Semcveli `kabi-
nis irgvliv~, romlis 10 aTasi seansi gavida ekranze. òptikur TeatrSi~ dReSi
imarTeboda sami-oTxi seansi da kontraqtis mixedviT reinos yovelwliurad un-
da ganeaxlebina programa. niWieri gamomgonebeli yvelanairad cdilobda ar Ca-
morCenoda progress. momavalSi man scada gaeumjobesebina aparati, Caedo masSi
13
fotoebi da aemoZravebina, magram araferi gamouvida. Semdgomi saukunis dasaw-
yisSi mas surda Seeqmna ormagi `praqsinoskopi~, anu stereokino, magram aqac moe-
cara xeli. bolos, depresiaSi myofma daamtvria òptikuri Teatri~ da firebTan
erTad mdinareSi gadauZaxa. am faqtidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg masTan mivida ka-
ci, romelsac surda, rom misi aparati da filmebi muzeumSi waeRo sagamofenod.
reinos kinofilmebidan dRemde mxolod oria (`sabralo piero~ da `kabinis irg-
vliv~) SemorCenili.
1892 wels frangma leon bulim daamzada aparati, romelsac Tavdapirvelad
uwoda `fotografiisa da optikis xelsawyo moZraobis sinTezisa da analizisa-
Tvis~, xolo momdevno wels misaRebi patentisaTvis saxeli `leon bulis sinema-
tografad~ Seucvala. man patenti ki miiRo, magram finansur krizisSi Cavarda da
morigi eqsperimentisaTvis Tanxa aRar eyo. kinoaparati, romelic gaTvlili iyo
gamosaxulebis rogorc gadaRebaze, ise Cvenebaze, dauxvewav xelsawyos warmoad-
genda, radganac araperforirebuli firiT aCvenebda bundovan qronofotogra-
fiebs.
1893 wels marem Caatara cdebi, raTa gamoeyenebina mzis Suqi proeqtorisa-
Tvis da amaSi saintereso Sedegebs miaRwia. amasTanave man gaakeTa axali qrono-
fotografiuli aparati, romelic celuloidis firze muSaobda. firi wyvetilad
moZraobda, wamierad Cerdeboda, wamSi 20 suraTis sixSiriT. es martivi meqanizmi
Sedgeboda eleqtromagnitisa da momWeri lilvakebisagan. Camketis amuSavebisas
lilvaki win gamoiweoda da firs droebiT aCerebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
igi iyo srulyofili, bolomde gamarTuli da sakmaod uxeSadac funqcionirebda,
marem misi saSualebiT ramdenime axali, saintereso fotosesia gadaiRo frinve-
lebis moZraobaze.
XIX saukunis bolosaTvis mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga moZraobis ilu-
ziis gadasaRebad da sademonstraciod, Seiqmna da daixvewa araerTi aparati, Tum-
ca `kamera obskurebi~ da `laterna majikebi~ kvlavac arsebobdnen da maTi war-
modgenebi kvlavac warmatebiT imarTeboda.
14
edisoni
`moZravi fotografiebis~ srulyofili gamosaxvisaken swrafvam bevri mecni-

eri da gamomgonebeli daainteresa. erT-erTi maTgani iyo amerikeli Tomas edi-
soni, romelmac Seqmna Tavisi droisaTvis yvelaze kargi aparati da amiT erT-
gvar SejibrSi gamoiwvia arsebuli Tu momavali potenciuri metoqeebi.
edisonma bavSvobidanve daiwyo muSaoba. igi jer Jurnal-gazeTebsa da xils
yidda matareblebSi, mere satelegrafo saqmiT dainteresda. 22 wlisam daapaten-
ta pirveli gamogoneba arCevnebze xmebis avtomaturad damTvlel manqanaze, ra-
sac mohyva novaciebi eleqtroobasa da telegrafSi. 1876 wels niu-iorkis max-
loblad, menlo parkSi Tomasma daaarsa uaxlesi mowyobilobebiTa da saukeTeso
samecniero-teqnikuri literaturiT aRWurvili laboratoria, sadac mimdinareo-
bda muSaoba axal gamogonebebze. edisons `menlo parkis jadoqari~ Searqves.
1877 wels Tomas edisonma gamoigona `fonografi~ _ xmisa da musikis Cawe-
risa da reproduqciis aparati (magnitofonis winapari), riTac msoflioSi gaiTq-
va saxeli. es iyo ara gasarTobi, aramed sasamarTloebsa da sxva dawesebulebeb-
Si gamosayenebeli zusti Canawerebis xelsawyo. momdevno 40 weliwadSi man 80
detali Secvala `fonografSi~ da kidev ufro gaaumjobesa. moRvaweobis ganmav-
lobaSi edisonma daapatenta ramdenime aTasi gamogoneba (eleqtronaTura, eleq-
troskami, siTburi eleqtrosadguri, sxvadasxva saxis akumulatori, naxSirbadis
gadamcemi meqanizmi satelefono mikrofonisaTvis da a. S.). sayovelTao aRiare-
bis miuxedavad, kolegebis erTi nawili mas plagiatorsa da egoists eZaxda.
`fonografis~ Semdeg misma gamomgonebelma gadawyvita, gaekeTebina xelsawyo,
raSic gaaerTianebda `moZravi fotografiebis~ Cvenebasa da maT gaxmovanebas, anu
rogorc Tavad ambobda, aparati, romelsac igive daniSnuleba eqneboda Tvalisa-
Tvis, rac `fonografs~ _ yurisaTvis. am mizniT igi Seudga muSaobas 1887 wels
sagangebod qronofotografiuli cdebisaTvis mowyobil vest oranJis labora-
toriaSi. man kargad icoda, rom aSS-Sica da sxva qveynebSic ukve mimdinareobda
saqmianoba aseTi aparatisaTvis da pirveli, Tundac dauxvewavi Sedegebic ukve
iyo miRweuli. edisonma axal gamogonebaze, rasac pirobiTad òptikuri fono-
grafi~ uwoda, uSualo xelmZRvaneloba daavala didi britaneTidan emigrire-
bul inJiner-eleqtrikoss, uiliam diqsons, romelic vest-oranJSi msaxurobda mi-
si asistentis rangSi.
1888 wels edisoni daeswro maibrijis leqcias, romelic qronofotografiis
am cnobilma ostatma Caatara vest oranJis miuzikholSi Temaze `cxovelebi moZ-
raobaSi~ da aCvena Tavisi kvlevebis Sedegebi. edisonma igi miiwvia laboratori-
aSi, raTa daegegmaT, rogor SeerwyaT erTmaneTisaTvis `fonografi~ da maibrijis
`zupraqsiskopi~. stumarma miwveva ki miiRo, magram TanamSromloba ver Sedga,
radgan pirvelive erToblivma cdam ar gaamarTla.
uiliam diqsoni gaecno maibrijis naSromebs, `laterna majikas~ sxvadasxva
versias, fotografiis sawyisebs. mas sruli informacia hqonda sxva gamogonebeb-
ze. man gadaiRo patara TanmimdevrobiTi fotoebi cilindrze, Semdeg maTi pozi-
tivebi TanmimdevrobiT daaweba meore cilindrze, romlis swrafi trialiT Seiq-
mna moZraobis iluzia, rasac Tvals adevnebda gamadidebeli SuSiT. arc edisoni
da arc diqsoni amas ar dasjerdnen da ganagrZes eqsperimentebi, raTa gaekeTebi-
naT didi aparati, raSic Tanmimdevrulad gatardeboda 12-dan 40 fotomde wamSi,
15
Tumca es sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgenda. firs unda gaevlo obieqtivis
win da yoveli ori santimetris Semdeg wamierad unda gaCerebuliyo, ra drosac
aparatis Camketi gaixsneboda da isev daixureboda. mTeli es qmedeba maTematiku-
ri sizustiT unda gameorebuliyo wamSi minimum ocjer mainc 300-metriani firis
ruloniT.
1889 wlis gazafxulisaTvis pirveli sacdeli aparati TiTqmis mzad iyo,
magram edisonma amisaTvis ver moicala, radgan gaemgzavra evropaSi, parizSi, sa-
dac Catarda msoflio gamofena, `saukunis gamofena~ rom uwodes. aRniSnul Ro-
nisZiebaze wardgenili iyo 38 aTasi eqsponati 70 heqtaris farTobze ganlage-
bul pavilionebSi. rasakvirvelia, calke idga pavilioni, sadac ganTavsda ediso-
nis namuSevrebic. amerikeli gamomgonebeli daeswro mares `qronofotografis~
demonstrirebas da ufro gauRvivda interesi `moZravi fotografiebisadmi~.
ukan dabrunebul edisons diqsonma daaxvedra gamzadebuli xelsawyo, ro-
melsac droebiTi saxelic ki SeurCia _ `kinetofonografi~ (SemoklebiT `kine-
tofoni~), romelic pirveli variantisagan gansxvavebiT SedarebiT did gamosaxu-
lebebs aCvenebda drekadi celuloidis firiT. niWierma inJinerma mas warudgina
qronofotografiebiT gadaRebuli mcire `molaparake~ filmi, sadac Tavad quds
ixdida da esalmeboda Tavis xelmZRvanels. igi ambobda: `gamarjoba, batono edi-
son! moxaruli var, rom dabrundiT. vimedovneb, mogewonebaT `kinetofoni~. sin-
qronizaciis saCveneblad xels avwev da aTamde daviTvli~. Semdeg diqsoni iTv-
lida aTamde, maRla swevda da dabla uSvebda xels. es proeqtori mierTebuli
iyo `fonografTan~, romelzec Cawerili iyo xmovani rigi, Tumca amgvari sinTezi
saTanado sinqrons ver akeTebda. edisons Zalian moewona asistentis naxelavi
da is aCvena laboratoriaSi miwveul stumrebs, magram aman ar daakmayofila, vi-
naidan firi sqeli iyo, xolo foto kargad ar aRibeWdeboda masze. male man ga-
akeTa momavali aparatis naxazi, romelic mTlianad emTxveoda mares gamogonebis
principebs.
erTxel diqsonma, vest oranJis muzeumis daTvalierebisas, sadac gamofeni-
li iyo edisoniseuli gamogonebebis asobiT modeli, SeamCnia avtomaturi tele-
grafirebisaTvis gankuTvnili perforirebuli firi da gadawyvita aseTis gamo-
yeneba. male laboratoriis xelmarjve meqanikosma, uiliam haisma daumzada per-
foratori, romelic akeTebda or mrgval naxvrets TiToeul calkeul gamosaxu-
lebaze, anu kadrze.
edisonma da diqsonma gamoiyenes istmenis kompaniis gamWvirvale celuloi-
dis firi, romelic saukeTesod iTvleboda. mis prezentacias daeswro diqsoni,
firis naWeri wauRo edisons, romelmac CaTvala, rom swored amgvari masala ga-
moadgebodaT. igi daukavSirda istmens da amiT daiwyo maTi xangrZlivi da nayo-
fieri TanamSromloba. aRniSnul firs hqonda naxvretebi kadris zemoT da qve-
moT. edisonma maT nacvlad gaakeTa oTx-oTxi naxvreti (perforacia) gverdebze,
rac dRemde arsebobs. amasTanave, misi arCevani SeCerda 35-milimetrian firze, ro-
melsac èdisonis standarti~ ewoda.
axali monacemebis mixedviT 1890 wlis noemberSi diqsonma daamzada kinoka-
mera _ `kinetografiuli kamera~ (`kinetografi~), romelic iRebda gamosaxule-
bebs, xolo 1891 wlis maisSi _ proeqtori `kinetoskopi~. es ukanaskneli iyo ia-
takze dadgmuli, xis mZime da didi yuTi. mas hqonda okulari gamadidebeli li-
nziT, raSic mayurebeli ixedeboda da uyurebda `gacocxlebul fotoebs~. pir-
veli `kinetografi~ iRebda horizontalurad, magram ver gaamarTla, amitom diq-
sonma gaakeTa vertikalurad moZravi meqanizmi, romelic wamSi 40 kadrs atareb-
16
da. `kinetoskopis~ demonstracia edisonma moawyo ramdenime dReSi, roca mis la-
boratorias misive colis miwveviT estumra qalTa klubebis federaciis 147 we-
vri. maT da sagangebod mipatiJebul Jurnalistebs aCvenes is filmi, romelic
diqsonma daaxvedra edisons. amasTan dakavSirebiT erTi gazeTi werda, rom `kine-
toskopi~ araa saTamaSo, aramed mas ufro meti da didi SesaZleblobebi gaaC-
niao.
90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi edisoni dakavebuli iyo sxva proeqtebiTac da
didad arc sjeroda, rom `kinetoskopi~ odesme popularuli gaxdeboda, amitom
roca amerikuli patentis misaRebad ganacxadi waradgina da Sesabamisi Tanxac
gadaixada, saerTaSoriso saavtoro uflebebis mosapoveblad aRar gaiRo fuli.
imisaTvis, rom, magaliTad, did britaneTSi daepatentebina `kinetoskopi~, mas dae-
nana 150 dolari.
axali aparatisaTvis saWiro gaxda bevri kinosuraTis gadaReba, rac mimdi-
nareobda kidec laboratoriis ezoSi da sagangebod gamoyofil oTaxSi. 1892
wlisaTvis diqsonma iqve, laboratoriis fligelSi, gaakeTa axali primitiuli
studia. mas oficialurad erqva `kinetografis~ warmoebis centri~, magram erTma
xumara TanamSromelma daarqva `bleq maria~, radgan Savad SeRebili gareTa da
aseve Savi feris naWriT dafaruli Sida kedlebiT is Zalze waagavda policiis
sabadrago karetas, romelsac imave metsaxeliT moixseniebdnen amerikelebi. misi
interieri ori nawilis: scenisa da patara saaparato oTaxisagan Sedgeboda. mas
hqonda moZravi saxuravi, romelsac gadaRebisas xsnidnen, raTa meti bunebrivi ga-
naTebiT esargeblaT. scena eyrdnoboda foladis borblebs, saWiroebis SemTxve-
vaSi trialebda mzis Suqis moZraobis paralelurad, xolo kinokamera damagrda
relsebze dadgmul skamze, romelsac fokusis gasasworeblad win da ukan amoZ-
ravebdnen. `bleq marias~ aSeneba da gawyoba edisons 637 dolari daujda.
kinostudiis oficialuri gaxsnis ceremoniali 1893 wlis 1 Tebervals Ca-
tarda. mogvianebiT mas kidev erTi metsaxeli _ `pedis oTxTvala~ Searqves. ezo-
Si Casatarebeli gadaRebisaTvis diqsonma aago maRali da grZeli kedeli, rom-
lis fonze TamaSdeboda calkeuli epizodebi, rasac aRbeWdavdnen kinofirze.
eseni iyo mokriveTa asparezobebi, sacirko sanaxaobebi, vodevilebis scenebi da
sxv. TiToeuli maTgani grZeldeboda 20-30 wams. filmebis xangrZlivobis gazrda
SeuZlebeli iyo, rameTu ufro grZeli firebi xSirad wydeboda saproeqcio apa-
ratSi gavlis dros. am kinoproduqciisaTvis iRebdnen cirkisa da vodevilis
msaxiobebs, sportsmenebs, balerinebs, gamowvrTnil cxovelebs. xandaxan labora-
toriisa da studiis dasaTvaliereblad misul gamoCenil adamianebsac sTava-
zobdnen gadaRebaSi monawileobas.
amasobaSi edisonma daapatenta Tavisi kinematografiuli gamogonebebis sa-
baziso koncefcia. misi kompaniis axalma generalurma menejerma, uiliam gilmor-
ma yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, raTa am gamogonebebTan dakavSirebiT mieCqmala
diqsonis saxeli da maTze mxolod edisonis avtoroba daemtkicebinaT.
1893 wlis maisSi edisonma bruklinis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis institut-
Si moawyo `kinetoskopis~ pirveli oficialuri sazogadoebrivi Cveneba, xolo
roca mcire xnis Semdeg niu-iorkis erT gamofenaze waradgina aparati, mas Txo-
ves, gaekeTebina iseTi xelsawyo, romelic ara erTi mayureblisaTvis iqneboda ga-
Tvlili, aramed kinoekranze gauSvebda films, rasac bevri adamiani naxavda erT-
droulad. edisons ar epitnava es Txovna da yuradReba ar miaqcia.
man daiwyo `kinetoskopebis~ seriuli warmoeba, saqmiani urTierToba gaaba
erT-erT saagentosTan, romelic 200 dolarad yidulobda TiToeul aparats da
17
300-350 dolarad yidda. saerTo jamSi, edisonis kompaniam daamzada 1000 `kineto-
skopi~, romelTagan dRemde eqvsia SemorCenili.
1894 wels edisonma niu-iorkSi aaSena kidev erTi studia, radgan vest oran-
JSi veRar audiodnen filmebis keTebas. imave wlis TebervalSi niu-iorkSi, brod-
veize moewyo `kinetoskopis~ filmebis demonstrireba. 14 aprils Zmebma endriu
da jorj holendebma gaxsnes `kinetoskopis~ pirveli saloni, sadac dadges aTi
aparati. seansi ramdenime filmisagan Sedgeboda. misi bileTi Rirda 25 centi
(kvalificiuri muSakis saSualo anazRaureba erT saaTSi) da erT wuTs grZel-
deboda. mayurebeli `kinetoskopSi~ agdebda monetas, ris Sedegad batareebze mo-
muSave aparati avtomaturad iwyebda muSaobas: patara Zrava daatrialebda ce-
luloidis koWs, romelzec daxveuli firi gaivlida anTebul eleqtronul na-
TurasTan da amiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda moZravi gamosaxulebis danaxva. pirve-
live dRes holendebma 120 dolari moagroves da amaze presaSic daitrabaxes.
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 16000 dolari SeuvidaT. male aSS-is teritoriaze
gakeTda `kinetoskopebis~ aseulobiT saloni, sadac uamravi mayurebeli dadioda.
edisonis kompaniis yvelaze popularuli filmi `fred otis dacemineba~
(1894), gadaiRo diqsonma. fred oti iyo edisonis laboratoriis meqanikosi, sak-
maod enakvimati kaci. es namuSevari gaxda pirveli, romelmac miiRo saavtoro
ufleba, xolo Tavad oti kidev ramdenime kinosuraTSi gamoCnda. im wels gakeTe-
buli sxva filmebidan aRsaniSnavia: àkrobati qalbatoni berToldi~, èni ouq-
li~, `bafalo bili~, `balerina ruT denisi~, `Ronieri mamakaci iujin sendou~, `Wi-
daoba~, `ZaRlebis orTabrZola~. vest oranJis ezoSi gadaRebisaTvis miiwvies
mokrive, msoflio Cempioni mZime wonaSi jeimz korbeti, rom kameris win ramdenime
raundi easpareza mavan metoqesTan, magram roca SerkinebisaTvis gamzadebulma
meore mokrivem gaigo amis Sesaxeb, SeSinebuli Cumad gaipara laboratoriis ezo-
dan, amitom diqsons mouwia sxva sportsmenis dayolieba. yvela filmis mwarmoe-
beli, reJisori da operatori iyo diqsoni, romelsac xandaxan haisi exmareboda.
erTma amerikulma firmam edisonisagan iafad SeiZina `kinetoskopis~ sazR-
vargareT Cvenebebis ufleba da 1894 wlis oqtomberSi is jer londonelebs, Sem-
deg ki parizelebs gaacno. safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi `kinetoskopma~ ufro didi
aJiotaJi gamoiwvia, vidre niu-iorkSi. amas daemata demonstraciebi evropisa da
danarCeni samyaros qveynebSi. edisonis aparatebs yiddnen misi sxva oficialuri
warmomadgenlebic.
1894 wels Jurnal `mileniemSi~ diqsonma da misma dam, antoniam gamoaqveynes
statia `kinetoskopze~, romelsac Tavad edisonma waumZRvara Sesavali, sadac ac-
xadebda, rom es idea daibada platos, maibrijis, maresa da sxvaTa gamogonebebis
gacnobis Sedegad da maT Semdgom gasaumjobeseblado. igi winaswarmetyvelebda,
rom uaxloes momavalSi `kinetoskopis~ saSualebiT SeiZleba mayurebelma saxl-
Si naxos saopero speqtakli da amisaTvis aRar iyos saWiro TeatrSi wasvla. mo-
mdevno wels diqsonebma gamosces wigni `kinetografis~, `kinetoskopisa~ da `kine-
tofonografis~ istoria~, romlis Sesavlis avtoroba isev edisonma ikisra.
rasakvirvelia, ganTqmuli gamomgonebeli ki uwevda reklamas Tavis namuSev-
rebs, magram 1894 welsve erT interviuSi gamoTqva eWvi `kinetoskopis~ komerciu-
li momavlis Taobaze da ganacxada, rom, albaT, igi verc amoiRebs masze daxar-
jul fulso. is xazs usvamda aseTi saxis aparatebis Zalze sentimentalur xa-
siaTs da ar egona, Tu vinme maTSi Cadebda garkveul investicias. miuxedavad ami-
sa, 1894 aprilidan 1895 Tebervlamde `kinetoskopebisa~ da filmebis gayidvidan
misi kompaniis angariSze Sevida 177 aTasi dolari.
18
1895 wlidan edisonis kompania eZebda ganviTarebis axal gzebs, samuSaod mi-
hyavda axali msaxiobebi, akeTebda axal filmebs. diqsoni da haisi iRebdnen ro-
gorc patara mxatvrul, ise dokumentur kinosuraTebsac. `bleq mariaSi~ gakeTe-
buli maTi erToblivi namuSevari `serpantinis cekva~ (1895), romelSic TamaSobda
enabel muri, xelisuflebam droebiT akrZala, radgan msaxiobs sacvlebi mouCan-
da. es iyo kinocenzuris pirveli SemTxveva. imave wlis meore naxevarSi gilmor-
Tan usiamovnebebis gamo diqsonma miatova kompania. misi wasvla edisonisaTvis
gamodga udidesi danaklisi, romelic man veRarc ainazRaura.
edisonis TiToeuli filmi 10-15 dolari Rirda da maTi SeZena SeeZlo imaT,
visac saxlSi an daqiravebul darbazSi edga `kinetoskopi~. diqsonis nacvlad
kinokompaniaSi miyvanilma alfred klarkma 1895 wels gadaiRo ori istoriuli
Tematikis kinosuraTi: `Jan d’arki~ da `maria stiuartis sikvdiliT dasja~. es
ukanaskneli imiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom masSi Sotlandiis dedoflis roli kacma
iTamaSa da swored am filmSi pirvelad gamoiyenes martivi kinematografiuli
xerxi, e. w. `stop-kadri~ _ roca jalaTi marias Tavs daadebinebs kunZze, kinoka-
mera gaaCeres da msaxiobi fituliT Secvales, mere ki gaagrZeles gadaReba da
jalaTma fituls moaWra Tavi. amas didi efeqti hqonda.
yovelives miuxedavad, `kinetoskopebisadmi~ interesma iklo. amasobaSi saf-
rangeTSi gamoCndnen Zmebi lumierebi TavianTi aparatiT. edisonma maT orjer
miswera werili, rom mieyidaT misTvis `sinematografi~, magram orivejer uari mi-
iRo. igi mixvda, rom Secdoma dauSva, roca ainunSic ar Caagdo saproeqcio sis-
temis ganviTareba, radganac manamde savsebiT akmayofilebda erTi mayureblisa-
Tvis gaTvlili `kinetoskopi~. igi misTvis warmoadgenda Tavisebur gafetiSebul
zardaxSas, romelsac ar ganixilavda, rogorc xelovnebis momaval dargs. masze
TanamSromlebica da nacnobebic qilikobdnen: man kino yuTSi Caketao.
Tomas edisonma Tavisi kinokompaniis sruli reorganizacia Caatara. `kine-
tografis~ ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna jeimz uaiTi, visac daevala
muSaobis gaaqtiureba, ufro meti saintereso produqciis Seqmna. edisonis Tanam-
Sromlebi TavianTi colebis daxmarebiT Seudgnen kinosuraTebis xeliT gafera-
debas. sxvebis mier gamogonebulma axalma kinoaparatebma Tavad edisoni aiZula,
efiqra am sferoSi Tavisi gamogonebebis gaumjobesebaze. 1895 wels man gasayidad
gaitana ramdenime axleburi `kinetoskopi~, romlebsac Tan axlda `fonografi~
xmis sinqronizebisaTvis. amas `kinetofoni~ erqva, magram man sasurveli STabeW-
dileba ver moaxdina mayurebelze, rameTu sinqroni ar iyo swori.
1895 wlis maisSi kinoproeqtori `fantoskopi~ gamoigones Tomas armatma da
Carlz frensis jenkizma. armatma misi Cveneba moawyo atlantaSi. radganac edi-
sonma ver SeZlo, gaekeTebina axali aparati, Tanac Zalian moewona armat-jenkin-
zis xelsawyo, mcire xniT miatova samecniero-gamomgoneblobiTi saqmianoba da
gadawyvita mierTeboda am duets. man Seisyida uflebebi `fantoskopze~, saxeli
gadaarqva èdisonis aitaskopad~, Tavis gamogonebad gaasaRa da partniors, ed-
mend kuns daavala misi seriuli damzadeba.
1896 wlis 23 aprils niu-iorkis erT-erT TeatrSi, did ekranze edisonma mo-
awyo `vaitaskopis~ saxalxo demonstrireba. seansze man aCvena 12 filmi, romel-
Tagan nawili iyo mis studiaSi gadaRebuli, `kinetoskopebisaTvis~ gankuTvnili
kinosuraTebi, nawili ki Zmebi lumierebisa da britanelebis – birT eiqrsisa da
robert polis namuSevrebis aralegaluri aslebi. programa dasrulda gafera-
debuli filmiT ènabelis peplis cekva~ (1896), romelmac didi ovacia gamoiwvia.
edisoni kinos fuZemdeblad aRiares da `moZraobis optikuri Canaweris didosta-
19
tad~ Seracxes, Tumca `vaitaskopi~, romelsac èdisonis bolo saswauli~ uwodes,
teqnikuri monacemebiT Camouvardeboda lumierebis `sinematografs~ da saproeq-
cio ganaTebis Taviseburi problemebic hqonda. premieras daeswro `laterna ma-
jikas~ specialisti uiliam ridi, romelic edisonis gverdiT ijda da didad Se-
uqo aparati, romliTac edisonisave nebarTviT Tavad moawyo turne qveynis sam-
xreTis StatebSi.
1896 wlis ivnisSi, niu-orleanSi gaixsna kinoTeatri `vaitaskop holi~, sadac
iyo 400 adgili da masSi aCvenebdnen mxolod edisonis filmebs.
evropulma kinematografiulma gamocdilebam cxadyo, rom yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis firze asaxva momgebiani Tema iyo kinomwarmoeblebisaTvis, amitom edi-
sonic am gziT wavida da Tavis reJisorebs mravlad akeTebinebda kinoqronikebs.
erT-erTi maTgania `niu-iorkis cxenosani policia~ (1896). amasTanave, Tomasi zru-
navda filmebis Tematikis gamravalferovnebisaTvis. imxanad didi skandali ga-
moiwvia mis kompaniaSi gakeTebulma kinosuraTma `kocna~ (1896, reJ. u. haisi). masSi
iyo gadaRebuli mxolod kocnis scena, romelic pirdapir gadmoitanes erTi
brodveuli speqtaklidan. edisonma Zlivs daaSoSmina ukmayofilo sazogadoeba.
kinematografiuli Txrobis pirveli niSnebi gamoCnda jeimz uaiTis namuSevarSi
`siyvaruli da omi~ (1896), romelSic gamoiyenes oTxi sxvadasxva TanmimdevrobiTi
epizodi.
edisoni ar moeloda, rom misi sxva Tanamemamuleebic gaakeTebdnen `kineto-
grafis~ an `kinetoskopis~ imitaciebs, magram, rodesac saqme saqmeze midga da mas
seriozuli konkurentebi gamouCndnen, SeSfoTebulma `menlo parkis jadoqarma~
maT sastiki brZola gamoucxada: 1897 wels wamoativtiva Tavisi adreuli sapa-
tento ganacxadi, 31 agvistos xelaxla daamowma igi patentebis ganyofilebaSi
da iCivla sasamarTloSi. edisoni deklarirebda, rom swored Tavad iyo `moZravi
fotosuraTebis~ gadamRebi da saCvenebeli aparatebis gamomgonebeli, xolo
sxvebma misgan moipares misi principebi, amitomac maT fuli misTvis unda gadae-
xadaT. aqedan moyolebuli daiwyo e. w. `sapatento omi~, romelic aT welze met-
xans gagrZelda da mimdinareobda ara marto sasamarTloebSi, aramed yvelgan, sa-
dac ki kinowarmoeba gaWaWandeboda. Tomas edisonis mier daqiravebuli kerZo
deteqtivebi aaSkaravebdnen iseTebs, romlebic ar ixdidnen sapatento gadasaxads,
unadgurebdnen maT aparaturas, uwvavdnen kinofirebs da fizikurad uswordebod-
nen, Tumca Tanxis gadaxdas aravin apirebda. erTaderTi warmateba, rasac aRniS-
nuli brZolis dasawyisSi miaRwia edisonma aqtiurobiT, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom
man moaxerxa Zmebi lumierebis warmomadgenlebis gaZeveba aSS-dan. amgvari situ-
aciis gamo patara kinokompaniebis umetesoba aralegalur mdgomareobaze gada-
vida.
1897 wels edisonma gawyvita urTierToba armatTan, uari Tqva `vaitaskop-
zec~ da Tavad gaakeTa axali saproeqcio aparati `projeqtoskopi~, romelic ga-
cilebiT sjobda `vaitaskops~.
edisonma SekveTebi miiRo calkeuli satransporto organizaciisagan sarek-
lamo kinosuraTebis dasamzadeblad. es ukanasknelni SesaniSnavad aTviTcnobie-
rebdnen kinos rols turizmis ganviTarebaSi, ris gamoc fuls ar iSurebdnen da
uxvad afinansebdnen kinematografistebs, raTa maT rogorc aSS-is teritoriaze,
ise mezobel qveynebSic gadaeRoT. amasTanave, warmatebiT grZeldeboda sportu-
li Sejibrebebis firze asaxvac, xolo roca 1898 wels espaneT-aSS-is omi gaCaR-
da, edisonma daiqirava uiliam peili, romelic gaagzavna kubaSic da mis maxlo-
bel amerikul StatebSic, sadac igi iRebda armiis samzadiss saomari moqmedebe-
20
bisaTvis, Tumca Semdgom is avad gaxda, ukan dabrunda ise, rom arc erTi brZola
ar gadauRia. edisoni ar daibna, gamoiyena erovnuli gvardiis nawilebi da niu
jersiSi gadaaRebina omis gaTamaSebuli scenebi, rac sinamdviled gaasaRa. imave
wels axali turistuli sareklamo dakveTis Sesasruleblad CineTsa da iaponi-
aSi gaemgzavra uaiTi, romelmac gadaiRo RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi da Semdeg
damkveTebs Caabara xedviTi dokumenturi filmebis saxiT.
axali saukunis dasawyisSi edisonis kinokompania dakavebuli iyo popula-
ruli ucxouri kinosuraTebis `rimeiqebis~ keTebiT. erTxans komerciuli waru-
mateblobebiT gawbilebuli Tomasi apirebda kinobiznesi `baiografisaTvis~ mie-
yida, magram bolo Jams gadaifiqra. marTalia, misi proeqtorebisa da sxva kinoma-
salebis gayidvis saqme kargad midioda, magram filmebs yovelwliurad mxolod
umniSvnelo mogeba mohqondaT. kinos mwarmoebel departaments sWirdeboda efeq-
turi gardaqmna. amave dros edisons amerikul kinobazarze franguli kinopro-
duqciis dominirebac awuxebda da verc adgilobrivi konkurentebi gaanadgura.
1901 wels edisonma niu-iorkSi, Teatralur raionSi sagangebod aaSena axa-
li, SuSis saxuraviani da kargad aRWurvili kinostudia. man sazogadoebas auwya,
rom `bleq marias~ era damTavrda da amieridan Cemi kompania axleburi energiiT
Seudgeba muSaobas axal namuSevrebzeo. man gamoigona saproeqcio `kinetoskopi~,
romelic ukve srulyofilad aCvenebda kinosuraTebs, magram momdevno wlebSi mi-
si ramdenime gaumjobesebuli versiac Seqmna da gayida.
`vaitagrafTan~ droebiT Camogdebuli zavis Sedegad es kompania patiosnad
ixdida gadasaxads, magram 1902 wels, roca edisonma mas Seuwyvita licenzia, misma
mesveurebma sasamarTlos ZaliT isev aRidgines damoukideblad filmebis warmo-
ebis ufleba, ramac mdgomareoba daZaba. sxva mwarmoeblebmac male iswavles, ro-
gor gaecurebinaT edisonis warmomadgenlebi. roca esa Tu is kinokompania gada-
wyvetda filmis gadaRebas, misi ofisidan jer sxva mimarTulebiT gauSvebda de-
koraciebis jgufs, visac gaekidebodnen daqiravebuli deteqtivebi, amasobaSi Zi-
riTadi gadamRebi koleqtivi gadioda gadasaReb moedanze da auRelveblad muSa-
obda.
edvin porteri edisonTan muSaobda sxvadasxva rangSi. is jer kinomeqaniko-
sad da firebis gammJRavneblad msaxurobda, Semdeg operatorad da reJisorad
daawinaures, bolos ki kinowarmoebis ufrosadac daniSnes. es niWieri adamiani
cdilobda sxvebisagan yofiliyo gamorCeuli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT, amitom yurad-
RebiT swavlobda evropeli kolegebis gamocdilebas: montaJis Taviseburebebs,
gadaRebis teqnikasa da stilistur Tvisebebs. misi kinosuraTi àmerikeli mexan-
Zris cxovreba~ (1903) warmoadgenda erT-erT pirvel namuSevars, sadac gadmoce-
mulia Tanmimdevruli Txrobis (naratiuli rigis) saucxoo nimuSi. Tanac filmi
`hefi endiT~ mTavrdeba, roca mTavari gmiri gadaarCens gogonas. portersave eku-
Tvnis heriet biCer stous romanis `biZia tomis qoxi~ amave saxelwodebis ek-
ranizacia (1903). man originalurad aCvena amaRelvebeli ambavi. orive filmi sak-
mao popularobiT sargeblobda, ramac saSualeba misca edisonis kinokompanias,
maTze aewia sacalo fasebi. `biZia tomis qoxis~ erTi asli 165 dolarad iyide-
boda.
porteris avtoriteti gansakuTrebiT amaRlda mas Semdeg, rac man gadaiRo
filmi `matareblis didi gaZarcva~ (1903), romelmac safuZveli daudo kinosura-
Tebs amerikul `velur dasavleTze~. mogvianebiT maT vesternebi Searqves. ves-
terni saTavgadasavlo kinos erTi ganStoebidan calke Janrad iqca da uryevi
adgili daimkvidra msoflio kinos istoriaSi. porteris aRniSnuli namuSevris
21
mTavari Rirsebaa TxrobiTi stili. igi agebulia axlo da saSualo xedebze da
Sedgeba ramdenime epizodisagan, rasac bolos emateba kadri, roca erTi kovboi
pirdapir mayurebels umiznebs revolvers da esvris. finalis aseTma gadawyvetam
didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia.
`matareblis did gaZarcvaSi~ niSandoblivia paraleluri montaJi, romel-
sac iqamde naklebad iyenebdnen amerikul kinoSi, aseve dramatizmis donec da au-
ditoriisaTvis nacnobi siuJetic, romelic ara romelime literaturul nawar-
moebs daeyrdno, aramed namdvil faqts. erTi mTavari roli ganasaxiera jilbert
endersonma, romelic ramdenime wlis Semdeg gaxda upopularulesi kinomsaxiobi
da kinokompania èseneis~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. am kinosuraTis premiera Sedga
niu-iorkis cvilis figurebis muzeumSi. `Soreul dasavleTSi sxvadasxva bandis
mier ganxorcielebuli, genialuri gaZarcvebis naRdi imitacia~ _ ase amcnobdnen
filmis Sesaxeb mayurebels maSindeli kinoafiSebi. kinosuraTma saetapo mniS-
vneloba SeiZina, xolo porters `vesternis mama~ uwodes. manve imave wels ga-
daiRo `matareblis patara gaZarcva~, raSic rolebs bavSvebi TamaSobdnen. es
filmi iyo kinoparodiis adreuli cda. igi mxolod ori wlis mere gavida ekra-
nebze.
frangebma edisons SesTavazes, pativi ecaT erTmaneTis kinoproduqciisaTvis
da ar ekeTebinaT erTmaneTis filmebis dublikatebi, magram amaod gaisarjnen.
maTgan Sarl pate yvelaze SorsmWvreteli metoqe gamodga, radgan Zalian iafi
fasi daado Tavis kinosuraTebs da aseulobiT Seitana amerikul kinobazarze.
amjerad edisonma da sxva amerikulma kinokompaniebma uSedegod gaibrZoles maT
mosaSoreblad. verc mayurebeli, verc lokaluri demonstratorebi da verc `mo-
xetiale Soumenebi~ ver xvdebodnen, saidan misdiodaT kinosuraTebi, Tumca maT-
Tvis umTavresi iyo mxolod xelmisawvdomi fasi da komerciulad momgebiani
produqcia. amas garda, edisonma ver moaxerxa Tavisi kompaniis menejmentis dala-
geba da TanamSromelTa rigebis Sevseba saWiro xalxiT. 1904 wels edisonma `ki-
netografis~ departamentis xelmZRvaneli inglisSi gagzavna kinofirebis Sesas-
yidad, magram es ukanaskneli ucxoeTSi erT Tves gaCerda da davaleba xeirianad
ver Seasrula. rasakvirvelia, roca ukan dabrunda, edisonma samsaxuridan ki dai-
Txova, magram verc misi Semcvlelebi aRmoCndnen mowodebis simaRleze.
amerikuli kino swrafad da advilad eTviseboda axal moTxovnebsa da ge-
movnebebs. imxanad mxatvruli filmebi warmoebis prioritetul mimarTulebas
warmoadgendnen, maTgan ki yvelaze metad komediebi fasobdnen. edisonis kinokom-
pania mravlad akeTebda aRniSnuli Janris nimuSebs. am mimarTebiT sayuradRebo
kinosuraTebs Cveuli xelweriT iRebda edvin porteri, romelic aqtiurad iyo
CarTuli kinokompaniis aRmSeneblobiT procesSic _ rodesac 1908 wels edisonma
gadawyvita axali studiis gaxsna niu-iorkis erT-erT raionSi _ bronqsSi, man
swored porters daavala misi daproeqteba da aRWurva, rac edvinma maRal done-
ze Seasrula.
edisoni da misi adgilobrivi mowinaaRmdegeebi erTmaneTTan brZoliT dai-
Ralnen. TavisTavad, isini fiqrobdnen, rom ase gagrZeleba aRar SeiZleboda, rad-
gan orive mxare gakotrdeboda da asparezi ucxoelebs darCebodaT. 1908 wlis 18
dekembers edisonma vest oranJis laboratoriaSi miiwvia `baiografis~ warmomad-
genlebi da SeTanxmdnen, SeeqmnaT axleburi gaerTianeba `mouSen fiqCer paTenTz
qomfani~ (`moZravi suraTis sapatento kompania~), romelsac sxvebma èdisonis
tresti~ Searqves. gaerTianebaSi Sevidnen rogorc amerikuli, ise sazRvargareTu-
li kinokompaniebi: èdisoni~, `baiografi~, `vaitagrafi~, `kalemi~, èsenei~, `siligi~,
22
`lubini~, JorJ meliesisa da Sarl pates aSS-Si arsebuli filialebi da jorj
klainis sadistribucio saagento, romelsac neba daerTo evropidan Seetana
franguli da britanuli warmoebis produqcia. èdisonis trestis~ meTaurad da-
iniSna kompania `baiografis~ prezidenti jeremaia kenedi, mZime xasiaTis pirov-
neba, romelic arasodes uxvevda aRebuli kursidan.
axalma organizaciam gasca SezRuduli raodenobis licenziebi kinokompa-
niebze, raTa maT gamoeyenebinaT èdisonis trestis~ kinomasalebi da kamerebi. ki-
noTeatrebis mflobelebs mieca saproeqcio aparatebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis
ufleba, damyarda axali urTierTobebi istmenis `kodakTan~, romelmac ivaldebu-
la, rom mxolod `trests~ gadascemda Tavis damzadebul kinofirs. uari eTqva
danarCen amerikulsa da ucxour kinokompaniebs, maT Soris italiur `Ciness~, da-
niur `nordisks~ da sxv. evropaSi amas cudi gamoxmaureba mohyva, samagierod, er-
Tob gaixara `trestis~ zogierTma wevrma, vinc adrec ewinaaRmdegeboda evropu-
li kinos Tamam SeWras amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kinobazarze.
edisons warmoudgenlad miaCnda, rom pirveli ar yofiliyo kinobiznesSi,
amitom yvelanairad cdilobda, xelT egdo lideroba. misi oficialuri mowode-
biT niu-iorkis policiam daxura xuTasi kinoTeatri, romelTa mflobelebma ar
Seasrules èdisonis trestis~ moTxovnebi. erTaderTi ucxouri kinokompania,
romelic ar daemorCila axal wesebs, iyo `nordiski~. mis xelmZRvanelobas See-
Zlo Sarl patesTan gaerTianeba da erToblivi ZaliT am `trestis~ damarcxeba,
magram ase ar moxda. Tomas edisoni kargad acnobierebda, rom axali gaerTiane-
bidan pates gagdeba arafriT ar SeiZleboda, radgan amiT gamoiwvevda savaWro
oms, raSic Tavad aucileblad damarcxdeboda. amitom man xeli SeuSala Zlieri
evropeli konkurentebis amgvar SekavSirebas da mosalodneli safrTxe Tavidan
aicila.
1909 wlis Tebervlidan daumorCilebelma kinokompaniebma Tavs `damoukideb-
lebi~ uwodes da Seudgnen aralegalur muSaobas. edisonma maT winaaRmdeg sabr-
Zolvelad daaarsa `trestis~ filiali da kvlav ixmo kerZo deteqtivebi. amje-
rad ufro sastiki dapirispireba gaCaRda. edisonis daqiravebuli agentebi arc
akrZaluli aparaturis Tu firebis oficialur konfiskacias eridebodnen da
arc cema-tyepas. iyo SemTxveva, roca `trestisa~ da `damoukideblebis~ warmomad-
genlebi ise daerivnen erTmaneTs, rom maT gasaSveleblad seriozuli Zalis _
erovnuli gvardiis nawilebis gamoZaxeba da Careva gaxda saWiro.
1909 wlidan edisonma daafuZna perioduli kinoJurnali `kinetogrami~, ro-
melSic ibeWdeboda statiebi misi kinokompaniis miRwevebze, kinoteqnikis siaxle-
ebze, warmoebaSi CaSvebul kinosuraTebze, magram es kinoproduqcia auditorias
aRar moswonda, edvin porteric daiStampa. gadawyda evropidan, kerZod ki safran-
geTidan, miewviaT romelime gamocdili kinoreJisori, romelic produqciis mxat-
vruli donis amaRlebaze izrunebda, magram veravin daiyolies. samagierod, edi-
sonis TanamSromlebma moifiqres, gaeziarebinaT JorJ meliesis gamocdileba da
ekeTebinaT fantastikuri kinosuraTebi da `saSinelebaTa filmebi~. am mizniT
maT gadaiRes filmi `frankenStaini~ (1910), rasac safuZvlad daedo meri Selis
gaxmaurebuli romani `frankenStaini, anu Tanamedrove promeTeusi~. mis reJisors,
jeimz sirl dolis ukve hqonda gadaRebuli ekranizaciebi da am namuSevarzec
gamorCeuli gulisyuriT imuSava. mTavari personaJi ganasaxiera Carlz oglma,
romelmac TviTonve gaikeTa iseTi grimi da TviTonve SearCia iseTi kostiumi,
rogorebic CarCa cnobierebaSi, roca waikiTxa aRniSnuli literaturuli pir-
velwyaro. es iyo meri Selis nawarmoebis pirveli kinoversia.
23
1910 wlis martSi gamovida `kinetogramis~ morigi nomeri, romlis ydaze gan-
Tavsda kadri `frankenStainidan~, xolo Sida nawilis ori gverdi mTlianad da-
eTmo am filmis anotacias, gadamRebi jgufis muSaobis saintereso momentebs. am-
gvari reklama SesTavaza edisonis kompaniam mayurebels ekranebze gamomavali
filmis Sesaxeb. sazareli scenebis miuxedavad, auditorias mainc moewona kino-
suraTi, radgan bevr siaxles Seicavda. misma reJisorma SeZlo am moklemetraJian
filmSi Caetia romanis modificirebuli siuJeti, romelic warmoaCina zneobriv-
filosofiur aspeqtSi.
`damoukideblebis~ swrafvam realuri damoukideblobisaken Sedegad gamoi-
Ro amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1915 wlis gadawyveti-
leba, romlis mixedviT èdisonis trests~ aekrZala monopolistoba kinowarmoe-
baSi, gaqiravebasa da distribuciaSi. `menlo parkis jadoqari~ aRSfoTda da saq-
veynod ganacxada: qurdebma mompares kinos saidumloeba, xolo xelisufleba ra-
tomRac ar dadga Cems gverdiTo. amao gamodga ori wlis Semdeg sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba, ris Sedegadac edisonma ukan waiRo yvela investi-
cia, rac ki kinematografSi hqonda Cadebuli da Tavi mianeba am bizness.
1918 wels kinoekranebze gavida Tomas edisonis kinokompaniis bolo namuSe-
vari ùrwmuno~ (reJ. alan qroslendi). imave wlis TebervalSi edisonis kino-
studiam Sewyvita funqcionireba, xolo martSi igi `linqoln end parker film
qomfanis~ mihyides. jorj istmenma dananebiT aRniSna, rom edisonma ise ver gamo-
iCina Tavi kinoSi, rogorc sxva Tavisi gamogonebebis popularizaciaSio.
24
lumierebi
1880 wels frangma fotografma da mxatvar-portretistma klod-antuan lu-

mierma erT gazeTSi waikiTxa informacia, rom romeliRac belgielma qimikosma
gamoigona axali, mSrali fotofirfitebi da Tavad gadawyvita, ewarmoebina ase-
Tive produqcia sakuTar studiaSi, magram am Canafiqrma fiasko ganicada. antuan-
ma daxmarebisaTvis Svils _ luis, mimarTa. am ukanasknelma ukeTesi fotofirfi-
ta gaakeTa, riTac saxeli gaiTqva da mamam lionis gareubanSi, monplezirSi, gax-
sna fabrika, sadac awarmoebda aseT mgrZnobiare fotofirfitebs. rogorc ki di-
di fuli daugrovda, antuani sruliad gadasxvaferda, gaibRinZa, mieCvia banketebs,
fulis uazro xarjvas da 1882 wlisaTvis gakotrda kidec. amis Sedegad man Ta-
visi firmis patronebad Svilebi, lui da ogiusti gamoacxada. Zmebma aawyves saq-
me. Tuki 1884 wels fabrikaSi muSaobda 12 TanamSromeli, 1894 wlisaTvis maTi
ricxvi samasamde gazardes da yovelwliurad awarmoebdnen da uSvebdnen 15 mi-
lion fotofirfitas. am droisaTvis maTi kapitali sam milion franks Seadgen-
da. ganaTlebiT lui qimikosi iyo, xolo ogiusti _ fizikosi da biologi. maT
damTavrebuli hqondaT lionis samrewvelo-teqnikuri umaRlesi skola. orive
axorcielebda eqsperimentebs rogorc ferad fotografiaSi, aseve fizikisa da
qimiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi.
1894 wels antuani megobarma dapatiJa parizSi Catanili edisonis `kineto-
skopis~ demonstraciaze. mas moewona aparati, misi firis mcire naWeri waiRo da
Svilebs aCvena, Tanac SesTavaza, rom moegonebinaT `kinetoskopze~ ukeTesi xel-
sawyo, romelic sibrtyeze gadaitanda `moZrav fotografiebs~, sanam edisons saf-
rangeTSic ar dauwyia am aparatis dapatenteba, masobrivi keTeba da gayidvao. an-
tuani Tavgamodebuli nacionalisti iyo da yovelTvis cdilobda, mZafri konku-
rencia gaewia sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT amerikelebi-
saTvis.
antuanma Zalian Zvirad Seisyida `kinetoskopi~, Caitana lionSi da samsaxu-
risagan Tavisufal dros Zmebi safuZvlianad ecnobodnen mis meqanizms. maT kar-
gad gaiazres momavali aparatis funqciebi da daniSnuleba. isini mixvdnen, rao-
den didi upiratesoba eqneboda mas `kinetoskopTan~, roca `moZrav fotosura-
Tebs~ erTi seansisas gacilebiT meti mayurebeli naxavda.
pirvelad ogiustma scada xelsawyos Taviseuli varianti gaekeTebina, mag-
ram ara gamouvida ra. karga xnis fiqris Semdeg axali aparatis sqema luis mou-
vida TavSi da Zmas gaando. xelsawyo unda yofiliyo `kinetoskopisa~ da `la-
terna majikas~ erTgvari Serwyma, romelsac emateboda firis gadamtani axlebu-
ri meqanizmi _ `greiferi~. aparati, erTdroulad rom warmoadgenda kamerasac,
proeqtorsac da aslebis damamzadebelsac, maT gaakeTebines TavianT TanamSro-
mels, inJinersa da meqanikoss, Sarl muasons. igi `kinetoskopze~ ukeTesic iyo,
msubuqic (iwonida xuT kilograms) da wamSi uSvebda 16 kadrs. misi moZraoba ey-
rdnoboda sakeravi manqanis princips _ mas hqonda saxeluri, romelic vinmes un-
da daetrialebina, raTa firi aemoZravebina.
Zmebma qaRaldis firi gamoiyenes, magram roca mis gamousadegrobaSi darw-
mundnen, `kodakidan~ gamoiweres celuloidis kinofiri, romelsac kideebze Ti-
To-TiTo naxvreti gaukeTes. orive kargad icnobda reinosa da mares saqmianobas
da edisonsa da diqsonze metad erkveoda fotografiis saidumloebebSi.
25
1894 wlis 26 dekembers lionis erT-erTi gazeTi amcnobda mkiTxvels, rom
Zmebma lumierebma Seqmnes axali aparati, romelic arafriT Camouvardeboda To-
mas edisonis `kinetoskops~ da Cvens Tanaqalaqelebs eqnebaT iSviaTi bedniereba,
pirvelebi gaecnon mas da Seafasono.
antuans surda gamogonebisaTvis daerqmiaT `domitori~, magram memkvidreebi-
sagan uari miiRo. Semdeg man nacnobebisagan Seityo, rom leon bulim veRar gada-
ixada 1894 wlis sapatento gadasaxadi Tavis `sinematografze~, amitom xelT ig-
do es vadagasuli patenti da 1895 wlis 13 Tebervals axlobeli iuristebis meo-
xebiT gadaaforma Tavis Svilebze `lumieris sinematografad~.
edisonisagan gansxvavebiT, lumierebma saswrafod daapatentes aparati uc-
xoeTSic, raTa momavalSi raime garTuleba ar mohyoloda maT gamoyenebas an vin-
mes ar moepara misi konstruqciis principebi.
1895 wlis gazafxulze luim gadaiRo pirveli patara filmi `muSebis gamos-
vla lumierebis fabrikidan~, riTac Taviseburi, Sefaruli reklama gauwia Tavi-
anT sawarmos. Semdeg is da misi Zma iRebdnen aseTive zomis namuSevrebs sakuTa-
ri ojaxis wevrebze, megobrebze, stumrebze, rasac `cxovrebis suraTebs~ uwodeb-
dnen. es ar iyo aranairi kinematografiuli azrovnebis Sedegi, aramed mxolod
calkeuli kadrebis dafiqsirebas emsaxureboda. erTxel Tavisive zRvispira aga-
rakze, la siotaSi, maT firze aRbeWdes, rogor angrevdnen daqiravebuli muSebi
erTi damxmare nagebobis kedels da roca mza masala SemTxveviT ukan daatria-
les, aRmoaCines, rom dangreuli kedeli isev aRsdga. lumierebs Zalian moewonaT
aseTi triuki da gadawyvites igi eCvenebinaT yvelasaTvis.
Zmebma daiwyes `sinematografis~ kerZo Cvenebebi sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi.
maT 1895 wlis 22 marts parizSi industriis ganviTarebis sazogadoebis wevrebs
warudgines `muSebis gamosvla lumierebis fabrikidan~, xolo 16 aprils sorbo-
nas universitetSi mimdinare konferenciis monawileebs aCvenes igive namuSevari.
orivegan maT moxsenebebic waikiTxes Tavis kvlevebze. pirvel seanss daeswro an-
tuan lumieris megobari, inJineri da gamomgonebeli Jul karpentie, romelic am-
zadebda zust xelsawyoebs, eleqtronulsa da optikur aparatebs. man iTava `si-
nematografis~ seriuli warmoeba. pirvel xanebSi unda daemzadebina 25 cali, Sem-
deg ki _ 200, magram rva dRis mere moulodnelad gaakeTa ganacxadi sakuTar ga-
mogonebaze, axal kameraze, rasac `sinegrafi~ uwoda.
gaizarda lumierebis kinosuraTebis raodenoba. luim gadaiRo `gawuwuli
mrwyveli~, komikuri ambavi imaze, Tu rogor gawuwavs biWuna baRis morwyviT da-
kavebul mebaRes. specialistebi erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian, rom es iyo msoflio-
Si pirveli mxatvruli kinokomedia.
zafxulSi Zmebi lumierebi miiwvies safrangeTis fotografTa kongresze,
romelic lionSi tardeboda. RonisZiebis gaxsnis dRes, 10 ivniss, maT aparati da-
dges samdinaro navsadguris SesasvlelTan da gadaiRes kongresis monawileTa
gadmosvla navsadgurSi Camomdgari gemidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki `muSebis ga-
mosvla lumierebis fabrikidan~ gadaRebisas maT aukrZales TanamSromlebs ki-
nokamerisaken gaxedva, am SemTxvevaSi imaves ver sTxovdnen kolegebs, amitom fil-
mSi gadaRebulia delegatebis bunebrivi reaqcia: zogi maTgani qudis moxdiT
Soridanve esalmeba Zmebs, zogi ki gaocebuli Sescqeris Soriaxlos mdgom xel-
sawyos, romelsac, fotoaparatisagan gansxvavebiT, saxeluri hqonda da mas xeliT
atrialebdnen.
imave saRamos lumierebma delegatebs aCvenes rva kinosuraTi, xolo ori
dRis Semdeg moawyves kidev erTi seansi, gaimeores wina programa, rasac daamates
26
cincxali kinosuraTebi, raSic aRbeWdilia kongresis monawileebis Casvla li-
onSi da diskusia or maTgans Soris. orive Cvenebam fotografebis didi intere-
si gamoiwvia. maT gulwrfelad miuloces warmateba lionel mewarmeebs.
lumierebis gamogonebis Sesaxeb informacia mTel safrangeTs moedo. 11 iv-
liss parizSi mecnierTa wreSi luim moawyo Tavisi aparatis demonstrireba. `si-
nematografma~ amjerad swavlulebi moxibla. zafxulSi luim gadaiRo `muSebis
gamosvlis~ kidev erTi versia, radgan miaCnda, rom misi pirveli varianti ar var-
goda. mogvianebiT man igive filmis mesame variantic gaakeTa.
21 seqtembers lumierebma la siotaSi sagangebod Sekribes axloblebi, rom-
lebsac ayurebines rva kinosuraTi, maT Soris: `bavSvis sauzme~, romelSic ogius-
ti da misi meuRle asauzmeben TavianT Svils, `banqos TamaSi~, sadac naCvenebia,
rogor TamaSoben banqos da miirTmeven alkohols antuan lumieri da misi mego-
brebi. yoveli filmis standartuli sigrZe 17 metramde iyo da TiToeuli maT-
ganis proeqcia mxolod erT wuTamde grZeldeboda.
Jul karpenties `sinegrafma~ ar gaamarTla, amitomac saxelganTqmuli inJi-
neri miubrunda lumierebs da oqtombridan Seudga `sinematografebis~ awyobas.
pirveli modeli man lionSi gaakeTa, mTlianobaSi ki 800-mde aparati daamzada.
imave wlis Semodgomaze lui da ogiusti miiwvies belgiaSi, briuselSi mow-
yobil fotografTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis generalur asambleaze, romlis
monawileebma 10 noembers ixiles `sinematografis~ programa. 12 noembers mis sa-
naxavad liovenis erT dramatul TeatrSi Seikribnen adgilobrivi literaturi-
sa da xelovnebis moRvaweebi da belgiis princi, xolo meore dRes imave qalaqis
kaTolikuri universitetis fizikis muzeumSi lumierebma lioveneli fotogra-
febisaTvisac gamarTes winaswar daugegmavi seansi. TiToeul Cvenebas kinomeqani-
kosis rangSi uZRveboda muasoni. `sinematografma~ axla belgielebic aalapara-
ka da mis Semqmnelebs `geniosebis ojaxi~ uwodes.
lumierebi isev miiwvies sorbonaSi, sadac 16 noembers mecnierebaTa fakul-
tetis studentebisaTvis gaamarTvines Cveneba da mcire leqciac Caatarebines.
amas mohyva kidev ori kerZo Cveneba: 1 dekembers lionSi, biznesmenTa banketze, da
11 dekembers grenoblis TeatrSi fotografebisaTvis. Zmebs ukvirdaT, rom `moZ-
ravi fotosuraTebi~ ufro met interess iwvevdnen, vidre maTive gamogonebuli
feradi fotografiebi, romlebsac isini `sinematografTan~ erTad aCvenebdnen am-
gvar RonisZiebebze.
antuan lumierma gadawyvita, `sinematografiT~ ganecvifrebina parizi. is mu-
asonTan erTad Cavida dedaqalaqSi, dReSi 30 frankad daiqirava kapucinebis bul-
varze mdebare `gran kafes~ sardafi da Seudga premierisaTvis mzadebas. man erT
stambaSi daamzadebina afiSa, romelzec daaxatvina epizodi `gawuwuli mrwyve-
lidan~ da gaakvrevina sareklamo dafebze. `gran kafe~ lumierma specialurad
amoirCia, radgan iq ikribeboda parizuli elitis nawili literaturasa da po-
litikaze samsjelod da 1895 wlis 28 dekembers daniSna pirveli seansi, Tumca
bolo momentSi, ramdenime saaTiT adre, SiSma Seipyro, vaiTu aravin movideso, ami-
tom piradad dapatiJa oriode nacnobi. maT Soris `foli berJesa~ da `komedi
fransezis~ direqtorebi da iluzionisti JorJ meliesi. am ukanasknels ufrosma
lumierma uTxra: Sen ki aoceb yvelas Seni fokusebiT, magram modi, naxe da Tavad
gaocdebi Cveni gamogonebiTo.
seansis bileTi erTi franki Rirda. darbazSi asi skami dadges, magram, sam-
wuxarod, mxolod 33 mayurebeli Seikriba. kedelze gaWimuli iyo TeTri swor-
kuTxa zewari, xolo mopirdapire mxares Stativze idga xelsawyo, romelic Zal-
27
ze waagavda fotoaparats. auditorias Sesavali sityviT miesalma fotografi
kleman morisi. roca muasonma Suqi Caaqro da CarTo `sinematografi~, ekranze ga-
moCnda lionis belkuris moednis fotoebi, romlebic Secvales amave qalaqis
sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebis fotoebma, ramac damswreTa Soris uxerxuloba gamoiw-
via, radgan aseTi warmodgena araerTxel hqondaT nanaxi. mcire xnis Semdeg mayu-
reblis mimarTulebiT moZraoba daiwyo etlSi Sebmulma cxenma. masTan erTad
amoZravdnen gamvlelebic. auditoria gaSterebuli Sescqeroda ekrans. amis mere
muasonma warmoadgina ZiriTadi programa, romelic Seicavda 10 kinosuraTs Sem-
degi TanmimdevrobiTa da qronometraJiT:
1. `muSebis gamosvla lumierebis fabrikidan~, 46 wami;
2. `mojiriTeni~, 46 wami;
3. `Tevzaoba òqros Tevzis~ dasaWerad~, 42 wami;
4. `fotografTa kongresis monawileTa gadmosxdoma samdinaro gemidan
lionSi~, 48 wami;
5. `mWedlebi~, 49 wami;
6. `gawuwuli mrwyveli~, 49 wami;
7. `bavSvis sauzme~, 41 wami;
8. `sabanSi gaxveva~, 41 wami;
9. `kordelierebis moedani lionSi~, 44 wami;
10. `zRvaSi banaoba~, 38 wami.
Cvenebis bolos pirdaRebuli da enaCavardnili parizelebi erTxans ver mo-
egnen gons, mere ki misalocad Semoexvivnen antuans. yvelas surda gaego, maTac
Tu SeeZloT amgvari Sedegebis miRweva. grevenis muzeumis xelmZRvanelma mas
20000 franki SesTavaza `sinematografSi~, `foli berJes~ direqtorma _ 50000
franki, magram lumierma orives civi uari stkica da Tan ganucxada: am aparatSi
aris erTi didi saidumlo Cadebuli, amitom me TviTon vapireb mis farTo eqs-
pluatacias da iqidan mogebis miRebaso. am dRes lui da ogiusti lionSi iyvnen
da, Cveulebisamebr, Cahkirkitebdnen feradi fotografiis problemebs. maT miaCn-
daT, rom `sinematografi~ iyo mxolod mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi da mas aranai-
ri komerciuli warmateba ar eqneboda.
antuan lumieri namdvilad ar moeloda aseT triumfs. Tanac meore dRes
mxolod meorexarisxovanma gazeTebma amcnes sazogadoebas am sensaciis Sesaxeb,
rameTu wamyvani presis specialurad dapatiJebuli warmomadgenlebi (mag., `figa-
ros~ korespondenti) ar mividnen pirvel seansze. Jurnalistebi aRniSnavdnen,
rom lumierebma, am Taviseburi gvaris matareblebma (`lumieri~ qarTulad `Suqs~
niSnavs), marTlac rom Suqi Seitanes gamomgoneblobis istoriaSi da samSoblos
Sors gauTqves saxelio. seansze damswre erTaderTma Jurnalistma, anri de par-
vilma ganacxada, rom Zmebma lumierebma TiTqos danaSaulis adgilze gamoiWires
cxovreba da ise aCveneso. aparati Seaqes gamoCenilma mecnierebmac da gamomgo-
neblebmac, maT Soris etien-Jul marem. antuanma Svilebs acnoba axali ambavi da
saswrafod gamoiZaxa parizSi.
29 dekembridan lumierebis `sinematografis~ sanaxavad yoveldRiurad ukve
2500 adamiani saaTobiT idga grZel rigSi, sadac gaugebrobebis gamo Cxubic ki
imarTeboda. `gran kafes~ manamde skeptikurad ganwyobili mepatronis sixaruls
sazRvari ar hqonda. pirvel kviraSi Semosavalma 1700 franks gadaaWarba. Semdeg
seansebi droebiT Sewyda. rasakvirvelia, aRniSnuli Tanxa sasacilod Canda im
SemosavlebTan, rac lumierebs hqondaT ZiriTadi saqmianobidan, Tumca maT is
axarebdaT, rom saukeTeso gasarTobi saSualeba gamoigones.
28
rigi dadga monpleziris fabrikaSic. bevr adamians undoda eyida aparati.
isini zRaprul Tanxebs sTavazobdnen mama-Svils, Tumca am ukanasknelTa pasuxi
erTnairad uaryofiTi iyo. potenciur myidvelTagan yvelaze metad meliesi aq-
tiurobda. rodesac igi ver moiSora, antuan lumierma miswera mkvaxe werili, ra-
Sic Zvel nacnobs uxsnida: `mimadlodeT, rom Cveni gamogoneba ar iyideba, Torem
gagakotrebdiT. `sinematografi~ rogorc samecniero siaxle, odesRac miiRebs
aRiarebas, magram komerciuli perspeqtivebi mas ar gaaCnia~.
1896 wlis 1 Tebervlidan `gran kafeSi~ ganaxlda `sinematografis~ Cveneba.
amjerad yoveldRiurad ramdenime seanss uSvebdnen. pirvelsave dRes 2000 bile-
Ti gaiyida. Zvel programas daemata ramdenime axali filmi, maT Soris `matareb-
lis Camodgoma la siotas rkinigzis sadgurSi~, romelic Zmebma wina wels ki ga-
daiRes, magram pirvel programaSi ar CarTes. am kinosuraTma furori moaxdina,
vinaidan ise efeqturad iyo gadaRebuli matareblis sadgurSi Sesvlis epizodi,
rom Tavdapirvelad auditoriis Tavzardacemuli nawili darbazidan garboda,
meore nawili gaocebisagan adgilidan ver iZvroda, xolo ufro guladni wamox-
tebodnen da ekranis ukana kedels gulmodgined aTvalierebdnen, ainteresebdaT,
rogor gaCnda amodena satransporto saSualeba aseT patara oTaxSi.
aRniSnuli namuSevris Seqmnis idea gaCnda mas Semdeg, rac erT mSvenier
dRes Zmebi da maTi ojaxis ramdenime wevri stumarTa dasaxvedrad unda wasu-
liyvnen la siotas rkinigzis sadgurze. luim Tan gaiyola Tavisi oriode mosa-
msaxure, raTa meti xalxi gamoCeniliyo baqanze, waiRo kinoaparati, SeurCia kargi
rakursi da gadaiRo matareblis Semosvla. kadrSi moxvda TiTqmis yvela adamia-
ni, maTgan aRsaniSnavia lumierebis deda, romelic or SviliSvilTan erTad elo-
da Camomsvlelebs.
erTxel, roca mayurebeli erTTavad mieCvia matareblis Camodgomis efeqts
da ukve sakmaod damSvidebuli Sescqeroda ekrans, lumierebma daavales kinomeqa-
nikoss, rom roca matarebeli gaCerdeboda, firi ukuRma daetrialebina. aman uf-
ro meti efeqti moaxdina da zogierT damswres gulic ki wauvida.
`sinematografis~ pirveli sazRvargareTuli seansi Zmebma lumierebma moaw-
yves 1896 wlis 20 Tebervals britaneTis dedaqalaqSi, samefo politeqnikur ins-
titutSi, rasac daeswro 54 mayurebeli. ramdenime kviris Semdeg misi Cveneba dai-
wyes londonis èmfaier sieTrSi~, rac 16 Tves gagrZelda.
1896 wlis 1 marts aparatis pirveli komerciuli Cveneba Sedga briuselSi,
xolo aprilidan parizSi ukve ramdenime adgilas aCvenebdnen lumierebis fil-
mebs. amjerad bileTi gaiafda, igi 50 santimi Rirda, rac iZleoda saSualebas,
rom ufro met msurvels enaxa kinosuraTebi. TiToeuli seansi 20-30 wuTs
grZeldeboda da Tan axlda pianinoze an saqsofonze Sesrulebuli musikaluri
akompanementi. mayurebelTa nakadi ar wydeboda, lumierebis Semosavali yovel-
dRiurad izrdeboda.
`sinematografma~ aSkarad daCrdila `kinetoskopi~. man kino gamoiyvana yu-
Tidan da masobrivi gaxada. miuxedavad imisa, rom `gran kafes~ premieramde ameri-
kis SeerTebul Statebsa da germaniaSi moewyo msgavsi aparatebis komerciuli
seansebi da maT didi aJiotaJi ar gamouwveviaT, lumierebis gamogoneba yvelaze
srulyofili iyo, amitomac miiCneven Zmebs kinos gamomgoneblebad, Tumca ogiusti
yovelTvis usvamda xazs, rom `sinematografi~ uSualod luim gamoigona, xolo
TviTon organizatorul saqmianobas eweoda. amasTanave, `moZravi fotografiebis~
aRsabeWdi da gasaSvebi xelsawyoebi 1896 wlidan mravlad gakeTda sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi. marto safrangeTSi gaica 129 patenti, xolo inglisSi _ 50.
29
1896 wlis maisSi, JenevaSi gamarTul gamofenaze lui lumiers SesTavazes,
Tavisi aparati gamoefina iq, sadac edisonis gamogonebebi idga, magram man iuara,
riTac mamisagan mxurvale madloba daimsaxura.
fransis dublie da misi Zma gabrieli muSaobdnen monpleziris fabrikaSi.
fransisi da muasoni iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic lumierebma gaagzavnes sazRvar-
gareT. isini jer amsterdamSi Cavidnen da waradgines `sinematografi~, iqidan ki
ruseTs gaemgzavrnen. 14 maiss maT gadaiRes nikolai meoris mefed kurTxevis sa-
zeimo ceremoniali (zogierTi monacemiT, amas iRebda kidev erTi frangi opera-
tori, kamil de la serfic), xolo ori dRis Semdeg _ mefis wardgena xalxSi, ra-
sac areuloba mohyva da bevri adamiani daiRupa, amitom adgilobrivma xelisuf-
lebam moaxdina imdRevandeli gadaRebuli firebis konfiskacia. 17 maiss fran-
gebma sankt-peterburgSi Caatares kinoseansi, ris Semdegac muasoni dabrunda li-
onSi, saidanac miavlines italiaSi, xolo dublie germanias ewvia.
1896 wlis 29 ivniss `sinematografis~ debiuti Sedga aSS-Si, niu-iorkis erT-
erT TeatrSi. amerikuli auditoria da presa aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda mas. `niu
iork taimsma~ aparats èvropuli sensacia da XIX saukunis udidesi gamogoneba~
uwoda. amis Semdeg daiwyo lumierebis kinoaparatis triumfaluri svla ameri-
kul qalaqebSi. adgilobrivi gamomgoneblebis msgavsi naxelavebi didad Camou-
vardebodnen Zmebis qmnilebas, amitom verc masTan sakonkurenciod vargodnen da
aranairi popularobiTac ar sargeblobdnen. amerikuli warmoebis kinosuraTe-
bis done ar akmayofilebda iqaur mayurebels, amitom is iTxovda mxolod Zmebi
lumierebis namuSevrebs, raSic ufro sadad da realurad iyo gadmocemuli
cxovreba.
ivlisSi Zmebi Tavad estumrnen niu-iorks. es iyo mZime dartyma edisonisaT-
vis. lumierebma pirvelive Cveneba erT-erT udides miuzikholSi gamarTes, ramac
uamrav xalxs mouyara Tavi. masze lumierebis TanamSromelma, feliqs mesgiSma
waradgina `gran kafes~ programa, rasac daamata `matareblis Camodgoma la sio-
tas rkinigzis sadgurSi~.
lumierebma sakuTari kinofiris warmoeba daiwyes da gamoacxades, rom aya-
libebdnen kinooperatorobisa da kinomeqanikosobis Semswavlel kursebs, rasac
Sarl muasoni da aleqsandr promio gauZRvebodnen. es ukanaskneli daeswro ra
`sinematografis~ erT-erT saCvenebel seanss parizSi, iqidan moyolebuli cxov-
rebis miznad daisaxa, radac unda dajdomoda gaecno Zmebi da maTTan emuSava.
garkveuli xnis Semdeg man aisrula ocneba, warudga lumierebs, romlebmac igi
samsaxurSi aiyvanes da aparatis marTva aswavles.
monpleziris fabrikaSi ramdenime aTeuli enTuziasti mivida xelobis Se-
saswavlad. kursebis gavlis Semdeg maT miecaT winadadeba, wasuliyvnen sadac
surdaT, eCvenebinaT `sinematografis~ programebi, adgilze gadaeRoT raime masa-
la, romelsac gaagzavnidnen an Caitandnen ukan, fabrikaSi, sadac moxdeboda maTi
awyoba epizodebad an filmebad da katalogSi Setana. am specialistebs `kadreb-
ze monadireni~ Searqves. isini aparatebiTa da firebiT aRiWurvnen da msoflios
moedvnen. marto aSS-Si lumierebma gagzavnes 22 kinooperatori feliqs mesgiSis
meTaurobiT. lui pesimisturad uyurebda am wamowyebas. mas egona, rom maTi
aparati, albaT, modaSi iqneboda mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mogvianebiT,
mas Semdeg, rac kinom komerciul bums miaRwia, man miuTiTa: winaswar rom ganmeWv-
rita, ra mohyveboda Cems aparats, sulac ar gamovigonebdio.
lumierebma warmomadgenlobebi daafuZnes sazRvargareT da safrangeTis
zogierT provinciul qalaqSi, sadac agzavnidnen kinomeqanikosebs, xolo warmo-
30
madgenlobebis xelmZRvanelebs evaleboda maTi patronoba da maTTvis xelfasis
gadaxda. Semosavlis naxevari midioda lumierebTan, xolo meore naxevari adgil-
ze rCeboda. kinosuraTebs, umeteswilad, waradgendnen miuzikholebSi, ZiriTadi
programebis Semdeg, bazrobebze, romlebzec isedac didZali xalxi ireoda, da
sxvadasxva daqiravebul SenobaSi. zogjer `kadrebze monadireni~ TavianT gada-
Rebul kinosuraTebs lionis ofisSi gagzavnamde adgilobriv mayurebelsac aC-
venebdnen. maT erTgvari sareklamo xrikic moigones _ gavidodnen quCaSi, dadgam-
dnen aparats da daatrialebdnen meqanizmis saxelurs. amis Semxedvare uamravi
adamiani ikribeboda. yvela cdilobda kadrSi moxvedras. meore dRes TiToeuli
maTgani Sekrebda axloblebs, dapatiJebda kinoseansze im imediT, rom sakuTar
Tavs daanaxebda ama Tu im kinosuraTSi, Tumca xSirad pirSi Calagamovlebuli
rCeboda, radgan, rogorc sinamdvileSi irkveoda, operatorebi Turme tyuilad at-
rialebdnen saxelurs, arafersac ar iRebdnen da amiT mxolod izidavdnen po-
tenciur mayurebels.
amerikuli kinokompaniebi SeSfoTdnen. Tomas edisonis waqezebiT maT daiw-
yes brZola imisaTvis, rom Tavad ekontrolebinaT sakuTari kinobazari da iqi-
dan gaeZevebinaT Zmebi lumierebi. am moZraobas saTaveSi Caudga àmeriqen miuto-
skop end baiograf qomfani~. isini imiTac gaRiziandnen, rom frangebma 1896 wlis
noemberSi, niu-iorkSi oficialurad gaxsnes TavianTi saagento, romelic aSS-is
teritoriaze avrcelebda kinosuraTebs.
imave xanebSi lumierebis liderobas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. Sveica-
riaSi gamoigones moxtunave meqanizmis axali saxeoba, romelsac uwodes `maltu-
ri jvari~, ramac ukeTesad daaregulira aparatSi firis gavlisas warmoqmnili
uxerxuli cimcimi da misi principi daedo safuZvlad yvela axal aparats. amas-
Tan SedarebiT `greiferi~ ukve aSkara anaqronizmad iqca.
fransis dublie kvlav wavida ruseTSi da moskovSi kinosaloni daafuZna.
igi bevrs mogzaurobda am qveyanaSi, aCvenebda programebs, iRebda masalas, rasac
dasamontaJeblad agzavnida lumierebTan. ruseTidan dublie imave misiiT gaemg-
zavra ungreTSi, germaniaSi, espaneTsa da holandiaSi.
1897 wlisaTvis lumierebis katalogSi iyo 358 filmi. martSi parizis sen
denis bulvarze mdebare jadosnobis Teatris SenobaSi daiwyo lumierebis axa-
li programis demonstrireba. yvelaze metad mayurebeli etaneboda kinokompania
`lumieris~ or axal kinosuraTs: kinokomedias `Sxapi abanos Semdeg~ (1897, reJ.
lui lumieri) da aleqsandr promios mier inglisSi gadaRebul dokumentur na-
muSevars `fexburTi~ (1897).
`sinematografis~ amerikuli epopea maleve gasrulda. amerikelebma jer Sea-
viwroves, Semdeg ki gamoaZeves lumierebis warmomadgenlebi. Tomas edisonma da
misma kolegebma qveynis prezidentis doneze daayenes problemis gadawyvetis sa-
kiTxi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma miiRo kanoni, rac icavda adgi-
lobriv kinomwarmoeblebs imiT, rom ucxoelebs akisrebda filmebisa da kinoapa-
ratebis importisaTvis sakmaod did fass, riTac gza mouWres maT TavianT kino-
bazarze. es ukve savalalo warumatebloba iyo. amasTanave, frangi Zmebi damarcx-
dnen `teqnologiur omSi~, radgan maTi amerikeli konkurentebi ufro da ufro
aumjobesebdnen kinoteqnikas, isini ki arc fiqrobdnen amaze.
1897 wlis maisSi lumierebma gatexes navsi da Tavisi aparatura bazarze
gaitanes gasayidad. mTeli mowyobiloba Rirda 1650 franki, xolo marto proeq-
tori _ 300 franki, Tumca `sinematografi~ veRar sargeblobda Zveli popularo-
biT, radgan kino Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda.
31
promiom, romelmac naxevari evropa moiara, 1897 wels veneciaSi, gondolaSi
myofma moifiqra gadaRebis axleburi meTodi _ moZraobaSi gadaReba (`trevelin-
gi~). man kamera dadga gondolaze da iqidan gadaiRo qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobe-
bi. male es meTodi Tavis arsenalSi Seitanes sxva kinooperatorebma, radgan
luis Zalian moewona igi da maTac daavala, rom aucileblad aeTvisebinaT da
gamoeyenebinaT praqtikaSi. `trevelingis~ panoramuli gadaReba promiom isev ga-
naxorciela jer egvipteSi, sadac moZravi etlidan gadaiRo mdinare nilosi,
TurqeTSi, sadac mcuravi navidan gadauRo e. w. òqros WiSkars~ da safrangeTSi,
sadac mimavali matareblidan da eifelis koSkze amavali liftidan firze ga-
daitana saintereso xedebi.
lumierebis operatori gabriel veiri mogzaurobda meqsikaSi, kolumbiaSi,
kubaSi, venesuelasa da panamaSi. kinoprogramebis CvenebiT man didZal Tanxasac
mouyara Tavi da egzotikuri epizodebic gadaiRo.
1897 wlis noemberSi, ruseTSi Cavida mesgiSi, romelic jer odesaSi aCveneb-
da filmebs, mcire xnis Semdeg ki ialtaSi, mefis ojaxisaTvis gamarTa sagangebo
seansi. monarqs Zalian moewona filmebi da operatori guluxvad daajildova.
mesgiSma daiwyo turne ruseTis evropul nawilSi, romelic daamTavra niJni nov-
gorodiT, sadac farTo ekranze gauSva kinosuraTebi, maT Soris _ `nikolai meo-
ris koronacia~. auditoria aRSfoTda. zogma `sinematografi~ èSmakis manqanad~
CaTvala da gamudmebiT pirjvars iwerda, zogi ki gabrazda, ris Sedegadac xuTi
dRis mere fanatikosebma ekranica da droebiTi saTavsic, saidanac mimdinareobda
kinoseansi, dawves. mesgiSma fexad gaaswro gamZvinvarebul brbos. oriode kviris
Semdgom man sankt-peterburgSi gadaiRo moxdenili wyvilis msubuqi cekva. meore
dRes, roca man es epizodi aCvena elitarul sazogadoebas Teatr àkvariumSi~,
mas brali dasdes rusuli armiis SeuracxyofaSi, radgan mocekvave mamakaci ofi-
ceri iyo da mas ar SeSvenoda amgvar mdabiur sanaxaobaSi monawileoba. mesgiSi
qveynidan gaaZeves, Tanac ise, rom policiam sazRvramde miacila.
1898 wels lumierebs 1000 kinosuraTi daugrovdaT. rasakvirvelia, maT ume-
tesobas iRebdnen maTive TanamSromlebi da umravlesobas warmoadgenda dokumen-
turi produqcia (àqtualuri kinosuraTebi~). im wlis yvelaze popularuli mxa-
tvruli filmi, romelic lumierebma gamouSves, iyo `hercog gizis mkvleloba~
(reJ. JorJ ato). am moklemetraJian namuSevarSi warmoadgines cnobili Teatra-
luri speqtaklis mxolod erTi scena da igi imiT gamoirCeoda, rom masSi uza-
dod farikaobdnen msaxiobebi.
kaTolikuri eklesiis mesveurebis keTilganwyoba gamoiwvia kinosuraTma
ìeso qristes vnebani~ (1898, reJ.: lui lumieri da JorJ ato). amis Semdeg Zmebi
gadabargdnen isev monplezirSi, ganaaxles kino da fotomasalebis warmoeba da
aseve muSaoba ferad fotografiaze. yvelafris paralelurad ogiust lumieri
agrZelebda kvleviTsa da gamomgoneblobiT saqmianobas samedicino sferosa da
kavSirgabmulobaSi. kinokompanias marTavdnen Zmebis ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi,
Tumca xandaxan lui daubrundeboda xolme kinoreJisorobas.
filmi ìeso qristes vnebani~ aSS-Si waiRo orma amerikelma Teatralurma
prodiuserma. kinosuraTi didi warmatebiT gadioda iqaur ekranebze, sanam am
prodiuserebTan ar mividnen edisonis warmomadgenlebi da ar aukrZales seanse-
bis gamarTva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini sasamarTloTi daemuqrnen. daboRmili
edisoni cdilobda ase gadaexada samagiero frangi konkurentebisaTvis.
safrangeTSi dabrunebulma mesgiSma cota xniT imuSava monplezirSi, mere
miatova lumierebi, damoukideblad iRebda sareklamo kinosuraTebs, magram kvlav
32
mogzaurobisaken gauwia gulma. man xelmeored moiara evropa, kinofirze gadai-
tana mniSvnelovani politikuri, kulturuli Tu sportuli movlenebi da sarfi-
anad yidda am filmebs. morigi turnedan (egvipte, TurqeTi, belgia, SvedeTi) Camo-
vida promioc, romelic sami weli erTgulad emsaxura lumierebs, Semdeg gauCi-
narda da mogvianebiT patesTan amohyo Tavi. axal mivlinebaSi gaeSura fransis
dublie. misi marSruti amjerad gadioda aRmosavleT evropisa da Soreuli azi-
is saxelmwifoebSi, sadac mravalferovani masala gadaiRo.
1900 wels parizSi daigegma msoflio gamofena, romlis direqtorma piradad
sTxova lumierebs, kinoCveneba moewyoT uzarmazar ekranze. lumierebma da dub-
liem gaakeTes 400 kvadratuli metris kinoekrani, romlis orive mxare yurebadi
iyo 25000 adamianisaTvis. programa grZeldeboda 25 wuTs da Sedgeboda 15 kino-
suraTisagan. Tavdapirvelad Zmebs surdaT, farTo firiT gaeSvaT isini, magram
Sesabamisi kinoproeqtori ar gaaCndaT. `lumierebis giganturi sinematografi~
gamofenis organizatorebsa da mnaxvelebs ise moewonaT, rom kidev erTi didi
ekrani daidga eifelis koSkis axlos da iqac gauSves filmebi, raTa daekmayofi-
lebinaT mayureblis mzardi moTxovnileba. am ukanasknelma mxolod erT dRes
gaZlo, radgan qarbuqma mis srulyofil funqcionirebas SeuSala xeli, ris ga-
moc igi Camoxsnes.
1901 wels Zmebi lumierebis operatorebma gadaiRes àqtualuri kinosuraTe-
bi~, romlebic mieZRvna frangul-rusul dResaswaulebs da ruseTis mefisa da
safrangeTis prezidentis vizits dunkerkSi. miuxedavad amisa, lumierebma Seamci-
res kinowarmoebis tempebi, `kadrebze monadireTa~ umravlesoba daiTxoves samsa-
xuridan an isini Tavad wavidnen: zogi sxva kinokompaniaSi gadavida, xolo zogi
isev profesiul fotografias daubrunda.
farToformatian firebze eqsperimentebi gagrZelda. imxanad lui lumieri
werda, rom kino nel-nela Teatrisaken, organizebuli scenis gamoyenebisaken mie-
marTeboda da, samwuxarod, maT ar hqondaT amis ekranze aRbeWdvis saSualeba.
1902 wels man gaxsna `fotoramis~ gamofena parizSi. es iyo lumierebis morigi
siaxle panoramul gadaRebaSi. Semdeg Zmebi `stereoskopiTa~ da stereofotoe-
biT dainteresdnen. maT fransis dublie miavlines aSS-Si, sadac, rogorc iqna, Ca-
moayalibes TavianTi warmomadgenloba.
1902 wlisaTvis lumierebis katalogi ukve 2113 films iTvlida. maTi umete-
soba erTferovan, erTxazovan, mdare namuSevrebs warmoadgenda. Zmebma sabolood
gadawyvites kinosTan daSoreba da TavianTi kinokompaniis aqtivebi da uflebebi
`sinematografze~ Sarl pates mihyides. 1903 wels maT gamoigones feradi foto-
grafiis procesi, rasac daarqves `lumierebis autoqromi~. sxvadasxva mizezis ga-
mo, es gamogoneba bazarze mxolod oTxi wlis Semdeg gavida. amas garda Zmebi
lumierebi sxva inovaciebzedac muSaobdnen.
1905 da 1907 wlebSi gamovida lumierebis bolo katalogebi, Tumca isini ma-
Sin mxolod firs awarmoebdnen. 1909 wels daarsda `kinoTeatrebis mflobele-
bis franguli sindikati~, romlis sapatio prezidentad lui lumieri airCies.
1919 wels is gaxda safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri. mogvianebiT, rode-
sac parizSi kinematografis dabadebis erT-erT wlisTavs aRniSnavdnen, sazeimo
sxdomis dawyebamde mcire xniT adre organizatorebma darbazSi aRmoaCines uc-
nobi, romelic kuTxeSi miyuJuliyo. mas gaZeveba daupires, magram roca misgan ga-
iges, rom is lui lumieri iyo, gaocebulni darCnen da kinos patriarqs umal Ro-
nisZiebis prezidiumSi miuCines adgili. 1936 wels lui ewvia londons, sadac
pirveli kinoCvenebidan 40 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili RonisZieba gaimarTa imave
33
dawesebulebaSi _ londonis samefo politeqnikur institutSi. 1946 wels man
safrangeTis erovnul sinemaTekas gadasca TavianTi filmebis didi nawili. igi
1948 wels gardaicvala, 83 wlis asakSi. ogiustma kidev rva weli icocxla da
gardaicvala 1954 wels, 91 wlis asakSi.
lionSi arsebobs lumierebis instituti, romelic warmoadgens kompleqss,
raSic Sedis saxl-muzeumi, biblioTeka, sagamofeno darbazi da sxv. institutSi
arasruli raodenobiTaa daculi lumierebis filmebic. maT Tavi mouyares msof-
lios sxvadasxva kuTxidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1979 wels qalaq pertis (avstralia)
erTi bankis sardafSi aRmoaCines `muSebis gamosvlis~ uZvelesi asli da kidev
19 filmi, romelTaganac sami ucnobi iyo mkvlevarebisaTvis. safrangeTSi dawese-
bulia Zmebi lumierebis saxelobis prizi, rasac gadascemen saukeTeso frangul-
enovan kinosuraTebsa da maT avtorebs.
lumierebis filmebi, romlebsac aleqsandr promio òptikur iluzias~ uwo-
debda, xolo fransis dublie `cxovrebis scenebs~, Seulamazebel yoveldRiuro-
bas aCvenebdnen. feliqs mesgiSi ambobda, rom Zmebma swori maneriT aCvenes cxov-
rebis dinamizmi, riTac fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitanes kacobriobis istoria-
Sio. lumierebma Seqmnes Tavisi droisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli kinoaparati,
romelsac xmauriani reklama gaukeTes da romlis gamoCenasac arnaxuli aJiota-
Ji mohyva. maTi warmomadgenlebi dedamiwis xuTive kontinentze Cavidnen da dain-
teresebul auditorias aCvenes `sinematografis~ produqcia, romelsac veranair
konkurencias ver uwevdnen sxva kinopionerebis filmebi. marTalia, lumierebs ar
mouwyviaT pirveli komerciuli kinoseansi, rasac mkvlevarTa erTi nawili maT
miawers, Tumca `gran kafeSi~ Catarebuli pirveli kinoCvenebis TariRi _ 1895
wlis 28 dekemberi _ pirobiTad aRiarebulia kinos dabadebis dRed.
34
meliesi
JorJ meliesi parizSi daibada 1861 wels. igi bavSvobidanve iyo dainterese-
buli xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargiT, gansakuTrebiT Tojinebis TeatriTa da xat-
viT, 10 wlis asakSi pirvelad naxa da mere xSirad eswreboda cnobili iluzio-
nistis, Jan-eJen rober-udenis warmodgenebsac. JorJi ixibleboda am adamianis sa-
Semsruleblo ostatobiT da Sin dabrunebuli cdilobda mis mibaZvas imiT, rom
moawyo sakuTari Tojinebis Teatri da ojaxis wevrebs aCvenebda Tavisive gamo-
gonebul sabavSvo speqtaklebs. man pirnaTlad imsaxura armiaSi, mere ki swav-
lobda xelovnebis skolaSi. 1884 wlidan is saswavleblad miavlines londonSi,
sadac ZiriTadi saqmianobis paralelurad ewafeboda fokusis xelovnebas, miu-
zikholebis, pantomimisa da magiuri atraqcionebis mudmivi stumari iyo, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom mis mSoblebs undodaT, JorJs safuZvlianad Seeswavla inglisuri
ena, raTa mamamisis fexsacmlis biznesSi CarTuliyo. samSobloSi dabrunebulma
meliesma menejerad daiwyo muSaoba mamis erT-erT fabrikaSi da sakmarisi fu-
lic daagrova.
JorJ meliess colad hyavda holandieli mdidari mewarmis, biZamisis megob-
ris qaliSvili, romlisganac mziTevSi didZali qoneba da fuli ergo, rac daax-
loebiT naxevar milion franks Seadgenda. 1888 wels igi ojaxuri biznesidan ga-
movida, Tavisi wili or ufros Zmas mihyida, 40 000 frankad Seisyida rober-ude-
nis Teatri da masTan axlos gadavida sacxovreblad. rober-udeni am droisaT-
vis cocxali aRar iyo, amitom misma memkvidreebma gadawyvites, gaeyidaT Teatri,
romelic 200 mayurebels itevda.
1888 wlis Semodgomidan meliesma mcireodeni remontis Semdeg gaxsna axali
sezoni. is dgamda ara dramebs an komediebs, aramed sacirko sanaxaobebs – ilu-
zionistebis gamosvlebsa da feriebis zRaprebs, romlebic saaxalwlo warmodge-
nebs ufro hgavdnen. es iyo atraqcioni saxuravis qveS. meliesi gaxda Teatris
direqtori da TviTonac gamodioda scenaze, rogorc fokusebisa da triukebis
specialisti. am TeatrSi Tavidanve igi iluzionistobaSi aviTarebda im codnas,
romelic londonSi miiRo, igonebda axal teqnikas, SuqCrdilebs imisaTvis, raTa
metad efeqturi yofiliyo warmodgenebi.
1895 wlis 28 dekembers meliesi daeswro lumierebis aparatis pirvel kino-
seanss `gran kafeSi~. Tavdapirvelad, rodesac ekranze gamoCnda proecirebuli
fotoebi, mas gaukvirda da ifiqra kidec: amisaTvis ratom momacdineso, magram me-
re daiwyo saswauli, ramac sabolood moajadova da darCenil droSi gaSeSebu-
li Sescqeroda win gakrul TeTr zewars. meore dRes is ewvia klod-antuan lu-
miers da sTxova mieyida misTvis kamera, raSic SeaZlia 50 000 franki, saxlic ki
SesTavaza, magram uari miiRo. ufrosi lumieri meliesSi potenciur konkurents
xedavda. momaval wels JorJma Seityo, rom inglisSi robert poli akeTebda lu-
mierebis msgavs aparatebs, amitom saswrafod Cavida londonSi da polisagan 28
000 frankad Seisyida kinokamera.
pirveli kinoseansi meliesma 1896 wlis 4 aprils Tavis TeatrSi moawyo da
aCvena sxvebis, ZiriTadad, polisa da edisonis filmebi, magram mere gadawyvita
Tavadac gadaeRo, Tumca manamde, kinokameris principebis gacnobis Sedegad, saku-
Tari aparati gaakeTa im meqanikuri nawilebisagan, romlebic aRmoaCina Tavisive
Teatris sawyobSi da 1896 wlis seqtemberSi daapatenta igi, oRond SemdgomSi
35
aRar daiwyo misi seriuli warmoeba da sxvebis gamogonebul kinokamerebsac xma-
robda. amasTanave, mas didi Tanxa daujda aSS-Si kinofiris SeZena. mogvianebiT
meliesisaTvis aparaturas amzadebda kinomrewveli Carlz erbeni da londoni-
dan ugzavnida. pirvel xanebSi JorJi aparatiT xelSi daexeteboda parizis qu-
CebSi da yvelafers iRebda, rac moewoneboda.
1896 wlis Semodgomaze meliesma gamouSva pirveli erTwuTiani kinosuraTi
`banqos TamaSi~, romelic iyo pirdapir gadmoRebuli lumierebis amave siuJetis
filmidan. imave wels man gaakeTa 80 patara filmi, romelTa umetesoba eZRvne-
boda an mogzaurobebs, an yoveldRiur cxovrebas da warmoadgenda lumierebis
kinosuraTebis aSkara mibaZvas, maT Soris iyo `matareblis Camodgoma Juanvilis
rkinigzis sadgurSi~, `mrwyveli~, `muSebis gamosvla viberis saxelosnoebidan~.
erT dRes, rodesac meliesi parizis quCaSi iRebda epizods, kameraSi firi
gaeWeda, amitom SeaCera gadaReba, xolo roca wuni gamoaswora da gaagrZela mu-
Saoba, aRmoaCina, rom kameris win ucbad Seicvala situacia _ omnibusisa da mama-
kacebis nacvlad, rasac is iRebda, sul sxva suraTi warmoudga – samgloviaro
ceremoniali da qalbatonebi. amiT is mixvda, rom kinos saSualebiT mas SeeZlo
Seecvala dro, adgili da personaJebi. amas isic daerTo, rom erTxel masTan mi-
vida stumari maSin, roca igi iRebda Tavis oTaxs. meliesma gamorTo aparati da
stumars gaumaspinZlda. garkveuli xnis Semdeg, marto rom darCa, gaagrZela ga-
daReba. firis gamJRavnebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom skami aRar idga im kadrSi, ro-
melic man gadaiRo stumris wasvlis Semdeg. aman ufro gaamyara misi Sexedu-
leba kinos iseT gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze, rasac is TeatrSi verc inat-
rebda.
mokle xanSi meliesma gadaiRo `gauCinarebuli qalbatoni~ (1896). kadrSi Ca-
nan Tavad meliesi da qali. mere igi qals abreSumis tilos gadaafarebs da ro-
ca tilos moaSorebs, qali aRar aris mis qveS. es iyo umartivesi triuki, romlis
drosac meliesma kamera gaaCera, qalbatoni gamoiyvana kadridan, mere ise ga-
daiRo da daamontaJa. qalis rolSi TamaSobda misive Teatris msaxiobi Sarlot
fesi, romelsac meliesi farulad etrfoda da romelsac gadaakeTebina saxeli
da gvari Jean d’alsid. amas mohyva kidev ramdenime aseTive kinosuraTi.
1896 wlis miwuruls meliesma daafuZna sakuTari kinokompania `star fil-
mi~ da sazogadoebas warudgina misi emblema _ varskvlavi. imavdroulad igi Se-
udga montrei-su-buaSi, Tavis mamulSi, romelic colis mziTevidan ergo, studiis
mSeneblobas, rac daamTavra momdevno wlis gazafxulisaTvis. kinostudiis aSe-
nebis idea JorJs mas Semdeg gauCnda, rac masTan mivida momRerali polu (Jan-
pol abani), sTxova gadaeRo filmebi im simRerebis teqstebis mixedviT, romleb-
sac is mReroda, magram uari ganacxada, rom emRera dRis Suqze. am problemis wi-
naSe damdgarma meliesma proeqti TviTon moamzada, aago studia, romelic SuSiT
gadaxura, raTa maqsimalurad mieRo mzis Suqi, Semdeg daxata Sesabamisi dekora-
ciis ramdenime eskizi da interierSi gadaiRo xuTi filmi. roca es kinosuraTe-
bi gadioda erT TeatrSi, polu jer scenis ukan idga da mReroda, mere scenazec
gamoCndeboda da ise mReroda, riTac did ovaciebs iwvevda. polum aseve STaago-
na meliess, rom kinosuraTebis gasaxmovaneblad gamoeyenebina Zveleburi stilis
`fonografi~.
momdevno wlebis ganmavlobaSi kinostudiis irgvliv meliesma aaSena damx-
mare nagebobebic, romlebSic ganTavsda laboratoria, sadac firi mJRavndeboda,
sakostiumero da sadekoracio, xolo parizSi, erT saxelosnoSi daiqirava 21 qa-
li, romlebic xeliT aferadebdnen mis filmebs. mTeli es samuSao 90 000 franki
36
dajda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas hyavda TanamSromlebi, is mainc iTvleboda kine-
matografistad, romelic, ZiriTadad, yvelafers akeTebda – iyo reJisoric, msaxio-
bic, mxatvaric, operatoric, kostiumebis mxatvaric, memontaJec. amasTanave, igi
drosac poulobda, raTa TeatrisaTvis miexeda.
axalagebul kinostudiaSi meliesi kviraSi erT films akeTebda. samuSao
Zneli iyo, radgan unda daexata fonebi, iseTebi, rogorebic iyo fotografiul
studiebSi. isini ixatebodnen an nacrisferSi, an SavSi, raTa firze mkveTrad ga-
moCeniliyvnen. kinosuraTis momzadebis periodSi es iyo misi sayvareli saqmiano-
ba. mas Tan dahqonda uSvelebeli portfeli, sadac ewyo momavali kinosuraTis
eskizebi. roca fonebs moamzadebda, maT win mere idgmeboda an aveji, an sxva rai-
me saWiro nivTi. filmis warmoeba meliesisTvis imitomac iyo saintereso, rom
igi xeliT da guldasmiT akeTebda yvelafers, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT arTuleb-
da, magaliTad, Tu unda eCvenebina fabrika Soridan, maSin mis miniaturul mo-
dels amzadebda. Tavis kinostudias meliesi uwodebda fotografiuli studiisa
da Teatraluri scenis Tavisebur kombinacias. Suqi masSi Sedioda saxuravidan
da kedlebidan, magram rodesac sWirdeboda, gverdebze fardebs Camoafarebda da
amiT aregulirebda Suqis nakads. sanam dRe iyo, JorJi cdilobda, maqsimalurad
emuSava da gadaeRo saWiro epizodebi.
studiaSi meliess hqonda bevri ram, maT Soris iseTi raRacebic, rom erT
mnaxvels gauCnda azri: es kinostudia ki ara, wamebis oTaxiao. roca gadaRebisa-
Tvis yvelafers moamzadebda, kinokameris fexebs or Toks gamoabamda da TiToe-
uls marjvniv da marcxniv miamagrebda ukana fonis boloebs, raTa aReniSna kame-
ris mxedvelobis areali. Semdeg win axal Toks gaabamda, rac aRniSnavda, rom mas
ar unda gadmoscdenoda msaxiobi, raTa is mTel sigrZeze gamoCeniliyo. aseve, sa-
Wiroebisamebr, daayenebda damatebiT or mwkrivs, rom msaxiobi gadaeRo an mux-
lebs qvemoT, an wels zemoT.
1896 wels meliesma gaakeTa pirveli e. w. `saSinelebaTa filmi~ _ `Tavzar-
damcemi Rame~, romelSic naCvenebia, Tu rogor ebrZvis adamiani gigantur xoWo-
ebs. imave wlis saintereso namuSevaria èSmakis cixesimagre~. es iyo sam wuTze
meti qronometraJis, mxolod erTi epizodis mqone kinosuraTi da iTvleboda mis
pirvel did nawarmoebad. meliesis namuSevrebi imJamad didi popularobiT sar-
geblobdnen. montaJi man pirvelad gamoiyena adreul filmSi _ `mdinareSi daxr-
Cobisagan gadarCena~ (1896). ase da amgvarad Seudga igi fantastikuri da zRapru-
li Sinaarsis mxatvruli (TxrobiTi) kinofilmebis Seqmnas.
1897 wels meliesma gadaiRo kidev ramdenime `saSinelebaTa filmi~, maT So-
ris: `mojadoebuli saxli~ da àvtomaturi masxara~. saintereso gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti xerxebiT gamoirCeoda misi sxva namuSevrebic: `mojadoebuli duqani~, `hipno-
ziori muSaobisas~ da `fausti da margarita~. es ukanaskneli iyo JorJis pirve-
li ekranizacia iohan volfgang goeTes `faustis~ mixedviT. TiTqmis yvela namu-
SevarSi mTavar personaJebs is da Jean d’alsi TamaSobdnen. meliesi akeTebda
ìnscenirebul qronikebsac~ _ Tavis studiaSi qmnida sagangebod gaTamaSebul
kinosuraTebs msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebze. amave mizniT man gadaiRo Tur-
qeT-saberZneTis omis epizodebi sam filmad, xolo britaneli kolonizatorebis
winaaRmdeg indoelebis ajanyebis amsaxveli fragmentebi oTx filmad da a. S.
am wlebSi meliesma ramdenime siaxle danerga kinoSi, maT Soris, ekranis da-
yofa da gamosaxulebis gaqroba. igi kinos uyurebda, rogorc atraqcions, xolo
fantastikur siuJetebs ganixilavda, rogorc mis Semadgenel saukeTeso nawils.
is warmatebiT akeTebda tradiciuli Teatraluri elementebis kinokombinaciebs.
37
erTxel meliesi mwared moatyues da finansuri maqinaciis msxverplad aqci-
es. 1897 wels masTan mivida misive TanamSromeli, romelmac urCia, kavSiri gaeba
axal finansur partniorebTan da miiyvana kidec erTi kaci, romelic gaecno ro-
meliRac organizaciis xelmZRvanelad. meore dRes mas mohyva viRac eqsperti
amave organizaciidan, mere mivida inJineri, mere kidev eqsperti. yovel maTgans me-
liesi gulaxdilad uyveboda Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg mas SesTava-
zes Tavisi wili Caedo momaval partniorobaSi da ase gadaaxdevines 25 000 fran-
ki. amis Semdgom isini gaqrnen da mxolod mogvianebiT gaigo meliesma, rom mas
saqme hqonda aferistebTan, romlebic ara marto mas moeqcnen ase, aramed sxva
firmebsac. nacnobma advokatebma reJisors SesTavazes sasamarTloSi Civili, mag-
ram, rogorc gairkva, sasamarTlo procedurebi dajdeboda orjer ufro meti,
vidre dakarguli fuli, amitom meliesma am Canafiqrs Tavi gaaneba.
gavida mcire xani da erT mSvenier dRes mas gamoecxada eleqtroxelsawyoe-
bis fabrikanti klod grivola, romelmac igive SesTavaza, rac adre misulma afe-
ristebma, magram ganrisxebulma meliesma is gaagdo, grivola ki patesTan wavida
da mis biznesSi Cado didZali fuli. igi namdvilad ar tyuoda, mas marTla ain-
teresebda kinowarmoeba.
meliesma gaafarTova kinos TxrobiTi buneba, aCvena, rom kinos SeuZlia ara
marto asaxos namdvili cxovreba da sasacilo epizodebi, aramed iyos saintere-
so ambebis mTxrobelic. mis dros Camoyalibda kadris agebis Teatraluri meTo-
di _ kamera ise unda daeyenebinaT, rom mayurebels daenaxa msaxiobi mTel sigr-
Zeze ise, rogorc TeatrSi. misi erT-erTi pirveli, aseTi xasiaTis kinosuraTi,
romelic dRemdea SemorCenili, aris kinosuraTi `mTvare erT metrSi~ (1898).
1898 wels `demonebis gamoqvabuli~ iyo meliesis `saSinelebaTa filmi~, sa-
dac Cndebodnen ConCxebi, aCrdilebi da es gaTvla gakeTda mayureblis emocieb-
ze. im wlis monagaridan sxva aRsaniSnavi kinosuraTebia: `pigmalioni da gala-
Tea~, `Savi xelovneba~, `fantastikuri iluziebi~. filmSi `novacia rentgenSi~ aR-
werilia, rogor cdilobs erTi mecnieri, rentgenis aparatis saSualebiT ConCxi
gamoacalkevos sxeulidan, xolo filmSi àstronomis ocneba~ moTxrobilia, ro-
gor ocnebobs mecnieri mTvareze moxvedras. es ukanaskneli warmoadgenda misive
Teatraluri speqtaklis kinoadaptacias. mniSvnelovani namuSevari iyo òTxi mo-
usvenari Tavi~, raSic naCvenebia, rogor gamoeyofa meliesis personaJis Tavs sami
damatebiTi Tavi da rogor dacuraven isini oTaxSi.
1899 wels meliesma ganaxorciela ori mniSvnelovani da komerciulad war-
matebuli proeqti. pirveli iyo inscenirebuli kinosuraTi `dreifusis saqme~,
romelic mieZRvna safrangeTis armiis generaluri Stabis kapitnis, alfred dre-
ifusis sasamarTlos. es oficeri safrangeTis xelisuflebam yovelgvari mtki-
cebulebebis gareSe daadanaSaula germaniis sasargeblod gaweul jaSuSobaSi
da marTlmsajulebam samudamo katorRa miusaja, magram ramdenime wlis Semdeg
demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZalisxmeviT igi gaaTavisufles sasjelisagan. me-
liesma filmi gaakeTa seriebad, rac saSualebas aZlevda kinoTeatrebis mflobe-
lebsa da sxva Soumenebs, eCvenebinaT is an cal-calke, an erTianad. aRniSnuli
seriebi TerTmeti epizodisagan Sedgeboda. maT Cvenebebs Tan axlda xolme drei-
fusis momxreebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis masobrivi Cxubi parizisa da sxva qala-
qebis quCebSi, amitom isini maleve aikrZala. meore namuSevari `konkia~ xangrZli-
vobiT yvelaze grZeli (Svid-naxevari wuTi) filmi gamovida da masSi TamaSobda
msaxiobTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – 35 adamiani. meliesma es kinosuraTi miuZRv-
na momaval Taobas da ekranebze gauSva qristesSobis dReebSi.
38
dasaxelebuli ori filmis garda im wels warmatebiT gadioda meliesis
sxva kinosuraTebic. amasTanave, man istoriul Tematikasac miaqcia yuradReba da
gadaiRo `Jan d’arki~ da `kleopatra~, romelic dakargulad iTvleboda da mxo-
lod am bolo xanebSi aRmoaCines.
meliesis adreuli kinosuraTebi Zalian moswonda auditorias, gansakuTre-
biT bavSvebsa da mozardebs, rameTu maTi avtori cdilobda, eCvenebina zRapruli
samyaro. Tavadac patara bavSviviTa da didi enTuziazmiT akeTebda yvelafers.
XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis igi iTvleboda liderad kinowarmoebaSi da mas
sxvebi baZavdnen ise, rogorc erTxans is baZavda lumierebs.
meliesis ucnaur filmSi àdamiani-orkestri~ (1900) erTdroulad Svidi er-
Ti da igive mTavari personaJi (Svidives meliesi TamaSobs) gamodioda, rogorc
sxvadasxva instrumentis damkvreli musikosebi da diriJori. amisaTvis reJisor-
ma gamoiyena erTi gamosaxulebis kinematografiulad gamravlebis xerxi da isi-
ni Casva saWiro adgilebSi. amasve akeTebda igi sxva filmebSic, sadac agrZeleb-
da triukebisa da fantastikuri siuJetebis demonstrirebas.
1900 wlis dasawyisSi moxda xanZari meliesis TeatrSi, rac gamoiwvia saxu-
ravis qveS ganTavsebul studiaSi, romelic JorJs hqonda miqiravebuli mavan fo-
tografze, gaCenilma cecxlma. nawilobriv ganadgurebuli Teatris aRdgenas is
cxra Tves mounda. marTalia, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi didi Tanxa dajda, magram seq-
tembris miwurulidan Teatrma gaxsna sezoni.
1901 wels meliesma 29 kinosuraTi gadaiRo. maTgan gamorCeuli filmebia:
`masxara satanis winaaRmdeg~, `rezinisTaviani mamakaci~, `mojadoebuli cixe~ da
`cisferwvera~. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli iyo Sarl peros popularuli
zRapris ekranizacia. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom am xanebSi masTan msaxio-
bad muSaobda komikosi andre didi.
cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebis ekranuli xorcSesxma meliesma gaa-
grZela momdevno welsac, roca gadaiRo `guliveris mogzauroba~ da `robinzon
kruzo~. imave xanebSi is Seudga umniSvnelovanesi kinosuraTis `mogzauroba
mTvareze~ (1902) gakeTebas. filmis biujetma Seadgina aTi aTasi franki. misi ume-
tesi nawili daixarja kostiumebSi, dekoraciebSi, mxatvrobaSi, specefeqtebsa da
msaxiobTa honorarebSi. maSin mayurebelma arc ki icoda msaxiobTa gvar-saxele-
bi. meliesma gadaRebaze miiwvia msaxiobebi da balerinebi Teatrebidan da akro-
batebi cirkidan. es xalxi masTan mivida mas Semdeg, rac gaigo, rom kinoSi maT
ramdenime dReSi ufro met fuls gadauxdidnen, vidre TeatrSi erTi Tvis muSao-
bisaTvis. am samecniero-fantastikur mxatvrul films, romelSic erT-erTi roli
Tavad JorJ meliesmac Seasrula, safuZvlad daedo Jul vernis romani `dedami-
widan mTvarisken~ da herbert uelzis nawarmoebi `pirveli adamiani mTvareze~,
Tumca reJisorma originaluri literaturuli wyaroebis calkeuli epizodebi
Secvala da Taviseburi, axleburad Sejerebuli kinoversia gaakeTa. am kinosura-
TisaTvis meliess `kinos Jul verni~ uwodes.
`mogzauroba mTvareze~ imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom sxvadasxva evrope-
li kinomwarmoebeli akeTebda mis aslebs, arqmevda sxva saxelebs da Tavisi fir-
mis markiT uSvebda. meliess Zalian undoda, rom am filmiT amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebidanac mieRo komerciuli mogeba, magram iqauri kompaniebic, maT Soris
èdisonic~, imavenairad moiqcnen da ise moxda, rom am qveyanaSi, romelsac udi-
desi kinobazari gaaCnda, aRniSnul Sedevrs Semosavali ar hqonia.
aman gadaawyvetina meliess, ramenairad SebrZoleboda misi kinosuraTebis
aslebis mekobreobas aSS-Si da amitom moiazra, gaexsna iq Tavisi kompaniis fi-
39
liali. erTxelac igi Cavida amerikaSi, ewvia sigmend lubins, ar daasaxela Tavi-
si vinaoba, ganacxada, rom iyo axalgaxsnili kinoTeatris mflobeli da undoda
lubinisagan ramdenime filmis Sesyidva. lubini erT-erT cnobil kinomekobred
iTvleboda, sxvis filmebs Tavisad asaRebda, aWrida samarko niSans da Tavisas
asvamda. man stumari gaiyvana saproeqcio oTaxSi da aCvena `mogzauroba mTvare-
ze~, meliesisave filmi, romelsac saTauri hqonda Secvlili da erqva `mogzau-
roba marsze~. aman frangis mZvinvareba gamoiwvia. meliesma bolos ki ganmarta,
vinc brZandeboda da pirdaRebulic datova lubini, magram veraferi gaawyo am-
gvari damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg. imisaTvis, rom ramenairad daecva sakuTari
produqcia, man niu-iorkSi gaxsna Tavisi ofisi, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyena Tavi-
sive Zma gastoni, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis filmebs manamde aSS-Si oficialur
distribucias uwevda adgilobrivi kompania `baiografi~. amieridan meliesi ori
kinokameriT iRebda kinosuraTebs da amzadebda TiToeulis or negativs – erTs
safrangeTisaTvis, meores – aSS-saTvis, raTa iq droulad da kanonierad daregis-
trirebuliyo. male man Tavisi kompaniis filialebi gaxsna barselonaSi, lon-
donsa da berlinSi.
JorJ meliess ekuTvnis e. w. `katastrofaTa filmis~ Seqmnis pirveli mcde-
lobac. 1902 wels man gadaiRo martivi ìnscenirebuli qronika~ _ `vulkanis
amofrqveva kunZul martinikaze~, risTvisac dasWirda ramdenime metris sigrZis
tilo, SeRebili wyali lavis imitaciisaTvis, ferfli da cotaodeni asafeTqebe-
li nivTiereba. filmma gamaognebeli STabeWdileba moaxdina mayurebelze.
àdamiani-orkestris~ stilistikaze aawyo meliesma filmi `TavmoWrili ada-
miani~ (1902). aqac iyo triukebi, gauCinareba, axlo xedebi. inglisurma kompaniam
ùaruiqma~ mas daukveTa gadaeRo àqtualuri filmi~ britaneTis monarqis mefed
kurTxevaze. saqmeebiT datvirTulma kinoxelovanma ver moicala londonSi gasa-
mgzavreblad, raTa sagangebod daswreboda am movlenas da gadawyvita, Tavis stu-
diaSi ganexorcielebina gadaReba. amisaTvis man gaamzada dekoraciebi, mefis ro-
lisaTvis SearCia maxlobeli sayasbos TanamSromeli, romelic garegnobiT Zali-
an hgavda monarqs da gadaiRo filmi èduard VII-is koronacia~, ìnscenirebuli
qronika~, romelic ramdenime kviriT adre gakeTda, magram gasaRda ise, TiTqos igi
iyo Taviseburi reportaJi vestminsteris saabatodan, sadac Catarda ceremonia-
li. amis Semdgom erTob uxerxuli situacia Seiqmna, radgan koronacia, mefis
avadmyofobis gamo, ramdenime dRiT gadaido. ùaruiqis~ mesveurebma es ambavi gvi-
an Seityves, maSin, roca filmi ukve gadioda safrangeTSic da inglisSic.
meliesma gazarda filmebis qronometraJi. 1903 wlis misi produqciidan aR-
saniSnavi namuSevaria `melomani~, sadac Tavad TamaSobda momReral maswavle-
bels, romlis Tavebi TandaTanobiT Zvrebodnen sxeuls, zemoT adiodnen da sate-
legrafo boZis mavTulebze ise ewyobodnen, rom simReris (`RmerTo, daifare me-
fe!~) pirvel notebs adgendnen. TavebiT triukebs is sxva kinosuraTebSic akeTeb-
da. saintereso nawarmoebi gamovida `feriebis samefo~, romelSic avtorma gamoi-
yena Sua saukuneebis droindeli miniaturebi.
momdevno fantastikur filmSi ùrCxuli~ (1903) meliesma kvlavac uxvad Ca-
rTo triukebi, ostaturad gaakeTa gardasaxvebi erTi poziciidan meoreSi. goe-
Tes `fausts~ is kvlav daubrunda filmiT `faustis gasamarTleba~ (1903), raSic
isev TviTon iTamaSa mefistofelis roli. misi gmiri, romelsac Ramuras frTebi
aqvs, mohkidebs xels qals da Cahyavs jojoxeTSi. es Casvla STambeWdavadaa gada-
Rebuli: orive msaxiobi TokebiT ekida haerSi, xolo maT ukan dekoracia moZ-
raobda qvemodan zemoT da qmnida imis iluzias, rom isini sadRac cvivian.
40
meliesis kinoproduqcias bevri mayurebeli hyavda rogorc mis samSobloSi,
ise ucxoeTSi. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobdnen misi filmebi aSS-
sa da did britaneTSi, sadac misma warmomadgenlebma kinomekobreobis SemTxveve-
bi maqsimalurad aRkveTes. am faqtma didebul xelovans SemarTeba Semata. misi
kinosuraTebi ukve ara marto bazrobebze an ubralo kinoTeatrebSi gadioda,
aramed maT TviT parizis ori mniSvnelovani musikaluri dawesebulebis: `foli
berJesa~ da `Satles~ xelmZRvaneli pirebic ki daaintereses _ isini xandaxan
siamovnebiT uTmobdnen TavianT scenebs meliesis kinonawarmoebebs.
kosmosis Tema meliesma kvlav ganaviTara kinosuraTSi `mogzauroba SeuZ-
lebelSi~ (1904), romelsac safuZvlad daedo Jul vernis amave saxelwodebis li-
teraturuli pirvelwyaro. amas man miayola goeTes ukvdavi nawarmoebis kidev
erTi versia _ `fausti da margarita~ (1904).
1904 wels JorJ meliesis samma asistentma, ufrosis davalebiT, gaxsna fil-
mebis gaqiravebis saagento, romelmac ise gaamarTla, rom mokle xanSi sxvebmac
mibaZes maT. kinogaqiraveba xelsayreli biznesi gamodga. da radganac axal-axa-
li aslebis beWdvas didZali fuli da masala sWirdeboda, amisagan gansxvavebiT
filmis droebiT gaqiravebas ufro meti Semosavali mohqonda, vidre gayidvas.
meliesi iRebda komediebsac, romelTa erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia `xi-
faTiani saavtomobilo mogzauroba~ (1905), rac warmoadgenda satiras mmarTvel
fenaze da mis damokidebulebaze glexebisa da muSebisadmi. am filmiT reJisor-
ma isev daamtkica, rom Txrobis kargi ostati iyo.
ormagi da mravaljeradi eqspoziciebi CarTo meliesma axal kinosuraTSi
èSmakis oTxasi xumroba~ (1906). misi gmirebi haerSi dafrinavdnen, rTul triu-
kebs asrulebdnen da ucabedad uCinardebodnen. Tavis filmebSi eSmakis Temis
bevrjer gamoyenebisaTvis mas metsaxelad `mefistofeliesi~ Searqves, zogierTi
uwminduradac ki miiCnevda da satanasTan farul kavSirs abralebda. amis gamo
mis mimarT garkveuli ukmayofileba gamoiTqva saeklesio wreebSic.
am droisaTvis meliesma TviTreklamis Taviseburi xerxi moigona _ parizSi,
Tavis ofisTan da kinoTeatrTan axlos, rkinis CarCoSi gaakeTa quCaze gamavali
ekrani, razec gadioda misi filmebidan amoRebuli fragmentebis krebuli, bolos
ki iwereboda titri, rom reJisori JorJ meliesi epatiJeboda msurvelebs, Sesu-
liyvnen kinoTeatrSi da enaxaT kinoxelovnebis axali saocari nimuSebi. aRniS-
nuli reklama uwyvetad meordeboda. fexiT mosiaruleni Cerdebodnen da uyureb-
dnen am sanaxaobas, xolo maT Soris vinc gamodgeboda potenciuri mayurebeli,
dauyovnebliv miaSurebda darbazs. aRsaniSnavia, rom imdrondel kinoTeatrebs
ar hqonda foie da xalxic pirdapir quCidan Sedioda seansze.
1907 wels `star filmma~ gamouSva filmi `20 aTasi lie wyalqveS~ Jul
vernis amave saxelwodebis popularuli romanis mixedviT. meliesma gadaRebisa-
Tvis gamoiyena vernis nawarmoebis ilustraciebic. reJisorma kinokameris win
daayena didi akvariumi mcuravi TevzebiT da akvariumis ukana mxares moqmedeba
ise gaaTamaSa, rom TiTqos es yvelaferi wyalSi xdeboda. `20 aTasi lie wyal-
qveS~ gaxda misi erT-erTi ukanaskneli Sedevri, romlis Semdegac xelovans daew-
yo warumateblobis periodi, radgan misi stili ukve arqaulad aRiqmeboda. man
kinokamera vera da ver aamoZrava, kinematografiuli teqnika ki win midioda. mayu-
rebelsac TandaTanobiT mobezrda meliesis Zveleburi da ucvleli xelwera.
mas sul sxva moTxovnilebebi gauCnda. kinoauditoria sul axals Txoulobda,
meliesi ki vera da ver gamovida kinostudiidan, ver Secvala stilistika da Se-
moqmedebiTi principebi, ver gaiTvaliswina arsebuli realoba. misi filmebi moZ-
41
velda da daiStampa. mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad JorJma gadaiRo ramdenime
popularuli literaturuli nawarmoebis ekranizacia: `Jul sezaris sikvdili~
(1907), `hamleti~ (1907) da `don kixoti~ (1909), magram es mcdelobebi amao gamodga.
meliesis filmebi ver gascdnen Teatralur maneras. misi kinokamera ar moZ-
raobda, radgan igi Tvlida, rom Tavadac da kinoaparatic mxolod damkvirveb-
lebi iyvnen da sxva funqcia ar gaaCndaT. arada, kinematografi ukve ixveweboda,
axal xerxebsa da meTodebs igonebda, gamomsaxvelobiT formebs aumjobesebda, me-
liesi ki Tavs ar iwuxebda, raTa fexi aewyo kinos progresisaTvis.
1909 wels parizSi Catarebulma kinomewarmeTa saerTaSoriso kongresma me-
liesi Tavis prezidentad airCia. es iyo evropuli qveynebis warmomadgenlobiTi
Tavyriloba, Tumca misma rezoluciebma didi ziani miayena Tavad meliesis Se-
mosavals – dadginda, rom yvela kinosuraTi amieridan unda gaqiravebuliyo da
ar unda gayiduliyo. amiT kongresma gamoacxada sruliad axali era kinowar-
moebaSi, romelSic meliesis msgavsi pionerebisaTvis adgili aRar darCa.
cota xniT finansurad JorJs exmareboda misi Zma gastoni, romelic niu-
iorkSi jer patara àqtualur filmebs~ iRebda, mere ki moklemetraJian mxatv-
rul kinosuraTebs da yovel maTgans TanareJisorad Zmis saxelsa da gvars awe-
rda titrebze. 1910 wels man Tavisi vaJi, daqiravebuli adgilobrivi msaxiobebi,
reJisori da operatori gagzavna texasSi, sadac gadaaRebina moklemetraJiani
vesternebi, magram arc erTs ar mohyolia seriozuli komerciuli warmateba.
1911 wels meliesma gadaiRo mxolod erTi RirsSesaniSnavi namuSevari `ba-
ron miunhauzenis Tavgadasavlebi~, sadac isev warmoaCina urCxulebi, romlebisac
ukve aRar eSinoda auditorias. am kinosuraTisagan reJisori garkveul finansur
mogebas eloda, Tumca motyuvda. amis mere igi gaurigda Tavis mTavar konku-
rents, Sarl pates, romelic TiTqos mxsnelad moevlina da romelmac ikisra mi-
si filmebis wilobrivi dafinanseba da distribucia, magram male nawilobriv
Seucvala SeTanxmebis pirobebi da misca sesxi montrei-su-buas studiis mfarve-
lobis sanacvlod. amasTanave, kontraqtis erTi muxliT Sarl pates eZleoda uf-
leba, daemontaJebina meliesis kinosuraTebi. aseTi kabaluri damokidebulebis
aSkara gamovlena `pate freris~ generaluri menejeris, ferdinan zekas, damsaxu-
reba iyo, rameTu mas eSinoda, rom momavalSi igi Tavad meliess ar Seecvala am
Tanamdebobaze, Tumca odesRac saxelganTqmuli kinoxelovanica da misi filme-
bic ukve warsuls bardebodnen.
amgvar situaciaSi Cayenebulma JorJ meliesma gamouSva Tavisi bolo namu-
Sevrebi. 1912 wels man gadaiRo `polusis dapyroba~ Jul vernis erTi fantasti-
kuri nawarmoebis mixedviT. masSi moTxrobilia eqspediciaze, romelic moewyoba
dedamiwis CrdiloeT polusisaken. mayurebelze sasurveli efeqtis mosaxdenad
reJisorma gaakeTa Tovlis uzarmazari meqanikuri urCxuli, magram aman mayurebe-
li mxolod gaacina. kinosuraTma mosalodneli komerciuli Semosavali ver mo-
itana da, rogorc kinematografistebi amboben xolme, `gaqiravebaSi Cavarda~.
morigi filmi `konkia, anu brolis fexsacmeli~ (1912), Sarl peros zRapris
axali versia JorJ meliesma umeteswilad naturaze gadaiRo. SuriT aRvsilma
ferdinan zekam kinosuraTis pirveli varianti erTi meoTxediT Seamcira, riTac
sagrZnoblad daamaxinja avtoriseuli Canafiqri. meliess ukve sityva aRar eTq-
moda. zeka aseve moeqca mis sxva filmebsac.
1912 wels gaston meliesma moawyo turne wynari okeanis samxreTisa da azi-
is qveynebSi, sadac aCvenebda TavianTi kompaniis kinoproduqcias da Tan masalas
iRebda momavali filmebisaTvis, magram ukan mimavalma aRmoaCina, rom tropikuli
42
amindis gamo kinofirebi gafuWeboda da gzaSive mouwia maTi gadayra. amasobaSi
dRis wesrigSi dadga niu-iorkis ofisis daxurvis sakiTxi. 1913 wels igi Seisyi-
da kinokompania `vaitagrafma~. gastoni avadmyofi dabrunda safrangeTSi da ori
wlis Semdeg gardaicvala.
JorJ meliesma Tavi gaaneba kinowarmoebas. igi gakotrda, daqvrivda. amasoba-
Si daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi, romelmac axali usiamovnebebi moutana. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom man mTeli yuradReba Tavis Teatrze gadaitana, omis pirvel
dReebSi misi scena pirnaTlad emsaxureboda jaris nawilebis garTobasa da ja-
riskacebSi patriotuli sulis gaRvivebas, maleve isic daixura, radgan mayurebe-
li aRar hyavda.
meliesis ofisSi, romelic mTavrobam miiTvisa omis saWiroebebisaTvis, darCa
misi bevri firi rogorc filmebis, ise gamouyenebeli masalis saxiT. maT avtors
arc imis fuli hqonda, rom sxvagan gadaetana isini da droebiT mainc daebinave-
bina. man dakarga Zveli klientebi, amitom ucbad daeTanxma ZvelmanebiT erT mova-
Wres, romelmac uiafesad Seisyida 400 kinosuraTi da morCenili kinofirebi. me-
liesis ramdenime filmi sxvadasxva adamianis kerZo koleqciaSi imyofeboda da
isinic saTuTad uvlidnen maT. erT-erT pirovnebas hqonda Senaxuli kinosuraTe-
bis nawili, magram arsad aCvenebda da arc yidda, radgan miaCnda, rom rac dro
gadioda, miT ufro metad edeboda maT fasi.
asakSi Sesul kinoxelovans far-xmali ar dauyria. 1915 wels man Tavisi ki-
nostudia Teatrad gadaakeTa da daarqva `variete artistiki~. mis dasSi Sediod-
nen misi qaliSvili, siZe, maTi Svili da misi coli. es dasi dgamda saintereso
speqtaklebs, Tumca didZali auditoriis mizidva ver SeZlo.
pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg meliesi mcire xniT miiwvies
germaniaSi, Stutgartis dramatul TeatrSi dekoraciebis rekonstruqtorad, ukan
dabrunebulma ki kvlav Tavis Teatrs miaSura. `variete artistiki~ funqcioni-
rebda 1923 wlamde. amis Semdeg meliess pates valebi daugrovda da manac gaas-
xvisebina mTeli montrei-su-buas mamuli Tavisi SenobebiTa da miwis nakveTiT.
JorJ meliesis danarCeni qonebac (saxlebi, aparatura, kinostudiis mowyobi-
lobebi, negativebi da a. S.) gaiyida. man sakuTari xeliT gaanadgura Tavisive ki-
nomasalebi, romlebic ar Seutania arc erT kinosuraTSi, magram yoveli SemTxve-
visaTvis Senaxuli hqonda. oriode wlis ganmavlobaSi igi mogzaurobda xmelTa-
Sua zRvis sanapiroze mdebare restornebsa da kazinoebSi, romlebSic gamodioda
monologebiT da atarebda Zvelebur fokusebs.
1926 wels JorJma oficialurad iqorwina Tavis didi xnis sayvarel qalze
– Jean d’alsize, romelic flobda saTamaSoebis patara jixurs parizis monpar-
nasis rkinigzis sadguris baqanze. amjerad meliesis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro
es savaWro obieqti gaxda. igi Tavad akeTebda saTamaSoebs da yidda. 1928 wels
`sine-Jurnalis~ redaqtorma, leon druiom aRmoaCina is am jixurSi da Tavisi
Jurnalis meSveobiT sazogadoebas auwya saxelovani kinopioneris saSineli
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. miviwyebuli meliesi TiTqos xelmeored daibada _ Jurna-
listebi xSirad midiodnen masTan da arTmevdnen interviuebs, damwyebi kinoreJi-
sorebi konsultantad iwvevdnen, xolo ubralo adamianebi mowiwebiT esalme-
bodnen.
1929 wels erT-erTi avangarduli kinoTeatris mflobelma, Jan-pol mokler-
ma ipova meliesis zogierTi Zveli kinosuraTi, maTi nawili aRadgina saWiro
kondiciamde da kinomoyvarulTa axal Taobas avtoris TandaswrebiT aCvena ki-
dec ekranze. mayurebels Zalian moewona isini. amasobaSi mTavrobam meliess pen-
43
sia dauniSna da bina gamouyo kinos veteranTaTvis gankuTvnil saxlSi, xolo
1931 wels `sapatio legionis~ ordeniTac daajildova. 30-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi
man iTamaSa Tambaqos sareklamo ramdenime patara filmSic. 1938 wlis 21 ianvars,
xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sedegad, 76 wlis JorJ meliesi gardaicvala.
`specefeqtebis mama~, `kinos urCxuli~, `feriebis apologeti~, èkranis jado-
qari~ – aseTi epiTetebiT moixseneben am adamians kinoistorikosebi, siurrea-
listebi ùdides poets~ eZaxdnen, Carli Caplini _ `Suqis alqimikoss~, xolo de-
ivid grifiTi aRiarebda, rom misgan didad iyo davalebuli. Tavisi Semoqmedebis
ganmavlobaSi meliesma gadaiRo 600-mde kinosuraTi, romelTagan mxolod me-
samedia SemorCenili. Zmebi lumierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic umeteswilad
mainc dokumentur kinosuraTebs akeTebdnen, JorJ meliesi iTvleba mxatvruli ki-
nos Semqmnelad. is pirveli gaerkva axali gamogonebis usazRvro SesaZleblo-
bebSi, moawyo srulfasovani kinostudia, daiwyo literaturuli nawarmoebebis
ekranizaciebi da Seecada, kino gadaeqcia atraqcionuli sanaxaobidan xelovne-
bis dargad.
44
franguli kino: pirveli etapi
`sinematografis~ erT-erT adreul seanss daeswro adamiani, romelmac gada-

wyvita, xelT egdo aseTive aparati da misi saSualebiT biznesi wamoewyo. es pi-
rovneba iyo Sarl pate, romelic flobda maRazias, sadac vaWrobda edisonis
`fonografebiT~, maTi nawilebiTa da sxvadasxva musikaluri aqsesuariT. lumie-
rebma mas uTxres uari aparatis miyidvaze, amitom 1895 wels polisagan SeiZina
`kinetoskopi~ da Tomas edisonis kompaniis filmebi. patem gaakeTa maTi aslebi
da mihyida Soumenebs. misi dakveTiT inJinerma anri Jolim gamoigona qronofoto-
grafiuli kamera, romelic `kinetoskopebisaTvis~ iRebda kinosuraTebs. ramdenime
kviraSi Jolim patesaTvis daamzada aparati _ `fotozutropi~, oTxlinziani `ki-
netoskopi~. patem daiwyo misi seriuli warmoeba da gayidva.
1895 wels Seqmna Tavisi kompania Jul karpenties mowafem, optikuri xelsaw-
yoebis ostatma leon gomonma. kompaniis kapitali ganisazRvra 20000 frankiT. mas
TxovniT mimarTa JorJ demenim, raTa daefinansebina am ukanasknelis qronofoto-
grafiuli kamera da proeqtori `fonoskopi~. gomoni daTanxmda da orive apara-
ti gasayidad gaitana, magram kraxi ganicada, radgan proeqtorSi ido SuSis lin-
zebi, romlebic cudad aCvenebdnen gamosaxulebas, xolo araperforirebuli kino-
firi xSirad curdeboda dolakidan da wyvetda Cvenebas.
1896 wlis oqtomberSi 40 000 frankis kapitaliT dafuZnda kompania `pate
freri~ (`Zmebi pateebi~), romelSic Sevidnen Sarl pate da misi Zmebi _ Jaki, Teo-
fili da emili. wamyvani figura masSi iyo Sarli, romelic kinos ganagebda, xo-
lo emils evaleboda `fonografis~ sakiTxebi.
pateca da gomonic Seudgnen filmebis warmoebas. aqedan moyolebuli fran-
gul kinoSi daiwyo am ori kinomwarmoeblis erTmaneTTan sastiki konkurencia.
rasakvirvelia, sxvebis msgavsad orive lumierebis gavlenas ganicdida. amis das-
turia maTive pirveli namuSevrebi (magaliTad, pates `matareblis Camodgoma ven-
senis rkinigzis sadgurSi~, 1896). gomonis filmebs misi mdivani qali alis gi
iRebda. maTSi mTavar rolebs gomonis TanamSromlebi: eleqtrikosebi, inJinrebi
da durglebi TamaSobdnen, vinaidan Teatris profesionali msaxiobebi Tavdapir-
velad zizRiT uyurebdnen kinos da miaCndaT, rom es iyo marto akrobatebisa da
Jongliorebis saasparezod gankuTvnili sanaxaoba.
gomonis kompaniis erT-erTi warmatebuli mxatvruli filmi gamodga `kom-
bostos feria~ (1896). aseve aRsaniSnavia `gawuwuli mebaRe~ (1897), romelic gim ga-
daiRo zustad lumierebis cnobili namuSevris mixedviT. gomonis kinosuraTebi
35-75 frankad iyideboda.
1897 wels raul grimuan-sansonma gamoigona yvelaze saintereso aparati,
romelsac `sinekosmorama~ erqva. is iRebda da uSvebda panoramul gamosaxule-
bebs mrgval ekranze 12 proeqtoris daxmarebiT. amave xanebSi safrangeTSi ga-
moCndnen amerikuli kinokompania `baiografis~ kinosuraTebi, romlebsac didi
mowoneba xvdaT wilad. imave wlis maisSi parizSi saxeldaxelod aSenebul xis
droebiT SenobaSi, kinoseansis mimdinareobisas afeTqda saproeqcio aparatis na-
Tura, moxda xanZari, ris Sedegadac 121 adamiani daiRupa. qveyana glovam moicva.
miuxedavad amisa, kinos popularoba aman ver SeaCera. ukve eWvs aRar iwvevda is
garemoeba, rom e. w. `moZravi fotografiebi~ gaxda saerTaSoriso donis atraqci-
oni.
45
pates TanamSromloba SesTavaza klod grivolam. 1897 wlis dekemberSi fi-
nansist Jan neiresTan da lionis sakredito bankTan erTad man xeli moawera
xelSekrulebas Sarl da emil pateebTan, romlis mixedviTac `pate freri~, ro-
melSic aRar iyvnen Jaki da Teofili, gadakeTda saaqcio kompaniad milioni
frankis kapitaliT. es iyo uCveulo faqti, radgan kinosaqmeSi imxanad did fuls
aravin debda. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT Sarl pates axla ukve SeeZlo, mayureblis
moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad umal Seecvala gegmebi, filmebi. man ganaviTara
axali kinokamerebi, proeqtorebi da gadaRebuli masalis dasamzadebeli teqniku-
ri saSualebebi. misi biznesi gafarTovda da ukve seriozuli Semosavali moh-
qonda.
1898 wlisaTvis kinos, rogorc axali teqnikuri gamogonebis, bumi Cacxra da
igi Cveulebriv movlenad gadaiqca, magram aparatebis gamogonebaze kvlavac
grZeldeboda fiqri da muSaoba, xolo erTmaneTis konkurenti kinomewarmeebi
cdilobdnen ufro da ufro saintereso da dasamaxsovrebeli kinosuraTebi ga-
moeSvaT. maSindel kinoseansebze, ZiriTadad, aCvenebdnen sami Tematikis produq-
cias: filmebs mogzaurobaze, sadac asaxuli iyo egzotikuri qveynebi, qronika-
lur-dokumentur kinosuraTebs (samTavrobo an samefo vizitebi, sazogadoebrivi
RonisZiebebi, sportuli siaxleebi da a. S.) da erTi sasacilo scenisagan Semd-
gar kinokomediebs.
1898 wlis seqtemberSi safrangeTis policiam akrZala adviladaalebadi na-
Turebis gamoyeneba kinoproeqtorebSi da daawesa, rom am ukanasknelTaTvis auci-
leblad unda gamoyofiliyo calke kabinebi nebismier dawesebulebaSi, sadac ki-
noseansebi imarTeboda.
vensenSi, Zveli kafes SenobaSi, patem gaakeTa patara kinostudia da labora-
toria. missave ezoSi moewyo gadasaRebi moedani da Tuki amindi iZleoda amis
saSualebas, mimdinareobda gamalebuli gadaReba.
1998 wlis martSi, monakoSi Catarda konkursi, romlis monawileebs unda wa-
redginaT JiurisaTvis filmi monakos RirsSesaniSnaobebze. gaimarjva kleman mo-
risma, romelsac gadaeca prizi. es iyo msoflioSi pirveli kinematografiuli
prizi.
1899 wels axalgazrda korsikeli msaxiobi, momRerali da konferansie fer-
dinan zeka samuSaod aiyvana emil patem `fonografis~ ganyofilebisaTvis, radgan
mas hqonda sasiamovno xma. male is SeamCnia Sarlmac da vensenis kinofabrikis
direqtorad daniSna. miuxedavad imisa, rom zekas aranairi kinosareJisoro gamo-
cdileba ar gaaCnda da metic _ manamde saerTod arasodes enaxa kinosuraTebi,
mas daevala filmebis gadaReba da warmoebis zogadi zedamxedveloba. misi pir-
veli namuSevrebi warmoadgendnen britanuli kinoproduqciis plagiatebs, romel-
Ta umetesobaSic is asaxierebda mTavar personaJebs. zekas erT-erTi gamorCeuli
kinosuraTi iyo `fantastikuri myvinTavi~ (1900).
pate ukve iseTi didi raodenobiT amzadebda pozitiursa da negatiur fi-
rebs, kinosuraTebs, sxvadasxva kinematografiul mowyobilobas da yidda mTeli
msoflios masStabiT. misma reJisorma lusien nonJem vensenSi gadaiRo saintere-
so ìnscenirebuli qronika~ _ `transvaalis omis epizodebi~ (1900), romelic
yvelgan warmatebiT saRdeboda, rogorc dokumenturi ambebi inglis-burebis ma-
Sin mimdinare omis saomari moqmedebebis zonidan.
1901 wels patem gaakeTa 70 kinosuraTi, romlebsac iRebdnen zeka,Gato da
nonJe. am produqciidan gamokveTil kinonamuSevrad iTvleboda zekas èrTi dana-
Saulis ambavi~, cvilis figurebis muzeumSi gadaRebuli, mxatvruli filmi, kino-
46
deteqtivis erT-erTi pirveli nimuSi, rasac safuZvlad daedo realuri SemTxve-
va. es kinosuraTi iyo stilisturi novacia, xolo mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT da-
sjis epizodma gamaognebeli efeqti moaxdina.
zeka gamoiwrTo satriuko da zRapruli kinosuraTebis SeqmnaSi, risi naTe-
li dadasturebaa filmebi: èSmakis Svidi cixesimagre~ (1901) da `mZinare mzeTu-
naxavi~ (1902). igi iRebda socialur dramebsac (àlkoholizmis msxverplni~, 1902)
da ìnscenirebul qronikebsac~ (`katastrofa martinikaze~, 1902).
1902 wels patem, romelmac vensensa da JuanvilSi axali kinofabrikebi aaSe-
na, xolo parizSi gaxsna studia gadaRebisaTvis, Seisyida lumierebis uflebebi
`sinematografze~. igi aseve atarebda cdebs filmebis `gramofoniT~ gaxmovaneba-
ze da didi yuradReba gadaitana Tavisi produqciis marketingsa da distribuci-
aze, ris Sedegadac Camoayaliba struqtura, romelsac Seerqva `vertikaluri in-
tegracia~, anu erTsa da imave kompanias daqvemdebarebuli kinosuraTebis warmoe-
ba, Cveneba da gavrceleba. man riski minimumamde daiyvana. mis kinokompaniaSi dis-
tribuciidan Sesuli Tanxebi saswrafod gadadioda axali kinosuraTebis Seqm-
nis fondSi, Tumca amis awyoba Tavdapirvelad Zalze gaWirda, radgan filmebs
sxva qalaqebis kinodemonstratorebs awvdidnen mxolod rkinigzis saSualebiT
da sabargo vagonis gamcileblebi xandaxan firebs arasworad, rkinigzis sxva
sadgurSi CamotvirTavdnen da ara iq, sadac kinodemonstratoris warmomadgeneli
eloda.
am droisaTvis filmebs aCvenebdnen bazrobebze, miuzikholebSi, patara Teat-
rebSi, muzeumebsa da saxeldaxelod mowyobil karvebSi. kinoseansis msvlelobi-
sas miwveuli pianistebi _ `tapiorebi~ ukravdnen filmis Sinaarsis Sesabamis mu-
sikalur nawarmoebebs. maT garda zogan iyvnen mTxrobelebic, romlebic audito-
rias uyvebodnen qronikalur filmebSi naCvenebi movlenebis Sesaxeb. zogi kino-
demonstratori qiraobda msaxiobebs, ekranis miRma daayenebda da axmovanebinebda
dialogebs. firi proeqtorSi moZraobda sakeravi manqanis msgavsi satrialebeli
meqanizmiT da misi marTva filigranul teqnikas moiTxovda, radgan aCqarebis an
Senelebis SemTxvevaSi kinofiri ixeoda an iwveboda da seansic droebiT wydebo-
da, rac mayureblis samarTlian ukmayofilebas iwvevda. amis gamo kinodemonstra-
torebi aparaturis mwarmoeblebs sTxovdnen, gamoegonebinaT axali proeqtorebi,
romlebSic am nakls aRmofxvridnen.
gomonic amzadebda gadamRebsa da salaboratorio aparaturas. parizis ga-
reubanSi, biut SomonSi, gakeTebuli misi fabrikis erT SenobaSi ganTavsebuli
iyo negativis gasamJRavnebeli laboratoria, SemoqmedebiTi personalisaTvis (re-
Jisorebi, operatorebi, msaxiobebi) gankuTvnili oTaxebi da 900 kv. metri farTo-
bisa da 34 metris simaRlis gadasaRebi pavilioni, xolo meore Senoba moicavda
pozitivis laboratorias, samontaJos da patara kinosaproeqcio darbazs. gomons
mkacri disciplina hqonda damyarebuli. mis TanamSromlebsa da muSebs, romle-
bic gadaRebis procesSi uSualod ar iyvnen CarTulni, ar hqondaT ufleba, Tavi-
anT samuSao adgilebs moSorebodnen. pavilionSi Sediodnen mxolod gadamRebi
jgufis wevrebi. akrZaluli iyo operatorebis ganyofilebaSi ucxo pirebis Ses-
vla. roca samsaxurSi iRebda SemoqmedebiT personals, gomoni uformebda xel-
Sekrulebas, raSic SemoqmedebiTi muSaki valdebulebas iRebda, rom, Tu wavidoda
am kompaniidan, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi arc erT sxva kompaniaSi ar daiwyebda
muSaobas, miT ufro patesTan.
mxatvrebs leon gomoni Teatridan iwvevda da iqidanve qiraobda kostiumeb-
sac, xolo roca saWiro iyo istoriuli filmis gadaReba da misTvis pompezuri
47
dekoraciebi da kostiumebi, aucileblad mouxmobda romelime cnobil mxatvars.
misi kinoreJisorebi mxolod erT mimarTulebas emsaxurebodnen: erTni iRebdnen
mxolod komediebs, meoreni _ mxolod dramebs da a. S. es praqtika TandaTanobiT
dainerga mTel kinowarmoebaSi.
gomoni saidumlod inaxavda filmis damTavrebamde mis siuJetsa da saTaurs
imitom, rom sxva konkurents ar daeswro misTvis da aseTive siuJetis kinosura-
Ti manamde ar gadaeRo da gaeSva ekranebze. misi teqnikosebi ganaTebisaTvis iye-
nebdnen mzis Suqs, rasac aregulirebdnen muqi fardebiTa da refleqtorebiT, xo-
lo roca igi ar hyofnidaT, maSin amatebdnen xelovnur ganaTebas. pavilionSi,
erTdroulad, ramdenime reJisori muSaobda. TiToeul maTgans ki hqonda oriode
gverdze ganTavsebuli filmis literaturuli scenari, magram mTlianad kinosu-
raTi mainc gadasaReb moedanze keTdeboda Tavisufali improvizaciiT. reJisori
yvelafers TviTon akeTebda: xelmZRvanelobda dekoraciebis mowyobas, saorgani-
zacio sakiTxebs, Suqis dayenebas, msaxiobebis zedapirul repeticiasa da a. S.
yvela epizods, ZiriTadad, mxolod erTi dubliT iRebdnen.
1902 wels gomonis erT-erTi operatori leo lefevri daiqirava espaneTis
samefo karma, raTa gadaeRo dokumenturi filmebis seriebi espaneTis mefesa da
mis ojaxze. alis gim gaakeTa `kombostos feriis~ kidev erTi versia, romlis Ti-
Toeuli asli ukve sakmaod Zvirad _ 200 frankad iyideboda.
1903 wels qalaq bordoSi gaixsna pirveli kinoTeatri, romlis mflobeli
iyo yofili bazris vaWari, mokle xanSi sagrZnoblad rom gamdidrda. aman biZgi
misca mTel safrangeTSi amgvari, sagangebod filmebis gaSvebisaTvis gaTvlili
kinodarbazebis mSeneblobis process. Sarl patem gaiTvaliswina meliesis gamo-
cdileba da Tavadac daafuZna sazRvargareT filialebi, romlebic mogvianebiT
gadaiqcnen mis kontrolqveS myof kinokompaniebad (`hispano filmzi~, `pate-rusi~,
`mosqou~, `film d’arte italiana~, `pate-britania~, `landoni~, `pate-ameriqa~). `gra-
mofonze~ Cawerili xmovani rigiTa da kinoekranis ukan dadgmuli xmis gamaZlie-
reblebiT leon gomoni Seecada, gaexmovanebina Tavisi kinosuraTebi, magram cda
unayofo aRmoCnda. amis miuxedavad, igi isev agrZelebda eqsperimentebs.
patem edisons SesTavaza TanamSromloba ise, rom maT kompaniebs ar ekeTebi-
naT erTmaneTis filmebis dublikatebi, Tumca amerikelma kinomrewvelma yurad
ar iRo es winadadeba. amerikul kinobazarze moRvawe ucxoeli kinomwarmoeble-
bidan yvelaze Wkviani gamodga pate, romelmac aseulobiT Tavisi kinosuraTi Se-
itana aSS-Si, riTac adgilobriv konkurentebs didi Tavsatexi gauCina. amerikel
kinodemonstratorebs srulebiTac ar anaRvlebdaT, sadauri warmoSobis fil-
mebs aCvenebdnen. maTi erTaderTi sazrunavi is iyo, rom ufro da ufro meti iaf-
fasiani produqcia SeeZinaT, gaeSvaT ekranebze da mas didZali mogeba moetana.
1904 wels parizSi gaixsna kinoTeatri `sinema-grafo~. patem montreiSi ki-
dev erTi axali kinostudia gaakeTa, xolo ferdinan zeka, romelsac uTanxmoeba
mouvida Tavis xelmZRvanelTan, gadavida leon gomonTan, magram maleve ukan dab-
runda. masTan erTad warmatebiT muSaobda kinoreJisori gaston veli, romelic
kargad akeTebda satriuko kinosuraTebs.
1905 wlisaTvis gomonma miiRo soliduri fuladi daxmareba sxvadasxva sa-
finanso organizaciidan da la viletSi aaSena axali kinostudia, romelic mso-
flioSi yvelaze didi da yvelaze saTanadod iyo aRWurvili. is imiT amayobda,
rom jerjerobiT mxolod am mxriv sjobda mTavar konkurents _ Sarl pates. am
ukanasknelma kinoSi miiyvana Teatraluri komikosi msaxiobi, gabriel-maqsimilian
liovieli, romelmac saxeli da gvari maqs linderad gadairqva, raTa mieCumaTe-
48
bina Tavisi urTierToba kinematografTan. fermeris ojaxSi dabadebulma, bor-
dos konservatoriis yofilma studentma da jer bordos, xolo Semdeg parizis
TeatrebSi gamowvrTnilma maqsma sadebiuto namuSevriT, lui ganies filmiT
`skolis moswavlis pirveli gamoxdoma~ (1905) imTaviTve miipyro yuradReba.
pate Seudga masobrivi kinoproduqciis warmoebas. misi kompania kviraSi uS-
vebda eqvs-Svid films da TveSi daaxloebiT 250 kinokameras, amdenive proeqtor-
sa da uamrav kinomasalas yidda. zeka da nonJe iRebdnen religiur kinosuraTeb-
sac. imavdroulad patem parizSi, monmartrze, gaxsna didi kinoTeatri òmnia~, sa-
dac yovelkvireulad uSvebdnen axali filmebis orsaaTian programebs. adgilo-
brivi presac aqtiurobda kinos sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi. zogierT gazeTSi gaCnda
kolonebi filmebis ganxilvisaTvis, xolo iuristis, edmon benua-levis `fono-si-
ne-gazeti~ naxevar farTs uTmobda kritikul recenziebs kinoze.
leon gomoni ar CamorCa pates religiur TematikaSi da manac gadaiRo `qri-
stes cxovreba~ (1906, reJ. a. gi), romelic xarisxobrivad ki Camouvardeboda ze-
kasa da nonJes kinosuraTebs, magram mainc Tavisi auditoria hyavda da komerciu-
li warmatebac mohyva. pates ise hqonda awyobili saqme, rom Tavisi filialebis
meSveobiT misi Janrobrivad mravalferovani filmebi ramdenime Tvis ganmavloba-
Si mTel msoflioSi vrceldeboda da maT daaxloebiT 300 milionamde mayurebe-
li naxulobda. aqedan gamomdinare advili misaxvedria, ramxela Semosavali mis-
dioda am kinomrewvels. im periodisaTvis man Seqmna kinofiris meqanikuri Sefe-
radebis sistema `pate-qolori~, romelic farTod dainerga rogorc safrangeTSi,
ise mis farglebs gareT.
franguli kino Sevida ganviTarebis morig, axal stadiaSi. mas ukve aRar
eZaxdnen `fotografiis sawyal biZaSvils~, aramed mis mimarT pativiscemiTac ki
ganimsWvalnen sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenelebi. kino gaxda erT-erTi
mTavari gasarTobi sanaxaoba, romelic konkurencias uwevda sxvebs, gansakuTre-
biT Teatrs. amis maniSnebeli iyo parizuli kinoTeatrebis ricxvis zrda. adgi-
lobriv kinobazarze dominirebdnen komikuri filmebi devnaze da `dramatuli
da realisturi~ kinosuraTebi, anu martivi fabulis melodramebi. am ukanasknel-
Ta umetesobas iRebda pates axali reJisori, alber kapelani. maTSi sistemaSi
iyo moyvanili TxrobiTi xazi, Canda axleburi montaJuri azrovneba da a. S.
kinokomediebi imxela popularobiT sargeblobdnen, rom patem gadawyvita,
siaxle Seetana maT warmoebaSi. man SemoiRo seriebi gmirze _ `buaroze~ (`loT-
bazara~), romlis rols TamaSobda andre didi. aman dasabami daudo sxva serieb-
sac, romlebic Zalze warmatebuli gamodgnen. amasTanave man Tavisi Zmis _ Teo-
filisaTvis daaarsa axali kompania, romelic akeTebda dabalbiujetian kinosu-
raTebs. benua-levim dado kontraqti patesTan, romlis mixedviT is iRebda mono-
polias pates produqciaze safrangeTis cxra provinciasa da SveicariaSi.
1907 wlisaTvis amerikuli kinoTeatrebis kinoprogramebis TiTqmis naxevars
pates filmebi warmoadgendnen. misi kinokompania TiToeuli kinosuraTis 200
asls yidda aSS-Si. parizSi arsebuli asi kinoTeatridan meoTxedic aseve pates
ekuTvnoda. igi didad ufrTxildeboda Tavis emblemas _ mamals. am droisaTvis
man Secvala strategia, radgan misi gvari ukve gaxda prestiJulica da reklami-
rebulic. pate pirveli kinomwarmoebeli iyo, asaRebda orjer met films, vidre
yvela amerikuli kinokompania erTad aRebuli. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT gamoir-
Ceoda misi moskovisa da romis filialebi. man kargad Seigno, rom iseve, rogorc
sxva nebismier warmoebas, kinosac esaWiroeboda maRali donis organizeba da To-
mas edisonisagan gansxvavebiT warmatebis misaRwevad marto aparaturis damzade-
49
ba-gayidva ar kmaroda, aramed bevri da saintereso filmic unda gaekeTebina da
gaevrcelebina. Sarl pate Tamamad acxadebda: marTalia, kino ar gamomigonebia,
magram industriad ki namdvilad vaqcieo. is mezobeli qveynebis _ belgiis kino-
Teatrebis 90%-s da germaniis kinodarbazebis 50%-s amaragebda aparaturiT.
leon gomonTan mTavari pozicia daikava reJisorma lui feiadma, romelmac
dawera reklama axali seriebisaTvis `scenebi realuri cxovrebidan~ da xazs
usvamda, rom maTSi unda mieRwia iseTi realizmisaTvis, rogoric iyo TeatrSi,
literaturasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi. misma ufrosma 1908 wels waradgina Tavi-
si kompaniis axali emblema _ zizila, romlis centralur nawilSi Caiwera misi
inicialebi. amave xanebSi gamovida yovelkvireuli `sine-Jurnali~, romelic
mTlianad eZRvneboda samamulo da ucxouri kinos ambebs.
axalma kinokompania èklerma~ iyida Senoba da iq gaawyo studia, sadac sa-
muSaod mividnen kinoreJisorebi _ JorJ ato da viqtoren Jase. am ukanasknelma
daiwyo keTeba pirveli deteqtiuri seriebisa, romlis mTavari gmiri iyo nik kar-
teri. aRniSnul seriebs, romlebsac safuZvlad daedo amerikuli iaffasiani de-
teqtiuri moTxrobebi, arnaxuli warmateba mohyva.
1908 wlis TebervalSi frangma finansistma pol lafitma, mweralma anri
lavedanma, arqiteqtorma Jan-kamil formiJem da msaxiobma Sarl le barJim erT-
erTi Sveicariuli bankis mxardaWeriT Seqmnes sazogadoeba `film d’ari~ (`mxat-
vruli filmi~) cnobili piesebisa da literaturuli nawarmoebebis ekranizacie-
bis sawarmoeblad, xolo amis paralelurad wamoiwyes didi kinoTeatrebis mSe-
nebloba. pirveli namuSevari `hercog gizis mkvleloba~ (1908) anri lavedanis
scenaris mixedviTa da lafitis daJinebuli moTxovniT gadaiRes Sarl le bar-
Jim da andre kalmetma, xolo sagangebod misTvis originaluri musika dawera sa-
xelganTqmulma kompozitorma, kamil sen-sansma. le barJim, romelic filmSi erT-
erT rolsac asrulebda, Teatr `komedi fransezidan~ miiwvia megobari msaxiobe-
bi sxvadasxva personaJis gansaxierebisaTvis. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac
kinoSi samuSaod mividnen gamoCenili Teatralebi. patem gadamReb jgufs aTxova
operatorebi da masalis dasamuSaveblad dauTmo erT-erTi laboratoriac.
filmma sensacia gamoiwvia. misi premieris dRe _ 17 noemberi, gamocxadda
kinos xelaxali dabadebis TariRad da miuxedavad imisa, rom presaSi am filmis
ramdenime gamkicxavi statia gamoCnda, frang mayurebels, gansakuTrebiT ki, eli-
tarul frangul sazogadoebas Zalian moewona is da xmamaRla ganacxada, rom,
Tuki kinematografistebi swored amgvar namuSevrebs gaakeTebdnen, isini siamovne-
biT ivlidnen kinoTeatrebSi maT sanaxavad. aRniSnulma faqtma frangul kino-
warmoebas axali asparezi warmouCina _ igi unda CamoSoreboda bazrobebsa da
sxva msgavs araseriozul adgilebs da axali niSa epovna erovnul kulturul
cxovrebaSi. `film d’arma~ Taviseburi biZgi misca sxva qveynebis kinomwarmoeb-
lebsac, rom gadaeRoT amgvari filmebi da maTTvis miecaT meti mxatvrul-kul-
turuli datvirTva.
Sarl patem mliqvnelurad miuloca pol lafits warmateba, Seuqo sadebiu-
to kinonawarmoebi da umal daaarsa kompania àvtorebisa da mwerlebis kinema-
tografiuli sazogadoeba~, romlis mxatvrul direqtorad daniSna alber kape-
lani, romelsac miznad dausaxa gaxmaurebuli franguli literaturuli nawar-
moebebis ekranizaciebis warmoeba. kapelani kargi organizatori gamodga, kinoSi
manac miiyvana Teatraluri msaxiobebi, reJisorebi da RirsSesaniSnavi kinosura-
Tebic gadaiRo. amis sapasuxod gomonma daiwyo èsTetikuri filmebis~ warmoeba,
xolo èklerma~ daafuZna dramatuli avtorebis kinematografiuli asociacia.
50
`film d’arma~ gaakeTa sxva kinosuraTebic _ popularuli istoriuli roma-
nebis, piesebisa da operebis ekranizaciebi. scenarebis SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen
gamoCenili mwerlebi da dramaturgebi.
mas Semdeg, rac 1909 wlidan andre didi italiaSi wavida samuSaod, fran-
gul kinos gamouCnda axali kerpi, udidesi komikosi, maqs linderi, romelic am
droisaTvis daixvewa, kargi kinomsaxiobis saxeli daimkvidra da Camoayaliba
axalgazrda, moxdenili mamakacis tipaJi, romelsac amSvenebda mokled SeWrili
ulvaSi, gadatkecil-gaprialebuli Tma da maRali Slapa. is Zireulad gansxvav-
deboda maSindeli kolegebisagan, romelTa gmirebi ufro groteskuli da zeda-
pirulad parodiuli iyvnen. amis nacvlad, maqs linderis personaJebi Tavisi ga-
lanturobiTa da uCveulo TavgadasavlebiT ipyrobdnen partnior qalbatonTa
gulebs, cota gulubryvilobiT, xalasi bunebriobiTa da alalmarTali emociu-
robiT isini Zalze axlos idgnen sinamdvilesTan. linders imis niWic hqonda,
rom Tavad moeZebna ama Tu im kinosuraTis daboloeba da amaze reJisorebsac
iyoliebda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mas dubliori arc ki sWirdeboda, vinaidan
yvela triuks Tavad asrulebda.
1909 wlidan Sarl patem gamouSva yovelkvireuli kinoqronikebis krebuli
`pate Jurnali~. man daiwyo samecniero filmebis dafinansebac. misi aparatebi
dominirebdnen evropaSi da danarCeni msoflios did nawilSi, igi xsnida kinoTe-
atrebs, maRaziebs, mis gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda orasi kinodarbazi safrangeTsa
da belgiaSi. es adamiani frangebisaTvis erovnul siamayed iqca da popularo-
biT TviT Zmeb lumierebsac da JorJ meliessac ki gauswro.
1909 wels kinokompania èklerSi~, erT filmSi scades gadaeRoT saxelganT-
qmuli Teatraluri msaxiobi, sara bernari, magram gadaReba bolomde ver miiyva-
nes, radgan msaxiobma iukadrisa, ver auRo kinos alRo da undoda eTamaSa grZe-
li monologebiTa da yvelafris imgvarad gadataniT, rogorc scenaze iyo. amis
gamo man mxolod ori dRe gaZlo kinokameris win, mesame dRes ki gabrazda, roca
Tavisi ver gaitana, wavida da gadaReba CaSala.
1910 wels patem waradgina e. w. àRmosavluri filmebi~, egzotikuri istori-
uli kinosuraTebi, romlebic warmatebiT gavidnen ekranebze, kritikamac dadebi-
Tad Seafasa, Tumca boroti enebi imasac ambobdnen, rom isini gaakeTes mTavrobi-
sagan keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad, radganac maT afiSireba gauwies safrange-
Tis koloniur eqspansiaso. patesTan konkurenciaSi daucxromelma gomonma sazo-
gadoebas uCvena axali gamogoneba _ `qronofonis~ sistema, romelic `gramofon-
ze~ Caweril xmas aZlierebda ramdenime aTasi kinomayureblisaTvis, momdevno
wels ki man kidev ufro gaafarTova warmoeba (kviraSi eqvs kinosuraTs uSvebda)
da parizis yofil ipodromTan gaxsna udidesi kinoTeatri `gomon palasi~, rome-
lic 3400 mayurebels itevda. sapremiero filmad SeirCa feiadis seriebis `scene-
bi realuri cxovrebidan~ erT-erTi kinosuraTi `nakli~. imave wels patem gamou-
Sva àntikur saberZneTSi~, mTlianad `pate-qoloriT~ gaferadebuli namuSevari.
mZlavrad amuSavda èkleri~ marsel vandalisa da Sarl JurJonis meTauro-
biT, radgan maT koncentracia gaakeTes filmebis warmoeba-distribuciaze da
sxvadasxva saxis aparaturis gamoSveba-gayidvaze. SedarebiT patara kinokompanie-
bi mxolod filmebs awarmoebdnen, xolo sxvebi marto gavrcelebas misdevdnen.
gamorCeuli damoukidebeli distributori iyo lui oberi. igi distribucias
uwevda italiur da daniur filmebs safrangeTSi. man didi fuli daabanda kino-
sasaxleebis mSeneblobaSi, sakuTari kinokompaniis Camoyalibebasa da filmebis
warmoebaSi.
51
maqs linderma, romelsac Caplini mogvianebiT sakuTar maswavleblad moix-
seniebda, Tavisi Semoqmedebis piks miaRwia. man daarwmuna pate, rom SeeZlo yofi-
liyo Tavisive kinosuraTebis siuJetebis avtorica da reJisoric. mas kviraSi
erTxel iRebdnen axal filmSi. maqsis namuSevrebi triumfiT gadioda. Sarl pa-
te awyobda mis turneebs evropis qveynebSic. erTxel, roca linderi moskovSi Ca-
vida, TayvanismcemelTa imxela brbo daxvda, rom policiam mxolod jaris nawi-
lebis daxmarebiT SeZlo rkinigzis sadguridan misi uvnebeli gayvana.
1911 wlamde franguli filmebis absoluturi umravlesoba iyo erTnawilia-
ni (daaxloebiT 10-15-wuTianebi), garda komediebisa, romelTa qronometraJi naxe-
var nawils ar aRemateboda. aseTi standarti kidev ramdenime weliwads gagr-
Zelda, Tumca izrdeboda nawilebis raodenobac.Aim wlis saukeTeso kinonamuSe-
varTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda: lui feiadis saucxoo kinosuraTi àspitebi~ da
lui merkantonis filmi `qali kameliebiT~, gakeTebuli `film d’aris~ egidiT,
romelSic didi xvewna-mudaris Sedegad aTamaSes sara bernari.
kinoprogramebSi gamoCndnen sam da metnawiliani mxatvruli filmebi, rom-
lebic Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiT gamorCeodnen. pirveloba aqac aravis dauT-
mo patem da gamouSva ramdenime aseTi kinosuraTi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia alber ka-
pelanis istoriuli melodrama `lioneli kurieri~ (1911) da Jerar burJuas so-
cialur-fsiqologiuri drama àlkoholizmis msxverplni~ (1911). Sarl pates mi-
baZes sxvebmac: `film d’arma~ gadaiRo `qalbatoni san-Jeni~ (1911, reJ.: andre kal-
meti da anri defonteni), xolo èklerma~ _ `zigomari~ (1911, reJ. viqtoren Jase),
erTi kriminaluri romanis ekranizacia.
male `film d’ari~ gakotrda. misi reorganizaciis Sedegad igi sxva mflo-
belis xelSi gadavida, magram man veRar SeZlo kargi kinosuraTebis gadaReba da
Cveulebriv, rigiT kinokompaniad gadaiqca.
srulmetraJianma mxatvrulma kinosuraTebma mTavari adgili daikaves fran-
gul kinoprogramebSi. maTi umetesoba Tanamedroveobas eZRvneboda, Tumca iyo ga-
monaklisebic, istoriuli romanebisa da piesebis ekranizaciebi. frangebi iReb-
dnen aseve patriotul filmebs, romlebic eZRvneboda wina saukunis movlenebs,
franguli armiis warmatebebs, jariskacTa yofa-cxovrebas.
1912 wels patem gamouSva filmi `fataluri qali~. masSi moTxrobilia amba-
vi erTi qalisa, romelsac Tavisi damqiraveblis vaJi Seuyvardeba. isini gaipare-
bian parizSi, sadac es qalbatoni gaecnoba viRac barons, ris gamoc vaJi ieWvia-
nebs da Tavs moiklavs. male mas mihyveba baronic. qali xdeba cnobili msaxiobi,
Tavisi silamaziT axla erT didgvarovans aurevs gonebas da imasac aRsasrula-
mde miiyvans. sabolood, is dasneuldeba, maxinjdeba da sikvdilis win elandeba
yvela Tavisi msxverpli. am kinosuraTiT kinematografiaSi gaCnda axali pirobi-
Ti termini _ `vampiri qali~, anu mTavari gmiri, romelic ajadoebs mamakacebs, yve-
lanairad iyenebs maT da Semdeg unugeSod miagdebs, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tragi-
kuli dasasrulis mizezi xdeba. ase Caeyara safuZveli dramatuli filmebis erT
ganStoebas, romelsac warmatebiT axorcielebdnen TavianT warmoebaSi ara mar-
to sxva franguli, aramed ucxouri kinokompaniebic.
rekorduli maCvenebliT aRiniSnebodnen linderis filmebi. am àristokra-
tiul komikoss~ pate did honorars uxdida, radgan mis namuSevrebs weliwadSi
erT milionamde frankis Semosavali mohqondaT.
anri defontenisa da lui merkantonis istoriul filmSi `dedofal eliza-
betis sasiyvarulo ambebi~ (1912), romelic gadaiRes londonsa da parizSi, mTava-
ri personaJi sara bernarma ganasaxiera. kinosuraTi imdroindeli yvelanairi
52
komerciuli rekordis mflobeli gaxda, radgan udidesi warmateba moipova mTe-
li msoflios masStabiT. igi didxans gadioda amerikul kinoTeatrebSic. mas sa-
fuZvlad daedo amave saxelwodebis piesa. filmze muSaobis procesSi misi mwar-
moebeli patara franguli kinokompania `pate freris~ gamoisobiT gakotrda, ami-
tomac amerikelma kinomwarmoebelma adolf zukorma ikisra mis dasamTavreblad
Tanxis gaReba.
èklerma~ gaagrZela seriebi zigomarze, rameTu Jases kinoproeqtebidan
swored is gamodga yvelaze Semosavliani. momdevno seria `zigomari nik karte-
ris winaaRmdeg~ (1912) erTgvar intrigas warmoadgenda mayureblis kinoTeatreb-
Si misazidad, radgan masSi ori sxvadasxva seriis ori mTavari gmiri aCvenes. es
kinosuraTi sarfianad gaiyida ucxoeTSi da zogan (mag. iaponiaSi) misi imitacie-
bic ki gadaiRes.
Sarl patesa da leon gomonis konkurencia morig fazaSi Sevida. isini mud-
mivi SemoqmedebiTi da sawarmoo Ziebis procesSi imyofebodnen, siaxleebisaken
iltvodnen da cdilobdnen, erTmaneTze ukeTesi filmebis Seqmnas. gomons Tavise-
buri wesebi hqonda damyarebuli. mis kinofabrikaSi mxolod mamakacebi muSaob-
dnen. samuSao dRe dilis Svid saaTze iwyeboda. Tavad gomoni pirveli midioda
iq, SesasvlelSi dadgeboda da piradad amowmebda TanamSromlebis droul misv-
las samsaxurSi. vinc ramdenjerme daagvianebda, mas dauyovnebliv aTavisufleb-
da. kinofabrikis teritoriaze sastikad ikrZaleboda Tambaqos moweva. roca esa
Tu is filmi gamzaddeboda, pirvelad mas aucileblad gomoni uyurebda patara
sademonstracio darbazSi da Tu ar moewoneboda, miubrundeboda mis reJisors,
romelsac Tavazianad sTxovda, wasuliyo kompaniis salaroSi, sadac sabolood
gausworebdnen angariSs.
1913 wels frangul kinoekranebze gavida seriebi `fantomasze~, romelsac
leon gomonisaTvis iRebda lui feiadi. mas safuZvlad daedo erTob popularu-
li deteqtiuri moTxrobebi, romlebic imxanad ukve xuTmilioniani tiraJiT iyo
gayiduli. pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi feiadma gadaiRo serialis xuTi
srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi, sadac aRwerilia, Tu rogor dasdeven dasaWerad
bandits, metsaxelad `fantomass~, policiis inspeqtori Jiuvi da Jurnalisti fan-
dori, magram bolo momentSi banditi yovelTvis usxlteba maT xelidan. Tavisi
avantiuruli fabuliT, romantikuli personaJebiTa da realisturi garemoTi aR-
niSnuli seriebi aSkarad gamoirCeoda sxvebisagan. Sarl patem `fantomasTan~ sa-
konkurenciod gamouSva `rokamboli~ (1913, reJ. JorJ denola) da mas ramdenime
seriac moayola. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT pompezuri sareklamo kampania gaewia,
isini verafriT gautoldnen lui feiadiseuli `fantomasis~ seriebs, romlebsac
uamravi mayurebeli hyavda.
leon gomoni Zalian swrafad amuSavebinebda Tavis laboratoriaSi kino-
qronikis masalebs. parizSi gadaRebuli qronikebi imave dResve gadioda kinoTea-
trebSi, xolo provinciebis an sazRvargareTis ambebi _ meore dRes. gomoni pa-
tes am mimarTulebiTac epaeqreboda. maTTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda, ufro ad-
re romlis kinoqronika gavidoda kinoekranebze. gomonma sawadels miaRwia _
warmoebis saSualebebiTa da simZlavriT, aparaturis gayidviT, kinosuraTebis
mxatvruli doniTa da komerciuli SemosavliT igi daewia da gauTanabrda Sarl
pates.
1913 wlisaTvis britaneTSi, daniasa da SvedeTSi adgilobrivma distributo-
rebma wamoiwyes pates mier maTi qveynebis kinobazrebis monopolizebisaken mi-
marTuli politikis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba da mcire xanSi pirvel warmatebeb-
53
sac miaRwies. ra Tqma unda, es garemoeba ki aSfoTebda frang kinomrewvels, mag-
ram mainc imediT uyurebda momavals, radgan sxva saxelmwifoebSi saTanadod
hqonda awyobili distribuciis saqme.
1914 wlis dasawyisSi patem gadawyvita, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SeeCe-
rebina filmebis warmoeba da mTeli yuradReba gadaetana iqauri e. w. `damouki-
deblebis~ mier gakeTebuli moklemetraJiani kinosuraTebis distribuciaze. mas
aseve surda Tavisi gamorCeuli filmebis wignebad gamocema _ negativebi daewyo
Sinaarsis mixedviT da Sesabamisi titrebic waemZRvarebina. igi moxibluli iyo
mark tveiniT da gamoTqvamda sinanuls, rom amgvari uniWieresi literatorebi
naklebad iyvnen gamoyenebuli kinoSi scenaristebad. samwuxarod, swored maSin
daiwyo patem vertikalurad integrirebuli struqturis rRveva, romelic iyo mi-
si fenomenaluri warmatebis amosavali wertili. aseTebs imxanad ukve gulda-
gul aSenebdnen holivudSi Tavmoyrili, axalfexadgmuli amerikuli kinokompani-
ebi.
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis win franguli kinobazris 80% ekava adgi-
lobrivi warmoebis kinosuraTebs da msoflioSi safrangeTi pirvel adgilze
idga sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis kinoproduqciis miwodebiT.
54
franguli kino: meore etapi
pirvelma msoflio omma uaryofiTad imoqmeda frangul kinoindustriaze.

bevri kinematografisti armiaSi gaiwvies, kinostudiebi da kinoTeatrebis umetesi
nawili daixura. maTSi moewyo samxedro daniSnulebis obieqtebi. saerTaSoriso
kinobazarze Sesustda franguli kinokompaniebis poziciebi. isini veRar gadiod-
nen safrangeTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil qveynebSic. pirvel xanebSi TiTqmis
mTeli kinowarmoeba gaCerda, mxolod ramdenime Tvis Semdeg gaaqtiurda oriode
kompania da Zveleburi SemarTebiT, oRond ufro naklebi simZlavreebiT amuSavda,
radgan samxedro SezRudvebi dawesda maT kapitalze. isini medgrad aRudgnen
win amerikuli da italiuri kinosuraTebis SeWras adgilobriv bazarze da omam-
deli popularuli Tematika nawilobriv aaRorZines. imis gamo, rom sasacilod
namdvilad ar hqondaT saqme, frangebma Seamcires kinokomediebis raodenoba. ek-
ranebze gamoCnda axali, saTavgadasavlo-patriotuli filmebi, romlebSic aCve-
nebdnen, Tu rogor aaSkaravebdnen samoqalaqo sifxizliT gajerebuli moqalaqe-
ebi mtris agentebs. aseTi produqcia auditorias Zalian moswonda. parizis ki-
noTeatrebis mflobelebma ganacxades, rom arc imJamad da arc momdevno 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi aRar gauSvebdnen germanul filmebs.
frangulma kompaniebma gadaiRes specialuri kinoqronikebi, Taviseburi pir-
dapiri reportaJebi frontidan, romlebic didi interesiT sargeblobdnen, Tumca
cenzuris Carevis Sedegad yvelafers aRar aCvenebdnen kinoTeatrebSi. samxedro
arqivebSi dRemdea SemorCenili aTasobiT metri firi, romelic arasodes unaxavs
farTo mayurebels.
pate isev rCeboda mTavar figurad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi kapitalis
didi nawili man usafrTxo adgilas, aSS-Si, gadaabanda. is exmareboda patara ki-
nokompaniebs filmebis warmoebasa da distribuciaSi, finansur sakiTxebSi, Semoq-
medebiTi muSakebis mizidvaSi. igi afinansebda `film d’arsac~. gomonma Seamcira
warmoebis simZlavreebi, Tumca mainc meore adgili ekava kinoTeatrebis ricxviTa
da lui feiadis popularuli saTavgadasavlo seriebiT. èklerma~ ver SeZlo
xeirianad aRedgina Cveuli forma, rasac daerTo axali problema: 1914 wels misi
amerikuli studia da laboratoria xanZarma STanTqa, ris Sedegad es kompania
daiSala patara nawilebad, romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia misi ganStoeba, romelic
amzadebda saukeTeso kinokamerebs. èklipsis~ reJisorTa jgufi akeTebda fil-
mebs, romlebic kargad iyideboda.
zogierT frangul kinokompanias zurgs amerikuli kapitali umagrebda, ami-
tom maT adgilobriv kinobazarze SehqondaT `kistounisa~ da Carli Caplinis
komediebi, xolo mogvianebiT _ uiliam hartis vesternebi. Caplinica da hartic
Zalian uyvarda frang mayurebels, romelmac maT metsaxelebad `Sarlo~ da `rio
jimi~ daarqva.
omiT gamowveuli aucilebeli RonisZiebebis pirveli talRis gadavlis Sem-
deg kinoTeatrebis garkveulma nawilma isev aRidgina Cveuli forma, daibruna Zi-
riTadi funqcia. aRmoCnda, rom franguli kinokompaniebi veRar awarmoebdnen ise-
Ti raodenobis produqcias, rac daakmayofilebda maT moTxovnebs, amitom maTi
ekranebi TandaTanobiT Seivso sakmaod mozRvavebuli amerikuli filmebiT. daiw-
yo amerikuli kinos mZlavri eqspansia ara marto safrangeTis, aramed mTlianad
evropul kinobazarze.
55
seriebs isev akeTebdnen Sarl pate da leon gomoni. Semcirda didbiujetia-
ni istoriuli srulmetraJiani filmebis warmoeba. isinic seriebis formatSi ga-
daiyvanes. radganac omi gaWianurda, pate cdilobda, bazari gaejerebina axali ki-
nosuraTebiT da iTava sxva kompaniebis namuSevrebis distributoroba ucxoeTSi.
seriebis garda frangebi iRebdnen serialebsac _ iseT filmebs, sadac moqmedeba
gawelili iyo ramdenime seriaSi. amis TvalnaTeli magaliTia lui feiadis Tor-
metseriiani kriminaluri drama `vampirebi~ (1915).
originaluri xelweris kinoreJisorma, abel gansma gadaiRo filmi `doqtor
tubis sigiJe~ (1915), sadac germanul kinoeqspresionizmamde ramdenime wliT adre
pirvelad aCvena fsiqiurad avadmyofi adamianis samyaro, gangeb damaxinjebuli
gamosaxulebebi, risTvisac erTob ostaturad gamoiyena mrude sarkeebi da lin-
zebi, Tumca maSindeli mayurebeli ar iyo mzad amis aRsaqmelad.
ekranebze gavida omamdeli periodis bulvaruli speqtaklebis kinematogra-
fiuli adaptaciebi da patriotuli melodramebi. am ukanasknelebSi mTavari gmi-
rebi iyvnen qalebi, romlebic `saSinao frontze~ aqtiurad erTvebodnen mowina-
aRmdegis agenturis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maT Taviseburi ideologiuri datvir-
Tva hqondaT da mayureblis cxovel interess iwvevdnen. isini gulwrfelad Seiy-
vara auditoriam da maTze miTebs Txzavda. patriotuli melodramebis liderad
warmoCnda anri puqtalis kinosuraTi èlzasi~ (1916), romelic daefuZna mwer-
lisa da Jurnalistis, gaston lerus piesas.
popularobiT sargeblobda deteqtiuri kinoseriali `Judeqsi~ (1916), rome-
lic gadaiRo feiadma. male mas gagrZelebebi mohyva, Tumca maT ver ajobes pir-
vel versias. primitiul melodramebSi aTamaSebdnen saxelganTqmul Teatralur
msaxiobebs, magram es kinosuraTebi imdenad dabali donisa iyo, rom aRniSnuli
msaxiobebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen amis gamo.
patesTan samuSaod mivida cnobili Teatraluri reJisori andre antuani,
romelmac gadawyvita, Zalebi moesinja kinoSi, sadac Taviseburi xedva miitana, ki-
nematografiuli gamomsaxvelobis uCveuli xerxebi SeimuSava da miipyro kriti-
kis yuradReba. kameris xSiri moZraobebi, mizanscenis agebis Taviseburi meTode-
bi, montaJis axleburi stili da msaxiobebTan Taviseburi muSaoba warmoaCina man
filmSi `korsikeli Zmebi~ (1917). amis Semdeg antuanma sxva ramdenime popularu-
li literaturuli pirvelwyaros ekranizacia ganaxorciela, magram mis kinosu-
raTebs raime komerciuli warmateba ar mohyolia.
xmauriani sareklamo kampania uZRoda win propagandistuli dramis _ `fran-
gi dedebis~ (1917, reJ.: rene ervili da lui merkantoni) ekranebze gasvlas. masSi
mTavari personaJi ganasaxiera sara bernarma, visTvisac es iyo saukeTeso namuSe-
vari kinoSi. amgvarma kinosuraTebma droebiT ki SeaCeres ucxouri kinoproduq-
ciis nakadi, magram mayurebels ukve mobezrda isini. mas ufro metad aintereseb-
da gasarTobi produqcia _ sasiyvarulo istoriebis an saTavgadasavlo fabule-
bis Semcveli namuSevrebi, radgan undoda daeviwyebina omi, amdeni mkvleloba, ube-
dureba, ris Sesaxebac isedac blomad iwereboda imdroindel yoveldRiur ga-
zeTebSi. kinokompaniebis umetesoba daubrunda Zveli stilis kinosuraTebs, mdi-
dari franguli mxatvruli literaturis ekranizaciebs, cnobili Teatraluri
piesebis adaptaciebs, Tumca sxvadasxvanairi samxedro-patriotuli filmebi isev
keTdeboda. arada, mTavrobam ukve kategoriulad mouwoda kinomrewvelebs, rom
msgavsi filmebi aRar gadaeRoT.
abel gansis morigi kinosuraTebi _ `mWmunvare deda~ (1917) da `sikvdilis
zona~ (1917) moinaTla `revoluciur kinosuraTebad~, romlebSic uCveulo ganaTe-
56
bebiT, Cinebuli operatoruli teqnikiTa da asocirebuli montaJiT gadmoica av-
toriseuli daxvewili pozicia da TviTgamoxatvis meTodebi zogadsakacobrio
problemebze. gansi, romelic ganicdida viqtor iugos, emil zolasa da romen
rolanis stiluri Taviseburebebis gavlenas, gaxda erT-erTi wamyvani kinoreJi-
sori.
1918 wels pates kompania orad gaiyo. `pate frers~ saTaveSi Caudga emil pa-
te, romelic mxolod `fonografebisa~ da sxva audioaparatebis damzadeba-gayid-
viT dakavda, xolo Sarli xelmZRvanelobda `pate sinemas~, romelsac exeboda ki-
nos sawarmoo da gaqiraveba-distribuciis sakiTxebi. man ramdenime patara kino-
kompania miierTa, Semdeg ki gayida maTi aqtivebi da Seudga sazRvargareT arsebu-
li Tavisi zogierTi filialis likvidacias. pates konkurentebi cdilobdnen,
siaxleebiT gamoeCinaT Tavi da amisaTvis gamalebiT muSaobdnen. kompania òbe-
ri~ frangul kinoTeatrebs amaragebda amerikuli komediebiT, `film d’ari~ ki
daiqvemdebara lui nalpasma, romelmac Secvala misi TiTqmis mTeli personali
da anri puqtals gadaaRebina 15 seriisagan Semdgari `grafi monte kristo~ (1918),
rasac dadebiTi rezonansi mohyva.
omSi wasuli da iq daWrili maqs linderi gamojanmrTelebis Semdgom miiw-
via amerikulma kompania èseneim~ aSS-Si, sadac mas unda Seecvala Caplini, magram
linderis amerikuli kinosuraTebi Cavarda gaqiravebaSi. maqsi acxadebda, rom
marTalia, Caplinma maswavleblad ki damasaxela, magram urigo ar iqneba, Tu mis-
gan aviReb gakveTilebso. èseneis~ xelmZRvanelobas undoda, rom gamoCenil
frang komikoss gaeSarJebina Caplini, visTanac maqss megobruli urTierToba
akavSirebda da amiT daepirispirebina isini erTmaneTisaTvis, rac ar Sedga. amiT
daRdasmuli da plevritiT daavadebuli linderi ukan, evropaSi, dabrunda da
SveicariaSi, Jenevis tbasTan mdebare erT-erT sanatoriums miaSura samkurnalod.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg frangul kinobazarze gacilebiT meti ucxo-
uri, umetesad, amerikuli filmebi Sevida. parizul kinoTeatrebSi gaSvebuli
programebidan mxolod 10% iyo franguli. saerTo jamSi, adgilobrivi warmoebis
erT namuSevarze cxra ucxouri modioda. Jurnal `filmis~ gamomcemeli anri
diaman-berJe aRniSnavda, rom safrangeTi, inglisis msgavsad, SesaZloa, gaxdes aSS-
is `kinematografiuli kolonia~, xolo gomoni dananebiT acxadebda, rom es omi
amerikisaTvis moxdao.
franguli kinokompaniebi awarmoebdnen masobriv mayurebelze gaTvlil
produqcias, rasac auditoria didad afasebda. amasTanave, gaCnda bevri sawarmoo
da SemoqmedebiTi problema, romelTa daZleva arc ise ioli saqme aRmoCnda. msa-
xiobebis absoluturi umravlesoba isev TeatrTan arCevda mWidro urTierTobas,
amitom isini mxolod diliT midiodnen gadasaReb moednebze, vinaidan SuadRidan
gvian saRamomde TeatriT iyvnen dakavebuli. samamulo kinowarmoebis gadarCenas
cdilobda pate, romelic mTavrobas sTavazobda ucxouri filmebis importze
kvotis dawesebas, magram amas win aRudgnen distributorebi da kinoTeatrebis
mflobelebi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi isini seriozul Semosavals dakargavdnen. pa-
tem yuradReba gadaitana Tavis amerikul kompaniaze _ `pate iqsCeinjze~, magram
iqac umcirdeboda aqtivebi.
abel gansis kinosuraTi `vadanaSauleb!~ (1919) warmoadgenda omis sawinaaR-
mdego namuSevars, romlis gakeTebas es kinoreJisori didxans apirebda. am trage-
diam SeZra mayurebeli. igi gaxmaurebul amerikul filmebs Seadares, radgan mi-
si avtori saucxood iyenebda Txrobis Tanmimdevrobis principebs, asocirebul
montaJs, ritmuli montaJis sxvadasxva meTods, Senelebul moZraobebs. erTi do-
57
kumenturi epizodi gansma pirdapir frontze, saomari moqmedebebis arealSi ga-
daiRo. rodesac mTavrobis warmomadgenelma hkiTxa, Tu ras adanaSaulebda igi
Tavisi filmiT, man upasuxa: omsa da mis sigiJeso. `vadanaSauleb!~ didi aJiota-
JiT gavida aSS-isa da evropuli qveynebis kinoekranebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom masSi
aRbeWdili jariskacebis nawili gadaRebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg daiRupa.
serialebi myarad Camoyalibdnen franguli erovnuli kinematografis popu-
larul mimarTulebad. bevri maTgani eyrdnoboda im modelebs, romlebic jer
kidev omis wlebSi SeimuSava lui feiadma. igi warmatebiT akeTebda iseT seria-
lebs, sadac naCvenebi iyo kriminaluri bandebis TareSi da rogor ebrZoda maT
xelisufleba.
kinokomedia kvlavac rCeboda franguli sazogadoebis sayvarel Janrad. re-
imon bernaris filmi `patara kafe~ (1919), romelsac safuZvlad daedo mamamisis _
tristan bernaris piesa, aRiares omis Semdgomi epoqis saukeTeso nawarmoebad.
masSi mTavari roli Cveuli, Zveleburi ostatobiT Seasrula maqs linderma.
maRali SemoqmedebiTi done aCvena Jak feiderma CrdiloeT afrikaSi gadaRe-
bul egzotikur kinosuraTSi àtlantida~ (1920), romelic Tavidanve gaTvala sa-
erTaSoriso arenaze warmatebisaTvis da asec moxda _ filmma moxsna safrange-
Tis kinobazris yvela rekordi da sazRvargareTidanac sasurveli komerciuli
Semosavali moitana.
20-ian wlebis dasawyisSi adgilobriv kinowarmoebaSi arsebuli probleme-
bis gamo safrangeTSi momravlda amerikuli kinokompaniebis filialebi. jer
`faramaunTma~ da `foqsma~, Semdeg ki ìunaiTed arTisTsma~, ìuniversalma~ da
sxvebma daaarses TavianTi ofisebi parizSi da frang distributorebTan gaabes
xelsayreli urTierTobebi. amaSi Taviseburi brali miuZRvoda safrangeTis xe-
lisuflebasac, romelmac ver uzrunvelyo garkveuli SezRudva daewesebina ame-
rikuli filmebisaTvis frangul kinobazarze. amave dros frangebma veRar aRad-
gines omis periodSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis kinobazrebze dabevebuli adgile-
bi. imxanad aSS-Si mxolod 12 franguli kinosuraTi gavida ekranebze da isic
mxolod periferiebSi. gacilebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo germaniasTan, sadac
sakmarisi raodenobis franguli filmebi gadioda, imasTan SedarebiT, rom germa-
nuli kinoproduqcia ufro naklebad iyo wardgenili safrangeTSi. male germa-
nelebma am mxriv gamoaswores situacia.
1920 wels `pate sinemam~ saerTod SeaCera filmebis warmoeba. misgan memkvi-
dreoba miiRo `pate konsorsiom sinemam~. Sarl patesa da mis partniorebs dar-
CaT mcireodeni interesebi am kinokompaniaSi, romelmac daiwyo didbiujetiani
kinosuraTebis keTeba, rasac mohyva seriozuli finansuri danakargebi.
Teatraluri stilis udides gavlenas veraferi mouxerxa andre antuanma,
romlis morigi namuSevari `qalbatoni de la selieri~ (1920) ki gamoirCeoda
uzado xedebiTa da peizaJebiT, Tumca kinematografiuloba aklda. aseTive gamo-
vida misi momdevno filmi, `miwa~ (1921).
samwerlo da Jurnalistur saqmianobas warmatebiT uTavsebda kinoreJiso-
robas anri diaman-berJe. mis mier gadaRebuli filmi `sami muSketeri~ (1921)
kritikosebma `film d’aris~ Rirseul memkvidreobad Seafases, xolo mayureblis
gamokiTxvam, rac Catarda wamyvani Jurnalis, `sinematograf fransezi~ egidiT,
cxadyo, rom igi gadaiqca yvelasaTvis sayvarel ekranizaciad.
1921 wels aSS-Si xelmeored gaemgzavra Carli Caplinisagan gamxnevebuli
linderi. man sakuTari kinokompania Camoayaliba da sami filmi gadaiRo. samwu-
xarod, samive civad miiRes amerikelebma, ris gamoc maqsi safrangeTSi gabrunda.
58
1922 wlisaTvis franguli filmebis ricxvi weliwadSi gaizarda 130-mde, mag-
ram es statistika ubadrukad moCanda amerikuli an germanuli namuSevrebis ra-
odenobasTan SedarebiT, amitom frangma kinomwarmoeblebma gadawyvites, axali
strategia daesaxaT miznad da ekeTebinaT erToblivi filmebi sxva ucxour ki-
nokompaniebTan erTad. umetesi maTgani daukavSirda germanelebs. warumatebeli
gamodga amerikelebTan TanamSromloba an zogierTi amerikeli `kinovarskvla-
vis~ miwveva safrangeTSi. amas Tan daerTo isic, rom `faramaunTma~ parizSi daa-
arsa sawarmoo baza, riTac frangebs ukve adgilze gauCndaT Zlieri konkurenti.
sul ufro nakleb films awarmoebda gomoni. produqcia Seamcira `film
d’armac~ da neba darTo Tavis prodiuserebsa da kinoreJisorebs, daearsebinaT
TavianTi axali, patara kinokompaniebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili ver Sei-
tanes amerikul kinosTan paeqrobaSi, radgan maTi namuSevrebi arafriT gamoir-
Ceodnen. rusma emigrantma kinematografistebma arendiT aiRes pates montreis
studia filmebis sakeTeblad da gamouSves ramdenime filmi. kinoindustrias da-
ubrunda bernar natani, romelsac sakmaod ambiciuri samomavlo gegmebi hqonda.
Camoayalibda sazogadoeba `sineromani~, romlis aRmasrulebel prodiuserad da-
iqiraves lui nalpasi. igi Seudga muSaobas istoriul serialebze, romelTa dis-
tribucia umal ikisra `pate konsorsiom sinemam~. aRniSnuli serialebis warma-
tebulma komerciulma gaqiravebam saSualeba misca `sineromans~, kontroli daem-
yarebina `pate konsorsiom sinemazec~ da misi marTvis sadaveebi isev Sarl pate-
saTvis gadaebarebina.
pates didi damsaxureba miuZRvoda imaSi, rom frangulma sadistribucio ba-
zarma kapitulacia ar gamoacxada amerikelebisa da germanelebis winaSe. kino-
industriaSi sakuTari problemebis miuxedavad, man Semoinaxa zogierTi sakino-
Teatro qseli ara marto sakuTari miznebis, aramed sxva, ufro patara kinokompa-
niebisa da damoukidebeli prodiuserebisaTvis. `sineromanis~ kinosuraTebi, rom-
lebsac udidesi ideologiuri datvirTvac hqondaT, karg Semosavals aZlevdnen
adgilobriv kinoTeatrebs.
rusuli emigraciuli kinos warmomadgenelma aleksandr volkovma kinokom-
pania àlbatrosSi~ gadaiRo saintereso filmi `misteriis saxli~ (1923), romel-
Sic mTavari gmiri ganasaxiera ivan mozJuxinma. kinosuraTi daefuZna erT saSua-
lo donis romans, magram masSi naCvenebma fsiqologiurma situaciebma miipyres
kritikosTa yuradReba. am warmatebisagan frTaSesxmulma mozJuxinma Tavad da-
wera scenari da gadaiRo satiruli kinosuraTi `mogizgize koconi~ (1923), sadac
masTan erTad TamaSobda misive meuRle, natalia lisenko.
abel gansis morigi filmi `borbali~ (1923) warmoadgenda wingadadgmul na-
bijs kinematografiuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebisa da meTodebis gaumjobese-
baSi. man didi gavlena iqonia sabWoTa montaJur kinozec, xolo misi calkeuli
epizodebi dRemde iTvleba montaJisa da ritmis erTmaneTTan Serwymis sanimuSo
magaliTebad. imave wels gansma aSS-Si imogzaura. igi holivudSi Sexvda Tavis
saTayvanebel deivid grifiTs, romelsac sulac ar uyvarda sxvisi filmebis cqe-
ra da arc ki icnobda frangi kolegis Semoqmedebas, samagierod siamovnebda, ro-
ca vinme aRfrTovanebuli iyo misi personiT. maT bevri isaubres kinematograf-
ze. amis Semdeg kidev ufro gaizarda gansis pativiscema grifiTisadmi.
patara kompaniebi nel-nela qrebodnen. isini an profils icvlidnen, an sa-
erTod ixurebodnen. sxvebisagan gamorCeuli, damoukidebeli reJisorebi iZule-
buli xdebodnen, eTanamSromlaT profesional kinoprodiuserebTan. kinokompania
àlbatrosma~ miiwvia niWieri kinematografistebi, raTa gadaeRoT franguli sti-
59
lis kinokomediebi, riTac am tradiciul Janrs axali suli STaberes. isev mZla-
vrobda lui oberis kompania, romelic `film d’arTan~ erTad akeTebda RirsSesa-
niSnav kinosuraTebs. `sineromanis~ produqcia isev popularuli iyo farTo ma-
yurebelSi. maT garda, arsebobda kidev ramdenime patara kinokompania, romlebic
emyarebodnen an rusul emigrantul finansebs, an `faramaunTis~ fulad daxma-
rebas.
distribuciis mowesrigeba iTava oberma da mciredi xniT SeZlo kidec. ama-
sobaSi gamoCnda axali sadistribucio kompania àrmuri~, romelic avrcelebda
àlbatrosis~ filmebs da droebiT waeSvela obers. maTda samwuxarod, sxva
frangi distributorebi verc ki aRmoCndnen saTanado simaRleze, raTa es sapa-
tio da urTulesi misia Tavadac SeesrulebinaT.
istoriul-saTavgadasavlo kinosuraTebs didi gasavali hqonda, amitom zo-
gierTi kinoreJisori maTze akeTebda aqcents. anri ruselis filmis _ `saimpe-
rio iebis~ (1924) moqmedeba gadatanili iyo XIX saukuneSi da mTavari personaJi,
yvavilebis gamyidveli, moulodnelad xdeboda saopero `varskvlavi~ da safran-
geTis dedoflis axlo megobari. es filmi aSkarad emsaxureboda warsul dide-
baze nostalgiuri momentebis propagandas. man saxeli mouxveWa mTavari rolis
Semsrulebels, espanel rakel meliers, romelic manamde miuzikholebSi gamosv-
lebiT gaicno mayurebelma. kritikosebma maRali Sefaseba misces mis kinosamsa-
xiobo xelovnebas.
franguli kinoauditoria Zalian etaneboda `realistur filmebs~, romleb-
Sic warmoCenili iyo specifikuri landSaftebi, qalaqebisa da soflebis
cxovreba, socialur-kulturuli detalebi, parizisa da provinciebis Tvalwarm-
taci peizaJebi, quCis bazrobebi da kafeebi, mdinareebsa da arxebSi mocurave bar-
Jebi. aseTi produqcia Seicavda rogorc dokumentur, ise mxatvrul kinosuraTeb-
sac.
komikosebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli melanqolia daewyo maqs linders, Tumca
agrZelebda muSaobas. man didebulad iTamaSa abel gansis kinokomediaSi `miSve-
leT!~ (1924), Semdeg ki gaemgzavra venaSi, sadac mTavari roli ganasaxiera fran-
gul-avstriul erTobliv kinosuraTSi _ `cirkis mefe~ (1924), romelSic kidev
erTxel gaibrwyina Tavisi SesaSuri komikuri niWiT. imave wlis Semodgomaze maq-
sma, parizis erT-erT sastumroSi, TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. ramde-
nime TviT adre gardaicvala leon gomonis favoriti kinoreJisori lui feiadi,
ris Sedegadac gomonma saerTod aicrua guli kinoindustriaze.
daiwyo franguli kinowarmoebis krizisi. sistema moiSala, xolo adgilob-
rivi kinokompaniebis mniSvnelovani nawili amerikulebis kontrolqveS moeqca.
presa TandaTan interesdeboda kinos TeoriiTa da istoriiT. calkeuli damou-
kidebeli Jurnalebi beWdavdnen kritikosebis: leon musinakis, Jan prevos, aleq-
sandr arnusa da sxvebis recenziebs. am adamianTa daucxromelma Sromam fran-
guli kinokritika swor gzaze daayena. komerciuli kinoTeatrebis garda arse-
bobda kinoklubebi, sadac mxolod kinos gamorCeul nimuSebs aCvenebdnen da iqve
mimdinareobda maTi ganxilva. am klubebis mflobelebi ki amayobdnen TavianTi
kulturuli dawesebulebebiT, Tumca mayurebelTa Zalian mcire raodenobas ak-
mayofilebdnen.
amerikulma da germanulma kinokompaniebma mZlavrad moikides fexi safran-
geTis kinobazarze. gomoni `metro-goldvin-meieris~ kontrols daeqvemdebara,
òbermac~ da àrmurmac~ daTmes poziciebi. amis sapirispirod izrdeboda kino-
Teatrebis ricxvi. omis damTavrebisaTvis qveyanaSi funqcionirebda 1444 srul-
60
fasovani kinodarbazi, romelTa raodenoba am droisaTvis orjer gaizarda. maTi
umravlesoba (daaxloebiT 80%) kerZo seqtoris xelSi iyo. seansebidan miRebuli
Semosavali yovelwliurad ramdenime aTeul milion franks Seadgenda. gomonisa
da pates wamxedurobiT oberic xsnida uzarmazar kinoTeatrebs TiTqmis yvela
did frangul qalaqSi. parizSi man aaSena 2000-adgiliani `tivoli~. dedaqalaqSi
`gomon palasTan~ erTad gomons hqonda `madleni~, xolo patem `pate palasi~ `ka-
meod~ gadaakeTa, romelsac ori axali kinoTeatri miumata da axali investo-
rebic miizida. amasTanave, parizSi arsebobda ori damoukidebeli kinoTeatric _
`marivo~ da `sine maqs linderi~. yvela maTganSi TiToeul kinoseansze gadioda
erTi srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi, romelime serialis erT-erTi seria, anda mok-
lemetraJiani dokumenturi filmi.
1925 wlidan frangebis srul dominirebas am sferoSi bolo mouRo `farama-
unTma~, romelic Seudga safrangeTis sxvadasxva qalaqis kinoTeatrebis Sesyid-
vas an axlebis aSenebas. amaTgan mTavari iyo 2000 mayurebelze gaTvlili `fara-
maunT palasi~, romlis gaxsna ori wlis Semdeg saSobao sezons daamTxvies.
saxelganTqmuli mxatvris pier-ogiust renuaris vaJma _ Jan renuarma pirve-
li damoukidebeli sareJisoro namuSevari `wylis qaliSvili~ (1925), romelic ma-
mamisisa da sxva impresionisti mxatvrebis stilistikis gavlenas ganicdida,
mTlianad naturaze gadaiRo, rac maSin iSviaTi SemTxvevas warmoadgenda.
amerikuli investiciebi frangul kinowarmoebaSi ufro meti moculobiT
Sedioda. okeanisgaRmuri kinokompaniebi met xvedriT adgils ikavebdnen safran-
geTis kinobazarze. erovnuli produqciis wili sagrZnoblad daeca. 1925 wels
adgilobrivma kinokompaniebma mxolod 55 mxatvruli filmi gamouSves ekranebze,
rac warmoudgenlad mcire raodenobas udrida, Tanac im qveynisaTvis, romelic
arc ise didi xnis win wamyvan poziciaze idga mTel msoflioSi.
1926 wels bernar natanma, visac kargi urTierToba hqonda `faramaunTTan~,
Seisyida èkleris~ kinostudia, xolo monmartrze aaSena kidev erTi kinostudia,
Tavi mouyara gamocdil kinematografistebs, Camoayaliba axali kinokompania an-
ri diaman-berJesTan da inglisel jon maqsuelTan erTad da Seudga kinosura-
Tebis warmoebas. imavdroulad `faramaunTis~ frangma prodiuserma, rober iu-
relma daafuZna `franko filmi~, sadac gadawyvita ekeTebina komerciuli kinosu-
raTebi franguli kinos àxali princesis~, luiz lagranJis monawileobiT.
rusi emigrantebi xSirad iRebdnen filmebs TavianT samSobloze, raSic an
aqebdnen, an akritikebdnen ruseTs. viqtor turJanskis drama `mixail strogovi~
(1926) Jul vernis nawarmoebis Tavisebur kinoadaptacias warmoadgenda. gadaReba
mimdinareobda latviaSi, qalaq rigis maxloblad. masobrivi scenebisaTvis gamoi-
yenes adgilobrivi armiis 4000 jariskaci da kavaleristi.
prosper merimes `karmenis~ ekranizacia gadaiRo Jak feiderma 1926 wels. ga-
damRebma jgufma samuSaos didi nawili espaneTSi Seasrula uzado peizaJebisa
da saucxoo dekoraciebis fonze, magram muSaobis Sua periodSi gaCenilma finan-
surma problemebma da reJisoris konfliqtma rakel melierTan, romelic karmens
asaxierebda, seriozuli bzari gaaCina SemoqmedebiTi koleqtivis erTianobaSi,
ris gamoc feiderma saswrafod CaamTavra gadaReba. aman ganapiroba savalalo
Sedegi _ kinogaqiravebaSi komerciuli Cavardna da kritikosTa erTsulovani ga-
laSqreba filmis winaaRmdeg.
`realisturi filmebis~ sanaxavad frangebi ojaxebiT dadiodnen kinoTeat-
rebSi. maTSi Cadebuli emociuri muxti Zveleburad moqmedebda sazogadoebis
patriotulad ganwyobil wreebze. isini udavod uwyobdnen xels kulturuli
61
cxovrebis ganviTarebas, mniSvnelovani wvlili SehqondaT Taobebis aRzrdaSi, as-
wavlidnen manerebs, uyalibebdnen daxvewil gemovnebas. `kargi yofis~ amgvar Cve-
nebas mohyva Tavisi ukuprocesic, romelic frangul specifikur kulturas kos-
mopolitizmisaken ubiZgebda. amis gamo adgilobrivma nacionalistebma gangaSic
ki atexes.
ruseTis imperiisagan poloneTis damoukideblobis Temas mieZRvna reimon
bernaris `moWadrake~ (1927), romelmac didZali mogeba moitana. aseTi warmatebe-
biT mas gautolda aleksandr volkovis `kazanova~ (1927). orive filmi gamoirCe-
oda SesaniSnavi samsaxiobo ansamblebiT, dekoraciebiT, kostiumebiTa da gadasa-
Rebi moednebiT. pirveli maTgani gadaiRes poloneTSi, meore ki _ italiaSi. O
statistikuri monacemebiT 1927 wels safrangeTis ekranebze gadioda 74
franguli da 368 amerikuli kinosuraTi, aseve sxva qveynebis kinokompaniebis ga-
cilebiT mcire raodenobis produqcia. amgvari Sefardeba naTlad aCvenebda
franguli kinematografis krizisis gagrZelebas, gamouval mdgomareobaSi yof-
nas. yofili wamyvani kinomewarmeebi erTgvar CrdilSi idgnen an nel-nela yid-
dnen TavianT sawarmoo qonebas, xolo arenaze gamosuli axali kinoprodiuse-
rebi saTanadod ver afasebdnen situaciebs, momavali grandiozuli gegmebisa da
warmatebebis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT trabaxobdnen presasa da sazogadoebaSi, magram
sasurvel Sedegebs ver aRwevdnen da zogierTi kraxiT amTavrebda saqmianobas.
1927 wlis mTavari movlena gaxda abel gansis istoriuli drama `napoleo-
ni~. reJisorma oTxi weli moandoma masze muSaobas. aqedan sami weliwadi mim-
dinareobda gadaReba italiasa da safrangeTSi. gansma 330 wigni waikiTxa am is-
toriul pirovnebaze da filmSi is warmoadgina, rogorc safrangeTis revolu-
ciis legendaruli qmnileba, romantikuli, idealuri gmiri. Tavdapirvelad kino-
suraTis dafinanseba sxvadasxva kompaniam ikisra, magram mizezTa gamo SemdgomSi
maT sxvebi Caenacvlnen da sabolood, gansis sakuTarma kompaniam da `sosiete Je-
neral de filmma~ iTaves misi damzadeba. finansurma problemebma aqac iCina Ta-
vi, amitom reJisorma ver ganaxorciela pirvandeli Canafiqri _ mas surda film-
Si gadmoeca napoleonis mTeli kariera, magram mxolod misi italiuri kampaniis
Cvenebas dasjerda. scenaris is nawili, sadac aRwerili hqonda imperatoris yof-
na wminda elenes kunZulze, man erT Tavis megobar reJisors gadasca momavali
SesaZlebeli realizaciisaTvis.
`napoleoni~ 18 milioni franki dajda. misi gadamRebi jgufi 200 adamianisa-
gan Sedgeboda. mTavari rolisaTvis ganss ramdenime kandidati hyavda, maT Soris
mozJuxinic, magram am ukanasknelma oficialurad ganacxada uari, radgan miaCnda,
rom safrangeTis imperatoris personaJi swored frangs unda ganesaxierebina. es
misia Seasrula mweralma, reJisorma da msaxiobma alber diodonem. istoriuli
pirovnebis, lui sen-Justis, roli Tavad gansma iTamaSa.
reJisorma araerTi novacia scada. im epizodis gadaRebisas, roca patara na-
poleoni Tovlis gundebiT TamaSobda, man burTebSi gaaxvevina Zvirad Rirebuli
portatiuli kinokamerebi da asistentebs asrolinebda aqeT-iqiT, raTa Seeqmna
gundebis moZraobis efeqti da iqidan gadaRebuli kadrebi Caesva kinosuraTSi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT misma TanamSromlebma protesti gamoTqves kamerebis SesaZ-
lo damsxvrevis gamo, razec gansma upasuxa: Tovlis gundebic imsxvrevao da ma-
inc Tavisi gaitana. es iyo e. w. `subieqturi kameris~ principi, romelic reJisor-
ma sxva epizodebSic gamoiyena, roca kamerebs xan cxenis unagirze, xanac ki mar-
xilze amagrebda. erTi bataluri scenis gadaRebisaTvis brZolis adgilis Tav-
ze man gaaba bagirebi, razec specialuri meqanizmebiT damagrebuli kamerebi das-
62
rialebdnen da zemodan iRebdnen yvelafers. Semdeg SemTxvevaSi igi isev bur-
Tebs daubrunda, isev Caadebina maTSi kamerebi da Seqmna qvemexidan gasrolili
Wurvebidan gadaRebuli kadrebis imitacia. gansma moigona sistema, romlis mixed-
viT sami kinokamera iRebda calkeul scenebsa da panoramebs, xolo premieris
dros da merec am gadaRebul nawilebs sami kinoproeqtoris saSualebiT uSveb-
dnen ekranze.
TavisTavad, filmze muSaobisas aravinaa dazRveuli ubedurebebisa da sa-
warmoo tramvebisagan. erTxel sapaviliono mosamzadebeli saqmianobisas moxda
afeTqeba, gansi msubuqad daiWra, Tumca igi TavisiT wavida saavadmyofoSi da erT
kviraSi mwyobrSi Cadga. masze gansakuTrebiT mZimed imoqmeda erT-erTi brZolis
gadaRebis momentSi masobrivi scenis ori msaxiobis daRupvam.
kinosuraTs didi warmateba xvda wilad, miuxedavad imisa, rom misma prodiu-
serebma sagrZnoblad Seamcires qronometraJi. amJamad `napoleonis~ ramdenime
versia arsebobs da dRemde daudgenelia, romelia maTSi gansiseuli originali.
1928 wels safrangeTis xelisuflebam daawesa mkacri kvotebi sazRvargare-
Tuli kinoproduqciis Setana-ganawilebaze, magram es RonisZieba ukve dagvianebu-
li iyo, radgan qveyanaSi Zlieri kinoindustria aRar arsebobda. imxanad mosax-
leobis mxolod 7% Tu dadioda kinoTeatrebSi. Tanac adgilobrivi kinokompani-
ebi naklebad akeTebdnen sufTa franguli suliskveTebiT gaJRenTil namuSev-
rebs, rac auditorias aRizianebda da amiT iyo gamowveuli amerikuli msubuqi
da sanaxaobrivi kinoTi misi daintereseba.
Sarl patem gayida morCenili ucxouri filialebi, xolo vensenis kinostu-
dia `kodakze~ gaasxvisa. leon gomonma `metro-goldvin-meiers~ mihyida sadistri-
bucio da sakinoTeatro qselebi da miatova kinobiznesi. `pate konsorsiom sine-
ma~ gadakeTda `pari konsorsiom sinemad~, Tumca winamorbedisaviT vera da ver
SeZlo mowinaveTa rigebSi Cadgoma.
SesaSuri avtoriteti moixveWa rene klerma kinokomediebiT: ìtaliuri Ca-
lis qudi~ (1928) da òri morcxvi~ (1928), romlebic warmoadgendnen eJen labiSis
cnobili piesebis ekranizaciebs. amis Semxedvare, adgilobrivi presa xmamaRla
alaparakda erovnuli kinokomediis aRorZinebaze. banaluri melodramebisa da
istoriul-saTavgadasavlo filmebis mxriv aRsaniSnavia Jan gremiionis `mal-
doni~ (1928) da Jan renuaris `turniri qalaqSi~ (1928). renuaris momdevno kinosu-
raTi ùqnarebi~ (1928) imiT gamoirCeoda, rom jariskacTa cxovrebis amsaxveli
popularuli vodevili avtorma ekranze gadaitana araCveulebriv socialur sa-
tirad, sadac brwyinvaled iTamaSa axalgazrda msaxiobma, miSel simonma.
1929 wels Sarl patem gamoacxada Tavisi kompaniis aqtivebis gayidvis Sesa-
xeb. misi sakontrolo paketi SeiZina bernar natanma, romelsac am saqmeSi ori
msxvili bankiri exmareboda. natanma saswrafod Caatara kinokompaniis reorgani-
zacia da kinobazarze gaiyvana `pate-natanis~ saxelwodebiT. man TavisTan ixmo
cnobili kinoreJisorebi da kinomsaxiobebi, axlo momavalSi aseve iyida pates
sxva obieqtebic: kinoTeatrebi, sacavebi, Juanvilis studia, rasac daamata Tanamed-
rove aparatura da gasaxmovanebeli sistema, raTa, amerikelebis msgavsad, ewarmoe-
bina xmovani kinosuraTebi da amiT gajibreboda maT, Tumca oriode sagulisxmo
filmis garda verafriT daamaxsovra Tavi kinos moyvarulTa sazogadoebas.
dekadis miwurulisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli da skandaluri kinosuraTi
gamodga Jak feideris àxali batonebi~ (1929), romelsac safuZvlad daedo erTi
popularuli komikuri piesa. masSi reJisorma dascina parlamentarizmis ideas,
politikur sistemas, burJuaziis fsevdodemokratiul normebs, aCvena xalxis zed-
63
meti Tavdajerebloba da mindoba saxelisuflebo wreebisadmi, gaaSarJa mTavro-
bisa da muSaTa profkavSirebis saqmianoba da urTierTdamokidebuleba. man maqsi-
malurad gamoiyena maSin arsebuli TiTqmis yvela kinematografiuli teqnikuri
xerxi (ormagi eqspozicia, Senelebuli moZraoba, mwvave rakursebi, epizodis age-
bis simetriuli montaJuri svlebi da sxv.), ris gamoc kritikis maRali Sefaseba
daimsaxura, xolo politikosebis azri orad gaiyo. ekranebze gamosvlidan cota
xnis Semdeg cenzuram es kinosuraTi akrZala, magram male sazogadoebis daJi-
nebuli moTxovna gaiTvaliswina da kinoTeatrebs misi demonstrirebis neba dar-
To.
1929 wlisaTvis safrangeTSi muSaobda 4200 kinoTeatri. maTi wliuri Semo-
savali Seadgenda 230 milion franks, Tumca am Tanxis mniSvnelovani nawili ame-
rikuli sawarmoo da sadistribucio kinokompaniebis salaroebSi uxvad miedine-
boda. frangebs auxdaT anri diaman-berJes winaswarmetyveleba.
64
kinoavangardi
XX saukunis dasawyisSi saxviT xelovnebaSi, mxatvrul literaturasa da

TeatrSi warmoqmnilma ramdenime mxatvrulma mimdinareobam Tavisi gamoZaxili
hpova kinoSic. erT-erTi maTgani iyo avangardi, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli ki-
nos xelovnebis dargad gadaqcevis process. xelovnebaSi axali Teoriebis gaCe-
nam, droisa da Semecnebisadmi axleburma midgomam Semoqmed adamianebs gauCina
survili, kinos saSualebiT ecadaT aemoZravebinaT saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebi.
franguli sityva àvangardi~ qarTulad `mewinave razms~ niSnavs. misi mim-
devrebi amayobdnen imiT, rom maTi nawarmoebebi dros, arsebul mimdinareobebsa
da tendenciebs uswrebdnen. novatorobiT gamorCeuli kinoavangardistebis ume-
tesoba aranair interess ar iCenda socialuri Tematikisadmi. isini Tavs kino-
mxatvrebs uwodebdnen, komerciul kinos ewinaaRmdegebodnen da misdevdnen e. w.
`kulturul kinos~, rogorc mxatvruli formis ekranuli gamosaxvis alternati-
ul marSruts. maT eZaxdnen èkranis poetebs~, romlebic cdilobdnen, firze ga-
daetanaT saxviTi xelovnebisa da musikis SegrZnebebi, harmonia, ufro aintereseb-
daT ekranis gamomsaxvelobiTi buneba, Tumca maTi namuSevrebi farTo audito-
rias ar moswonda, vinaidan TiTqmis verafers igebda.
kinoavangardi or etapad iyofa. TiToeulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sag-
nebisa da movlenebis mimarT sxvadasxvagvari midgoma, uCveulo xedva, gadmocemis
originaluri xerxebi, kinoenis axali teqnikuri saSualebebiT gamdidreba. pir-
vel etaps, romelsac `franguli kinoimpresionizmi~ Searqves, Tavisi lideri _
Jurnalisti, dramaturgi, poeti da mwerali lui deluki hyavda. is ver itanda
Tanamedrove kinematografs _ mxatvrul filmebs, kinoqronikebs, `fantomasis~
msgavs serialebs, magram mas Semdeg, rac naxa sesil demilis `tyuili~, moixibla
amerikuli kinos stilistikiT. deluki kinokritikosi gaxda, uSvebda Jurnalebs,
werda recenziebs, aarsebda kinosazogadoebebs da miznad daisaxa `gamoeRviZebi-
na~ erovnuli kinowarmoeba. pirveli statia kinoze man gamoaqveyna anri diaman-
berJes JurnalSi. am nawerebs zogi giJis nabodvars adarebda, zogi ki umaRlesi
inteleqtualuri azrovnebis Sedevrad Tvlida. man erT-erTma pirvelma gaiazra
kinos, rogorc xelovnebis, daniSnuleba.
deluki kargad acnobierebda, rom pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg safran-
geTma dakarga lideroba kinoindustriasa da distribuciaSi, amitom Tavs Tvli-
da im axali Taobis warmomadgenlad, romelic miiswrafvoda aRedgina franguli
kinos Zveli dideba. is werda, rom axalgazrda kinematografistebma unda mibaZon
ara frang kinoreJisorebs, aramed grifiTs, Caplins, inss montaJiT, xolo gadaRe-
bis teqnikiT _ skandinaviel da germanel ostatebso.
deluki da misi Tanamoazreebi: Jermen dulaki, marsel l’erbie, Jan epStaini
da sxvebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen impresionistul eqsperimentebs
kinoSi, gamosaxulebebis arsis gaxsnas cdilobdnen ritmuli montaJuri svlebiT,
axleburi rakursebiT, arafokusirebuli kadrebiT, eyrdnobodnen im STabeWdile-
bebs, romelsac garemocveli samyaro axdenda adamianze, upiratesobas aniWebdnen
naturaze gadaRebas, radgan miaCndaT, rom buneba maqsimalurad unda warmoeCinaT
filmSi. isini awarmoebdnen sistematur kvlevebs kinematografis simbolur, dra-
maturgiul da ritmul saSualebebze, ocnebobdnen, kinosagan SeeqmnaT xelovne-
bis axali dargi da CamoeyalibebinaT originaluri vizualuri kinoena.
65
delukma dawera ramdenime naSromi, romelTaganac mis saprogramo dokumen-
tad iqca `fotogenia~. igi fotogenias uwodebda obieqtebisa da subieqtebis
Tvisebas, riTac isini ekranze ufro kargad, mZlavrad, lamazad da poeturad Can-
dnen, vidre cxovrebaSi. man maTi siac ki Seadgina da amis safuZvelze gamokveTa
kinematografis saxasiaTo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: axlo xedi, moZraoba (di-
di aqcenti rapidze, anu Senelebul moZraobaze) da gamosaxulebis Sinagani ba-
lansis uqonloba, rac statikur kadrTan modioda winaaRmdegobaSi. delukma
zedmiwevniT Seiswavla samive da miuTiTa, rom kino ibadeba mwerlis xelovnebi-
sadmi mistikuri rwmenidan, rac cxovrebas aRwers iseTad, rogoricaa sinamdvile-
Si. fotogenuri natura ara marto lamazi adgilmdebareobaa, aramed garkveuli
ganwyobis Semqmneli peizaJia, rac TamaSobs dramatul rols da ukeT xsnis mim-
dinare movlenis arss. aseTma fonma xeli unda Seuwyos filmis moqmedebis gan-
viTarebas, fsiqologiis gaxsnas da gaazrebulma ganaTebamac Tavisi wvlili un-
da Seitanos amaSi. amiT iqmneba namdvili mxatvruli nawarmoebi, romelic daeq-
vemdebareba erTian saavtoro ideas, rasTanac mWidro kavSirSi aucileblad moi-
azreba teqnikuri mxare.
`franguli kinokritikis mamad~ monaTluli deluki xazs usvamda serio-
zul gansxvavebebsa da winaaRmdegobebs kinoxelovnebasa da kinowarmoebas So-
ris, ambobda, rom kinos specifikuri kanonebis jer kidev Seuswavlelobis gamo
reJisorebi, romelTac surdaT WeSmariti xelovnebis nimuSebis Seqmna, ver aRwev-
dnen am mizans. amisaTvis man daamuSava kinoesTetikis zogierTi sakiTxi, romel-
Ta wyalobiTac daiZleoda erovnul kinoSi fexmokidebuli xelosnoba da gakeT-
deboda namdvili xelovnebis calkeuli, RirsSesaniSnavi nawarmoebebi. deluki
aqtiurad ebrZoda kinos komercializacias, kinodramaturgiis primitiulobas, im
umartives siuJetebs, efeqtur ganaTebebs, pompezur interierebs, riTac sxva reJi-
sorebi fons gadiodnen mayureblis droebiT mosaxiblavad. misi azriT, amgvari
kinoproduqciis mTavari gmirebis xasiaTebi daumuSavebeli iyo, gamosaxulebas ki
mxolod informaciuli datvirTva eZleoda. igi mouwodebda kinos muSakebs, Ta-
vianT namuSevrebSi SeeqmnaT poeturi ganwyoba, aReweraT adamianis sulieri sam-
yaro da lamazad eCvenebinaT realoba.
1918 wels lui delukma dawera kinoscenari dulakis kinofilmisaTvis ès-
panuri dResaswauli~. masSi Caido swored axali franguli kinos esTetika, yu-
radReba mieqca ara tradiciul meTodebs, aramed vizualurobas, detalebs, gamom-
saxvelobiT formebs. scenaristma scada poeturi subieqturobis samyaroSi SeR-
weva, warsulisa da awmyos, mogonebisa da realobis erTmaneTTan uCveulod Serw-
yma. samwuxarod, Jermen dulakma saTanadod ver gadaitana ekranze delukis Cana-
fiqri, ris gamoc luim gadawyvita Tavad gadaeRo filmebi.
kinoavangardi ganviTarda germaniaSic. adgilobrivma mxatvar-abstraqcio-
nistebma animaciis saSualebiT daiwyes abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebis `gacocx-
leba~ da maTSi gadmosces kvadratis, wris, samkuTxedis ritmuli urTierTobebi,
grafikuli formebis moZraoba. germanelma hans rixterma da germaniaSi moRvawe
Svedma mxatvarma _ viking egelingma gadaiRes pirveli patara abstraqtuli
filmebi.
1920 wels gamovida lui delukis filmi `Savi kvamli~. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am kinodeteqtivSi iyo oriode saintereso rakursi, uCveulo epizodi, aseve
damaintrigebeli fsiqologiuri garemo, man mainc ver ivarga. Tavad kinoreJiso-
ri ukmayofilo darCa namuSevriT da kargad gaacnobiera, rom yvela kinosuraTi
warmatebuli ar gamouvidoda. amis Semdeg delukma guldagul gaaanaliza rit-
66
mis, rogorc kinosuraTis kompoziciis ganmsazRvrelis roli da kinomsaxiobis
mniSvneloba. mas ar uyvarda kinoekranze iseTi msaxiobebis gamoCena, romlebic
moklebuli iyvnen SemoqmedebiT individualobas da gadametebiT poziorobdnen,
bevrs Jestikulirebdnen kameris win.
safrangeTSi moRvawe italieli kritikosi, riCoto kanudo ikvlevda kinoes-
Tetikis problemebs. 1920 wlidan is awyobda sadilebs jer kafeebSi, mere saku-
Tar saxlSi, razec iwvevda kinematografistebs kinos saWirboroto sakiTxebze
samsjelod. misi TaosnobiT Seiqmna `meSvide xelovnebis moyvarulTa klubi~, ro-
melSic kinematografistebTan erTad gawevriandnen mxatvrebic, kompozitorebic,
literatorebic da sxv. klubis sxdomebze mimdinareobda diskusiebi, filmebis
Cveneba-ganxilva, msaxiobebi kiTxulobdnen axal scenarebs, reJisorebi waradgen-
dnen axal kinoproeqtebs. kanudos ekuTvnis ramdenime saintereso Teoriuli naS-
romi kinoze. mis mier Camoyalibebulma klubma dasabami daudo sxva kinoklu-
bebs.
delukma gadaiRo filmi `siCume~ (1920), romelze muSaobisas mivida im daskv-
namde, rom aucilebeli iyo sascenaro kadrireba, raTa kino ufro Rrmad SeWri-
liyo filmis gmirebis Sinagan samyaroSi, aRewera maTi gancdebi, sizmrebi, fanta-
ziebi, fiqrebi.
kinodramaturgi da kinoreJisori marsel l’erbie, romelmac profesiuli
wrToba leon gomonTan gaiara, warmatebiT CaerTo `delukis skolis~ saqmianoba-
Si da gaakeTa kinosuraTi èldorado~ (1921), romelic iqca kinoavangardis erT-
erT saukeTeso nimuSad. man farTod gamoiyena specefeqtebi, saxelganTqmuli
mxatvrebis: diego velaskesis, xusepe de riberasa da fransisko de goias cnobi-
li tiloebi, aCvena espaneTis erT-erTi mxaris _ andalusiis, Tvalwarmtaci pei-
zaJebi. l’erbies naklebad ainteresebda ritmis sakiTxi, samagierod, siuJetis
plastikur gadawyvetas miapyro yuradReba da warmoaCina maRali kinokultura.
rodesac reJisorma filmi gomons warudgina, erT momentSi, gamosaxuleba foku-
sidan amovarda da nislma dafara ekrani. aRSfoTebulma kinomrewvelma brZana,
samsaxuridan gaegdoT kinomeqanikosi, radgan ifiqra, rom saproeqcio aparati ga-
afuWao, Tumca l’erbiem iqve auxsna, rom es yvelaferi Tavad gangeb gadaiRo ase,
raTa Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri efeqti. marTalia, gomoni ar aRfr-
Tovanebula filmiT, magram xeli ar SeuSala kinoTeatrebSi mis demonstrire-
bas.
erT kviraSi gadaiRo lui delukma `cieb-cxeleba~ (1921), romelsac Tavda-
pirvelad erqva `WuWyi~, magram cenzuram ar moiwona saTauri da deluki iZule-
buli gaxda, igi Seecvala. man Cxubis scena gaakeTa Tavisi sayvareli amerikuli
vesternebis stilSi. `cieb-cxeleba~ iyo delukis yvelaze gamorCeuli filmi,
romelic aRiares Sedevrad da `revoluciur nawarmoebad~.
germanelma abstraqcionistebma gamouSves axali namuSevrebi, romlebSic
aamoZraves ferweris nimuSebi. kinoavangardis es frTa aSkarad idealisturad
gamoiyureboda da kinoSi xedavda universaluri kinoenis sufTa formis utopi-
ur mizans. hans rixteris `ritmi 21~ (1921) da valter rutmanis òpusi I~ (1921) im-
denad moewona mayurebels, rom orivem momavalSi gadaiRo maTi gagrZelebebi,
romlebic, maTi gancxadebiT, àbsoluturi kinos~ idealebs emsaxurebodnen da
`vizualuri musikisaken~ miiswrafodnen. am filmebs hyavda didi saerTaSoriso
auditoria, miuxedavad imisa, rom holivudi ewinaaRmdegeboda maT gavrcelebas
aSS-Si. evropuli kinoklubebi aCvenebdnen aRniSnul produqcias, maTze bevrs
werda presa, maTi Cveneba xdeboda sxvadasxva konferenciasa da gamofenaze.
67
kinoavangardistebs solidaroba gamoucxada Jak feidermac, romelic yovel-
Tvis profesiuli SemarTebiT akeTebda saqmes. man gadaiRo `krenkebili~ (1922),
raSic swored impresionistuli xelweriT gadmosca Rrma humanizmi, TanagrZnoba,
gmiris fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba. rasakvirvelia, im dros frangul kinoSi
mravlad akeTebdnen ekranizaciebs, magram xSirad mxolod mxatvruli nawarmoe-
bis siuJetur sqemas Tu gadmoiRebdnen da mTavari personaJebis xasiaTebs zeda-
pirulad warmoadgendnen. aseTi namuSevrebi mSrali ilustraciebi iyo. es kar-
gad gaiTvaliswina feiderma. igi didxans arCevda tipaJebs, Tamamad iyenebda
axal gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, yuradRebas aqcevda TiToeul detals, iReb-
da pavilionSic da naturazec, erTmaneTs didebulad uxamebda am epizodebs. sa-
boloo jamSi, man uzadod aCvena adamianis tragikuli bedi socialurad uTanas-
woro da usamarTlo samyaroSi. misi filmi Zalian moewonaT avangardistebs.
naturalisturi, uJestikulacio da pompezuri scenebis gareSe gadaRebul
filmSi `qali arsaidan~ (1922) delukma warmoaCina gmirebi realobisa da fanta-
ziis zRvarze. is ambobda, rom yovel msaxiobs unda hqondes Taviseburi niRabi,
rac asaxavs personaJis xasiaTs, sulier wiaRsvlebs da es niRabi sxvadasxva ki-
nosuraTSi unda cvalos, raTa ar daiStamposo.
metad RirsSesaniSnavi abstraqtuli namuSevari _ `momRimari qalbatoni bi-
ode~ (1923) gadaiRo Jermen dulakma, romelsac undoda kinematografiuli xer-
xebiT gadmoeca adamianTa grZnobebi. misi Teoriebi Rirseulad gaagrZela Jan ep-
Stainma, romlis filmi `wiTeli sastumro~ (1923) mTlianobaSi didad arafriT
gamoirCeoda, Tumca masSi iyo ori saintereso avangardistuli scena, xolo Sem-
degi kinosuraTi èrTguli guli~ (1923) karga xans warmoadgenda msjelobis sa-
gans saucxoo montaJis gamo. rogorc dulaki, ise epStaini amtkicebdnen fotoge-
niis upiratesobas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi uaryofdnen kinos Sinaarsobriv mxares,
miaCndaT, rom mas Tavidan unda aecilebina unayofo urTierTobebi istoriul,
moralur, romantikur, geografiul da dokumentur siuJetebTan, romlebic masze
uaryofiTad moqmedebdnen da amitomac mxolod fotogeniis elementebi unda ga-
moiyenos, radgan sworedac rom fotogeniaa kinos yvelaze sufTa gamoxatvao.
isini mxurvaled uWerdnen mxars lui delukis lozungs: `geyofaT fotografia,
gvaCveneT kino!~.
l’erbiec qmnida Teoriul naSromebs, romlebSic aRwerda sakuTar Semoqme-
debiT Ziebebs. avangardistul kinosuraTSi ùsulgulo qali~ (1923) man usasyid-
lod gamoiyena 2500 statisti, romelTa umravlesobas Seadgenda parizis elita-
ruli sazogadoeba. kinosuraTma cxare kamaTi gamoiwvia, vinaidan misi avtorisa-
Tvis kinos safuZveli iyo sivrcul-plastikuri parametrebis Canaweri, rac fo-
kusirdeboda Sidakadrul Sinaarsze, xolo am poziciis mowinaaRmdegeebi, anu
tradiciuli xelovnebis msaxurebi xmamaRla ilaSqrebdnen mis winaaRmdeg. dapi-
rispirebam karga xans gastana, Tanac ise, rom l’erbies sasamarTlos winaSe war-
dgomac ki mouwia, rameTu xelovnebis siwmindeebis SelaxvaSi daadanaSaules.
1923 wlidan saTaves iRebs kinoavangardis meore etapi, roca safrangeTSi
myofma amerikelma fotografma da mxatvarma man reim gadaiRo patara filmi _
`gonebisaken dabruneba~. es iyo kidev erTi modernistuli mimdinareobis _ dada-
izmis, klasikuri kinematografiuli magaliTi. masSi warmoCnda erTmaneTTan dau-
kavSirebeli saxeebi, mistikuri damangrevloba, sinaTlisa da moZraobis magiuri
Sexameba da, rac mTavaria, auwyobeli siuJeti. rei formis eqsperimentebs amuSa-
vebda da amiT cdilobda kinoenis axali, gansxvavebuli saSualebebi gamoenaxa.
am filmis Seqmnis idea daibada mas Semdeg, rac dadaistma mweralma da poetma,
68
tristan caram, romelsac `giJ ruminels~ eZaxdnen, gadawyvita, moewyo dadaiste-
bis yriloba da misi savaraudo programa gadasca reis. am ukanasknelma moifiq-
ra gadaeRo kinosuraTi, romelsac miuZRvnida aRniSnul forums. man oTaxis cen-
trSi ganalaga obieqtebi, rigrigobiT gaaSuqa da Caabnela isini da kedelze ga-
mosaxuli maTive Crdilebi aRbeWda kinofirze. amasTanave, filmis msvlelobisas
Cndeboda wreebi da spiralebi qalis sxeulze. reim aCvena gaSiSvlebuli qalba-
toni, romelsac ganasaxierebda misi favoriti fotomodeli. igi reis momdevno
filmebSic gamoCnda. premieris dros erTi mayurebeli wamodga da atexa yviri-
li, rom am sisulelem Tavi amatkivao, razec meorem ubrZana gaCumeba. amas mohyva
xelCarTuli Cxubi, aliaqoTi da policiis Careva.
`gonebisaken dabrunebam~ stimuli misca sxvebs. kinematografiul dadaizms
`sufTa kinosac~ uwodebdnen. misi mimdevrebis didi nawili ganekuTvneboda da-
daist mxatvarTa erT jgufs, romlis wevrebi uars ambobdnen xelovnebaSi arse-
bul kanonzomierebebze da akeTebdnen iseT kinosuraTebs, romlebsac, umeteswi-
lad, arc ki hqondaT siuJeti, aramed Sedgebodnen abdaubda kadrebisagan an abst-
raqtuli figurebis rigebisagan.
1923 wels kanudo gardaicvala, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg misi klubi daiSa-
la, Tumca yalibdeboda sxva kinoklubebi. momdevno wels parizSi gaixsna ori
specializebuli kinoTeatri: `Zveli samtrede~ da ùrsulineli debis studia~,
sadac aCvenebdnen rogorc adgilobrivi warmoebis avangardistul, ise ucxour
namuSevrebs. demonstrirebis Semdeg mimdinareobda mwvave diskusia, rac xandaxan
deboSiTac mTavrdeboda, radgan arc erTi mowinaaRmdege mxare ar Tmobda pozi-
cias. seansebze kinoavangardistebi sagangebod iwvevdnen potenciur damfinanseb-
lebs, raTa ramenairad moewonebinaT TavianTi produqcia da maTgan garkveuli
Tanxebi mieRoT momavali proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad. am mxriv gansakuTre-
biT aqtiurobda `Zveli samtredes~ mepatrone Jan tedesko.
morigi filmis `wyaldidoba~ (1924) gadaRebisas daavadmyofda deluki. mar-
Talia, kinosuraTis gasruleba man ki moaswro, magram avadmyofobam misi sicoc-
xle Seiwira 33 wlis asakSi. am adamianma uaRresad progresuli roli iTamaSa
msoflio kinoxelovnebis ganviTarebasa da kinos specifikis CamoyalibebaSi. igi
TavgamodebiT ebrZoda imaT, visTvisac kino iyo gabatonebuli ideologiis iara-
Ri, masebis gasarTobi da amasTanave, gamosaTayvanebeli saSualeba. misi TiToeu-
li praqtikuli Tu Teoriuli namuSevari warmoadgenda SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuf-
lebis gamoxatvas, xelovnebis komercializaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTul amboxs.
delukis mimdevrebis umravlesoba male komerciul kinoze gadaerTo. amiT dam-
Tavrda kinoavangardis pirveli etapi.
frangma fernan leJem da amerikelma dadli merfim gaakeTes dadaisturi
filmi `meqanikuri baleti~ (1924). kubistma mxatvarma leJem kinoSi gadaitana is,
rasac akeTebda Tavis naxatebSi. man gamoacxada, rom amieridan avangardi did-
xans daimkvidrebs adgils kinematografSio. leJe pirvel msoflio omSi monawi-
leobda da xSirad ixsenebda, rom lamis dabrmavda 75-milimetriani qvemexis si-
kaSkaSiT Takara mzeze. is pirispir aRmoCnda xelsawyosTan, romelic gaakeTa
adamianma da muSaobaSi ixelmZRvanela geometriuli kanonebiT, radgan meqanikaSi
swored geometriuli wesrigi batonobs. aman mas aswavla bevri ram, vidre erTad
aRebulma, mTeli qveynierebis yvela muzeumma. amgvari aRmoCeniT STagonebuli
mxatvari manqanebis axali epoqis mexotbe gaxda. mis gmirad warmoCnda manqana,
rogorc TviTmyofadi sagani, romelic mudmiv transformacias ganicdis, avlens
plastikur SesaZleblobebs, xolo adamiani gadaiqca manqanis danamatad.
69
`meqanikuri baleti~ patara fragmentebis montaJia da aCvenebs ritmuli moZ-
raobis sxvadasxva saxeobas _ sagnebisa da kbilanebiani borblebis `cekvas~, ro-
gor arTmeven adamianebs samuSaos maTive gakeTebuli manqanebi. kinokritikosebma
mas `moZraobis oda~, `bunebriobis apoTeozi~ da `Sereuli abstraqcia~ Searqves,
Tumca leJe amtkicebda, rom es kinosuraTi sulac ar iyo abstraqtuli nawarmo-
ebi, aramed sakmaod realistursa da obieqtur namuSevars warmoadgenda. misi az-
riT, ferweraSi Secdomaa siuJeti, xolo kinoSi _ scenari da Tu am tvirTisagan
gaTavisufldeboda kino, is gaxdeboda giganturi mikroskopi im sagnebisa, romle-
bic arasodes daunaxavT da SeugrZvniaT. merfic da leJec upiratesobas aniWeb-
dnen ritmsa da montaJs da ilaSqrebdnen ekranizaciebis winaaRmdeg, rameTu miaC-
ndaT, rom amiT srulebiTac ver miaRwevdnen ekranze WeSmariti xelovnebis asax-
vis sapatio misias. isini hkicxavdnen literaturuli kinoadaptaciebis moyvarul
reJisorebs da miuTiTebdnen, rom maT did nawils filologiuri ganaTleba
hqonda miRebuli, amitom imis iqiT aRar iyurebiano.
kinoze Seyvarebulma leJem lamis miatova mxatvroba. igi parizul presaSi
werda recenziebs filmebze, maT Soris `meqanikur baletzec~, ikvlevda formis,
ferisa da sivrcis problemebs kinoSi, msjelobda Teatraluri da kinematogra-
fiuli sanaxaobebis Sesaxeb, abstraqciis xelovnebaze, axali realizmis gamosax-
vis meTodebze.
`meqanikuri baletisaTvis~ originaluri musika dawera amerikelma kompozi-
torma jorj enTailma, magram premieraze misi Sesruleba ver moxerxda ori mi-
zezis gamo: 16-wuTiani kinosuraTisaTvis enTailma SeTxza 30-wuTiani musikalu-
ri nawarmoebi da uari ganacxada mis Semcirebaze. Tanac partitura ise hqonda
ganawilebuli, rom erTdroulad unda daekra 16 pianists 16 instrumentze, rac
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. mere reJisorebma aRar isurves sxva kinoseansebze musikis
Tanxleba. mxolod 76 wlis Semdeg belgiaSi moxerxda gamosaxulebisa da Semci-
rebuli musikis erTad wardgena.
saukeTeso montaJuri azrovneba warmoaCina rene klerma kinosuraTSi ànt-
raqti~ (1924), romelic gaakeTa Teatr `Sans elizes~ direqtorisa da Sveduri sa-
baleto dasis xelmZRvanelis dakveTiT. filmi unda gasuliyo ekranze erTi spe-
qtaklis aqtebs Soris Sesvenebisas. es dadaisturi groteski, romelSic araviTa-
ri siuJeturi qarga ar aris, warmoadgens asociaciebze awyobil, Tavisebur siz-
mars, raSic dadaizmis Teoretikosebma dainaxes TavianTi mimdinareobis amosa-
vali principebi, kinoSi erTgvari wesrigis damyarebis, harmoniuli moZraobisa da
sizmris materializaciis mcdelobebi. Tumca zogma is CaTvala ironiad dadaiz-
mze. Tavad kleri, romelic werda, rom kino brbosaTvis daibada, uimisod ver iar-
sebebs da saerTod, xelovneba ar unda iyos kastebis privilegiao, aRniSnavda,
rom surda, gadaeRo filmi, romelic TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis sWirdeboda, forma-
lizmze misi reaqciis gamomxatveli iqneboda, esTetikuri skolis dafuZnebas win
gauswrebda da gamosaxulebas axal daniSnulebas SesZenda. rene klers Zalian
gaukvirda da gauxarda kidec, vinaidan kinokritikam misi namuSevari `dadaizmis
manifestad~ aRiara.
kleris Zmam _ anri Sometma da man reim erToblivad gaakeTes siurrealis-
turi kinosuraTi `raze ocneboben axalgazrda filmebi~ (1924). Someti amtkiceb-
da, rom kinom unda Seqmnas ritmis axali modeli, romelic mas kidev ufro met
STamagonebel Zalas mianiWebso.
germanel abstraqcionistebs iqauri kinomwarmoeblebi aRar afinansebdnen.
amis gamo hans rixteri akeTebda patara lirikul kolaJebs, romlebSic erTma-
70
neTTan azavebda abstraqtulsa da figuralur kadrebs, maTSi Casmuli mocurave
Tvalebis gugebi ki moqmedebdnen rogorc metaforebi. valter rutmanma Semoik-
riba isini, visTvisac kino fotografirebul Teatrze meti iyo. swored man moi-
gona termini àbstraqtuli filmi~ da miznad daisaxa erTmaneTisagan principu-
lad gaemijna kinematografi da Teatri, gaeTavisuflebina kino, rogorc xelov-
nebis axali dargi sufTa gamomsaxvelobiTi funqciebisagan da myarad daeyenebi-
na fexze. am jgufis wevrebidan niSandoblivi filmi `diagonaluri simfonia~
(1924) gadaiRo viking egelingma, romelmac warmoadgina maRali donis teqnikuri
mxareebi da kinematografiuli ritmis gamorCeuli grZnoba.
kinoavangardistebs Taviseburad gamoexmaurnen sxva kinoreJisorebic, rom-
lebic aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen komerciul kinoSi. maT Soris iyvnen: Jan renua-
ri, abel gansi da sxv. TavianT kinosuraTebSi isini rTavdnen calkeul epizo-
debs an kadrebs, romlebSic avangardistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ama Tu im
mxatvruli xerxiT aCvenebdnen maT mier danaxul samyaros.
kinoavangardistTa meore Taobis umetesoba uaryofda xelovnebis urTierT-
kavSirs cxovrebasTan, kulturul memkvidreobasTan, amtkicebda, rom mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis safuZveli iracionalizmia, rac ewinaaRmdegeba gonierebis kon-
trols, Slis yvelanair arsebul warmodgenas da kinoreJisorma kinematografiu-
li tipaJebis gamoZerwvisas unda ixelmZRvanelos ara garemomcvel situaciebze
dayrdnobiT, aramed Tavisi sizmrebidan, qvecnobierebis siRrmeebidan gamomdinare.
maTTvis realoba iyo motyuebiTi, amitom mouwodebdnen misi dangrevisaken. isini
arc siuJets aRiarebdnen, arc TxrobiT stils da arc kinodramaturgias, samagie-
rod, aRmerTebdnen kinematografis teqnikur saSualebebs, mSvenivrad acnobiereb-
dnen, rom maTi kinosuraTebi sulac ar iyo komerciuli.
kinoklubebi fuZndebodnen parizSic da safrangeTis sxva qalaqebSic. rasa-
kvirvelia, maTi ricxvi gacilebiT Camouvardeboda kinoTeatrebisas, Tumca maRa-
li sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis modad iqca am dawesebulebebSi siaruli da
filmebis ganxilvaSi aqtiuri monawileoba. 1925 wels Jermen dulakis iniciati-
viT daarsda kinoklubebis franguli asociacia, romelSic sxvebTan erTad Sedi-
oda lui delukis mier adre daarsebuli `franguli kinematografiuli klu-
bic~. mogvianebiT gaixsna leon musinakis kinoklubi `spartakis megobrebi~, sadac
mxolod dadaistursa da siurrealistur kinosuraTebs aCvenebdnen.
man reis filmi èmak-bakia~ (1926) Seicavda siurrealizmis, animaciisa da da-
daizmis erTgvar nazavs, romelic reJisorma holivudis produqciasTan sakonku-
renciod gaakeTa. èmak-bakia~ baskuri gamoTqmaa da qarTulad iTargmneba, ro-
gorc `Tavi damanebe~. rei acxadebda, rom kinosuraTi gadaiRo siurrealizmis
principebis mkacri dacviT. man gamoiyena arafokusirebuli xedebi, formebi, Tavi-
si piradi fotonamuSevrebi, ucnauri rakursebi da amoburculi gamosaxulebebi.
man aseve kargad gaarTva Tavi eqsperimentebs Suqze, xolo ramdenime originalu-
rad gadawyvetilma efeqtma waruSleli kvali datova auditoriaze.
dadaistma mxatvarma marsel duSanma gadaiRo abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebi-
Ta da cxovrebisadmi ironiuli damokidebulebiT gajerebuli filmi ànemiuri
kino~ (1926), sadac warmoaCina Cinebuli sareJisoro xelwera. kinosuraTSi naCve-
nebia moZravi diskebi, romlebzec dawerili franguli sityvebi moZraobisas
qmnian frangul enaSi farTod gavrcelebul frazebsa da sityvaTa TamaSebs. du-
Samma aqcenti gadaitana enisa da xelovnebis simartiveze, rac dadaizmis safuZ-
vels warmoadgenda, magram igi mwared gaakritikes Jurnalistebma, radgan ver ga-
erkvnen, es marTla xelovneba iyo Tu ubralo xumroba.
71
anri Sometis kinosuraTi `sufTa kinos xuTi wuTi~ (1926) avangardistebis
morigi programuli nawarmoebi iyo, romelSic Warbobda iracionalizmi, subieq-
turi fantaziebi, damkvidrebuli kinematografiuli formebis ngrevis cdebi. is
Seafases, rogorc idumali SiSi da gaognebuli poza burJuaziuli Rirebulebe-
bis gadafasebis procesSi.
rusma emigrantma reJisorma dimitri kirsanovma ganacvifra franguli audi-
toria Tavisi kinosuraTiT _ `menilmontani~ (1926), romelic mieZRvna didi qala-
qis problemebs. niWierma Semoqmedma kinoavangardistuli meTodebiTa da sabWou-
ri montaJis teqnikuri stilistikis kombinirebuli gamoyenebiT warmoadgina
dramatuli ambavi, rac parizis erT Zvel raionSi xdeba da aRwera Cveulebriv
ojaxSi mimdinare araCveulebrivi situaciebi.
Jermen dulakis siurrealisturi kinosuraTisaTvis `niJara da mRvdeli~
(1928) scenari dawera msaxiobma da poetma antonen artom, magram reJisorma ar
gaiTvaliswina kinodramaturgis paTosi, ris gamoc didi uTanxmoeba moxda. Tavad
artos surda ekranze gamoCeniliyo mxolod sanaxaoba, Tanac iseTi, rogoric su-
fevda im TeatrebSi, sadac irRveoda barieri mayurebelsa da warmodgenas Soris,
dulakma ki amas daupirispira grZnobebis gamoxatva damafiqrebeli ritmebis way-
lobiT da eqspresionistuli ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad SuqCrdilebis TamaSis Car-
TviT. sapremiero Cvenebaze, romelic ùrsulineli debis studiaSi~ gaimarTa, ga-
nawyenebulma artom saqveynod uwoda dulaks `Zroxa~ da uari Tqva scenaris av-
torobaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom es filmi daiwuna didi britaneTis cenzorTa sab-
Wom, romelmac ganacxada, rom igi uazrobaa, gaurkvevel Rirebulebebs Seicavso
da akrZala misi demonstrireba Tavisi qveynis teritoriaze.
marTalia, dulaki gadaRebisa da montaJis originalurobiT gamoirCeoda,
magram misi kinosuraTebis siuJetebis banaluroba xSirad mosalodnels aWar-
bebda. isic cdida beds kinos TeoriaSi, werda statiebs, erTgvari winaaRmdegobe-
bi hqonda xelovnebisa da kinos daniSnulebis gansazRvraSi, xazs usvamda ritmis
upiratesobas da `gamosaxulebis musikas~, Tumca zogjer avangardistul pozici-
ebs gadauxvevda, absurdamde midioda, formalizmisaken ixreboda.
man reis filmi `zRvis varskvlavi~ (1928) daefuZna frangi siurrealisti
poetis, rober desnosis gamouqveynebel poemas. teqnikurad igi ufro rTuli iyo,
vidre misive winamorbedi sxva kinosuraTebi. masSi kvlavac gamoCnda eqsperimen-
tebi Suqze, gadaRebis stilistikaze, amasTanave, saintereso montaJi, kalamburuli
titrebi, axlo xedebi da gangeb arafokusirebuli kadrebi. kinosuraTSi moTxro-
bilia mamakacis SiSze qalis silamazisa da mimzidvelobis winaSe.
hans rixterma gadaiRo `moCvenebebi sauzmis win~ (1928) da trabaxobda, rom
axali poeturi kinonawarmoebi Seqmna, magram poeturobisa mas TiTqmis araferi
etyoboda, Tumca siurrealizmisa da amerikuli komediis uCveulo nazavi ki ga-
modga. masSi gadmoica gasaocari vizualuri plastikuri ritmi. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia epizodi, rodesac wylis Wavlis miSvebis Sedegad haerSi frialeben
da `cekvaven~ qudebi. mogvianebiT germanelma nacistebma es kinosuraTi gaanadgu-
res, radgan CaTvales ideologiisaTvis Seusabamo namuSevrad. sabednierod, fran-
gul sinemaTekas SemorCa misi erTi asli.
1928 wels germaniis qalaq StutgartSi fotografiuli xelovnebisa da war-
moebis kavSirma moawyo saerTaSoriso gamofena `foto da kino~, romlis kinopa-
vilionebis organizeba daevala rixters. man didebulad gaarTva Tavi saqmes da
Tanac specialurad gamofenisaTvis dawera `dRevandeli kinomowinaaRmdegeebi _
xvalindeli kinomegobrebi~, romelic gaxda kinoavangardistebis samagido wigni.
72
ori axalbeda espaneli xelovani: luis buniueli da salvador dali, rom-
lebic parizSi imyofebodnen, raTa TavianTi SemoqmedebiT ganecvifrebinaT adgi-
lobrivi elita, Seudgnen muSaobas filmze, romlis idea daibada mas Semdeg, rac
TiToeulma erTmaneTs gauziara nanaxi sizmari: buniuels daesizmra, Tu rogor
kveTda mTvares sifrifana Rrubeli, xolo dalis _ adamianis miwaze dagdebuli,
moWrili xeli, WianWvelebis mier daWmul-gaxvretili. kinosuraTis Sesaqmnelad
buniuelma dedamisisagan isesxa fuli. axalgazrda avtorebma saTaurisaTvis ga-
moiyenes andalusiaSi gavrcelebuli Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac roca patroni
kvdeba, misi ZaRli ymuis da amiT yvelas amcnobs Tavs datexili tragediis Sesa-
xeb. am namuSevars daerqva àndalusiuri ZaRli~, romelic ekranebze gavida 1929
wels. kinoreJisoris ampluaSi iyo buniueli, xolo scenari orivem erTad dawe-
ra da epizoduri rolebic Seasrula. miuxedavad amisa, dali gadaRebaSic aqtiu-
rad ereoda. isini acxadebdnen, rom akeTebdnen siurrealisturi poeziis gamor-
Ceul nimuSs kinoSi.
premieris dRes buniuelma kinoekranis ukan dadga `gramofoni~, romelic
filmis msvlelobis dros ukravda argentinul tangosa da rixard vagneris mu-
sikas operidan `tristani da izolde~. amasTanave, mas jibeebi qvebiT hqonda sav-
se, radgan eSinoda, rom, Tu mayurebels ar moewoneboda kinosuraTi da mis Semqm-
nelebTan angariSis gasworebas moindomebda, maTi saSualebiT Tavs daicavda,
Tumca saqme aqamde ar misula.
siurrealisturi simboloebiT savse àndalusiur ZaRlSi~ metaforul sa-
xeebze dayrdnobiT gadmoica adamianis gancdebi da damokidebuleba moralur
principebTan. buniuelma mogvianebiT miuTiTa, rom igi gulisxmobda sazogado-
ebis aRsasruls da amas aCvenebda uCveulod mxatvruli xerxebiT, asociaciuri
formebiT mayureblis SokSi Cagdebis mizniT. is ukompromiso adamiani iyo da mi-
aCnda, rom kinematografistma unda ifiqros gamosaxulebebiT da igrZnos isini,
radgan sxvanairad veravis gaagebinebs Tavis poziciaso. es kinosuraTi zog kri-
tikoss moewona, xotba Seasxa da `siurrealisturi suveniri~ uwoda, xolo siur-
realistma mxatvrebma ratomRac mas zurgi aqcies, xolo misi avtorebi giJebad,
ùsagno xumarebad~ da burJuaziis mtrebad Seracxes. filmis winaaRmdeg gai-
laSqra eklesiamac.
buniuelis es kinosareJisoro debiuti iTvleba iseT avangardistul nawar-
moebad, romelmac SeZlo inteleqtualTa yuradRebis mipyroba da msjelobis
sagnad qceva. siurrealistebis erT-erTma sulierma liderma, `siurrealizmis ma-
nifestis~ avtorma, andre bretonma didi Sefaseba misca mas. Tavad buniueli
filmis pirvelsave amazrzen epizodze, roca qals Tvals gauWrian (risTvisac
sinamdvileSi gamoiyenes Zroxis Tvali), ambobda, rom amiT alegoriulad gadmos-
ca saxelmwifos mier Tavisufali idealebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sastiki qme-
deba.
1929 wels SveicariaSi, erT Zvel cixesimagreSi, Catarda kinoavangardistebis
pirveli yriloba. oficialurad am RonisZiebas erqva damoukidebeli kinemato-
grafiis saerTaSoriso kongresi. sabWoTa kavSiridan miwveuli Ziga vertovis
nacvlad kongress daeswro sergei eizenSteini, romlis stumrobam udidesi aJio-
taJi gamoiwvia. man iqve gadaiRo da daamontaJa patara iumoristuli filmi, ro-
melic simbolurad daukavSira kinoavangardistebis gaerTianebas. misi erTi as-
li iaponiis delegaciam waiRo, xolo danarCenebi daikarga. yrilobis delega-
tebs Soris mimdinareobda cxare kamaTi ara marto kinematografis problemebze,
damoukidebeli kinos arsze, aramed esTetikazec da politikazec.
73
dadaizmis erT-erTi simbolo _ Zvlebis TamaSi _ gaxda wamyvani motivi man
reis kinosuraTSi `Zvlebis cixesimagris misteriebi~ (1929). am energiul, daxve-
wil da ritmul filmSi gamoCndnen absurduli tipaJebi, poeturi alegoriebi,
cvalebadi gamosaxulebebi. maTi cqerisas iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda, TiTqos
pirvelad iReben filmso. reim kinosuraTSi ramdenime abstraqtuli epizodic
CarTo, riTac gamoexmaura germanel abstraqcionistebs, romelTa warmomadgenel-
ma oskar fiSingerma imave xanebSi gadaiRo kinoabstraqcionizmis TvalsaCino ni-
muSi `savarjiSo #1~ (1929).
kinoavangardistebma bevri ram gaakeTes kinoenis gasamdidreblad, kinemato-
grafis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gasafarToeblad, moraluri da esTeti-
kuri normebis sademonstraciod. isini kinos miiCnevdnen maRali burJuaziuli
kulturis winaaRmdeg mimarTul, agresiul iaraRad, risi meoxebiTac maTi filme-
bi emyareboda moulodnelobas, iracionalizms, paradoqsulobas, alogikurobas
da isini naklebad iyvnen dakavSirebuli realobasTan. rasakvirvelia, avangards,
rogorc mxatvrul mimdinareobas, blomad hyavda gamkritikeblebi, Tumca yvela
aRiarebda, rom man Tavis apogeas kinoSi miaRwia, radgan swored kinoavangardis-
tebma Camoayalibes gamorCeuli gemovneba, Seecadnen gaeRviZebinaT bunebrivi ins-
tinqtebi, daemsxvriaT Zveli da daemkvidrebinaT axali, WeSmaritad namdvili xe-
lovneba.
74
daniuri kino
1896 wlis 7 ivniss mxatvarma vilhelm paxtma aCvena pirveli kinoseansi da-
niis dedaqalaq kopenhagenSi, sadac sagangebod mowyobil xis pavilionSi, romel-
sac `panorama~ daarqva, gauSva lumierebis `sinematografiT~ gadaRebuli filme-
bi. is adre parizSi daeswro lumierebis kinoprogramas, Zalian moewona namuSev-
rebi da amitom gadawyvita Tavis qveyanaSi maTi demonstrireba. `panoramis~ sean-
sebi iwyeboda dRis 2 saaTze da grZeldeboda Ramis 12 saaTamde. mas didZali
xalxi eswreboda. bileTebi iafi iyo, bavSvebisaTvis moqmedebda fasdaklebis
sistema. axali gamogonebis demonstrirebis Sesaxeb cnoba mTel qalaqs moedo
da sami dRis Semdeg `panoramas~ Tavad samefo ojaxi ewvia. mcire xanSi pavilio-
nica da `sinematografic~ daiwva mas Semdeg, rac paxtis mier daTxovnilma eleq-
trikosma SurisZiebis mizniT gadawva isini, Tumca male yvelaferi aRadgines.
samefo karis fotografi piter elfeltic iyo moxibluli lumierebis
filmebiT, magram bevri sxva dainteresebuli piris msgavsad ver eRirsa maTgan
aparatis yidvas. igi megobrobda Jul karpentiesTan, kargad erkveoda mis mier
gakeTebuli `sinematografis~ detalebSi, amitom roca daniaSi dabrunda, aseTive
aparati gaakeTebina erT inJiners da am kameriT kopenhagenis parkSi gadaiRo pir-
veli dokumenturi filmi `grenlandiuri ZaRlebiT mogzauroba~ (1897). amas moh-
yva misi sxva filmebic, romelTa pirveli Cveneba Sedga 1897 wlis 26 seqtembers,
magram kinos mimarT interesi nel-nela Caqra da karga xans aRar gaRvivebula.
elfelti agrZelebda saqmes da 1898 wlis zafxulSi firze iRebda mefis ojaxs,
mis stumrebs: britaneTis dedofals, ruseTis mefesa da dedofalsa da sxv. am
dokumentur kinosuraTSi aris epizodi, roca mdeloze wamomsxdari ramdenime
bavSvia gadaRebuli. isini ise arian gaSeSebuli da Sescqerian kinokameras, ro-
gorc fotografirebis dros, roca maT atyuebdnen, rom Citi gamofrindeba yuTi-
dano. piter elfeltma 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi 200-mde patara filmi gadaiRo, maT
Soris iyo pirveli daniuri mxatvruli kinosuraTi `sikvdiliT dasja~ (1903).
1904 wlis 17 seqtembers, kopenhagenSi konstentin filipsenma gaxsna kinoTe-
atri `kosmorama~, romelSic 158 adgili iyo da 25-wuTiani kinoprogramebi gadio-
da. garkveuli komerciuli warmatebis Semdeg man kidev 26 `kosmorama~ gaakeTa
qveynis sxvadasxva provinciaSi. kinoTeatrebis ricxvi swrafad izrdeboda. 1905
wels yvelaze Tanamedrove ori kinoTeatri gaakeTa cirkis impresariom, ole
olsenma, romelmac 1906 wels daaarsa `nordisk filmz qomfani~ da misi studia,
riTac Taviseburi stimuli misca erovnuli kinos ganviTarebas. pirvelsave
wels man 37 filmi gamouSva.
1906-1907 wlebis zamTarSi olsenma gadaiRo `nadiroba polarul daTvze~,
romelic imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom misi 191 asli gaiyida saerTaSoriso
kinobazarze. ole olseni qmnida melodramebs, komediebs, Trilerebs. is Wkviani
kinobiznesmeni iyo da icoda, rogori produqcia moswonda mayurebels. 1907
wlis zafxulSi man gadaiRo `lomze nadiroba~, romlis 259 asli gayida da amiT
Tavisi kompaniis erTgvari rekordi daamyara. am filmSi gamoyenebulia saintere-
so axlo xedebi da jvaredini montaJi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom misi Semqmnele-
bi cdilobdnen, ganeviTarebinaT kinematografiuli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi.
gadaRebisaTvis olsensa da mis jgufs afrikaSi wasvla sulac ar dasWirvebiaT,
aramed mTeli kinosuraTi gadaiRes daniis erT patara kunZulze, romelic sava-
75
nas waagavda. hamburgis zooparkidan 10 aTas markad ori lomi daiqiraves, Tumca
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan incidenti mouvidaT, vinaidan am ukanasknelebma
uCivles iusticiis saministroSi, rom isini sabralo cxovelebs cudad epyrobia-
no da xelisuflebamac akrZala zemoT aRniSnuli kinosuraTis warmoeba, magram
ramdenime dReSi olsenma farulad mainc gaagrZela gadaReba. Semdeg man es
filmi jer SvedeTis kinoTeatrebSi gauSva, radgan mis samSobloSi, sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, misi Cveneba droebiT SeaCeres. `lomze nadiroba~ mxolod erTi
wlis Semdgom gaitanes daniur kinoekranebze.
kinoTeatrebis eqspluatacias policiisagan licenzia sWirdeboda, risi mo-
povebac Zalze Zneli iyo, rameTu xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa umetes nawils
iseve, rogorc zogierT mezobel qveyanaSi, miaCnda, rom kino mavne zegavlenas ax-
denda sazogadoebaze. saerTo jamSi, maTac ver gauZles kinematografis popula-
robas da 1907 wlisaTvis dawesda saxelisuflebo cenzura, riTac SedarebiT ga-
advilda licenziis miReba. aman SesaSuri saqme gaukeTa kinoTeatrebis mflo-
belebs, radgan vinc miiRebda licenzias, is Tamamad gamoiyureboda mayureblis
TvalSi da TavisTan iwvevda maT sxvadasxva saxis sareklamo kampaniiT.
1907 wels ole olsenis kompaniam kidev ori filmiT (`TeTri mona~ da
`mZarcveli sacole~) gaiTqva saxeli. orives reJisori da mTavari rolebis Sems-
rulebeli iyo vigo larseni.
`nordiskSi~, romlis emblemas warmoadgenda dedamiwaze Semomdgari TeTri
daTvi, ukve 2000-mde adamiani muSaobda. olseni cdilobda, yvelanairi xerxiT ga-
daebirebina niWieri kinematografistebi da maT eqskluziur kontraqtebs udeb-
da. igi iyenebda e. w. `bloq buqingis~ praqtikas, anu kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs
sTavazobda ara erT maT mier mowonebul kinosuraTs, aramed masTan erTad kidev
ramdenime kinofilmisagan Semdgar programas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arc erTs
aRar aZlevda. es iyo am sistemis adreuli gamoyeneba, rac mere holivudma warma-
tebiT danerga. 1909 wels `nordiskma~ gadaiRo morigi filmi nadirobis Temaze.
amjerad mas erqva `daTvze nadiroba ruseTSi~, romelic Zalze popularuli gax-
da msoflioSi.
XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi daniaSi gadaRebuli 248 filmidan 242
`nordisks~ ekuTvnoda. bevr maSindel films olseni Tavad iRebda, Tumca, Ziri-
Tadad, is iyo mTavari mwarmoebeli da samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. vigo larsenTan
erTad masTan muSaobdnen reJisorebi: holger rasmuseni da august blomi.
daniaSi dafuZnda sxva kompaniebic: `biorama~ (1909), `fotorama~ (1909), `kino-
grafeni~ (1910), `kosmorama~ (1910). isini ver uwevdnen Rirseul konkurencias ol-
senis kompanias, magram TavianTi gulSematkivrebic hyavdaT da saintereso fil-
mebsac iRebdnen. imxanad qveyanaSi arsebobda aTi kinokompania.
1910 wlisaTvis `nordiski~ weliwadSi asamde films uSvebda. iq keTdeboda
seriebi Serlok holmsze, trivialuri melodramebi, vesternebi. daniis kinoaudi-
toria Zalian mcire iyo da ar akmayofilebda ole olsens, amitomac man gaxsna
filialebi londonSi, budapeStsa da sankt-peterburgSi. `nordiski~ gaxda kino-
kompania, romelic ara marto awarmoebda da avrcelebda filmebs, aramed kinoTe-
atrebis qselsac flobda rogorc daniaSi, aseve holandiaSi, Sveicariasa da ger-
maniaSi. franguli `pate freris~ Semdeg swored is iTvleboda msoflioSi um-
Zlavres da wamyvan kinoorganizaciad.
am droisaTvis daniis provinciebSi arsebobda 93 kinoTeatri, zogierT pata-
ra dasaxlebul punqtSic ki, sadac mosaxleoba 5000 adamians iTvlida, funqcio-
nirebda minimum ori kinodarbazi. maTi komerciuli saqmianobis koordinaciisa-
76
Tvis 1910 wels Seiqmna provinciuli kinoTeatrebis mflobelebis sagangebo aso-
ciacia, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg igive daniSnulebis asociacia daarsda kopenha-
genisa da misi gareubnebisaTvis.
daniidan moevlina msoflio kinoauditorias axali `kinovarskvlavi~ asta
nilseni. 1910 wels misi monawileobiT kinoekranebze gamovida filmi ùfskru-
li~, romelmac yvelasaTvis moulodnelad saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. mu-
Sis ojaxSi gazrdili asta jer TeatrSi muSaobda, mere moxvda kinoSi. aRniS-
nuli filmisaTvis scenari dawera Teatris mxatvarma da astas momavalma qmarma
_ urban gelma, romlis erTma megobarma, kinoTeatr `kosmoramas~ mflobelma, ga-
dawyvita am kinoproeqtis dafinanseba da 8 aTasi kroni gaiRo. man reJisorad
daniSna geli. gadaReba, umTavresad, mimdinareobda yofili cixis ezoSi, primiti-
ul pirobebSi, mzis Suqze. mxolod erTi scena gadaiRes tramvaiSi. operatori
elfred lini yvelaze gamocdili adamiani gamodga da amitom yvela mas endobo-
da, TviT damkveTic ki, romelic gadaRebas eswreboda. lins Tavidanve ar moswon-
da asta nilseni da mouwodebda damkveTs, sxva msaxiobiT Seecvala, magram am Sem-
TxvevaSi damkveTi ar daeTanxma. ùfskrulis~ udidesi warmatebis Semdeg nil-
sen-gelis wyvili germaniaSi wavida, Tumca xandaxan samSobloSic brundeboda
da `nordiskisaTvis~ an `fotoramasaTvis~ filmebs akeTebda. asta nilsenis met-
yveli saxe, didroni Tvalebi, daxvewili sxeuli da kinokameris win TamaSis mane-
ra gamorCeuli iyo sxvebisagan da amiT yoveldRiurad izrdeboda misi popula-
roba. Tavisi individualizmiT man yvela konkurents ajoba, daZlia uxmo kinema-
tografSi gamefebuli Jestikulaciis stili da axleburad wardga mayureblis
winaSe.
1910 wels kinokompania `fotoramam~ gadaiRo srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi
`TeTri monebiT vaWroba~, romlis gavrceleba ikisra kompania `nordiskma~. es
iyo prostituciis Tematikaze Seqmnili sakmaod realisturi namuSevari, romel-
mac safuZveli Cauyara e. w. `sensaciur filmebs~. masSi iyo epizodi, roca kadri
samad iyofoda da TiToeulSi sxvadasxva moqmedeba mimdinareobda. am films
arnaxuli warmateba hqonda daniaSic da sazRvargareT, ris gamoc ole olsenma
gadawyvita swored aseTi stilistikis filmebi Tavadac gadaeRo. man saswrafod
gamouSva `TeTri monebiT vaWroba II~ (1911, reJ. august blomi). `nordiskma~ daam-
zada am filmis 260 asli, ucxouri kinobazrebisaTvis saxelad daarqva _ `TeTri
monebiT vaWrobis ukanaskneli msxverpli~ da msoflios masStabiT gayida.
adgilobriv kinowarmoebaSi gaCnda didi qronometraJis filmebi. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom maTze arsebobda moTxovnileba, seansebis bileTebis fasma ar ai-
wia, samagierod, dRis wesrigSi dadga kinoTeatrebis raodenobisa da moculobis
gafarToebis sakiTxi. daiwyo axali kinodarbazebis mSeneblobis bumi.
1911 wlidan `nordiski~ Seudga deteqtiuri kinoseriebis gadaRebas, romlis
mTavari gmiri iyo borotmoqmedi eqimbaSi _ gar el hama. isini popularulobiT
gautoldnen `TeTri monebiT vaWrobas~ da Zlieri gavlena iqonies sxva qveynebSi
Seqmnil seriebzec, maT Soris, frangulebzec.
`sensaciur filmebSi~ gamoCnda axleburi kinomxatvroba, ganaTebis axali
meTodebi, kinokameris uCveulo moZraobebi. am mxriv gamoirCeoda `fotoramaSi~
urban gelis mier gadaRebuli filmi `Savi ocneba~ (1911). kidev erTi gamokveTi-
li efeqti, romelic daniis sazRvrebs gareT manamde naklebad gamoiyeneboda, iyo
gmirebis siluetebis Cveneba. es warmoCnda august blomis or namuSevarSi:
àxalgazrdobis ufleba~ (1911) da `cxovrebis dasawyisSi~ (1911). amave kinoreJi-
sorma Seqmna niSandoblivi eqsperimentuli namuSevari `didi qalaqis cdunebani~
77
(1911), romelSic didebulad gamoiyena sarke mTavari gmiris xasiaTis gasaxsne-
lad, man garkveuli yuradReba dauTmo montaJs, riTac kidev ufro gaamravalfe-
rovna Txrobis stilistika. am kinosuraTSi mTavari roli ganasaxiera saintere-
so msaxiobma _ valdemar silenerma, maSindeli daniuri kinos `varskvlavma~.
1911 wels kompania `kinografenma~ gamouSva kinofilmi òTxi eSmaki~, romel-
mac gulisamaCuyebeli siuJetiT da originaluri stilistikiT droebiT Searyia
`nordiskis~ hegemonia, Tumca male yvelaferi Zvelebur kalapotSi Cadga.
`nordiski~ imdenad warmatebuli kinokompania gaxda, rom 1912 wlisaTvis
karg dividendebsac uxdida sakuTar aqcionerebs. ole olseni mouwodebda sce-
naristebs, filmebSi sxva ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo principebTan erTad aucileb-
lad yofiliyo efeqturi Txroba da erTi mainc iseTi pasaJi, romelic kinona-
warmoebis kulminaciur moments uzrunvelyofda. `nordiskisaTvis~ germaniaSi
iyo yvelaze kargi kinobazari da olsenic akeTebda sagangebo kinosuraTebs iqa-
uri kinodistributorebisaTvis. germanuli kinofirmebi `nordiskTan~ SedarebiT
meorexarisxovan kompaniebad iTvlebodnen. daniuri filmebis did popularobaze
metyvelebs calkeuli kinosuraTebis gayiduli aslebis raodenobac. upiratesi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda klasikuri literaturis ekranizaciebs. daniuri kinopro-
duqcia blomad gadioda frangul kinobazarzec.
1912 wels konstentin filipsenma kopenhagenis rkinigzis Zvel sadgurSi mo-
awyo CrdiloeT evropaSi yvelaze didi kinoTeatri 2400 adgiliT. provinciebSic
Sendeboda kinodarbazebi. maTi flobis licenziis miReba SeiZleboda mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganmcxadebels ar hqonda Cadenili raime danaSauli, kargi av-
toritetiT sargeblobda da raime uZravi qonebis mepatrone iyo.
1913 wels samefo biblioTekaSi dafuZnda pirveli daniuri kinoarqivi, ro-
melsac daerqva istoriuli filmebisa da xmebis erovnuli arqivi. am wamowyebis
iniciatori iyo gazeT `politikenis~ Jurnalisti, anker kirkebi. man amis auci-
leblobaSi daarwmuna ole olseni da jer kidev ori wliT adre maT (`politi-
keni~ da `nordiski~) Soris daido xelSekruleba, romelSic orive mxare SeTanx-
mda, rom firze aRebeWdaT is adamianebi, romlebic interess warmoadgendnen is-
toriisaTvis. amas kirkebi `saganmanaTleblo filmebs~ eZaxda. amgvarad mouyara
man Tavi ramdenime aTeul kinosuraTs. maT Soris iyo olsenisa da elfeltis
Zveli namuSevrebic. aRniSnuli arqivis eqsponatebis nawili dResac arsebobs.
`nordiskSi~ Segirdad moewyo karl draieri, romelic saintereso scena-
rebs werda da manamde sxvadasxva kinokompaniasTan TanamSromlobda. `nordisk-
ma~ TandaTanobiT dakarga lideris pozicia msoflioSi, radgan sxvebmac daiwyes
srulmetraJiani filmebis gadaReba da mxatvruli doniT arafriT Camouvarde-
bodnen mis produqcias. zogierTma kinokompaniam mayurebels warudgina cnobili
literaturuli nawarmoebebis axali kinoversiebi, maTgan aRsaniSnavia, august
blomis kinosuraTi ètlentisi~ (1913). es iyo didbiujetiani da srulmetraJiani
namuSevari, romelSic aTamaSes Teatris msaxiobebi, riTac xeli Seuwyves Teat-
ridan maT mizidvas kinoSi. `nordisks~ hqonda gakeTebuli am filmis alternati-
uli versia tragikuli finaliT rusuli kinobazrisaTvis, radgan rusebs ufro
moswondaT aseTi dasasrulis mqone kinosuraTebi. masSi mTavari gmiri kvdeba,
magram imis gamo, rom literaturuli pirvelwyaros avtors, cnobil germanel
mwerals _ gerhart hauptmans `nordiskTan~ dadebul xelSekrulebaSi xazgasmiT
ewera, rom kinematografistebs misi nawarmoebi aranairad ar unda gadaekeTebi-
naT, `nordiskma~ es versia ruseTis Soreuli mxarisaTvis, cimbirisaTvis daamza-
da im imediT, rom avtori verafers gaigebda amis Taobaze.
78
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisaTvis daniuri filmebi didad ar gansxvave-
bodnen germanulebisagan. omis pirvel wlebSi am qveyanaSi, romelmac neitrali-
teti gamoacxada, gakeTda samasze meti kinosuraTi, rogorc klasikuri litera-
turisa da dramaturgiis ekranizaciebi, ise moklemetraJiani komediebi. marto
1914 wels `nordiskma~ gadaiRo 143 mxatvruli da 46 dokumenturi filmi da mso-
flioSi gayida 7000 egzemplarad.
axalma kinokompaniam `dansk biograf qomfanim~ mayurebels warudgina benia-
min qristensenis jaSuSuri filmi ìdumali iqsi~ (1914) da kriminaluri melo-
drama `brma marTlmsajuleba~ (1915). orive maTgani imiT iyo gamorCeuli, rom ni-
Wierma reJisorma maTSi aCvena Tavisi eqsperimentuli stili, saucxood gaaTamaSa
siluetebi, naxevrad gaanaTa gamosaxulebebi da Tanac mTavari rolebi TviTon
ganasaxiera. roca ìdumali iqsi~ germaniis kinobazarze unda gaegzavna, avtorma
gaakeTa alternatiuli versia, sadac jaSuSebi Secvala kontrabandistebiT, vina-
idan kargad uwyoda, rom iqauri cenzura aucileblad akrZalavda am saxis kino-
nawarmoebs. aSS-Si es kinosuraTi ise sarfianad iyideboda, rom erT cixeSic ki
moawyves misi specialuri Cveneba. am namuSevrebis gamo karl draierma qristen-
sens `momavlis kinoreJisori~ uwoda da misi filmebi Seafasa mniSvnelovan win-
gadadgmul nabijebad erovnuli kinos istoriaSi.
august blomi 1915 wlidan gaxda `nordiskis~ samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. mas
Tavisi xelwera da stili hqonda, erTob damajereblad da Tavdauzogavad mu-
Saobda, iRebda Tanamedrove Tematikis filmebs, romelTaganac gamoirCeoda e. w.
èrotikuli socialuri dramebi~, romlebic didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.
maTi erotikuloba xangrZliv kocnebSi gamoixateboda, rac sazogadoebis sxvada-
sxva fenaSi skandalis mizezi xdeboda. umartivesi siuJetebis miuxedavad, es
filmebi originaluri stilistikiT gamoirCeoda sxvebisagan. amasTanave, maTSi
iyo niSandoblivi kinosaoperatoro namuSevrebi, sadac gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba eniWeboda Suqis specialur efeqtebs, dekoraciebs, kadrebis kompozicias.
blomma sxva kolegebTan erTad pirvelad msoflioSi daiwyo seriozuli muSao-
ba msaxiobebTan, raTa dapirispireboda kinoSi gabatonebul Teatralizms, mane-
rebs, Jestikulacias. miuxedavad imisa, rom dania ar iyo CarTuli pirvel msof-
lio omSi, blomma mainc gadaiRo ramdenime antisaomari filmi, riTac solida-
roba gamoucxada yvela mSvidobismoyvare adamians.
warmatebiT iyideboda kinofilmebi valdemar sileneris monawileobiT.
erT-erTi maTgania ùdabnos saidumlo~ (1916, reJ. robert dineseni), auditoriaze
gaTvlili uzado nawarmoebi egzotikuri garemoTi, intrigiT, melodramatuli
xazebiTa da sensaciuri TavgadasavliT. mis mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgenda sa-
xeldaxelo piramida sfinqsiT, rac gaakeTa `nordiskis~ dekoraciebis mTavarma
mxatvarma durgalTa daxmarebiT iutlandiaSi, udabnos msgavs teritoriaze.
mas Semdeg, rac ole olsenma, romelmac SesaniSnavad icoda, raSi Caedo in-
vesticia, Seatyo, rom mayurebels moewona rogorc kinosuraTi, ise masSi gada-
Rebuli peizaJebi, am adgilebSi gadaiRo momdevno filmebi – `gar el hama V~
(1916, reJ. robert dineseni), cnobili seriis bolo namuSevari da `fataluri yel-
sabami~ (1916, reJ. robert dineseni), sadac kvlav sileneri gamoCnda mTavar rol-
Si. gaTamamebulma msaxiobma `nordisks~ mosTxova, rom misTvis honorari 250 aTas
kronamde gaezarda, magram civi uari miiRo. samwuxarod, sileneri 1917 wels 32
wlis asakSi gardaicvala. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg ekranebze ga-
vida kinosuraTi `masxara~, romelSic es brwyinvale msaxiobi asaxierebda mTavar
personaJs da kinos specialistebma mis erT-erT saukeTeso namuSevrad Seafases.
79
`nordiskis~ yofili msaxiobi da ukve reJisorad dawinaurebuli holger
meseni TiTqmis yvela JanrSi muSaobda, risTvisac `moxetiale kinoreJisors~
uwodebdnen. mas uyvarda axlo xedebi da gansxvavebuli rakursebi. omis dros
igi, olsenis daJinebuli TxovniT, akeTebda pacifistur filmebs, romelTa Seqm-
nisas cdilobda gamosaxulebebis originalur Cvenebas, vizualuri mxaris dat-
virTvasa da amiT am mdare gemovnebisa da mosawyeni Sinaarsis kinosuraTebis Ta-
visebur gakeTilSobilebas. amis erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia `samudamo mSvido-
ba~ (1917). holger mesenis yvelaze gamorCeuli da saintereso kinosuraTi iyo
`ciuri xomaldi~ (1917), romelSic moTxrobilia marsze mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. aR-
saniSnavia, rom orive namuSevris kinoscenarebis Tanaavtori iyo Tavad ole ol-
seni.
danielebis gamocdilebam kinoreJisuraSi, operatoris ostatobasa da gada-
Rebis organizaciaSi gavlena iqonia sxva evropuli qveynebis kinematografis-
tebze. germaniasa da SvedeTSi zogierTi reJisori iyenebda maT eqsperimentebs,
rusuli kinokompaniebis umravlesoba akeTebda tragikul finalebs adgilobrivi
mayureblis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. amasobaSi germaniis xelisuf-
lebam Tavis Tavze aiRo kinowarmoebis kontroli da axalSeqmnilma ùfam~ Tan-
daTanobiT gamoaZeva `nordiski~ germanuli kinobazridan, sadac mas 60 kinoTea-
tri gaaCnda. amas isic daerTo, rom `nordiski~ veRar uZlebda konkurencias da-
narCen evropaSic da kargavda didZal Semosavlebs. aSS-Sic daixura `nordiskis~
filiali. Semdeg jeri midga ruseTis biurozec. kompanias daewyo warumateblo-
bis xana. zogierTi kinematografisti emigraciaSi wavida.
mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi kompania Seupovrad ibrZoda, raTa ar dae-
karga danarCeni saerTaSoriso kinobazrebi. igi Seudga moklemetraJiani komedie-
bis gadaRebas. didi fuli Caido ramdenime axal proeqtSi, romelTagan gamoir-
Ceoda rCeuli romanebis ekranizaciebi da Zveleburi yaidis melodramebi, sadac
naklebad warmoCnda an sul ar aCvenes egzotikuri garemo. erT-erT maTganSi
`maharajas sayvareli coli~ (1917, reJ. robert dineseni), mTavari personaJi gana-
saxierebines valdemar sileneris Semcvlels, norvegiel msaxiobs _ gunar tol-
naiss. aRniSnuli filmis warmatebis Semdeg gakeTda misi gagrZeleba _ `maha-
rajas sayvareli coli II~ (1919, reJ. august blomi), sadac isev igive msaxiobi Ta-
maSobda. orive namuSevari Zalze popularuli gaxda.
paeqroba mimdinareobda kinoTeatrebis mSeneblobaSic: kinomwarmoebelma
sofus mesenma kopenhagenSi aaSena didi kinoTeatri. mas ar CamorCa filipseni da
dedaqalaqis yofili cirkis SenobaSi gaxsna ufro didi kinoTeatri. SedarebiT
patara moculobis kinodarbazebs aSenebdnen sxva kinokompaniebica da amiT dain-
teresebuli kerZo pirebic da Tanamedrove teqnikiT awyobdnen.
1919 wels germaniaSi moRvawe urban gelma gamosca wigni `kino: misi miznebi
da saSualebebi~. es iyo pirveli daniuri Teoriuli naSromi kinematografze,
romelic didad gamoadga yvelas.
karl draieris Semoqmedeba warmoadgenda misive eqspresionistuli tenden-
ciebisa da figuraluri zomierebebis sinTezs. pirvelive sareJisoro namuSevar-
Si `prezidenti~ (1919) man aCvena daucxromeli interesi adamianis fsiqologiasa
da qmedebebis qvecnobier da racionalur elementebs Soris konfliqtis mimarT.
es iyo erTi banaluri romanis ekranizacia, romelSic draierma, `nordiskis~ msa-
xiobebis garda, tipaJebisaTvis aiyvana sxva profesionali da araprofesionali
msaxiobebi. amiTac da qalebis socialuri statusis win wamoweviTac mas surda
mieRwia naturaluri realizmisaTvis.
80
momdevno kinosuraTi `furclebi satanis wignidan~ draierma imave wels ga-
daiRo, magram mxolod ori wlis Semdeg gauSva ekranebze. uzadod dadgmuli mi-
zanscenebiTa da kargi samsaxiobo ansambliT reJisorma am filmSi Tavisi osta-
tobis axal simaRleebs miaRwia. mas istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis kino-
adaptaciis didi interesi hqonda. es namuSevari Zalian hgavs deivid grifiTis
`Seuwynareblobas~ da Tematurad aqac aris oTxi ambavi: qristes jvarcma, espa-
neTis inkvizicia, safrangeTis revolucia da ruseT-fineTis saomari konfliqti.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli arc ki iyo Setanili originalur literatu-
rul nawarmoebSi. Semdeg draiers surda calke kinosuraTad gadaeRo ieso
qristes cxovreba, magram ganazraxi ver moiyvana sisruleSi.
1920 wels draierma norvegiaSi gadaiRo `pastoris qvrivi~. es filmi sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT gadioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kriti-
kosebi erTxmad aRiarebdnen, rom is ar warmoadgenda draierisaTvis saxasiaTo
namuSevars, masSi avtorma ostaturad da dramatul ferebSi gadmosca adamianTa
crurwmena zebunebrivis mimarT, CauRrmavda maT sulierebas da Seecada, aexsna
maTi qcevebi konkretul situaciebSi. reJisori satirul stilSi isev daubrun-
da qalTa socialuri statusis sakiTxs. films safuZvlad daedo norvegieli
reformistisa da saeklesio moRvawis, kristofer iansonis romani, romlis moqme-
deba xdeba XVII saukunis patara norvegiul qalaqSi. karl draieri pirveli da-
nieli kinoreJisori iyo, romelic aseT SemTxvevaSi kinostudiidan gavida da ga-
daRebisaTvis daiqirava norvegiis qalaq lilehameris erTi muzeumi, sadac Sena-
xulia gviani feodaluri xanis aveji, tansacmeli da saojaxo nivTebi.
20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `nordiskma~ Tavis ramdenime reJisors daavala
Carlz dikinzis cnobili romanebis ekranizaciebi, magram aman ver uSvela saqmes.
amis Semdeg `nordiskis~ xelmZRvanelobam saTanadod gaiTvaliswina is garemoe-
ba, rom saerTaSoriso kinobazarze kargi gasavali hqonda mis komikur kinosura-
Tebs da am mizniT umata maT warmoebas. misma axalSeqmnilma konkurentma kompa-
nia `pelediumma~, romelic daafuZna reJisorma lau lauritcenma, Seqmna karl
Senstriomisa da harald mesenis komikuri dueti da 1921 wlidan Seudga serie-
bis gadaRebas maT uCveulo Tavgadasavlebze. meseni kinoSi cirkidan mivida, xo-
lo Senstriomi _ Teatridan. maT `petsa~ (`Suqura~) da `peteSons~ (`misabmeli
etli~) eZaxdnen, Tumca calkeul qveynebSi sxvadasxva metsaxeli mouZebnes – did
britaneTSi `grZeli~ da `mokle~ Searqves, holandiaSi _ `vati~ da `naxevarvati~
da a. S. dueti popularuli gaxda rogorc evropaSi, ise aSS-Si.
1922 wels gamovida beniamin qristensenis àlqajebi~, morigi sensaciuri na-
muSevari, romelSic brwyinvaledaa erTmaneTTan Sexamebuli `saSinelebaTa fil-
mis~, parodiuli komediisa da dokumenturi kinos principebi. es iyo daniur-Sve-
duri erToblivi, sakmaod Zvirad Rirebuli kinoproeqti, romelic Svedebma daa-
finanses, xolo gadaReba reJisorma awarmoa Tavis samSobloSi, Zvel kinostudia-
Si. qristenseni ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gulmodgined swavlobda Savi magiisa da
jadoqrobis istorias, cdilobda, gaerkvia kacobriobis mier ganvlili gzis Sav-
bneli aspeqtebi, crurwmenebi da maTi kavSirebi Tanamedrove mecnierebebTan. re-
Jisors surda scenarze muSaobisaTvis miewvia eqspertebi, romlebic srulyofil
konsultacias gauwevdnen dramaturgiuli fabulis agebaSi, magram aRmoaCina, rom
arc erTi maTgani ar eTanxmeboda amgvari filmis ideas, amitom Tavad dawera
scenari.
imisaTvis, rom Seeqmna ufro saSiSi atmosfero, qristensenma epizodebis um-
ravlesi nawili RamiT gadaiRo, xolo naxevrad Cabnelebuli da moqufruli cis
81
gadasaRebad operatori sagangebod gagzavna norvegiaSi, sadac erT dros TviTon
hqonda nanaxi aseTi peizaJi. mTavari rolisaTvis man quCaSi SearCia yvavilebis
gamyidveli, CamoZonZili da saSineli garegnobis asakovani qali, sxva gmirebis
saTamaSod ki miiwvia gamocdili kinomsaxiobebi.
reJisorma dekoratorebs gaakeTebina miniaturuli qalaqis maketi, daaxloe-
biT ori metris simaRlis saxlebiT uSvelebel magidaze, romlis dafa oci ada-
mianis Zalis gamoyenebiT Teatris scenasaviT brunavda. es mas sWirdeboda imisa-
Tvis, rom lamazad gadaeRo epizodi, roca jadoqrebi qalaqs gadaufrenen. man
firze aRabeWdina jadoqrebis kostiumebSi gamowyobili da cocxebze gadamjda-
ri ramdenime aTeuli msaxiobi, qaris imitaciisaTvis gamoiyena aeroplanis Zrava
da bolos operatorma daamzada specialuri optikuri aparati, romlis saSuale-
biTac maTi gamosaxulebebi SeaerTa.
es inovaciuri namuSevari detalizebuli parametrebiT, uCveulod gadaRebu-
li kadrebiT, sivrcisa da ganaTebis genialuri manipulirebiTa da emociuri
siRrmeebiT imdenad damaintrigebeli gamovida, rom misi distribucia erTbaSad
ramdenime kompaniam ikisra. qristenseni ambobda, rom man gaakeTa erTgvari kinema-
tografiuli leqcia, romlis mizani iyo ara marto jadoqrobis aRwera, aramed
misi gatareba kulturuli istoriis prizmaSi, raTa mayureblisaTvis daenaxvebi-
na borotebis warmoSobis fsiqologiuri mizezebi, eCvenebina misi kavSiri adamia-
nis sulier gadaxrebTan.
àlqajebi~ Svidi nawilisagan Sedgeba. Txroba iwyeba Zveli sparseTis epi-
zodidan da mTavrdeba Tanamedrove ambiT. rogorc Cans, qristensenma ver auara
gverdi deivid grifiTis gavlenas. kinosuraTis premiera Sedga stokholmSi, 1922
wlis seqtembers, xolo ori Tvis Semdeg is aCvenes kopenhagenSic. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom kinokritikosebma es nawarmoebi aRiares kinosareJisoro ostatobis Se-
devrad, eklesiam gamoTqva protesti, ris Sedegad igi karga xniT aikrZala.
draierma gaakeTa erTi piesis ekranizacia ìyo da ara iyo ra~ (1922). samwu-
xarod, es filmi mTlianad araa SemorCenili. imave wels germaniidan daniaSi
dabrunda urban geli, romelic aqtiur konsultaciebs uwevda axalgazrda ko-
legebs, Tumca raime axali kinoproeqtisaTvis ganacxadi ar gaukeTebia.
morigi filmi `mixaeli~ (1924) draierma ùfaSi~ gadaiRo. amjerad mas sauc-
xoo gadamRebi jgufi hyavda – prodiuseri erix pomeri, scenaris erT-erTi avto-
ri _ Tia fon harbou, operatorebi _ karl froindi da rudolf mate. filmma
Semqmnelebis molodini gaamarTla: kritikac dadebiTad gamoexmaura da komerci-
uli Semosavalic hqonda.
`pelediumma~ ukan daabruna draieri da kinoproeqtis _ `pativi eci sakuTar
cols~ (1925) reJisorad daniSna. filmi saintereso gamodga. es fsiqologiuri
drama mogviTxrobs adamianTa Soris faqiz urTierTobebze. mTavari gmiris ego-
centruli da avtoritaruli qmedebani sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis mimarT tero-
rad gadaiqceva. avtorma marTlac karg samsaxiobo ansambls mouyara Tavi, dide-
bulad imuSava maTTan da Sesabamisi Sedegic miiRo – filmi CaiTvala umaRlesi
sareJisoro da saoperatoro ostatobis nimuSad, romelic mayurebels Zalian
moewona. misma axlo xedebma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa filmis saerTo arqiteq-
tonikaSi. draieris es axali kinosuraTi bevr qveyanaSi aCvenes. man saerTaSo-
riso aRiareba moipova. amis dadasturebaa isic, rom filmi sami kviris ganmav-
lobaSi anSlagiT gadioda parizis 57 kinoTeatrSi.
1926 wels `nordiskma~ gaakeTa adrindeli warmatebuli kinofilmis _ `mas-
xaras~ `rimeiqi~, romelSic aTamaSa daniuri kinos axali `varskvlavi~ qali _ ka-
82
rina beli. marTalia, es kinosuraTi Tbilad miiRo daniurma kinoauditoriam, mag-
ram roca is aSS-Si aCvenes, sakmarisi popularoba ver moipova. imxanad daniaSi
Zalze cota adgilobrivi kinokompania darCa. maTgan `filmfabriken denmarki~
akeTebda mxolod dokumenturebs, `densk filmi~ iRebda kinosuraTebs, romlebic
saxelovani msaxiobebis kidev ufro met popularizacias eweodnen, `pelediumi~
Zvelebur reJimSi muSaobda, xolo `nordiski~ isev problemebSi iZireboda.
`petisa~ da `peteSonis~ kinopersonaJebis usazRvro avtoritetma gadaawyve-
tina urban gels, Tavisi wvlili Seetana maT seriebSi da gadaiRo kinosuraTi
`bedisweris borbali~ (1926), sadac es dueti sruliad axleburad aTamaSa, axali
komikuri datvirTva misca da Tavis kinematografiul niWze kvlav aalaparaka
presa. Senstriomsa da mesens ara marto originalur scenarebze agebul komikur
filmebSi iRebdnen, aramed sxva kinoproeqtebSic, romlebic klasikas efuZneboda.
ase magaliTad, lau lauritcenma isini gadaiRo `don kixotSi~ (1926). cota xnis
Semdeg dueti miiwvies britaneTSi da ramdenime filmSi aTamaSes. maT kinosura-
Tebs aCvenebdnen aSS-ic, sadac isini didad Seaqo Carli Caplinma, Tumca daamata:
es filmebi ar aris gaTvlili amerikuli mentalitetisaTviso.
mas Semdeg, rac `pativi eci sakuTar cols~ kargad gavida safrangeTis ek-
ranebze, frangulma kinokompania `sosiete Jeneral de filmma~ SesTavaza drai-
ers, gaekeTebina istoriuli filmi Jan d’arkze. manamde am kompaniis warmomad-
genlebs surdaT gadaeRoT kinosuraTi an mari antuanetze, an katrin de medisis-
ze, magram bolo momentSi Secvales Canafiqri, vinaidan CaTvales, rom swored
frangebis erovnul gmirze gadaRebuli filmi ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda
auditoriisaTvis.
draieri rudunebiT Seudga muSaobas, rac weliwad-naxevars gagrZelda. mTa-
var rolze miiwvia msaxiobi maria falkoneti, romelic parizis erT-erT Teatr-
Si aRmoaCina. operatorad dainiSna rudolf mate, romelTanac draiers Semoqme-
debiTi megobroba akavSirebda, xolo erT-erT mxatvrad aiyvana eqspresionisti
herman varmi. filmisaTvis gamoiyo cxra milioni franki. reJisorma axlo xedeb-
ze aago filmi, arc erT msaxiobs ar gaukeTa grimi, radgan miaCnda, rom isini ase
ufro bunebrivni iqnebodnen kameris win. es iyo uprecendento SemTxveva kinoSi.
am Tamamsa da eqstraordinalur namuSevarSi yvelaferi damokidebuli gaxda
msaxiobebis TamaSze, rac maRal doneze Sesrulda. scenaris safuZvlad draier-
ma, yvelas gasakvirad, gamoiyena ara romelime literaturuli nawarmoebi (da ase-
Tebi mravlad arsebobda), aramed am istoriuli pirovnebis dakiTxvis oqmebi.
filmi `Jan d’arkis vnebani~ (1928) gamodga uCveulo rakursebiT gadaRebuli da
specialuri aparaturiT originalurad ganaTebuli, emociuri da fsiqologiuri
drama, riTac draierma sazogadoebas daumtkica, rom Tavisi epoqis udidesi kino-
reJisori iyo.
iseve rogorc yvela Sedevrs, am filmsac Tan sdevda uiRbloba da proble-
mebi. roca reJisorma daamontaJa ukanaskneli varianti, aRmoCnda, rom is gafuWda,
amitom man xelmeored gadaamontaJa igi, Tanac ise gaakeTa, rom aranairi musika-
luri gaformeba ar hqonoda. es originali 1928 wlis 21 aprils aCvenes kopenha-
genSi, premieraze. amas mohyva calke eklesiis mxridan mis sawinaaRmdegod galaS-
qreba da calke safrangeTisa da britaneTis mTavrobebis gancxadebebi, rom, Tu
draieri ar Secvlida misi namuSevris antieklesiursa da antibritanul ganwyo-
bas, mas maT qveynebSi ar aRirsebdnen ekranul sicocxles. sanam draieri fiqrob-
da, rogor moqceuliyo, berlinis laboratoriaSi gaCenilma xanZarma STanTqa
filmis originaluri varianti. avtori kvlav samontaJo magidas miujda da ga-
83
darCenili kinopozitividan axali versia da misi ramdenime asli gaakeTa, Tumca
arc maT eweraT didi xnis arseboba – mcireoden xanSi maTi umetesobac gaurkve-
vel viTarebaSi daiwva. gadarCa oriode egzemplari. draieris es uberebeli
filmi, romliTac man aCvena franguli istoriis umniSvnelovanesi figuris su-
lieri portreti, msoflio kinos klasikad iqca.
20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi daniuri kinokompaniebis umravlesoba gakot-
rda da SeaCera saqmianoba. `nordiskis~ mdgomareoba sagangaSo gaxda. misi lik-
vidaciis jeric dadga, magram mas 1929 wels mxsnelad moevlina birJis brokeri,
karl boderi, romelsac adre hqonda misi aqciebis umetesoba Sesyiduli. man xe-
laxla aRadgina kinokompania mrewvel valdemar tranesTan erTad. es ukanaskne-
li gegmavda gamoeSva patara xmovani filmebi da mieyida xmis aparatura kinoTe-
atrebisaTvis. man daaarsa sxva kinokompania, romelic 1929 wlis oqtomberSi mi-
uerTa `nordisks~. ase warmoiqmna axali gaerTianeba _ `nordisk tunfilmi~.
daniaSi arsebobda 350 kinoTeatri. kinosuraTebis gavrcelebas eweoda 12
kompania, romelTaganac wamyvani iyo xuTi amerikuli da erTi daniuri. 1929 wels
kinoekranebze dominirebda amerikuli kinoproduqcia, romelsac ekava kinobazris
74%, germanulebs _ 20%, danarCen 6%-s warmoadgendnen daniuri, franguli, bri-
tanuli, sabWoTa da Sveduri filmebi. uxmo kinos xanaSi danielebma gadaiRes
daaxloebiT 2700 kinosuraTi. maTgan dRemde SemorCenilia 400 da saTuTad inaxe-
ba kopenhagenis kinomuzeumSi.
84
Sveduri kino
1896 wlis 28 ivniss malmios sazafxulo TeatrSi, sadac mimdinareobda in-

dustriisa da xelsaqmis gamofena, danielma harald limkilma aCvena Zmebi lumi-
erebis filmebis programa. erTi adgilobrivi Jurnali iuwyeboda, rom am dRes
saocari aparatiT aCvenes samyaro, romelic moZraobs da cocxlobs iseve, ro-
gorc realur cxovrebaSi. imave wlis zafxulSi stokholmis erT Zvel cixesima-
greSi limkilma daiwyo axali kinoprogramis Cveneba, rasac garkveuli xnis gan-
mavlobaSi daaxloebiT 30 000 adamiani daeswro. 21 ivliss stokholmis drama-
tul Teatr `viqtoriaSi~ frangma Jurnalistma, Sarl marselma dadga `kineto-
skopi~ da mayurebels warudgina edisonis kinofilmebi. mere SvedeTSi germanii-
dan Cavidnen Zmebi _ maqs da emil skladanovskebi, jer TavianTi `bioskopis~ pre-
zentacia rom moawyves, xolo Semdeg maqsma ramdenime patara filmic gadaiRo da
`viqtoriaSi~ aCvena. es iyo pirveli kinogadaReba am qveyanaSi.
1897 wels stokholmSi, xelovnebisa da mrewvelobis saerTaSoriso gamofe-
naze, kidev erTxel waradgines lumierebis popularuli filmebi. gamofenis gax-
snaze mivida SvedeTis mefe _ oskar meore, romelic lumierebis warmomadgenel-
ma, aleqsandr promiom firze aRbeWda, mere ki `fonografiT~ erT msaxiobs gaax-
movanebina misi laparaki. meore dRes mefes warudgines es filmi. monarqs igi Za-
lian moewona.
lumierebis programaze eqskluziuri ufleba iyida fotografma, numa peter-
sonma da amitom, roca gamofena damTavrda, man droebiT daiqirava Senoba, sadac
gaagrZela seansebi, rac mimdinareobda 1897 wlis oqtombridan 1898 wlis agvis-
tomde. TiToeul seanss eswreboda 63 mayurebeli, radgan amdeni adgili iyo am
Sveduri renesansis stilis darbazSi.
momaval periodSi filmebs aCvenebdnen mTel qveyanaSi `mogzauri Soumene-
bi~. isini ijariT iRebdnen sxvadasxva darbazs. erTxans Cvenebebi ewyoboda `ja-
dosnur farnebTan~ erTad, rac ukve sakmaod cnobil gasarTob sanaxaobas warmo-
adgenda mosaxleobisaTvis. kinodemonstratorebi aseve iyenebdnen musikasa da
simReras.
1897 wels promiom petersonis TanamSromels, fotograf ernest flormans
aswavla qronikebisa da patara komikuri epizodebis gadaReba. flormanma kargad
aiTvisa axali xeloba da damoukideblad iRebda mxatvrul filmebs. TiToeuli
maTganis sigrZe 60 metri iyo. imavdroulad igi miiwvies samefo karis oficia-
lur kinooperatorad, romel rangSic gadaiRo `siamis mefis viziti stokholm-
Si~ (1897).
1897 wlis ivlisSi gazeTi `stokholms tidningeni~ amcnobda mkiTxvels,
rom maT ukve SeeZloT enaxaT Sveduri warmoebis 17 kinosuraTi, romelTa avto-
rebma _ promiom da flormanma isini gadaiRes dedaqalaqsa da mis gareubnebSi.
aRniSnuli informacia garkveuli erovnuli siamayis grZnobis gaRvivebas emsaxu-
reboda, radgan imxanad ucxouri kinokompaniebi dominirebdnen Svedur kinoba-
zarze, xolo mas Semdeg, rac promiom datova SvedeTi, flormani agrZelebda ga-
daRebas, Tavis produqcias uSvebda erT axalgaxsnil kinoTeatrSi. man eqsperi-
mentebi Caatara xmovani filmebis Sesaqmnelad, kinofirTan msaxiobebis xmis sinq-
ronizebas cdilobda sxvadasxva teqnikuri saSualebiT, upirveles yovlisa _
`fonografis~ CanawerebiT.
85
petersonis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1902 wlidan, mis kompanias saTaveSi Caudga mi-
si vaJi _ mortimeri, romelmac 1904 wels gamouSva ramdenime filmi. am kinosu-
raTebs Tan axlda `gramofonis~ Canawerebi. erTi maTgani iyo popularuli miu-
ziklis erT-erTi scenis ekranizacia.
SvedeTSi gaixsna kinoTeatrebi: `metropoli~, `kontinentali~, `parizi~, `viq-
toria~, `kosmorama~ da sxv. maTSi aCvenebdnen mxatvrulsa da qronikalur fil-
mebs. mayurebelTa umetesobas Seadgendnen dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebi da
bavSvebi. am ukanasknelTa interess kinosadmi sazRvari ar hqonda, amitomac xSi-
ri iyo protesti skolebidan da eklesiidan kinoTeatrTa mflobelebis mimarT.
buRalteri da moyvaruli fotografi _ karl magnusoni am periodSi dain-
teresda kinematografiT. mas uyvarda epizodebis gadaReba bunebaSi, vidre rome-
lime atelieSi. misi erT-erTi pirveli dokumenturi namuSevari `meTevzis cxov-
rebis xifaTebi~ (1905) aRwerda zRvaSi gasul meTevzesa da mis navs, romlebic
qariSxalSi mohyvebian.
1905 wlisaTvis SvedeTSi Camoyalibda kinos sadistribucio sistemac. Sou-
menebs aRar uwevdaT mogzauroba, raTa mayurebeli moenaxaT. ioteboriSi ukve
arsebobda 11 kargad gawyobili kinodarbazi, saerTaSoriso standartebs rom ak-
mayofilebda. male Camoyalibda kinoTeatrebis qseli òlimpia~, romlis calkeu-
li ganStoeba qveynis did qalaqebSi arsebobda. 1905 wlis agvistoSi dafuZnda
kristianstadis kinematografiuli savaWro amxanagoba, moewyo aTmetriani sigr-
Zis oTaxi darbazisaTvis, romelsac erqva `kinoTeatri tivolis quCaze~. masSi
idga 97 skami da erTi pianino. imdenad didi komerciuli Semosavali moitana am
patara kinoTeatrma, rom momaval wels amxanagobam amave qalaqSi daaarsa kino-
Teatrebis qseli.
1907 wlis TebervalSi amxanagoba gadakeTda kompaniad, romelsac ewoda
`svenska biugrafteaterni~ (`svenska biu~). mis gankargulebaSi, kinoTeatrebis
garda, Sedioda kinolaboratoria da gadasaRebi aparatura. kompaniis TanamSrom-
lebma momdevno xuT weliwadSi gadaiRes daaxloebiT 350 kinosuraTi, romelTa
absoluturi umravlesoba warmoadgenda umartives namuSevrebs. `svenska bius~
konkurentma, stokholmSi arsebulma àpolo sinema kompanim~ gadaiRo 13 Tanmim-
devruli epizodisgan Semdgari TxrobiTi filmi `stokholmis saxanZro razmi
xanZris Caqrobisas~ (1907).
magnusons, romelic saTaveSi edga mis mier dafuZnebul SvedeTis kinemato-
grafiul amxanagobas, 1908 wels SesTavazes `svenska biuSi~ gadasvla. axal kom-
paniaSi, romelic Sveduri kinowarmoebis liderad iqca, man gadaiRo erovnuli
Tematikis ramdenime filmi (simRerebis kinoadaptaciebi da sinqronizebuli ki-
nosuraTebi) da maT gasaxmovaneblad gamoiyena `gramofoni~. erTi wlis Tavze
`momRerali filmebis~ ricxvma 25-s miaRwia. `svenska biu~ akeTebda popularuli
piesebis ekranizaciebsac, romlebic eyrdnobodnen Sveduri klasikuri Teatris
gamocdilebas.
magnusoni didxans (27 weli) msaxurobda `svenska biuSi~ reJisorad da war-
moebis xelmZRvanelad. man fasdaudebeli roli iTamaSa adreuli Sveduri kinos
ayvaveba-ganviTarebaSi, axali ideebis damkvidrebaSi. igi teqnikuradac da Semoq-
medebiTadac saukeTesod uZRveboda saqmes, sxva reJisorebs agulianebda, rac Se-
iZleba meti suliereba CaedoT filmebSi, meti mxatvruli done warmoeCinaT, ki-
nostudiaSi Caketvis nacvlad aqtiurad gamoeyenebinaT natura, radgan amiT uf-
ro sxvanairad aCvenebdnen Canafiqrs. magnusonis namuSevrebi, romlebic Teatra-
lur stils ewinaaRmdegebodnen, gaJRenTili iyo lirizmiT, romantizmiT, adamian-
86
sa da bunebas Soris urTierTobebiT. momavalSi man TandaTan gazarda filmebis
metraJi, uxvad iyenebda literaturul da folklorul nawarmoebebs, selma la-
gerliovis yvela nawarmoebis ekranizaciis oficialuri ufleba miiRo da aseve
ekranze gadahqonda henrik ibsenis piesebi. marTalia, mas xelT ki epyra erov-
nuli kinowarmoebis sadaveebi, magram ar diqtatorobda, piriqiT, Tavisuflebas
aniWebda Tavis reJisorebs da Tu isini ver gaamarTlebdnen mis ndobas, maSin Ta-
vidan iSorebda. amas garda is muSaobda stereoskopuli firis gaumjobesebis
procesze. misi saerTo TavkacobiT `svenska bius~ sagangebod SerCeulma gadam-
Rebma jgufebma gaakeTes 30 dokumenturi kinosuraTi SvedeTis qalaqebze, maT is-
toriasa da Tanamedroveobaze. energiulma magnusonma amerikelebic gaaoca, roca
ramdenime TanamSromelTan erTad Cavida niu-iorkSi da gagania `pikis saaTis~
dros mis erT-erTi yvelaze xmaurian da gadatvirTul quCaze Caatara swrafi
gadaReba.
Sveduri kinosuraTebi ukve warmatebiT gadioda evropaSi, sadac Tayvanis-
mcemlebic gamouCndnen. adgilobrivi kinowarmoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli etapi
daiwyo 1910 wlidan, roca profesiuli Teatrebidan msaxiobebi masobrivad midi-
odnen kinoSi saTamaSod ara marto fulis saSovnelad, aramed am axal sferoSi
Zalebis mosasinjad. `svenska bius~ gaxmaurebuli filmi `varmlandelebi~ (1910,
reJ. karl engdali), romelmac didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia, iyo popularuli saope-
ro speqtaklis kinoversia. karl magnusonis yofilma asistentma, gustav linden-
ma gaakeTa erTi cnobili piesis ekranizacia `regina fon emerici da mefe gustav
meore adolfi~ (1910), romelzec operatorad imuSava kompaniaSi specialurad
miwveulma iulius iensonma, romelic maleve gaxda wamyvani kinooperatori da
saxeli gaiTqva msoflioSic.
`svenska bius~ morigi namuSevris èmigranti~ (1910, reJ.: gustav lindeni da
robert olsoni) irgvliv atexilma skandalma SvedeTis farglebs gareT gaaR-
wia. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma kinokompaniis xelmZRvanelobas amoaWrevi-
nes filmis erTi epizodi, romelic Zaladobas Seicavda. amis saprotestod mag-
nusonma aRar gadaamontaJa mTliani kinosuraTi da amoWrili nawilis adgilas
Casva titri, romelzec ewera òrwuTiani intervali~. es gamovida sruliad ax-
leburi xerxi, rasac garkveuli xnis Semdeg xeli mohkides momavali Taobis ki-
nematografistebma, roca amgvar ugamosaxulebo pauzas musika daurTes.
SvedeTSi bevri adamiani Cadioda samuSaod. swored isini iyvnen kinoTeatre-
bis sasurveli stumrebi, radganac qancgamwyveti muSaobis Semdeg garToba undo-
daT. kinos mavne gavlenis Taobaze isev alaparakdnen eklesia da saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebulebebi. maswavleblebi, moswavleTa mSoblebi da sasuliero pirebi
xelisuflebisgan iTxovdnen qmediT RonisZiebebs SezRudvebis dawesebiT. zogi-
erTi kinoTeatris mflobeli dapirda sazogadoebas, rom amoarCevda maTTvis sa-
survel filmebs, xolo maswavleblebs darTes neba, ufasod daswrebodnen kino-
seansebs, raTa Tavad gadaemowmebinaT iq gaSvebuli filmebis mizanSewoniloba.
kinosuraTebis demonstrirebasTan dakavSirebuli uxerxuli situaciebis
Tavidan asacileblad xelisuflebam 1911 wels Camoayaliba kinos cenzorebis
erovnuli sabWo, romelmac mWidro kontaqti daamyara kinoindustriasTan. mis re-
komendaciebs yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen kinokompaniebi. sabWom gaamkacra pi-
robebi. mxolod instrumentuli musika dauSves filmebis Tanxlebad, aikrZala
kabares simRerebi, radgan isini miuReblad CaTvales.
moklemetraJianma filmebma TandaTan adgili dauTmes srulmetraJianebs.
seansze, maT garda, iyo agreTve kinoqronika, raTa dro SeevsoT. gaumjobesda teq-
87
nologiac. axalma kinoproeqtorebma ufro kargad aCvena filmebi, Sendeboda axa-
li kinoTeatrebi, `svenska bium~ gaakeTa kinoTeatrebis qseli mTeli qveynis mas-
StabiT, gansakuTrebiT _ provinciebSi. mayureblis moTxovnilebaze didad iyo
damokidebuli kinos adgilobrivi warmoebis mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba.
`svenska biu~ 1911 wels gadavida stokholmSi, sadac aaSena studia. es mSe-
nebloba garkveul risks warmoadgenda kompaniis mesveurTaTvis, rameTu gaCnda
SiSi, rom Tuki masSi Seqmnili filmebi ver moitandnen sasurvel mogebas, igi un-
da daexuraT, rac Zalze azaralebdaT. karl magnusonma Caatara kinokompaniis
reorganizacia, radgan surda meti kulturuli datvirTva mieca Tavisi produq-
ciisaTvis da miezida saukeTeso samsaxiobo da teqnikuri personali. is aqtiu-
rad TanamSromlobda stokholmis dramatul TeatrTan, akeTebda franguli
`film d’aris~ stilistikis kinosuraTebs, xolo maTSi mTavari rolebis Semsru-
leblebisaTvis awyobda gamsvlel Sexvedrebs sxvadasxva qalaqSi. erTi aseTi
turne sareklamo miznebisaTvis firzec ki aRbeWdes.
am kinokompaniaSi samuSaod mivida reJisori, scenaristi da msaxiobi Jiori
af klerkeri, romlis filmebi gamoirCeoda Txrobis sizustiT, moqmedebis lama-
zad aRweriT, socialuri realizmiTa da sacirko elementebiT. cota xnis Semdeg
man miatova `svenska biuc~ da samSobloc. reJisoroba daiwyo magnusonis asis-
tentma, ana hofman-udgrenma. cnobilma dramaturgma ogust strindberim mas uf-
leba misca, gadaeRo kinosuraTebi misi piesebis mixedviT. pirvel namuSevarSi
`mama~ (1912) anam miiwvia strindberis Teatris msaxiobebi. marTalia, igi ki moe-
wona dramaturgs, magram Teatralurma kritikosebma gailaSqres mis winaaRmdeg,
vinaidan misi suliskveTeba aSkarad Seuracxyofs genialuri strindberis Sro-
maso. momdevno kinosuraTs `qalbatoni iuli~ (1912), romelic naklebad Teatra-
luri gamovida, SedarebiT zomieri, dadebiTi gamoxmaureba mohyva.
`svenska bius~ kinoproduqciis warmatebam xeli Seuwyo erovnuli kinoin-
dustriis centris gadanacvlebas stokholmSi, saidanac gaadvilda kinowarmoe-
bisa da kinobazris koordinireba. SvedeTSi ukve arsebobda 200 kinoTeatri.
1912 wels magnusonma kinoSi miiyvana ori Teatraluri reJisori da msaxio-
bi _ mauric stileri da viqtor xuiastriomi (Siostriomi). pirveli maTgani ma-
Sin ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkiSi daibada, magram
imis gamo, rom ar undoda wasuliyo rusul armiaSi, 18 wlis asakSi yalbi doku-
mentebiT gaaRwia SvedeTSi, sadac Teatrma gaitaca da nayofierad moRvaweobda
am dargSi. xuiastriomic ganagebda Tavissave Teatralur dass malmioSi, magram
siamovnebiT miiRo `svenska bius~ warmoebis xelmZRvanelis miwveva.
stilerma da xuiastriomma `svenska biuSi~ miitanes axali koncefciebi, az-
rovneba, originaluri xelwera. maT sadebiuto namuSevrebs furori ar mouxde-
nia. xuiastriomis pirvelive filmi `mebaRe~ (1912) aikrZala kidec. orive xelo-
vanSi bevrma dainaxa Sveduri kinos momavali upirobo warmatebis sawindari. aR-
saniSnavia, rom isini erTmaneTTan megobrobdnen da, xandaxan rogorc sakuTar,
ise erTmaneTis filmebSic TamaSobdnen. xuiastriomma brwyinvaled Seasrula er-
Ti roli stileris kinosuraTSi `Savi niRbebi~ (1912), romelSic ganaxorciela
rTuli triukebic, magaliTad, quCis Tavze gabmul bagirze gavla.
stileri iRebda komediebsa da skandinaviur sagebs, Tumca mis pirvel fil-
mebs Teatraluroba dahkravda. igi met yuradRebas aqcevda montaJs, vidre samsa-
xiobo ostatobasa da siuJets, moswonda kombinirebuli gadaReba da paralelu-
ri montaJi, zrunavda kinoenis ganviTarebaze. is Taviseburad ebrZoda holivudis
gavlenas. msubuqi kinokomediebis SeqmnisaTvis mas `Janris stilisti~ Searqves.
88
stilerisagan gansxvavebiT, xuiastriomi, ZiriTadad, akeTebda fsiqologiur
dramebs inteleqtualuri auditoriisaTvis. man brwyinvaled icoda oriode mkve-
Trad gakeTebuli epizodiT kinosuraTis moqmedebis kargad gaSla, ar uyvarda
iaffasiani efeqtebi da gaurkveveli gamosaxulebebi da yvelaferi uzadod hqon-
da gaTvlili.
finansuri stabilurobisaTvis magnusoni gzebs eZebda da amitom patesTan
dado xelSekruleba erTobliv muSaobaze. `svenska biusaTvis~ es iyo xelsayre-
li, radgan misi filmebi pates distribuciis sistemaSi eqceodnen da msoflioSi
vrceldebodnen. 1912 wels magnusoni da xuiastriomi parizSi Cavidnen da Seis-
wavles Sarl pates kompaniis saqmianoba. Semdeg patem Tavisi warmomadgeneli
gagzavna SvedeTSi, romelic aswavlida iqaur kinomuSakebs, rogor unda ekeTebi-
naT komerciulad sarfiani da maRalmxatvruli kinosuraTebi. pates meore war-
momadgeneli stokholmSi akontrolebda xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul pi-
robebs.
pirveli mniSvnelovani STabeWdileba mayurebelsa da specialistebze xuia-
striomma moaxdina filmiT ìngebori holmi~ (1913), romelic gadaiRo amave sa-
xelwodebis piesis mixedviT. masze muSaobisas reJisorma aRmoaCina saucxoo msa-
xiobi, hilda boristriomi. es `paTetikuri drama~ ise moewona Sarl pates, rom
uyoymanod iTava misi distribucia safrangeTSi. amasTanave, man gaxsna Tavisi fi-
liali stokholmSi da daiwyo konkurencia adgilobriv kinokompaniebTan, magram
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam xeli SeuSala, ris gamo male daxura igi. amas
isic daerTo, rom Sesustda frangebis gavlena saerTaSoriso kinobazarze, ami-
tom magnusoni ukve fiqrobda axal partniorze.
Sveduri filmebi ganicdidnen `nordiskis~ produqciis gavlenas, Tumca maT-
Si monawileobas ar Takilobdnen danieli msaxiobebi, romlebic xSirad Cadiod-
nen mezobel qveyanaSi da nayofierad TanamSromlobdnen Sved kinoreJisorebTan.
`svenska bium~ axla `nordiskTan~ daamyara mWidro kavSiri. amjerad misi kinosu-
raTebi swored am daniuri msxvili kompaniis saSualebiT gahqondaT sazRvarga-
reT, xolo `nordiskis~ produqciis SvedeTSi distribucia Tavad karl magnu-
sonma ikisra. `svenska bius~ zogi namuSevari popularuli daniuri filmebis
pirdapir imitacias warmoadgenda, ris gamoc kompaniis stokholmur kinostudias
metsaxelad `patara kopenhageni~ Searqves.
magnusons axali da STambeWdavi konkurenti gamouCnda _ malmios kinoTeat-
ris mflobelma, frans lundberim gadawyvita kinowarmoebaSi CarTva da amisaT-
vis miiwvia daniuri gadamRebi jgufebi, romlebic akeTebdnen sensaciursa da
erotikul filmebs, rac SvedeTis garda centralursa da aRmosavleT evropaSic
saRdeboda. lundberi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda kinoSi, magram
Semdgom, finansuri problemebis gamo, Tavi gaaneba am bizness.
pirveli msoflio omis dros SvedeTi neitralur qveynad gamocxadda. aman
Sved kinomrewvelebs saSualeba misca, evropul kinobazarze gamorCeuli adgili
daekavebinaT, rac mcire xniT moaxerxes kidec erovnuli Tematikis amsaxveli
filmebiTa da sakuTari `kinovarskvlavebiT~. imxanad adgilobriv kinoekranebze
mxolod Sveduri kinosuraTebi gadioda. neitralurobis gamo maT aranairi em-
bargo ar exeboda, amitom isini yvelgan Sediodnen Tavisuflad. amerikelebs xe-
li ver miuwvdaT Svedur kinobazarze, rasac isic daerTo, rom 1915 wels adgi-
lobrivi kinoTeatrebis mflobelebi gaerTiandnen erovnul asociaciaSi, riTac
saerTo interesebi Tavadve daicves da amiT xeli SeuSales ucxour kinoeqspan-
sias. daiwyo Sveduri kinos aRmasvlis procesi.
89
1915 wels fotoaRWurvilobis mwarmoebelma, viqtor haselbladma Seqmna kom-
pania `haselbladfilmi~, romlis warmoebis xelmZRvaneloba Caabara klerkers,
romelic axali dabrunebuli iyo safrangeTidan, sadac profesiuli wrToba gai-
ara patesTan. klerkeri iRebda melodramebsa da komediebs, magram isini verc ki
utoldebodnen `svenska bius~ produqcias.
stilerma Tavis kinokomediebs gauria socialuri satira da parodiuli pa-
saJebi (mag. `siyvaruli da Jurnalistika~, 1916). mas bevri ram hqonda amerikuli
komediebidan gadmoRebuli da Svedur sinamdvilesTan morgebuli, rac SesaniSna-
vad gamosdioda. amisi niSandoblivi magaliTia `primabalerina~ (1916), romelSic
mTavar rolebSi aTamaSa larS hansoni da ieni haselkvisti. im periodSi Sesust-
da `nordiskis~ poziciebi msoflio kinobazarze da magnusonmac gawyvita masTan
kavSiri.
xuiastriomis SemoqmedebiTi potenciali naTlad warmoCnda filmSi `terie
vigeni~ (1917), henrik ibsenis poemis ekranizaciaSi, romelSic Tavad ganasaxiera
mTavari gmiri, daarRvia Teatraluri sqemebi, aCvena axleburi gamomsaxvelobiTi
xerxebi. kinosuraTze mosamzadebel periodSi xuiastriomi wavida norvegiaSi, im
patara zRvispira qalaqSi, sadac gaatara axalgazrdoba ibsenma da sadac dawera
es poema. reJisorma gulmodgine dakvirveba Caatara garemoze, mosaxleobasa da
maT cxovrebiseul problemebze. igi gansakuTrebiT dainteresda meTevzeebiT, ma-
Ti muSaobiTa da yofiTi pirobebiT. `svenska bium~ daamzada `terie vigenis~ 12
asli SvedeTisaTvis, xolo axlo ucxoeTSi gauSves 43 asli. saboloo jamSi,
filmma moitana udidesi Semosavali _ 100000 kroni. misi premiera SvedeTsa da
daniaSi erTdroulad, 1917 wlis 27 ianvars, Sedga, xolo erTi kviris Tavze is
norvegiel mayurebelsac aCvenes. norvegiul enaze sagangebod daibeWda broSura,
sadac mocemuli iyo ibsenis nawarmoebis mokle Sinaarsi da informacia gada-
Rebis Sesaxeb. erTma yoveldRiurma Svedurma gazeTma stokholmis premieraze sa-
gangebod gagzavna Teatraluri kritikosi, raTa daewera recenzia. kritikosma ma-
Rali Sefaseba misca kinosuraTs. amas mohyva sxva gamoxmaurebebi sxva periodul
organoebSic. filmi Zalze popularuli gaxda. daniis erT patar qalaqSi mori-
gi seansis dros qali adga da sibneleSi xmamaRla waikiTxa literaturuli
pirvelwyaro.
`terie vigeni~ mxolod oTxi wlis Semdeg ixila amerikelma mayurebelma.
erTma recenzentma dawera, rom aRniSnuli filmis avtori imdenad srulfasovani
da didebuli xelovania, is dauyovnebliv unda Camovides aSS-Si, raTa Cvens kino-
reJisorebs aswavlos gadaRebao. araCveulebrivi gamomsaxvelobiTi kulturiT,
saucxoo TxrobiTi sistemiTa da uzadod dadgmuli scenebiT filmma msoflio
arenaze didi avtoriteti moipova.
selma lagerliovis sabavSvo moTxroba daedo safuZvlad viqtor xuias-
triomis kinosuraTs `gogona Waobebis fermidan~ (1917). am filmiT gansakuTrebiT
moixibla Tavad lagerliovi, romelmac mouwoda kinematografistebs, rom mieba-
ZaT xuiastriomisaTvis da ekranze gadaetanaT misi sxva nawarmoebebic, xolo Ta-
vad xuiastrioms uwoda ostati, romelic cdilobda, gamoegonebina axali mimar-
Tuleba, rasac igi pirobiTad `musikas TvalebisaTvis~ uwodebda.
stilerma Seicvala amplua da sxva Janrebsac gausinja gemo. misi fsiqolo-
giuri drama `Tomas grolis saukeTeso filmi~ (1917) Zireulad gansxvavdeboda
sxva kolegebis namuSevrebisagan, sadac mkacrad icavdnen kinoeTikas da xazs us-
vamdnen stereotipul skandinaviur naRvlian xasiaTs. masSi reJisorma erTgva-
rad waSala sazRvari fantaziasa da realobas Soris, scada, erTmaneTTan daekav-
90
Sirebina xelovneba da cxovreba, filmi aago rTul, emociursa da mravalwaxna-
govan siuJetze. mauric stileri aseve akeTebda melodramebs, romlebSic iZire-
boda gmirebis pirad cxovrebasa da sulier siRrmeebSi, raTa kargad warmoeCina
Tavisi Tanamedroveni.
haselbladma axali finansuri investiciebi miizida, 1918 wels stokholmSi
daaarsa kinokompania `filmindustri skandia~ (`skandia~) da axali ZaliT Seud-
ga konkurencias `svenska biusTan~.
ekranizaciebSi daostatebulma xuiastriomma erTi islandieli mwerlis pi-
esis mixedviT, laplandiis mTebSi gadaiRo filmi `mTieli eivindi da misi co-
li~, romelic ekranebze gavida 1918 wels. mTavari rolebi Seasrules xuiastri-
omma da edit erastofma. es neli tempiT awyobili da Taviseburi ganaTebiT ga-
keTebuli kinosuraTi kritikosebma erTxmad aRiares erovnuli kinowarmoebis
Sedevrad da saxelmoxveWili flamandieli mxatvrebis ferwerul tiloebs Sea-
dares. is popularuli gaxda mayurebelSic. `svenska bium~ igi farTod gaavrce-
la evropasa da aSS-Si.
1919 wels `svenska biu~ Seerwya `skandias~. gaerTianebas daerqva `svensk
filmindustri~. misTvis aSenda kinostudiebi da kinoTeatrebi, Zvelebs ki rekon-
struqcia Cautarda. `svensk filmindustri~ gaxda wamyvani kinokompania SvedeTSi
da saerTaSoriso kinobazarze gasasvlelad seriozuli ambiciebi gauCnda.
1919 wels dafiqsirda kinoTeatrebSi gayiduli bileTebis sarekordo maCve-
nebeli _ im wlis ganmavlobaSi rva milioni mayurebeli daeswro kinoseansebs,
Tumca momdevno wlebSi SeimCneoda klebis tendencia. SvedeTSi funqcionirebda
700 kinoTeatri. omis Semdeg Svedur kinobazarze bevri ucxouri filmi gamoCnda,
magram amerikelebma isev ver moaxerxes misi gakontroleba. isini cdilobdnen,
xelT egdoT kinoTeatrebis biznesi. am mizniT `faramaunTs~ surda, Seesyida ga-
bankrotebis piras misuli adgilobrivi mTavari distributori firmis _ `skan-
dinaviska filmsentralenis~, aqtivebi da kinodarbazebi, magram araferi gamouvi-
da, radgan `svensk filmindustrim~ droulad daaswro. arada, `faramaunTis~ geg-
mebSi Sedioda stokholmSi udidesi kinoTeatris mSeneblobac da kidev bevri
sxva ram, riTac igi myarad moikidebda fexs qveyanaSi.
stilerma gadaiRo erT-erTi saukeTeso filmi `simRera mewamul-wiTel yva-
vilze~ (1919), romelsac safuZveli daedo gaxmaurebuli finuri romani. am lite-
raturuli pirvelwyaros mixedviT adre oTxjer gakeTda kinosuraTebi, magram
stileris versia yvelas sjobda. epikuri maneriT reJisorma SeZlo waruSleli
STabeWdileba moexdina mayurebelze. man zedmiwevniTi kinematografiulobiT aC-
vena calmxrivi siyvarulis Temaze agebuli gulisamaCuyebeli ambavi, ramac ara-
vin datova gulgrili.
lagerliovis nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebi gaakeTes xuiastriomma da sti-
lerma 1919 wels. pirvelma gadaiRo ìngmaris vaJiSvilebi~, xolo meorem _ `ba-
ton arnes fuli~. maT brwyinvaled gamoxates am didebuli mwerlis samyaro, si-
keTesa da borotebas Soris brZola, sulierad mdidari adamianebis xasiaTebi,
ojaxuri myari tradiciebi. `baton arnes fulis~ gadaReba xuiastriomma sagange-
bod sTxova stilers, romelmac Seqmna kadrebisa da epizodebis daZabuli dina-
mikis istoriuli drama. igi gansakuTrebiT moewona inglisel kritikosebs, rom-
lebmac mas `simfoniuri filmi~ da `Sveduri kinos diadi nimuSi~ uwodes.
rasakvirvelia, SvedeTSi moRvaweobdnen sxva reJisorebic, romelTa daniSnu-
lebasac Seadgenda erovnuli kinematografis avtoritetis gamyareba rogorc
samSobloSi, ise sazRvargareT. am mxriv gamosayofia ion bruniusis saintereso
91
namuSevari `sulbakeneli sineve~ (1919) da ivan hedkvistis `bednierebis ZiebaSi~
(1919). am ukanasknelsac selma lagerliovis erTi romani daedo safuZvlad. es
nawarmoebi TeatrSic idgmeboda, magram hedkvistma iseTi gamaognebeli ekranuli
sanaxaoba Seqmna, yvelas daaviwya Teatraluri varianti.
kinowarmoebis tempebi gaizarda. amjerad filmebis gadaReba ufro mokle
vadebSi mimdinareobda da sakmaod Zviri jdeboda. `svensk filmindustri~ yovel
Rones xmarobda, raTa meti da xarisxiani kinosuraTi gamoeSva, eZebda gasaRebis
axal bazrebs, atarebda axali SemoqmedebiTi kadrebis kinoSi mizidvis aqtiur
politikas, zrunavda msoflios yvela kuTxeSi Tavisi filialebis gaxsnaze.
ra Tqma unda, stilerisa da xuiastriomis yvela kinosuraTi ar warmoadgen-
da Sedevrs. amas isinic aRiarebdnen, Tumca, faqtia, rom TiToeul maTganSi ixve-
weboda maTi ostatoba. orive erTmaneTs ejibreboda lamazi peizaJebis gadmoce-
maSi.
skandali mohyva stileris komedias èrotikoni~ (1920). kritikosebi werdnen,
rom reJisorma gadaameta Tavisi poziciis Cvenebisas da gamoavlina daufaravi
cinizmi, Tumca es kinosuraTi moewona stileris ramdenime sazRvargareTel ko-
legas. xuiastriomma kvlav gaagrZela selma lagerliovis nawarmoebebis ekrani-
zaciebi da jer didebuli kinosuraTi `karini, ingmaris qaliSvili~ (1920), Semdeg
ki uzado filmi `meetle~ (1921) gadaiRo. orive namuSevarma mas msoflio dideba
moutana.
1921 wels ion bruniusma, romelmac gadawyvita istoriul TematikasTan Se-
Wideba, gadaiRo saintereso saTavgadasavlo drama `mxiaruli raindi~. ivan hed-
kvistma gaakeTa poetur-mistikuri filmi `momlocveloba kevlorSi~ (1921), rasac
stileris stilistikis gavlena emCneoda. cnobili literaturuli pirvelwyaro-
ebis kinoadaptaciebs akeTebdnen sxva reJisorebi, magram maTi filmebi saSualo
dones ver gascdnen da saerTaSoriso arenazec warmatebas ver miaRwies.
saukeTeso Sveduri filmebi Zalian moswonda evropel mayurebelsac da ki-
nos profesionalebsac. franguli da germanuli eqsperimentuli filmebisagan
gansxvavebiT, isini yvelasaTvis gasagebi iyo. specialistebi aRiarebdnen, rom maT
seriozuli wvlili SehqondaT kinos istoriaSi. frangi Teoretikosi, leon musi-
naki acxadebda, rom, rogorc iqna, gamoCnda kinosuraTebi, romlebSic yvelaferi
srulyofilia formisa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, xolo rene kleri ambobda,
rom Svedebma WeSmariti realoba Semoitanes kinematografSio.
`svensk filmindustrim~ aqcenti gadaitana istoriul kinosuraTebze, rom-
lebic amerikuli formulebiT unda gadaeRoT, radgan aseTi kinoproduqcia kar-
gad iyideboda. mezobeli finelebis brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis miuZRvna
morigi istoriuli filmi ìuhan ulfSaarna~ (1923) bruniusma. gadaReba mimdina-
reobda fineTis dedaqalaqSi, sadac reJisori eqvsi kameriT iRebda masobriv sce-
nebs. mas uangarod daexmara qalaqis mosaxleoba da xelmZRvaneloba. SesaniSna-
vad dadgmulma epizodebma da romantikulma atmosferom didad ganapiroba fil-
mis komerciuli warmateba.
sem goldvinma sagangebod miiwvia viqtor xuiastriomi aSS-Si samuSaod. 1923
wels kinoreJisori gaemgzavra ucxo qveyanaSi, sadac dauyovnebliv CarTes kino-
warmoebaSi. SvedeTSi darCenilma stilerma lagerliovis mixedviT gadaiRo ki-
dev erTi filmi `saga gunar hedeze~ (1923), romelic gamoirCeoda simbolizmiT,
dokumenturi epizodebiTa da erovnuli literaturis tradiciebiT.
1924 wels `svensk filmindustrim~ 20 kinosuraTi gaakeTa da maTi gavrce-
lebiT seriozul Semosavals gegmavda, magram maTma umravlesobam imedebi gauc-
92
rua kompaniis mesveurebs. verc sxva kompaniebis namuSevrebma daaintereses adgi-
lobrivi auditoria. maTSi iyo bevri naklovaneba, igrZnoboda cnobili ucxouri
filmebis imitacia, uferuli naturalizmi. im wlis erTaderTi Rirseuli namuSe-
vari, romelmac kvlav aalaparaka msoflio, gamodga stileris `saga iosta ber-
lingze~, isev lagerliovis nawarmoebis ekranizacia, oTxsaaTiani tragikomedia,
romlis gadaRebaze manamde uari Tqva ramdenime sxva kinoreJisorma. es filmi
warmatebiT gavida rogorc SvedeTSi, ise evropis sxva qveynebSi, Tumca zogan
Semcirebuli saxiT, mag., safrangeTSi aCvenes misi or saaTamde dayvanili varian-
ti. am kinosuraTSi gamoCnda greta gustavsoni, romelic adre stilerma SeamCnia
erT sareklamo rgolSi, moewona da rolze aiyvana, radgan eZebda uaRresad
mgrZnobiare, mistikur qals. erTi versiis mixedviT, gretas man Seucvala gvari
garbod norvegieli Teatraluri msaxiobis, erika darbos sapativcemulod.
mauric stileri da greta garbo damegobrdnen. maT `mzeTunaxavsa da urC-
xuls~, `pigmalionsa da galaTeas~ eZaxdnen. stileri axalgazrda qals msaxio-
bis ostatobas aswavlida, xolo, roca berlinSi, `metro-goldvin-meieris~ warmo-
madgenlebma naxes `saga iosta berlingze~ da amerikaSi miiwvies misi reJisori,
man daiJina, rom gretas gareSe arsadac ar wavidoda. stilerma Tavisi gaitana
da 1925 wels oriveni erTad gaemgzavrnen okeanisgaRma.
`Sveduri kinoskolis Semqmnelebis~ aSS-Si wasvlis Semdeg skandinaviis am
qveynis kinematografSi krizisuli situacia Seiqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali
reJisorebi midiodnen kinoSi samuSaod, mraval axal kinoproeqtsa da investici-
ebis mizidvaze mimdinareobda gacxovelebuli muSaoba, kinowarmoebas Sesusteba
daetyo. saerTaSoriso doneze gasasvlelad saWiro gaxda axleburi stilis
filmebi. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Svedebma ki gadaiRes ramdenime namuSevari,
magram yvelas ajoba ion bruniusis saucxoo istoriulma dramam `karl XII~
(1925), romelic arafriT Camouvardeboda aseTive Janris amerikul produqcias.
`svensk filmindustrim~ omamdeli partniorobis politika gaixsena da See-
cada, amerikelebTan daemyarebina iseTive urTierTobebi, rogoric mis winamor-
beds hqonda frangebTan da danielebTan, magram amerikelebi ukve ise myarad
iyvnen SeWrilni Svedur kinobazarze, rom araviTari partnioroba aRar aintere-
sebdaT. isini gabedulad xsnidnen TavianTi kompaniebis filialebs, umetesi kino-
Teatrebi mxolod maT filmebs aCvenebdnen, xolo distributorebma sakuTari we-
sebi daakanones. amas mowmobs statistikac, romlis mixedviTac 1925 wels Svede-
Tis kinoekranebze gaSvebuli filmebis 3% warmoadgenda adgilobriv nawarms,
70% ki _ amerikuls.
`svensk filmindustris~ daxmarebis xeli gauwoda germaniaSi moRvawe vla-
dimir vengerovma. 1925 wels maT Camoayalibes erToblivi kinokompania `nordves-
ti filmi~, romlis mTavar daniSnulebad ganisazRvra Sveduri kinos xelaxali
aRorZineba. misi dafinansebiT gustav mulanderi Seudga selma lagerliovis
romanis, ìerusalimi~ ekranizacias. misi gadamRebi jgufi wminda qalaqSi gaemg-
zavra, magram sanam gadaRebas daamTavrebda, vengerovis germanuli saTavo kompa-
nia `vesti filmi~ gakotrda da Svedebs mxsnelad moevlina ùfa~, romelmac pro-
eqtis dasamTavrebeli fuli miaSvela, Tanac iTava misi distribucia. mulander-
ma gadaRebuli masalisagan gaamzada da gamouSva ori kinosuraTi: ìngmaris mem-
kvidreoba~ (1925) da àRmosavleTisaken~ (1926).
mdgomareobis Secvlas Seecada mulanderis Zma _ ulofi, romelmac gadai-
Ro `qali kameliebiT~ (1925) aleqsandr diuma umcrosis nawarmoebis mixedviT da
`daojaxebuli~ (1926) ogust strindberis moTxrobis adaptacia, magram Secdomebi
93
dauSva, radgan rogorc Teatralurma reJisorma ver gaiTvaliswina kinos sti-
listika, ver gascda Teatralur formebs, ris gamoc am filmebma ver miizides
mayurebeli. imave xanebSi mwerali, msaxiobi da reJisori Teodor berTelsi ake-
Tebda epikur kinosuraTebs vikingebze, sxvebi ki cdilobdnen kinokomediebiT ga-
suliyvnen fons.
aSS-Si, `metro-goldvin-meierSi~ xuiastriomma dahyo rva weli da gadaiRo
cxra filmi, romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia àlisferi niSani~ (1926) da `qari~ (1928).
oriveSi mTavari personaJebi brwyinvaled ganasaxieres lilien giSma da larS
hansonma. kritikis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsaxura `qarma~, rasac etyobo-
da Sveduri kinos saukeTeso tradiciebi. am fsiqologiur deteqtivSi avtorma
mTavari datvirTva misca bunebas da siuJeti imgvarad gaaTamaSa, rom udabno
warmoaCina erT-erT moqmed `gmirad~, romelic Taviseburad cocxlobs da aq-
tiurobs.
imave kinokompaniaSi muSaobda stileri, romelic ver Seegua warmoebis uf-
rosis, prodiuser erving Talbergis stils. man holivudSi damoukideblad mxo-
lod ori filmi gadaiRo, xolo, roca 1928 wels daiwyo axali kinoproeqti, kom-
paniis xelmZRvanelobasTan konfliqtis Sedegad, miatovebines Tanamdeboba. sti-
leri SvedeTSi dabrunda da imave wlis noemberSi gardaicvala. greta garbo,
romlisTvis man xelsayreli kontraqti gaaxerxa, misive TxovniT darCa amerikaSi
da mokle xanSi `kinovarskvlavi~ gaxda.
20-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis `svensk filmindustrim~ inglisSi mosinja
niadagi axali partnioris mosaZebnad, magram araferi gamouvida. masTan Tanam-
Sromlobas yvela erideboda. erovnuli kinowarmoebis moculoba minimumamde
Semcirda. krizisi gaRrmavda da savalalo Sedegebi moitana. erT dros saxelo-
vani Sveduri kinosagan mogonebaRa darCa.
94
aSS-is kino: pirveli etapi
1895 wlis damdegs dasavleT virjiniis universitetis qimiis profesori vu-

dvil leiTemi da misi vaJebi, grei da oTvei Seudgnen muSaobas kinoaparatis ga-
mosagoneblad. maT exmarebodnen uiliam diqsoni da meqanikosi iujin losti. Te-
bervalSi gakeTda aparati `penoptikoni~ da erTi saxlis saxuravze maT gadai-
Res pirveli kinosuraTi, romelSic vudvili Cibuxs abolebda, xolo misi gundis
sxva wevrebi mis irgvliv idgnen, raRacaze xumrobdnen da icinodnen. am kinosu-
raTis saxalxo Cveneba moewyo 1895 wlis 21 aprils. 4 maiss leiTemebma `medison
squer gardenis~ saxuravze mokriveTa orTabrZola gadaiRes da ori kviris Sem-
deg moawyves misi komerciuli seansi. Semdeg maT aparatSi gaaumjobeses maryu-
Jis meqanizmi, rasac `leiTemis yulfi~ ewoda. aman saSualeba misca, ufro didi
zomis filmebi gadaeRoT da gaeSvaT.
imave wels uiliam diqsonma, herman qaslerma, heri marvinma da ilaias kupmen-
ma daaarses kinokompania àmeriqen miutoskop qomfani~ da gaakeTes proeqtori
`miutoskopi~, romelic Zalian hgavda `kinetoskops~. male maTve gamoigones kidev
erTi proeqtori _ `baiografi~, romelic ukve ekranze aCvenebda filmebs da ki-
nokamera `miutografi~.
1896 wels CikagoSi nikolas siligma Camoayaliba Tavisi kinokompania, gaake-
Ta kinokamerac, proeqtoric da iRebda patara komediebsa da filmebs mogzauro-
bebze. niu-iorkSi uiliam rokma, stiuart bleqtonma da albert smiTma daaarses
kinokompania `vaitagrafi~ mas Semdeg, rac smiTma gamoigona kamera da ramdenime
dRis ganmavlobaSi gadaiRes pirveli kinosuraTebi. isini daexarbnen aqtualur
masalas da sulac ar ainteresebdaT sinamdvile. erTxel niu jersiSi mdebare
CanCqeri gadaiRes da niagaras CanCqerad gaasaRes. amaSi fulic moiges da mogza-
urobis xarjebic ainazRaures.
1897 wlidan sigmend lubinma daiwyo kinoaparatis masobrivi gayidva (TiTo
150 dolarad), mere ki daaarsa sakuTari kinokompania da vodevilebis TeatrebTan
dado xelSekrulebebi, romlis mixedviTac igi Tavisi aparatebiT moemsaxurebo-
da maT. ori Tvis Semdeg isic Seudga filmebis warmoebas.
1898 wels, roca daiwyo aSS-espaneTis omi, romelic kubaze mimdinareobda,
bevri kinooperatori gaeSura am kunZulze movlenebis gasaSuqeblad, magram ame-
rikuli armiis meTaurobam isini ukan gamoaZeva. maT far-xmali ar dauyriaT da
gaakeTes ìnscenirebuli qronikebi~ aRniSnul omze sagangebod gakeTebuli mo-
delebisa da daxatuli peizaJebis gamoyenebiT. bleqtonma da smiTma, saerTod
rom ar ufiqriaT kubaSi wasvla, am Temaze ramdenime patara filmi gadaiRes, maT
Soris `brZola santiagos yureSi~ (1898), romlis moqmedeba gaaTamaSes wylis re-
zervuarSi da gaasaRes sazRvao bataliad da èspaneTis droSa Camoglejilia~
(1898). amas mohyva maTi pirveli mxatvruli kinosuraTi `mZarcveli saxuravze~
(1898), romelic bleqtonma gadaiRo da Tavadac iTamaSa erTaderTi roli.
1899 wels marvinisa da misi partniorebis kompanias Seecvala saxeli da da-
erqva àmeriqen miutoskop end baiograf qomfani~ (`baiografi~). mas hqonda fili-
alebi aSS-is ramdenime qalaqSi. diqsoni aRar moRvaweobda am organizaciaSi.
igi erTi wliT adre dabrunda samSobloSi da gaxda mogzauri kinoreJisori.
1902 wels los anJelesSi gakeTda kinoTeatri èleqtriq sieTri~, romelic
200 mayurebels itevda, magram amgvari, sagangebod kinoseansebisaTvis gaTvlili
95
darbazebi aSS-Si maSin TiTqmis ar arsebobda. kinokompaniebi msaxiobebs erTi
kviriT qiraobdnen. maTi vinaoba mayurebelma ar icoda, radgan arc titrebSi mo-
ixseniebdnen da arc presaSi. maTTvis did honorars warmoadgenda kviraSi 20-30
dolari.
1903 wels amerikel mewarmeTa erT nawils TavSi mouvida revoluciuri
idea _ maT daiwyes sxva kinomewarmeebisagan Zalian iafad filmebis Sesyidva da
individualuri kinodemonstratorebisaTvis SedarebiT Zvirad miyidva an miqira-
veba. warmoiqmna axali kompaniebi, romlebic daxelovndnen jer filmebis gaqira-
vebaSi, mere ki _ gacvlaSi. ase gaCnda kinodistributoris profesia, saSuamavlo
rgoli mewarmesa da demonstrators Soris. aman erTianad Secvala kinobiznesi.
demonstratorebi valdebulni aRar iyvnen exetialaT bazrobebsa da karnavaleb-
ze. amjerad maT SeeZloT auditoriis moTxovnis mixedviT SeecvalaT filmebi,
romlebsac distributorebi awvdidnen. Tomas edisonis mier adre nawinaswarmet-
yvelebi `mxiaruli saTamaSo~ gadaiqca industriad, romelsac milionobiT do-
laris mogeba mohqonda. bevrma distributorma imdeni fuli daagrova, rom Tavad
SeeZlo daefuZnebina kinokompania da filmebic gadaeRo.
1905 wlidan gamogonebulma vercxliwylis naTuram SesaZlebeli gaxada
filmis gadaReba interierSi, mzis Suqis gareSe. amave xanebSi bewveuliT movaWre
markus loum iyida proeqtori, mogzaurobda qveyanaSi, bazrobebze aCvenebda fil-
mebs, mere daiqirava sami darbazi kinosuraTebis gasaSvebad. manve Seiamxanaga
aseTive profesiis adolf zukori, xolo mogvianebiT _ meoreuli tansacmlis
dileri uiliam foqsi.
1905 wels pitsburgSi daiwva Senoba, raSic xandaxan aCvenebdnen filmebs.
misma mflobelebma gadawyvites, sxvagan gaekeTebinaT patara moculobis kinoTea-
tri. maT erT cariel darbazSi dadges skamebi, saproeqcio aparati, `fonografi~,
dakides ekrani da gauSves `matareblis didi gaZarcva~. amas `nikelodieni~ daer-
qva, rac momdinareobda ori sityvisagan: `nikeli~, anu seansis bileTi Rirda xu-
Ti centi, romlis monetac aSS-Si am liTonisagan mzaddeboda da òdieni~, anu
klasikuri berZnuli Teatri. `nikelodienSi~ iyo daaxloebiT 200 adgili, wiTe-
li kedlebi da dReSi igi 12-18 seanss uSvebda. isini swrafad momravldnen. maT
an specialurad aSenebdnen, an maRaziebs, iaffasian muzeumebs, mcire Teatrebsa da
miuzikholebs gadaakeTebdnen darbazebad. bileTebis gamyidvelis jixuri idga
SesasvlelTan. msxvili qalaqebis zogierT `nikelodiens~ fasadze hqonda eleq-
tronuli ganaTeba, razec ewera imdRevandeli programis filmebis saxelwodebe-
bi. zogan darbazSi gamodioda wamyvani da mayurebels uxsnida, Tu ras naxavdnen,
xanac ki ekranis gverdiT dadgeboda momRerali da baladebs mReroda. bavSvebi-
saTvis iyideboda tkbileuli, burbuSela, Txili. seansis demonstrirebisas ek-
ranze zogjer Cndeboda slaidebi, romlebzec ewera sxvadasxva gafrTxileba Tu
Txovna, magaliTad, `qalbatonebo da batonebo, moixadeT qudebi da ukana rigebSi
mjdomebs mieciT programis cqeris saSualeba~, `janmrTelobis sabWos brZanebiT
nebadarTuli araa Tambaqos moweva da furTxeba~, `viRacis bavSvi tiris, naxe, Se-
ni xom ar aris?~, `gTxovT warwerebs xmamaRla nu kiTxulobT, radgan amiT awu-
xebT gverdiT msxdomT!~ da sxv.
`nikelodienis~ mflobeli sam TveSi ukan ibrunebda Cadebul Tanxas. mayu-
rebelTa umravlesobas Seadgendnen Raribebi da emigrantebi. am ukanasknelTaT-
vis kino yvelaze kargi gasarTobi iyo, xolo fasi _ xelmisawvdomi. amave dros
enobrivi barieric ixsneboda _ umetesobam xom xeirianad arc ki icoda ingli-
suri. saSualo da mdidari fenebis amerikelebi `nikelodienebSi~ ar dadiodnen.
96
1906 wels niu-iorkSi, `vaitagrafis~ mier gaxsnil kinostudiaSi muSaobda
sami reJisoris: bleqtonis, smiTisa da jeimz frenCis gadamRebi jgufebi. am ki-
nokompanias parizSi hqonda gaxsnili Tavisi filiali, xolo mcire xanSi iqve ki-
nolaboratoriac daafuZna. male `vaitagrafSi~ moxda reorganizacia da bleq-
toni gaxda mTavari figura, romelic filmebsac iRebda da sxvebsac akontro-
lebda. studiis mezoblad cxovrobda florens terneri. igi bleqtonma daiqira-
va msaxiobad kviraSi 18 dolarad da male is iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom `vai-
tagrafis~ gogonas~ eZaxdnen. amasobaSi Jurnalma `veraieTi~ dabeWda pirveli
recenzia kinoze, xolo `seTedei ivning posti~ amayad werda: `nikelodienebSi~
yoveldRiurad or milionze meti adamiani dadiso.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobda 5000-mde `nikelodieni~ da maTi ri-
cxvi yoveldRiurad izrdeboda. marto niu-iorkSi 800 `nikelodieni~ funqcioni-
rebda. zogi maTgani yoveldRe cvlida programas, rac filmebis mwarmoebel kom-
paniebs aZlevda sababs, rom ufro swrafad emuSavaT, meti kinosuraTi gamoeSvaT.
am mxriv pirvelobda lubini, romelic kviraSi sam films iRebda. mis kompaniaSi
Seqmnili `dauwereli kanoni~ (1907) udavo lideri gaxda imdroindel kinoTeat-
rebSi.
1907 wels daarsda ori kinokompania: èsenei~ da `kalemi~. pirveli Camoaya-
libes jorj spurma da jilbert endersonma, xolo meore, romlis sawyisi kapi-
tali Seadgenda 400 dolars _ jorj klainma, semiuel longma da frenk merien-
ma. am ukanasknelebma miiwvies sidni olqoTi, rogorc msaxiobi da kinoreJisori.
mas `baiografSi~ miRebuli hqonda mcire kinematografiuli gamocdileba. wlis
miwuruls man gadaiRo `ben-huri~, gaxmaurebuli romanis ekranizacia, romlis sa-
reklamo bukletSi ewera, rom es iyo 16 epizodisagan da ilustrirebuli tit-
rebisagan Semdgari brwyinvale kinospeqtakli, risi msgavsi manamde amerikaSi ar
Seqmnilao, Tumca kompaniis xelmZRvanelobam ar Seisyida saavtoro uflebebi,
ris gamoc maT uCivles gamomcemlebma da Sesabamisma saagentom. dava didxans ga-
grZelda.
TandaTan dadginda araoficialuri standarti, romlis mixedviTac ama Tu
im kinokompaniis TiToeul kinoreJisors kviraSi unda gadaeRo minimum ori erT-
nawiliani filmi, radgan `nikelodienebi~ `damSeuli bavSvebiviT~ iTxovdnen
axal produqcias. maSindeli amerikuli kinostudiebi saSualo sacxovrebeli
oTaxisxela farTobebze iyo ganTavsebuli. SedarebiT didi da kargad aRWurvi-
li kinostudiebi gaaCndaT wamyvan kompaniebs. ufro patarebs muSaoba uwevdaT
an quCaSi, an bunebis wiaRSi. erTnawiliani kinosuraTis gadaReba kinostudiaSi
jdeboda 500 dolari, mis gareT ki _ 200. miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve arsebobda
gasanaTebeli saSualebebi, kinematografistebi mainc arCevdnen gadaRebas dRis
Suqis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT. yovel kinokompanias hqonda `moTxrobis departa-
menti~, sadac kinodramaturgebi werdnen mcire zomis ambebs.
mowonebas imsaxurebdnen vesternebi, samoqalaqo omis Tematikaze Seqmnili
filmebi da komediebi. am ukanasknelTa xvedriTi wili kinobazarze Seadgenda
70%-s. maT nel-nela emateboda axali qveJanrebis namuSevrebi, romlebic mayureb-
lis cxovel interess iwvevdnen.
kinomrewvelTa erTi nawili niu-iorkidan gadaixvewa kaliforniaSi, los an-
Jelesis gareubanSi _ holivudSi, sadac axlo momavalSi warmoiqmna kinowarmoe-
bis centri. es adgili maT moewonaT klimaturi pirobebisa da garemomcveli
Tvalwarmtaci bunebrivi peizaJebis gamo. amasTanave, edisonis agentebic aRar
awuxebdnen. pirvelma siligma iyida miwis nakveTi holivudSi da ganaTavsa Tavi-
97
si kinokompaniis filiali. axalCasulebs gareubnis mosaxleoba, romelTa ricx-
vi 166-s udrida, sulac ar Sexvedria sixaruliT. amave Statis qalaq nailzSi
dafuZnda èseneis~ filiali, sadac jilbert endersoni Seudga gamogonil gmir
`bronko bilize~ vesternebis popularuli seriebis keTebas, romlebSic mTavar
rolebs Tavadve asrulebda.
1909 wlidan kinokompaniebma daiwyes literaturuli nawarmoebebisa da pie-
sebis ekranze gadatanis uflebebis oficialurad Sesyidva. `niu iork Taimzi~
iyo pirveli perioduli organo, romelic Seudga filmebis recenziebis gamoqve-
ynebas, xolo komikosi ben terpini gaxda pirveli msaxiobi, visi gvar-saxelic ax-
senes presaSi. `vaitagrafma~ gadaiRo bibliur siuJetze agebuli, pirveli ameri-
kuli srulmetraJiani (xuTnawiliani) filmi `mouzisis cxovreba~ (1909, reJ. sti-
uart bleqtoni), magram èdisonis trestma~ igi mTlianad ar gauSva ekranebze,
aramed seriebis saxiT moawoda kinoTeatrebs.
èdisonis trestis~ winaaRmdeg mebrZol `damoukideblebs~ saTaveSi Caudga
karl lemli, romelmac kinobiznesamde araerTi profesia gamoicvala: muSaobda
WurWlis mrecxavad, klerkad, fermerad, buRaltrad. erTxel quCaSi momavali le-
mli dainteresda rigiT, romelic idga romeliRac SenobasTan da rodesac ikiT-
xa, gaarkvia, rom es iyo `nikelodieni~, sadac is arasodes yofila. lemlim aiRo
bileTi, daeswro seanss da ucbad gadaTvala gonebaSi, raoden didi mogebis po-
tenciali gaaCnda am dawesebulebas. amaSi ufro naTlad darwmunebis mizniT igi
xSirad midioda kinoTeatrebSi, akvirdeboda salaroebis muSaobas, iTvlida mayu-
rebelTa ricxvs da daaxloebiT dRiur Semosavals.
saTuTad mogrovili 3000 dolariT yofilma buRalterma pirveli `nikelo-
dieni~ gaxsna CikagoSi. pirvelad man `pate freris~ vesterni SeiZina. is Zalian
moswonda mas miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi bevri ram iyo ararealuri (magaliTad,
amerikeli indielebi ulvaSebs ar atarebdnen). damwyeb kinobiznesmens Tavdapir-
veladDSarl pate amerikeli mwarmoebeli egona. male man didi fuli daagrova
da meore `nikelodieni~ gaxsna, xolo mogvianebiT sakuTari kinobirJac Camoaya-
liba da misi filialebic gaakeTa. aman biZgi misca sxva biznesmenebs, ris Sedega-
dac aSS-is 35 qalaqSi asze meti kinobirJa arsebobda.
1909 wlis ianvarSi, niu-iorkSi Seikribnen aRniSnuli birJebis mflobelebi
savaWro xelSekrulebis dasadebad. sakonferencio darbazSi maT eloda furce-
li èdisonis trestidan~, sadac ewera, rom Tu isini apirebdnen vaWrobis gagrZe-
lebas, maSin unda eTanamSromlaT `trestTan~, aeRoT licenzia da evaldebulaT
saarendo gadasaxadebis gadaxda. vinc uars ityoda, mas mouwevda sasamarTloSi
gamocxadeba. lemlim da misma ramdenime kolegam xeli ki moaweres dokuments,
magram maleve darwmundnen edisonis monopolistobasa da mzakvrobaSi, gadaifiq-
res da aprilSi gawyvites kavSiri `trestTan~. amasobaSi, kinodemonstratorebma
lemlis sTxoves, daxmareboda filmebis miwodebiT. `damoukideblebis~ meTaurma
irwmuna, rom Tavadve unda ekeTebina kinosuraTebi, amitom niu-iorkSi daiqirava
ramdenime dacarielebuli Senoba, moawyo kinostudia da daafuZna sawarmoo
kinokompania ìanki~, romelic Semdgom gadakeTda ìndependenT muvin fiqCerz
qomfani of ameriqad~. 1909 wels man gamouSva pirveli filmi `haiavaTa~ (reJ. ui-
liam renusi). lemli kviraSi amzadebda or moklemetraJian kinosuraTs da maT-
Tan erTad distribucias uwevda italiur filmebs aSS-is teritoriaze.
`damoukideblebs~ SeuerTdnen sxva opozicionerebic, romlebmac daaarses
TavianTi kompaniebi. edvin Tenhauseris kinokompania akeTebda Teatralursa da
literaturul adaptaciebs. kinobirJis mflobelma, adam keselma Carlz baumen-
98
Tan da sxvebTan erTad Seqmna `baison filmzi~. warmatebiT saqmianobdnen `mejes-
tiki~, àmeriqeni~, `reqsi~ da sxv. maTi xelmZRvanelobis umetesobas Seadgendnen
is adamianebi, romlebmac xeli moiTbes `nikelodienebiT~, Semdeg daiwyes filme-
bis warmoeba da seriozulad daupirispirdnen arsebul kinokompaniebs.
lemlis esaWiroeboda popularuli msaxiobebi, magram maTi umravlesoba uk-
ve muSaobda `trestTan~ xangrZlivi kontraqtebiT. maT nawils mayurebeli ise-
dac icnobda Teatrebidan, meore nawils ki imis gamo, rom maSin titrebSi ar iwe-
reboda maTi gvar-saxelebi, pirobiTad arqmevda `Wabuks `baiografidan~, `biWunas
`vaitagrafidan~ an a. S. auditorias Zalian ainteresebda, gaego bevri ram msaxi-
obTa piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb da es garemoeba erTgvarad kontrolirebad sis-
temaSi moyvanas saWiroebda.
1909 wlis bolos `baiografis~ gogona~ _ florens lorensi, gauCinarda
kompaniis studiidan. 1910 wlis martSi sent luisis gazeTebSi gamoqveynda cno-
ba, rom is gaitana tramvaim. ramdenime kviraSi presaSi gaCnda informacia, rom es
iyo tyuili, romelic moigones lemlis mtrebma, radgan lorensi swored masTan
gadavida samuSaod. rogorc aRmoCnda, mTeli es istoria lemlim moifiqra, Tumca
Tavidan amas `trests~ abralebda. man daiqirava sxva Jurnalistebi, lorensze
rom werdnen statiebs da mis Tavgadasavals xSirad abuqebdnen. amgvarad `gamo-
Zerwa~ lemlim pirveli `kinovarskvlavi~, gadauxada zRapruli honorari, Seasax-
la mdidrul vilaSi, kviraSi or filmSi iRebda da misi sareklamo kampania gu-
luxvad daafinansa. mcire xanSi manve `baiografidan~ gadaibira meri pikfordic,
romelsac kviraSi 1000 dolars uxdida.
popularuli msaxiobebis gvar-saxelebi farTod warmoCnda presaSi, plaka-
tebze, sigaretis kolofebze, banqoze, kinoafiSebze. maT Tayvanismcemlebs `fa-
nebs~ uwodebdnen. axalaRmocenebuli `kinovarskvlavTa~ sistema frTebs Slida
da magnitiviT izidavda axal wevrebs, Tumca amas mZafrad ewinaaRmdegebodnen
Tomas edisoni da misi `tresti~. brodveis Teatrebis msaxiobebi masobrivad mi-
diodnen kinowarmoebaSi, sadac warmatebis SemTxvevaSi didi anazRaureba da saq-
veyno dideba elodaT. axal sistemaSi moqceuli `kinovarskvlavebi~ kabalur
xelSekrulebebSi exveodnen, radgan maT arc ekiTxebodnen, ra roli unda eTama-
SaT, mxolod wlis dasawyisSi dauwesebdnen ramden proeqtSi unda mieRoT mona-
wileoba da amis mixedviT usazRvravdnen honorars. sistemidan sakuTari nebiT
gamosvlac Zalian Zneli da mZime iyo, amitom isini cdilobdnen zedmiwevniT ma-
Ral doneze SeesrulebinaT saxelSekrulebo pirobebi, ar gaeRizianebinaT kompa-
niebis xelmZRvanelebi an reJisorebi. miuxedavad amisa, mcire xnis Semdeg `kino-
varskvlavTa~ moZraoba erTi kompaniidan meoreSi Cveulebriv ambad iqca. mayure-
beli favorit msaxiobTa mixedviT arCevda, romeli kinosuraTi unda enaxa.
ukve TiTqmis yvela kinokompanias hyavda sakuTari `kinovarskvlavebi~. gamo-
nakliss mxolod `baiografi~ warmoadgenda, romlis mesveurebma daadgines, rom
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi oficialurad ar gaTqvamdnen TavianTi popularu-
li msaxiobebis vinaobas, magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, es miswrafeba fiqcia gamodga,
rameTu Jurnalistebis meSveobiT yvela kargad uwyoda maT asaval-dasavals.
sigmend lubini, romelic mudam amayobda Tavisi filmebiTa da aSS-is aRmo-
savleT sanapiroze flobda pompezuri frontonebiT damSvenebul asi kinoTeat-
risagan Semdgar qsels, sulac ar apirebda `kinovarskvlavTa~ sistemaSi CarTvas,
miT ufro, rom masac hyavda niWieri msaxiobebi.
nikolas siligma daiqirava msaxiobi, romelic Zalian hgavda Tiodor ruz-
velts da misi monawileobiT gamouSva filmi `ruzvelti afrikaSi~ (1910, reJ. Ce-
99
ri kirtoni). igi mieZRvna aSS-is yofili prezidentis nadirobas junglebSi. am
SemTxvevas, marTlac, hqonda adgili, magram is ise gadaiRes Cikagos studiaSi, rom
mayurebelma sinamdviled CaTvala. male siligma samuSaod aiyvana tom miqsi da
upopularules `kinovarskvlavad~ aqcia. siligis gadamRebi jgufi miqsis ranCos
teritoriaze iRebda morig kinosuraTs, roca tomma SesTavaza, rom araCveuleb-
riv triukebs gaakeTebda cxeniT (igi erT dros rodeos Cempionic iyo). man moxi-
bla kinematografistebi, ris Sedegadac is CikagoSi waiyvanes. miqsma jer komedi-
ebiT, Semdeg ki vesternebiT gaiTqva saxeli.
`damoukideblebma~ Seqmnes TavianTi saerTo organizacia da 1910 wels èdi-
sonis trests~ uCivles sasamarTloSi kinobiznesis monopolistobis braldebiT.
sasamarTlo procesi ramdenime wliT gaiwela. `nikelodienebis~ ricxvma 13000-s
gadaaWarba, magram umetesi maTgani keTilmowyobis TvalsazrisiT uferulad da
zogjer katastrofulad gamoiyureboda, radgan arasakmarisad muSaobda venti-
lacia, ar iyo daculi sanitaruli normebi, ar arsebobda calke gasasvlelebi
da calke Sesasvlelebi. seansisas, romelic saSualod 40-50 wuTs grZeldeboda,
zogan xan mcire xanZari gaCndeboda, xanac deboSi atydeboda. saxanZro razmebi-
ca da policiac droulad ki erTveboda saqmeSi, magram sazogadoeba aRSfoTe-
bas ver malavda da saCivars saCivarze agzavnida saxelisuflebo struqturebSi.
`nikelodienebis~ mepatroneebs Tavis axali satkivari gauCndaT.
1911 wels pensilvaniis Statma saxelmwifo sacenzuro sabWo Camoayaliba
kinos sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. es iniciativa male sxva teritoriulma erTeu-
lebmac aitaces. zogan imis gamo, rom kvira uqme dRe iyo, akrZales `nikelodiene-
bis~ muSaoba, rac pirvel rigSi dasvenebis saSualebas aZlevda kinoTeatrebis
TanamSromlebs. amasTanave, zogierT StatSi xelisuflebam kinoTeatrebis mflo-
belebs aukrZala iseTi bavSvebis SeSveba, visac vinme ufrosi ar axlda. aman se-
riozuli dartyma miayena salaros, radgan swored bavSvebi iyvnen ZiriTadi mayu-
reblebi. aseve aikrZala kinoTeatrebis mowyoba skolebisa da eklesiebis siax-
loves. amis sapasuxod kinoTeatrebis mflobelebi cdilobdnen, saerTo ena gamo-
enaxaT saxelmwifo moxeleebTan, pedagogebTan, saeklesio msaxurebTan, raTa isini
daerwmunebinaT, rom kino warmoadgenda informaciisa da TviTganaTlebis sauke-
Teso wyaros.
daiwyo gamosvla `fanebis~ periodulma kinoJurnalebma: `fotopleim~ da
`mouSen fiqCer sTorim~, romlebSic ibeWdeboda filmebis mokle Sinaarsebi, msa-
xiobTa pikanturi Tavgadasavlebi, biografiebi. statiebis avtorebi zog `kino-
varskvlavs~ isev metsaxeliT moixseniebdnen, mag., pikfords `liTl meris~ eZaxd-
nen. amgvarma reklamam xeli Seuwyo `kinovarskvlavTa~ sistemis axal simaRleze
ayvanas, àmerikuli ocnebis~ nairsaxeobad mis gadaqcevas, `kinos aristokratiis~
Camoyalibebas. maTi warmomadgenlebis reitingi damokidebuli iyo kinomrewvele-
bis gemovnebaze, ris mixedviTac ezrdebodaT honorarebi an kargavdnen samsa-
xurs. pikfordi ukve im erTeul `kinovarskvlavebs~ ganekuTvneboda, romlebic
Tavad irCevdnen scenars, reJisorsa da partniorebs.
1912 wels mak senetma, romelmac wrToba grifiTTan gaiara, kompania `kisto-
unSi~ daiwyo muSaoba mTavar reJisorad da samxatvro xelmZRvanelad, sadac
iRebda axlebur kinosuraTebs, sacirko klounadisa da Teatraluri komediis
sinTezebs _ `slepstikebs~. imxanad kinokomediebi gauferuldnen, dakarges lide-
roba amerikuli kinoproduqciis saerTo moculobaSi da senetmac iTava mxsne-
lis rolis Sesruleba. igi uscenarod muSaobda, adgilzeve igonebda siuJetebs
deviziT: `sicili, mxolod sicili~. misTvis TxrobiT stils gansakuTrebuli
100
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, mTavari iyo sasacilo scenebi, risTvisac mravlad iyeneb-
da kremian tortebs, romlebsac filmebis gmirebi erTmaneTs esrodnen, Tavbru-
damxvevi triukebi da e. w. `gegebi~ (`komikuri nomrebi~), romlebisTvisac hyavda
sagangebo kaskadiorebi. misi filmebis Semxedvare auditorias Tan eSinoda, rom
araferi mosweoda maT personaJebs, Tanac gulianad icinoda. amitomac Searqves
mas àmerikuli eqscentrikuli kinokomediis mama~.
senetma Camoayaliba `sicilis biuro~, romelSic Tavi mouyara anekdotebisa
da sasacilo gamonaTqvamebis kartoTekas. is eTayvaneboda maqs linderis Semoq-
medebas. misTvis mTavari iyo tipaJi da ara xasiaTi, ris gamoc `kistounSi~ fa-
sobdnen Zalian msuqani, Zalian gamxdari, Zalian maRali, Zalian dabali, elami da
a. S. kinomsaxiobebi. senetTan muSaobdnen: rosko arbakli, meibl normendi, ford
sterlingi, Cester qonklini da sxv. kinosareJisoro ostatobas masTan daeufl-
nen: frenk kapra, lio meqeri, jorj stivenzi. misi kinosuraTebis umravlesobaSi
devnas mohyveboda Cxubi, rac CaiTrevda gamvlelebsac, romlebmac arc ki icod-
nen, sinamdvileSi ra xdeboda, magram uyvardaT yvelaferSi cxviris Cayofa. sene-
ti parodiasac ar iviwyebda, xan romelime popularul deteqtiur, xan ki istori-
ul films gaaSarJebda.
`kistounis~ pirvelive namuSevrebi sruliad naTlad gadmoscemdnen senetis
mier arCeul mimarTulebebsa da originalur stilistikas. maki farTod iyeneb-
da Suqis efeqtebs, aCqarebul moZraobas. ideebs yvelasagan iRebda. araviTari
mniSvneloba hqonda, vin iqneboda igi – operatori, msaxiobi, gamnaTebeli Tu sce-
nis muSa. is mosamzadebel sxdomebsac atarebda, qiraobda gareSe pirebsac, ro-
melTa erTaderTi daniSnuleba iyo daswreba da sasacilo siuJetebis mofiqreba.
seneti sulac ar warmoadgenda uniWieres figuras, cotas laparakobda, Zlivs
warmoaCenda Canafiqrs. Sekrebaze, SesaZloa, erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi araferi
eTqva, mere Cumad amoRerRavda raRacas, sTxovda romelime damswres, rom magidi-
dan aeRo nivTi da didad madlieri iqneboda, Tu es ukanaskneli misgan raime sa-
sacilos moimoqmedebda.
1912 wlisaTvis `damoukideblebis~ kinoproduqcia Seadgenda aSS-Si damza-
debuli kinosuraTebis naxevars. isini Seudgnen TavianTi kompaniebis gamsxvile-
bis politikas, rameTu ase ufro efeqturad warmarTavdnen brZolas `trestis~
winaaRmdeg. maT TavianT produqcias awvdidnen is evropuli kinokompaniebic,
romlebic ver moxvdnen `trestis~ SemadgenlobaSi.
lemlim Seqmna axali organizacia ìuniversal fiqCerzi~, romelSic ramde-
nime patara kinokompania gaaerTiana. aseve warmoiqmna `miuCuali~, raSic Sevidnen
`mejestiki~, àmeriqeni~, `Tenhauseri~ da `rilaiensi~. jesi laskim sem goldvin-
Tan erTad daaarsa axali kinokompania. kinoindustriaSi CaerTo `nikelodiene-
bis~ qselis mflobeli uiliam foqsi, adolf zukorma gaaerTiana patara kino-
firmebi, daafuZna `feimos pleierzi~ da misi sadistribucio ganStoeba `farama-
unT fiqCerzi~. imxanad man Seisyida evropuli filmis _ `dedofal elizabetis
sasiyvarulo ambebis~ aSS-Si distribuciis ufleba, raSic gadaixada 35000 dola-
ri da misi gavrcelebiT Zalian didi fuli moigo. igi darwmunda srulmetraJia-
ni kinosuraTebis ucilobel upiratesobaSi, mere jeremaia kenedisac Sexvda, ra-
Ta momavalSi Tavad ewarmoebina aseTi moculobis namuSevrebi da `trestisagan~
mieRo licenzia, magram royio kenedim uari stkica, Tumca mogvianebiT zukorma
mainc Tavisi gaitana.
imave periodSi kinowarmoebas Seudgnen Zmebi uornerebi, romlebic manamde
mxolod kinodemonstratorebis funqciebs asrulebdnen. albert da heri uorne-
101
rebma niu-iorkSi gaxsnes TavianTi kinokompania, xolo semma da jekma _ los-anJe-
lesSi. mogvianebiT isini gaerTiandnen. heri ganagebda finansebs, alberti _ xazi-
nas, jeks exeboda kinowarmoeba, sems ki _ saerTo marTva. garegnuli pompezuro-
bis miuxedavad Zmebis urTierTobebSi siamtkbiloba ar sufevda.
èkleris~ amerikulma filialma gadaiRo filmi `taitenikidan~ gadarCeni-
li~ (1912, reJ. etien arno), romlisTvisac scenari dawera am samgzavro laineri-
dan gadarCenilma doroTi gibsonma. manve iTamaSa mTavari roli.
`nikelodienebis~ prestiJis dacemam gamoiwvia axali, ufro didi kinoTeat-
rebis mSenebloba. isini gamoirCeodnen egzotikuri arqiteqturiT, SveicarebiT,
bufetebiT, orkestrebiT, farTo vestibiulebiT. maTi umetesoba itevda 2000-ze
met mayurebels. kinosasaxleebis bumi niu-iorkidan daiwyo da mTel qveyanas mo-
edo. Sesabamisad, gaizarda maTi bileTebis fasebic.
klasikuri mxatvruli literaturis ekranizaciebs mniSvnelovani adgili
ekavaT kinokompaniebis repertuarSi. ekranebze gadahqondaT rogorc amerikeli,
ise danarCeni msoflios gamoCenili mwerlebis nawarmoebebi. amitomac iyo, rom
ekranuli sicocxle ixila aseTi, erTisa da imave literaturuli pirvelwyaroe-
bis ramdenime adaptaciam. am mxriv yvelaze metad aqtiurobda adolf zukori.
`kistounis~ namuSevrebi ufro metad popularuli xdebodnen. mak senetis
gmiri policielebi da `mobanave qalebi~ Zalian uyvarda mayurebels da calke-
ul kinosuraTSi naCvenebi maTi TiToeuli Tavgadasavali didi mowonebiT sar-
geblobda. maks SesaniSnavad hqonda Seswavlili franguli kinokomediebis sti-
listika, zustad xvdeboda, ra surda auditorias da amis safuZvelze akeTebda
sasacilo kinosuraTebs, romlebsac erTma kritikosma uwoda `karikaturebi yo-
veldRiuri realuri cxovrebidan~.
1914 wels niu-iorkSi semiuel roTafelma gaxsna 3000 mayurebelze gaTvli-
li kinosasaxle `strendi~. pirvel dRes 50-kacianma orkestrma Seasrula erov-
nuli himni, mere gauSves kinoqronika, moklemetraJiani filmi mogzaurobaze, pata-
ra kinokomedia, rasac Tan axlda cocxali Sou da srulmetraJiani mxatvruli
namuSevari. es Senoba Cveulebriv Teatrze ufro didi iyo, magram male patronma
gayida igi, radgan finansurad Zlier gauWirda.
axali Taobis `kinovarskvlavebidan~ uciloblad gamoirCeoda uiliam har-
ti, Tavad rom igonebda triukebs da Tavadve asrulebda. igi Teatridan mivida
kinoSi, ZiriTadad, vesternebSi gamodioda da asaxierebda dadebiT, martoxela
gmirebs. man imasac miaRwia, rom zogierT proeqtSi ara marto rolebi miiRo, ara-
med _ reJisorobac. 10-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis is warmoadgenda yvelaze
didSemosavlian kinomsaxiob mamakacs.
laskim miiwvia Teatraluri reJisori sesil demili da gadaaRebina kinosu-
raTi ìndielis qmari~ (1914). siaxleebis maZiebeli demili dauRalavad eqsperi-
mentatorobda ganaTebaSi, montaJSi, Txrobis ganviTarebaSi, raTa ufro mimzidve-
li gaexada Tavisi namuSevari. marTalia, ìndielis qmari~ ar gamodga sensaciu-
ri nawarmoebi, magram im wels man gaakeTa kidev ramdenime kinosuraTi, raSic Tan-
daTanobiT daixvewa misi sareJisoro ostatoba.
`kinos metrad~ da `vesternis didostatad~ aRiarebulma Tomas insma warmo-
adgina axali `sawarmoo sistema~, romlis mixedviT SeiZleboda kinostudiaSi ki-
nosuraTebis masobrivad warmoeba. is grifiTis rekomendaciiT gaxda reJisori,
poeturad gadmoscemda amerikul `velur dasavleTs~, xatavda iseT samyaros, sa-
dac batonobdnen gansakuTrebuli kanonebi da sadac revolveris flobis niWi
da lasos aucdeneli srola adamianisaTvis ufro mets niSnavda, vidre kultu-
102
ris yvela miRweva. man pirvelma ganWvrita detalurad damuSavebuli scenaris
mniSvneloba filmis Seqmnis procesSi, Camoayaliba specialuri sascenaro biuro,
romlis wevrebi gacxovelebiT muSaobdnen jer literaturuli, mere sareJisoro
scenaris gaazreba-daweraze. Tomas inss miaCnda, rom mTavaria siuJeti, xolo
filmis Sesaqmnelad ki _ ori etapi: sascenaro da samontaJo. gadaRebamde msaxi-
obebs miscemda davalebebs, Tavis e. w. `rkinisebur scenars~ waawerda instruq-
cias: `gadaiReT ise, rogorcaa dawerili~ da asistentebs gadaabarebda, raTa ga-
daReba maT ewarmoebinaT. gadaRebul masalas Semdeg Tavad Caujdeboda dasamon-
taJeblad. man kinoindustriaSi gamoigona axali Tanamdeboba _ `supervaizeri~
(`damkvirvebeli~), romelic kontrols uwevda kinosuraTis warmoebas, finansursa
da teqnikur sakiTxebs da angariSvaldebuli iyo kompaniis xelmZRvanelobasTan.
garkveuli xnis Semdeg swored `supervaizerisagan~ wamovida prodiuseris pro-
fesia.
siaxle SesTavaza kinos moyvarulebs lubinma, romelmac morigi saTavgada-
savlo filmis `Seyvarebuli avantiuristi~ (1914, reJ. arTur jonsoni) kadrebi
gamouSva calke wignad, rac elvis siswrafiT gaiyida. ori wlis mere lubini ga-
vida kinobiznesidan.
lemlim Seisyida los anJelesTan mdebare uzarmazari teritoria san fer-
nandos velze da Seudga giganturi kinostudiis mSeneblobas. 1915 wlis martSi
10000 stumris TandaswrebiT gaimarTa ìuniversal siTis~ gaxsnis sazeimo cere-
moniali, romelsac lemlis yofili konkurenti da amjerad Semorigebuli edi-
sonic daeswro. swored mas ergo pativi, CaerTo ganaTeba, romlis gawyobaSic
misma kompaniam miiRo monawileoba. es iyo kinoqalaqi, sadac studiebisa da sxva
damxmare Senoba-nagebobebis garda ganTavsda saavadmyofo, ori restorani, poli-
ciis ganyofileba, saxanZro brigada da biblioTeka.
foqsma evropaSi miavlina Tavisi warmomadgenlebi, raTa guldasmiT Seeswav-
laT iqauri gamocdileba fataluri istoriebis Semcveli, `vampiri qalebis~ Tav-
gadasavlebis amsaxveli kinosuraTebis Taobaze. Semdeg misma kinokompaniam gamo-
uSva filmi ìyo erTi suleli~ (1915, reJ. frenk paueli), romelSic mTavari ro-
li ganasaxiera Tida baram. es lamazi msaxiobi qali gaxda amerikuli kinos pir-
veli `seqs-simbolo~, pirveli `qali-vampi~. momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ba-
ram daaxloebiT aseTive Sinaarsis kidev ramdenime aTeul kinosuraTSi iTamaSa
da arnaxuli popularoba moipova.
fsiqologiuri montaJis meTodze aawyo sesil demilma kinosuraTi `tyui-
li~ (1915) da es ubralo melodramatuli ambavi gadaaqcia gasaocar sanaxaobad,
gulSiCamwvdom igavad, romelSic umaRlesi samsaxiobo ostatoba warmoaCina ho-
livudSi miwveulma iaponelma msaxiobma, sesSu haiakavam.
1915 wels insma, grifiTma da senetma Camoayalibes kinokompania `traiengli~,
magram am gaerTianebam ramdenime weli gaZlo da erTaderTi proeqtiT daamaxso-
vra Tavi mayurebels: es iyo filmi `civilizacia~ (1916, reJ. Tomas insi).
1916 wels gaerTiandnen laskisa da zukoris kinokompaniebi. zukorma aaSena
didi kinostudia holivudSi da gadawyvita Tavisi `kinovarskvlavebi~ finansu-
rad ufro daeinteresebina, daemagrebina adgilze, risTvisac sagrZnoblad gauza-
rda honorarebi. masTan gadasul pikfords man kviraSi ganusazRvra 10000 dola-
ri. zukoris konkurentebi Seecadnen gajibrebodnen mas, magram araferi gamouvi-
daT, radgan TavianT kompaniebSi mravlad miiyvanes pikfordis stilis kinomsaxi-
obebi, Tanxebic gaiRes maTi profesiuli wrTobisaTvis, magram verc zukoris
msgavsi honorarebi SesTavazes da Tanac verc am axalwveulebma gaamarTles.
103
axalma kinomagnatebma sakuTari `kinoimperiebi~ daafuZnes. maT uzadod Ca-
moayalibes vertikalurad integrirebuli struqturebi da èdisonis trestis~
erToblivad damarcxebis Semdeg erTmaneTTan gaaCaRes konkurencia, rac xandaxan
arajansaR atmosferoSic mimdinareobda. maTi filmebis warmoeba ukve ramdenime
aseuli aTasi dolari jdeboda, radgan isini did honorarebs uxdidnen msaxio-
bebs, scenaristebsa da reJisorebs. fuli ixarjeboda aseve saavtoro uflebebis
SeZenaSi, dekoraciebis momzadeba-gawyobaSi, aslebis beWdvaSi. gavrcelebis sis-
tema aRar gulisxmobda or an ramdenime kinoTeatrSi filmis gatanas, aramed ax-
la jeri midga aTeulobiT kinoTeatrze rogorc aSS-Si, ise sazRvargareT, sadac
erTdroulad mimdinareobda ama Tu im filmis demonstrireba. kinomagnatebi se-
riozul yuradRebas aqcevdnen sabazro koniunqturis Seswavlas, sareklamo biz-
ness, distribuciis sakiTxebs.
umetes kinokompanias hqonda werilebis ganyofileba, sadac yoveldRiurad
Sedioda aTasobiT werili, romlebsac Tayvanismcemlebi werdnen TavianT favo-
rit kinomsaxiobebs. ganyofilebaSi xdeboda maTi daxarisxeba adresatebis mixe-
dviT da maTTvis gadacema, Tumca xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca `kinovarskvlavebi~
daavalebdnen mis TanamSromlebs, rom maT nacvlad gaecaT pasuxi.
amerikulma kinom Seqmna sakuTari mZlavri kinobazari Tavisive produqcii-
saTvis da mkacrad daicva igi ucxouris SeWrisagan, Tumca TviTon warmatebiT
axorcielebda aseTive politikas sxva qveynebis kinobazrebze, gansakuTrebiT ki
_ evropaSi. holivudi gegmazomierad viTardeboda damuSavebuli TxrobiTi xaze-
biT, uCveulo specefeqtebiTa da `kinovarskvlavTa sistemiT~, ramac gamoiwvia ev-
ropidan sxva kinematografistebis aSS-Si gadasvla. kinobiznesSi CarTuli iyo
15 aTasi adamiani, xolo masSi Cadebulma Tanxam naxevar miliard dolars gadaa-
Warba.
104
aSS-is kino: meore etapi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 1917 wlis aprilSi Caeba pirvel msoflio

omSi, Tumca kinoindustriis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis amas xeli ar SeuSlia.
evropelebis msgavsad amerikelebmac daiwyes samxedro-patriotuli filmebis
warmoeba, magram maT sakmaod mokrZalebuli adgili ekavaT saerTo kinoproduq-
ciaSi. kinokompaniebSi Cveuli tempebiT mimdinareobda muSaoba. isini erTi wliT
adre gegmavdnen programas, erTmaneTs mudam eqiSpebodnen `kinovarskvlavebis~ ga-
dabirebasa da maTTvis zRapruli honorarebis gamoyofaSi. `kinovarskvlavTa
sistema~ eyrdnoboda tipaJebis SerCevas da misTvis sulac ar iyo saWiro Teat-
ridan vinme saTanadod gawvrTnili msaxiobis wayvana kinoSi, aramed amorCeul
kandidats Tavs daaxvevdnen samsaxiobo ostatobis maswavleblebs, romlebic de-
talurad Seaswavlidnen mas yvelafers. Tuki manamde TiToeuli filmis moqmede-
ba umTavresad Jestikulacias efuZneboda, axla montaJisa da axlo xedis daxve-
wam aiZula reJisorebi, rom msaxiobebi ufro metad aelaparakebinaT da ezrunaT
maTi grZnobebis gamoxatvazec. filmis gasakeTeblad arsebobda martivi meTodi
_ reJisors, rogorc mTavar figuras, aZlevdnen proeqts, xSirad winaswar dawe-
rili scenaris gareSe da mas neba eZleoda, ise aego siuJeti, rogorc Tavad CaT-
vlida saWirod, Tumca prodiuseris institutis Camoyalibebam nel-nela ukana
rigSi gadaswia kinoreJisoris pirvelkacoba gadamReb jgufSi.
holivudSi damkvidrda ramdenime dauwereli kanoni, romelTaganac aRsaniS-
navia gasaRebis Taviseburi wesi, ris mixedviTac, Tu mavani filmis Seqmna naxeva-
ri milioni dolari jdeboda, mas aucileblad unda moego erTi milioni mainc
mTeli msoflios masStabiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi warumateblad CaiTvle-
boda. aman damatebiTi stimuli misca kompaniebs, raTa ufro mZlavrad amuSavebu-
liyvnen, distributorebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebis procesi Ta-
visive agentebis meSveobiT mkacrad gaekontrolebinaT.
mxatvrul kinos konkurencias ver uwevdnen seriebi. isini warmoadgendnen
sagazeTo da saJurnalo romanebisa da komiqsebis ekranizaciebs, romlebsac `ki-
noromanebsac~ uwodebdnen. marTalia, kritikosebi maT dascinodnen, magram kino-
Teatrebis mflobelebi xalisiT rTavdnen am seriebs kinoprogramebSi, radgan
komerciuli mogebac mohqondaT da mayurebelsac izidavdnen. seriebsac hyavdaT
`kinovarskvlavebi~. maTi umravlesobis mTavari gmirebi iyvnen qalebi, romlebmac
warmoaCines saqmiani personaJebi, riTac gamowveva gaugzavnes amerikeli qalebis
sazogadoebrivi pasiurobisa da momqancveli ojaxuri cxovrebis ideologias.
CikagoSi arsebulma kompaniam `beleben end kacma~ seriozul warmatebebs
miaRwia kinogaqiravebis biznesSi. misi prezidenti, sem kaci Seuamxanagda finan-
sur magnatebs da 1917 wels aago sami kinosasaxle Tavisi qalaqis iseT adgi-
lebSi, sadac Tavs iyridnen adgilobrivi maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi. am di-
debuli, grandiozuli arqiteqturis nimuSebis holebs amSvenebdnen mdidruli
WaRebi da saxviTi xelovnebis gamofenebi, iqve trialebdnen Tavaziani Sveicarebi,
xdeboda haeris kondicireba, ganapira fligelebSi ganTavsebuli iyo Tambaqos
mosawevi darbazebi da samedicino punqtebi, xolo sabavSvo oTaxebSi SeiZleboda
bavSvebis datoveba ZiZebis meTvalyureobis qveS. ra Tqma unda, amgvari komfor-
tis Sesabamisad bileTebic Zviri iyo. sem kaci Seudga kinoqselis gafarToebas
da Seqmna `kinosasaxleebis imperia~, rasac badali ar hyavda dedamiwis zurgze.
105
1917 wels sem goldvinma miatova laski da daaarsa sakuTari kinokompania.
Tanac TavisTan gadaiyvana `kinovarskvlavebi~ _ mei marSi da meibl normendi da
es faqti erTob pompezuri RonisZiebiT aRniSna. imave wels daixura `kalemi~ da
`baiografi~. Teatridan kinoSi misulma msaxiobma daglas fearbenqsma, romelmac
ramdenime roliT mniSvnelovani popularoba moipova, Camoayaliba kinokompania
da Tavisive filmebis prodiuserobac ikisra. zukorma kinoSi miiyvana saxelmox-
veWili saopero momRerali, enriko karuzo da or filmSi aTamaSa. aseTma situa-
ciam SemoqmedebiTi da sawarmoo Zalebis gadaadgileba gamoiwvia, Tumca es di-
dad arc ki datyobia isedac mZlavrad amuSavebul kinoindustrias. pirveli mso-
flio omis wlebSi amerikelma kinomewarmeebma evropaSi dafuZnebul TavianT fi-
lialebs daamates sadistribucio centrebi da gaidges fesvebi am kontinentis
umetes qveyanaSi, rasac zogierTi patriotulad ganwyobili (mag., franguli) ki-
nokompaniis amao protesti mohyva.
Zmebma uornerebma gamouSves propagandistuli mxatvrul-dokumenturi fil-
mi `CemiOoTxi weli germaniaSi~ (1918, reJ. uiliam nai), rasac safuZvlad daedo
germaniaSi aSS-is yofili elCis mogonebebi. masSi naTlad gadmoica, Tu rogor
emzadeboda es saxelmwifo omisaTvis, rogor mxecurad eqceodnen misi armiis ja-
riskacebi dapyrobili teritoriebis mosaxleobas, rogori avtokratiuli ganw-
yoba sufevda germaniis umaRles saxelisuflebo eSelonebSi. kinosuraTma fan-
tastikuri komerciuli Sedegi aCvena _ mis warmoebaze wavida 50000 dolari, xo-
lo mogebam milion-naxevari Seadgina. uornerebma gadawyvites, meti koncentracia
moexdinaT filmebis warmoebaze, vidre distribuciaze.
skot sidnim gadaiRo saTavgadasavlo kinosuraTi `maimunebis tarzani~
(1918), riTac dasabami mieca seriebs am gmirze. misi roli ganasaxiera elmo lin-
qolnma, Tumca sidnis manamde hyavda SerCeuli sxva msaxiobi, romelmac mxolod
oriode epizodSi moaswro gadaReba, Semdeg armiaSi Caewera da saomrad gaeSura.
gadaReba grZeldeboda 11 Tvis ganmavlobaSi rogorc aSS-Si, ise braziliis jun-
glebSi. maimunebis rolebisaTvis sidnim daiqirava cirkis akrobatebi da erTi
sportuli klubis sportsmenebi. erTxelac, roca saxifaTo scenas iRebdnen, lin-
qolns Semoakvda beberi lomi. mas dublioric hyavda, romelic rTul triukebs
asrulebda. filmi samsaaTiani gamovida, amitom sam nawilad dahyves da mini-seri-
alis saxiT gaitanes kinobazarze.
`maimunebis tarzanma~ ise moxibla mayurebeli, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebi, rom
isini cdilobdnen, yvelaferSi miebaZaT sayvareli personaJisaTvis, ramac sazoga-
doebis Rrma SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. Semdeg filmi gagzavnes sazRvargareTac, sa-
dac mas aranaklebi Tayvanismcemlebi gamouCndnen da saidanac ufro meti Semo-
savali moitana.
omis miwurulisaTvis holivudi dominirebda evropaSic, samxreT amerika-
Sic, aziasa da afrikaSic, Tumca 1918 wlis bolos amerikuli kino mcire krizis-
ma moicva, radgan bevr kinokompaniaSi moxda radikaluri cvlileba, Seicvala ad-
gilobrivi auditoriis gemovneba. seriebis umravlesoba da samxedro-patriotu-
li filmebi aRar akmayofilebda kinos moyvarulebs. problemebi male daiZlia
axali kinokomediebiTa da sentimentalur-romantikuli melodramebiT. kinemato-
grafi modis erTgvar katalogad iqca: saTayvano msaxiobebis Cacmulobasa da
varcxnilobas mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceoda da bevri adamiani praqtikaSi
iyenebda maT.
sid gromenma, romlis mama jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi kinoTeatrebis bi-
znesSi saqmianobda, Tavadac kargad aawyo patara kinoqseli CrdiloeT kalifor-
106
niasa da niu-iorkSi. 1918 wels man los anJelesSi gaakeTa udidesi kinodarbazi
`milion dolar sieTeri~, romlis arqiteqtura gadawyvetili iyo espanuri baro-
kos stilSi. gaxsnis ceremonialze gromenma dapatiJa holivudis wamyvani saxee-
bi da didebuli sanaxaoba moawyo. amieridan am kinoTeatrSi mxolod rCeuli ki-
nosuraTebi gadioda.
emigranti kinomoRvaweebis ricxvs ganekuTvneboda erix fon Strohaimi. igi
venaSi, ebraul ojaxSi daibada, magram Tavs yovelTvis avstriel aristokratad
asaRebda da amis aRmniSvneli winsarTic ki daumata gvars. 10-ian wlebSi is mu-
Saobda sxvadasxva gadamReb jgufSi xan mxatvrad, xan reJisoris asistentad, xa-
nac kostiumebis dizainerad, ramdenime aTeul kinosuraTSi monawileobda ro-
gorc msaxiobi. `SeuwynareblobaSi~ man deivid grifiTis TanaSemwis funqciebi
gaswia da masobriv scenaSic iTamaSa. 1919 wels Strohaimma gadaiRo sadebiuto
namuSevari `brma qmrebi~, romelSic TviTon Seasrula mTavari personaJi. am fil-
mma didi komerciuli warmateba moitana, xolo mis Semqmnels _ prestiJi da sxva
kinoproeqtebze miwveva arguna.
sesil demili yovelTvis winaswar gamoicnobda epoqis majiscemas, audito-
riis ganwyobas da axali ideebiT gamodioda. masze ambobdnen, rom gaaCnda ze-
mgrZnobiare aRqmis unari, rasac didebulad uxamebda mayureblis damokidebule-
bas kinosadmi. roca meri pikfordma `faramaunTi~ miatova, demilma advilad da-
arwmuna kompaniis ufrosoba, rom `kinovarskvlavTa~ gareSec gadaiRebda karg ki-
noproduqcias da maTSi gamoavlenda niWier msaxiobebs. morig namuSevarSi, ki-
nokomediaSi àr gamoicvalo qmari~ (1919) man aTamaSa momxibvleli gloria svan-
soni, romelic mis xelSi gamoiwrTo axali Taobis `kinovarskvlavad~.
kinoindustriaSi TandaTanobiT gamkacrda sawarmoo, finansuri da Semoqme-
debiTi kontroli. prodiuserebma xelT igdes is sadaveebi, rac adre reJisore-
bis prerogativas warmoadgenda: isini Tavad arCevdnen scenars, msaxiobebs, natu-
ras, dekoraciebs, magram ufro ainteresebdaT ekonomikuri kriteriumebi, vidre
daxvewili reJisura an kameris originaluri gamomsaxveloba. maT erCivnaT, did-
Zali fuli daexarjaT saxelganTqmuli msaxiobis miwvevaze, Zvirad Rirebul ga-
daRebaze, masobriv scenebze, vidre xeli moekidaT saintereso da imedismomcemi
scenaristis namuSevrisaTvis. kinosuraTi gaxda gasayidi saqoneli. amgvari sis-
tema emsaxureboda erTaderT mizans _ TiToeuli prodiuseris investicias gae-
marTlebina ara imdenad mxatvruli Rirebulebebis filmis gakeTebiT, aramed ux-
vi finansuri sargeblis miRebiT.
1920 wels markus loum sam milion dolarad Seisyida `metro fiqCerzi~,
romelic ramdenime wliT adre riCard roulendma da lui meierma daaarses, Tum-
ca meierma mere sakuTari kinokompania Camoayaliba da `metros~ Tavi mianeba.
lou iTvleboda niu-iorkis kinoTeatrebis saukeTeso qselis patronad da kana-
daSic hqonda kinodarbazebi.
im droisaTvis ucxoeTSi gatanili amerikuli kinosuraTebis raodenobam
xuTjer gadaaWarba omamdel maCvenebels. aSS-is diplomatiuri da savaWro or-
ganizaciebis warmomadgenlobebi aqtiurad exmarebodnen kinobizness sazRvarga-
reTuli kinobazrebis aTvisebaSi. Zlieri kinokompaniebi zog qveyanaSi ukve saku-
Tar kinostudiebsac xsnidnen da iqve masobrivad iRebdnen adgilobrivi mayureb-
lisaTvis mosawon kinosuraTebs. amaSi naklebi droc, energiac da Tanxebic
ixarjeboda.
1920 wels holivudSi moxda mniSvnelovani movlena _ daglas fearbenqsi da
meri pikfordi daqorwindnen. sayvareli msaxiobebis SeuRleba amerikelebma dRe-
107
saswaulad aRiqves. wyvilma sami milioni misaloci depeSa miiRo da evropaSi
moiwyo saqorwino mogzauroba. fearbenqsma los anJelesis gareubanSi SeiZina
patara samonadireo saxli, romelic gadaakeTa da cols miuZRvna saCuqrad. mas
`pikfeari~ daarqves. igi holivudis bobolebisa da maTi sapatio stumrebis Tav-
Seyris erT-erTi sasurveli adgili gaxda. axalSeuRlebulebma male kvlav moi-
cales kinosaTvis: merim Cveul stilSi iTamaSa mTavari roli komediaSi `poli-
ena~ (1920, reJ. pol paueli), xolo misma qmarma ganasaxiera mTavari personaJi sa-
Tavgadasavlo filmSi `zoros niSani~ (1920, reJ. fred niblo). es namuSevari iqca
aTvlis wertilad saTavgadasavlo kinoJanrSi, radgan fearbenqsma masSi Seitana
axleburi elementebi. misma samsaxiobo stilistikam didi gavlena moaxdina ko-
legebze. zoro iyo niRbiani gmiri komiqsebis krebulisa `kapistranos wyevla~,
romelic periodulad qveyndeboda erT JurnalSi. Semdeg is wignad gamoica da
pirvelive tiraJi elvis siswrafiT gaiyida. amitom gadawyvita fearbenqsma misi
ekranizacia, ramac msoflio dideba moutana. `kinovarskvlavi~ SesaniSnavad as-
rulebda saxifaTo triukebs, moxdenilad ajiriTebda cxens, saucxood xmarobda
xmals. is iyo holivudSi pirveli kinomsaxiobi, romelmac specialurad daiqi-
rava farikaobis maswavlebeli. misi zoro gardaiqmna sakulto kinopersonaJad,
romelmac tarzanic ki ukan Camoitova.
kinodramaturgma jiun meTisma erT-erT filmSi SeamCnia axalgazrda ru-
dolf valentino, romelic Zalian moewona. rogorc aRmoCnda, valentino italie-
li emigranti iyo da kinomde sxvadasxva samsaxurSi muSaobda. bolos igi cekva-
vda kafeebSi, sadac gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT asrulebda tangos. meTisma mas
rekomendacia gauwia reqs ingremTan, kompania `metroSi~ rom apirebda kinosura-
Tis, àpokalifsis oTxi mxedari~ (1921) gadaRebas. Tavad meTisma am namuSevris
kinoscenari dawera. ingremma erT rolze aiyvana valentino kviraSi 350 dola-
ris honorariT da misi qoreografiuli monacemebis saCveneblad sagangebod Cas-
va cekvis epizodi. kinosuraTs fenomenaluri warmateba xvda wilad _ man moigo
4 milionze meti dolari, riTac amerikul kinematografSi rekordi daamyara. ki-
nokritikosTa nawili werda, rom qarizmatulma da RvTaebrivi garegnobis valen-
tinom gadaarCina es dabali mxatvruli donis proeqti komerciul Cavardnaso.
male rudolf valentino gamoCnda romantikul melodramaSi `Seixi~ (1921,
reJ. jorj melfordi). am rolma mas gza gauxsna `kinovarskvlavobisaken~. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom kinosuraTma puritanuli sazogadoebis mZafri protesti gamoi-
wvia, warmosadegma msaxiobma SesaniSnavad iTamaSa, saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipo-
va, uamravi Tayvanismcemeli gaiCina da yoveldRiurad aseulobiT sasiyvarulo
werils iRebda. masze fanatikurad Seyvarebul qalebs pirdapir kinoTeatrSi ek-
ranze misi gmiris gamoCenisas emarTebodaT isteriuli Seteva an misdiodaT gu-
li, xolo maTi damSvideba da mosuliereba damatebiT aJiotaJs qmnida.
fearbenqsma kvlav gamoiCina Tavi morigi saTavgadasavlo filmiT `sami muS-
keteri~ (1921, reJ. fred niblo), sadac is d’artanians asaxierebda, xolo pikfor-
dma erTbaSad ori roli Seasrula kinosuraTSi `patara lordi fontleroi~
(1921, reJ. jek pikfordi da alfred grini). es namuSevari kargi SemosavliT aRi-
niSna.
holivudis sidiades Tan axlda skandalebic da maTi umravlesoba swrafa-
dve miCumaTdeboda xolme, magram roca 1921 wels rosko arbakli daadanaSaules
axalbeda msaxiobi qalis gaupatiurebasa da mkvlelobaSi, amas didi xmauri moh-
yva da aTasnairi Wori agorda. zukorma is samsaxuridan daiTxova, mis filmebs
boikoti gamoucxades da amoiRes gaqiravebidan. sasamarTlom or weliwads gas-
108
tana da bolos igi gaaTavisufla mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis gamo, Tumca
xalxma ar daijera amgvari gadawyvetileba. roskos avtoriteti nulamde daeca.
megobrebis daxmarebiT is darCa kinoindustriaSi, oRond an mesamexarisxovan
personaJebs TamaSobda, an reJisorobda gamogonili gvar-saxeliT.
cnobili kinematografistebi aRarafers Takilobdnen: awyobdnen uzneo or-
giebs, narkomanobdnen da zogierTi am senisagan gardaicvala kidec, iRebdnen aS-
karad uxams erotikulsa da pornografiul kinosuraTebs da sxv. 1922 wels ki-
noreJisorTa gildiis prezidenti, `faramaunTis~ mTavari reJisori, uiliam tei-
lori ipoves revolveridan gasrolili tyviiT mkvdari sakuTar saxlSi. gamoZi-
ebam aRmoaCina misi garyvnili yofis damadasturebeli detalebi da eWvi mis say-
varlebze, msaxiob deda-Svilze miitana, magram veraferic ver daamtkica da
mkvlelobac ver gaixsna. zRvargadasulma mdgomareobam sagangaSo situacia Seq-
mna. religiuri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi mayurebels mouwodebdnen ho-
livudis produqciis boikotirebisaken, xolo xelisuflebas sTxovdnen mkacri
zomebis gatarebas. msxvili holivuduri kompaniebis liderebma sxvebs daaswres
da sakuTari iniciativiT daafuZnes axali organizacia _ amerikis prodiusere-
bisa da distributorebis asociacia, rasac saTaveSi Cauyenes fostisa da tele-
grafis yofili ministri, uiliam heizi, romelic adre arasdros yofila holi-
vudSi da daniSvnidan mxolod oTxi Tvis mere Cavida los anJelesSi. am asocia-
ciis mizans warmoadgenda oficialuri saxelisuflebo cenzuris ganeitraleba,
dapirispirebuli organizaciebis daSoSmineba, skandalebis an Tavidan acileba,
an maTSi monawileebis iseTi dasja, rom aRarasodes gahkarebodnen kinowarmoe-
bas da zneobrivi normebis damyareba. pirvelsave xanebSi ukuRmarTi cxovrebis
wesis gamo kinoindustriidan gaagdes 117 msaxiobi.
marTalia, uil heizs hqonda winaaRmdegobebi holivudTan, magram isini far-
To auditoriis samsjavroze ar gamoutania. man jer adgilobriv kinobazars mi-
apyro Tvali, Semdeg ki dainteresda amerikuli kinos sazRvargareTuli pozicie-
biT. heizs `kinos mefe~ Searqves, radgan igi bankebisa da mZlavri monopoliste-
bis ganusazRvreli ndobiT sargeblobda, es ukanasknelni finansurad edgnen
mxarSi kinomwarmoeblebs. maT gareSe verc erTi seriozuli kinoproeqti ekra-
nul sicocxles ver ixilavda. asociaciam, romelsac SemoklebiT `heizis ofiss~
uwodebdnen, gaiTvaliswina meqsikis maSindeli prezidentis muqara mis qveyanaSi
holivudis produqciis demonstrirebis mosalodneli SeCerebis Sesaxeb da ga-
mosca brZanebuleba, riTac amerikul kinosuraTebSi akrZala meqsikelebis Cvene-
ba damamcirebel rolebSi.
kinematografma orientacia aiRo saSualo klasze. misgan gakeTda Zlieri
da mravalferovani propagandistuli manqana, romelsac evaleboda politikuri,
socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebidan aqcentis gadatana gasarTob sanaxao-
baze, rac gaJRenTili iyo uCveulo, efeqturi TavgadasavlebiT da masSi moqmedeb-
dnen romantikuli gmirebi. realobis Sesalamazeblad gaTvlili amerikuli ki-
nosuraTebi advilad ipyrobdnen auditorias, amitomac uwodebdnen holivuds
òcnebebis fabrikas~.
1922 wels gromenma holivudis bulvarze gaxsna kinosasaxle ìjefSen sie-
Teri~, romlis mSeneblobaze 800000 dolari daixarja da 18 Tves gagrZelda.
Zvelegvipturi egzotikuri stilistikis arqiteqtura Tvals Wrida mnaxvels. sa-
premierod waradgines axali filmi `robin hudi~ (1922, reJ. alan duani), romel-
Sic mTavar gmirs daglas fearbenqsi asaxierebda. premieras uamravi mayurebeli
daeswro.
109
sayuradRebo roli iTamaSa valentinom melodramaSi `sisxli da qviSa~
(1922, reJ. fred niblo). man aqac icekva tango. farTod reklamirebulma filmma
mTlianobaSi ver datova saTanado STabeWdileba, Tumca mis Tayvanismcemlebs
ukve aRarc ainteresebdaT aRaraferi, oRond igi exilaT ekranze. valentinos
kultma masobrivi fsiqozis saxe miiRo. amis Semdeg kinomsaxiobs mouwyves tur-
ne, romlis drosac is yovel saRamos sxvadasxva qalaqis restornebsa da kafeeb-
Si, gauCos kostiumSi gamowyobili cekvavda tangos romelime qalTan da amisaT-
vis kviraSi 3000 dolariT jildovdeboda.
holivudi siurprizebsac sTavazobda auditorias. sabavSvo kinoproduqcias
Tavisi niSa ekava saerTo kinowarmoebaSi. amerikelebs hyavdaT `kinovarskvlavi~
bavSvebic, magram 1922 wlidan warmoudgenlad popularuli gaxda omis periodi-
dan safrangeTidan Cayvanili germanuli mecxvare nagazi _ `rin tin tini~, ro-
melsac aTamaSebdnen jer patara kinokompaniebis filmebSi, xolo mere mas Tvali
daadges ùorner brazersis~ prodiuserebma da TavisTan gadaiyvanes. es gawvrT-
nili ZaRli male gadaiqca pirvel `kinovarskvlav cxovelad~, vis `kinematogra-
fiul ostatobaze~ statiebi iwereboda da visi mibaZviTac sxvebmac gamoiyenes
adamianis oTxfexa megobrebi TavianT kinosuraTebSi.
20-ian wlebSi senetma Tavisi komediebis modificireba scada, magram maT da-
karges Zveleburi brwyinvaleba da sicocxlisunarianoba. imavdroulad mas anga-
riSgasawevi konkurenti gamouCnda prodiuser hel rouCis saxiT. swored rouCis
damsaxureba iyo niWieri komikosis _ herold loidis win wamoweva. adre loidi
Caplinis imitacias eweoda da TamaSobda moxetiale personaJebs, magram mere am-
plua Seicvala, moifiqra axali tipaJi _ saTvalebiani axalgazrda, romelic ga-
saocar triukebs akeTebda da iRbalic yovelTvis mis mxares iyo. man es origi-
naluri stili warmoaCina filmiT `bebikos biWi~ (1922, reJ. fred niumeieri). mas-
Si msaxiobma aCvena gulubryvilobasa da ubraloebasTan Sezavebuli romantiku-
li suli.
loidis filmebs `mwvave grZnobebis komediebi~ daarqves mas Semdeg, rac ga-
movida misi namuSevari `bolo Jams samSvidobos!~ (1923, reJ. fred niumeieri da
sem teilori). roca am kinosuraTis mTavari gmiri gaacnobierebs, rom Seyvarebu-
lis gulis mosagebad raime warmatebas unda miaRwios, gadawyvets, acocdes mra-
valsarTulian Senobaze da amiT gaiTqvas saxeli. am erTdroulad sasacilo da
SiSismomgvreli filmis Tema loidis Semdgomi SemoqmedebisaTvis saxasiaTo ni-
Sansveti gamodga: kaci sakuTar manipulaciebSi exveva. mas aravin emuqreba, ara-
med Tavad igdebs sicocxles safrTxeSi.
demilma `faramaunTSi~ gadaiRo Zvirad Rirebuli namuSevari bibliur Tema-
tikaze àTi mcneba~ (1923). man ixelmZRvanela grifiTiseuli masStaburi gadaRe-
bis xerxebiT da gamoiyena uSvelebeli dekoraciebi, romelTa msgavsi manamde ar
gakeTebula holivudSi. muSaobis gasrulebisas kinoreJisorma brZana, daemarxaT
isini. `faramaunTma~ filmis distribuciac iTava da didi mogebac naxa.
popularuli Janri vesterni axal-axali ideebiTa da tendenciebiT sazrdo-
obda. masSi gamoikveTa heroikul-romantikuli eposi, risi upirvelesi nimuSi `ga-
daxuruli oTxTvala~ (1923, reJ. jeimz qruzi) wlis saukeTeso nawarmoebad dasa-
xelda. kritikosebi werdnen, rom am Sedevrma ukvdavebis gvirgvini daadga ves-
ternso. man erTgvari rekordic daamyara imiT, rom 59 kviris ganmavlobaSi gadi-
oda niu-iorkis erT-erT kinoTeatrSi. reJisors mouwia zogierTi epizodisa da
niuansis Selamazeba, rac kinos ramdenime moRvawem imTaviTve SeniSna da gailaS-
qra istoriuli masalisadmi aseTi araseriozuli damokidebulebis gamo.
110
germaniidan miwveul reJisors, ernst lubiCs meri pikfordma TanareJiso-
rad raul uolSi miaxmara da Tavis kinokompaniaSi gaakeTebina kinokomedia `ro-
zita~ (1923), sadac TviTon Seasrula mTavari roli. gadaRebisaTvis gamoiyenes
bevri dekoracia, ori aTasi statisti, Tvalwarmtaci peizaJebi. roca igi ekraneb-
ze gavida, presam mas pikfordis morigi triumfi uwoda, magram mayurebels `ro-
zita~ ar moewona. ernst lubiCi Cveuli xelweris msubuq komediebze gadaerTo
da Sedegsac miaRwia. man SesaniSnavad gaiTavisa holivuduri tradiciebi da mog-
vianebiT aRniSnavda, rom amerikul kinoauditorias 12 wlis bavSvis WkuiT surs
uyuros iseT cxovrebas, rogoric sinamdvileSi ar arsebobso.
samsaxiobo gardasaxvebis saucxoo magaliTebs aCvenebda lon Ceini. viqtor
iugos `parizis RvTismSoblis taZris~ mixedviT gadaRebul `RvTismSoblis taZ-
ris kuzianSi~ (1923, reJ. uolas uorsli) man miznad daisaxa maqsimalurad dam-
gvaneboda literaturul kvazimodos, romlis personaJi unda ganesaxierebina.
Tavdapirvelad igi Caujda tipaJis eskizebis xatvis process, saidanac amoarCia
saukeTeso varianti da Tavad moirgo grimi, gaikeTa Zalian mZime xelovnuri ku-
zi, gamoiyena kontaqturi linzebi, daimaxinja saxe da fexebi, sazareli kbilebis
gamosaCenad pirSi Caisva specialuri mowyobiloba da a. S. mas sul naxevari saa-
Ti sWirdeboda gardasaxvisaTvis. filmma furori moaxdina.
amerikuli kinokomediebi msoflioSi pirvelobdnen. komikosTa mravalwaxna-
govan galereaSi gamorCeul personas warmoadgenda uzado baster kitoni, ro-
melsac nayofieri karieris ganviTarebaSi daexmarnen mak seneti, rosko arbakli
da prodiuseri jozef skenki. kitoni guldasmiT akvirdeboda kameris SesaZleb-
lobebs, cdilobda siaxleebi Seetana gamomsaxvelobiT TaviseburebebSi, zrunav-
da sakuTari stilis daxvewaze, uSiSrad asrulebda fantastikur sarisko triu-
kebs da arasodes iyenebda dubliors. erTxel gadaRebisas saxlis kedeli Camoe-
qca da Zlivs gadaurCa sikvdils, radgan fanjaraSi gaZroma moaswro. man iseTi
gansakuTrebulobiT daamuSava gamometyveleba, rom misi saxe iyo auRelvebelic,
mdidrulic, aRsafrTovanebelic, paTetikuric da uxeSic. kitonis gmirebi aSkara
umweobas gamoxatavdnen im samyaroSi, romlis ara gaegebodaT ra, Tumca medgrad
iTmendnen problemebs. isini araTu icinodnen, aramed arc ki iRimebodnen.
garkveuli gamocdilebis SeZenis Semdeg basterma Tavad daiwyo reJisoro-
ba. misi filmebis mravalferovani Tematika, maTSi gadmocemuli faqizi lirizmi,
akrobatuli nomrebi, naRvliani satira, Tavbrudamxvevi siuJeti da amis fonze
warmoCenili saxis gaqvavebuli gamometyveleba gulgrils ar tovebda mayure-
bels. baster kitonis pirveli srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi `sami epoqa~ (1923, Ta-
nareJisori edvard qlaini) Seiqmna, rogorc grifiTis `Seuwynareblobis~ eqscen-
trikuli parodia, raSic man originaluri maneriT iTamaSa, kinos didostatis si-
uJeturi svlebi da montaJuri principebi gaimeora, magram iumoristul ferebSi
gamoxata Tavisi kredo, rom adamians ar SeuZlia gamoiCinos Semwynarebloba siy-
varulis mimarT, is mudam ibrZoda, ibrZvis da ibrZolebs sakuTari bednierebisa-
Tvis.
kitonma gadaiRo saintereso filmi `Cveni stumarTmoyvareoba~ (1923, TanareJ.
jon blaistouni), xolo Semdeg gaakeTa Sedevrebi: `navigatori~ (1924, TanareJ.
donald qrispi) da ùmcrosi Serloki~ (1924). am ukanasknelze muSaobisas, roca
iRebdnen scenas, sadac misi personaJi matareblis saxuravze mirboda, uecrad
Zirs Camovarda, relsebze daeca, magram myisve wamoxta da gaagrZela moqmedeba.
mogvianebiT gairkva, rom Turme basters kisris mala gadatydomoda da amisgan
gamowveuli autaneli tkivili awuxebda, Tumca araferi SeumCnevia.
111
1924 wels `heizis ofisma~ gamosca èTikis kodeqsi~, riTac unda exelmZRva-
nela TiToeul kinokompanias. ar unda gakeTebuliyo iseTi kinosuraTi, romelic
uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mayureblis moralze, qorwinebisa da ojaxis institu-
tebi xelSeuxeblad cxaddebodnen, filmebSi ar unda eCvenebinaT seqsi da higi-
ena, arc Zaladoba da cduneba, mSobiaroba da veneriuli daavadebebi, vulgaru-
loba da uxamsoba, SiSveli sxeuli da cekvebic ki, sadac iyo sazogadoebisaTvis
miuRebeli moZraobebi. aikrZala dacinva da ironia romelime religiis mimarT.
calkeuli religiuri rituali sagangebod unda SeeswavlaT da ise gadaetanaT
ekranze, xolo sxvadasxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebi mxolod da mxolod dade-
biT rolebSi unda eTamaSebinaT. mavani momavali proeqtis fabula ise unda ae-
goT, rom gamoericxaT mayureblis yovelgvari simpaTia danaSaulis, borotebisa
da codvisadmi, samarTlianad unda aReweraT yoveli eris istoria, erovnuli
gmirebi, erovnuli grZnobebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba da mosax-
leobis yofa-cxovreba.
kodeqsSi Caido kidev bevri akrZalva da kinomewarmeebisadmi mowodeba, rom
Tuki romelime msaxiobs, reJisors an sxvas gamoiWerdnen raime saxis makompro-
mentirebel garemoebaSi, is aucileblad unda moecilebinaT Tavidan. rasakvirve-
lia, am mowodebas formalurad yvelam dauWira mxari, sinamdvileSi ki usiamovno
faqtebis miCqmalvis politika grZeldeboda, radgan aravin apirebda umaRlesi
rangis kinematografistebis kinoindustriidan mokveTas, Tanac imazec fiqrob-
dnen, rogor aevloT gverdi èTikis kodeqsis~ im punqtebisaTvis, romlebic mi-
zanSeuwonlad eCvenebodaT.
holivudSi daiwyo peretrubaciis procesi. es movlena gardauvali Canda,
rameTu amerikuli kino ganviTarebis axal etapze gadadioda. cvlilebebma moic-
va rogorc warmoeba, ise distribucia. mniSvnelovani gadajgufeba moxda kinoTe-
atrebis biznesSic. 1924 wels markus lous, lui meierisa da sem goldvinis ki-
nokompaniebis gaerTianebiT dafuZnda `metro-goldvin-meieri~, romlis xelmZRva-
nelad dainiSna meieri. imave wels Zmebma heri da jek qonebma da jou brantma
gavleniani komerciuli bankebis daxmarebiT daaarses kinokompania `sibisi~, ro-
melsac ramdenime TveSi gadaukeTes saxelwodeba `qolambia fiqCerzad~. `farama-
unTma~ yvelas ajoba kinodarbazTa qselis mowyobaSi. mis gankargulebaSi arse-
bul kinoTeatrTa ricxvma aTass gadaaWarba.
kinos komercializaciis mowinaaRmdege erix fon Strohaimma, romelsac mu-
dam problemebi hqonda damqiraveblebTan, radgan arasodes hyofnida kinosuraTi-
saTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, gadaiRo filmi `sixarbe~ (1924), erT-erTi saukeTeso
namuSevari msoflio kinoxelovnebis istoriaSi. masSi naCvenebia yofili maRaro-
elis dramatuli Tavgadasavali. muSaoba 15 Tves mimdinareobda da xarjTaRric-
xvam ori milioni dolari Seadgina. Tavdapirveli varianti 42 nawils Seicavda,
magram sabolood, prodiuserebis Carevis Sedegad, davida 10 nawilamde. aman Za-
lian gaaRiziana isedac ambiciuri reJisori da uari ganacxada avtorobaze. ska-
ndaluri situaciis miuxedavad `sixarbe~ mainc kargi gamovida, maRali Sefasebe-
bi daimsaxura, Tumca kinogaqiravebaSi Cavarda.
jon fordma gadaiRo epikuri vesterni `rkinis cxeni~ (1924) wina saukunis
Soreul dasavleTSi warmoebuli transkontinentaluri sarkinigzo magistra-
lis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. am idealistur nawarmoebSi gadmoica dabali fenebis
adamianebis yofa, mZime samuSao pirobebi, heroikuli suliskveTeba. `sixarbis~
msgavsad isic Zalze gawelili gamodga, samagierod, milionebi moutana mis mwar-
moebel, uiliam foqsis kinokompanias.
112
daglas fearbenqsi amjerad aRmosavluri egzotikiT dainteresda da mTava-
ri roli Seasrula fantastikur saTavgadasavlo filmSi `baRdadeli qurdi~
(1924, reJ. raul uolSi), romelsac safuZvlad daedo popularuli arabuli zRap-
rebi. masSi erTmaneTs didebulad Seerwya germanuli kinoeqspresionizmis gamom-
saxvelobiTi Taviseburebebi da holivuduri grandiozuli sanaxaobis dadgmiTi
elementebi. gadamRebma jgufma SesaSuri ZalisxmeviT imuSava. reJisorma gamoiye-
na araCveulebrivi specefeqtebi, riTac ufro gaamdidra naratiuli xazi. amisaT-
vis mas qeba-dideba ergo, xolo fearbenqsis personaJi aRiares `kinovarskvlavis~
saukeTeso rolad. `baRdadel qurds~ pikfordma `poezia moZraobaSi~ uwoda, mis-
ma meuRlem ki ganacxada, rom es iyo zRapari ufrosebisaTvis, romlis devizicaa
Segoneba, Tu rogor unda iRvawo keTildReobis mosapoveblado.
romantikuli kinofantastikis ucilobeli lideri gaxda karieris zenitSi
myofi lon Ceini, romelsac metsaxelad Searqves àdamiani aTasi saxiT~. Tavisi
sagrimioro ostatobiT igi Seudarebeli Canda. misma maxinjma tipaJebma da dax-
vewilma plastikam fasdaudebeli gavlena iqonies `saSinelebaTa filmis~, ro-
gorc Janris ganviTarebaze. morig kinosuraTSi òperis aCrdili~ (1925) Ceinim
iseTi grimi gaikeTa, rom kolegebic ki daafrTxo. igi xandaxan Cveulebriv per-
sonaJebsac TamaSobda, razec erTma Jurnalistma ixumra, rom maTSi arabunebri-
vad gamoiyurebao.
`metro-goldvin-meierma~ gamouSva yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli filmi uxmo
kinos istoriaSi (3.9 milioni dolari), istoriuli drama `ben-huri~ (1925, reJ.
fred niblo). kinosuraTis Semqmnelebma mTavar rolze ramdenime kandidatura
mosinjes da bolos, yuradReba SeaCeres ramon novaroze, romelic am namuSevris
ekranebze gasvlisTanave `kinovarskvlavad~ iqca. sazRvao brZolis gadasaRebad
niblom amuSava 48 kinokamera, raTa montaJisas meti saSualeba hqonoda grandio-
zuli bataluri scenis saCveneblad. `ben-hurma~ 10 milion dolaramde Semosava-
li moitana.
`metro-goldvin-meierSi~ gakeTda niSandoblivi kinosuraTi, omis sawinaaRm-
dego drama `didi aRlumi~ (1925, reJ. king vidori), romelSic gadmoica pirveli
msoflio omis epikurobac da misi realuri saxec, rasac ver uZlebs optimizmiT
gamsWvaluli mTavari gmiri da depresiaSi vardeba. reJisorma saucxoo ritmuli
montaJiT, kinematografiuli metaforebiT, kadris kompoziciis agebis ostaturi
unariT amaRelvebeli ganwyoba Seqmna.
martosuli da naRvliani klounis ekranuli tipi warmoadgina heri leng-
donma. misi infantiluri, ueSmako da idioti gmiri mayurebelSi iwvevda gulSe-
matkivrobisa da Secodebis SegrZnebas. igi yvelgan daexeteboda, rasac ki gadaa-
wydeboda, yvelafers daJinebiT akvirdeboda, magram bolomde veraferSi erkveo-
da. lengdoni profesionali mimi iyo da iseT originalur svlebs igonebda, ro-
goric Caplinsac ki ar hqonia Tavis arsenalSi. heris iumoristuli manerebi
zogjer ise sruldeboda, rom auditoriis sicili xarxarSi gadaizrdeboda. amis
naTeli magaliTebia filmebi: `gaxsovs rodis?~ (1925, reJ. heri edvardzi), `mawan-
wala, mawanwala, mawanwala~ (1926, reJ. heri edvardzi) da `Ronieri kaci~ (1926, reJ.
frenk kapra).
1926 wels 31 wlis asakSi gardaicvala rudolf valentino. amerika glovam
moicva. mis dasaflavebas auracxeli xalxi daeswro. maTSi Warbobdnen qalebi
da gogonebi, visTvisac msaxiobi RvTaebriv arsebasTan iyo gatolebuli. valen-
tinos saflavs 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad cocxali yvavilebiT amko-
bdnen misi Tayvanismcemlebi.
113
kinoindustriis interesebis lobirebisaTvis erovnuli kinos 36 moRvawem
1927 wels daafuZna amerikis kinematografiuli xelovnebebisa da mecnierebebis
akademia. ramdenime dRis Semdeg amis aRsaniSnavad gamarTul banketze, romelzec
kinoakademiis wevroba moindoma 231 adamianma da as-asi dolaris odenobis sawev-
roc gadaixada, lui meierma gaaJRera prizebis miniWebis idea, rasac damfuZneb-
lebis erTsulovani Tanxmoba mohyva. organizaciis pirvel prezidentad airCies
daglas fearbenqsi.
1927 wels sid gromenma los anJelesSi kidev erTi kinosasaxle _ `Cainiz
sieTeri~ gaxsna. mSeneblobis procesSi igi moinaxula cnobilma kinomsaxiobma,
norma Talmejma da Turme SecdomiT Catopa fexi axaldasxmuli cementis blok-
Si. aman daudo dasabami tradicias, romlis mixedviTac `kinovarskvlavebi~ kino-
Teatris win toveben kidurebis anabeWdebs.
20-iani wlebis meore naxevridan mZlavrma kinokompaniebma brZola gamoucxa-
des damoukidebel kinofirmebs, ramac am ukanasknelTa ricxvi gvarianad SeaTxe-
la. ucxouri kinoproduqciis ukeT gasacnobad kinomagnatebma bevri sazRvarga-
reTuli filmi dauSves amerikul kinobazarze. amas daemTxva adgilobrivi war-
moebis ramdenime RirsSesaniSnavi namuSevris gamoCenac. maTgan udavod gamosayo-
fia Sedevri `generali~ (1927, reJ. baster kitoni da qlaid brakmeni), sadac ki-
tonma umaRlesi done aCvena, ucnauri kinokomedia `grZeli Sarvali~ (1927, reJ.
frenk kapra) heri lengdonis monawileobiT da drama omze `frTebi~ (1927, reJ.
uiliam uelmeni) brwyinvale sahaero gadaRebiT.
holivudis standartebs ewinaaRmdegeboda oriode realisturi kinosuraTi:
jozef fon sternbergis `fskeri~ (1927) da `niu-iorkis dokebi~ (1928) da king vi-
doris `brbo~ (1928), romelTa avtorebma warmoadgines obieqturi sinamdvile, umu-
Sevroba, unayofo iluziebi da yoveldRiuri problemebi, Tumca auditorias isi-
ni ar moswonda da isev òcnebebis fabrikis~ lamaz miraJebs eTayvaneboda.
114
grifiTi
XX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikul kinoSi samuSaod mivida adamiani, romel-

mac Zirfesvianad Secvala arsebuli kliSeebi, umaRles doneze aiyvana kinemato-
grafiuli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi da meTodika, ganaviTara kinoena da kinoaz-
rovneba, SeimuSava da danerga kidev bevri siaxle, riTac umniSvnelovanesi adgi-
li daimkvidra msoflio kinoSi. mas eZaxdnen `kinos gramatikis Semqmnels~, èkra-
nis Seqspirs~, `kinos genioss~, `holivudis mefes~, `kinos mamas~, `kinos pirvel
did avtors~, `kacs, romelmac gamoigona holivudi~ da a. S. am xelovans erqva
deivid grifiTi.
grifiTi daibada 1875 wels samoqalaqo omis monawilis, gaRaribebuli Tada-
rigis polkovnikis ojaxSi. misi axloblebi warsuliT cxovrobdnen da deivi-
dic gaizarda iseT atmosferoSi, sadac aRmerTebdnen da miTologiis saburvel-
Si axvevdnen `Zvel samxreTs~ Tavisi siwmindiT, Rirsebis kodeqsiT, galanturobi-
Ta da tradicionalizmiT. 1885 wels, roca mama gardaecvala, mravalSviliani
ojaxi gadavida luisvilSi, sadac grifiTi mokle xanSi iZulebuli gaxda, mieto-
vebina skola da daewyo muSaoba fermebsa da maRaziebSi. is gaitaca mxatvrulma
literaturam da bevrs kiTxulobda. amasTanave, deividi xSirad dadioda Teat-
rSic da akvirdeboda yvela detals. 1897 wels man daiwyo msaxioboba luisvi-
lis samoyvarulo TeatrSi, magram raime warmatebisaTvis ar miuRwevia.
1899 wels grifiTi bedis saZieblad niu-iorkSi wavida. mas dramaturgoba
undoda, amitom werda piesebs, cdilobda, romelime Teatris xelmZRvaneloba Ta-
visi namuSevrebiT daeinteresebina, Tumca yvela uariT istumrebda. amis gamo mas
mouwia sxvadasxva, xSirad damamcirebeli samuSaos Sesruleba. Semdeg meuRles-
Tan _ msaxiob linda arvidsonTan erTad TamaSobda TeatrebSi jer lorens bre-
ingtonis, mere ki _ lorens grifiTis fsevdonimiT. maT monawileoba miiRes speq-
taklebSi: `ramona~, `beTlemeli ivdiTi~, òri oboli~ da sxv. amasobaSi impresa-
riom, deivid heketma 700 dolarad SeiZina deividis piesa `suleli da gogona~
da 1907 wels dadga vaSingtonsa da baltimorSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es speq-
takli mxolod ori kvira gadioda scenaze, grifiTs Zala mieca da ramdenime
Tvis ganmavlobaSi iaffasian JurnalebSi aqveynebda Tavis axal nawarmoebebs –
leqsebsa da novelebs.
erTxel igi niu-iorkSi Sexvda erT luisvilel megobars, romelmac urCia,
moTxrobebi waredgina kinokompaniebSi da amiT mcire Semosavali eqneboda. dei-
vids jer ar moewona aseTi rCeva, radganac fiqrobda, rom misi namuSevrebi ar
gamodgeboda im vulgaruli sanaxaobisaTvis, rasac kinos uwodebdnen. gaWirvebam
Tavisi gaitana _ man cnobili operis `toska~ mixedviT dawera kinoscenari, mii-
tana edisonis kompaniaSi, SesTavaza is edvin porters, romelsac naweris nacv-
lad avtori moewona, radgan axal saxeebs eZebda da dReSi xuTi dolaris hono-
raris pirobiT miiwvia msaxiobad. grifiTs jer ar examuSa es winadadeba, magram
mere daTanxmda.
yvelaze adreuli filmi misi monawileobiT, romelic dRemdea SemorCenili,
iyo àrwivis budidan daxsnili~ (1908, reJ. jeimz sirl doli) da is pirobiTad
iTvleba grifiTis pirvel kinorolad. amis paralelurad igi werda patara sce-
narebs (naxevar an erTgverdian ambebs) amave kompaniis sxvadasxva filmisaTvis.
deividi sulac ar tkbeboda kinosamsaxiobo karieriT, miT ufro, roca erTi mo-
115
rigi kinosuraTis, romelSic Tavad TamaSobda, sanaxavad `nikelodienSi~ wavida,
saSinlad ar moewona Tavisi Tavi. Tumca TeatrTan SedarebiT, sadac mas mxo-
lod patara rolebze akavebdnen, kinoSi muSaoba mainc sjobda, radgan meti dat-
virTva hqonda da xandaxan mTavar gmirebsac asaxierebda.
male col-qmari samuSaod gadavida `baiografSi~, sadac msaxiobebs dReSi
uxdidnen 3-5 dolars, xolo scenaris avtorebs _ 15 dolars. grifiTi Tan Tama-
Sobda filmebSi, Tan werda. kinokompania `baiografs~ nayidi hqonda erTi uSve-
lebeli oTaxi _ romeliRac aristokratiuli ojaxis yofili rezidenciis sa-
mejliso darbazi, sadac mimdinareobda gadaReba. 1908 wlis gazafxulze kompa-
niis xelmZRvanelobam mas SesTavaza reJisoris Tanamdeboba. grifiTi SiSobda,
xeli moekida am saqmisaTvis, rameTu egona _ Tu Tavs ver gaarTmevda, samsaxuri-
dan daiTxovdnen, magram amis pirobac miiRo. Tan kinoreJisorebs gacilebiT mets
uxdidnen, vidre msaxiobebs.
`baiografSi~ moRvaweobis xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi grifiTma gadaiRo 450-
ze meti filmi, romelTaganac pirveli iyo `dolis Tavgadasavlebi~ (1908), sadac
qalis mTavar rols asaxierebda linda arvidsoni da romelSic naCvenebi iyo,
rogor moitaceben boSebi patara gogonas. axalgamomcxvarma reJisorma mTavari
gmiris mamis rolisaTvis veravin SearCia da quCaSi waawyda gakotrebuli Teat-
ris msaxiobs, arTur jonsons, romelic aTamaSa vakantur rolSi. misi wyalobiT
jonsoni cnobil msaxiobad iqca. roca filmi Zalian moewona mayurebels, `bai-
ografis~ liderma, heri marvinma deividTan xangrZlivvadiani kontraqti dado.
grifiTi gaxda `baiografis~ wamyvani reJisori. TandaTan ixveweboda misi
gemovneba da ostatoba. man kinosTan mWidrod daakavSira klasikuri mxatvruli
literatura da Teatraluri dramaturgia, SemoiRo msaxiobebTan muSaobis axali
stili _ winaswari repeticiebi, TiToeuli detalis gaTvla da dakonkreteba, ga-
daRebisaTvis safuZvliani momzadeba. pirvel xanebSi is kviraSi 1-2 films iReb-
da. muSaobda primitiulad, akeTebda komediebs, melodramebsa da vesternebs. igi
ar Takilobda araprofesionali axalgazrda msaxiobebis miwvevas, Tumca maT
gverdiT aucileblad hyavda gamobrZmedili aqtiorebic. man `vaitagrafidan~ Ta-
visTan gadaiyvana florens lorensi. mere maT SeuerTdnen: mak seneti, meri pik-
fordi, mei marSi, doroTi da lilien giSebi, riCard barTelmesi, laienel beri-
mori da sxvebi. deividma SesaniSnavad icoda am profesiis adamianebis fsiqolo-
gia da repeticiis daniSnuleba. igi msaxiobebs oTxmag Tanxas uxdida, radgan Si-
Sobda, rom sxva kinokompaniaSi ar gadasuliyvnen, Tumca miaCnda, rom arc erTi
maTgani ar unda yofiliyo gansakuTrebuli, mxolod kinoreJisorebs unda hqono-
daT Zalaufleba da gamokveTili adgili kinosuraTis Seqmnis procesSi.
grifiTis favoriti operatori iyo misive megobari bili bitceri. debi gi-
Sebi, romlebic pikfordma gaacno grifiTs, aRtacebas ver malavdnen sixarulisa-
gan. erTxel studiaSi, repeticiis dros maTi TandaswrebiT grifiTma revolveri
gaisrola, radgan ainteresebda rogor reagirebdnen isini srolis xmaze imitom,
rom momaval filmSi unda daedga aseTi epizodi. `baiografis~ mesveurebs namd-
vilad ar exatebodaT gulze misi eqsperimentebi. maTTvis mTavari iyo, rom kino-
kompanias rac SeiZleba meti kinosuraTi gamoeSva da sarfianad gaeyida.
dawyebiTi warmatebebis miuxedavad, col-qmari grifiTebi mainc ar apireb-
dnen kinoSi didi xniT darCenas. saRamoobiT samsaxurisagan daRlilni isini
saxlSi isxdnen da Cxirkedelaobdnen, egeb rame gamoegonebinaT, raTa gamdidrebu-
liyvnen da SeSvebodnen kinos, romelic iyo maTi erTaderTi saarsebo saSuale-
ba.
116
grifiTi originalur scenarebze agebuli kinosuraTebis garda akeTebda
uiliam Seqspiris, jek landonisa da sxva mweralTa nawarmoebebis ekranizacieb-
sac. sainteresoa erTi adreuli kinosuraTi `wiTelkaniani da bavSvi~ (1908). mas-
Si reJisorma saTanadod daamuSava daZabulobis TandaTanobiT momatebis sti-
listika da amiT siuJets ufro meti simZafre Semata. Tavdapirvelad is arc ma-
lavda, rom Zalze cota ram icoda kinoze, magram amayobda, rom yoveldRiurad
swavlobda.
marTalia, zogierTi mkvlevari grifiTs miawers paraleluri montaJis gamo-
gonebas, magram amgvari montaJi manamdec arsebobda, oRond grifiTma is kidev
ufro daxvewa. amis TvalnaTeli nimuSia misi kinosuraTi `ganmartoebuli vila~
(1909), raSic paralelur montaJTan erTad gamoiyena bolo momentSi gadarCenis
kinematografiuli xerxi. am droisaTvis reJisori naxevar dRes andomebda msaxi-
obebTan repeticias. misi operatoris asistenti zonriT Semofarglavda sarepe-
ticio da gadasaReb teritorias. msaxiobebic cdilobdnen, gaekeTebinaT esa Tu
is moZraoba an Jesti ise, rogorc iyvnen SeTanxmebuli reJisorTan, romelic iqve
imyofeboda da yvelafers akontrolebda. TiToeuli filmis gadaReba erTidan
sam dRemde grZeldeboda. deivid grifiTi gansakuTrebiT iTxovda, rom msaxiobeb-
sac da teqnikosebsac pirvelsave jerze SeesrulebinaT misi davalebebi. man ua-
ri Tqva daxatul ukana xedebze da farTod iyenebda dekoraciebs, rac saSuale-
bas iZleoda, rom kinokamera Tavisuflad gadaadgilebuliyo. grifiTi TiToeu-
li kadris kompoziciisaTvis saxviTi xelovnebis ostativiT ekrans sxvadasxva
detaliT avsebda. rodesac yuradRebis gansakuTrebuli miqceva undoda romeli-
me personaJisaTvis, mis irgvliv mTlianad Caaqrobda Suqs.
saerTod, maSindel kinoSi arsebobda Taviseburi standarti _ kinomsaxio-
bebi, ZiriTadad, pozebiTa da JestebiT asrulebdnen rolebs, naklebs laparakob-
dnen, radgan maTi xma isedac ar ismoda. grifiTma daarRvia es standarti da msa-
xiobebi ufro metad aametyvela, emociebis gamoxatva saxiT Seasrulebina da Tea-
traluri stilisagan nel-nela gaaTavisufla. mas miaCnda, rom kino Teatridan
verafers wamoiRebs, vinaidan am ukanasknelis reJisorebsa da dramaturgebs ara-
feri SeuZliaT SesTavazon mas, Tanac scena didi xania arsebobs mxolod garkve-
ul CarCoebSi, xolo kinos aqvs ganuzomeli SesaZleblobebio.
grifiTi umetesad etaneboda axlo da saSualo xedebs, atarebda cdebs ga-
naTebaze, aumjobesebda gamosaxulebis TandaTanobiT Cabnelebis efeqts. erTxel
bili bitcerma SemTxveviT gadaiRo naxevrad Cabnelebuli kadri da roca firi
gaamJRavna, sakuTar Tavze brazi mouvida aseTi SecdomisaTvis, magram grifiTma
rom naxa es fragmenti, aRfrTovanda da operators sTxova, kargad daexvewa ase-
Ti teqnika, radgan aucileblad gamoadgebodaT. misTvis mTavari iyo, Seeqmna ise-
Ti filmebi, romlebic ar moawyendnen auditorias, Seicavdnen raime pozitiur
gzavnils da ar unda damsgavsebodnen plaJis qviSaze daxatul naxatebs, rom-
lebsac roca zRva gadarecxavs, aRaravis emaxsovreba.
Tavis kinosuraTebSi deivid grifiTi socialur Tematikasac aSuqebda _
`xorbliT spekulacia~ (1909) mieZRvna kapitalisturi samyaros sastik damokide-
bulebas Raribi fenebisadmi, `wiTelkanianis Tvalsazrisi~ (1909) ilaSqrebda im
TeTrkanianTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic mudam aviwroebdnen indielebs, `loTis gamo-
sworeba~ (1909) antialkoholur propagandas warmoadgenda da a. S. misi wyalo-
biT `baiografi~ popularuli kinokompania gaxda. teqnikuri siaxleebis gamoyene-
biTa da kinoreJisoruli azrovnebiT grifiTis ramdenime namuSevarma epoqas ga-
uswro. man msaxiobTa mTeli pleadac gamozarda.
117
1910 wlidan `baiografis~ nawili kaliforniaSi gadavida. grifiTi axla iq
Seudga muSaobas da gadaiRo saintereso kinosuraTebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia
istoriuli da samoqalaqo omisadmi miZRvnili namuSevrebi, kargad dadgmuli ba-
taluri scenebiTa da CaxlarTuli dramatuli situaciebiT. misi imdroindeli
filmebi iyo erTnawilianebi (daaxl. 12-14 wuTi) da Sedgeboda 17-18 epizodisa-
gan. 1911 wels grifiTi cols gaSorda da mTlianad gadaerTo samuSaoze.
momdevno gaxmaurebuli filmis _ `Roris xeivnis muSketerebi~ (1912), idea
grifiTma aiRo sagazeTo statiebidan. swored im wels moxda gangsteruli
mkvlelobebis seria, rasac Sedegad mohyva sapolicio skandalebi, ris Sesaxebac
werda presa. es iyo pirveli filmi organizebul danaSaulze. deividma daiyo-
lia namdvili gangsterebi, romlebic aTamaSa ori, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
dajgufebis wevrebis rolebSi. amas garda, filmSi yuradRebaa fokusirebuli qa-
laqeli Ratakebis gausaZlis cxovrebaze. grifiTis morigi namuSevari `niu-ior-
kuli qudi~ (1912), raSic brwyinvaled ganasaxieres mTavari gmirebi meri pikfor-
dma da laienel berimorma, iyo gulisamaCuyebeli drama, romelic usazRvro po-
pularobiT sargeblobda.
1913 wlidan aSS-Si masobrivad daiwyes didi kinoTeatrebis mSenebloba. am
axal darbazebSi bileTebi Rirda 10-15 centi. amasTan dakavSirebiT grifiTi mix-
vda, rom ar unda daekarga lideris pozicia da aucileblad unda gadasuliyo
srulmetraJiani filmebis keTebaze. amasTanave, igi aRfrTovanebuli iyo italiu-
ri srulmetraJiani istoriuli filmebiT da gadawyvita maTTvis konkurencia
gaewia. am mizniT man gadaiRo bibliur Temaze agebuli `beTlemeli ivdiTi~. dei-
vidma daiqirava aTasamde statisti, aaSenebina uzarmazari dekoraciebi, epizode-
bis ricxvi 85-mde gazarda. gadaRebuli masala grifiTma eqvs nawilad gaamzada,
magram saboloo montaJisa da kinokompaniis daJinebuli Txovnis Sedegad igi
oTx nawilamde daiyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mas Semdeg, rac distributorebma uari
ganacxades aseTi moculobis filmis gavrcelebaze, radgan amerikeli mayurebe-
li amodena kinosuraTs ar uyurebso, grifiTs uTanxmoeba mouvida `baiografis~
xelmZRvanelobasTan da wlis bolos miatova es kinokompania. mas zukorma Ses-
Tavaza TavisTan, `faramaunTSi~ gadasvla da weliwadSi 50000 dolari, magram mi-
si simpaTia gadaixara heri eitkenisaken, romelmac Seqmna sadistribucio kino-
kompania `miuCuali~, romlis filial `rilaiens-mejestikSi~ igi gadavida samuSa-
od weliwadSi 52000 dolaris honoraris pirobiT. eitkeni dahpirda, rom yovel-
wliurad gadaaRebinebda or srulmetraJian films sxva patara kinosuraTebTan
erTad. grifiTi sTxovda mas, rom winaswari sareklamo kampania gaeCaRebina Ti-
Toeuli namuSevrisaTvis da sapremierod romelime brodveuli Teatri daeqira-
vebina.
grifiTma `baiografidan~ Tan waiyola bitceri, msaxiobebi _ doroTi da
lilien giSebi, blanS suiTi, mei marSi, henri uolTholi, robert heroni da teq-
nikuri personalis ramdenime warmomadgeneli. rac Seexeba `beTlemel ivdiTs~,
igi 1914 wels mainc gavida ekranebze `baiografis~ savaWro markiT. im weliwads
deivid grifiTma xuTi kinosuraTi gadaiRo, maT Soris misi erTi favoriti mwer-
lis _ edgar pous, moTxrobebis mixedviT gakeTebuli fsiqologiuri drama `Su-
rismaZiebluri sindisi~.
grifiTis scenaristma, frenk vudzma, imavdroulad erT-erTi kinoJurnalis
mTavari redaqtoric rom iyo, amcno Tavis kinoreJisors, Tomas diqsonis romanis
_ `klanis wevris~, mixedviT dawerili piesa romeliRac kinokompanias undoda ga-
ekeTebina filmad, magram ver moaxerxao. grifiTi mixvda, rom eZleoda saSualeba,
118
samxreTis romantikasTan da samoqalaqo omTan dakavSirebuli bavSvobis mogone-
bebi gadaetana kinoSi, ufro didi moculobis filmSi, radgan manamde mas cameti
moklemetraJiani kinosuraTi hqonda gadaRebuli samoqalaqo omis Tematikaze. mi-
si dakveTiT eitkenma iyida diqsonis ori nawarmoebis _ `klanis wevri~ da `la-
qebi leopardis tyavze~ _ ekranizaciis ufleba, raSic gvariani Tanxa gadaixada.
grifiTma momavali filmis konsultantebad miiwvia samoqalaqo omis gamoCenili
veteranebi, visac yuradRebiT usmenda da maT TiToeul SeniSvnas iTvaliswineb-
da.
gadaReba daiwyo 1914 wlis miwuruls da miuxedavad imisa, rom scenari ar-
sebobda, grifiTi uimisod muSaobda. eqvsi kvira igi repeticiebs mounda, cxra
kvira _ gadaRebas, xolo sami Tve _ montaJsa da sxva damamTavrebel samuSaoebs.
filmis xarjTaRricxva jer 40000 dolariT ganisazRvra, mere daemata kidev
20000, magram roca grifiTs isev dasWirda damatebiTi fuli, `miuCualma~ veRar
gamouyo, amitom reJisorma mimarTa sxva investorebs da, saboloo jamSi, biujetma
110000 dolari Seadgina. omis scenebisaTvis grifiTma kinokamera daayena maRal
borcvze, saidanac `megafoniT~ xelmZRvanelobda gadaRebas. mas mxolod xuTasi
statisti hyavda, magram isini ise ostaturad aTamaSa, gegoneboda, mTeli armia
monawileobso. mas aseve hqonda samxedro savele telefonebi, riTac ukavSirde-
boda Tavis asistentebs da aZlevda miTiTebebs. cxenosanTa Setevis gadasaRebad
kamera daamagres sarbolo avtomobilze da iqidan iRebdnen cxenosnebs, maT ax-
lo xedebsa da cxenebis qrolvas. meti efeqtisaTvis grifiTma calkeuli epizo-
debi gadaiRo specialurad SeRebil firze. mudmivi finansuri problemebis gamo
reJisori xSirad nerviulobda, xan usasoobaSi vardeboda, xanac msaxiobebs uyvi-
roda. amgvar daZabul viTarebaSi Cinebulad imuSava bitcerma, romelmac doku-
mentalizmamde aiyvana samoqalaqo omis inscenireba.
1915 wlis dasawyisisaTvis grifiTma gaamzada kinosuraTis bolo, samsaaTia-
ni versia, ris gamoc distributorebma uari Tqves mis gavrcelebaze, amitom gri-
fiTma da eitkenma saswrafod Seqmnes axali kinokompania da iTaves misi distri-
bucia. TebervalSi Sedga filmis premiera los anJelesSi. maSin mas erqva `kla-
nis wevri~, magram saqmeSi Caeria diqsoni, romlis winadadebiT namuSevars saxeli
Seucvales èris dabadebad~ da martSi am axali saxelwodebiT warudgines niu-
iorkul auditorias Teatr `liberTiSi~, romlis scenaze cxra wlis win daidga
`klanis wevri~. orive premieras daeswro 2500 adamiani. kompozitor jozef brai-
lis mier am filmisaTvis daweril sagangebo musikas asrulebda 40 instrumenti-
sagan Semdgari simfoniuri orkestri.
im droisaTvis amerikul kinoSi yvelaze xangrZlivma filmma sensacia gamo-
iwvia. SesaniSnavad awyobili siuJetiT, saucxood gaTamaSebuli masobrivi scene-
biT, samsaxiobo ostatobis axleburi warmoCeniT, epikuri JReradobiTa da araer-
Ti kinematografiuli gamomsaxvelobiTi siaxliT man udidesi gavlena iqonia
rogorc mayurebelze, ise kinos specialistebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom did kino-
TeatrebSi bileTi maSindeli normiT Zalian Zviri _ ori dolari Rirda, kinos
moyvarulebi mis sanaxavad wavidnen. presam mkiTxvels auwya, rom Seiqmna unika-
luri da didebuli kinonawarmoebi, romelmac saTave daudo axal, Tanamedrove
amerikul kinos da romelic TiToeulma amerikelma unda naxoso, Tumca misma
Sinaarsma warmoSva usiamovno situacia _ kinoreJisori rasizmSi daadanaSaules.
bostonSi, filadelfiasa da sxva qalaqebSi filmis winaaRmdeg moewyo demons-
traciebi, imarTeboda sasamarTlo procesebi, razec gmobdnen èris dabadebis~
paTetikas, xolo rva StatSi saerTod aikrZala misi Cveneba.
119
yovelive aman kidev ufro meti interesi gaaRviva grifiTis namuSevris mi-
marT, mag., niu-iorkis erT kinoTeatrSi is 44 kviris ganmavlobaSi gadioda, xolo
statistikuri monacemebiT 1915 wels mas uyura 825000 mayurebelma. marTalia, zo-
gierTma am films komerciuli Cavardna uwinaswarmetyvela, magram amis sapiris-
pirod, èris dabadebam~ masze gaweuli xarjebi or TveSi amoiRo, Semdeg didxans
gadioda ekranebze da mogebis saxiT 50 milioni dolari moitana. is sagangebod
waiRes `TeTr saxlSi~, sadac mas didi Sefaseba misca aSS-is prezidentma _ vud-
rou uilsonma da aRniSna, rom, samwuxarod, masSi saSineli simarTlea gadmoce-
mulio. ymawvilma margaret mitCelma, momavalma cnobilma mweralma, 12-jer naxa
es kinosuraTi da rogorc TviTon aRniSnavda, swored man iTamaSa udidesi ro-
li misi romanis _ `qarwaRebulni~ SeqmnaSi.
deivid grifiTi kategoriulad uaryofda rasistul damokidebulebas. pre-
saSi gamoqveynebul, kritikuli xasiaTis werilebs igi pamfletebiT da Tavis ga-
mamarTlebeli statiebiT pasuxobda, riTac xazs usvamda èkranis Tavisuflebas~.
man isic ki ganacxada, rom siamovnebiT gadauxdida 10000 dolars imas, vinc aRmo-
aCenda istoriul siyalbes an Secdomas am filmSi.
momaval proeqtze, romelsac pirvel variantSi erqva `deda da kanoni~, muSa-
obisas grifiTma ganacxada, rom Tuki winaswar yvelas gavagebineb, ras vapireb
Semdeg filmSi, albaT, ufro metad Semaviwroveben, vidre es iyo èris dabadebis~
gadaRebisaso. am dros naxa man cnobili italiuri istoriuli kinosuraTi `ka-
biria~ (rasac kerZo saubrebsa da interviuebSi ar adasturebda), xolo san fran-
ciskos erT gamofenaze ixila uSvelebeli TaRiani da koSkurebiani Senobebi.
orivem masze uaRresad seriozuli STabeWdileba moaxdina da Canafiqric Seic-
vala.
1916 wels ekranebze gavida grifiTis morigi kinosuraTi `Seuwynarebloba~
(sruli saxelwodeba _ `Seuwynarebloba: siyvarulis brZola sxvadasxva epoqa-
Si~), romelic gamoirCeoda unikaluri struqturiTa da eqstravaganturi koncef-
ciiT. igi Sedgeboda oTxi nawilisagan: qristes jvarcma (`qristes ambavi~), Zveli
babilonis mefe balTazaris marcxi (`babilonis dacema~), barTlomes Rame saf-
rangeTSi (`hugenotebis Jleta wminda barTlomes Rames~) da Tanamedrove aSS-Si
udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni da bolo momentSi misi
gauqmeba (`deda da kanoni~).
grifiTma gamoiyena ramdenime aTasi statisti da Svidas mSenebels uzarma-
zari dekoraciebi aagebina. bitceri zog epizods sahaero buStidan iRebda, xo-
lo mis gverdiT mdgomi reJisori `megafoniT~ marTavda gadamReb jgufs. mTlia-
nobaSi gadaiRes 100000 metri firi, anu 76 saaTis masala. TiToeuli ambavi na-
wil-nawil midioda _ iwyeboda pirveli, mere wydeboda da mas cvlida meore, ra-
sac mohyveboda mesame, Semdeg meoTxe, isev pirveli da a. S. aseTi jvaredini mon-
taJis moSveliebiT reJisori cdilobda, eCvenebina ambebs Soris arsebuli Tema-
turi msgavsebebi _ rom adamianTa Seuwynarebloba erTi da igivea sxvadasxva is-
toriul monakveTSi. es iyo calke èris dabadebis~ kritikisa da calke evropis
teritoriaze mimdinare pirveli msoflio omis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli namuSeva-
ri.
grifiTma am filmisaTvis didZal kapitals mouyara Tavi. mas sxvadasxva
kompania exmareboda, radgan sjerodaT, rom igi axal Sedevrs gaakeTebda. balTa-
zaris nadimis epizodisaTvis, ris gadaRebaze gaixarja 25000 dolari, mas emsaxu-
reboda 5000 statisti, romlebsac dReSi uxdida 2 dolars da aseve aZlevda 60-
centian sauzmes, rac imxanad uxv gasamrjelos warmoadgenda. reJisorma ganucxa-
120
da statistebs, rom vinc galavnidan gadmoxteboda daucvel adgilas, mas damate-
biT xuT dolars gadauxdida, magram roca bevrma gaakeTa es, SeaCera isini da
aRiara, amdeni fuli ar maqvso. aseTi triukebisaTvis mas gamzadebuli hyavda eqi-
mica da eqTnebic, Tumca isini ar dasWirvebia. reJisorma TiToeuli epizodisa-
Tvis gamoiyena sxvadasxva feradi Seferiloba _ qristes ambavs cisferi elferi
dahkravda, babilonurs _ ruxi-mwvane, franguls _ yavisferi, xolo amerikuls –
qarvisferi.
proeqtis ZiriTadi damfinanseblebi _ heri da roi eitkenebi, romlebmac Ti-
Tqmis naxevari milioni dolari daxarjes, gadaRebis Sua procesSi dafrTxnen
da uari Tqves darCenil dafinansebaze. grifiTi iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi dag-
rovili fulic Caedo masSi da valic aeRo. saerTo jamSi, filmi or milion do-
laramde dajda. montaJis Sedegad `Seuwynarebloba~ gamovida rvasaaTiani nawar-
moebi. avtori apirebda mis or nawilad dayofas da ise Cvenebas, magram roca es
gaiges kinoTeatrebis mflobelebma, erTxmad ganacxades, rom ar miiRebdnen mas,
amitom grifiTma igi orsaaTnaxevrian versiad Seamcira.
premiera Sedga 1916 wlis seqtemberSi, niu-iorkSi. mas Tan axlda `metropo-
liten operidan~ miwveuli orkestris musikaluri gaformeba. pirvelma Cvenebam
kargad Caiara. filmi cotaodeni xnis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT gadioda ekraneb-
ze, magram mayurebelma TandaTanobiT iklo, radgan gauWirda amgvari rTuli ar-
qiteqtonikis nawarmoebis aRqma da mere is gaqiravebidan saerTod amoiRes. pre-
samac wamohyo Tavi da mkvaxed gaakritika grifiTi. samagierod, am kinosuraTis
didebuli premiera gaimarTa londonSi, sadac ramdenime kvira ar Camosula ek-
ranebidan. igi aCvenes mefesac da mis ojaxsac, visganac didi mowoneba daim-
saxura. aseTive warmateba xvda wilad films bevr sazRvargareTul qveyanaSi,
gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTsa da iaponiaSi. mogvianebiT is Sedevrad aRiares aSS-
Sic. niWier reJisors bevri mimdevari gamouCnda.
grifiTma gazarda momavali kinoreJisorebic, romlebic masTan an asisten-
tobdnen, an patara rolebs asaxierebdnen da amiT agrovebdnen gamocdilebas. sa-
xelganTqmuli raul uolSi, romelic maSin iwyebda Tavis karieras kinemato-
grafSi, `SeuwynareblobaSi~ asrulebda TanaSemwis funqciebs, xolo èris daba-
debaSi~ linqolnis mkvlelis rolic iTamaSa. misma kolegam jozef henaberim
Tavad linqolnis personaJi ganasaxiera amave filmSi.
grifiTis Semoqmedebas xotbas asxamda amerikeli poeti veiCel linzi Tavis
wignSi `kinos xelovneba~, romelic kinoTeoriis Seqmnis erT-erT adreul cdas
warmoadgenda. `Seuwynareblobis~ premieraze grifiTma is sagangebod miiwvia, xo-
lo misi wignis asobiT egzemplari SeiZina da TanamSromlebs dauriga, rogorc
saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo. meore kinoTeoretikosi, harvardeli fsiqologi hugo
miunsterbergic maRal Sefasebas aZlevda mis filmebs. grifiTma kargad Seiswav-
la maTi naSromebi da Tavis praqtikaSi bevri ram gaiTvaliswina am mkvlevarebis
Sexedulebebidan.
`Seuwynareblobis~ gaqiravebaSi Cavardnis gamo deivid grifiTi iZulebuli
gaxda daaxloebiT milion dolaramde dagrovili vali didxans exada, amitom
Tanxmdeboda mxolod sufTa komerciuli, dakveTili kinosuraTebis gadaRebas da
Tavisi sxva ideebis gansaxorcielebad veRar iclida.
1916 wels Jurnalma `film fanma~ linda arvidsons garkveul safasurad
daukveTa statiebis seria, romlebSic mas unda moeTxro `baiografSi~ Tavisi da
yofili meuRlis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. amiT cnobili gaxda bevri pikanturi amba-
vi, rac grifiTs ar esiamovna.
121
`Seuwynareblobis~ naxvis Semdeg didi britaneTis premier-ministrma deivid
loid jorjma aRniSna, rom grifiTs xelT upyria umniSvnelovanesi xelisufle-
ba _ adamianTa gonebaze zegavlenis niWio. man amerikel reJisors SesTavaza, ga-
daeRo srulmetraJiani propagandistuli dokumenturi filmi pirvel msoflio
omze, magram mere Seicvala pozicia da daido SeTanxmeba britanul-amerikul er-
Tobliv mxatvrul kinosuraTze, romlis SeqmnaSi, erTi mxriv, monawileobas mii-
Rebda britaneTis samxedro uwyeba, xolo meore mxriv _ Tavad grifiTis patara
kompania da `feimos fleierz-laski~. reJisori Cavida inglisSi, sadac daeswro
dedoflisa da loid jorjis mier mis sapativcemulod mowyobil miRebebs. Sem-
dgom igi gadaiyvanes safrangeTSi, aCvenes mokavSireTa jarebis manevrebi da uSu-
alod frontis xazze gadaiRo ramdenime epizodi. mere ukan dabrunda da umetes
nawilze kaliforniaSi imuSava. kinosuraTs ewoda `samyaros gulebi~ da misma
premieram 1918 wlis aprilSi triumfiT Caiara niu-iorkSi. am omis sawinaaRmdego
namuSevars didi rezonansi mohyva.
sadistribucio kompania àrTqrafTma~ grifiTs daukveTa ori filmi omis
Temaze: `didi siyvaruli~ (1918) da ùdidesi ram cxovrebaSi~ (1918) da ori melo-
drama: `hefi velis romani~ (1919) da `gulmarTali siuzi~ (1919). pirveli ori na-
muSevari dakargulia, xolo danarCenSi reJisorma Cado calkeuli avtobiogra-
fiuli pasaJebi. oTxiveSi mTavar rolebs TamaSobdnen lilien giSi da robert
heroni. Semdeg grifiTi kidev daubrunda pirveli msoflio omis Tematikas kino-
suraTSi `gogona, romelic Sin darCa~ (1919), sadac mTavari gmirebi ganasaxieres
riCard barTelmesma da reJisoris axalma muzam _ qerol dempsterma.
meri pikfordma da daglas fearbenqsma deivid grifiTi daaintereses Tomas
berkis moTxrobiT `Cineli da gogona~, romlis mixedviT man 1919 wels gadaiRo
90000 dolaris biujetis filmi `gadatexili ylortebi~ riCard barTelmesis,
lilien giSisa da donald qrispis monawileobiT. es iyo misi bolo RirsSesani-
Snavi namuSevari, romelSic kidev erTxel gamoCnda grifiTis WeSmariti xelov-
neba, gamWriaxoba, brwyinvale xelwera. masSi moTxrobilia axalgazrda Cineli
kacisa da TeTrkaniani qaliSvilis siyvarulze londonis miyruebul ubanSi.
epizodebi ise iyo gadaRebuli, rom aRwevdnen realizmsa da amaRlebul ganwyo-
bas. erT maTganSi naturalizmis misaRwevad grifiTma aiZula qrispi, daundob-
lad gaelaxa giSi, rasac gadamRebi jgufis zogierTi wevris protestic mohyva.
reJisorma am kinosuraTiT daamtkica, rom aranairi rasisti ar iyo. roca man
gamzadebuli filmi warudgina mTavar distributors, adolf zukors, am ukanask-
nels igi ar moewona, ris Sedegadac grifiTma misgan gamoisyida filmis negativi
da aslebi da TviTon iTava misi gavrceleba.
`gadatexil ylortebs~ sakmao warmateba mohyva. mis premieraze mayurebeli
saxtad darCa. `niu iork Taimsma~ mas Sedevri uwoda, `niu iork ivning Tele-
gramma~ ki aRniSna, rom igi isea gakeTebuli, TiTqos dikinzi gelaparakeba ekra-
nidano. amgvar situacias arc Tavad reJisori da, rac mTavaria, arc zukori ar
moelodnen. aman droebiT ganamtkica grifiTis Seryeuli reputacia. man gamoac-
xada, rom axlo momavalSi apirebda axali, 72-nawiliani filmis Seqmnas, magram es
idea Cauvarda.
1919 wels grifiTma, Caplinma, pikfordma da fearbenqsma daafuZnes kinokom-
pania ìunaiTed arTisTsi~ da miznad daisaxes sakuTari filmebis Tavadve war-
moeba da mere mkacri kontroli maT gavrcelebaze.
grifiTs Zalian moswonda piesa `gza aRmosavleTisaken~, romelic wina sau-
kunidan moyolebuli didi warmatebiT idgmeboda amerikul scenebze. mas sakmao
122
Tanxis gadaxda mouwia misi ekranizaciis uflebis SesaZenad da 1920 wels gadai-
Ro amave saxelwodebis filmi, romlis warmoeba èris dabadebaze~ gacilebiT
Zviri, 700000 dolari daujda. kritikosebma am lirikul-epikuri stilis namuSe-
vars `pastoraluri melodrama~ uwodes. isini moxibla lilien giSis metyvelma
saxem, kargma TamaSma da reJisoris ostaturma axlo xedebma, uzado kinematogra-
fiulma gemovnebam. muSaoba metad mkacr pirobebSi mimdinareobda. erTi epizo-
dis gadaRebisas msaxiobi riCard barTelmesi kinaRam wyalma waiRo. sabednie-
rod, mas droulad daexmarnen. kinosuraTi kargad gavida gaqiravebaSi da xuT
milion dolaramde komerciuli Semosavali moitana.
momdevno filmi `qariSxlis oblebi~ (1921) grifiTma miuZRvna safrangeTis
XVIII saukunis revoluciur epoqas. mTavari personaJebi ganasaxieres debma gi-
Sebma. reJisori kinosuraTis warmoebas mounda eqvs Tves da Cveuli TxrobiTi
stilistikiT aCvena mmarTveli fenebisa da susti sqesis warmomadgenlebis dapi-
rispireba, riTac, rogorc ambobda, Tamamad gailaSqra tiraniis winaaRmdeg. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom kritikosTa jgufma gakicxa imis gamo, rom axal namuSevarSi ga-
dametebulad igrZnoboda dikinzis gavlena da bastiliis aRebis epizodi Zalian
hgavda `Seuwynareblobis~ im nawils, roca sparselebi ikaveben balTazaris sasa-
xles.
Semdeg man eqsperimentisaTvis moicala. morig kinosuraTSi òcnebis quCa~
(1921) scada gamosaxulebaze diskze Cawerili xmis dadeba. prologSi Tavad gri-
fiTi Cndeboda ekranze da oriode sityviT yveboda nawarmoebis fabulas. amas
garda, sagangebod premierisaTvis deividma gaamzada kidev ori xmovani fragmenti
_ brbos xmauri da erT-erTi kinogmiris sasiyvarulo simRera, magram eqsperimen-
tma ver gaamarTla. imxanad grifiTi werda, rom amieridan istoria iyofa oTx
diad periodad: qvis xana, brinjaos xana, wignis beWdvis epoqa da kinos epoqa.
sabWoTa ruseTSi didxans gadioda kinoekranebze `Seuwynarebloba~, oRond
sxva saxelwodebiT _ `msoflios boroteba~ da kargi Semosavalic hqonda, magram
arc erTi centi aqedan ar Sesvlia grifiTs. am axali saxelmwifos meTaurma _
vladimir leninma, gadawyvita igi miewvia, adgilobriv komunistur partiaSi gae-
wevrianebina da sabWoTa kinowarmoebis saTaveSi Caeyenebina. 1922 wels mas ewvia
kidec leninisagan gagzavnili delegacia, romelic reJisorma uariT gaistumra.
mokle drosa da ekonomiuri danaxarjebiT gadaiRo grifiTma melodrama
`TeTri vardi~ (1923) mei marSis, qerol dempsterisa da aivor novelos monawile-
obiT. kritikam maRal doneze Seafasa marSisa da novelos namuSevrebi, xolo
dempsterze krintic ar dauZravs. ganawyenebulma grifiTma saerTod moiZula Se-
qebuli msaxiobebi da momaval filmebSi aRarc miiwvia. am wels man sabolood
daamTavra valis gadaxda da SvebiT amoisunTqa.
1924 wels ekranebze gavida grifiTis epikuri filmi àmerika~, romelic mie-
ZRvna britaneTis batonobisagan amerikuli koloniebis gaTavisuflebis Temas.
reJisorma Tavdauzogavad imuSava: moiZia mdidari istoriuli masala, imogzaura
im adgilebSi, sadac mimdinareobda brZolebi, ramdenime konsultanti daiqirava,
gulmodgined SearCia gadasaRebi moednebi, msaxiobebi, yvelaferi awon-dawona da
ise gaakeTa es namuSevari, rasac winaswari pompezuri reklama gauwia. kinosuraT-
ma ver gaamarTla avtoris imedebi da ver dafara masze gaweuli xarjebi. zogi-
erTma Jurnalma sazogadoebas auwya, rom amiT dasrulda grifiTis lideroba
amerikul kinoSio.
sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnilma xelovanma investorebis ZebnaSi evropas
miaSura. is Cavida jer inglisSi, Semdeg _ italiaSi, sadac SesTavazes axali ka-
123
rieris wamowyeba musolinis patronaJis qveS. amaze man iuara, xolo momavali
proeqtebis damfinanseblebi ki ver ipova. ukan dabrunebulma gadawyvita iseTi
filmi gadaeRo, romelic iafi dajdeboda da romelSic aCvenebda gansxvavebul,
amerikelTaTvis uCveulo garemos. grifiTi kinematografistTa jgufTan erTad
gaemgzavra germaniaSi da gadaiRo Tavisi yvelaze eqstraordinaluri namuSevari
socialur Tematikaze _ àris Tu ara cxovreba saocari?~ (1924). masSi naCvenebia
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis evropa da gadmocemulia Tavgadasava-
li polonel ltolvilTa ojaxisa, romelic gadarCenas cdilobs im qaosSi, rac
germaniis damarcxebas mohyva omSi. am kinosuraTma ver moipova amerikeli kino-
moyvarulebis simpaTia, radgan maTTvis ucxo iyo misi siuJeti.
grifiTi iZulebuli gaxda Sekedleboda zukors sakontraqto reJisoris
rangSi, sami wlis Semdeg ki isev dabrunda ìunaiTed arTisTsSi~ da orivegan
gadaiRo mdare xarisxis kinosuraTebi, romlebSic aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom maTi
avtori dros CamorCa. imavdroulad is Seudga avtobiografiis weras, magram
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, ver daamTavra. daiwyo depresiis periodi da igi alko-
hols mieZala, naklebad Cndeboda sazogadoebaSi, TiTqmis aravis ikarebda Tavis-
Tan, werda leqsebsa da scenarebs. 1936 wels amerikulma kinoakademiam deivid
grifiTi daajildova òskariT~ kinoxelovnebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. sico-
cxlis bolo wlebi yvelasagan mitovebulma reJisorma martoobaSi gaatara da
gardaicvala 1948 wels.
deivid grifiTs udidesi damsaxureba miuZRvis kinowarmoebis ganviTarebaSi.
teqnikuri inovaciebiTa da maRalmxatvruli mignebebiT man sruliad axlebur
relsebze daayena kino, gaaumjobesa arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, gamoi-
gona e. w. `msubuqi fokusi~, kadris sferoSi Casma da sxv. rac mTavaria, man mtki-
ce safuZveli Cauyara TviT kinoreJisoris profesias.
124
Caplini
kinematografiul asparezze gamosulma Carlz Caplinma umokles vadaSi mo-

ipova iseTi popularoba, rac didebis nebismier maZiebels SeSurdeboda. am kine-
matografistma Tavisi kinosamsaxiobo da sareJisoro namuSevrebiT daamtkica,
rom kinos waruSleli STamagonebeli Zala gaaCnia, Seqmna sakuTari stili, far-
Tod rom warudgina msoflios, aCvena ganumeorebeli SemoqmedebiTi niWi, romlis
wyalobiTac miaRwia srulyofilsa da gamaognebel ostatobas. igi Tavad gaxda
kinos simbolo da cxovrebaSive iqca legendad.
Caplini daibada 1889 wels londonSi, varietes Raribi da uiRblo msaxiobe-
bis ojaxSi. bavSvoba man saSinel siRatakeSi gaatara. amas Tan daerTo ojaxuri
problemac – mSoblebi erTmaneTs daSordnen. xuTi wlisa iyo, roca dedam Car-
li Tavis samsaxurSi – varieteSi, waiyvana. biWuna mis gamosvlas kulisebidan
adevnebda Tvals, magram roca simReris Sesrulebisas dedas xma wauvida da sa-
sowarkveTili gavarda avanscenidan, gagulisebuli auditoriis dasawynareblad
dawesebulebis direqtorma gamouSva patara Caplini, romelic Tamamad wardga ma-
yureblis winaSe da wamoiwyo erTi cnobili simRera. damswre sazogadoebam ova-
ciebiT daajildova igi da monetebi gadauyara. bavSvma Sewyvita simRera, gamoac-
xada, rom jer fuls akrefda da mere isev imRerebda. aman ufro meti aRtaceba
gamoiwvia da misi misamarTiT monetebis srola gagrZelda. Carlim piroba Seas-
rula: imRera, icekva kidec da popularul msaxiobebsac mibaZa.
dedas fsiqiuri aSliloba daewyo. is moaTavses klinikaSi, xolo Carli da
misi ufrosi Zma, sidni aRmoCndnen upatrono bavSvTa TavSesafarSi, sadac sastiki
cxovrebis skola gaiares. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ojaxi isev Seikriba, magram
kvlav siduxWireSi uwevda yofna. ymawvili Carli obolTa saswavlebelSi swav-
lobda, Tumca guli scenisken miuwevda, ris gamoc miatova swavla da Cairicxa
mocekvaveTa ansambl `rva lankaSirel WabukSi~, romelSic daeufla cekvisa da
pantomimis xelovnebas. ojaxuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare igi iZulebuli ga-
xda, samuSao moeZebna da mcire xanSi sxvadasxva samsaxuri gamoicvala: yidda
Jurnal-gazeTebs, msaxurobda stambaSi, SuSis damamzadebel saamqroSi, eqimis mi-
saRebis asistentad da a. S. amasobaSi Caplinebis deda kidev erTxel moaTavses
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi, xolo Carlim aixdina ocneba _ moxvda erT-erT Te-
atrSi. aqedan moyolebuli man ramdenime Teatralur dasSi imuSava da sakmao
gamocdilebac daagrova.
17 wlis Caplini saxelganTqmulma Teatralurma moRvawem, fred karnom mi-
iwvia Tavis koleqtivSi, romlis wevrebs ùsityvo komediantebs~ eZaxdnen. axal
ampluaSi myofma Carlim daxvewa sapantomimo ostatoba, Seiswavla akrobatika da
ekvilibristika da Semdeg erT speqtaklSi mTavari rolic miiRo. swored maSin
SeamCnies igi britanelma kritikosebma da aRniSnes, rom misi saxiT niWieri komi-
kosi gamoCndao.
1910 wels karnos dasi aSS-Si gaemgzavra da warmatebuli turne Caatara. 2
wlis Semdeg gastrolebi ganmeorda. Carli brwyinvaled asaxierebda mTvral
personaJs piesaSi _ `saRamo londonur klubSi~ da mayurebelic gulianad ici-
noda mis TiToeul gamoCenaze. morigi warmodgenisas mas Tvali daadges kinema-
tografistebma da mak senetis `kistounSi~ SesTavazes gadasvla. Caplini daTanx-
mda, radgan kinoSi moRvaweobiT meti honorari eqneboda. masTan daido erTwlia-
125
ni kontraqti, romlis mixedviT axalbeda kinomsaxiobs kviraSi 150 dolari mie-
cemoda, xolo sami Tvis Semdeg yovelkvireulad daumatebdnen 25 dolars. miuxe-
davad amisa, man gadawyvita frTxilad mokideboda saqmes, rameTu Teatralebis
umetesoba naklebad etaneboda kinematografSi muSaobas.
rodesac mak senetma Carli Caplini pirvelad naxa, SeeSinda, radgan ugri-
mod Zalze axalgazrdulad gamoiyureboda. axal TanamSromels gulgrilad Se-
xvdnen `kistounis~ msaxiobebic, maT Soris, meibl normendic. ukve saxelmoxve-
Wilma reJisorma mas auxsna, rom yvelafers iRebdnen uscenarod da yovel film-
Si sakvanZo scenas warmoadgenda devnis epizodi. amgvari midgoma Caplins ar mo-
ewona. karnosTan is da misi kolegebi didxans undebodnen mizanscenebisa da
sxva detalebis winaswar dagegmva-damuSavebas. Tavdapirvelad igi isev ocnebob-
da dabruneboda Teatrs, sadac ara komikur, aramed dramatul rolebs iTamaSeb-
da, Tanac aRiarebda, rom kinosi bevri ram ar gaegeboda da gulwrfelad nanobda
arCevanis gamo.
axalgamomcxvari kinomsaxiobi aTamaSes filmSi `cxovrebisaTvis gadagebu-
li~ (1914, reJ. henri lermeni). mis gmirs monokli ekeTa da Zalze pirquSad gamoi-
yureboda. senetma daiwuna filmic da Carlis Teatraluri manerac. arc es uka-
naskneli darCa kmayofili sakuTari TamaSiT da gansakuTrebiT aRSfoTda reJi-
soris saqcieliT, radgan, misi azriT, lermenma saukeTeso triukebi amouWra sabo-
loo variantidan. da mainc, es iyo Caplinis pirveli Sexeba kinosTan, raSic, mar-
Talia, ver gamoavlina niWi, Tumca TviTdajereba SeiZina da presamac xazgasmiT
miuTiTa masze, rogorc am filmis gamorCeul monawileze.
momdevno namuSevrisaTvis `meiblis uCveulod urTulesi mdgomareoba~ (1914,
reJ. h. lermeni da m. seneti) Caplinma moifiqra axali gmiri niSandoblivi atri-
butebiT. es iyo mawanwala, romlis msgavsebi Tavad enaxa londonis uRaribes ub-
nebSi. arsebobs legenda, rom Carlim amgvari tipaJi Seqmna `kistounis~ studiis
mamakacTa sagrimioroSi. man kolegebis kinematografiuli samosidan da nivTebi-
sagan gaakeTa erTgvari najvari da rogorc TviTon ixsenebda, yvelaferi erTma-
neTis sawinaaRmdegos warmoadgenda: patara qudi da uSvelebeli fexsacmelebi,
tomrisebri Sarvali da viwro pijaki, rasac daamata mokle ulvaSi da xeljoxi.
amasTanave, daamuSava siarulis Taviseburi manera, romelic gadaiRo erTi brita-
neli nacnobisagan da filmze muSaobis procesSi iseT moZraobebs akeTebda, rom
mTeli gadamRebi jgufi xarxarebda, rac mas ufro met stimuls aZlevda. senet-
mac Seuqo roli da kinosuraTs farTo reklama gauwia, Tumca sanam is gamovido-
da ekranebze, manamde `kistounSi~ gakeTda `sabavSvo avtorbolebi venesSi~ (1914,
reJ. h. lermeni), sadac Caplini imave tipaJiT gamovida, xeljoxiTac Jongliorob-
da da axal-axal triukebsac asrulebda. es filmi winaze ufro adre gauSves
gaqiravebaSi, amitom zogi Tvlis, rom pirvelad masSi gamoCnda Carliseuli ma-
wanwala. orive kinosuraTs kargi presa hqonda da warmatebiT gadioda rogorc
aSS-Si, ise sazRvargareT, Tumca verc erTi ver ascda problemebsa da naklovane-
bebs: pirveli SvedeTSi cenzuram akrZala, radgan masSi àRmoaCina~ amoraluri
scenebi, xolo meoreSi gaipara ramdenime Secdoma, maT Soris is epizodebi, sadac
gadaiRes ubralo gamvlelebi, romlebic aSterdebodnen msaxiobTa TamaSs.
karnos dasSi miRebuli wrToba Carlis Zalian gamoadga. miuxedavad imisa,
rom mak seneti misgan mxolod temps moiTxovda, igi ar Cqarobda, meTodurad xve-
wda ostatobas. rasakvirvelia, pirvel namuSevrebSi misi yvela kinogmiri ar iyo
mawanwala, Tumca is sul imas fiqrobda, rogor ganeviTarebina es personaJi, raTa
ufro mimzidveli gaexada mayureblisaTvis.
126
rodesac `kistounelebi~ Seudgnen muSaobas kinosuraTze – `misi drostare-
bis sayvareli wesi~ (1914, reJ. jorj nikolzi), Carlim gaixsena speqtakli `saRa-
mo londonur klubSi~ da kinematografistebs SesTavaza, rom mTvralis rols
ganasaxierebda. idea mouwones da manac uzadod iTamaSa. presa werda: am axalbe-
dam saswaulebi moaxdina Tavisi triukebiTo. Semdegi warmatebuli proeqti gamo-
vida kinosuraTi `sastiki, sastiki siyvaruli~ (1914, reJ. jorj nikolzi da mak
seneti).
seneti mainc ukmayofilo iyo CarliT da erTxans masTan kontraqtis gawyve-
tasa da mis Tavidan moSorebas apirebda, magram akavebda erTaderTi garemoeba:
filmebi Caplinis monawileobiT kargad iyidebodnen da maT seriozuli Semosa-
vali mohqondaT `kistounisaTvis~. maSin senetma gadawyvita eqsperimentis Catare-
ba _ man Carli mosinja reJisoris rangSi da daavala gadaeRo filmi `meibli
saWesTan~ (1914). Caplini guldasmiT moekida saqmes, detalurad Camoayaliba samu-
Sao gegma, gaiazra TiToeuli epizodi, magram popularobiT gaTamamebuli normen-
di ar ujerebda, ris gamo patara usiamovnebac mouvidaT erTmaneTSi. aqedan mom-
wifda Carlis konfliqti `kistounTan~, misi xelmZRvanelobis mxatvrulsa da
sawarmoo stilTan. senetma CamoaSora Carli reJisorobas da meiblTan erTad
gaasrula gadaReba.
Caplini ar Seepua situacias da senets ganucxada, rom misTvis axali kino-
suraTis gakeTebis neba daerTo. `kistounis~ meTaurma moraluri kompensirebis
mizniT kidev erTi Sansi misca. Carlim gadaiRo filmi `siyvarulis oci wuTi~
(1914), Tumca zogierTi monacemiT mas TanareJisorobas uwevdnen Tavad seneti da
jozef mederni. namuSevari kargi gamovida da mayurebelsac moewona. Carlim Ta-
vis arsenalSi CarTo karnoseuli Teatraluri sareJisoro Taviseburebebi, gamo-
avlina mizanscenebis agebis saucxoo codna, brwyinvaled aiTvisa, rogor gadae-
Ro da daemontaJebina calkeuli kadri da epizodi. mis TiToeul axal filmSi
ukve igrZnoboda kinematografiuli novaciebisadmi dauokebeli wyurvili, Txro-
bis originaluri stilistika.
Carli Caplinma saxeli gaiTqva sazogadoebaSi. Jurnalistebi mudam Tavs
exveodnen, interviuebs arTmevdnen, Tayvanismcemlebi werilebs ugzavnidnen da pa-
suxebs Txovdnen, sxva kompaniebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rom TavisTan gadaebi-
rebinaT. mas gamousworda urTierToba normend-senetis wyvilTan da male aSS-Si
Caiyvana Zma, romelmac sakuTari personaJi moigona da SesaniSnavad gamodioda
`kistounis~ komediebSi. rodesac Carlim gadaiRo `comi da dinamiti~ (1914), sa-
dac eqscentrikuli komediis araCveulebrivi nimuSi aCvena, dadgenili xarjTaR-
ricxvis gadaWarbebis gamo senetma dauqviTa is 25 dolari, rac eZleoda, rogorc
reJisors. yvelasaTvis moulodnelad filmma gaqiravebaSi didZali Semosavali
moagrova da `kistounis~ saukeTeso komerciuli produqti gaxda.
senetma gaakeTa pirveli srulmetraJiani kinokomedia `tilis Sewyvetili
romani~ (1914) da mTavari rolis Sesasruleblad miiwvia cnobili Teatraluri
msaxiobi meri dresleri, xolo danarCen wamyvan rolebSi aTamaSa normendi da
Caplini. senets undoda, xeli Seewyo dresleris popularizaciisaTvis kinoSi, sa-
dac mas aravin icnobda, xolo meibli da Carli ukve iTvlebodnen maRali donis
msaxiobebad. kinosuraTma imedebi gaamarTla: auditoriac da kritikac Tbilad
Sexvda, dresleris debiuti warmatebuli gamodga da partniorebmac Rirseulad
aubes mxari.
Carlis kinokompaniis sareklamo samsaxuri warmoebuli produqciis gamale-
bul afiSirebas eweoda da amaSi Caplins Tavisi niSa hqonda. mis kinosuraTebs
127
britaneTSi sagangebod avrcelebdnen. erT sareklamo gancxadebaSi ewera: `mzad
xarT Caplinis bumisaTvis? jer aravis miuRwevia didebisaTvis ase swrafad, ro-
gorc Carli Caplins, karnos saxelovan komikoss `kistounis~ komediebSi~. brita-
nelebi siamovnebiT dadiodnen kinoTeatrebSi maT sanaxavad da amayobdnen kidec
Carlis britanuli warmomavlobiT.
1914 wlis miwuruls Caplinma senets mosTxova axali pirobebi _ kviraSi
1000 dolari honoraris saxiT, razec civi uari miiRo. is da misi Zma dainteres-
dnen sxvagan gadasvliT da molaparakebebi gaabes momaval potenciur damqirave-
blebTan. Carlis bolo namuSevari `kistounSi~ iyo `misi preistoriuli warsu-
li~ (1914), sadac sruliad axleburi triukebi gaakeTa da erTgvarad Seanela se-
netiseuli giJuri tempi. man Tavis filmebs SesZina meti siTbo, humanuroba da
realizmi. kritikosebi acxadebdnen, rom Tuki senetis kinokompaniis komediebi
warmoadgenen mxolod aRweras, Caplinis filmebi ufro gamoxatvas emsaxurebod-
nen da aranair pirobiTobas ar eqvemdebarebodnen.
1914 wlis noemberSi Carli gadavida èseneiSi~, romlis erT-erTi xelmZRva-
neli jilbert endersoni dapirda, rom erTwliani kontraqtis safuZvelze mis-
cemda kviraSi 1250 dolars, xolo kontraqtze xelmowerisTanave _ 10000-s, rasac
misi partnioris – jorj spuris, gaRizianeba mohyva, amitom igi arc ki daswrebia
kontraqtze xelmoweris ceremonials. amasTanave, spuris gankargulebiT axal
TanamSromels 10000 dolaris gadacema SeuCeres. momavali erTi wlis ganmavlo-
baSi Caplins unda gadaeRo 14 filmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar moewona axa-
li pirobebi, gahyva endersons kinokompaniis studiaSi. Carlis mieca saSualeba,
Tavad SeerCia kinomsaxiobebi da Tavadve gadaeRo kinosuraTebi. man Tavi mouya-
ra gadamReb koleqtivs da swored maSin SesTavazes qalis rolebze edna pervai-
ensis ayvana. igi moixibla ednaTi, romelic misi `kinematografiuli muza~ da
uaxloesi megobari gaxda.
èseneiSi~ gadaRebuli pirvelive namuSevari `misi axali samsaxuri~ (1915),
raSic reJisorma `kistounis~ stilis oromtriali moawyo, Caplinis Semoqmede-
biTi warmatebis morig nabijad iqca da kinokompanias didi Semosavali moutana.
amiT gaxarebulma spurma dauyovnebliv gadauxada dapirebuli Tanxa, ramac igi
momavali kinoproeqtebisadmi optimisturad ganawyo. Carlis dawesebul grafik-
Si Cateva yovelTvis uZneldeboda, radgan kinosuraTebs uscenarod iRebda, ris
gamoc xSir sayvedurebs imsaxurebda. amis sanimuSo magaliTs warmoadgenda ko-
media `Cempioni~ (1915), romlis gadaReba dadgenilze metxans, sam kviraze, gaiwela,
magram Sedegi isev moulodneli aRmoCnda _ filmma sakmao mogeba naxa. Tavad
Caplini kriviT iyo gatacebuli, xSirad eswreboda Sejibrebebs da amitom airCia
es Tematika.
Carlis èseneis~ periodis namuSevrebidan aRsaniSnavia kinosuraTebi: `ma-
wanwala~ (1915), romelSic reJisorma mcireodeni romantikuli suliskveTeba ga-
uria, `samuSao~ (1915), sadac groteskulma pasaJebma gaielves, originaluri triu-
kebiT aRsavse `banki~ (1915) da `saRamo SouSi~ (1915), romlis safuZvlad avtorma
gamoiyena piesa `saRamo londonur klubSi~, Tumca brmad ar mihyva ekranizacias
da masSi novatoruli kinoxerxebic CarTo.
Caplini imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom mis filmebs ramdenjerme naxulob-
da mayurebeli, xalxi quCaSi xvdeboda, esalmeboda, avtografs sTxovda. zogma
mwarmoebelma daiwyo misi stilis fexsacmlebis, qudebisa da xeljoxebis damza-
deba da mas maTi reklamirebisaTvis uzarmazar Tanxas sTavazobdnen. erTxel,
roca igi los anJelesidan niu-iorkSi matarebliT mgzavrobda da yovel did
128
qalaqSi sagangebo Sexvedrebsa da ovaciebs umarTavdnen, niu-iorkis policiis
ufrosma depeSiT mowiwebiT SeuTvala, rom misdami daqvemdebarebuli qalaqis
ara rkinigzis centralur sadgurSi, aramed erTi an ori gaCerebiT adre Casuli-
yo matareblidan, rameTu sadgurSi mis gamoCenas dilidanve eloda Tayvanismce-
melTa masa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis adgilobrivi damcvelebi ver uzrun-
velyofdnen mosalodneli areulobis Tavidan acilebas.
1916 wlis TebervalSi Carli gadavida `miuCualSi~, sadac kviraSi miiRebda
10000 dolars, xolo premiis saxiT damatebiT 150000-s. aman aRaSfoTa sazogadoe-
bis nawili. zogierTi religiuri moRvawe kicxavda mas amdeni fulisaTvis da
siZunwesac abralebda. imave xanebSi britaneTSi mis winaaRmdeg agorda cilis-
mwamebluri kampania _ Caplins daabrales armiaSi samsaxurisaTvis Tavis aride-
ba, roca misi Tanamemamuleebi gmirulad ibrZodnen pirvel msoflio omSi. Carli
simxdaleSi daadanaSaules, magram, rogorc gairkva, mas ar miuRia oficialuri
gawveva.
axal kinokompaniaSi Carlis meti SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba mieca. man
èseneidan~ waiyola msaxiobTa erTi jgufi edna pervaiensis meTaurobiT da mas
axlebi miamata. muSaobisas igi uamrav dubls iRebda da amitom didi raodeno-
bis firic exarjeboda, yovel msaxiobTan gadioda repeticias, TiToeuls aswav-
lida, rogor unda eTamaSa esa Tu is roli da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWe-
bda dialogebis damuSavebas miT ufro, rom uxmo kinoSi sxvebi amas naklebad
iyenebdnen. mas hqonia SemTxvevebi, roca gadaRebul scenas meore dRes rom gaia-
zrebda, aRar moewoneboda da xelaxla iRebda sxvagvarad. xandaxan dekoraciebis
agebas ise iwyebda, rom arc ki hqonda gadawyvetili, ra unda gadaeRo. `miuCual-
Si~ gasakeTebeli pirvelive filmisaTvis, romelsac ewoda `maRaziis administra-
tori~ (1916), man oci dRe moandoma siuJetze fiqrs da mxolod amis Semdeg waawy-
da pikantur ambavs, roca erT gamvlels eskalatorze daucurda fexi da sasaci-
lo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma Zlivs daaRwia Tavi am axalgamogonebuli apara-
tis trials. amis Semxedvare Carlis ramdenime idea mouvida da maTze aago siu-
Jeti.
1916 wels erT-erTma gamomcemlobam Caplinis daukiTxavad gamosca wigni
`Carli Caplini. avtobiografia~, romelsac safuZvlad daedo Jurnalist rouz
leinis vrceli interviu CarlisTan, Tumca gamomcemlebma masSi bevri ram Sea-
lamazes. amis gamo Caplini Tavidanve cdilobda xeli SeeSala gamocemisaTvis,
mere gamomcemlobas sasamarTloSic uCivla, magram veras gaxda. Semdeg saqmeSi
gavleniani Suamavlebi Caerivnen da garkveul safasurad daiyolies, rom Sewyve-
tda Civils, Tumca igi am wigns yovelTvis Tvlida araswori informaciebis Sem-
cvelad.
CaplinisaTvis `miuCualSi~ moRvaweoba iyo erT-erTi nayofieri etapi. mas
ukve imxela avtoriteti gaaCnda, rom TviTon wyvetda, vis emuSava mis gadamReb
jgufSi da kinostudiaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isic daqiravebulad iricxeboda.
Carlis ar uyvarda Jurnalistebi, gadaRebisas kinostudiaSi aravis uSvebda, yve-
lasagan iTxovda, misTvis mxolod saxeliT miemarTaT. roca diliT samsaxurSi
mividoda, TiToeuli TanamSromeli jariskaciviT gamoejgimeboda da mis gankar-
gulebebs eloda. isini xumrobdnen da masac siamovnebda amgvari urTierToba.
montaJs igi ramdenime dRes uTmobda, bevr masalas amoWrida da arsebul stan-
dartze daiyvanda kinosuraTs. misTvis mTavari iyo films hqonoda devnis epizo-
debi, komikuri etiudebi, farsis elementebi da Tavbrudamxvevi triukebi. Tavisu-
fal dros Caplini werda musikas, ukravda violinoze, SesaniSnavad cekvavda, Ta-
129
maSobda teniss, curavda, varjiSobda sxvadasxva sportul iaraRze. maSindel ame-
rikaSi mowyobil kostiumirebul mejlisebze mamakacTa umetesoba swored mawan-
walas samosiTa da atributikiT dadioda.
`miuCualSi~ gakeTebuli kinosuraTebidan yvelaze gamorCeulia `wynari qu-
Ca~ (1917), viqtorianuli epoqis moralisturi melodramis parodia, romelzec mu-
Saobis procesSi Caplins araerTi problema Seeqmna: jer kaliforniaSi gaxSire-
bulma wvimebma xeli SeuSales naturaze gadaRebas, mere mcire xniT iavadmyofa
da bolos, erT-erTi epizodis gadaRebisas, boZi daeca Tavze da saxe dauziana.
erTxel CikagoSi, sadac erT kinoTeatrSi mis films aCvenebdnen, Carlis
sTxoves, kinoTeatris win gaevlo Cveuli maneriT. man ki gaiara, magram veravin
ver icno, radgan im droisaTvis uamravi mimbaZveli gamouCnda rogorc kinoSi,
ise TeatrSi. 1917 wlis bolos Caplinma maT uCivla da procesic moigo. `miuCua-
lis~ xelmZRvanelobam morigi usiamovnebebis Tavidan acilebisa da WeSmarite-
bis dadgenis mizniT gadawyvita, rom mis TiToeul films Sesaval titrSi wam-
ZRvareboda misive xelmowera.
Carlim ganagrZo muSaoba, Tumca guli mainc sxvagan miuwevda, axali simaR-
leebis dapyroba surda, axal SemoqmedebiT garemos eZebda, amitom roca `miuCu-
alma~ momavali wlisaTvis SesTavaza axali sakontraqto pirobebi, romliTac
mas unda gadaeRo 12 kinosuraTi da amisaTvis miiRebda erT milionamde dolars,
man ukuagdo winadadeba da sidnis daavala sxva kinokompaniis moZieba. igi ambob-
da, rom aravin ar unda damSviddes, rodesac miaRwevs didebasa da simdidres ro-
melime sferoSi. Zalebi unda gamoiyeno yvelgan da Tanamedrove axalgazrdisa-
Tvis gaxsnilia farTo SesaZleblobebi, magram imisaTvis, raTa raime Sedegi gqo-
ndes, Tavdauzogavad unda imuSavo. sxvanairad imedebs ar uweria aRsrulebao.
Zmebi Caplinebi gadavidnen `fersT neiSenalSi~, sadac daafuZnes sakuTari
studia. Carlis weliwadSi unda gaekeTebina rva ornawiliani komedia. studiis
aSeneba-gawyobas sami Tve dasWirda.
pirvelive kinosuraTSi Carlim moifiqra, amieridan Tavis nawarmoebebSi uf-
ro metad gaesva xazi socialuri problemebisaTvis. films samuSao variantSi
erqva `Rirs Sewuxeba~, magram mas Semdeg, rac kinostudiaSi stumrad ewvia Zveli
megobari msaxiobi, romelmac uTxra, rom, marTlac, ZaRluri cxovreba gaqvso, sa-
xelwodeba gadakeTda `ZaRlur cxovrebad~. igi ekranebze gavida 1918 wels da
dadebiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura, vinaidan masSi gamoCnda realisturi sawyisebi, da-
bali fenebis duxWiri yofa, SimSili, siRaribe, socialuri usamarTloba. Jurna-
li `fotoplei~ werda, rom es namuSevari aris pirquSi gareubnis patara Canaxa-
ti da mas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia wlevandel saukeTeso kinoproduqcia-
Sio. `ZaRluri cxovreba~ aRiares srulyofil nimuSad, xolo lui delukma uwo-
da `xelovnebis pirveli nawarmoebi kinematografSi~.
Caplins miaCnda, rom misi Semoqmedebis yvelaze kargi Semfaseblebi bavSvebi
iyvnen, amitom, roca romelime filmze muSaobas gaasrulebda, dauZaxebda studiis
maxloblad mcxovreb bavSvebs, sademonstracio darbazSi ayurebinebda am films,
Tan TiToeuls akvirdeboda, ainteresebda maTi reaqcia da Tu CaTvlida, rom
kinosuraTi ar iyo sakmarisad sasacilo, seansis Semdeg samontaJo magidas miuj-
deboda, gamzadebuli aslidan amoyrida arasasurvel scenebs da meore dRidan
Seudgeboda axali epizodebis gadaRebas.
im wels Caplinma sakontraqto pirobebi ver Seasrula: man mxolod oTxi
filmi gadaiRo, magram amisaTvis pasuxi aravis mouTxovia, piriqiT, kinokompania
`fersT neiSenalis~ mesveurebi kmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen im Semosavalze, rac
130
mis filmebs mohqondaT. Carlis arc yvela aqebda: zogierTi kritikosi pirdapir
presis furclebze lanZRavda mis yovel axal namuSevars, Tumca Tavadac mas ar
moswonda misive zogierTi kinosuraTi.
morigi Sedevri `TofiT mxarze~ (1918) Carlim erT TveSi gadaiRo. es iyo
erTgvari propagandistuli filmi pirveli msoflio omis Tematikaze. kinostu-
diis dekoratorebma brwyinvaled imuSaves _ maT ise moawyves safronto Txri-
lebi da sxva nagebobebi, rom gegoneboda kinosuraTi marTlac uSualod brZo-
lis velzea gadaRebulio. roca igi sabolood gaamzada, Carlis ratomRac aRar
moewona da gadawyvita, sanagveSi gadaegdo, magram kinostudiaSi gamarTul pirve-
live Cvenebaze, roca dainaxa, rom misi uaxloesi megobari _ daglas fearbenqsi
xarxarebda, gadaifiqra da gaqiravebaSi gauSva.
amerikuli soflis cxovrebas miuZRvna Carlim momdevno namuSevari `sanisa-
idi~ (1919). igi SemoqmedebiT krizisSi Cavarda, ris gamoc am filmis warmoeba ga-
uWianurda. amave periodSi mis ojaxSi moxda didi tragedia _ Carlis gardaec-
vala sami dRis dabadebuli pirveli Svili. is damwuxrda, Sin Caiketa, sasowar-
kveTilebis saburvelSi gaexvia. ramdenime kviris Semdeg daubrunda samsaxurs
da wamoiwyo axali proeqtebi. erT miuzikholSi igi daeswro eqscentrikuli mo-
cekvavis gamosvlas, rac imiT damTavrda, rom mocekvavem scenaze gamoiyvana Tavi-
si patara vaJi _ jeki qugeni, romelmac mamamiss mibaZa da xangrZlivi aplodis-
mentebic daimsaxura. Carli aRtacebuli darCa bavSviT, gaecno mis ojaxs da je-
kis daumegobrda. arsebobs maTi gacnobis kidev erTi versia, romlis mixedviT
Caplinma jeki quCaSi SeamCnia, roca es ukanaskneli bananis qerqebs uyrida gam-
vlelebs im imediT, rom romelimes maTze dadgmuli fexi daucurdeboda. Carlim
miixmo onavari da hkiTxa, Tu undoda filmSi gadaReba, jeki daeTanxma, magram, ro-
desac saxelovanma kinematografistma sTxova, mamaSenTan wamiyvaneo, bavSvma miu-
go, rom me ukve xuTi wlis var da SemiZlia damoukideblad vawarmoo piradi saq-
meebio.
morig kinosuraTze muSaoba 18 Tve mimdinareobda. Carlim partniorad jeki
SearCia. erT epizodSi, romelSic qugens unda etira da verafriT aatires, Capli-
ni dapirda, Tu davalebas ar Seasrulebda, aucileblad miabrZanebda gamosaswo-
rebel dawesebulebaSi, ris Sedegadac bavSvi abRavlda. films, romelic iyo Car-
lis, rogorc reJisoris, pirveli srulmetraJiani namuSevari, daerqva `biWuna~.
masSi bevri msaxiobi monawileobda, maT Soris patara gogona _ lilita meqmeri.
Caplins problemebi Seeqmna `fersT neiSenalTan~ da rogorc gairkva, amaSi
misi yofili coli mildred herisic iyo gareuli. reJisori iTxovda, rom kino-
kompanias, gamonaklisis saxiT, misTvis gadaexada dapirebulze meti honorari,
radgan sxvadasxva mizezisa da gauTvaliswinebeli xarjis gamo dadgenil vadeb-
ze metxans mouwia filmze muSaoba. kinokompania uarze dadga. Carlim da misma
TanaSemweebma moipares kinosuraTis negativebi, yvelasagan saidumlod wavidnen
solt-leik-sitiSi, romlis erTi sastumros saZinebeli samontaJo oTaxad gadaa-
keTes da iq daamontaJes filmis didi nawili. iqidan maT gadainacvles aRmosav-
leT sanapiroze, niu jersis StatSi, sadac daasrules montaJi. Caplinma axali
pirobebi wauyena kinokompanias, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqreboda, rom ar dauT-
mobda kinosuraTs. `fersT neiSenali~ iZulebuli gaxda, Seecvala pozicia, Car-
lis milion-naxevari dolari gadauxada da aseve ivaldebula Semosavlis naxev-
ris misTvis gadacema. `biWuna~ ekranebze gavida 1921 wlis ianvarSi da arnaxul
warmatebas miaRwia. mere is aCvenes msoflios 50 qveyanaSi. am kinosuraTma masze
daxarjuli Tanxebi aTmagad amoiRo da imxanad astronomiuli mogeba moitana.
131
saintereso eqsperimentebi Caatara Carli Caplinma filmSi `xelfasis dRe~
(1922), romelSic aqcenti gaakeTa gamomsaxvelobiT mxareebze, uCveulo ganaTebiT,
SuqiTa da Crdilebis TamaSiT warmoadgina sagnebisa da movlenebis uzado kine-
matografiuli xedva. `fersT neiSenalTan~ TanamSromloba man gaasrula araCve-
ulebrivi kinosuraTiT _ `piligrimiT~ (1923), romelic Caifiqra, rogorc parodia
vesternze, magram gamouvida tradiciuli komedia, kinosatira provincieli fari-
sevlebis zneobaze. is uproblemod gakeTda 42 dReSi. masSi gadaiRes bevri, mra-
valferovani eqsterieri, los anJelesis gareubnebis mimdebare teritoriebi. usi-
amovnebebi daiwyo misi ekranebze gaSvebis dRidan _ eklesiam da zogierTi Sta-
tis cenzuram moiTxoves gaqiravebidan filmis moxsna, radgan Seuracxyofda re-
ligiur mrwamss, xolo zogan imdeni epizodi amoWres, rom demonstrirebas azri
aRar hqonda.
Caplinma moicala ìunaiTed arTisTsisaTvis~, romlis erT-erTi damfuZnebe-
li iyo. am kinokompaniis egidiT man gadaiRo ara komikuri, aramed dramatuli
filmi `parizeli qali~ (1923). amaze igi didxans ocnebobda da manamde am mizniT
ramdenime literaturuli nawarmoebi guldasmiT gadaikiTxa. fabulisaTvis man
gamoiyena nacnobi qalis monayoli missave Tavgadasavlebze parizSi, iqauri eli-
tis cxovrebaze, Tumca siuJetze muSaobisas personaJebma da situaciebma revizia
ganicades. mTavari rolebis saTamaSod ixmes edna pervaiensi da adolf menJu. es
iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca Carli ar gamodioda mTavar rolSi, Tumca mainc
ganasaxiera epizoduri tipaJi.
marTalia, Caplini msaxiobebs piradad arasodes elaparakeboda honorarze,
magram axla mouwia amis gakeTeba menJusTan, rameTu es ukanaskneli did Tanxas
iTxovda da yvelasaTvis gasaocrad daiTanxma reJisori. gadasaReb moedanze Car-
li damajereblad gamoiyureboda: xelmZRvanelobda dekoraciebis agebas, ama Tu
im scenis aTeulobiT variants iRebda, raTa mere montaJisas maTgan saukeTeso
amoerCia, films akeTebda imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor viTardeboda siuJeti, repe-
ticiebis Semdeg msaxiobebs mouwodebda, rom saTanadod gaeazrebinaT TavianTi
personaJebis qmedeba da yvelanairi niuansi. menJu gaognebuli iyo misi niWiT. is
mixvda, rom misgan ufro met gamocdilebas SeiZenda, vidre manamde mieRo.
`parizeli qali~ uscenarodaa gadaRebuli, ramac gaaoca specialistebi da
zogs arc ki sjeroda. aseT urwmunoebs Carli pasuxobda, rom mTeli scenari
TavSi hqonda da miuxedavad imisa, rom dramaturgiuli kanonebis codnaSi aranai-
ri akademiuri ganaTleba ar gaaCnda, Sinaganad saucxood grZnobda, rogor aewyo
moqmedeba. igi ar Takilobda studiis TanamSromlebTan saubars, radgan aintere-
sebda maTi azrebi Tavis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT. erTi scenis gadaRebisas
misma erTma asistentma SeniSvna misca, rom is ase ar unda gadaeRoT, risTvisac
Carlis masTan SekamaTeba mouvida, magram meore dRes, roca gamJRavnebuli masa-
la naxa, darwmunda, rom asistenti aSkarad marTali iyo, amitom scena xelmeored
gadaiRo. TanamSromlebi mis xasiaTs xvdebodnen imiT, Tu ra feris kostiumi ec-
va. amisaTvis isini mis kamerdiners urekavdnen yovel diliT, misi saxlidan gasv-
lis Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT eridebodnen, roca mwvane kostiumiT midioda sam-
saxurSi.
Carlim kinosuraTis Sesaval titrSi dawera: `kacobrioba Sedgeba ara gmi-
rebisa da aramzadebisagan, aramed saxasiaTo vnebebiT aRsavse mamakacebisa da qa-
lebisagan. umecrebaa maTi gansja, xolo brZeni TanagrZnobiT ganewyoba maT mi-
marT~. aseTi pozicia moinaTla mis zogad saprogramo Sexedulebad cxovrebaze,
adamianebTan urTierTobaze.
132
`parizeli qalis~ premiera moewyo 1923 wlis 26 seqtembers, los anJelesis
yvelaze aristokratiul kinoTeatr `qraiTerienSi~. am RonisZiebisaTvis Caplinma
dawera musika, romelic Seasrula sagangebod miwveulma simfoniurma orkestrma.
Tavad reJisori da edna ar imyofebodnen premieraze, radgan matarebliT miem-
gzavrebodnen niu-iorkSi, sadac ramdenime dRis Semdeg iyo daniSnuli filmis
pirveli Cveneba. Carlim mayureblisaTvis moamzada mimarTva, raSic werda, rom am
seriozul dramaSi Seecada, gamoexata realizmi, raTa auditorias Rrmad gaecno-
bierebina ara raime winaswarmetyveleba an filosofiuri idea, aramed mxolod
adamianuri sisusteebi.
amerikulma presam xotba Seasxa Caplinis namuSevars da misi avtori saxe-
lovan mwerlebs Seadara. igive azrisani iyvnen britaneli kritikosebi, romleb-
mac miuTiTes, rom am uzado kinosuraTSi, romelic Tanamedroveobas eZRvneba, Cap-
lins eyo gambedaoba, raTa moeSorebina yvelanairi kinematografiuli pirobiTo-
bao. male eiforiam gaiara, aRtkineba dacxra da kinosuraTi oTxi kviris Semdeg
gaqiravebidan moixsna, radgan Semosavali aRar mohqonda. mayurebels ar moewona
igi. mas ar ainteresebda Caplinis seriozuli namuSevari, misi saxeli mxolod
komediebTan da sicilTan asocirdeboda. Tanac is ar TamaSobda mTavar rolSi.
reJisori damwuxrda da filmis yvela asli didi xniT Seinaxa filmsacavSi. sa-
erTod mas iseTi Cveuleba hqonda, rom roca mis filmebs distribuciis vada ga-
uTavdebodaT, maT meorejer gavrcelebas erideboda.
momavali filmis idea Carlis daebada erTi sauzmis dros, romelzec is
miiwvies fearbenqsma da pikfordma. man naxa fotosuraTi, romelzec aRbeWdili
iyo gasuli saukunis oqrosmaZiebelTa grZeli mwkrivi, xolo ukana mxares ewera
im siZneleebze, rac gadaitanes am adamianebma. amasTanave, im periodSi Caplinma
waikiTxa dokumenturi wigni emigrantebze, romlebic moxvdnen siera-nevadas mTeb-
Si, sadac zogierTi daiRupa, xolo danarCenebi imiT gadarCnen, rom Turme jer
sakuTari fexsacmelebi SeWames da mere kanibalizms eweodnen, sanam maSvelTa
jgufma ar miakvlia maT adgilsamyofels. Carli SeZra am ambebma da ganacxada,
rom rac ar unda paradoqsalurad JRerdes, tragedia iwvevs sicils da vfiqrob,
rom sicili aris winaaRmdegobebis sulis gamovlineba, xolo Cven isRa dagvrCe-
nia, vicinoT Cvens umweobaze bunebrivi stiqiebis winaSe an gavgiJdeTo.
Carlim gadawyvita, Tavad Seesrulebina mTavari gmiri, oRond qalis rolze
aRar aiyvana pervaiensi. imxanad mas colad hyavda lilita meqmeri, romelsac sa-
xeli da gvari lita greid gadaukeTa da am rolisaTvis Tavdapirvelad masze
SeaCera yuradReba, magram misi fexmZimobis gamo iZulebuli Seiqmna sxva msaxio-
bi moeZebna. man ramdenime aTeuli kandidati gasinja da maTgan amoarCia jorjia
heili. kinosuraTis samuSao saTaurebi sabolood Sejerda saxelwodebaSi _
òqros cieb-cxeleba~. filmis biujeti 923000 dolariT ganisazRvra da masze
muSaobas 15 Tves moundnen. gadaRebaSi gamoiyenes 600 statisti, Zalian bevri make-
ti da namdvili daTvi, radgan Carlis miaCnda, rom mis tyavSi gaxveuli verc er-
Ti msaxiobi bunebrivad ver iTamaSebda am rols.
òqros cieb-cxeleba~ ekranebze gavida 1925 wlis ivnisidan. premieris dRes
Caplini Tavad avida scenaze da sityva warmosTqva. mayurebeli aRtacebaSi moiy-
vana filmma _ am senetiseuli komediis, socialuri satirisa da klasikuri pan-
tomimis nazavma. kritikam mniSvnelovanwilad gausva xazi filmis emociursa da
dramatul momentebs, misi gmiris romantikulsa da idealistur xasiaTs. gansa-
kuTrebuli mowoneba daimsaxura orma epizodma: fexsacmlis SeWmis scenam da
`funTuSebis cekvam~. kinosuraTma warmatebiT moiara aSS-is didi qalaqebis ek-
133
ranebi, Tumca mis demonstrirebas problemebi hqonda provinciul adgilebSi sa-
reklamo kampaniis arasworad warmarTvis gamo. Semdeg filmi gaitanes evropaSi,
sadac didZali Semosavali moagrova.
òqros cieb-cxelebasTan~ dakavSirebiT Carli ambobda, rom cxovreba tra-
gediaa, roca mas uyureb axlo xediT da komediaa, roca akvirdebi Soridano. ro-
desac cnobilma mecnierma _ albert ainStainma Caplins miswera, rom òqros ci-
eb-cxeleba~ msoflioSi yvelasaTvis gasagebia, amitom Tqven aucileblad gaxde-
biT didi adamiani, xelovanma upasuxa, TqveniT ufro metad var aRfrTovanebuli
da Tqveni fardobiTobis Teoria msoflioSi aravis esmis, magram mainc gaxdiT
didi adamianio.
Carli ocnebobda, gaekeTebina raime klasikuri ekranizacia, aseve gegmaSi
hqonda gadaeRo filmi napoleonze, magram yvelaferi momavlisaTvis gadado da
axali proeqtis idea Tavis asistentsa da msaxiobs, henri bergmens gaando. pir-
vandeli monaxaziT misi gmiri gamouval mdgomareobaSi unda aRmoCeniliyo sad-
Rac simaRleze da maimunebs ar unda miecaT misTvis mosveneba. bergmenma urCia,
filmi gadaeRoT cirkSi, TaRis qveS gaWimul bagirze.
mosamzadebel periodSi reJisori bevrs muSaobda asistentebTan, igonebda
da xvewda epizodebs, arCevda msaxiobebs, meTvalyureobda dekoraciebisa da kos-
tiumebis eskizebis Sedgenas. roca daiwyo gadaRebis etapi, man uRalata tradi-
cias da scenebs araTanmimdevrulad iRebda.
nayofieri samuSao procesi Seaferxa axalma problemam _ Carli gaSorda
litas, rasac mohyva xangrZlivi sasamarTlo garCeva da molaparakebebi. Caplinis
winaaRmdeg dairazma sazogadoebis nawili, lita ki cdilobda, rac SeiZleba me-
ti fuli daecincla misTvis. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, erTxans Caplinis
studiac ki daluqes, ramac igi morig depresiaSi Caagdo, Tumca mis dasacavad
xma aRimaRles ara marto amerikuli, aramed franguli kulturis cnobilma moR-
vaweebmac. bolos yvelaferi ise damTavrda, rom litam saarako Tanxa miiRo.
kinosuraTze muSaoba ganaxlda. Carli Cveul kalapots daubrunda. films
ewoda `cirki~. studiaSi daibeWda sareklamo broSurebi da fotosuraTebi. 1928
wlis 6 ianvars Sedga `cirkis~ premiera niu-iorkSi, xolo sami kviris Semdeg _
los anJelesSi, sadac jer aCvenes mcire zomis sacirko warmodgenebi, Semdeg ki
gauSves kinosuraTi. Caplinis namuSevars fantastikuri warmateba xvda wilad.
zogierTma kritikosma masSi dainaxa dramisa da komediis elementebis Tanaswo-
robis sanimuSo magaliTi. yvelas ukvirda, rom amdeni problemis fonze rogor
sZlia Carli Caplinma Tavs da aseTi Sedevri aCuqa kinos moyvarulebsa da pro-
fesionalebs.
134
germanuli kino: pirveli etapi
germanuli kinos pionerebma _ Zmebma maqs da emil skladanovskebma, jer ki-

dev 1887 wels daiwyes cdebi `moZrav fotoebze~, xolo 1892 wels Seqmnes qrono-
fotografiuli kamera, riTac imave wlis agvistoSi, berlinSi, erTi saxlis saxu-
ravze gadaiRes pirveli sacdeli epizodi `kodakis~ firiT. 1895 wlis zafxuli-
saTvis maT sisruleSi moiyvanes aparati, romelsac `bioskopi~ uwodes da berli-
nis gareubanSi moawyves misi Cveneba. `bioskopi~ warmoadgenda mZime xelsawyos
eleqtronuli naTurebiT, 54-milimetriani firiTa da ormagi proeqtoriT. ori
aTmetriani patara filmi gadioda or obieqtivSi, romlebic rigrigobiT ixsne-
boda da aCvenebda gamosaxulebebs. aparati wamSi 16 kadrs uSvebda. pirvel se-
anss daeswrnen berlinis varietes _ `vintergartenis~ direqtorebi, romlebmac
skladanovskebs daudes kontraqti, ris mixedviTac maT 1895 wlis 1 noembers moa-
wyves evropaSi pirveli komerciuli kinoseansi aRniSnul dawesebulebaSi. prog-
rama Sedgeboda cxra filmisagan, romlebzec aRbeWdili iyo varietes sxvadasxva
warmodgenis epizodebi. TiToeulis saTaurs aCvenebdnen `laterna majikaTi~, me-
re ki `bioskopiT~ gadioda eqvswamiani filmi, rasac ramdenjerme imeorebdnen.
`bioskopis~ morigi seansebi daiwyo imave wlis 21 dekembridan hamburgSi, sa-
dac aparats myidvelebi gamouCndnen, magram skladanovskebma is Zalian Zvirad
Seafases. maTi gamogonebiT dainteresebulma frangma impresarioebma ZmebTan gaa-
formes xelSekruleba da momavali wlis ianvridan sagastrolod miiwvies pa-
rizSi, magram mas Semdeg, rac lumierebis pirveli komerciuli Cveneba moewyo
`gran kafeSi~, uari SeuTvales, Tumca dapirebuli Tanxis nawili gadauxades.
amiT gawbilebul gamomgoneblebs far-xmali ar dauyriaT da moawyves turne
germaniaSi, daniaSi, holandiaSi, norvegiasa da SvedeTSi. swored maTi damsaxure-
baa, rom CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi termini _ `bioskopi~ (anu `biu~) ufro gai-
givda kinematografTan, vidre `sinema~.
mewarme ludvig Stolverkma germaniaSi gza gauxsna Zmebi lumierebis apa-
rats. man miiwvia maTi operatorebi, romlebic daqiravebul Senobebsa da saxel-
daxelo karvebSi aCvenebdnen lumierebis filmebs. pirveli Cveneba moewyo 1896
wlis 16 aprils kiolnSi, sadac iyo Stolverkis Sokoladis fabrika. ramdenime
dRis Semdeg `sinematografi~ warudgines berlinelebs. manamde Stolverks miwve-
uli hyavda britaneli birT eiqrsi, magram daiwuna misi aparati, radgan zedmetad
cimcimebda gamosaxuleba. lumierebiT misi Canacvlebis Semdeg eiqrsi ramdenime
Tves darCa germaniaSi da agrZelebda gadaRebas. mas arc axlo momavalSi gauw-
yvetia kavSiri mewarmesTan da misTvis sareklamo rgolebs amzadebda.
optikuri aparatebis fabrikantis vaJiSvilma, oskar mesterma 1896 wlis da-
sawyisSi daiwyo proeqtoris damzadeba, raTa ekranze gaeSva `kinetoskopis~ fil-
mebi. mogvianebiT man iyida robert polis aparati, kargad gaecno mas da mcire
xanSi sakuTari naxazebiT gaakeTa kinokamera erTi rusi Soumenis dakveTiT.
wlis bolomde mesterma daamzada 64 proeqtori, romelTa nawili germaniaSi, na-
wili ki danarCen evropaSi sakmaod sarfian fasebSi gayida. amis paralelurad
igi akeTebda kinoqronikebsa da komediebs. pirveli kadrebi man gadaiRo aero-
planidan, rac Zalze efeqturi gamovida.
mesterma Seisyida berlinSi arsebuli saproeqcio oTaxi, mas daarqva `bio-
rama~ da gaxsna 1896 wlis 21 seqtembers kinoprogramiT _ `kinetograf-mesteri~,
135
magram didi komerciuli Semosavali ar hqonda, radgan mayureblis naklebobas
ganicdida. ufro meti warmatebiT gadioda misi sxva kinoprogramebi rogorc
berlinis dramatul Teatr àpoloSi~, aseve sxva qalaqebis TeatrebSic. mesteri
da misi operatorebi xSirad mogzaurobdnen germaniis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da
adgilobriv mcxovreblebs aCvenebdnen kinosuraTebs, romelTa nawili lumiere-
bis aSkara mibaZva iyo. amas garda, isini iRebdnen imperators, saimperatoro
ojaxs, armias, flotsa da sxva qronikalur epizodebs.
1896 wels mesterma Camoayaliba kinokompania `mester filmi~ da berlinSi
gaxsna pirveli kinostudia xelovnuri ganaTebiT, romelSic Tavadac iRebda
filmebs da sxva dainteresebul adamianebsac aZlevda saSualebas, bedi ecadaT
kinogadaRebaSi. amasTanave, igi guldasmiT akvirdeboda TiToeuls, raTa maTgan
gamorCeulebi samsaxurSi aeyvana da davalebebi mieca.
kinoaparatebs akeTebdnen da maTi saSualebiT kinoprogramebs aCvenebdnen
sxva germaneli gamomgoneblebic. 1897 wlis 30 marts StetinSi Sedga Zmebi skla-
danovskebis `bioskopis~ bolo kinoseansi, ris Semdeg amoiwura maTi licenziis
vada, xelisuflebam ki axali licenzia aRar misca, radgan isedac bevri kinosu-
raTi gadis ekranebzeo. maqsi da emili mixvdnen, rom `bioskopma~ ver dajabna
`sinematografi~ da sxva gamogonebebze gadaerTvnen.
1897 wels berlinSi gaixsna kinokompania (kinofabrika) `doiCe bioskopi~,
romlis damfuZnebeli iyo iules grinbaumi. kompania akeTebda qronikalur fil-
mebs, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili eZRvneboda imperatoris voiaJebs. konkuren-
tis gamoCenas mesteri Sexvda ramdenime imave Tematikis filmiT. igi aseve iRebda
patara komediebs, romlebSic gadmocemuli iyo umartivesi anekdoturi ambebi, gu-
lianad rom acinebda mayurebels. presaSi erT-erTi pirveli srulyofili re-
cenziac daiwera mesteris komediaze `brZola arsebobisaTvis~ (1898), romelmac
Seqebac daimsaxura da mcireodeni gakilvac, radgan misi Sinaarsi `Sefarul sa-
dizmad~ mounaTles avtors.
oskar mesteri didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. igi mouwodebda maswavleb-
lebs, saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs, swavlulebs, gadamdgar oficrebs, gamoeyenebinaT
misi aparati saganmanaTleblo, samxedro, samecniero da administraciuli daniS-
nulebisaTvis. is cdilobda investiciebis mizidvasac, magram finansistebs jer-
jerobiT ar ainteresebdaT kinoaparatura.
adreul germanul filmebSi kinokamera iSviaTad moZraobda da aravis mosv-
lia azrad montaJis gamoyeneba. isini ufro dabali da saSualo fenebisaTvis
gaTvlil, ilustrirebul wignebs waagavdnen. samagierod, iyo Txrobis ganviTare-
bis mcdeloba, risi magaliTia kinosuraTi èqskursia~ (1898). masSi gadmocemulia
detalebze gamaxvilebuli xedebi: jer moCans velosipedebis rigi saerTo xediT,
Semdeg _ adamianTa saxeebi axlo xediT, mere _ axlo xediT fexebi, romlebic sa-
terfulebs atrialeben, Semdeg kvlav saerTo xedia da a. S.
mesterma seriozuli konkurencia gauwia lumierebs germaniaSi. 1898 wlisa-
Tvis mis katalogSi Sedioda 84 filmi. maTi metraJi meryeobda 18-dan 24 metram-
de. imave xanebSi gamovida asparezze kinooperatori _ gido ziberi, romelic
iRebda qronikebs, Tavadve amJRavnebda da aCvenebda mayurebels.
1898 wels erTma germanulma msxvilma firmam Tavis bazaze daafuZna axali
kompania `doiCe muToskop unT biografi~. mesters kidev erTi konkurenti gamouC-
nda.
kinosadmi gaCenilma udidesma moTxovnilebam warmoSva kinoTeatrebis Seqm-
nis idea. pirveli kinoTeatri gakeTda 1899 wels berlinSi, xolo erTi wlis Sem-
136
deg _ drezdenSi. amasTanave, kinematografistebma daiwyes iseTi filmebis gada-
Reba, romlebic Sedgeboda ori an ramdenime scenisagan. amisaTvis isini xandaxan
iyenebdnen or an met kinokameras. gaCnda damontaJebuli filmebic. xelisufleba
kinos ganixilavda rogorc atraqcions, cirkis erT-erT ganStoebas, amitomac Se-
sabamisi gadasaxadebiT begravda.
kinomwarmoeblebi muSaobdnen varieteebisaTvis, romelTa programebis miwu-
ruls aCvenebdnen kinosuraTebs, umeteswilad _ dokumenturebs. amisaTvis gankuT-
vnili iyo daaxloebiT aTi wuTi. amgvari, e. w. `varietuli kino~ popularobiT
sargeblobda. maTi avtorebi sulac ar fiqrobdnen erovnuli kinobazrisa da ki-
nowarmoebis ganviTarebaze. amis gamo germaniaSi dominirebda ucxouri kinopro-
duqcia, romlis meti xvedriTi wili ekava pates filmebs.
oskar mesterma SemoiRo `JReradi filmebis~ praqtika. igi gadaiRebda Teat-
ralur kostiumSi gamowyobil momRerals, romelsac Seasrulebinebda romelime
popularul simReras an saopero arias, xolo roca am films darbazSi gauSveb-
da, ekranis ukan ukravda `gramofoni~, razec Cawerili iyo es nawarmoebi. audi-
toria aRtacebaSi modioda. aRniSnuli produqcia mesterma parizis saerTaSori-
so gamofenazec ki waradgina, sadac mowoneba daimsaxura.
filmebis sinqronizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mesters molaparakebebi hqonda
leon gomonTan 1902 wlis noemberSi, radgan es cnobili frangi kinomwarmoebe-
lic muSaobda am sakiTxebze. germanels undoda, rom isini gaerTianebuliyvnen,
magram gomonma uari uTxra, Tumca SeTanxmdnen, rom erTmaneTs xels ar SeuSlid-
nen da erTmaneTs konkurencias ar gauwevdnen.
mesterma ganaaxla cdebi `gramofonisa~ da `fonografis~ saSualebiT da
1903 wels daapatenta sinqronizaciis axali sistema, romelic warmatebiT sargeb-
lobda germaniasa da avstriaSi. aman biZgi misca sxva mewarmeebsac, rom Tavadac
moegonebinaT aseTive sistemebi da ekeTebinaT Taviseburad xmovani (`momRerali~)
filmebi. mesteris pirveli sinqronizebuli kinosuraTi iyo `kodala~ (1903). amis
paralelurad man gaafarTova Tavisi kompaniis profili. igi ara marto iRebda
da avrcelebda, aramed aqiravebda filmebs, flobda kinoTeatrebs, atarebda eqspe-
rimentebs mikroskopul kinoSi, amzadebda inglisurenovan sinqronizebul pro-
duqcias, romelic pirvelad waradgina sent luisis msoflio bazrobaze. mester-
ma reJisorebad daiqirava: adolf gertneri, franc porteni, kurt starki, ru-
dolf bibraxi. masTan sxvadasxva rangSi muSaoba daiwyes momavalma cnobilma
germanelma kinematografistebmac.
berlinSi, hamburgsa da sxva qalaqebSi Camoyalibebuli germanuli kinokom-
paniebis umravlesoba warmoadgenda gaerTianebebs, romlebic filmebis warmoeba-
sTan erTad amzadebdnen da yiddnen optikursa da fotografiul masalebsa da
danadgarebs. maT kinosuraTebSi, umeteswilad, gamoiyeneboda saerTo xedebi. TiT-
qmis TiToeuli scena iwyeboda SemosvliT da mTavrdeboda gasvliT iseve, ro-
gorc TeatrSi. msaxiobs unda eyurebina kinokamerisaTvis. misi yoveli Jesti an
saxis gamometyveleba Cveulebrivze metxans unda gagrZelebuliyo, raTa mayurebe-
li kargad dakvirveboda maT. erT-erTi mTavari Tema iyo RaribTa cxovreba, maTi
umweoba, sasowarkveTileba da gasaWiri, rac misaReb masalad iTvleboda da
auditoriac aigivebda sakuTar Tavs aseTi filmebis gmirebTan. danarCeni Tema-
tika mWidrod daukavSirda Tanamedroveobas: qalTa uflebebis gafarToeba, umu-
Sevrobis problema, bankirebis gakotreba, fabrika-qarxnebis muSaoba, loTobis
uaryofiTi gavlena da misi akrZalvis moTxovna. reJisorebs surdaT imgvari ki-
nosuraTebis gadaReba, rom mayurebels bevrjer enaxa isini.
137
zogierT kinoTeatrSi bileTi sami marka Rirda da muSaobdnen komentato-
rebi, anu leqtorebi. didi qalaqebis iseT raionebSi, sadac kompaqturad cxovro-
bdnen muSebi, demonstratorebi maRaziebs qiraobdnen droebiTi kinodarbazebisa-
Tvis. kinomrewvelebi iTvaliswinebdnen imasac, rom qalebi mravlad iyvnen mayu-
rebelTa Soris, amitom iRebdnen filmebs, romlebSic susti sqesis warmomadgen-
lebi asaxierebdnen mTavar personaJebs. mcireodeni sensaciisTvis isini aqa-iq
gamourevdnen filmebsac, romlebSic TamaSobdnen mamakacebad gadacmuli qalba-
tonebi. popularobiT sargeblobda sxvadasxva sacirko nomris (akrobatebis,
cxovelTa momTviniereblebis, ekvilibristebis, masxarebisa da a. S. gamosvlebis)
Semcveli namuSevrebic.
germaniaSi msoflioSi yvelaze kargad iyo ganviTarebuli qimiuri mrewve-
loba. 1905 wlidan am sferoSi dasaqmebulma ramdenime wamyvanma firmam daiwyo
kvleviTi muSaoba araaalebadi celulozis firis Sesaqmnelad, rasac unda Seec-
vala celuloidi. imxanad berlinSi arsebobda 16 kinoTeatri. qalaqis policiis
ufrosma gamosca brZaneba, riTac wesdeboda cenzura maTze, raTa filmebs ar ga-
moewvia damRupveli gavlena mayurebelze da, saerTod, germanul kulturaze. ase-
Tive cenzura dauweses momaval wels miunhenSi, drezdenSi, diuseldorfsa da ki-
olnSi gaxsnil kinoTeatrebs. cenzura Zalze mkacri iyo. uzneobad iTvleboda
col-qmris gayrisa da kriminaluri danaSaulis Cvenebac an xsenebac filmSi.
zogan ikrZaleboda iseTi epizodebic, sadac mTavari gmiri tiris da cenzorebi
amas imiT amarTlebdnen, rom SesaZloa, maT cudi gavlena iqonion susti nervebis
mqone mayurebelzeo. amgvari damokidebulebiT gaTamamebuli kinoTeatrebis
mflobelebi Tavs uflebas aZlevdnen, rom, Tu filmis moqmedeba ise ar viTarde-
boda, rogorc maT surdaT, amoWridnen calkeul scenebs.
kinokompaniebis ricxvs 1905 wels Seemata `kinematografen unT filmfabri-
keni~, romlis xelmZRvanelma alfred duskesma krediti aiRo, raTa ewarmoebina
filmebi da maTi distribucia gaewia. 1906 wels mainis frankfurtSi paul da-
vidsonma kinoTeatri ùnion-teateri~ gaxsna da sam partniorTan erTad saaqcio
kinokompania Camoayaliba. imave wels maT aaSenes kinoTeatri manhaimSi, xolo
mogvianebiT gaakeTes mTeli qseli ara marto germaniaSi, aramed belgiaSi, holan-
diasa da safrangeTSic.
berlinur gazeT `komitSi~ daibeWda statia, romelSic xotba Seasxes maqs
da emil skladanovskebs, rogorc kinos gamomgoneblebs, rasac mohyva frangi
Jurnalistebis protesti da sapasuxo werilebi presaSi, riTac isini iTxovdnen,
rom maT germanel kolegebs eRiarebinaT lumierebis pirveloba. es dapirispire-
ba didxans gagrZelda.
1906 wlidan oskar mesteris filmebSi gamoCnda franc portenis qaliSvili
_ heni, romelic mcire droSi gadaiqca `kinovarskvlavad~, Tumca misi gvar-saxe-
li titrebSi mxolod xuTi wlis Semdeg daiwera. is gaxda germaneli qalis
srulyofili ekranuli gansaxiereba, romelsac uamravi kinomoyvaruli eTayvane-
boda.
im periodis kinoproduqciaSi reJisoris gvari xandaxan Tu ewera titrebSi.
mas gansakuTrebuli funqcia ar gaaCnda da xSirad pirobiTad iTvleboda gadam-
Rebi jgufis xelmZRvanelad, radgan kinosuraTs mTeli jgufi erTad akeTebda.
Sablonuri TxrobiT, aranaturalisturi moqmedebiTa da gamomsaxvelobis uc-
nauri formebiT gamorCeuli germanuli kino ise ar viTardeboda, rogorc es iyo
daniasa da safrangeTSi. kompaniebis mesveurebi TiTqmis ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
mxatvrul literaturas, rogorc sasurvel pirvelwyaros, romlis ekranizacia
138
ufro daainteresebda auditorias. moduri gaxda vesterni da kriminaluri dra-
ma, rameTu maT avtorebs esa Tu is damnaSave gamohyavdaT garemoebebis msxverp-
lad, riTac es personaJebi mayureblis simpaTias imsaxurebdnen.
sxva qveynebis gamocdilebidan gadaiRes germanelebma ìnscenirebuli qro-
nikebi~. 1906 wels mewaRe vilhelm fogtma, romelmac cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg
verc saTanado dokumentebi miiRo da verc mudmivi samsaxuri iSova, Caicva samxe-
dro uniforma, Tavi kapitnad gaasaRa da xelT igdo berlinis erT-erTi gareub-
nis TviTmmarTvelobis Senoba. TavisTavad igi isev cixeSi miabrZanes. es inciden-
ti, romelsac `kapitani kiopenikidan~ daerqva, gaxda ramdenime filmis siuJeti, me-
re ki Sewyalebulma fogtma Tavad iTamaSa erT-erT maTganSi.
marTalia, xelisuflebis calkeuli institutebi Tavdapirvelad ar swya-
lobdnen kinos, magram misadmi cxoveli interesi gamoiCina imperatorma, romelic
amaSi xedavda sakuTari reklamis saukeTeso saSualebas. kinematografistebma
igi araoficialur `kinovarskvlavad~ aqcies, radgan dokumentur-qronikalur fi-
lmebSi sul mas iRebdnen.
1907 wlisaTvis berlinSi muSaobda 139 kinoTeatri, xolo danarCen germani-
aSi _ 260. yovelkvireulad aTobiT filmi gamodioda ekranebze da akmayofileb-
da auditoriis moTxovnilebebs. sazogadoebis nawili mxatvrul kinos Tvlida
usaqmurebis, axalgazrda muSebisa da gamyidvlebis usaxur gasarTobad da aqtiu-
rad ibrZoda momaval Taobaze misi damRupveli efeqtis winaaRmdeg. iuristebi,
pedagogebi, eqimebi, sasuliero pirebi iTxovdnen samecniero-popularuli da sas-
wavlo kinosuraTebis warmoebis sagrZnob gafarToebas, raTa maT bavSvebisa da
axalgazrdebisaTvis meti ganaTleba miecaT. es gamosvlebi mimdinareobda sa-
xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, eklesiebSi, presis furclebze da sajaro TavSeyris
adgilebSi. mere isini gaerTiandnen `kinos reformis moZraobaSi~ da daarwmunes
kinomwarmoebelTa jgufi, rom unda gadaeRoT saganmanaTleblo, anu `kultur-
filmebi~, raSic warmoadgendnen sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, religias, geo-
grafias, folklors, medicinas, sports da sxv. amasTanave, gamoikveTa mxatvruli
kinos Janrobrivi profilebi: komediebi bavSvebsa da Sinaur cxovelebze, socia-
luri dramebi mosamsaxureebze, melodramebi `sasiyvarulo samkuTxedebiTa~ da
bohemuri cxovrebiT. imave xanebSi daiwyo yovelkvireuli Jurnalis, `kinemato-
grafi~ gamocemac.
1907 wels erTma mainis frankfurtelma mewarmem naxa mesteris sinqronize-
buli filmebi, Zalian moewona, bevri maTgani iyida da Tavis qalaqSi gaxsna kino-
Teatrebi. igive gaakeTa mainis frankfurtSi paul davidsonma, romelmac zog sa-
kuTar darbazSi moawyo sinqronizebuli filmebis specialuri seansebi.
germanul-franguli kinematografiuli urTierTobebis dasamyareblad reJi-
sorma da mwarmoebelma hainrix bolten-bekersma 1908 wels gadawyvita `film
d’aris~ msgavsi produqciis Seqmna. igi daukavSirda pates da miiwvia Sexvedraze,
romelsac eswrebodnen germaneli mwerlebi da dramaturgebi. bolten-bekerss
surda Seqmniliyo erToblivi kinokompania, rasac pate jer daTanxmda, magram
ori kviris Semdeg uari SeuTvala.
1908 wels anilinis warmoebis saaqcio sazogadoebam (àgfa~) aago qarxana,
romelic TveSi uSvebda milion metr kinofirs. miuxedavad amisa, germaneli mayu-
rebeli erovnuli kinoproduqciis saerTo doniT mainc ukmayofilo iyo, radgan
mas gacilebiT sjobda ucxouri filmebi. presaSi adgilobrivi warmoebis kino-
suraTebis avtorebis umetesobas uwodebdnen teqnikosebs, romlebsac araviTari
esTetika ar gaaCniaTo. germanulma kinom ver aCvena komerciuli mogebis aSkara
139
potenciali, xelovnebis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT mas ar hqonda respeqtabelu-
robis iarliyi, raTa bankebi an damoukidebeli investorebi CaerTo biznesSi.
frangul, amerikulsa da daniur kinokompaniebs filialebi hqondaT berlin-
Si, sadac adgilzeve iRebdnen iaffasian filmebs, romlebiTac sxva studiebSi
gakeTebul namuSevrebTan erTad amaragebdnen iqaur kinobazars. yvelaze metad
aqtiurobdnen `pate~, `gomoni~, èdisoni~, èkleri~, `nordiski~. kapitaldabandebe-
bis mxriv gamoirCeoda pate, romelsac 6 milioni franki hqonda Cadebuli Tavisi
germanuli filialis saqmianobaSi. imdroindeli germaniis kinobazris 80% ekava
ucxour produqcias.
arsebulma situaciam gamomafxizlebel katalizatorad imoqmeda kinemato-
grafiul wreebze. 1908 wels hamburgSi moewyo saerTaSoriso gamofena, romlis
mTavar mizans Seadgenda kinos meti popularizacia masebSi. oskar mesterma Za-
lebi mosinja klasikuri dramaturgiis ekranizaciaSi da gadaiRo `dezdemona~
(1908) da òtelo~ (1909), Seqspiris cnobili piesis ori sxvadasxva versia. orive
maTganis reJisori iyo franc porteni, xolo mTavar personaJebs oriveSi asru-
lebda heni porteni. Semdeg mesterma daiwyo gacilebiT didi qronometraJis ki-
nosuraTebis warmoeba. pirveli amgvari namuSevari àndreas hoferi~ 1909 wels
gadaiRo rudolf bibraxma.
1909 wlis martSi, berlinSi mesteris TavmjdomareobiT Sedga kinematogra-
fistTa ori Sexvedra, raSic germanel kinomrewvelebTan, distributorebTan da
kinoTeatrebis mflobelebTan erTad monawileobdnen pates, gomonisa da sxva
franguli kinokompaniebis warmomadgenlebi. Sexvedraze gairkva savaWro urTier-
Tobebisa da erovnuli kinobazris daregulirebis sakiTxebi, aseve imsjeles me-
zobel safrangeTSi germanuli kompaniebis filialebis gaxsnis Taobaze, momava-
li erToblivi produqciis Seqmnis perspeqtivebze.
1909 wels iules grinbaumma Seqmna `doiCe vitaskop gezelSafti~ mas Semdeg,
rac gawyvita urTierToba `doiCe bioskopTan~, romlis lideroba darCa zibers.
mogvianebiT grinbaumma berlinis samxreT-dasavleTiT, babelsbergSi, aaSena Su-
Sis uzarmazari studia, romelsac `germaniis holivudi~ uwodes.
1910 wels paul davidsonma daaarsa sawarmoo-saaqcio sazogadoeba `pagu~
da gaxda filmebis mwarmoebeli, demonstratori da gamqiravebeli. man patesTan
da `nordiskTan~ daamyara savaWro urTierTobebi, germaniaSi Sehqonda maTi fil-
mebi da imaTac amaragebda Tavisi produqciiT. davidsons berlinSi ekuTvnoda
didi kinoTeatri (1200 adgili) sakuTari orkestriT, Tumca kinoTeatrebis rao-
denobiT mainis frankfurtma gauswro dedaqalaqs. iq ufro iafi Rirda bileTi,
rac mosaxleobis yvela fenis warmomadgenels aZlevda seansebze daswrebis sa-
Sualebas.
daniuri filmis ùfskrulis~ warmatebis Semdeg asta nilseni da urban ge-
li miiwvies `doiCe bioskopSi~, romlis studia ganTavsebuli iyo berlinis
CrdiloeTiT, erTi saxlis sxvenSi. am kompaniis TanamSromlebs hqondaT mcireo-
deni gadasaRebi da gasanaTebeli aparatura da sakmaod uxerxul pirobebSi uwe-
vdaT muSaoba. studiasTan Soriaxlos mdebareobda kafe, anu kinobirJa, sadac
Tavs iyridnen umuSevari msaxiobebi da elodnen, rodis miiwvevdnen maT ama Tu
im filmSi saTamaSod. mcire xanSi Seiqmna axali kinosazogadoeba ìnternacio-
nale film-fertribsi~, romelTanac astamac da urbanmac moaweres xeli kont-
raqts, ris mixedviT sam weliwadSi 24 kinosuraTi unda gadaeRoT. berlinis ga-
reubanSi, tempelhofSi, aSenda axali studiebi, sadac gadaReba warmoebda mzis
Suqze, zafxulobiT. isini muSaobdnen dilis 7-dan saRamos 8 saaTamde. Ramis 12
140
saaTis Semdgom, roca kinoTeatrebi amTavrebdnen muSaobas, gadamRebi jgufi mi-
dioda romelime maTganSi, raTa im dRiT gadaRebuli masala enaxa da Seemowmebi-
na. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT kinostudiaSic iyo patara sademonstracio darba-
zi, mas ver endobodnen xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. sareklamo kampania dabal done-
ze idga. xSirad mayureblis misazidad plakatebze iseT mdare scenebs gamosa-
xavdnen, romlebic ar iyo kinosuraTebSi, Tumca mogvianebiT daiqiraves profesi-
onali plakatisti mxatvrebi da saqmec gamosworda.
male asta nilsenis niWma seriozulad Searyia heni portenis pirveloba.
daniel kinomsaxiobs uwodebdnen èrT-erT erotikul figuras adreul germa-
nul kinoSi~ da `hipnozis mqone artists~. germanelebi amayobdnen, rom maT kino-
TeatrebSi da ucxoeTSi warmoebuli distribuciis saSualebiT yoveldRiurad
naxevari milioni mayurebeli uyurebda ekranze astas. filmebi am qalis monawi-
leobiT ara marto komerciulobiT gamoirCeodnen, aramed maTSi ido auditoriis
misazidi muxtic.
mesterTan sakonkurenciod paul davidsonma daiwyo gamoCenili inteleq-
tualebis miwveva kinoSi axali, saintereso kinosuraTebis Sesaqmnelad. Tavis
produqciaSi man yuradReba gaamaxvila ekranizaciebze da TxrobiTi stilis gan-
viTarebaze, samsaxiobo ostatobis gaumjobesebaze da kinoscenarebis safuZvlian
damuSavebaze. manve Teatridan kinoSi waiyvana saxelganTqmuli reJisori, maqs ra-
inharti da misi msaxiobebis nawili, romlebic siamovnebiT daTanxmdnen, radgan
Tan ainteresebdaT kino da Tanac gacilebiT met honorars hpirdebodnen.
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi Tavis Tavze iRebdnen araoficialuri cen-
zuris rols, radgan miaCndaT, rom kino cudad moqmedebda xalxze. roca germani-
is ekranebze gamovida franguli filmi `don karlosi~ (1910, reJ. andre kalmeti),
romlis Semqmnelebma ratomRac amoiRes ori mTavari gmiri Sileris am dramidan,
aRniSnulma organizaciebma mis winaaRmdeg atexes aJiotaJi da moiTxoves misi
akrZalva, radgan miaCndaT, rom ar SeiZleboda klasikuri nawarmoebebis agreri-
gad damaxinjeba.
mesteri Seudga Tavisi kompaniis reorganizacias. is amaRlebda filmebis
mxatvrul dones, aumjobesebda gadasaReb aparaturasa da gamomsaxvelobiT saSu-
alebebs, xvewda sascenaro-SemoqmedebiT mxares, sareklamo saqmianobas. heni por-
tenis fotoebi gamoifina kinoTeatrebis foieebSi, programebSi, katalogebSi, ga-
zeTebSi, ris Sedegad filmebi misi monawileobiT Zvirad da warmatebiT iyidebo-
da. mesterma TavisTan waiyvana Teatris msaxiobebi: lil dagoveri, konrad faiti,
emil ianingsi, gamoawrTo da maTi saxiT axali kinosamsaxiobo Taoba gamozarda.
germaniaSi ar arsebobda Camoyalibebuli, sistemaSi moyvanili kinowarmoeba,
amitom adgilobrivi kinobiznesi naklebad viTardeboda. mis kinobazarze War-
bobdnen ucxouri kinosuraTebi. isini gadiodnen bazrobebis pavilionebSi, pata-
ra kinoTeatrebSi, romelTa raodenoba da moculoba TandaTanobiT izrdeboda
kinogamqiraveblebis ricxvTan da filmebis metraJTan erTad. Tavidan kinemato-
grafi iseT germanelebs izidavda, romlebic TeatrSi ar iyvnen namyofi, magram
male kinoTeatrSi wavida is fenac, romelic Teatris xSiri stumari iyo. Teatrs
moaklda mayurebeli, ris gamoc Teatrebis mflobelebs safiqrali gauCndaT.
aseT mdgomareobaSi iyvnen varieteebisa da cirkebis mepatroneebic.
germanelma distributorebma gamoacxades, rom did kinosuraTebs ufro
hqondaT komerciuli Semosavali da nel-nela daiwyes aseT produqciis dakveTa.
kinoTeatrebis mflobelebi gansakuTrebulad iTxovdnen amgvar namuSevrebs qri-
steSobisa da axali wlis dResaswaulis dReebSi.
141
presaSi gaCaRda polemika: àris Tu ara kino xelovneba?~. amasTan dakavSi-
rebiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi imarTeboda sajaro ganxilvebi, ra-
sac zogjer xelCarTuli Cxubic mohyveboda. zogierTi dramatuli Teatris
xelmZRvaneli Tavis msaxiobebs ukrZalavda kinoSi gadaRebas, radgan am ukanask-
nels araseriozul sanaxaobas uwodebda.
1910 wels gamoica manifesti `kinoforma~, romlis Semqmnelebi mouwodebdnen
kinos mesveurebs, aqtiurad eTanamSromlaT mxatvrul literaturasTan da ilaS-
qrebdnen imaT winaaRmdeg, visac miaCnda, rom kino saSiSi Zala iyo xelovnebis
danarCeni dargebisaTvis. manifests bevri xelovani awerda xels.
vesterni iseTi popularobiT sargeblobda mayurebelSi, rom amerikulma
kompania èseneim~ 1911 wels Tavisi warmomadgenloba daaarsa berlinSi da am
Janris bevri nimuSi Seitana iqaur kinobazarze. maTi wabaZviT germanelebic ake-
Tebdnen vesternebs, magram isini mkveTrad Camouvardebodnen okeanisgaRmelTa na-
muSevrebs. am mxriv SedarebiT saukeTeso iyo `cxenis qurdi: `veluri dasavle-
Tis~ drama~ (1911), romelic gadaiRo daniidan miwveulma vigo larsenma.
1912 wels `kinoformas~ gamoexmaura oskar mesteri da Camoayaliba Tavisi
kompaniis filiali àutorenfilmi~ (`saavtoro filmi~), romlis mizans Seadgen-
da popularuli piesebisa da literaturuli nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebi. maT
avtorebad iTvlebodnen ara reJisorebi, aramed scenaristebi, romelTa absolu-
tur umravlesobas Seadgendnen mwerlebi da dramaturgebi. am filmebSi mTavar
rolebSi aTamaSebdnen Teatris cnobil msaxiobebs. àutorenfilmi~ iyo frangu-
li `film d’aris~ germanuli varianti, Tumca misma mxolod ramdenime namuSevar-
ma miaRwia seriozul komerciulsa da SemoqmedebiT warmatebas.
1912 wels Sedga Sarl pates TanamSromloba alfred duskesTan. maT Camoa-
yalibes `literaria filmi~ franguli kapitaliT, aaSenes uaxloesi aparaturiT
aRWurvili SuSis kinostudia berlinis gareuban tempelhofSi da, miuxedavad
imisa, rom mas hqonda Tavisi laboratoria, mainc parizSi agzavnidnen negativebs
dasamuSaveblad.
amave xanebSi miunhenelma kinomoyvarulma da fotografma, piter ostermaia-
rma Tavad moawyo kinostudia, gamoiyena sakuTari aveji, xelovnuri ganaTeba da
Seudga filmis gadaRebas. man aiyvana iseTi msaxiobebi, romlebic pirvelad dad-
gnen kinokameris win. gadaRebuli masala ostermaiarma TviTonve gaamJRavna da
daamontaJa. kinosuraTs, romelic mTlianobaSi 900 marka daujda, man daarqva `si-
marTle~ da waiRo berlinSi, raTa pates filialSi eCvenebina. mas surda serio-
zuli konkurencia gaewia berlinuri kompaniebisaTvis, magram pates warmomadgen-
lebma namuSevari dauwunes da, miuxedavad imisa, rom films mainc gamouCnda dis-
tributori, ostermaiari ganawyenda da `simarTle~ saerTod ar gayida. Sin dab-
runebulma saswrafod gadaiRo sxva filmi, romelic aseve ar gavida ekranebze,
radgan miunhenis policiam akrZala misi demonstrireba. mxolod misma mesame
filmma ixila ekranuli sicocxle. ostermaiari iyo pirveli kinematografisti,
romelmac saTave daudo kinowarmoebas miunhenSi.
1913 weli Semobrunebis wlad iqca germanul kinoSi. moxda samnawilianebi-
dan xuTnawilian filmebze gadasvla. aseTebs uSvebdnen mxolod didsa da feSe-
nebelur kinoTeatrebSi, gaCnda axali Janrebi, gafarTovda gadaRebis teqnikac,
ufro Tamamad amoZravda kinokamera, Seicvala montaJis stilistika. kinoTeatre-
bis raodenobam miaRwia 2000-s. maTgan iseTi darbazebis ricxvi, romlebSic eteo-
da 1000-ze meti mayurebeli, Seadgenda 50-s. gaizarda kinokompaniebis raodenobac.
germaniaSi funqcionirebda 70-ze meti msxvili Tu wvrili kinokompania.
142
pirveli kinosuraTi, romelmac iTava sazogadoebis didi nawilis gulis
mogeba, iyo filmi `sxva~ (1913, reJ. maqs maki), romelSic mTavari personaJi ganasa-
xiera cnobilma Teatralurma msaxiobma, maqs rainhartis gamowvrTnilma, albert
basermanma. es gamodga pirveli SemTxveva, roca Teatris kritikosebi wavidnen ki-
noTeatrSi mis sanaxavad da Sesafaseblad. `sxva~ gadaiqca àutorenfilmis~ gan-
sakuTrebul nimuSad. kinos prestiJi amaRlda. basermanis darad filmebSi mona-
wileobisaTvis miiwvies rainhartis sxva msaxiobebic: aleqsander moisi, eduard
fon vinterStaini, liusi hioflixi, ernst lubiCi.
germanelebs ar hyavdaT iseTi raodenobisa da donis komikosebi, rogoric
frangebs an italielebs, Tumca maTi komediebi arafriT Camouvardeboda amave
Janris ucxour nimuSebs da adgilobrivi mayurebelic sakmaod erToboda maTi
yurebiT. mas aseve Zalian moswonda xedviTi dokumenturi filmebi, popularuli
vodevilebis ekranizaciebi, firze gadaRebuli modebis demonstraciebi da kino-
qronikebi. sicocxlisunariani xasiaTebiTa da maxvilgonivruli iumoriT gamo-
irCeoda kinosuraTebi _ `Savi burTi~ (1913, reJ. franc hoferi) da `cxovrebis
ufleba~ (1913, reJ. iozef delmonti). am droisaTvis gamorCeuli msaxiobi mamaka-
cebi warmatebiT TamaSobdnen triukebiTa da devnis epizodebiT aRsavse saTavga-
dasavlo filmebSi. amas garda germanelebma daniidan miiwvies kinoreJisorebi
da msaxiobebi im imediT, rom isini usaTuod SeZlebdnen SemoqmedebiTi siaxle-
ebis Setanas maT kinematografSi.
hainrix bolten-bekersma daiyolia Sarl pate da 1913 wels Seqmna erTobli-
vi kompania `bolten-bekers literaria~, romelsac unda ekeTebina ekranizaciebi
da daecva pates literaturuli interesebi germanul kinobazarze, Tumca am ga-
erTianebas didi xnis arseboba ar ewera.
omamdeli periodis germanuli kinos gamorCeul nimuSad iqca `praReli
studenti~ (1913), romelic gadaiRes danielma stelen Rium da rainhartis Teat-
ris msaxiobma, paul vegenerma. es ukanaskneli Tavadve TamaSobda mTavar perso-
naJs. films safuZvlad daedo ernst Tiodor amadeus hofmanis, edgar pousa da
oskar uaildis variaciebi faustis Temaze. scenari dawera àutorenfilmis~
mTavarma qomagma, mogzaurobebze moTxrobebisa da fantastikuri romanebis av-
torma, hans hainc iversma. operatorad ayvanilma gido ziberma SesaniSnavi epizo-
debi Seqmna ormagi eqspoziciebiT. gadaReba mimdinareobda CexeTis dedaqalaqSi,
sadac gadamReb jgufs usiamovneba mouvida adgilobriv ebraul TemTan, romlis
wevrebma maT aukrZales erTi scenis gadaReba Zvel ebraul sasaflaoze. amis ga-
mo Rium da vegenerma tyeSi moawyves butaforiuli sasaflao da iq gaagrZeles
muSaoba. im dros arsebobda frTiani gamoTqma or germaniaze, mis mmarTvel or
Zalaze _ aristokratiasa da msxvil burJuaziaze da `praReli studentic~ amas
exmaureboda. is iyo pirveli germanuli `saSinelebaTa filmi~.
marTalia, `praReli studenti~ oriode kritikosma gakicxa da gaSarJeba mo-
undoma, magram kinos specialistebis umravlesobam igi moiwona da misi avtorebi
warmoaCina im ostatebad, romlebic cdilobdnen kinos gadaqcevas gasarTobi sa-
naxaobidan WeSmarit xelovnebad.
1913 wels germaniaSi arsebulma kinokompaniebma gadaiRes 353 filmi, rac re-
kordul maCvenebels warmoadgenda, magram aseTi Sedegis miRweva momdevno wleb-
Si veRar SeZles. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi maTgani mxolod erT an or JanrSi
muSaobda. Warbobda moklemetraJiani namuSevrebi, Tumca kinorepertuarSi iyo
srulmetraJianebic. amas isic daemata, rom kinofiri gaiafda da axla erTi met-
ri erTi marka Rirda (maSin filmebi metrobiT iyideboda).
143
paul davidsonma maqs rainharts gadaaRebina ori filmi: `netarebis kunZu-
li~ (1913) da `veneciuri Rame~ (1914) uiliam Seqspiris komediebisa da germanuli
miTologiuri piesebis stilSi, magram isini didad ar gamoirCeodnen. miuxedavad
amisa, sasargeblo gamodga rainhartis moRvaweoba kinoSi, radgan man gansakuTre-
buli roli iTamaSa axali Taobis kinematografistebis profesiul wrTobaSi.
1914 wlidan daiwyo deteqtiuri seriebis warmoeba. maTgan pirveli iyo kom-
pania `kontinental kunstfilmis~ seria deteqtiv stiuart uebsze, romelic gare-
gnobiTa da stiliT waagavda Serlok holmss. pirvelive weliwads reJisorma,
jou maim gadaiRo am seriis oTxi kinosuraTi, romlebSic mTavari personaJi Se-
saniSnavad ganasaxiera ernst raixerma.
`praReli studentis~ SemoqmedebiTma jgufma (Riu, iversi, ziberi da vegene-
ri) 1914 wlis dasawyisSi gamouSva morigi filmi èvinrudi~ (reJ. stelen Riu).
iseve, rogorc `praRel studentSi~, masSic avtorebma uCveulo xerxebiT gadmos-
ces metad amaRelvebeli siuJeti.
pirveli msoflio omis wina periodSi germanul kinobazarze gasuli fil-
mebidan mxolod 10% iyo erovnuli warmoebis produqcia, danarCeni poziciebi
ekavaT frangul, amerikul, italiur, daniursa da Svedur filmebs. CamorCenilo-
bis daZlevaSi germanel kinematografistebs daexmara ramdenime TveSi dawyebu-
li omi.
144
germanuli kino: meore etapi
1914 wels germania da misi mokavSireebi Caebnen omSi didi britaneTis, saf-
rangeTis, ruseTisa da maTi sateliti qveynebis winaaRmdeg. rasakvirvelia, omma
bevri ram Secvala politikuri, finansuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturu-
li TvalsazrisiT mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ evropaSi. man daangria
arsebuli savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebi. germaniaSi aikrZala mtruli sa-
xelmwifoebis kinoproduqciis Cveneba, ramac axali stimuli misca adgilobriv
kinokompaniebs, daekmayofilebinaT auditoriis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. daiwyo
samxedro da samedicino saswavlo kinosuraTebisa da `feldgraus~ (patriotul-
propagandistuli mxatvruli filmebi) warmoeba, romlebSic yuradReba maxvilde-
boda jariskacebisa da oficrebis cxovrebaze, samxedro momzadebaze, frontze
gamoCenil gmirobebze. amasTan erTad iRebdnen sxva namuSevrebsac, sadac fiqsir-
deboda avtoriseuli uaryofiTi pozicia omis mimarT. franc hoferis `saSobao
zarebi~ (1914) qadagebda mSvidobas sxvadasxva ersa da socialur klass Soris.
omis Tematikis Semcvel filmebs didi adgili ar ekavaT. umetesad mZlav-
robdnen saTavgadasavlo da deteqtiuri seriebi, didi Semosavali rom mohqon-
daT mwarmoebeli kompaniebisaTvis.
ufro gaaqtiurda oskar mesteri, romlis umTavres amocanas Seadgenda, xeli
Seewyo samxedro uwyebisaTvis kinosuraTebis gadaRebasa da gakontrolebaSi. man
sagangebod dawera samxedro fotografebisa da kinomwarmoeblebisaTvis saxelm-
ZRvanelo principebi da 1914 wlis oqtomberSi gamoaqveyna. igi kolegebs mouwo-
debda, ekeTebinaT patriotuli produqcia da waredginaT samxedro StabSi, raTa
mieRoT misi gavrcelebis nebarTva. mxolod xuT gavlenian kinokompanias mieca
ufleba, gadaeRo qronikaluri epizodebi omze. amas Tan erTvoda umkacresi sa-
cenzuro pirobebi, rom raime arasasurveli ar gaparvodaT. pirveli safronto
kinoqronika mayurebels aCvenes 1914 wlis 13 oqtombers.
omis pirvel xanebSi germaniaSi dominirebda daniuri kinokompania `nordis-
kis~ filiali, romlis mesveurebma saTanadod gaiTvaliswines situacia da Tava-
dac daiwyes adgilobrivi kinobazrisTvis gaTvlili patriotuli filmebis ke-
Teba. am droisaTvis `nordiski~ iyo yvelaze kargad aRWurvili kompania evropa-
Si. Zveleburi popularobiT gamoirCeodnen amerikuli filmebic, sanam aSS ar Ca-
eba omSi, ris Sedegad maT amoukveTes fexi germanuli kinobazridan.
1915 wlis dasawyisidan mesteri SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis amzadebda sada-
zvervo kinokamerebs, romlebsac amagrebdnen aeroplanebze da maTi meoxebiT iRe-
bdnen mtris dislokaciis adgilebs, agrovebdnen sxva sasargeblo informacias.
misive TaosnobiT dasavleTis frontis maxlobel adgilebSi gaixsna specialu-
ri samxedro kinoTeatrebi, romlebSic armiis nawilebs patriotuli sulis gasa-
Rviveblad aCvenebdnen Sesabamisi Tematikis namuSevrebs. omis msvlelobisas
frontis orive mxares 900 aseTi droebiTi dawesebuleba ganTavsda.
germaniis xelisuflebam ganaxorciela Tavis teritoriaze mowinaaRmdege
qveynebis kinokompaniebis filialebis qonebis konfiskacia. maTi nawili gadaeca
adgilobriv organizaciebs. amiT isargebla kinomwarmoebelma erix pomerma, ro-
melic `gomonisa~ da èkleris~ warmomadgeneli iyo germaniaSi da 1915 wels Ca-
moayaliba kinokompania `dekla~ (`doiCe ekleri~), sadac Tavi mouyara niWier ki-
nematografistebs.
145
mTavar movlenad iqca fantastikuri kinosuraTi `golemi~ (1915), romelic
praRaSi gadaiRes paul vegenerma da henrik galinma. mas safuZvlad daedo Sua
saukuneebis ebrauli Tqmuleba gacocxlebul Tixis kacze, romelic gaakeTa er-
Tma rabinma. mTavari gmiri ganasaxiera vegenerma. amiT man dasabami misca goti-
kur-romantikuli, zRapruli filmebis subJanrs. mas Zalian ainteresebda da ikv-
levda kinogadaRebis sxvadasxva meTods, teqnikas, specialur efeqtebs. am mizniT
is TanamSromlobda gido ziberTan, romelsac hqonda gamoqveynebuli naSromebi
kinos raobaze, saoperatoro ostatobaze, SuqCrdilebis gamoyenebaze. vegeneris
wiaRsvlebma didi roli iTamaSes kinoxerxebis gamomgoneblobis Semdgom ganvi-
Tarebaze. `golemi~ imdenad warmatebuli kinoproeqti aRmoCnda, rom momavalSi
gakeTda misi ramdenime `rimeiqi~. samwuxarod, am kinosuraTma mTlianobaSi dRem-
de ver moaRwia da misi mxolod calkeuli fragmentebia SemorCenili.
roca pirveli msoflio omis dawyebidan wlinaxevris Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom
igi gaWianurda da poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo, mayurebels aRar moswonda dabali
mxatvruli donis patriotuli filmebi, amitom germanuli kinokompaniebi masob-
rivad kvlav Zveli yaidis produqciis Seqmnaze gadaerTvnen. ekranebze isev gamo-
Cnda komediebi, melodramebi, vesternebi. zogierT maTganSi alegoriuli saxiT
gadmoica germanuli imperializmis namdvili zraxvebi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvnebo-
da paul lenis melodrama `doqtor hartis dRiuri~ (1916), romelSic aSkarad
igrZnoboda antirusuli propaganda, germaneli da poloneli xalxebis megobro-
bis ideis xazgasma. es filmi daafinansa armiis mTavari Stabis ufrosis, gene-
ral erix ludendorfis mier Seqmnilma fotogamosaxulebebisa da kinofilmebis
departamentma _ `bilT unT filmamTma~ (`bufa~).
sensacia gamoiwvia oto ripertis eqvsseriianma kinofantastikam _ `homunku-
lusma~ (1916). `golemis~ msgavsad Tavisi araordinaluri da ucnauri siuJetiT
es namuSevaric gaxda popularuli filmi. homunkulusi iyo xelovnuri qmnileba,
romelic gadaiqceoda didi saxelmwifos diqtatorad, sastikad uswordeboda
mowinaaRmdegeebs da aCaRebda msoflio oms, sadac TviTonve iRupeboda. saomari
agitaciiT garTul germaniaSi amgvari kinonawarmoebi aSkarad upirispirdeboda
arsebuli xelisuflebis politikur kurss. aseTive datvirTva hqonda kidev erT
kinosuraTs _ `hofmanis zRaprebs~ (1916, reJ. rixard osvaldi).
omis wlebSi gaCnda patara kinofirmebis did kompaniebad gaerTianebis mis-
wrafeba. pirveli nabiji am mxriv gadadga sagamomcemlo magnatma, alfred hugen-
bergma, romelmac ruris mZime mrewvelobis warmomadgenlebis finansuri daxmare-
biT 1916 wels Camoayaliba kinokompania `doiCe lixTbilTi~.
jou maim droebiT mianeba Tavi deteqtivebs da sakuTari kinokompaniis `mai-
filmis~ egidiT gadaiRo RirsSesaniSnavi `saSinelebaTa filmi~ _ `hilde vareni
da sikvdili~ (1917), romelSic mTavari roli Seasrula misma meuRlem, popula-
rulma msaxiobma mia maim. scenari dawera da erTi personaJi ganasaxiera demobi-
lizebulma avstrielma oficerma, fric langma. paul davidsonis `pagum~ gamouS-
va ungrel kinematografistebTan erTad gadaRebuli `lulu~ (1917, reJ. aleqsan-
der antalfi), romelsac kargi presac hqonda da romelmac mayureblis mowone-
bac daimsaxura. am droisaTvis germanul kinos ukve hyavda sakmao raodenobis
`kinovarskvlavebi~, uzado teqnikuri muSakebi, sazriani reJisorebi da, rac mTava-
ria, maTi SemoqmedebiTi winsvla filmebsac daetyo.
ludendorfma da misma Tanamoazreebma gadawyvites SeeqmnaT msxvili kino-
kompania, romelic erovnul kinematografs ganaviTarebda yvela mimarTulebiT.
1917 wlis 18 dekembers germaniis mTavrobis, samxedro wreebis, samrewvelo da sa-
146
banko kapitalis uSualo monawileobiT dafuZnda ùfa~. masSi gaerTiandnen `bu-
fa~, `pagu~, `mai-filmi~ da sxv. ùfam~ Seisyida `nordiskis~ germanuli filialis
aqciebi, SeierTa igi da male mwvave konkurencia gaaCaRa misi daniuri produq-
ciis winaaRmdeg. axali kinokompaniis Tavmjdomared airCies `doiCe bankis~ pre-
zidenti, emil giorg fon Stausi, mis erT-erT moadgiled _ cnobili eleqtro-
mwarmoebeli robert boSi, warmoebis xelmZRvanelad ki dainiSna gamocdili pa-
ul davidsoni. sadamfuZneblo 25 milioni markidan 8 milioni saxelmwifos ekuT-
vnoda. misi nawili moxmarda ùfaSi~ gawevrianebuli mcire firmebis mepatronee-
bis gastumrebas.
ùfas~ saqmianoba ara marto sxva germanuli kinokompaniebis dasaCrdilad
iyo gaTvlili, aramed Sida kinobazris dasapyrobad da ucxoeTSi distribuciis
mTlianad gasakontroleblad. yvelaferi daeqvemdebara garkveul komerciul
logikas, maSindeli sazogadoebis politikur kulturas. aSenda kinostudia ba-
belsbergSi. ùfam~ daiwyo TandaTanobiT Sesvla balkaneTisa da skandinaviis,
aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi. mas hyavda popularuli msaxiobebi da reJisorebi,
romlebsac did fuls uxdida.
ùfa~ iRebda dokumentur filmebsac omze, amuSavebda avtomobilebze damon-
taJebul `moZrav kinoTeatrebs~, raTa rogorc mosaxleobis, ise jariskacebisa da
oficrebisaTvis miewodebina Tavisi nawarmoebi produqcia, romelic propagandas
uwevda omsac, germanul xelovnebasac da mxatvrul literaturasac. kinokompa-
nia Seudga axali dokumenturi filmebis ciklsac saerTo saxelwodebiT `kul-
turfilmi~, rasac Tavisi devizi hqonda _ `samyaro mSvenieria da misi sarkea
`kulturfilmi~.
1918 wels xangrZlivi molaparakebis Sedegad `germanuli kinos patriarqma~,
oskar mesterma sakuTari kinokompaniebi 5.3 milion oqros markad mihyida ùfas~
da aqtiur kinematografiul saqmianobas Camoscilda.
1918 wlis miwuruls qveyanaSi momxdarma revoluciam daamxo monarqia da
germania gamocxadda respublikad, romlis kulturul centrad gadaiqca vaimari.
amieridan mas `vaimaris respublika~ uwodes, xolo erovnul kinos _ `vaimaris
kino~. gasrulda omi, romlidan germania wagebuli ki gamovida, magram misi kinos
winaSe axali perspeqtivebi gadaiSala. adgilobrivma xelisuflebam gayida saku-
Tari wili ùfaSi~ `doiCe banksa~ da sxva finansur korporaciebze.
sayovelTao gaWirvebis, SimSilis, umuSevrobis da inflaciis miuxedavad
germanul kinos bevri gulSematkivari hyavda, radgan man Tavis morig nawar-
moebebSi TvalnaTliv gamoxata arsebuli mdgomareoba da ers Rirsebis grZnoba
daubruna. iqmneboda filmebi, romlebic SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiTa da romantikuli
tradiciebiT, Zveli stilistikis gardaqmniTa da axleburi TxrobiT, Taviseburi
montaJiTa da literaturasTan ufro mWidro kavSiriT gamoirCeodnen.
omis Semdeg pirvel seriozul warmatebas `deklam~ miaRwia 1919 wels egzo-
tikuri saTavgadasavlo kinosuraTiT òbobebi: oqros tba~, romelic gadaiRo
fric langma. am filmis popularobaze metyvelebs momaval wels gakeTebuli mi-
si Tematuri gagrZeleba òbobebi: brwyinvale xomaldi~. grifiTis `Seuwynareb-
lobis~ gavleniT gadaiRo maim kinosuraTi `WeSmariteba imarjvebs~ (1919), raSic
gadmocemulia sam sxvadasxva epoqaSi momxdari sami ambavi. masze ùfam~ didi
fuli daxarja. ripertma gadaiRo istoriuli filmi `Savi Wiri florenciaSi~
(1919) edgar pous nawarmoebis mixedviT, xolo osvaldma gamouSva drama `Semza-
ravi ambebi~ (1919). am da sxva namuSevrebma didad gansazRvres germanuli kinos
momavali kursi.
147
10-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis ar arsebobda saxelmwifo cenzura kinoze,
ris gamoc gaxSirda erotikuli kinoproduqcia, romelsac bevri kinoTeatri aC-
venebda. aseTi kinosuraTebi moswondaT demobilizebul jariskacebs, moxucebs,
ymawvilebsa da elitis warmomadgenlebs. es ukanasknelni saqveynod ki aZagebd-
nen maT, magram inkognitod mainc dadiodnen seansebze. xelisufleba ebrZoda am-
gvar filmebs, krZalavda da axdenda aslebis konfiskacias, Tumca aralegalur
Cvenebas veraferi mouxerxa.
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca rixard osvaldi, romelic iRebda filmebs seq-
sualur aRzrdaze, magram mavanni amas uTvlidnen pornografiis agitaciad da
TavgamodebiT ilaSqrebdnen mis winaaRmdeg. faqtobrivad, osvaldi iyo msoflio-
Si erT-erTi pirveli kinoreJisori, romelmac Tamamad aCvena Tavis namuSevrebSi
prostitucia, veneriuli daavadebebi, homoseqsualizmi. mas miaCnda, rom kinoxelo-
vneba iyo Tavisufali, amitom aucileblad unda Sexeboda imgvar Temebsac, ro-
melTa xsenebasac eridebodnen farTo sazogadoebaSi.
ernst lubiCma saxeli gaiTqva rogorc komediebis reJisorma da paul da-
vidsonis daJinebuli TxovniT daiwyo istoriuli dramebis gadaReba. misi fil-
mis `qalbatoni dubari~ (1919) premiera Sedga berlinis did kinoTeatr ùfa-pa-
lastSi~. mcire xanSi es namuSevari (Secvlili saxelwodebiT _ `vneba~) da kidev
ramdenime sxva kinosuraTi (maT Soris eqspresionistulebic) aCvenes aSS-Si. maTi
seriozuli warmatebis Sedegad gaCnda SiSi imisa, rom germanelebi kontrols
daamyarebdnen amerikul kinobazarze, radgan es filmebi gacilebiT maRalmxatv-
ruli donisa iyo, vidre holivudis produqcia. amas mohyva sapasuxo nabijebi.
amerikelebma moiTxoves ucxouri filmebis Setanaze sabaJo tarifebis gazrda,
gaisma mowodebebi maT saerTod akrZalvazec. germanuli filmebis premierebze
specialurad atydeboda xolme deboSi, raTa es RonisZiebebi CaSliliyo. amgvar
politikas presac uwyobda xels da germanias xatavda qveynad, sadac sazogadoe-
ba dayofilia erTmaneTisadmi siZulviliT ganmsWvalul klasebad, rom moqalaqe-
ebi imdenad uzneoni arian, Zalian siamovnebT kinoekranze saSinelebebisa da tan-
jvis yureba. amis sapirispirod xotba esxmoda amerikanizms, amerikelTa rwmenas
sikeTisadmi, maradiuli axalgazrduli suliskveTebisadmi, samSoblos siyvaru-
lisadmi, xazi esmeboda imasac, rom Tuki amerikelebi qmnidnen kinosuraTebs ma-
sobrivi mayureblisaTvis, germanelebi maT `keravdnen~ mxolod inteleqtualuri
elitisaTvis. germanuli filmebis Sedineba aSS-Si TiTqmis Sewyda an maT aCve-
nebdnen sadme, miyruebul provinciaSi, an romelime qalaqis migdebul gareubanSi.
aseTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, mayurebels mainc moswonda lubiCis Semoqme-
deba.
marTalia, omis Semdeg germaniis kinobazari gaixsna, magram xelisuflebam
Tavidanve daiWira samzadisi mis dasacavad. 1920 wlis maisSi dawesda cenzura,
gatarda zomebi, romelTa wyalobiT SemoiRes sakanonmdeblo kvotebi, riTac uc-
xouri filmebis importi ganisazRvra 15%-iT. aseve ganisazRvra municipaluri
gadasaxadi TiToeul adgilze kinoTeatrebSi. ùfasTan~ sakonkurenciod pome-
ris `dekla~ Seerwya `doiCe bioskops~ da warmoiqmna `dekla-bioskopi~. pomerma
mTeli yuradReba eqsportze gadaitana.
istoriul filmebs germanelebi `kostiumirebul kinosuraTebs~ eZaxdnen.
20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi warmatebiT keTdeboda am Janris namuSevrebi, razec,
rasakvirvelia, mniSvnelovani Tanxebi ixarjeboda, magram maT kargi Semosavalic
mohqondaT. 8.5 milioni markis biujetis àna boleini~ gadaiRo 1920 wels lubiC-
ma, rusma emigrantma kinoreJisorma dimitri buxoveckim gaakeTa `dantoni~ (1921),
148
xolo maim ìnduri akldama~ (1921) da a. S. aseT filmebs sul etaneboda germa-
nuli auditoria, rameTu maTSi naCvenebi istoriuli, Tundac damaxinjebuli faq-
tebi da egzotikuri garemo xiblavda.
ùxmo kinos muzam~ _ asta nilsenma Camoayaliba sazogadoeba àrtfilmi~,
romlis markiTac gamouSva kinosuraTi `hamleti~ (1921, reJ. sven geli da hainc
Sali) Seqspiris cnobili piesisa da Zveli skandinaviuri miTebis mixedviT da
mTavari roli TviTon iTamaSa. es kinomsaxiobi yoveldRiurad muSaobda osta-
tobis asamaRleblad, bevrjer ucqerda sakuTar Tavs ekranze, cdilobda yovel
axal filmSi axleburad gamosuliyo da StampebisaTvis Tavi aeridebina.
ùfa~ akontrolebda udides kinoqsels germaniaSi. mas gaaCnda asi regiona-
luri kinoTeatri da aTi kinodarbazi berlinSi. male gakeTda axali kinostu-
diebi berlinis gareubnebSi – noibabelsbergsa da tempelhofSi, da ise aRiWurva,
rom evropaSi badali ar hyavdaT. xelisuflebam gaacnobiera kinos pozitiuri
roli. ùfaSi~ fulis CadebiT germanelma finansistebma naTlad gamoxates Tavi-
anTi damokidebuleba, rom isini aRar apirebdnen daxmarebodnen patara an saSua-
lo kinokompaniebs, aramed surdaT kavSiri hqonodaT mxolod erT did, Zlier ki-
nokompaniasTan. ùfa~ Cadga mewinave germanuli kompaniebis rigSi. is eweoda ara
marto Tavisi, aramed sxvebis filmebis distribuciasac. sagrZnoblad gaizarda
kinosuraTebis raodenoba _ germanelebma 1921 wels gamouSves 646 filmi. imxanad
germania gaxda evropaSi holivudis hegemoniis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa centri.
`vaimaris kinos~ warmatebas saerTaSoriso arenaze xeli Seuwyo qveyanaSi
mimdinare hiperinflaciamac. 1921 wlisaTvis marto erTi kinosuraTis gayidva
iseT saxelmwifoSi, rogoric iyo Sveicaria, imden Tanxas agrovebda, rom
SesaZlebeli xdeboda germaniaSi mTeli axali kinowarmoebis dawyeba.
germanuli filmebi Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiTac gamoirCeodnen. alpi-
nistma da yofilma geologma _ arnold fankma safuZveli Cauyara axal mimar-
Tulebas _ `samTo filmebs~. mTebiT gataceba germanuli sazogadoebis erT na-
wils gaidealebuli hqonda. fanki TavisTan ixmobda marto im kinematografis-
tebs, romelTac mwvervalebze siaruli da TxilamurebiT sriali ainteresebdaT.
isini iRebdnen mxatvrul namuSevrebs, sadac win iyo wamoweuli bunebis sidiade
da adamianebis heroizmi. maT SeimuSaves Taviseburi stili, rac zogierTma kri-
tikosma nacionalisturi grZnobebis gaRvivebaSi CauTvala. fankis msaxiobebma:
luis trenkerma da leni rifenStalma masTan Seiswavles reJisura da Semdgom
Tavad gaagrZeles msgavsi filmebis warmoeba.
patara germanuli kinofirmebi TavianT nawarmoebebSi ar eridebodnen soci-
alur kritikas da amiT erTgvarad abalansebdnen erovnuli kinoindustriis zo-
gad fons. am mimarTebiT imxanad erT-erTi saukeTeso kinosuraTi `namsxvrevebi~
(1921, reJ. lupu piki) gamouSva `reqs-filmma~. reJisorma es filmi utitrod gaake-
Ta, radgan surda, mxolod gamosaxulebebiT gadmoeca saTqmeli _ eCvenebina mwa-
re da daundobeli sinamdvile. misi Txrobis araordinalurma formam daainte-
resa mayurebelica da kritikac.
1921 wels ùfam~ SeierTa `dekla-bioskopi~. pirvel periodSi ùfaSi~ Sema-
valma kompaniebma daitoves TavianTi safirmo niSnebi. male pomeri gaxda ùfas~
warmoebis ufrosi. es dauRalavi kaci TanamSromlebs met avtonomias aZlevda
da Sesabamisad karg Sedegsac iRebda. misi prodiuserebi wamyvan rolebs Tama-
Sobdnen. TiToeuls gaaCnda ofisi, piradi saTaTbiro da samontaJo oTaxebi, pata-
ra saproeqcio kinodarbazi da mzad iyo enaxa an mTliani filmi, an misi nawili,
anda daumontaJebeli masala pianinos akompanementiT.
149
pomerma gadawyvita, mTlianad egdo xelSi mTeli evropuli kinobazari
ùfasaTvis~. imis gamo, rom marto verafriT gaumklavdeboda holivudTan konku-
rencias kontinentze, gadawyvita gaekeTebina saerTo-evropuli kinokompania da
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis kontraqtebi dado frang, britanel da sxva germanel
kinomwarmoeblebTan. misi azriT, ùfas~ savaWro da SemoqmedebiTi urTierTobebi
kidev unda gaefarToebina, raTa SeeqmnaT erToblivi, `kontinentaluri filmebi~.
igi miiswrafoda distribuciis axali meqanizmis Camosayalibebladac _ yovel
prodiusers, romelic akeTebda ama Tu im kinosuraTs, unda gaeTvaliswinebina,
rom mTeli kontinenti iyo Sida bazari da ise unda gaevrcelebina misi namuSe-
vari. amgvari midgoma sruliad ar iyo axali, radgan omis Semdeg aseTi urTier-
Tobebi sufevda evropul mrewvelobaSic, vaWrobasa da soflis meurneobaSic.
samwuxarod, aseTi gaerTianebis Seqmna ver moxerxda.
pomeri Seecada garkveul doneze mainc ganexorcielebina Canafiqri. man
Seqmna axali gundi, romelSic Sediodnen reJisorebi: fridrix vilhelm murnau,
fric langi, ludvig bergeri, artur robisoni, operatorebi: karl froindi, karl
formani, fric arno vagneri, giunter ritau, scenaristebi: karl maieri da Tia
fon harbou, mxatvrebi: robert helTi, valter riorixi, oto hunte da erix ke-
telhuti. marTalia, pomeri gamoirCeoda kinowarmoebaSi axleburi SemoqmedebiTi
midgomebiTa da mxatvruli formebis ZiebiT, magram zogjer mis aqtiurobas ùfa-
saTvis~ cudi Sedegic ki mohqonda, rac Tanxebis gadaWarbebasa da krizisuli si-
tuaciebis warmoqmnaSi gamoixateboda.
1923 wels germanelma mrewvelma, hugo Stinesma rus emigrant vladimir ven-
gerovTan erTad xorci Seasxa panevropuli kinogaerTianebis Seqmnis ideas. maT
jer berlinSi daafuZnes kinokompania `vesti~, romelsac male evropis TiTqmis
yvela qveyanaSi hqonda gaxsnili filiali. am gaerTianebas SeuerTda `pate-kon-
sorsiomi~ da warmoiqmna `pate-vesti~. masSi miiwvies bevri cnobili frangi kino-
reJisori, maT Soris _ abel gansi da Jermen dulaki. organizacias seriozuli
konkurencia unda gaewia amerikelebisaTvis, Tumca male Stinesi gardaicvala,
didZali valebi datova da erTmaneTis miyolebiT misi yvela kompania daixura.
evropelebTan sapaeqrod holivudma nacad xerxs mimarTa _ amerikelebma da-
iwyes gamokveTili figurebis gadabirebis politika. maTi warmomadgenlebi `be-
ber kontinents~ moedvnen da zRapruli honorarebis dapirebiT iyoliebdnen ni-
Wier kinematografistebs. 1923 wels okeanisgaRma gaeSura ernst lubiCi.
fric langma gadaiRo epikuri kinosuraTi `nibelungebi~ (1924), romelic
mTlianad gakeTda ùfas~ kinostudiaSi, uzarmazari dekoraciebis fonze. filmi
Sedgeboda ori nawilisagan _ `zigfridi~ da `krimhildas SurisZieba~. misTvis
scenari daweres Tavad langma da misma meuRlem, mweralma da dramaturgma, Tia
fon harboum. gadaRebis nawils erTi ingliseli kinoreJisori daeswro da gao-
ceba ver damala, roca aRmoaCina, rom zogierTi epizodis biujeti misi erTi an
ramdenime namuSevris mTlian xarjTaRricxvas aRemateboda. fric langi ùfas~
prezidents umtkicebda, rom `nibelungebiT~ isini xazs gausvamdnen germanelebis
upiratesobas amerikelebis winaSe istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan zigfridi-
viT gmiri am ukanasknelebs ar hyavdaT da maTi epikuri personaJebi mxolod ram-
denime aTeuli wlis winandeli Serifi da kovboi iyvnen. es gaxda erT-erTi mi-
zezi imisa, rom films gansakuTrebuli risxva daatyda Tavs kritikosebisagan,
rodesac is aSS-is ekranebze gadioda, ris gamoc `nibelungebi~ maleve moixsna
kinoTeatrebis repertuaridan. amis sapirispirod langis namuSevari evropis qve-
ynebSi warmatebiT gavida da igi Sedevrad aRiares.
150
germanuli Teatridan kinoSi gadavida `kamerSpile~ (`kameruli warmodge-
na~), anu `meSCanuri drama~, realisturi da socialurad motivirebuli mimarTu-
leba, romlis mixedviT araerTi kinosuraTi gakeTda. maTgan yvelaze RirsSesa-
niSnavi gamodga murnaus ùkanaskneli adamiani~ (1924), romelSic moTxrobilia
Tavgadasavali moxucisa, romelmac dakarga feSenebeluri sastumros kariskacis
samsaxuri da sazogadoebriv tualetSi gadaiyvanes samuSaod. mTavari roli
brwyinvaled ganasaxiera emil ianingsma, romlis personaJis magaliTze naCvenebia
20-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris germaniis saSualo da dabali fenebis cxovre-
bis sinamdvile, tragikuli bedi, qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis gavle-
na maT yoveldRiurobaze. murnaum mxolod erTi titri gamoiyena filmSi, danar-
Cenis gamoxatva ki miando universalur vizualur gamosaxulebebs. man gaiziara
scenaris avtoris, karl maieris iniciativa kameris Tavisufali moZraobis prin-
cipebis Taobaze da operators, karl froinds epizodebi iseTi rakursebiT (sa-
xanZro kibidan, velosipedidan, Werze gaWimuli bagirebidan da sxv.) gadaaRebina,
rom aRniSnul meTods `subieqturi kamera~ daerqva. amasTanave, murnaum gamoiyena
arafokusirebuli obieqtivi da mrude sarkeebi, raTa kargad gadmoeca gmiris Si-
nagani samyaro. Tavis mxriv, arc froindi CamorCa mas gamomgoneblobaSi. erT mo-
mentSi man mkerdze daimagra kamera da barbaciT gadaiRo erT-erTi epizodi.
ùkanasknel adamians~ saocari rezonansi mohyva. is maRal doneze Sefasda
da mas `filmi-manifesti~ ewoda. erTma kinokritikosma ganacxada, rom murnaus am
SedevrSi froindis kamera iyo erTaderTi mTxrobeli, xolo mTavari gmiri _
Sveicaris livrea.
1924 wlidan `dauesis gegmis~ meoxebiT daiwyo evropis amerikanizacia. aSS-
ma sxva qveynebTan partniorobiT ivaldebula germanul ekonomikaSi sesxebis ga-
cemis politika, raTa SeeCerebina iq arsebuli hiperinflacia. ramdenime weli-
wadSi Caido 4 miliardi dolari. `vaimaris respublikaSi~ masobrivad Sevida
amerikuli kultura.
1924 wlis bolosaTvis germanul kinobazarze filmebis 40% amerikuli iyo
da adgilobrivma mTavrobam daiwyo SezRudvebi. dawesda limiti ucxouri pro-
duqciis Setanaze qveyanaSi, germanel distributorebs miecaT ufleba, SeetanaT
wina wels maT mierve gavrcelebuli TiToeuli germanuli kinosuraTis sanacv-
lod damatebiT TiTo ucxouri filmi. aman movlenebi dramatulad warmarTa.
amao iyo ùfas~ mesveurebis Txovna mTavrobisadmi, rom daxmarebodnen raime sxva
RonisZiebebiTac pirobebis kidev ufro gamkacrebaSi.
germanias ar hqonda `kinovarskvlavTa sistema~ da rogorc ki ùfa~ vinmes
win wamoswevda, masze `nadirobas~ iwyebda holivudi. lubiCis gzas sxva kinema-
tografistebic gahyvnen. amis sapasuxod germanelebmac scades ramdenime amerike-
li msaxiobis gadaReba TavianT filmebSi, magram maT ver moipoves sakmarisi po-
pularoba.
1925 wels, roca holivudi Seecada gaefarToebina Tavisi importis wili
germaniaSi, xelisuflebam upasuxa kargad SemuSavebuli sistemiT, romlis mixed-
viT izRudeboda ucxouri filmebis ricxvi germanul kinobazarze, romelSic im
droisaTvis ùfas~ wili mxolod 18% iyo. mas xSirad akritikebda liberaluri
da social-demokratiuli presa. politikuri da sazogadoebrivi wreebi xmamaR-
la gahkiodnen, rom misi produqcia masebis tvinis gamorecxvas emsaxureboda da
saerTo araferi hqonda kinosTan. isini xalxs mouwodebdnen, rom eyurebinaT ise-
Ti namuSevrebisaTvis, romlebSic iqneboda partiuli Sexvedrebi, demonstraciebi,
gaficvebi. prodiuserma vili miuncenbergma win wamoswia lozungi, rom kino
151
aris saukeTeso saSualeba politikuri agitaciisaTvis, oRond is ar unda Cau-
vardes xelSi politikur mterso. man Camoayaliba `promeTeus filmi~, romelic
sakuTar produqciasac daafinansebda da germaniaSi gaavrcelebda sabWoTa fil-
mebs.
ekranebze gavida ramdenime filmi, romlebmac sazogadoebas amcnes, rom dge-
boda axali realizmis xana. erT-erTi iyo giorg vilhelm pabstis ùxaliso Se-
saxvevi~ (1925), romelSic sxvebTan erTad TamaSobda SvedeTidan miwveuli greta
garbo. masSi naCvenebia saSualo klasis avstrielTa cxovreba da problemebi.
originaluri xelweris pabsts Zalian uyvarda, roca gadamRebi jgufis wevrebi
aZlevdnen SeniSvnebs, romelTa nawilsac igi siamovnebiT iziarebda da aRiareb-
da, rom aseTi TanamSromloba didad exmareboda SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi. am
filmSi man pirvelad gamoiyena e. w. ùCinari montaJi~. is Casvamda CanarTs axa-
li rakursiT maSin, roca figura an sagani gadaadgildeboda. amiT montaJi TiTq-
mis SeumCneveli iyo, Tanac moqmedebis dinamizms uwyobda xels. ùxaliso Sesax-
vevma~, romelic mTavari gmirebis moulodneli simravliTac gamoirCeoda, zog
qveyanaSi mowoneba daimsaxura, zogan _ ara, zogan igi Seamcires, did britaneTSi
ki saerTod akrZales.
ivald andre duponi iRebda sanaxaobiT kinosuraTebs, romlebSic STambeW-
dav improvizaciebs iyenebda. misi melodrama `variete~ (1925) `sasiyvarulo sam-
kuTxediT~, eWvebiTa da mkvlelobiT, ùxaliso Sesaxvevis~ msgavsad axali xanis
mauwyebeli gamodga. masSi kinokamera situaciis gasamZafreblad Zalian kargad
muSaobda axlo xedebze. `varietes~ didi warmateba xvda wilad rogorc samSob-
loSi, ise sazRvargareT, amitomac miiwvies misi avtori jer holivudSi, Semdeg
did britaneTSi.
ùfa~ Cavarda finansur krizisSi da gakotrebas gadaurCa mxolod mas Sem-
deg, rac 4 milioni dolari miiRo sesxis saxiT `faramaunTisa~ da `metro-gol-
dvin-meierisagan~. aRsaniSnavia, rom calke am kompaniebis warmomadgenlebi da
calke karl lemli erTsa da imave dRes gaemgzavrnen aSS-dan germaniisaken
sxvadasxva gemiT am saqmeze, magram pirvelebi inglisSi gemidan TviTmfrinavSi
gadasxdnen da amiT Caaswres konkurents berlinSi, sadac ise gaCarxes yvelafe-
ri, rogorc hqondaT Cafiqrebuli. aRniSnulma kompaniebma ùfasTan~ erTad Seqm-
nes sadistribucio firma `farufameti~, romelsac unda gaevrcelebina maTi fi-
lmebi germaniaSi, xolo germanel partniorebs misces saSualeba, mcire raodeno-
bis filmebi SeetanaT amerikul kinobazarze. male ùfas~ sameTvalyureo sabWos
wevrebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia amerikelebis mier germaniaSi gavrcelebulma,
pirveli msoflio omis Tematikaze Seqmnilma ramdenime kinosuraTma, sadac ger-
manelebi barbarosebad gamoiyvanes. aman daaCqara maT Soris ganxeTqileba.
evropuli kinos ideis momxreebma 1926 wels daaarses èvropuli kinemato-
grafiis aliansi~, sadac Sevidnen `svensk filmindustri~, ùfa~ da ramdenime
frangi investori. isini apirebdnen samive qveyanaSi erToblivi filmebis keTebas,
magram maTi saqmianoba mxolod ùfas~ kinosuraTebis safrangeTSi gavrcelebiT
Semoifargla. mere da mere es idea miviwyebas mieca italiaSi faSisturi reJimis
gamo da kinoSi xmis mosvliT, radgan yvela Tavis enaze axmovanebda filmebs.
giorg vilhelm pabsts undoda, ekranze gadaetana fsiqoanalitikuri Teori-
ebi. mas konsultaciebi gauwies zigmund froidis mowafeebma: karl abrahamma da
hans zaksma, romlebic reJisorma scenaris avtorebadac miiwvia. Tavad froidma
uari Tqva proeqtSi monawileobaze, radgan misi warmatebis imedi ar hqonda. ki-
nosuraTs daerqva `sulis saidumloebani~ (1926), magram ar ivarga, miuxedavad imi-
152
sa, rom masSi uzadod iTamaSa verner krausma. igive kinomsaxiobi konrad fait-
Tan erTad gamoCnda henrik galinis saintereso namuSevarSi _ `praRel student-
Si~ (1926), romelic warmoadgenda 13 wliT adre gadaRebuli popularuli filmis
`rimeiqs~.
1926 wels emil ianingsi, konrad faiti da erix pomeri aSS-Si wavidnen. po-
merma saqmianoba gaagrZela `metro-goldvin-meiersa~ da `faramaunTSi~, sadac
Sexvda pola negris, mauric stilers, beniamin qristensens da sxva niWier evro-
pel kolegebs, magram holivuduri sistema ver gaiTavisa, xSirad ekamaTeboda iqa-
ur xelmZRvanelobas, ris gamoc mudmivi problemebi hqonda.
morigi finansuri Cavardnis Sedegad ùfas~ ZiriTadma kreditorma _ `doiCe
bankma~ bevri iRona, rom kompania ar gakotrebuliyo da eZebda kidec seriozul
damfinansebels. mas Semdeg, rac ramdenime potenciur investors amaod SesTava-
zes xelsayreli pirobebi, 1927 wlis martSi ùfa~ iyida alfred hugenbergma.
man vali gadauxada amerikelebs, Semoikriba biznesmenTa jgufi, romlis mxarda-
WeriT Seudga kompaniis reorganizacias aSkara nacionalisturi orientaciiT.
daisaxa axali perspeqtivebi, Catarda reformebi, moxda axleburi struqturuli
dayofa, SemoiRes marTvis amerikuli principebi, Sromis ganawilebis meTodebi.
imxanad adgilobriv kinobazarze germanuli filmebis raodenoba iTvlida
241 erTeuls da Seadgenda 47%-s, roca amerikuli kino amave bazarze warmodge-
nili iyo 37%-iT. aman sxva evropul qveynebsac misca magaliTi, Tu rogor daec-
vaT Tavi holivudis eqspansiisagan, Tumca am mimarTebiT maT veranairi qmediTi
da gadamWreli RonisZiebebi ver ganaxorcieles. erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romlis
erovnulma kinoproduqciam sakuTar kinobazarze xvedriTi wiliT, germaniis
msgavsad, gadaaWarba amerikuls, iyo sabWoTa kavSiri.
holivudi kvlav eweoda wamyvani germaneli kinematografistebis gadabire-
bis kurss. uiliam foqsis miwveviT aSS-Si wavida fridrix vilhelm murnau, ro-
melmac gadaiRo brwyinvale kinosuraTi àisi~ (1927) xmovani efeqtebiTa da musi-
kaluri gaformebiT. filmma ver aanazRaura masze gaweuli xarjebi, ver moitana
komerciuli mogeba, magram specialistebis qeba daimsaxura, radgan maT Zalian
moewonaT sareJisoro namuSevari, ris Sedegadac amerikelebma murnaus kidev sami
kinosuraTi gadaaRebines.
germanulma kinoindustriam moumata ekranizaciebs. maTze damyarebulma ime-
debma mcire xniT gaamarTla da sarfiani Semosavalic SesZina adgilobriv mwar-
moeblebs. paul Cinerma kinokompania `febusSi~ gadaiRo niSandoblivi filmi
`siyvaruli~ (1927) onore de balzakis mixedviT, xolo ùfaSi~ pabstma gaakeTa
`Jan neis siyvaruli~ (1927), romelsac safuZvlad daedo sabWoTa mwerlis, ilia
erenburgis nawarmoebi. erenburgi ekranizaciiT ukmayofilo darCa da ganacxada,
rom kinosuraTis avtorebma arasworad gadmosces Cemi Canafiqri, gansakuTrebiT
ki daamaxinjes finaluri epizodio.
1928 wels samSobloSi dabrunda pomeri, romelmac kvlav ùfas~ miaSura sa-
muSaod. man daiwyo axalgazrda SemoqmedebiTi muSakebis mizidva da iTava ramde-
nime momavali proeqtis uSualo prodiuseroba. langma fon harbous romanisa da
scenaris mixedviT gadaiRo `jaSuSebi~ (1928), sagulisxmo saTavgadasavlo filmi,
raSic daamtkica Tavisi upiratesoba, rogorc Wkvianma kinoreJisorma da gamorCe-
ulma novatorma. komerciuli TvalsazrisiT momgebiani gamodga jou mais `Sin
dabruneba~ (1928), romelsac safuZvlad daedo leonhard frankis romani `karli
da ana~, magram aqac ganmeorda erenburgis SemTxveva, radgan literaturuli pir-
velwyaros avtors ar esiamovna misi nawarmoebis siuJetis gadasxvafereba.
153
ùfas~ garda aqtiurobdnen sxva kinokompaniebic, romlebic iwvevdnen ucxo-
elebs, raTa erToblivi produqcia SeeqmnaT. safrangeTidan sagangebod Cayvanil-
ma Jak feiderma gadaiRo `terez rakeni~ (1928) emil zolas romanis mixedviT. man
gamoiyena poeturi kinos yvela saSualeba da gaakeTa, rogorc Tavad ambobda,
`Savi realizmis~ Semcveli nawarmoebi, romelic zogierTi kritikosis Sexedule-
biT, warmoadgenda mis saukeTeso namuSevars uxmo kinos periodSi. reJisorma da
prodiuserma, rixard aixbergma inglisel kolegebTan erTad gaakeTa aRsaniSnavi
kinosuraTi `binZuri fuli~ (1928).
axalma droebam axali `kinovarskvlavebi~ Sva. ùfasac~ hyavda Tavisi eli-
taruli msaxiobebi, romelTagan gamoirCeoda brigite helmi. man mTavari persona-
Jebi ganasaxiera ramdenime saintereso kinosuraTSi, maT Sorisaa: `nina petrovnas
saswaulebrivi tyuili~ (1929, reJ. hans Svarci) da `manolesku _ TaRliTebis me-
fe~ (1929, reJ. viqtor turJanski). am ukanasknelSi helms partniorobas uwevda
ivan mozJuxini. turJanskis, mozJuxinsa da sxvebs surdaT, germaniaSic Camoeyali-
bebinaT rusuli emigraciuli kinos centri, iseTi, rogoric iyo safrangeTSi, mag-
ram ver moaxerxes.
dekadis miwurulisaTvis mcire kinokompaniebis nawilma daiwyo holivudTan
Ria TanamSromloba, ramac germanuli kinoindustria orad gaxliCa. adgilobriv
kinobazarze, romelic moicavda 5200 kinoTeatrs, filmebis xvedriTi wilis saki-
Txi amerikelebis sasargeblod gadawyda. amas daemata ekonomikuri krizisi da
umuSevrobis zrda, ris gamoc germanuli kino seriozuli problemebis winaSe
dadga.
154
kinoeqspresionizmi
omSi damarcxebuli germaniis kinoSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda axali mxatvru-

li mimdinareoba _ kinoeqspresionizmi, romlis msoflmxedvelobiT princips
warmoadgenda protesti maxinji samyaros winaaRmdeg, misgan pirovnebis gamijvna,
tradiciuli evropuli kulturis sawyisebis ngrevis SegrZneba, sasowarkveTile-
ba, mistikisa da pesimizmisaken miswrafeba. eqspresionizmi laTinuri sityvisagan
warmodgeba da `gamoxatvas~ niSnavs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, drezdenSi Camoya-
libda mxatvarTa sazogadoeba `di bruke~ (`xidi~), romlis wevrebi acxadebdnen,
rom xelovnebis amocana adamianis sulierebis Cvenebaao. isini emijnebodnen imp-
resionizms, rac obieqtis mxolod garegnul aRweras qadagebda da TavianT Semo-
qmedebas ganakuTvnebdnen eqspresionizms. Semdeg Seqmnilma gaerTianebam _ `der
blaue raiTeri~ (`cisferi mxedari~), ufro gaaRrmava es ideologia. misi warmo-
madgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom saxviT xelovnebaSi adamianis Sinagani samyaros ukeT
gadasatanad saWiroa abstraqtuli kompoziciebi da iracionaluri saxeebi. male
eqspresionizmi gaCnda TeatrSi, musikaSi, mxatvrul literaturasa da arqiteqtu-
raSi.
10-iani wlebis germaniaSi gadaRebulma ramdenime kinosuraTma (`praReli
studenti~, `golemi~, `homunkulusi~) uCveulo paTosiTa da originaluri stilis-
tikiT erTgvari niadagi moumzada da gza gauxsna am mxatvruli mimdinareobis
misvlas kinoSi. amas Tan daemTxva omis Semdgomi periodis ucnauri mdgomareoba,
roca depresiuli ekonomikis, sayovelTao unugeSobisa da aTasgvari sxva prob-
lemis fonze adgilobrivi kinoindustria bums ganicdida, miuxedavad imisa, rom
kinematografistebs sul imas CasCiCinebdnen, TavianTi xelobiT verasodes ajo-
bebdnen Teatralur xelovnebas.
marTalia, kinowarmoebis tempebi gaizarda, filmebis ricxvma sagrZnoblad
imata da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT seriozuli Semosavali moitana, magram maTi
xarisxi aSkarad Camouvardeboda sxva qveynebis kinoproduqciis dones. amis da-
saZlevad hans ianovicma da karl maierma gadawyvites, daeweraT scenari, rome-
lic alegoriulad asaxavda realur situacias germaniis imperiaSi, romlis xe-
lisuflebam Taviseburad moajadova Tavisi moqalaqeebi da omis sasaklaoze ga-
istumra. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri unda yofiliyo fsiqiatri, vinc agipnozebs
erT avadmyofs da aiZulebs Caidinos seriuli mkvlelobebi. Cexi ianovici da av-
strieli maieri mwerlebi da dramaturgebi iyvnen. orive iRebda monawileobas
saomar moqmedebebSi, Semdeg aRmoCndnen fsiqiatriul klinikaSi, sadac erTmaneTi
gaicnes. sxvadasxva dros demobilizebuli nacnobebis gzebi axlo momavalSi
kvlav SeerTda berlinSi da swored maSin Seudgnen Canafiqris xorcSesxmas. Zi-
riTad ideas maT daumates sakuTari mogonebebi, xolo stendalis mimoweraSi
amoikiTxes gvari kaligari, romelic mTavari personaJisaTvis gamoiyenes.
axalbeda scenaristebma namuSevari kompania `dekla-bioskopSi~ pomerTan mi-
itanes. cnobili prodiuseri ixsenebda: sanam ianovici da maieri xelovnebaze me-
saubrebodnen, sxva rameze vfiqrobdi. maT ainteresebdaT eqsperimenti, magram ama-
Si iafi kinowarmoebis SesaZleblobebi davinaxeo. imxanad berlineli da praRe-
li studentebisa da axalgazrda mxatvrebis saTayvano xelovans warmoadgenda
alfred kubini da scenaris avtorebma iTxoves, momaval proeqtze mxatvrad misi
miwveva, magram pomerma Tavaziani uari Seageba, Tumca dahpirda, rom aucileblad
155
isargeblebda kubinis stiliT. man gamoiZaxa Tavisi kinostudiis mxatvrebi: her-
man varmi, valter riorixi da valter raimani, romlebic ganekuTvnebodnen eqs-
presionistul dajgufebas _ `Sturms~ da daavala fantastikuri elferis deko-
raciebis gakeTeba. eleqtroenergiis deficitis gamo sameulma moifiqra, rom ki-
nosuraTis Crdilebi da ganaTebebi pirdapir dekoraciebze daexata da Sesabami-
si eskizebi warudgines pomers, romelic Tavdapirvelad gaocda, iuara, magram
roca raimanma auxsna, rom, Tuki eqspresionistuli xelweriT Seasrulebdnen sa-
muSaos, maSin sakvanZo elementebs maqsimalurad gamomsaxvelobiTs gaxdidnen.
prodiuseri daTanxmda da amis mixedviT venaSi erTi sasinji epizodi gadaiRes,
ris Semxedvare scenaristebma saerTod daanebes Tavi kubinze fiqrs.
pomers Zalian undoda, rom reJisoroba gaewia fric langs, magram is sxva
proeqtze muSaobda, amitom yuradReba SeCerda robert vineze, romelsac ukve hqo-
nda Seqmnili ramdenime aTeuli filmi da inteleqtualur specialistad iTvle-
boda. scenaristebs surdaT, rom qalis mTavari roli filmSi eTamaSa berlinis
erT-erTi Teatris msaxiobs, gilda langers, magram igi daavadda da male gardai-
cvala, amitom es roli ergo lil dagovers. mamakaci personaJebi ganasaxieres
verner krausma da konrad faitma. maT imgvari sqeli grimi wausves mxatvrebma,
rom es warmosadegi adamianebi sazarel da borot tipebad gadaiqcnen. vinem bev-
ri ram Secvala scenarSi, Tumca fabulisaTvis xeli ar uxlia. aman gaaRiziana
ianovici da maieri, magram verafers gaxdnen da sinanuliT gamoacxades, rom Cveni
revoluciuri siuJeti erTob konformistul Tavgadasavlad gadakeTdao.
herman varmi ambobda, rom filmebi unda gaxdnen gacocxlebuli naxatebi,
xolo deformirebul samyaroSi adamians gamzadebuli aqvs feradi laqis adgi-
li. man da misma kolegebma msaxiobebs gansakuTrebuli kostiumebi Seukeres da
specialurad ayenebdnen mrude pozebSi, Tamam anturaJad warmoadgines rTuli
arqiteqturuli kompoziciebi, tilosa da muyaoze Sesrulebuli irealuri, apro-
porciuli da gangeb damaxinjebuli dekoraciebi, kuTxeebis, formebisa da geome-
triuli figurebis araordinaluri rakursebi (gadazneqili saxlebi da lampio-
nebi, dagrexili sabuxre milebi, magidebi, uTanabro da daRrecili kibeebi da
sxv.). vinem gmirebi mciredi groteskiT da romantizmiT datvirTa da radganac
moTxrobili ambavi, sworxazovnebis miuxedavad, logikas ar eqvemdebareboda, aq-
centebi grafikaze gadaitana. es mTlianad kinostudiaSi gadaRebuli kinosura-
Ti unda dapirispireboda uniaTo filmebs.
rodesac pomerma masala naxa, winadadeba wamoayena, rom Sesavali da finali
ise gaekeTebinaT, TiTqos moqmedeba sulierad avadmyofTa klinikaSi xdeba, xolo
danarCeni giJis monayoli iyo, rameTu amiT ufro davZabavT siuJetso. vine dae-
Tanxma, ramac gaaqro filmidan avtoritarizmisa da militarizmis kritika da
win wamoswia subieqtivizmi, mwvave TviTgamoxatva. pomeri am namuSevriT gegmavda
ucxour kinobazarze warmatebis mopovebas da sakmao mosamzadebeli saqmianobac
gaswia, raTa igi jer samSobloSic eRiarebinaT.
films daerqva `doqtor kaligaris kabineti~. `dekla-bioskopma~ farTomas-
Stabiani reklama wamoiwyo. afiSebze ewera: `Sen unda gaxde kaligari!~. 1920
wlis TebervalSi misi premiera moewyo berlinis kinoTeatr `marmorhausSi~, mag-
ram filmSi gadmocemulma sagangaSo atmosferom daafrTxo auditoria. mayure-
belma bileTis safasuris ukan dabruneba moiTxova, rasac skandali mohyva. ori
dRis Semdeg igi moixsna seansebidan. pomeri sagonebelSi Cavarda. amjerad is ma-
rto imaze fiqrobda, rogor amoeRo masze gaxarjuli Tanxa (daaxl. 20000 marka).
man ver moiZia sxva kinoTeatri, romelic miiRebda mis kinosuraTs. gadawyda xe-
156
laxali sareklamo kampaniis gaCaReba. qalaqSi gamoikra plakatebi faitis gamo-
saxulebiTa da sityvebiT: `Tqven naxeT kaligari?~. kampaniam eqvs Tves gastana.
pomerma gamonaxa kinodemonstratori, romelsac gadauxada 30000 marka imis sana-
cvlod, rom igi sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi gauSvebda films.
xelmeore demonstracias bevri mnaxveli miawyda. mayurebels ar moewona
filmi, xolo presam aqo da adida. mas uwodes `zebunebrivi kino~, romlis ideaSi
dainaxes xelisuflebisa da mis mier damkvidrebuli wesebis winaaRmdeg gamoxa-
tuli amboxi, kaligariSi kritikosebma Seicnes saxelmwifo, xolo mis pacientSi
_ xalxi. filmis mowinaaRmdegeebma damdgmeli koleqtivi primitivizmSi daadana-
Saules da `kaligarizmi~ avadmyofuri fantastikisadmi miswrafebad CaTvales,
magram yvelam erTxmad ganacxada, rom man Sva `kinematografiuli eqspresioni-
zmi~.
`doqtor kaligaris kabineti~ mezobel qveynebSi gaitanes. safrangeTSi Cve-
nebis organizatoroba iTaves lui delukma da misma megobrebma. igi jer daxu-
rul seansze waradgines, xolo Semdeg kinoTeatr òperaSi~ moawyves demonstra-
cia. man pirvelma gaarRvia frangebis mier omis mere germanul kinoproduqciaze
dawesebuli akrZalva. kinosuraTi amerikelebmac naxes. okeanisgaRma mas distri-
bucia gauwia sem goldvinis kinokompaniam, romlis adgilobrivma konkurentebma
misi sawinaaRmdego xmauri atexes da moawyves omis veteranebis msvleloba lo-
zungiT: àr vuyurebT filmebs, romlebsac amerikis mtrebi iReben!~. amgvari aJio-
taJis miuxedavad, filmi kargad gavida aSS-is ekranebze da gacilebiT didi mo-
geba miiRo, vidre evropaSi. amerikelma eqspertebma mas èdgar pous furceli~
Searqves. kinosuraTma daamtkica, rom kinematografi SeiZleba iyos orientirebu-
li ara marto Teatrsa an literaturaze, aramed saxviT xelovnebazec, rom SeuZ-
lia daafiqsiros ara mxolod realoba, aramed subieqturi grZnobebic, rom Za-
luZs aCvenos ara marto is, rasac vxedavT cxovrebaSi, aramed isic, rac SeiZleba
daibados adamianis cnobierebaSi.
filmis siuJeti saTaves iRebda klasikad qceuli gotikuri romanebidan, ra-
mac zog kritikoss afiqrebina, rom es iyo `saSinelebaTa filmis~ eqsperimenti.
ra Tqma unda, gadaRebisas misgan amovarda socialuri morali da igi socialu-
ri urTierTobebidan gadavida individualur fsiqologiaSi. amis gamo gaxda es
namuSevari im epoqis yvelaze sakamaTo nawarmoebi, romelmac Camoayaliba sinamd-
vilis reprezentaciis sruliad axali koncefcia, daafuZna axali kinematogra-
fiuli formula, rac umetesobam Tavdapirvelad ver gaigo, magram Semdgom Tan-
daTanobiT Caswvda mis mrwamss.
vines nawarmoebs evropaSic mohyva sxvadasxvagvari Sefasebebi: nawils miaCn-
da, rom filmi warmoadgenda moZraobaSi moyvanil saxviT xelovnebas, nawilisa-
Tvis igi Seicavda plakaturi kinos arasasurvel detalebs.
kinoeqspresionizmis warmoqmnam ramdenime eqspresionisti xelovani daainte-
resa. Teatralurma reJisorma _ karl hainc martinma gadaiRo filmi `dilidan
SuaRamemde~ (1920), romelsac safuZvlad daedo giorg kaizeris amave saxelwode-
bis piesa. martinma es dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaro adre scenaze dadga, magram
`doqtor kaligaris kabinetis~ gavlenis qveS myofma ganaxorciela sxvanairi ek-
ranizacia. amiT mas vinesTan undoda gapaeqreba. memarcxene ideebiT Sepyrobili
reJisori ufro revoluciur masebs aqcevda yuradRebas da cdilobda, eCvenebina
iseTi tipaJebi, romlebic arafers warmoadgendnen cxovrebaSi. man daaarsa kom-
pania ìlag-filmi~, daiqirava kinoaparatura, miiwvia mxatvari, romelsac ganusaz-
Rvra, Tu ranairi dekoraciebi sWirdeboda da Teatridan gadaRebaze waiyvana ga-
157
mocdili msaxiobebi. am ukanasknelebma ise ostaturad gaiTamaSes siuJeti, rom
ukana rigSi gadaswies mxatvris naxelavi, Tumca kinosuraTSi dairRva erTiani
sivrce. `dilidan SuaRamemde~ mxolod ramdenime dRe gadioda oriode kinoTeat-
rSi, radgan mayurebelma veraferi gaugo. gabrazebulma martinma daxura kinokom-
pania. ori wlis Semdeg filmi erTma distributorma waiRo iaponiaSi, sadac mas
interesiT Sexvdnen.
`dekla-bioskopSi~ gakeTda eqspresionistuli namuSevari `genuine~ (1920), ro-
mlis scenari dawera karl maierma, xolo reJisoroba andes kvlav vines, rome-
lic germanel kinoreJisorTa liderebis maraqaSi gaeria. igi Tavisi eqspresio-
nistuli principebis esTetikis erTguli gamtarebeli darCa am filmSic, rome-
lic isev studiaSi gadaiRo. mTavar rolSi saTamaSod miiwvies Teatraluri da
kinomsaxiobi, maqs rainhartis mowafe _ fern andra. kinosuraTi mieZRvna ukve po-
pularuli `vampiri qalis~ Temas da masSi aRiwera mTavari personaJis ocnebebis
samyaro. TavisTavad `genuine~ `doqtor kaligaris kabinetis~ gavlenas ganicdida
da amis gamo yvela elodeboda ekranebze mis gamoCenas, maT Soris germaneli
kritikosebi, romlebic adgilobrivi kinoindustriis nimuSebis mimarT uaryofi-
Tad iyvnen ganwyobilni. robert vinem ramdenime epizodisaTvis feradi ganaTebe-
bic gamoiyena, magram firis Sav-TeTri xarisxis gamo maTi efeqtebi daikarga.
pomeri eqspresionistul kinosuraTebs uwodebda `stilizebul filmebs~,
sadac xazi esmeboda xelovnis pozicias, saxviTi xelovnebis parametrebs, msubuq-
sa da mZime kontrastebs da `genuines~ SemTxvevaSi axal komerciul miRwevebs
varaudobda, magram igi mxolod pirvel xanebSi gaxda interesis sagani, mere ki
daviwyebas mieca. am morig eqsperiments gaugebari ritualebisa da sxva danarCe-
ni daumuSavebeli detalebisaTvis uwodes `gaurkveveli tragedia ucnaur saxl-
Si~, `sikvdilis baleti~ da a. S. radikalma kritikosebma aRniSnes, rom mxatvreb-
ma ajobes vines dekoraciuli eqspresionizmiT da isini unda CaiTvalon damdg-
mel reJisorebado.
fridrix vilhelm murnaum gadaiRo filmi ìanusis Tavi~ (1920), robert lu-
is stivensonis `doqtor jekilisa da baton haidis ucnauri Tavgadasavlis~ Ta-
visufali ekranizacia, romelSic personaJebs saxelebi Seucvala. scenari gaake-
Ta hans ianovicma, xolo mTavari gmiri ganasaxiera konrad faitma. samwuxarod,
es namuSevari ar SemorCa STamomavlobas. vinem isev andra aTamaSa eqspresionis-
tul kinosuraT `dedofal izabos RameSi~ (1920), magram man mxolod mayureblis
dacinva da stvena daimsaxura. martini gacilebiT ukeT moergo kinoeqspresio-
nistul situacias momdevno namuSevarSi `saxli mTvaris Suqze~ (1921), romelSic
kinomsaxiobebis TamaSi mkacr dinamikas dauqvemdebara. gacilebiT meti efeqti
moaxdina hans kobes filmma `farisevluri morali~ (1921), raSic ganaTebis meoxe-
biT gamosaxulebebs reliefuri formebi misces.
langs undoda Tavadac mieRo monawileoba axali mimdinareobis populari-
zaciaSi, risi saSualebac male misca pomerma, romelmac daavala filmis _ `daR-
lili sikvdili~ (1921) gakeTeba. es kinosuraTi asaxavda metaforul Tavgadasa-
vals, romelSic gadmoica bedisweris daundoblobisa da masTan brZolaSi yve-
lanairi adamianuri Zalisxmevis amaoebis Sesaxeb. masSi moTxrobilia sami sxva-
dasxva epoqisa da socialuri fenis ambebi, romlebsac aqvT erTi saerTo azri:
siyvaruli ver daZlevs sikvdils, magram aiZulebs pativiscemiTa da SuriT moep-
yros. kadrebis epikuri agebiT, mravalferovani tipaJebiTa da Txrobis dune ri-
tmiT avtorma filmi filosofiur-lirikul igavad aqcia. masSi Caido origin-
aluri triukebi da ostaturad gaazrebuli specefeqtebi.
158
langis kinosuraTs maRali Sefaseba misces kinokritikosebma da mis sauke-
Teso kinonawarmoebad aRiares, magram gaqiravebaSi man mosalodneli Sedegi ver
aCvena, radgan mayurebelma naklebi interesi gamoiCina mis mimarT. amis Semdeg
pomeri da misi gundis wevrebi darwmundnen, rom aseTi produqciiT fons ver ga-
vidodnen, seriozul mogebas ver daagrovebdnen da verc holivuds gaejibrebod-
nen, amitom uari Tqves SemdgomSi amgvari kinoproeqtebis ganxorcielebaze da ge-
zi isev komerciul kinoze aiRes.
bram stoukeris romanis `drakula~ Tavisufali interpretaciiT gadaiRo
murnaum eqspresionistuli kinosuraTi `nosferatu, saSinelebis simfonia~ (1922)
axaldaarsebul patara kinokompania `prana filmSi~. mosamzadebel periodSi mas
rainhartma gaacno msaxiobi, maqs Sreki. reJisors moewona igi da mTavar rolze
aiyvana. Sreki imgvarad gamoiyureboda, rom murnaum grimiorebs sTxova, misi per-
sonaJisTvis mxolod yurebi waewvetebinaT da vampirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kbilebi CaemagrebinaT. scenari dawera gamocdilma henrik galinma, romelmac
sityva-sityviT ar gadaitana literaturuli pirvelwyaro da fabula ise aago,
rom is emsaxureboda saSinelebisa da daZabulobis TandaTan ganviTarebas, Tanac
ZiriTad personaJs grafi orloki daarqva. Srekma kargad gaiTavisa, rom rolis
maRal doneze Sesasruleblad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo Crdili da ara igi, vis-
ganac is modioda.
kinoreJisori ar gaeqca eqspresionistul esTetikas, magram ar gaiziara sag-
nebis deformirebis stilistika. man kinostudiaSi Caketvac ar isurva da umete-
si epizodi naturaze gaakeTa. amiT kinoeqspresionizmi interieridan eqsterierSi
gavida. amdenad, `doqtor kaligaris kabinetTan~ SedarebiT, es filmi gacilebiT
kinematografiuli gamodga.
gadaReba mimdinareobda germaniaSi, SvedeTsa da slovakeTSi. SemoqmedebiT
jgufze aTasgvari Wori dairxa: kinematografistebi satanisturi seqtis warmo-
madgenlebad da uwmindurebad monaTles, eklesiis msaxurebi da Tavgamodebuli
morwmuneebi mimarTavdnen kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs, rom Tavidanve uari eTq-
vaT am mkrexeluri kinosuraTis demonstrirebaze, murnauze yvebodnen, rom igi
Turme daukavSirda namdvil vampirs, raTa filmSi gadaeRo da samudamo ekranul
sicocxles dahpirda, magram bolo momentSi vampirma ugana, zogi imasac irwmune-
boda, rom Tavad reJisori asaxierebda orlokis rols, Sreki ki xalxis satyua-
rad sWirdebao da sxv.
murnaum didi yuradReba miaqcia arsebiT dramaturgiulsa da gamomsaxve-
lobiT niuansebs. man operatorebs Cveulebrivi tye gadaaRebina, magram filmSi
Casva mxolod misi negativi sazareli SegrZnebebis gasaRviveblad da arabuneb-
riobis saCveneblad, gamosaxulebebs mianiWa plastikuri da dinamikuri formebi,
daicva stilizaciasa da gamWvirvalobas, abstraqciasa da xorcSesxmas Soris
Tanafardoba. is amosaval wertils xedavda kadris erTianobaSi da amas uyureb-
da, rogorc dramaturgiul garemos, rogorc sivrciT erTeuls. nawarmoebis mTa-
vari idea, rom siyvarulsa da sinaTles SeuZliaT gaacamtveron sibneleca da
bneleTis mociqulebic, warmoCnda moulodneli teqnikuri xerxebiT, Savisa da
TeTris kontrastebiT, saintereso kompoziciuri svlebiT. murnaus undoda, kinos-
gan Seeqmna xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvavebuli ram, sadac avtors daeqve-
mdebareboda yvelaferi. mas hqonda sakuTari stili, rasac erTgulad icavda.
`nosferatu, saSinelebis simfonia~ ekranebze gavida 1922 wlis martSi. amje-
rad mayurebelica da kritikac erTsulovani iyvnen: kinosuraTma, damTrgunveli
Sinaarsis miuxedavad, yvelas guli moinadira. mas èqspresionistuli Sedevri~,
159
èsTetikuri Soki~, `saukeTeso ganaTebebisa da rakursebis brwyinvale magaliTi~
uwodes. marTalia, Srekis gmiri saerTo jamSi sul cxra wuTi Canda, Tumca igi
SiSis zars scemda auditorias. specialistebi xazs usvamdnen siuJetis warmar-
Tvis didebul xelweras, mis romantikul dekoraciebs, mTebis siluetebs, Crdi-
loeT germaniis qalaqebis Zveli ubnebis Tavisebur egzotikurobas. isini aRniS-
navdnen, rom kinoreJisoris niWma uzadod daxata samyaro, romelSic sufevda Se-
saSuri harmonia bunebasa da kulturas Soris.
murnaus warmatebuli kinoproeqtis aJiotaJi gaauferula ucabedad atexil-
ma skandalma: stoukeris qvrivma _ florens stoukerma uCivla `prana films~,
romelmac mas ar gadauxada saavtoro honorari. amasTanave, am kinokompanias hyav-
da kreditorebic, romlebic xSirad axsenebdnen Tavs. `prana filmis~ mflobe-
lebma TavianTi kinosawarmo gakotrebulad gamoacxades da mTeli masalebi da
valebi gadauloces `doiC-amerikaniSe film unions~, romelmac Seisyida misi aq-
tivebi. qvrivma axla mas uCivla. sasamarTlo garCevebma sam weliwads gastana da
imiT dasrulda, rom kinosuraTis aslebi gadaeca stoukers, romelmac isini gaa-
nadgura. SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom romeliRac britanul organizaciasac hqonia
asli. qvrivma bevri ibrZola mis misaRebad, magram sawadels ver miaRwia. ramde-
nime wlis mere mas daeufla amerikuli ìuniversali~. amasobaSi gairkva, rom ki-
dev yofila gadarCenili sxva aslebic. erTi cali Turme Sreksac Semounaxavs.
gamoikveTa kinoeqspresionizmis pirveladi elementebi _ antigmirebis daye-
neba Txrobis centrSi, mizanscenis sagangebod damaxinjeba an gadameteba, kinema-
tografistis piradi emociuri reaqciis win wamoweva, naturalizmis uaryofa. ki-
noeqspresionistebi ganicdidnen calkeuli Teoriebis zegavlenas, romelTaganac
umTavress warmoadgenda neoTomistuli esTetika. is emyareboda Sua saukuneebis
sqolastikosis, Toma aqvinelis Sexedulebebs da acxadebda, rom adamiani araa
damokidebuli garemosTan da mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi unda aCvenon misi cnobie-
reba, vinaidan garegani samyaro absoluturad uvargisia arsebobisaTvis. isini
ewinaaRmdegebodnen frangul pozicias, rom cxovreba Teatria da arc sakiTxisa-
dmi amerikuli midgoma moswondaT, rom kinematografi mxolod saukunis axali
gasarTobia da meti araferi. maT daamtkices, rom kinoc xelovnebaa, romelic
sxvanairad unda aRiqva. kinoeqspresionizmis montaJi iyo neli da ubralo, raTa
mayurebels kargad daeTvalierebina scena, gaego, ras uCvenebdnen da Camwvdariyo
mis arsSi. personaJebis saxeebze gamoixateboda groteski, tanjuli gamometyve-
leba, maTi Jestebi xandaxan waagavda sacekvao moZraobebs. filmebSi gamoiyenebo-
da muqi animaciis saxasiaTo konturebi, gadaRebis axleburi rakursebi, sagnebsa
da msaxiobebs anaTebdnen winidan da gverdidan, daxvewili teqnikis saSualebiT
iqmneboda Crdilebi araTanabari efeqtisaTvis. amiT Taviseburi miniSneba keTde-
boda figurasa da dekoraciebs Soris arsebul uxilav kavSirze.
fric langis filmi `doqtori mabuze, azartuli moTamaSe _ droebis sura-
Ti~ (1922) oficialurad ki iTvleboda kriminalur dramad, magram eqspresionis-
tuli ideebi masSic mravlad Caisva. kinosuraTSi aRwerilia, rogor eqceva Tana-
medrove msoflio mZlavri aramzadebis batonobis qveS. misi mTavari gmiria fsi-
qoanalitikosi tirani, romelsac hipnozis ZaliT daSinebuli hyavs sazogadoeba.
mabuze iyo fantomasisa da kaligaris Taviseburi variacia. filmis mwvave siuJe-
tur peripetiebSi erTmaneTSi gadaixlarTa socialuri satirisa da `saSinele-
baTa kinos~ amazrzeni epizodebi, Caketili wre da simboluri qaosi. misi moqme-
deba pirobiT interierSi moeqca da aCvena, rom yvelaferi warmosaxvebis uCveu-
lo TamaSia.
160
muSaobisas problema problemas mosdevda. garemoebaTa gamo langma bolom-
de da srulad ver ganaxorciela Canafiqri, radgan surda, mravalwaxnagovnad
warmoedgina imdroindeli sinamdvile, romelic Sedgeboda mravali, jer kidev
gamosaaSkaravebeli mabuzeebisagan. mas garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi hqonda Semoq-
medebiT jgufTanac, ver itanda, rodesac mis miTiTebebs sworad ver an ar asru-
lebdnen. erTxel igi isterikaSi Cavarda mas Semdeg, rac erT msaxiob qals mos-
Txova Tavis gadaparsva, gaSiSvlebul pozaSi gadaReba da es ukanaskneli ar da-
emorCila. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, filmi Rirseulad gavida kinogaqira-
vebaSi, dadebiTi gamoxmaurebebi hqonda da sxva kinoeqspresionistebis namuSevre-
bis darad manac miuTiTa, rom kino warmodgeboda ara marto Teatridan, aramed
saxviTi xelovnebidanac. germaniis inteleqtualur wreebSi mowonebiT Sexvdnen
axal namuSevars, raSic kadrebis srulfasovanma kompoziciebma gamosaxuleba
mWidrod daakavSira arCeuli Temis arsTan. kritikosebi aRfrTovanebas ver ma-
lavdnen kinosuraTSi maSindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis metaforuli asaxvis
mcdelobiT, xolo mogvianebiT, roca politikuri mdgomareoba radikalurad
Seicvala, mas ìstoriis fataluri winaswarmetyveleba~ uwodes.
tiraniis Tematika sxva kinoreJisorebsac ainteresebdaT da am mizniT ar-
tur fon gerlaxma stendalis `vanina vaninis~ mixedviT gadaiRo eqspresionistu-
li filmi `vanina~ (1922). kinoeqspresionistebs yovelTvis izidavda klasikuri
literatura Tavisi mdidari tradiciebiT, ris gamoc zogierTi mkvlevari werda,
rom eqspresionizmi sxva araferia, Tu ara romantizmis axali afeTqebao. fon
gerlaxic nawilobriv iziarebda am mosazrebas. literaturuli masalis drama-
tulad damuSavebaSi mas didad daexmara Teatraluri gamocdilebac. misi namu-
Sevari zustad pasuxobda kinoeqspresionizmis ideur-mxatvrul principebs.
karl grunem gaakeTa ucnauri alegoriebiT gaJRenTili kinosuraTi `quCa~
(1923). masSi moqmedeba erT Rames xdeba da aRwerilia dapirispireba saxlis sim-
yudrovesa da quCis saxifaTo situaciebs Soris, qalaqi warmodgenilia, rogorc
eqspresionistuli koSmari, cocxali organizmis msgavsad rom arsebobs da uT-
valTvalebs moqalaqeebs, rogorc vampiri, romelic Tavis klanWebSi moxvedril
yvela msxverpls umowyalod anadgurebs. es fantasmagoriuli stilis nawarmoe-
bi aCvenebda, rom ebrZoda sinamdviles, saSinelsa da ruxi ferebis Semcvel cxo-
vrebas.
maSin germaniaSi popularobiT sargeblobda fiodor dostoevskis Semoqme-
deba. misi romani `danaSauli da sasjeli~ daedo safuZvlad vines eqspresionis-
tul films `raskolnikovi~ (1923). reJisorma mxatvrad aiyvana rusi andrei and-
reevi da yvela roli ganasaxierebina rus Teatralur msaxiobebs, moskovis sam-
xatvro akademiuri Teatris profesionalebs. ekranizaciis idea daibada wina
wlis miwuruls, roca robert vine daeswro aRniSnuli dasis turnes berlinSi,
sadac erT-erT speqtaklad waradgines am nawarmoebis Teatraluri versia. fil-
mis reJisorma msaxiobebs Txova, rom CurCuliT warmoeTqvaT TavianTi replikebi,
raTa ufro meti mistikuroba Seqmniliyo. dostoevskis fsiqologiuri drama man
sazareli SinaarsiTa da adamianebis sulieri siRrmeebisaken ltolviT `saSine-
lebaTa film-speqtaklad~ gardaqmna, Tanac mTeli yuradReba uSualod persona-
Jebis saxeebze gadaitana da imiTac amayobda, rom ganaTebis teqnikis stili rem-
brantisagan aiRo.
kinoeqspresionizmis gavlena gadaedo mezobel danias, xolo cota xnis Sem-
deg _ holivudsac. ra Tqma unda, igi yvelas gemovnebaSi ar jdeboda da bevri
maginebelic hyavda. is `terorisa da fantaziis xelovnebad~ Seracxes. TavisTa-
161
vad misi nimuSebi saerTo germanul kinoproduqciaSi ikavebdnen mxolod umniSv-
nelo da arakomerciul niSas, Tumca maTi damsaxureba gamoixateboda Cveulebri-
vi Txrobidan gamomsaxvelobiT Txrobaze gadasvlaSi da es mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapirobebda kinematografis axal ganzomilebaSi gadayvanas. rene kleri am-
bobda: eqspresionistul filmebSi ZiriTadi siaxle imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini
gonebidan modiano.
axalma kinokompania `neptun filmma~ gamouSva `cvilis figurebis muzeumi~
(1924, reJ. paul leni da leo birinski). leni adre Teatris mxatvrad msaxurobda,
mere igive saqmianoba kinoSi gaagrZela da male filmebis gadaRebac daiwyo. re-
Jisorebma Tavidanve gainawiles funqciebi: birinskim iTava msaxiobebTan muSaoba,
xolo danarCeni _ lenim. is Tavis asistentTan erTad mTlianad gadaerTo deko-
raciebze, kostiumebze, gadasaRebi moednebis gawyobaze. man mniSvnelovnad Seamci-
ra henrik galinis dawerili scenaric. maT airCies pavilionuri gadaRebis meTo-
di, risTvisac daiqiraves erTi berlinuri kinostudia. kostiumebis gamocdili
mxatvari ernst Sterni naturaze gadaRebas Tvlida seriozul barierad, rac
xels uSlida kinematografiuli stilistikis Camoyalibebas, amitom, rodesac am
proeqtze miiwvies, xalisiT daTanxmda da dauviwyari nimuSebic Seqmna. mTavari
rolebi gaunawilda saxasiaTo xelweris kinomsaxiobebs: verner krauss, konrad
faitsa da emil ianingss.
kinosuraTis moqmedeba ise viTardeba, rom cvilis figurebis muzeumidan ga-
dadis sam sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi: Zvel aRmosavlur qalaqSi, Sua saukune-
ebis ruseTsa da uaxloesi periodis britaneTSi da Sesabamisad moTxrobilia
harun al raSidis, ivan mrisxanisa da `jek mfatravis~ Tavgadasavlebi. reJiso-
rebs meoTxe Tavgadasavalic hqondaT Cafiqrebuli, Tumca misi gadasaRebi fuli
aRar eyoT. maT eqspresionistuli dekoraciebiT aCvenes sawamebeli dilegebi,
amazrzeni da avbediTi Crdilebi, optikuri deformaciebi da eqspresiuli moZra-
obebi, xolo Suqis aratradiciuli da ostaturi gamoyenebiT warmoaCines iseTi
ganwyoba, rac `doqtor kaligaris kabinetze~ aranakleb nusxavda mayurebels.
`cvilis figurebis muzeums~ didi warmateba xvda. man waruSleli STabeW-
dileba datova kinos moyvarulebzec da profesionalebzec. swored misi xilvis
Semdeg, harun al raSidis epizodiT moxiblulma daglas fearbenqsma gadawyvita
`baRdadeli qurdis~ gadaReba. triumfatori leni holivudSi miiwvies.
robert vines bolo eqspresionistuli namuSevari òrlakis xelebi~ (1924)
morigi `saSinelebaTa filmi~ gamodga. katastrofaSi moyolil, ugonod myof pi-
anists xelebs moaWrian da gadaunergaven sxvisas, romlebic Turme gardacvlil
mkvlels ekuTvnoda. musikoss ewyeba panika da arc Tu usafuZvlo, radgan gada-
nergili kidurebi cdiloben misi cnobierebis dapyrobas. ubralo kinoeniT moT-
xrobili es Tavzardamcemi ambavi avtorma isev eqspresionistul ferebSi asaxa
da msaxiobebis mcireodeni Teatralurobis miuxedavad Semzaravi sanaxaoba war-
moadgina. filmi gansakuTrebiT moswondaT invalid jariskacebs, romlebic meuR-
leebis an momvlelebis TanxlebiT xSirad eswrebodnen òrlakis xelebis~ de-
monstracias.
1924 wlidan gamosworda socialuri situacia, daiwyo ekonomikis stabili-
zacia, ramac problemebi warmoqmna kinoSi. mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom kino-
eqspresionizmma gaasrula arseboba, misma pesimistur-TviTizolaciurma msofl-
mxedvelobam amowura SesaZleblobebi, magram meore nawils myarad miaCnia, rom
man mxolod saxe icvala. yovel SemTxvevaSi misi tendenciebi gamoCnda kidev ra-
mdenime filmSi, romlebic zogma postkinoeqspresionizms miakuTvna.
162
erT-erTi aseTi namuSevaria `fausti~ (1926, reJ. fridrix vilhelm murnau),
romelic gamoirCeoda kargi eqspresionistuli mizanscenebiT. reJisorma qalis
mTavar rolze ar aiyvana leni rifenStali, romelmac amis survili gamoTqva,
radgan is Semonaxuli hqonda lilien giSisaTvis, magram amerikelma `kinovars-
kvlavma~ imis gamo, rom operatorobaze uari uTxres mis favorits, Carlz ro-
Sers, axlosac aRar gaikara murnaus emisrebi. sabolood es personaJi ganasaxie-
ra axalbeda kamila hornma. kinematografistebma ufro gaamartives goeTes am
gaxmaurebuli Txzulebis fabula, maRal doneze warmoaCines Txroba da gamosa-
xuleba, Suqisa da Crdilis brZola. `fausts~ uwodes murnaus yvelaze ferweru-
li filmi, romelmac radikal kritikosebsac ki daanaxa reJisoris mravalmxrivi
SesaZleblobebi. samwuxarod, kinosuraTma Rirebulebis mxolod 75% ainazRaura.
umetesi Semosavali mas ucxoeTis kinobazrebidan Seuvida.
Semdegi namuSevris Temas murnau kvlav klasikidan daesesxa _ es iyo `ba-
toni tartufi~ (1926), molieris piesis kinoadaptacia, romlis originaluri Suq-
Crdilebi, struqturuli sisufTave, intonaciebis simsubuqe da aseve sxva Rirse-
bebi pirnaTlad emsaxureboda eqspresionistul suliskveTebas. molieris nawar-
moebi murnaum gadaiyvana Tanamedrove prizmaSi, igavSi. amaSi gamoixata reJiso-
ris vizualuri da stilisturi Taviseburebebi, magiuri Zala, ris gamoc `batoni
tartufi~ germanelebma Sedevrad monaTles, magram, `faustisagan~ gansxvavebiT,
saerTaSoriso arenaze mas mniSvnelovani warmatebebi ar mohyolia.
mTlianad eqspresionistul meTodebsa da simboloebze aigo langis samec-
niero-fantastikuri filmi `metropolisi~ (1927). sami wliT adre, roca langi
kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad ùfam~ aSS-Si gaagzavna, igi daiTrguna niu-iorkis
caTambjenebis cqeriT, aTvalierebda qalaqs da fiqrobda, rom adamianuri Zalis-
xmevis es mravalferovani da erTmaneTSi areuli nazavi urTierTeqspluataciis
survils iwvevda. iqauri Senobebi mas moeCvena mbrwyinav vertikalur fardebad,
romlebic msubuqad ganfeniliyvnen Sav caze mnaxvelis dasabrmaveblad, yurad-
Rebis gadasatanad da mosajadoeblad. Ramis niu-iorki cxovrobda ise, rogorc
iluziaSi, zRaparSi cxovroben. Sin dabrunebulma reJisorma moindoma amasTan
dakavSirebuli Tavisi gancdebi filmad gadmoeca da gaelaSqrebina adamianis
dakninebis winaaRmdeg, teqnikuri progresisa da industriuli kapitalizmis fon-
ze. misi monayolis mixedviT Tia fon harboum jer romani dawera, Semdeg ki ori-
vem moamzada kinoscenari, romelic ùfaSi~ pomers waredgina.
kinosuraTze muSaoba or weliwads mimdinareobda. masze daixarja sakmaris-
ze meti Tanxa (5 milioni marka), ramac ùfas~ mesveurTa nawili aaforiaqa, rad-
gan is iyo kompaniis yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli proeqti, magram pomeri Tavgamode-
biT icavda mas da ukmayofilo kolegebs hpirdeboda grandiozul mogebas.
filmi aRwers momavlis qalaqs, sadac gancxromiT cxovrobs elitaruli
fena (`moazrovneni~) imis xarjze, rom uzarmazar miwisqveSa qarxnebSi, autanel
pirobebSi Sromobs aTasobiT muSa (`mSromelebi~). fric langi, romelic acxade-
bda, rom yvela misi namuSevari eZRvneboda adamianis medgar brZolas bedisweras-
Tan, gulmodgined iRebda kinosuraTs. masSi man mcire dozebiT Casva maSindeli
popularuli mimdinareobebis: dadaizmis, siurrealizmis, bauhausis, kubizmisa da
eqspresionizmis elementebi, masobriv scenebSi aTamaSa 37000 statisti, Taviseburi
fsiqologiuri kosmetika Cautara Tavis gmirebs, zogierTi scena kinooperato-
rebs sarkeebis daxmarebiT gadaaRebina da amiT usaSvelod gaadidebina saSualo
zomis dekoraciebi, Tumca bolos mainc mixvda, rom gadaaWarba da amisagan didi
alegoria gamouvida.
163
ekranebze gasuli `metropolisi~ bevr plagiatSi daadanaSaules, misi reJi-
sori nacisturi ideologiis mimdevrad gamoacxades, xolo pomers daabrales
ùfas~ daSlis mcdeloba, radgan filmma kraxi ganicada kinogaqiravebaSi, ramac
damangrevel faqtorad imoqmeda kompaniis Semdgom bedze. Tavad langsac ar uy-
varda es namuSevari, romelsac axalgazrda luis buniuelma `Tanamedrove kinos
saSineli taZari~ Searqva. droTa ganmavlobaSi `metropolisi~ araerTxel SeW-
res da daamaxinjes. misi sruli versia dRes aRarc arsebobs, magram momavalma
cxadyo, rom is epoqalur nawarmoebs warmoadgenda da revoluciuri zegavlena
moaxdina kinoze.
rasakvirvelia, eqspresionistuli filmebis sia zemoT aRniSnuli namuSevre-
biT ar Semoifargleboda. maTi raodenoba SedarebiT meti iyo, magram ramdenime
aTeuls ar aRemateboda. isini xan warsulSi da xanac momavalSi gadaiyvandnen
mayurebels, maT èqspresionisti mxatvrebis gacocxlebul tiloebs~ eZaxdnen,
maTSi moTamaSe msaxiobebs saxeebs ise uTeTrebdnen grimiT, rom tragikul niRbe-
bad aqcevdnen, maTi dekoraciebi xdeboda Txrobis mTavari saSualebebi da maTi
mizanscenebi sagangebod muSavdeboda. kinoeqspresionistebze ambobdnen, rom isini
ki ar xedaven, aramed xilvebi aqvT da amas gadmoscemen ekranze, magram iqve uyoy-
manod aRiarebdnen, rom maTsaviT veravin SeZlo kinoauditoriis daSinebao.
germanuli eqspresionistuli kino marTlac gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo.
igi dabadebisTanave gaxda popularuli da aCvena, rom kinematografSi SesaZlebe-
lia axali formebisa da ideebis danergva. marTalia, mas didxans ar uarsebia,
Tumca misi esTetika yovelTvis cocxlobda, cocxlobs da warmatebiT gardaisa-
xeba xolme romelime niWieri kinoreJisoris SemoqmedebaSi.
164
britanuli kino: pirveli etapi
1894 wels inglisel eleqtroinJinersa da konstruqtor robert pols me-

gobarma miuyvana ori berZeni Soumeni, romlebsac ramdenime `kinetoskopi~ Caeta-
naT niu-iorkidan londonSi, erT maRaziaSi daedgaT da mayurebels aCvenebdnen
30-wamian filmebs. maT sTxoves inJiners aseTive aparatebis gakeTeba. rogorc
polma gaarkvia, Tomas edisons ar daupatentebia britaneTSi Tavisi xelsawyo,
amitomac saswrafod daamzada `kinetoskopis~ 6 dublikati da damkveTebs Caaba-
ra. Semdeg man kidev oriode aseTi aparati daamzada da sxva Soumenebs mihyida,
mere ki gadawyvita, gaekeTebina sakuTari kamera, romliTac Tavad gadaiRebda fi-
lmebs da `kinetoskopiT~ gauSvebda.
amave periodSi man gaicno fotografi da gamomgonebeli _ birT eiqrsi, ro-
melsac 70 mm-iani `kodakis~ firiTa da eqsperimentuli kinokameriT ukve hqonda
gadaRebuli patara filmebi. eiqrsi jer qronofotografiuli principiT foto-
firfitebze iRebda gamosaxulebebs, Semdeg ki gadahqonda celuloidis firze.
axalma partniorma pols aCvena samuSao naxazebi kinokameraze, romlis damzade-
baze sam weliwads muSaobda da bolomde ar hqonda miyvanili. am naxazebze day-
rdnobiT polma da eiqrsma erToblivad gaakeTes aparati.
1895 wlis agvistoSi dueti ukve aCvenebda moklemetraJian filmebs (mag.
`mRelvare zRva duvrSi~). isini SeTanxmdnen, rom aTi wliT iTanamSromlebdnen,
magram aman mxolod eqvs kviras gastana. poli gabrazda, radgan eiqrsma kinoka-
mera mxolod Tavis saxelze gaaforma. poli da eiqrsi erTmaneTis dauZinebeli
mtrebi gaxdnen.
polma gaakeTa proeqtori `sietrografi~, eiqrsi ki wavida germaniaSi da
roca ukan dabrunda, 1896 wlis 14 ianvars, samefo fotografiuli sazogadoebis
wevrebs aCvena Tavisi kinokameriT gadaRebuli kinosuraTebi. man Seqmna kinokom-
pania. mere mogzaurobda inglisSi, atarebda leqciebs samecniero da fotografi-
uli sazogadoebebisaTvis, ivnisSi ki miiwvies uelsis princis rezidenciaSi, ra-
Ta samefo ojaxisaTvis eCvenebina Tavisi kinoproduqcia.
polma daamzada kamera ànimatografi~, romliTac gadaRebuli filmebi pir-
velad aCvena 1896 wlis 20 Tebervals, londonis finsbaris teqnikur kolejSi,
swored im dRes, roca londonelebs warudgines lumierebis `sinematografi~.
ramdenime kviris Semdeg polis aparati gamofines londonis udides sagamofeno
darbazSi _ òlimpiaSi~. igi imdenad popularuli iyo, rom bevri adamiani stum-
robda polis saxelosnos, swavlobda aparatis marTvas, yidulobda egzempla-
rebs, raTa mere Tavadac moewyo kinoseansebi. umetesi maTgani ucxoeli iyo. erT-
ma sulswrafma espanelma, romelmac, faqtobrivad, moatyua poli, ukve Seviswavle
aparatis xmarebao, waiRo ànimatografi~ samSobloSi, sadac pirvelive seansze
ver gauZRva marTvas, ris Sedegad gabrazebulma mayurebelma danebiT dasera ek-
rani, xolo Soumenma Zlivs gaaswro maT risxvas. polTan Cavida ori Turqic,
romlebsac gadawyvetili hqondaT ànimatografis~ Seswavla, magram verafriT
moaxerxes, amasobaSi fulic gauTavdaT da polisagan nasesxebi TanxiT xelcari-
elni gabrundnen ukan. amerikelma karl hercma, romelic kinomeqanikosis profe-
sias polTan daeufla, misive aparaturiT msoflio moiara.
robert poli daiqiraves biznesmenebma, raTa moewyo kinoCvenebebi. igi iReb-
da axal filmebsac xan rogorc reJisori, xan rogorc mwarmoebeli. 1896 wlis
165
aprilSi man gamouSva pirveli britanuli mxatvruli filmi _ kinokomedia `ja-
riskacis arSiyi~ (reJ. alfred moli), romelic gadaiRes londonis erT-erTi Te-
atris saxuravze. masSi polma Tavisi meuRle aTamaSa da mere imave TeatrSi aC-
vena. kinosuraTi iseTi warmatebiT gavida, rom molma momdevno wels isev gadai-
Ro am Temis meore versia.
1896 wlis ivnisSi poli daeswro epsomis doRs da firze aRbeWda uelsis
princis sayvareli cxenis gamarjveba. man im Ramesve gaamJRavna firi da meore
dRes ayurebina sazogadoebas. polis kinokamerebi da proeqtorebi sarfianad
iyideboda. amiT mas kargi Semosavali hqonda _ erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 12000
funti Semouvida. is iRebda rogorc mxatvrul, ise qronikalur kinosuraTebs.
imxanad gamoCndnen Soumenebi, romlebic filmebs aCvenebdnen cirkebSic, gamofe-
nebzec, biblioTekebSic, TeatrebSic da yvelgan, sadac amis saSualeba da survi-
li arsebobda. maT Soris iyo sesil hefuorTi, `laterna majikas~ warmodgenebis
ostatis Svili.
asparezze gamovidnen adamianebi, vinc warmatebiT auRo alRo axal gamogo-
nebas da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana britanuli kinos ganviTarebaSi. braito-
neli fotografi esme qolingzi, uiliam friz-grinma rom daainteresa `moZravi
fotografiebiT~, 1896 wels Seudga filmebis gadaRebas da pirvel wels 19 fil-
mi gadaiRo. erT-erTi maTgani iyo `Sewyvetili melodia~, romelic warmoadgenda
scenas erTi imdroindeli popularuli piesidan. imave wlis oqtomberSi man
braitonis TeatrSi moawyo Tavisi namuSevrebis Cveneba, rasac farTo gamoxmaure-
ba mohyva. esme qolingzis filmebidan dRemde mxolod ramdenime SemorCa.
1897 wlisaTvis did britaneTSi popularuli gaxda `baioskop Sou~, anu
moZravi kinoTeatri. Soumenma rendl uiliamzma swored `baioskop SouTi~ daiw-
yo mogzauroba qveyanaSi da bazrobebsa da moednebze filmebis gaSveba. mas sxve-
bmac mibaZes. pirvel msoflio omamde aseTi Sou Zalze popularuli iyo.
1897 wels polma daafuZna sakuTari kinokompania, romlis kapitali 60000
funtiT ganisazRvra. mis filmebs ucxoeli kinodemonstratorebic yidulobdnen.
hipnoziorma, gamomgonebelma da fotograf-portretistma _ jorj albert
smiTma, romelic Tavisufal dros `laterna majikas~ seansebsac atarebda, Zmebi
lumierebisa da polis filmebis naxvis Semdeg SeiZina kinokamera da 1897 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 31 filmi gadaiRo. samwuxarod, ramdenime maTganis mxolod nawile-
biRaa SemorCenili. man imave wels daapatenta kinogadaRebis ormagi eqspoziciis
meTodi da nayofierad gadahqonda fotografiuli rakursebi da xerxebi Tavis
kinosuraTebSi. meliesiviT isic iRebda fantastikur filmebs, sadac iyenebda
specefeqtebs. is piradad icnobda JorJ meliess da saqmiani mimowerac ki hqonda
masTan. smiTma braitonis axlos moawyo patara kinostudia da laboratoria.
fotografiul biznesSi CarTuli jeimz uiliamsonic dainteresda kinoTi.
man SeiZina `sinematografi~ da didi dro moandoma misi muSaobis Seswavlas. is
eswreboda smiTis mier mowyobil kinoseansebs da akvirdeboda aparatis SesaZle-
blobebs. Semdeg Tavad daiwyo `sinematografiT~ filmebis Cveneba. amasTanave, Ta-
vad iRebda da beWdavda kinosuraTebs, Tumca ar Takilobda sxvaTa namuSevrebis
aslebis ukanono beWdvasac ama Tu im distributoris dakveTiT. Zmebi lumiere-
bis `gawuwuli mrwyvelis~ gavleniT man gadaiRo komedia ùsminari biWi~ (1897).
britaneTSi Cavida Carlz erbeni, germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli, romelic
gaxda edisonis kinoproduqciis gamavrcelebeli saagentos evropuli filialis
meTauri. man gamoigona proeqtori `baioskopi~, romelic 1897 wels daumzada in-
Jinerma uolter aizeqsma sesil hefuorTis daxmarebiT.
166
1897 wlis bolos Camoyalibda Taviseburi amxanagoba, romelSic Tavdapir-
velad Sevidnen uiliamsoni, smiTi, friz-grini, qolingzi da alfred darlingi.
mogvianebiT maT SeuerTda erbenic. isini erTmaneTis mezoblad cxovrobdnen
braitonSi, sadac zogierTi maTgani plaJis fotografobasac eweoda, amitomac
daerqva am gaerTianebas pirobiTad `braitonis skola~. misi TiToeuli warmoma-
dgeneli ukve kargad iyo ganswavluli kinos avan-CavanSi.
1898 wels Carlz erbenma Camoayaliba ùaruiq Treiding qomfani~, romlis
egidiT daiwyo inglisuri filmebis warmoeba, `baioskopis~ seriuli damzadeba
da gayidva. misma individualurma Zalisxmevam da Jinma male ùaruiqi~ gadaaqcia
wamyvan kinokompaniad britaneTSi da reputacia aumaRla. igi, ZiriTadad, akeTebda
dokumentur-qronikalur filmebs, romelTa umetesobas Seadgenda kinosuraTebi
mogzaurobebsa da omebze. maT iRebdnen operatorebi: jozef rozentali, jon be-
net-stenfordi, frederik ormiston-smiTi da jek eiveri. ùaruiqSi~ komikuri
filmebis gadaReba daiwyo hefuorTma, romelic Tavad TamaSobda mTavar rolebs.
imave wels man gamosca `gacocxlebuli fotografia~ – pirveli britanuli sa-
xelmZRvanelo kinoze.
polma londonis CrdiloeTiT aaSena patara kinostudia laboratoriiT, sa-
dac dReSi SeiZleboda ramdenime aTasi metri firis damuSaveba. man zafxulSi
gadaiRo 80-mde patara mxatvruli, qronikaluri da sareklamo filmi. axali ki-
nostudia, romelic Tavisi mowyobilobebiT saukeTeso iyo evropaSi, Zalian moe-
wona polTan stumrad Casul JorJ meliess.
eiqrsma, visac wilad xvda yofiliyo erT-erTi pirveli evropeli kinemato-
grafisti, romelmac Tavisi namuSevrebi aCvena amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ga-
moigona axali sistema – kinokamera da proeqtori `birTeiqi~, romelic iRebda
da uSvebda 17.5 mm-ian firebs. am aparaturiT igi bevrs mogzaurobda, Tanac, para-
lelurad, muSaobda axal gamogonebebze, magram seriozuli SedegebisaTvis aRar
miuRwevia. mis sakonkurenciod ùaruiqma~ gamouSva portatiuli kinokamera `bai-
oqami~, romelic `birTeiqze~ gacilebiT srulyofili iyo da masze iafic Rirda.
smiTi iRebda kinofilmebs sasacilo saxeebze. isini daefuZnen adamianis mi-
mikis Cvenebas sufTa fotografiuli axlo xediT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi ga-
mosaxulebebi moZraobdnen. mayurebelic miCveuli iyo amas, magram ucnaurad eC-
vena da SeeSinda kidec, rodesac smiTma erT-erT maTganSi montaJuri svliT aCve-
na epizodi, roca saerTo xedSi bavSvebi eTamaSebian katas da am dros ucabedad
gamoCnda cxovelis saxis axlo xedi. amitom amis mere smiTi amgvar gadasvlebs
akeTebda ise, rom misi gmirebi lupiT an binokliT uyurebdnen rames da amiT is
winaswar amzadebda auditorias momavali axlo xedisaTvis.
smiTis imdroindeli filmebidan gamorCeulia _ `konkia~ (1898) da `santa
klausi~ (1899), romlebSic reJisorma efeqturad gamoiyena ormagi eqspoziciebi.
isic naturaze iRebda da mxolod erTi kinosuraTi _ `kocna gvirabSi~ (1899) ga-
daiRo interierSi. es iyo kargad damontaJebuli namuSevari, rac imxanad iSvia-
Tobas warmoadgenda. 1899 wels smiTma darlingis daxmarebiT aaSena da gaawyo
SuSis kinostudia, sadac daamontaJa relsebi, raTa scena mzis Suqis `dasaWerad~
emoZravebina. mis umetes filmSi mTavar rolebs TamaSobda misive coli. smiTma
Tavisi SemoqmedebiT didad Seuwyo xeli kinoSi montaJuri azrovnebis ganviTa-
rebas, Tanmimdevruli Txrobis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebas. Tavis gamocdilebas
igi siamovnebiT uziarebda sxvebs, aswavlida, rogor gadaeRoT saintereso kino-
suraTebi. man da darlingma gamoigones axali kinoproeqtori, romelsac bevri
klienti gamouCnda. am aparatis mTavari Semsyidveli iyo ùaruiqi~.
167
1899 wels hefuorTma da monti uiqsma londonSi daaarses kompania `hefuiq-
si~, romelsac mere Seucvales saxeli _ `hefuorT manufeqTuring qomfaniT~. mas
karga xans ekava erT-erTi wamyvani pozicia britaneTSi. iq muSaobdnen cnobili
msaxiobebi: qrisi uaiTi da alma teilori. kinokompania Seicavda rogorc ofiss,
ise studias, romelic sakuTar baRSi aaSena hefuorTma, da sanimuSod aRWurvil
kinolaboratorias. hefuorTi mwarmoebelic iyo, reJisoric, msaxiobic, memontaJec
da operatoric.
darlingi, romelic aparaturis didostatad iTvleboda, uiliamsonsac daex-
mara axali kinokameris gamogoneba-damzadebaSi. am ukanasknelma gamosca kata-
logi, rac imas niSnavda, rom namuSevrebis sakmao raodenoba daugrovda.
1899 wels, roca gaCaRda inglis-burebis omi, erbenma mis gadasaRebad gagzav-
na Tavisi kinooperatorebi. am uSiSarma adamianebma bevri Rirssaxsovari faqti
gadaiRes da STamomavlobas Semounaxes aRniSnuli omis unikaluri epizodebi.
1900 wlis mniSvnelovan movlenad britanuli kinos istoriaSi iqca uiliam-
sonis filmi `Seteva CineTSi mdebare misiaze~, romelic sruliad axali stilis
nawarmoebi gamodga siuJetis daZabulobiT, dinamikuri qmedebiTa da bolo momen-
tSi gadarCenis sceniT. praqtikulad, es iyo ìnscenirebuli qronika~, romelsac
sinamdvileSic hqonda adgili. premieraze mayurebels imdenad moewona is, rom
demonstratorebs ramdenjerme gaameorebines kinoseansi. Tavis mxriv, auditorias
jorj albert smiTmac SesTavaza gansxvavebuli namuSevrebi. misi filmebi: `ro-
gorc Cans teleskopSi~ (1900), `bebiis lupa~ (1900), `saxli, romelic jekma aaSena~
(1900) da `macale, isev viocnebo~ (1900) gamoirCeoda axlo xedebiT, gadaRebis
originalurobiTa da uCveulo montaJuri svlebiT. smiTis filmebiT axla ucxo-
elebic dainteresdnen da amerikulma `vaitagrafma~ misi 29 namuSevari SeiZina
Tavis qveyanaSi gasavrceleblad.
TxrobiTi kinematografiuli stilis ganviTarebaSi mokrZalebuli roli
iTamaSa jeimz bamforTma, `laterna majikas~ leqtorma, romelsac hqonda sakuTa-
ri kinokompania da iRebda mxatvrul filmebs, rogorc dramebs, ise komediebs.
1900 wels erT-erTi Jurnali iuwyeboda, rom britaneTSi gakeTda pirveli
didi qronometraJis (30 wuTi) qronikaluri filmi, romelSic oTxi sxvadasxva
kinokameriT gadaiRes mokriveTa matCi. samwuxarod istorias ar SemorCa arc es
namuSevari, arc misi avtoris an avtorebis vinaoba da arc misi saxelwodeba.
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis britanelma kinematografistebma, romlebic ma-
namde frangi da amerikeli kolegebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, daiwyes primitiuli-
dan seriozul kinoze gadasvla. ukve farTod gavrcelda ramdenimeepizodiani
filmebis keTeba, rac, udavod, `braitonelebis~ damsaxurebaa. maT pirvelebma miaq-
cies yuradReba Tanamedrove problematikas, aamoZraves kamera, CauRrmavdnen de-
talebs da gamoiyenes iseTi xerxebi, romlebiTac sxvebs gaaswres (mag., interie-
ruli da eqsterieruli kadrebis paraleluri montaJi, axlo da uaxloesi xede-
bi da sxv.). gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda bolo momentSi gadarCe-
nis xerxi, romelic axlo momavalSi saTavgadasavlo Janris erT-erTi mTavari
formula gaxda.
mxatvruli kinoproduqciis paralelurad keTdeboda dokumenturi kinosu-
raTebic, romlebzec arsebobda moTxovnileba. kinofirze aRibeWdeboda samTav-
robo Sexvedrebi, samefo ojaxis ambebi, ubralo adamianebis cxovreba, gamoCenili
pirovnebebis moRvaweoba. dokumentur kinoSi gamokveTili adgili ekava Carlz
erbens, romlis ùaruiqi~ sxva, ramdenime inglisuri da franguli kinokompaniis
produqciis gamqiraveblis funqciasac iTavsebda.
168
marTalia, poli isev agrZelebda filmebis gadaRebas, magram is mainc ufro
metad popularuli iyo Tavisi proeqtorebiT, romlebic axali aTaswleulis da-
mdegisaTvis mTel msoflios moedvnen. `braitonelebisagan~ gansxvavebiT poli
ostaturad xmarobda xelovnur ganaTebas, xvewda moZraobaSi gadaRebis meTodi-
kas da gaazrebulad xmarobda saerTo xedebs.
1901 wels kinematografistebma firze aRbeWdes britaneTis dedofal viqto-
rias dakrZalvis ceremoniali. amas iRebda hefuorTic, romlis kameram xmauriT
ise daarRvia irgvliv gamefebuli siCume, rom sesili uxerxul mdgomareobaSi
Caagdo.
uiliamsonis axal filmebSi: `cecxli!~ (1901), `SeaCereT qurdi!~ (1901) da
`didi ylupi~ (1901) isev gamoCnda axleburi kinematografiuli azrovnebis nimu-
Sebi. pirveli maTgani eZRvneboda mexanZreebis gmirobas, meore aigo devnaze, xo-
lo mesame warmoadgenda uaxloesi xedis kidev erT TvalsaCino magaliTs. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom pirvel namuSevarSi jeimz uiliamsonma pirvelma msoflioSi gaake-
Ta kombinirebuli kadrebi _ erTmaneTTan Seajera studiaSi da naturaze gada-
Rebuli fragmentebi.
1902 wels Carlz erbenma smiTi daniSna Tavisi kinokompaniis braitonis fi-
lialis ufrosad da Tanac daafinansa, raTa orferovani firis procesi kargad
Seeswavla da daenerga. smiTi guldasmiT Seudga saqmianobas. imave xanebSi er-
benma jozef rozentali gagzavna kanadaSi, sadac is iRebda dokumentur seriebs
am qveynis bunebaze, sasargeblo wiaRiseulze, mosaxleobaze, mis yofa-cxovrebasa
da tradiciebze. aRniSnul specialur kinoeqspedicias erbenTan erTad afinan-
sebda adgilobrivi sarkinigzo kompania, romelic turizmis ganviTarebiT iyo
dainteresebuli.
uiliamsonma ramdenime kinosuraTi miuZRvna jariskacebis mdgomareobasa da
omis Tematikas. esenia: `jariskacis dabruneba~ (1902), `rezervisti omamde da omis
Semdeg~ (1902), `dezertiri~ (1903) da `daicade, sanam jeki dabrundeba~ (1903). ra
Tqma unda, masac hqonda Cavardnebi, misi filmebis aSkara umetesoba mxolod iaf-
fasiani namuSevrebi iyo. am wels man safuZveli Cauyara komikur serias or Wir-
veul biWunaze, romelTa rolebs TamaSobdnen misi umcrosi vaJiSvilebi: tomi da
stiuarti. seriis pirveli kinosuraTi `Zvirfasi biWunebi Sin, ardadegebis dros~
(1904) Zalian popularuli gaxda mozardi Taobis mayureblisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel qveyanaSi oriode kinokompania funqcionirebda
da ar arsebobda Camoyalibebuli, sistemaSi moyvanili kinoindustria, britanuli
kino mainc ise viTardeboda, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso momavals uqadda. lon-
donSi moRvaweobdnen _ hefuorTi da poli, braitonSi _ `braitonelebi~, sxva qa-
laqebSi iyvnen _ `Sefild foto qomfani~, `bamforTi~, `rili brazersi~, aseve
ramdenime damoukidebeli kinomrewveli. britanuli kinoproduqcia gamoirCeoda
kinoJanrebisa da saxeobebis mravalferovnebiT, kvlavac mogzaurobdnen leqto-
rebi, romlebic filmebis TanxlebiT atarebdnen leqciebs, sxvadasxva adgilas:
maRaziebSi, miuzikholebSi, biblioTekebSi, saxelmwifo Tu kerZo dawesebulebebSi
kinodemonstratorebi qiraobdnen saTavsebs, sadac xsnidnen droebiT kinoTeat-
rebs, romlebsac mudmivi mayurebelic hyavdaT da kargi Semosavalic hqondaT.
1903 wels erbenma Tavi mianeba ùaruiqs~, Seqmna `Carlz erben Treiding qom-
fani~ da reputacia moipova, rogorc kargi dokumenturi kinoproduqciis Semqm-
nelma. man axlo momavalSi daaarsa `neiCural qolor kinemaTograf qomfani~,
`kineTo qomfani~ da Tavisi franguli ganStoeba èklipsi~. mas hqonda interesi
samecniero-popularuli filmebis mimarTac.
169
braitonelebis mier danergilma narativizmma kargad imoqmeda sxva reJiso-
rebzec, romlebmac gamoavlines Taviseburi niWi Txrobis TamimdevrobaSi, kameris
moZraobaSi, montaJsa da gadaRebis teqnikaSi. ekranebze gaCnda aTeulobiT aseTi
kinosuraTi. maT Soris gamoirCeoda `gomonis~ britanuli filialisa da erbenis
kompaniis nawarmoebebi, romlebic samontaJo pasaJebiT mayureblis interesis da-
Zabvas iwvevdnen. erbenma miiwvia qronofotografiis ostati da zoologi martin
danqeni, romelmac daiwyo mikroskopuli teqnikiT gadaReba. ase Caeyara safuZve-
li samecniero-popularuli filmebis serias, romelsac saerTo saTaurad daerq-
va ùxilavi samyaro~. amasobaSi erbenis moxetiale operatori, jozef rozenta-
li ukve manjuriaSi iRebda ruseT-iaponiis omis epizodebs.
1905 wels sesil hefuorTma da luin fichamonma gadaiRes maSin yvelaze ia-
fi biujetisa da yvelaze Semosavliani filmi `roverisgan~ gadarCenili~, sadac
mTavari rolebi iTamaSes Tavad hefuorTma, misma meuRlem, maTma Cvilma da maTi
ojaxis ZaRlma, `roverma~. kinosuraTi agebulia umartives sqemaze _ ZiZas mosta-
ceben bavSvs, romelsac Sinauri cxovelis garda veravin aRmoaCens. avtorebma ga-
moiyenes ostaturi paraleluri montaJi, romelSic mayurebels Tavdapirvelad
gauWirda garkveva, Tumca darwmunda, rom es iyo TxrobiTi stilis udavo winsv-
la da auditoriac male SeeCvia amas. `roverisagan~ gadarCenili~ gaxda msofli-
oSi cnobili filmi, xolo hefuorTi _ britanuli kinos wamyvani figura, rom-
lis kompania Rirseul konkurencias uwevda ucxour produqcias. SesaniSnavad
gaagrZela kariera luin fichamonmac, romelmac ramdenime RirsSesaniSnavi
namuSevari gaakeTa.
uiliam hageri iyo unikaluri pirovneba britanul kinoSi. am Taviseburi
xelweris kinoreJisoris filmebi garkveul gemovnebas ayalibebdnen. axali sau-
kunis dasawyisSi is iRebda gomonisa da erbenisaTvis da, saerTo jamSi, samocam-
de filmi gaakeTa. maTgan gamorCeulia `Carlz fisis cxovreba~ (1905), erT-erTi
pirveli britanuli namuSevari, romelic mkvlels mieZRvna da òragulis brako-
nierebi~ (1905), romlis yvelaze meti asli gaiyida. uiliam hagers araviTari gana-
Tleba ar hqonda, iRebda mxolod naturaze da mxolod uelsis Tvalwarmtac mi-
damoebSi.
1906 wlisaTvis SemuSavda kinofiris gaferadebis meqanikuri meTodi, rac iZ-
leoda saSualebas, rom eqvsi sxvadasxva feri gamoeyenebinaT. gacilebiT ufro
popularuli da xelsayreli gamodga calkeuli kadrebis tonireba dramatuli
efeqtis misaniWeblad. am droisaTvis jorj albert smiTma gaasrula erbenis
davalebaze muSaoba da daapatenta `kinemaqolori~, gaferadebis axali sistema.
man kinokameris win moaTavsa gamWvirvale diski orad gayofili seqtoriT _
wiTliTa da mocisfro mwvaniT, xolo proeqtoris win aseve daayena feradi fil-
tri. proeqciis procesSi 32 kadriT wamSi ori mTavari fena erTmaneTs Seerwya
da Sedegad saerTo kadri gamovida feradi, Tumca arasrulyofili, magram mainc
efeqturi. ase gadaiRo smiTma Tavisi pirveli feradi kinosuraTi, romlis demon-
strireba farTo auditoriisaTvis mxolod ori wlis Semdgom moxerxda. misi
gamogoneba mogvianebiT gamoiyenes `gomonma~ da `jerman agfa qomfanim~. axali
sistemis sagangebo prezentaciebi moewyo berlinSi, parizsa da niu-iorkSi.
1906-1907 wlebisaTvis britanuli filmebi msoflioSi gavleniTa da warma-
tebiT sargeblobdnen, Tanac ise, rom amerikul produqciasac sjobdnen da xSi-
rad amerikelebi maTgan iparavdnen siuJetebs. britanuli presac xotba-didebas
asxamda kinematografs. 1907 wels Seiqmna kinematografistTa asociacia, rome-
lic gamoscemda Tavis periodul organos _ gazeT `kine uiqlis~. `laterna ma-
170
jikas~ yofilma ostatma, joSua daqvorTma provinciul qalaq qolnSi moawyo
did britaneTSi pirveli kinoTeatri, rac dajda 2000 funti. niu-iorkSi jeimz
uiliamsonis vaJma, alanma gaxsna mamis kompaniis filiali. Carlz erbenTan samu-
Saod mivida fersi smiTi, romelic akeTebda Zalze saintereso saganmanaTleblo
kinosuraTebis serias cxovelebze.
sesil hefuorTi bevrs ecada, gaemeorebina `roverisagan~ gadarCenilis~
warmateba, gadaiRo daaxloebiTi siuJetebis filmebic _ ùxmo gamWvirvaloba~
(1907) da `ZaRli atyuebs bavSvis gamtaceblebs~ (1908), magram amaod, radgan maTSi
axali araferi Tqmula. jorj qriqsma da jon martinma 1908 wels Seqmnes kompa-
nia `qriqs end martin filmzi~. isini iRebdnen melodramebsa da komediebs.
amerikelebisa da frangebisagan gansxvavebiT, britanelebma ver SeZles saba-
nko kapitalis mizidva kinoSi, raTa CamoeyalibebinaT mwyobri kinoindustria.
amasobaSi èdisonis trestma~ saerTod Cauketa maT amerikuli kinobazari, ris
gamoc nel-nela daiwyo krizisi, rac didxans gagrZelda.
mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT britanul kinoekranebze gaCnda mxatv-
ruli filmebis seriebi. erT-erTi pirveli da popularuli iyo kinokomedia
`samTiTa qeiTis qmedebebi~ (1909), romlis calkeul nawils sxvadasxva reJisori
iRebda.
1909 wels mTavrobis mier gamocemulma `kinematografiulma aqtma~ saSuale-
ba misca adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, daemyarebinaT Taviseburi
standartebi mozRvavebuli kinoTeatrebisaTvis da hqonodaT maTi gakontrole-
bis ufleba. londonelma kinematografistebma da kinogamqiraveblebma asociaci-
ebi Seqmnes.
10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi italiuri filmebis gavlenis Sedegad britanele-
bmac daiwyes srulmetraJiani kinosuraTebis keTeba, magram kinoauditorias isev
Zveleburi, ornawiliani filmebi, gansakuTrebiT, komediebi moswonda, amitom ase-
Tebsac mravlad iRebdnen. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gamodges is faqti, rom 1910
wlis ianvarSi ekranebze gasuli namuSevrebidan mxolod hefuorTis kompaniam
gamouSva oTxi dramatuli filmi, sxvebma ki waradgines mxolod mdare kinokome-
diebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `kinemaqoloris~ sistema Zalian popularuli iyo,
jorj albert smiTma 1910 wlisaTvis Tavisi sareJisoro kariera gaasrula. is
kinoaparaturas akeTebda da yidda. kinos SeeSva robert polic, romelmac Zvi-
rad Rirebuli filmis, `pepela~ (1910) komerciuli warumateblobis gamo gaanad-
gura sakuTari negativebi, daxura kinokompania da sayvarel saqmes – eleqtroin-
Jinrobas daubrunda. maTi bedi gaiziara jeimz uiliamsonmac, romelmac sakuTa-
ri studia mihyida Carlz erbens da Tavi gaaneba filmwarmoebas.
amerikelebis wabaZviTa da maTTan sakonkurenciod reJisorma da kinomwar-
moebelma, uiliam barkerma aTasi funti gadauxada cnobil Teatralur msaxiobs
_ herbert birbom Tris, raTa gadaeRo erT-erT rolSi, filmSi `henri VIII~ (1911),
romelsac safuZvlad daedo uiliam Seqspiris amave saxelwodebis nawarmoebi.
kinosuraTi barkerma mxolod nacnob distributors misca da isic im pirobiT,
rom mas ki ar unda gaeyida misi aslebi, aramed gaeqiravebina, radganac barkeri
amtkicebda, rom filmis maRali kulturuli statusi iTxovs sagangebo midgomas,
amitom igi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar unda iyoso. 6 kviris Semdeg yvelasa-
Tvis moulodnelad barkerma ukan daibruna aslebi da dawva.
marTalia, did britaneTSi arsebobda kinoTeatrebi, romelTa ricxvi sul
ufro izrdeboda, magram Zvelebur yaidaze filmebs isev aCvenebdnen miuzikhole-
171
bsa da sxva dawesebulebebSi. britaneTSic gaSenda ramdenime axali kinosasaxle,
romlebic 1000-2000 mayurebels itevdnen. axal kinoTeatrebSi mayurebelma moiT-
xova axali komforti, amitom kinoTeatrebis mowyoba prestiJul saqmed iqca.
srulmetraJianma kinosuraTebma, gansakuTrebiT ki popularuli literatu-
ruli da dramatuli nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebma kinoSi miizida saSualo da
maRali fenebis warmomadgenlebic. amaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRoda barkers,
romelic iRebda amgvar produqcias da maTze amyarebda Tavisebur èqskluziur
uflebebs~ rogorc warmoebis, ise distribuciis mxriv. mas mibaZes sxva reJiso-
rebmac da kinomwarmoeblebmac, rogorc Zveli, ise axali Taobebis warmomadgen-
lebma.
rasakvirvelia, mayurebels aseTi kinoversiebi ufro metad imitomac ainte-
resebda, rom mas TeatrSi hqonda nanaxi isini da surda, gacnoboda maT ekranul
xorcSesxmas. erTmaneTTan sapaeqrod momarjvebuli kinokompaniebic mravlad
iRebdnen ekranizaciebs, ramac gamoiwvia Teatridan yvelafris meqanikurad gada-
tana da kinematografiuli teqnikuri mxaris gaumjobesebaze naklebad zrunva.
1911 wels erbenma gamosca kidev erTi katalogi, romelSic iyo ganTavsebu-
li iseTi filmebis sia, romelTa gamoyeneba SeiZleboda skolebSi. amjerad dRis
wesrigSi dadga saganmanaTleblo filmebis seriuli da seriozuli warmoebis
sakiTxi, rasac ramdenime kinokompania gamoexmaura da Seudga kidec maT keTebas.
dekemberSi erbeni operatorTa jgufTan erTad gaemgzavra indoeTSi, sadac `kine-
maqoloris~ sistemiT gadaiRes didi britaneTis mefisa da dedoflis viziti.
qriqsi da martini 1911 wlidan iRebdnen komikur seriebs, romlebSic mTavar
rols TamaSobda msaxiobi fred evansi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis maT hyav-
daT yvelaze meti TanamSromeli, vidre romelime sxva britanul kinokompanias.
imave wels braitonSi daaarsda kompania `braiTon end qaunTi film qomfani~
(mogvianebiT _ `braiTonia~). isic iRebda martiv melodramebsa da kriminalur
dramebs, romlebic warmatebiT saRdeboda qveynis provinciebSi.
1912 weli optimisturad daiwyo britanuli kinematografisaTvis, mas Semdeg,
rac orma kompaniam gamouSva ori imedismomcemi filmi: hefuorTma `meTevzis sa-
siyvarulo ambavi~ da `briTiS end qoloniel kinemaTograf qomfanim~ _ `mTamsv-
lelis romani~. orive maTganSi aCvenes daxvewili gemovnebiT gadaRebuli Tavga-
dasavlebi. amave dros hefuorTis kompaniam gadaiRo òliver tvisti~ (1912, reJ.
Tomas bentli) Carlz dikinzis amave saxelwodebis popularuli romanis ekrani-
zacia, romelmac saerTaSoriso arenaze dajabna imave wels amerikelebis mier
gamoSvebuli igive nawarmoebis kinoversia.
axalSeqmnilma britaneTis kinocenzorTa sabWom gansazRvra ucxouri fil-
mebis raodenoba da mizanSewoniloba adgilobriv kinobazarze. am organizaciam
SemoiRo ori niSani _ erTi esmeboda filmebs yvelasaTvis, xolo meore _ im ki-
nosuraTebs, romlebic iyo gankuTvnili mxolod mozrdilTaTvis. am wesebis da-
cva yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gaxda. amave wels Camoyalibda kinoTeatrebis
mflobelTa erovnuli asociacia, romlis wevrebma daiwyes muSaoba sakuTari uf-
lebebis dasacavad.
ekranebze gamovida seriebi leitenant jek deringis Sesaxeb, sadac mTavar
gmirs asaxierebda fersi morani. 1912 wels presaSi gamoqveynda interviu masTan,
magram misi namdvili saxeli da gvari sulac ar iyo moxsenebuli. igi TiTqosda
sinamdvileSi arsebul leitenant deringad gaasaRes, magram male yvelaferi ga-
irkva da britanelebma misi saxiT miiRes pirveli adgilobrivi `kinovarskvlavi~,
magram didebiT, honorariT, reklamiT igi aSkarad Camouvardeboda amerikel ko-
172
legebs. im wlis seriebidan kargi montaJiTa da daZabuli siuJetiT gamoirCeoda
kinosuraTi `leitenanti deringi da danaRmuli velebis gegmebi~ (1912). aRniSnul
seriebs akeTebda `briTiS end qoloniel kinemaTograf qomfani~, romelmac ar
ikmara adgilobrivi gadasaRebi moednebi da seriis morigi filmi `leitenanti
deringi da mocekvave gogona~ (1913) iamaikaze gadaiRo da amis mere presaSi gaa-
CaRa sakmaod xmauriani TviTreklama, riTac cdilobda mayureblis mizidvas.
1913 wlidan amerikelebma daiwyes winaswar gamiznuli da kargad gaTvlili
SeWra britanul kinobazarze. britanuli kinoTeatrebis umravlesobas ukve hqo-
nda dadebuli eqskluziuri kontraqtebi amerikul kompaniebTan, rom marto maT
filmebs gauSvebdnen ekranebze imis gamo, rom britanuli kinokompaniebi ver asw-
rebdnen mayureblis mzardi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, droulad ver awv-
didnen kinoTeatrebs axal produqcias. Tanac amerikuli filmebis umetesoba
iyo ara moklemetraJiani, aramed srulmetraJiani kinosuraTebi.
britanelebi verc `kinovarskvlavTa~ simravliT ikvexnidnen. am periodisaT-
vis maT mxolod ori popularuli msaxiobi qali (qrisi uaiTi da alma teilo-
ri) da aseve ori popularuli msaxiobi mamakaci (fersi morani da fred evansi)
hyavdaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi Teatri ganTqmuli iyo msoflioSi
brwyinvale aqtiorebiT, maTi erTi nawili kinoSi moRvaweobas Tavs aridebda, me-
ore nawili ki Zalze sustad gamoiyureboda ekranze, ver aRwevda im Semoqmede-
biT simaRleebs, rasac scenaze. samagierod, britanel mayurebels Zalian moswon-
da amerikeli `kinovarskvlavebi~ da siamovnebiT eswreboda maT filmebs. amas ga-
rda, maTi simpaTiebi ixreboda iseTi franguli namuSevrebisakenac, romlebic
warmoadgendnen cnobili Teatraluri dadgmebis ekranizaciebs.
britanuli kinos mesveurebma ver SeZles gamklavebodnen amerikuli vester-
nebisa da msubuqi kinokomediebis usazRvro popularobas maT qveyanaSi. amas ve-
raferi daupirispires, ris gamoc rogorc adgilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso kinoba-
zarze TandaTan daeca moTxovnileba britanul kinoze. erT dros saxelmoxveWi-
li `braitonelebis~ memkvidreebma ver gaiTvaliswines amerikelTa gamocdileba
garkveuli kinostandartebis dafuZnebaSi, maTi namuSevrebi, TxrobiTi Tanmimdev-
robis mxriv, erTob ugergilod Canda. amas Tan erTvoda calkeul kinosuraTSi
gaparuli montaJuri, gamomsaxvelobiTi Tu formiTi Secdomebi, rac mayurebels
xels uSlida maTi Sinaarsis sworad gagebaSi. amitomac Candnen britanuli
filmebi mZime da uintereso nawarmoebebad.
1913 wlisaTvis britaneTSi iyo evropaSi saukeTeso kinoqseli _ 4000 kino-
TeatrSi yovelkvireulad dadioda Svidi milioni mayurebeli. es garemoeba ubi-
Zgebda ucxoel investorebs, sakmao Tanxebi CaedoT britanuli kinobazris mTli-
anad Tu ara, nawilobriv mainc xelSi Casagdebad. amerikelebma daiwyes inglisSi
TavianTi kinostudiebis aSeneba da filmebis warmoeba. gaaqtiurdnen `gomonisa~
da `pates~ adgilobrivi filialebic. Seiqmna axali britanuli kinokompaniebic.
ramdenime kinoTeatris mflobelma _ reif jafma daaarsa kompania da Tavis-
Tan samuSaod miiwvia amerikeli msaxiobebi, reJisorebi, operatorebi. amiT igi
cdilobda, ekeTebina imgvari filmebi, romlebic araTu misi samSoblos, aramed
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekranebzec moxvdebodnen. aseTive strategias mi-
marTa `briTiS end qoloniel kinemaTograf qomfanimac~, magram verc erTma vera-
friT ver daimkvidra myari adgili okeanisgaRmur kinobazarze.
SedarebiTi warmatebiT saqmianobda uiliam barkeri. misi kinokompaniis erT-
erTi saukeTeso filmi `gza ganadgurebisaken~ (1913), romelic gadaiRo jorj
greim, aSkarad gamoirCeoda sxva britanuli mdare da primitiuli filmebisagan
173
da kargi komerciuli Semosavalic hqonda adgilobrivi kinogaqiravebidan. bar-
keri iRebda didbiujetian istoriul filmebsac, romelTa warmoebaSi didZal
fuls debda da farTod avrcelebda evropul qveynebSi.
friz-grinma gamoigona kinofiris gaferadebis axali sistema _ `baioqolo-
ri~ da Carlz erbens, rogorc `kinemaqoloris~ mflobels, uCivla, radgan xels
uSlida Tavisi gamogonebis komerciul gamoyenebaSi. friz-grinma moigo sasamar-
Tlo, Tumca arc mis da arc erbenis sistemebs didxans popularoba ar ewera.
TviTdinebaze miSvebuli britanuli kinematografi, amerikulisagan gansxva-
vebiT, pompezurobis gareSe, qaoturad viTardeboda da sakuTar kinobazarzec
Tmobda wamyvan poziciebs.
174
britanuli kino: meore etapi
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave britanul kinos gansacdelis xana

daudga. sagrZnoblad Semcirda franguli kinosuraTebi, xolo germanuli pro-
duqcia saerTod aikrZala. did britaneTSi ar daxurula kinoTeatrebi, piriqiT,
isini axali simZlavriT amuSavdnen da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda pat-
riotuli Tematikis filmebs, sentimentalur melodramebsa da saTavgadasavlo
kinosuraTebs jaSuSebze. miuxedavad amisa, kinos mesveurebma ver SeZles daekma-
yofilebinaT auditoriis moTxovnileba, riTac isargebles amerikulma kinokom-
paniebma da gaaCaRes muSaoba, raTa ufro meti filmi miewodebinaT kinobazrisa-
Tvis, amiT xeli SeeSalaT britaneli konkurentebisaTvis da moepovebinaT wamyva-
ni poziciebi. amerikulma kinom britaneTSi Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, risi mocile-
bac SeuZlebeli Canda.
jorj pirsonma gaiTvaliswina kritikis araerTi mowodeba arTur qonan do-
ilis nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebis Taobaze da gadaiRo filmi ètiudi mewamul
ferSi~ (1914), romelic warmoadgenda pirvel inglisur kinosuraTs Serlok hol-
msze. mTavar rolSi man aTamaSa araprofesionali msaxiobi, jeimz breijingtoni,
visTvisac es iyo pirveli da ukanaskneli gamoCena kinoSi. reJisoris azriT, is
Zalze hgavda cnobili literaturuli personaJis portrets, rac man erT Jur-
nalSi naxa da amitomac gadawyvita misi ayvana. aRniSnuli nawarmoebis ekraniza-
ciis ufleba arTur qonan doilma adre sxvas mihyida, romelmac Tavi ver moaba
gadaRebas. pirsonis filmis gaqiravebidan aranairi Semosavali mas ar Sesvlia,
Tumca seriozuli komerciuli mogeba isedac ar hqonia am namuSevars, romlis
arc erTi asli araa dRemde Semonaxuli.
1914 wlidan filmebis warmoeba daiwyo gomonis britanulma filialma _
`gomon-briTiSma~, romelsac patara kinostudiac gaaCnda. `bamforTma~ daiqirava
miuzikholis popularuli msaxiobi, metsaxelad `vinki~ (rejinald svici) da mas
iRebda komikur seriebSi. gaxmaurebuli britanuli kinosuraTebis parodiebs
akeTebda komikosi fred evansi. is TavgamodebiT muSaobda, Tavad reJisorobda,
TviTonve TamaSobda da weliwadSi ramdenime aTeul serias uSvebda, magram maTi
umravlesoba iaffasiani produqcia iyo. verc svici da verc evansi ver Camoya-
libdnen saerTaSoriso rangis kinokomikosebad, ver gauwies Rirseuli metoqeoba
ucxoelebs. Sedegi ver gamoiRo sxva kinokompaniebis mier warmoebulma komedieb-
mac, romlebSic Seecadnen, axali msaxiobebi eTamaSebinaT da amiT gaeTqvaT saxe-
li.
kinematografistTa gundma, arTur lorensis meTaurobiT, 1914 wels Seqmna
`neptun filmzi~, provinciaSi Seisyida miwis nakveTi, razec aaSena kinostudia
èlstri~ amave saxelwodebis soflis maxloblad. masSi iyo pavilionebi, kino-
darbazi, administraciis ofisi, laboratoria. lorensi da misi kompanionebi Tvi-
Tonac iRebdnen filmebs da arendiT sxvebsac aZlevdnen studias.
uiliam barkerma gadawyvita, ganexorcielebina didi proeqti, romelic gri-
fiTis èris dabadebas~ ajobebda. misma kompaniam gamouSva pirveli britanuli
epikuri filmi `jein Sori~ (1915, reJ. bert holdeini da martin TornToni). masSi
gamoiyenes Zvirad Rirebuli dekoraciebi, 1000 statisti, gaukeTes xmauriani rek-
lama, Tumca kinosuraTma ver gaamarTla. aman kidev erTxel gamoaaSkarava, rom
britanel kinematografistebs ar SeswevdaT amerikelebTan paeqrobis Zala. gar-
175
da amisa, adgilobrivma xelisuflebam omis pirvel xanebSi tarifisagan gaaTavi-
sufla importi, ramac xel-fexi gauxsna amerikul kinokompaniebs, romlebmac Za-
lian bevri filmi Seitanes britaneTSi.
mTavrobam TxovniT mimarTa Carlz erbens, ewarmoebina propagandistuli fi-
lmebi omze. man ver SeZlo amgvari Tematikis seriebis keTeba, magram erTi doku-
menturi filmi `britaneTi moemzada~ (1915) gadaiRo rogorc reJisorma da pro-
diuserma. germanuli warmoSobis gamo mas zogierTi britaneli almaceradac ki
uyurebda, magram erbenma daamtkica, rom is didi britaneTis imperiis erTguli
qveSevrdomi iyo. mogvianebiT man aSS-Si waiRo es filmi.
nayofierad saqmianobda ramdenime kinostudia. TiToeul maTganSi mimdina-
reobda gacxovelebuli muSaoba axali filmebis Sesaqmnelad. maTi umetesoba
xan erTi da xan meore kompaniis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. 1915 wlisaTvis `mas-
ter filmzma~ tedingtonis studiis teritoriaze aaSena SuSis pavilioni da Se-
udga srulmetraJiani kinosuraTebis warmoebas. Tviqenemis kinostudiaSi aqtiu-
rad moRvaweobdnen amerikelebi _ herold Sou da jorj takeri, agreTve, brita-
neli moris elvi.
amerikulma kinokompania `traienglma~ `bloq buqingis~ sistemis meSveobiT
sruli kontroli daamyara 882 britanul kinoTeatrze. mas mibaZes sxva ameri-
kulma kompaniebma Tu calkeulma distributorebma da ise aawyves saqme, rom ad-
gilobriv kinomwarmoeblebs TveobiT an wlobiTac uwevdaT lodini, raTa Tavi-
anTi qveynis kinodarbazebSi gaetanaT Tavisive kinoproduqcia. britanuli kino-
bazari gadaiqca `holivudis kinokoloniad~. gaizarda filmebis fasi, gamZafrda
konkurencia. zogi kinodemonstratori cdilobda iseTi eqskluziuri uflebebi
Caegdo xelSi, rom marto Tavis kinoTeatrebSi eCvenebina esa Tu is filmi. amiT
distributorebma kidev ufro meti fuli iSoves. maTi umetesoba kompaniebidan
Sesyidul filmebs sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gankargavda da maRali nixriT
yidda.
sesil hefuorTis saTavgadasavlo kinosuraTSi `kaci, romelic Sin darCa~
(1915) gamoCnda niWieri msaxiobi henri edvardzi. igi kinoreJisuriTac dainteres-
da da erTi popularuli romantikuli romanis mixedviT gadaiRo filmi ùel-
seli momRerali~ (1916), sadac mTavari gmiris rolic Seasrula. Semdegi iyo emo-
ciuri namuSevari àRmosavleTi aRmosavleTia~ (1916), raSic moTxrobilia lon-
donis elitaruli da Raribuli raionebis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. mis melodra-
matul motivebs Tan erTvoda personaJebis sulieri siRrmeebis gadmocemis os-
taturi mcdeloba. axlo momavalSi edvardzma sagrZnoblad Seamcira Tavis ki-
nonawarmoebebSi titrebis raodenoba.
aSS-dan dabrunebulma Carlz erbenma memontaJis rangSi monawileoba miiRo
srulmetraJiani propagandistuli kinosuraTis `somis brZola~ (1916) SeqmnaSi.
masSi dokumenturadaa aRwerili CrdiloeT safrangeTSi, mdinare somTan momxda-
ri udidesi brZola, romlis drosac milionze meti adamiani daiRupa. filmi
bevr qveyanaSi aCvenes. is xazgasmiT miuTiTebda omis saSinelebaze, umaRles tra-
gizmsa da Semzarav xasiaTze. `somis brZolas~ sagangebod ayurebinebdnen brita-
nuli armiis oficrebs da jariskacebs. amis Semdeg erbeni isev aSS-Si wavida, ra-
Ta okeanisgaRmeli kolegebisaTvis eswavlebina msgavsi namuSevrebis keTeba.
omis safronto ambebs eZRvneboda dokumenturi kinosuraTebis seriebi, ra-
sac iRebda sxvadasxva kinokompania. isini mowonebiT sargeblobdnen rogorc sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, ise maRal saxelisuflebo wreebSi. mTavrobam informa-
ciis departaments daavala maTi Tanadafinanseba da mkacrad gakontroleba.
176
1917 wels britaneTSi funqcionirebda 4500 kinoTeatri, sadac kviraSi daax-
loebiT 20 milioni adamiani dadioda. yovelwliurad ekranebze gadioda 200
propagandistuli kinosuraTi, Tumca maTi popularoba TandaTan ecemoda, vinai-
dan isini Zalze hgavdnen erTmaneTs. sxvadasxva kinokompania cdilobda, daeyo-
liebina xelisufleba erovnuli kinobazris damcavi sakanonmdeblo meqanizmis
Sesaqmnelad. erT-erTi aseTi proeqtis Tanaxmad, ekranebze gasuli kinosuraTebis
erTi mesamedi unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi warmoebis produqcia, magram yovel-
gvari cda uSedegod mTavrdeboda, rameTu umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos nam-
dvilad ar ecala kinosaTvis. presa mkacrad akritikebda britanel mwarmoeb-
lebs, sisustesa da amerikelTa winaSe kapitulaciaSi adanaSaulebda.
am periodisaTvis britanul kinoekranebze gasuli filmebidan 60% iyo ame-
rikuli. rasakvirvelia, aRniSnuli xvedriTi wili SeSfoTebis sagans warmoad-
genda patriotulad ganwyobili kinematografistebisaTvis, magram iyvnen iseTe-
bic, romelTac amerikelebTan ukve mWidro partnioruli kavSiri gaaCndaT, riTac
sarfianad iTbobdnen xels.
saerTaSoriso arenisaTvis didi ambiciiT gakeTda srulmetraJiani biogra-
fiuli kinosuraTi `nelsoni~ (1918, reJ. moris elvi) viqtorianuli hagiografiis
tradiciebSi, magram isic bevri veraferi bedena gamodga. cudad dadgmulma sce-
nebma, daumuSavebelma fonebma da, rac mTavaria, sustma narativizmma ver moxibla
mayurebeli verc britaneTSi da verc sazRvargareT. ufro kargi gamovida imave
reJisoris mier gadaRebuli, meore biografiuli namuSevari `deivid loid jor-
jis cxovrebis ambavi~ (1918), sadac warmoCnda saintereso asociaciuri montaJi.
omis Semdeg dafuZnda axali kinokompaniebi. erovnuli kinobazris isedac
patara niSaSi, romelic daTmobili hqonda britanul filmebs, mZafri konkuren-
cia warmoebda. aman gamoiwvia sesil pefuorTis kompaniis reorganizacia. cno-
bilma reJisorma TavisTan miiwvia axalgazrda SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi, xolo 1919
wels miizida sabanko kapitali Tanamedrove stilis kinostudiis asaSeneblad.
igi imediT Sescqeroda momavals, Tumca warmatebisagan Tavbrudaxveuli ver saz-
Rvravda, rom Zveleburi yaidis filmebiT fons veRar gavidoda.
omis Tematikas eZRvneboda moris elvis filmi àmxanagoba~ (1919), romelic
yvelas gasaocrad erTob popularuli gaxda, gansakuTrebiT provinciebSi, saida-
nac didZali Semosavali Seuvida.
1920 wels Tviqenemis kinostudia 35000 funtad iyida kompania èlaiensma~,
romelmac damatebiTi Tanxa gaiRo ganaTebis axali sistemis dasamontaJeblad.
misma mesveurebma daiqiraves Teatraluri msaxiobebi, miuCines pedagogebi da da-
gegmes axali kinoproeqtebi, riTac unda gasuliyvnen rogorc erovnul, ise saer-
TaSoriso asparezze.
1920 wels gamoigones firis naturalur ferebSi damuSavebis sistema `qo-
lorama~, ramac xarjebis ekonomia gaakeTebina imaT, vinc xeliT aferadebinebda
kinosuraTebs. daisaxa gzebi feradi filmebis sawarmoeblad, magram am teqnikuri
siaxlis danergva mxolod mogvianebiT moxerxda. britaneTSi Cavida amerikeli
prodiuseri, jesi laski, raTa daeyoliebina popularuli mwerlebi, `faramaunTi-
saTvis~ eweraT kinoscenarebi. man kontraqtebi gaaforma ramdenime maTganTan, maT
Soris, herbert uelzTan, xolo jorj bernard Soum uari uTxra TanamSromlo-
baze.
amerikelebis mier Tavsmoxveul `bloq buqings~ veraferi gauxerxes brita-
nelebma. kinoTeatrebis mflobelebi Tavs imiT imarTlebdnen, rom xangrZlivi
xelSekrulebebi akavSirebdaT amerikul kompaniebTan, Tanac miuTiTebdnen, rom
177
mayurebels naklebad moswonda erovnuli kinos nimuSebi. qveyanaSi moqmedi 14
distributoruli kompaniidan 6 iyo amerikuli da aqtiuri saqmianobiT gacile-
biT ukeT moRvaweobda. `bloq buqingis~ paralelurad warmatebiT xorcieldebo-
da axali sistema _ `blaind buqingi~ (`brma dajavSna~), romlis mixedviT brita-
nel kinodemonstratorebTan ideboda kontraqtebi jer kidev gadauRebeli, mxo-
lod kinoproeqtis saxiT arsebuli, momavali filmebisaTvis kinoTeatrebSi dro-
is ama Tu im monakveTis dajavSnis Taobaze.
1921 wels samSoblos ewvia Carlz Caplini, romelsac arnaxuli daxvedra
mouwyves. `kinovarskvlavma~ moiara bavSvobis adgilebi da im Teatrebis umrav-
lesoba, romelTa scenazec adre gamodioda.
reorganizacia ganicada èlstris~ kinostudiam. masSi Seicvala adminis-
traciac, SemoqmedebiTi koleqtivic, aparaturac, laboratoriac. 1921 wlidan aq
masobrivad daiwyo filmebis warmoeba, risTvisac `britanuli holivudi~ Seerqva.
èlstris~ òqros xana~ didxans ar gagrZelebula.
ra Tqma unda, britanuli kinos imdroindeli xarisxi TvalnaTliv Camouvar-
deboda rogorc amerikul, ise evropul dones, Tumca iyo calkeuli niSandobli-
vi kinosuraTebi, romlebmac mokrZalebuli kvali datoves erovnuli kinoindus-
triis istoriaSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, moris elvis `Serlok holmsis Tavgada-
savlebi~ (1921) da uolter roudenis `deniel deronda~ (1921). saintereso fil-
mebs iRebda kompania `briTiS insTruqSional filmzi~, romelic maleve gadaiqca
wamyvan da angariSgasawev kinomwarmoeblad. misi didbiujetiani filmi ìutlan-
dis brZola~ (1921, reJ. hari vulfi) mayureblis favorit kinosuraTad iqca.
didi kinoTeatrebis mSeneblobis bumi britaneTSi SedarebiT gvian, 20-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, daiwyo, Tumca es procesi marto qveynis dedaqalaqs ar Sexe-
bia, aramed sxva qalaqebSic gaSenda moculobiT, arqiteqturuli silamaziT da
sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebiT gamorCeuli kinoTeatrebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT
gamosayofia _ notingemis èliti~, lidzis `mejestiki~, manCesteris `pikedili~
da braitonis `rijenti~.
1922 wels jorj klarkma bekonsfildSi gaxsna Tanamedrove aparaturiT aR-
Wurvili kinostudia. mas ukve hqonda Camoyalibebuli kinokompania, filmebsac
akeTebda, magram londonSi ver gaCerda da amitom wavida provinciaSi. bekons-
fildis kinostudiaSi iyo mxolod erTi scena, danarCen epizodebs naturaze
iRebdnen. pirvelive namuSevrebiT klarkma miiqcia specialistebis yuradReba.
1922 wlidan `gomon-briTiSi~ gaxda sufTa britanuli kompania, rasac mar-
Tavdnen Zmebi: izidor, deivid, mark, moris da hari ostrerebi. maT moawesriges
warmoebisa da distribuciis sakiTxebi da ramdenime weliwadSi ukve flobdnen
280 kinoTeatrs, sadac, pirvel rigSi, TavianT kinoproduqcias aCvenebdnen. ostre-
rebma saqmiani da Tanaswori urTierTobebi daamyares ucxoel kolegebTan.
èlaiensma~ ekranebze gamouSva filmi `bohemieli gogona~ (1922, reJ. harli
noulzi), romelsac safuZvlad daedo erTi popularuli saopero speqtakli.
mTavari rolebis Sesasruleblad sagangebod miiwvies gamocdili msaxiobebi: ai-
vor novelo da gledis kuperi. kinosuraTs kargi komerciuli Semosavali hqon-
da, magram ucabedad èlaiensma~ miatova kinowarmoeba, gamovida biznesidan da
mxolod Tavisi kinostudiis gaqiravebiT dakavda.
1923 wels bankrotad gamocxadda sesil hefuorTis kompania. Zalian iafad
gaiyida misi qonebac. am kompaniis arqivSi arsebuli Zvirfasi negativebi gadaad-
nes vercxlis misaRebad, xolo uoltonis kinostudia mogvianebiT SeiZina Teat-
ralurma prodiuserma _ arCibald netlfoldma, romelsac ukan edga birmingemis
178
safinanso jgufi. man daitova hefuorTis TanamSromlebi da ramdenime mdare ge-
movnebis kinosuraTi gadaiRo. Tavad hefuorTma, romelic Zalze amayobda erov-
nul kinoSi gaweuli wvliliT, daiwyo mogzauroba da atarebda leqciebs kinos
istoriaze, romlis drosac aCvenebda rogorc Tavis, aseve sxvebis kinosuraTebs.
asparezze gamosuli axali Taobis warmomadgenlebis namuSevrebSi igrZno-
boda siaxlis Zieba, axleburi SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, erovnuli kinematogra-
fis aRorZinebis dauokebeli survili. axalgazrda prodiuserebis erT-erT
strategiul mimarTulebas warmoadgenda holivudis `kinovarskvlavebis~ impor-
ti britaneTSi. prodiuserebma _ maikl bolqonma da viqtor savilma TavianT ki-
nokompaniaSi gaakeTes romantikuli drama `qali qals~ (1923), sadac mTavar rol-
Si aTamaSes amerikeli beti qompsoni. reJisorma grem qaTsma da scenaris Tanaav-
torma da reJisoris asistentma alfred hiCkokma maRali Sefaseba daimsaxures.
maTi saxiT britanulma kinematografma saimedo cvla miiRo, Tumca samuSao bev-
ri iyo, mdgomareobas gamosworeba sWirdeboda, xolo am process _ didi Zalis-
xmeva. TiTo-orola saintereso da komerciulad momgebiani kinosuraTi Sesabamis
aminds ver qmnida.
1924 wels londonSi gaixsna britaneTis erovnuli kinoliga, romelic saq-
mianobas Seudga did qalaqebsa da provinciul adgilebSi britanuli filmebis
kvireulebis mowyobiT. samwuxarod, am RonisZiebebs raime seriozuli gamoxmau-
reba ar mohyolia auditoriis mxridan. miuxedavad amisa, kinoligis warmomadgen-
lebi Tavisas ar iSlidnen da cdilobdnen, rame eRonaT erovnuli kinowarmoebis
swor gzaze dasayeneblad. imave wels yovelkvartaluri Jurnalis, `qlouz afi~
irgvliv gaerTianebulma mayurebelma kembrijSi Seqmna klubi _ `sinema~, romlis
umTavres mizans warmoadgenda britanuli kinos farTo popularizacia mosaxle-
obis sxvadasxva fenaSi, Tanac im pirobebSi, roca qveynis kinoTeatrebis 95% daka-
vebuli hqonda amerikul kinoproduqcias.
herbert uilkoqsma germanul da holandiur kompaniebTan TanamSromlobis
niadagi mosinja da maTTan gaaba molaparakeba, ris Sedegad ùfasTan~ dado kon-
traqti, romelic ara marto imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom misi kompaniis kinosura-
Tebs eZleoda germanul kinobazarze gasvlis saSualeba, aramed imiTac, rom masa
da mis warmomadgenlebs axla ukve SeeZloT emuSavaT kargad gawyobil germa-
nul kinostudiebSi. swored germaniaSi gadaiRo uilkoqsma morigi, britanul-
germanuli erToblivi namuSevari _ `dekameronis Rameebi~ (1924), raSic aTamaSa
britaneli, germaneli da amerikeli msaxiobebi. aRniSnuli kinosuraTi warmate-
biT gavida msoflios kinoekranebze, radganac mas gaaCnda saucxoo sanaxaobiTi
mxare da TxrobiTi struqtura, Tumca formis TvalsazrisiT, masSi aranairi win-
svla ar SeimCneoda. amis mizezad miiCnevdnen uilkoqsis inertul damokidebule-
bas germaneli kolegebis namuSevrebis mimarT, iqidan garkveuli gamocdilebis
gaziarebis miRebis survilis uqonlobas.
bolqonma, romelic gamokveTili figura gaxda kinowarmoebaSi, 1924 wels
daaarsa `geinsboro fiqCerzi~ da moRvaweobda aislingtonis studiaSi, romel-
sac gaaCnda ori scena, xolo mis saxuravs iyenebdnen naturaluri epizodebis
gadasaRebad. male igi vizitiT estumra germanias da gaaforma xelSekruleba
germanul-avstriul-britanuli erToblivi koncernis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. saerTaSo-
riso sarbielze amgvari warmatebisaTvis arc erT britanel prodiusers ar mi-
uRwevia. axlo momavalSi bolqonis kompaniam 7 erToblivi kinosuraTi gaakeTa
germanelebTan. erT-erTi maTgani iyo alfred hiCkokis mier miunhenSi gadaRebu-
li `siamovnebis baRi~ (1925). axalgazrda, imedismomcemi hiCkoki, bolqonis dava-
179
lebiT, staJirebas gadioda germaniaSi. igi piradad daeswro murnaus ùkanaskne-
li adamianis~ gadaRebas da Zalian moewona rogorc filmi, ise reJisori. is ac-
xadebda: es kinosuraTi aris sufTa kinematografis SesaniSnavi magaliTi, rome-
lic Cinebuli vizualurobiT gadmoscems ambavso. `siamovnebis baRze~ muSaobis
procesSi hiCkoks usiamovno SemTxveva gadaxda Tavs. roca misi jgufi avstriaSi
Cavida gadaRebis sawarmoeblad, adgilobrivma sabaJom sruliad umizezod Camo-
arTva firi, ris gamoc avstriuli kinoeqspedicia CaiSala. hiCkokma ver SeZlo am
filmisTvis distributorebis Sovna da misi kinoTeatrebSi gasvla oriode
wliT dagvianda. miuxedavad amisa, man britaneli kinokritikosebisagan Seqeba da-
imsaxura _ mas uwodes àxalgazrda kaci ostatis xedviT~.
1925 wels daarsda londonis kinosazogadoeba, romlis sabWos wevrebma ga-
dawyvites, daxmarebodnen kinematografistebsa da mayurebels msoflio kinoSede-
vrebis gacnobaSi. erT kinoTeatrSi isini awyobdnen yovelkvireul seansebs, sa-
dac aCvenebdnen gamorCeul germanul, frangul da sabWoTa filmebs.
20-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi kinokompaniebis didi nawili daixura. isini uZ-
lurni aRmoCndnen `bloq buqingisa~ da `blaind buqingis~ sistemebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi. katastrofulad daeca warmoebuli kinosuraTebis raodenobac _ 1925
wels britanelebma gadaiRes mxolod 25 kinosuraTi, romelTaganac gamosayofia
`briTiS insTruqSional filmzis~ nawarmoebi ìpri~ (1925, reJ. uolter samerzi),
romelic mieZRvna pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT usastikes brZolas da ro-
melSic aTamaSes misive monawile veterani jariskacebi. saintereso kinosuraTi
iyo bolqonis `geinsboros~ namuSevari `virTxa~ (1925, reJ. grem qaTsi), sadac no-
velos partnioroba gauwia aSS-dan miwveulma mei marSma. filmis kinoekranebze
gasvlis Semdeg britanuli presa aRtacebiT werda: Tu amerikelebi grifiTiT
amayoben, samagierod, Cven gvyavs qaTsio. `virTxis~ kinoreJisori `britanuli ki-
nos mxsnelad~, àmerikelebTan Rirseulad mopaeqred~ da `warmatebuli komerci-
uli kinoproeqtebis uSecdomo Semqmnelad~ monaTles.
1925 wlis zafxulSi wamyvanma politikurma, kulturulma da saqmiani samya-
ros warmomadgenlebma gazeT `morning sTarSi~ gamoaqveynes werili, raSic xazs
usvamdnen erovnul kinoSi Seqmnil savalalo mdgomareobas, Tanamemamule kinema-
tografistebs mouwodebdnen patriotuli poziciebis dasakaveblad, ilaSqreb-
dnen amerikuli filmebis winaaRmdeg, radganac maT disonansi SehqondaT brita-
nuli kulturisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. xelmomwerTa Soris iyvnen cno-
bili kompozitorebi, mwerlebi, sagazeTo magnatebi da sxv. am adamianebs mTavro-
ba daexmara, es sakiTxi parlamentis msjelobis sagani gamxdariyo. saqmianoba ga-
aaqtiures kinoklubebma, romelTa ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda. maTma moRva-
weobam pirveli nayofi gamoiRo _ erovnuli kinoproduqciiT ufro meti xalxi
interesdeboda. erT-erTi maTganis (`film sosaiTi~) damfuZnebeli, britaneTis
yofili premier-ministris, herbert henri asquiTis vaJi, anToni gamocdilebis mi-
saRebad da iqauri kinowarmoebis Sesaswavlad gaemgzavra holivudSi.
didi xmauri mohyva ìuniversalis~ britanuli filialis triuks. erTi Ta-
visi kinosuraTis londonuri premierisaTvis misma xelmZRvanelobam sapatio ya-
raulis rangSi gamoiyena britaneTis armiis nawilebi, ris gamoc aRSfoTdnen
rogorc umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis wevrebi, ise politikosebi. Tavdapirvelad
maT egonaT, rom RonisZieba tardeboda jarSi gawvevis agitaciisaTvis, magram ro-
ca sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda, rom is emsaxureboda am konkretuli namuSevris rek-
lamas, aman seriozuli protesti gamoiwvia samTavrobo doneze. meore dRidan
films boikoti gamoucxada britanuli kinoTeatrebis mflobelTa umetesobam,
180
radgan CaTvales, rom maT samSoblos didi moraluri ziani miadga, Tumca ameri-
kuli filmebi mainc popularobiT sargeblobdnen, rasac aRiarebdnen britaneli
kritikosebica da kinematografistebic.
ramdenime holivudeli mwarmoebeli Cavida elstriSi da aRfrTovanebuli
darCa kinostudiiT. saswrafod dafuZnda axali erToblivi kompania, romelSic
amerikelebTan erTad Sevidnen uilkoqsi da oriode sxva britaneli prodiuseri.
daisaxa axali gegmebi, studiis rekonstruqciaSi Caido didi Tanxa, magram am er-
Tobas didxans arseboba ar ewera, radgan amerikelebs da adgilobrivebs male
konfliqti mouvidaT erTmaneTSi, ris Sedegad amerikelebi ukan gabrundnen, xo-
lo uilkoqsma da nelson kisma sxva kompania gaakeTes. elstris studia Seisyi-
da jon maqsuelma.
1926 wels bolqoni dabrunda aSS-dan da Camoayaliba kompania `pikedili
fiqCerzi~, raSic gadaisrola `geinsboros~ yvela aqtivi, xolo mis direqtorad
daniSna grem qaTsi, raTa misi meoxebiT gaefarTovebina warmoebis moculoba, mag-
ram qaTsma am postze ver ivarga da igi maleve Secvales.
imxanad britanelebs hyavdaT erTaderTi maRali rangis msaxiobi _ beti
balfori, romelsac gazeTma `deili mirorma~ `msoflio masStabis `kinovars-
kvlavi~ uwoda. is, ZiriTadad, TamaSobda jorj pirsonis kinokomediebSi, magram
maTi TanamSromloba Sewyda filmis `mocimcime Tvalebi~ (1926) Semdeg, rodesac
reJisorma gadawyvita cols gayroda da betisaTvis xeli eTxova, razec uari mi-
iRo. balfori gadaiRes ramdenime germanul, frangul da avstriul kinosuraT-
Sic.
perioduli qronikaluri kinoJurnalebi Zalian popularulni gaxdnen. maT
gareSe arc erTi seansi ar tardeboda. maTi saSualebiT mayurebeli ecnoboda
britaneTsa da danarCen msoflioSi mimdinare axal ambebs. egzotikuri siuJete-
bis avtor operatorebs adarebdnen gulad gmirebs, visac xandaxan sicocxlis
fasad uwevda muSaoba urTules pirobebSi. aseT kinoJurnalebs amzadebda ram-
denime kinokompania. zogierTi maTgani damatebis saxiT ilustrirebul Jurna-
lebsac beWdavda.
1927 wels britaneTis mTavrobam gamoTqva ukmayofileba, rom qveynis ekra-
nebze gasuli filmebidan mxolod 5% iyo samamulo warmoebisa, xolo umeteso-
bas Seadgenda amerikuli kinosuraTebi, romlebic amerikul Rirebulebebs ner-
gavdnen da did mogebas naxulobdnen (marto bolo erT weliwadSi okeanisgaR-
mulma kinokompaniebma daagroves 165 milioni dolari britanul kinobazarze).
holivudis zegavlenis Sesaxeb xSirad msjelobdnen britanuli elitaruli wre-
ebi da eZebdnen amisagan gamosavals. erovnul kinos mxurvaled gulSematkivrob-
dnen konservatoruli partiis wevrebi. isini xSirad awyobdnen debatebs parla-
mentSi, mouwodebdnen yvelas, rom kinematografis magaliTi ar gadasdeboda mrew-
velobisa da soflis meurneobis dargebs. partiis erTi wevri presaSi imasac aR-
niSnavda: holivudis filmebma daangria inglisuri ojaxebis simyudrove, amitom
aucileblad unda amovudgeT mxarSi Cvens kinoso.
arsebulma situaciam stimuli misca xelisuflebas, iseve, rogorc sxva ev-
ropul saxelmwifoebSi, daxmareboda erovnul kinowarmoebas ganviTarebasa da
holivudTan saR konkurenciaSi. 1927 wels gamoica kanoni, romlis mixedviTac
britanul kinoTeatrebSi ucxouri kinosuraTebisaTvis dawesda kvotebi, xolo
erovnuli produqciis xvedriTi wili pirvel xanebSi ganisazRvra 7.5%-iT, Sem-
deg ki, yovelwliurad, TandaTanobiT unda gazrdiliyo misi moculoba ise, rom
aTi wlis Semdgom gamxdariyo 20%. kanonma akrZala `bloq buqingi~ da `blaind
181
buqingi~. britanul filmad CaiTvleboda iseTi produqcia, romelic mzaddeboda
kinokompaniaSi, sadac TanamSromelTa didi nawili britaneTis moqalaqe iyo. Ti-
Toeuli kinosuraTis yvela epizodi unda gadaRebuliyo britaneTis farglebSi
da misi scenari aucileblad britanels unda daewera. vaWrobis saministros mi-
eca miTiTeba, rom daeregistrirebina kinosuraTebi savaWro mrCevelTa komitet-
Tan konsultaciis Sedegad. adgilobriv kinobazarze dominirebis safasurad
amerikul kompaniebs daevalaT britanuli kinoproduqciis Tanadafinanseba da,
amasTanave, zogierTi maTgani unda waeRoT aSS-Si saCveneblad. amas gamoexmaur-
nen `faramaunTi~ da ùorner brazersi~, magram erToblivi filmebi ar vargoda,
radgan aseTi naucbaTevi namuSevrebi auditorias ar moswonda.
zemoT aRniSnuli kanonis cxovrebaSi gatareba garTulda sxvadasxva mize-
zis gamo. problemebi Seiqmna kinoTeatrebis mepatroneebTan, romelTac ukve saa-
Tis meqanizmiviT hqonda awyobili sistema amerikul kompaniebTan da es ukanask-
nelni droulad awvdidnen maT maRalxarisxovan kinosuraTebs. Tavad msxvilma
amerikulma kinokompaniebma britaneTSive daiwyes filmebis warmoeba da maT asa-
Rebdnen rogorc britanul nawarms adgilzec da ucxoeTSic.
saxelmwifos Carevam kinos samzareuloSi mainc dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiw-
via. momzadda noyieri niadagi axali Taobis misazidad, kinokompaniebi axali Se-
marTebiT Seudgnen saqmianobas, gaSenda didi tevadobis kinoTeatrebi, romelTa-
gan pirvelobda glazgos `grin’s fleihausi~ 4254 adgiliT, gamococxlda stu-
diuri muSaoba da imata filmebis raodenobam. maTgan amogebuli TanxebiT kino-
kompaniebma SeiZines Tanamedrove aparatura, gaafarToves warmoeba. `gomon-bri-
TiSma~ mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidra britanul kinobazarze. misma xelmZRva-
nelobam sTxova maikl bolqons gaerTianeba, magram prodiuserma jer ki iuara,
Tumca mogvianebiT `geinsboro fiqCerzi~ erT-erT ganStoebad Sevida `gomon-bri-
TiSSi~, romlis warmoebis ufrosad bolqoni dainiSna.
1927 wels bekonsfildis gapartaxebuli studia Seisyida `briTiS laien
filmzma~. am kinokompaniis xelmZRvanelma _ sem smiTma gadawyvita edgar uole-
sis nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebi ekeTebina, risTvisac avtorisagan eqskluziuri
uflebebi aiRo, magram amasac ar dasjerda da uolesi kompaniis sapatio Tavm-
jdomared gamoacxada. kinostudia aRadgines, filmebic gadaiRes, Tumca maTi mxa-
tvruli done sakmaod dabal maCvenebelze idga. herbert uilkoqsma jon maqsue-
lisagan droebiT daiqirava elstris kompleqsi, romlis maxloblad Seudga sa-
kuTari kinostudiis mSeneblobas, ris dasrulebisTanave Camoayaliba kompania
`briTiS inTerneiSenal filmzi~ da saTanamSromlo xelSekruleba daudo `fara-
maunTs~, xolo pirvelive kinosuraTze, `qalbatoni pompaduri~ (1927) mTavari ro-
lisaTvis miiwvia doroTi giSi.
alfred hiCkokma gadaiRo `mdgmuri~ (1927), romelic iTvleba saTavgadasav-
lo kinos qveJanris _ Trileris, erT-erT pirvel nimuSad. reJisors igi Zalian
uyvarda, Tumca naklebad miiCnevda saavtoro namuSevrad, radgan prodiuserebma
jer Tavad SearCies msaxiobebi ise, rom hiCkoks arc araferi hkiTxes, Semdeg Ta-
vianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT Seacvlevines finaluri epizodic. kinosuraTs sa-
fuZvlad daedo erTi romani, romelic warmoadgenda cnobili `jek mfatravis~
gaTanamedrovebul versias. es literaturuli pirvelwyaro piesad gadaakeTes
da londonis erT dramatul TeatrSi dadges. swored mis warmodgenas daeswro
hiCkoki da gadawyvita misi ekranze gadatana. filmSi mTavari gmiri iTamaSa ai-
vor novelom, romelic sagangebod aiyvanes rolze, radgan britaneli qalbatone-
bi masze Wkuas kargavdnen.
182
hiCkokisaTvis problemebis meore etapi daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac `geinsboro-
sa~ da `pikedilis~ gaerTianebulma samxatvro sabWom, romelsac grem qaTsi edga
saTaveSi, daiwuna `mdgmuri~ da kinogaqiravebaSi misi gatana SeaCera. amgvari ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebaSi `lomis wili~ miuZRvoda Tavad qaTss, romelsac ar ep-
rianeboda Tavisi yofili asistentis dawinaureba da warmateba. aman ganarisxa
bolqoni, romelmac ganacxada, rom kinosuraTze daxarjuli Tanxa aucileblad
unda amoeRoT da sabWos wevrebs ubrZana, SeecvalaT azri. mdgomareobis gamo-
sasworeblad uxmes reJisorsa da kinokritikoss, aivor montegius, romelmac Ta-
viseburad gadaamontaJa alfred hiCkokis originali, amoWra calkeuli epizode-
bi, rameTu CaTvala, rom mayurebeli maT ver gaigebda. amgvarad daCexili filmi
gauSves kinoTeatrebSi.
Tavdapirvelad `mdgmurs~ bevri mnaxveli ar hyavda, magram rodesac kriti-
kosTa pirvelma talRam presaSi dawera, moulodneli rakursebiT, kadrebis uCve-
ulo agebiT, teqnikuri siaxleebiTa da daZabuli siuJetiT esaa saukeTeso kino-
suraTi britanul kinoSio, uamravi mayurebeli miawyda kinoTeatrebs. montegius
surda, ukanve Caematebina amoWrili nawilebi, magram aRmoCnda, rom studiis Tana-
mSromlebs isini gaenadgurebinaT.
aseTi aRiarebis Semdeg hiCkoki TavisTan miiwvia uilkoqsma, masTan dado
samwliani xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviT axalgazrda reJisors eZleoda sru-
li SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. mas unda gadaeRo 12 kinosuraTi, romelTaganac
pirveli iyo `ringi~ (1927), trivialuri melodrama, romlis scenari hiCkokma da-
wera Tavis meuRlesTan _ alma revilTan erTad, Tumca es ukanaskneli titrebSi
ar moixsenia. films didi warmateba hqonda. igi `mdgmurs~ sjobda Txrobis vi-
zualuri stiliTa da saucxoo axlo xedebiT.
mdidari gamocdileba daagrova holivudSi asquiTma, romelic codnas ewa-
feboda Carli CaplinTan, ernst lubiCTan da sxva aRiarebul didostatebTan.
igi dabrunda samSobloSi, gaecno evropuli kinos miRwevebsac da Tavadac Caer-
To kinowarmoebaSi. is msaxurobda reJisoris asistentad `briTiS insTruqSio-
nal filmzSi~, sadac imJamad keTdeboda samecniero filmebi bunebaze, Semdgom ki
albert bramblTan erTad gadaiRo `kinos varskvlavebi~ (1927), romelic mieZRvna
amerikul kinosa da mis yoveldRiurobas, problemur sakiTxebs. montaJiTa da ga-
naTebis stilistikiT es filmi waagavda cnobil germanul namuSevrebs. anToni
asquiTi brwyinvaled erkveoda kinoteqnikaSi, risTvisac Jurnalistebma `virtu-
ozi~ Searqves. specialistebma aRniSnes, rom `kinos varskvlavebi~ SesaniSnavad
asrulebda saswavlo filmis funqcias da igi aucileblad unda enaxa yvela
britanel kinematografists, kargad gaeazrebina, raTa Rrmad Caswvdomoda kinos
praqtikul mxareebs.
1928 wlis dasawyisSi maqsuelma daaarsa organizacia, romelSic Sedioda
elstris kinostudia da sadistribucio qseli, rac moicavda 88 kinoTeatrs. man
kinostudiis samxatvro xelmZRvanelad miiwvia uolter maiqrofti da germanel
kolegebTan gaaba saqmiani urTierTobebi germaniaSi Tavisi da sxva britanuli
kinokompaniebis filmebis gavrcelebisaTvis niadagis mosamzadeblad.
axali droebidan gamomdinare politika Secvala netlfoldma. man daiTxo-
va Zveli TanamSromlebi, ixmo axlebi, kinostudias saxeli `netlfoldad~ gadaa-
rqva da mTavar reJisorad aiyvana yofili komikosi msaxiobi _ uolter fordi,
romelsac mcireodeni gamocdileba hqonda kinoreJisuraSic da am mizniT holi-
vudSi gaiara staJireba. misi pirvelive kinokomediebi: `daicade da naxe~ (1928)
da `Semdeg ra?~ (1928) gamoirCeoda xalasi britanuli iumoriT, TviTmyofadi
183
xelweriTa da siaxleebisaken swrafviT. maTSi fordi Tavadve TamaSobda mTavar
rolebs. `daicade da naxe~ kinokritikosebma aRiares saukeTeso kinokomediad da
am JanrSi momuSave sxva kinomoRvaweebs mouwodes aseTi namuSevrebis keTebisa-
ken. fordisagan erTgvari estafeta miiRo montegium, romelmac gadaiRo `cisfe-
ri boTlebi~ (1928), romelic Zveli amerikuli, senetiseuli komediebis pirdapir
gadamRerebas warmoadgenda da masSi axali araferi Tqmula.
1928 wels ekranebze gavida britanuli warmoebis 90 kinosuraTi. rasakvirve-
lia, maT umravlesobaSi isev adgilze tkepna SeimCneoda, magram raodenobis gaz-
rdam da niWieri Taobis gamoCenam imedebi Causaxa erovnuli kinos gulSematkiv-
rebs. kinokompaniebi ukve didZal Tanxebs ixdidnen ekranizaciebis uflebebis
mosapoveblad, TiToeuli filmis biujetis 20% midioda msaxiobTa honorarebze.
qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli msaxiobebis 65% warmatebiT saqmianobda kinoindus-
triaSi. iwyeboda erovnuli kinos gardaqmnis epoqa, razec metyvelebda sasikeTo,
oRond neli tempebiT mimdinare Zvrebi.
1929 wels britaneTSi warmoebuli filmebis ricxvi 138-mde avida. kidev er-
Ti kargi komediiT `daijereb?~ (1929) gaaxara mayurebeli uolter fordma da
kvlavac daimsaxura maRali Sefaseba. niSandoblivi gamodga anToni asquiTis mo-
rigi kinosuraTi `koteji dartmurSi~ (1929). samwuxarod, es gamonaklisebi ver
Sveloda saerTo mdgomareobas da im katastroful proporciebs, rac damkvidr-
da britanulsa da amerikul filmebs Soris. dRis wesrigSi dadga axali saka-
nonmdeblo bazis Seqmnis sakiTxi, radgan Zvelma ver gaamarTla. kinoze guli
aicrua finansistebis umravlesobam, vinaidanac aRar surda fulis Cadeba wam-
gebian proeqtebSi. zogierTi kinematografisti eWvis TvaliT uyurebda xelisuf-
lebisagan momaval SesaZlo daxmarebas da arc axali, mosalodneli kanonebisa
sjeroda rame. kritikosebma protesti imiT gamoxates, rom tradiciul gamokiT-
xvaSi arc erTi britanuli filmi aRar Seiyvanes saukeTesoTa Soris, gazeTma
`kine uiqlim~ ki ganacxada, rom zogi reJisori saerTod ar aris SesaSvebi kino-
studiebSio.
184
italiuri kino: pirveli etapi
italiuri kinos pionerma, gamomgonebelma da inJinerma _ filoteo alberi-

nim 1895 wlis noemberSi, florenciaSi miiRo patenti kinoaparatze `Cinematogra-
fo alberini~, romelic imave funqciebs asrulebda, rasac Zmebi lumierebis `si-
nematografi~, Tumca ar arsebobs raime cnoba, rom man es aparati sadme gamoiyena.
1896 wlis 12 marts, romSi, erT fotografiul studiaSi moawyves Zmebi lu-
mierebis programis Cveneba, rasac didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. seansebi 10 maisamde
mimdinareobda. erT maTgans daeswro romis papic, romelmac akurTxa frangi ga-
momgoneblebis aparati da misi firi. Semdegi demonstrirebebi gagrZelda nea-
polSi, veneciaSi, turinSi, milansa da florenciaSi. TiToeul qalaqSi seansebi
mimdinareobda sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi. SedarebiT naklebi aJiotaJiT Caiara
demenis, polisa da edisonis aparatebis Cvenebam. am wlis meore naxevarSi, itali-
aSi moRvaweobda lumierebis oTxi operatori: aleqsandr promio, juzepe filipi,
franCesko feliCeti da vitorio kalCina. isini dokumentur-qronikalur epizo-
debs iRebdnen.
1896 wels fotografma italo pakionim mas Semdeg, rac lumierebisagan uari
miiRo aparatis Sesyidvaze, ZmasTan, enrikosTan, da varietes msaxiob _ leopoldo
fregolisTan erTad daamzada kinokamera, riTac gadaiRo `matareblis Camodgoma
milanis rkinigzis sadgurze~. is gacilebiT sjobda lumierebis namuSevars, rad-
gan ufro kargad SerCeuli adgilidan iyo gadaRebuli. amas mohyva pakionis pa-
tara TxrobiTi filmebi, romlebic auditoriis yuradRebas imsaxurebdnen. axal-
beda reJisori Tavisive gamogonebuli kinoproeqtoriT aCvenebda am produqcias.
fregolim damoukideblad gaakeTa `sinematografis~ msgavsi aparati, romel-
sac `fregoligrafs~ eZaxda. igi jer lumierebisaTvis iRebda siuJetebs da ug-
zavnida maT, mere calke, Tavisive monawileobiT akeTebda mxatvrul kinosura-
Tebs da aparatiT xelSi daxetialobda romSi, firze aRbeWdavda qalaqis xedeb-
sa da saintereso arqiteqturul nagebobebs. zogierT kadrs igi xeliTac Rebav-
da meti efeqturobisaTvis.
vitorio kalCinas mieca ufleba, gadaeRo italiis mefe da dedofali, ris
Sedegad gaxda samefo karis oficialuri kinooperatori. misi dokumenturi na-
muSevari ùmberto da margerita savoielebi parkSi seirnobisas~ (1896) yvelasa-
Tvis sayvareli filmi iyo. is iRebda velorbolebs, mZleosanTa Sejibrebebs, xe-
dviT dokumentur kinosuraTebs. wlis miwuruls man da misma partniorebma tu-
rinis erT-erT yofil saavadmyofoSi gaxsnes kinoTeatri.
italiel kinopionerebs Seemata oreste paskuareli, romelmac 1897 wels
gamoigona kinokamera. alberinim megobrebTan erTad daamzada aparati `Cinesi-
grafo~. sxvadasxva problemis gamo man es gamogoneba mxolod ori wlis mere
warudgina dainteresebul sazogadoebas florenciaSi.
aseTi pirveli nabijebis miuxedavad italiaSi maSin ver Camoyalibda kino-
biznesi. axali gamogoneba nel-nela, qaoturad viTardeboda. varieteebis da kafe-
ebis mflobelebi xandaxan uTmobdnen Senobebs kinodemonstratorebs, momravl-
dnen `mogzauri Soumenebi~ da kinooperatorobiT gatacebuli yofili fotogra-
febi, Tumca soliduri kinobazebis Sesaqmnelad jer aravis ecala. pirveli ita-
liuri filmebis umetesoba warmoadgenda qronikebs, romlebsac aSkarad etyobo-
da frangi kinematografistebis stilis gavlena.
185
kinoTeatrebSi warmodgenil programebSi, romlebic Seicavdnen ucxour
filmebs, aqa-iq gamourevdnen italiur namuSevrebsac, romelTa umravlesobas
iRebda pakioni. igi warmatebiT atarebda eqsperimentebs stereoskopul firebzec,
magram male CamoSorda kinosaqmianobas. pirvel italiel kinematografistTa So-
ris iyvnen: juzepe boaro, ecio kristofari da mario blenini, Tumca maT mier ga-
daRebuli firebi dRes aRar arsebobs da mxolod istoriam Semoinaxa maTi
gvar-saxelebi.
italiuri erovnuli kinos dabadebis TariRad iTvleba 1904 weli, roca tu-
rinSi gaixsna qronikalur-dokumenturi filmebis kinostudia, romelSic keTde-
boda rogorc qronikaluri kinosuraTebi, aseve filmebi mogzaurobebsa da spor-
tul Sejibrebebze. maTgan yvelaze popularuli iyo `pirveli saavtomobilo ga-
darbena: suza-monCenizio~ (1904), romelic gadaiRo roberto omeniam fotomaRazi-
is mflobelis, arturo ambrozios dakveTiT.
1905 wels filoteo alberinim dante santonisTan erTad Camoayaliba kino-
kompania àlberini e santoni~, moawyo kinostudia, sadac gadaiRo pirveli mxatv-
ruli kinosuraTi `romis dapyroba 1870 wlis 20 seqtembers~. momdevno wels am
kompaniam saxeli `Cinesad~ gadaikeTa da Seudga primitiuli kinokomediebisa da
melodramebis gadaRebas. kinoTi dainteresdnen finansistebi da aristokratebi.
maT miaCndaT, rom kino ar warmoadgenda socialuri da kulturuli ganviTare-
bis sferos, Tumca masSi SeiZleboda seriozuli investiciebis mizidva da maT-
gan sasurveli komerciuli mogebis miReba.
dagvianebiT dawyebulma kinowarmoebis ganviTarebis procesma xeli Seuwyo
sxva patara kinokompaniebis Seqmnas, maTma aqtiurobam ki ganapiroba kinoTeatre-
bis ricxvis zrda, kinos infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba. romisa da turinis Sem-
deg kinofilmebis warmoeba daiwyes neapolSi, milanSi, genuaSi, veneciaSi, pizasa
da palermoSi.
vitorio kalCina ara marto samefo ojaxs emsaxureboda, aramed firze gada-
hqonda aqtualuri movlenebic. 1905 wels man gaakeTa ìnscenirebuli qronika~ _
`miwisZvra kalabriaSi~, romelmac mayureblis cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia.
1906 wlidan filmebis warmoebasa da distribucias Seudga arturo ambro-
zio da male aaSena kinostudia turinSi, romelsac eZaxdnen italiuri kinos
araoficialur dedaqalaqs. ambroziom TavisTan waiyvana omenia, romelmac gadai-
Ro ramdenime mxatvruli da dokumenturi filmi, maT Soris _ àlpuri msrole-
lebis manevrebi kole rancolaSi~ (1906) da `loTis Tavgadasavali~ (1906). mogvi-
anebiT omenia akeTebda filmebs sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikazec. am namuSevrebs
didi siamovnebiT ucqerdnen rogorc italiaSi, ise ucxoeTSi.
milanSi kinokompaniebs flobdnen fotografebi, adolfo kroke da luka
komerio. ambroziosTan da sxvebTan sakonkurenciod maTac aaSenes kinostudiebi.
romSi kamilo otolengis mier dafuZnda àkila filmi~, xolo karlo rosim Ca-
moayaliba `karlo rosi e kompania~, romelic akeTebda ara marto filmebs, ara-
med kinoaparatebsac. mas didxans ar uarsebia, 1908 wels finansuri problemebis
gamo igi gaiyida da mis bazaze yofilma buRalterma jovani pastronem da inJi-
nerma karlo Samengom daaarses ìtala filmi~, romelsac Zalian gaumarTla in-
vestorebis mxriv da moRvaweobis dasawyisSive SeZlo maRali reitingis mopo-
veba.
pastrone samuSao vizitiT gaemgzavra safrangeTSi, sadac unda SeerCia ro-
melime komikosi msaxiobi Tavisi kompaniis momavali kinokomediebisaTvis. man
Tvali daadga or maTgans _ maqs lindersa da andre dids. imxanad orive pates-
186
Tan muSaobda. italielma didis gadabireba SeZlo, kinematografiuli metsaxeli
_ `kretineti~ Searqva da Seudga misi monawileobiT seriebis gadaRebas. didTan
dadebuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT misi fsevdonimi pastrones kompaniis sakuT-
rebad gamocxadda da Tuki kinomsaxiobi sxvagan gadavidoda samuSaod, mas unda
Seecvala igi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sagrZnobi fuladi jarima ar ascdeboda.
pastrones magaliTs mibaZes sxva italiuri kompaniebis mflobelebma da me-
zobeli safrangeTidan daiwyes gamocdili msaxiobebisa da teqnikuri muSakebis
wayvana. `Cinesma~ gadaibira pates erT-erTi saukeTeso reJisori _ gaston veli,
romelic mcire xanSi am kompaniis samxatvro xelmZRvaneli gaxda. iqve gadaiyva-
nes lumierebis lionis fabrikis erTi yofili TanamSromeli, inJineri, romelic
safuZvlianad flobda firis damzadebis teqnologias da daiwyo kidec italiu-
ri warmoebis kinofiris gamoSveba.
italiaSi arsebobda 500 kinoTeatri, romelTa salaroSi yovelwliurad 18
milioni lira Sedioda. ambroziom ramdenime namuSevari gaakeTa Serlok holm-
sis Tematikaze, magram, roca daatyo, rom amas araviTari warmateba ar mohyveboda,
gadawyvita ekeTebina istoriuli filmebi. am mimarTebiT erT-erTi pirveli kino-
suraTi `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~ (1908) manve gadaiRo luiji majisTan er-
Tad. es filmi Seiqmna franguli `film d’aris~ produqciasTan gasajibreblad.
istoriul-saTavgadasavlo dramebs iRebdnen sxva italiuri kinokompaniebic,
radgan mixvdnen, rom swored amiT daupirispirdebodnen sazRvargareTuli kinos
eqspansias sakuTar kinobazarze. adgilobrivi kinoTeatrebic yovelkvireulad
iTxovdnen am Tematikis kinosuraTebs, aseve komediebsa da dokumentur filmebs.
maT garda popularobiT sargeblobda cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebis
ekranizaciebi. am politikas kargad auRo alRo `Cinesma~ da zedized uSvebda
rogorc italieli, ise ucxoeli klasikosebis romanebisa Tu poemebis kinoada-
ptaciebs, sadac aTamaSebdnen saxelovan Teatralur msaxiobebs. erT-erTi maT-
gani, uiliam Seqspiris `hamletis~ ekranizacia àmleto~ (1908, reJ. mario kazeri-
ni) Zalian moswonda auditorias.
saSualo klasisaTvis gaTvlili italiuri kinofilmebis reklamisaTvis
mravlad ibeWdeboda da iyideboda bukletebi. adreuli Jurnalebidan yvelaze
saintereso iyo `luqsi~, romelic 1908 wlidan gamodioda. masSi jer mxolod sa-
reklamo gancxadebebi Tavsdeboda, mere gaCnda statiebi calkeul kinosuraTebze,
kinematografis kulturul-aRmzrdelobiT daniSnulebaze.
1909 wels warmoiqmna axali kinokompaniebi _ komerios `safi-komerio~ gada-
keTda `milano filmzad~, xolo gamocdilma kinoreJisorma, ernesto maria pasku-
alim Seqmna `paskuali e tempo~. kinomrewvelebi originaluri siuJetebis gadasa-
Rebad jgufebs agzavnidnen iseT Tvalwarmtac adgilebSi, romlebic ar hqondaT
àTvisebuli~ arc pates da arc gomons. ase gadaiRes maT naturaluri kadrebi
siciliasa da kalabriaSi 1909 wels momxdari miwisZvrebis Sesaxeb. am kinemato-
grafistTa Soris gamoirCeodnen: jovani vitroti, romelic àmbroziosaTvis~ mu-
Saobda da roberto omenia, romelic `milano filmzisaTvis~ akeTebda filmebs.
maT namuSevrebSi warmoCnda teqnikuri inovaciebic.
1909 wels milanSi gakeTda kinoqseli, rasac kurirebda adgilobriv morw-
muneTa federacia. masSi Semaval kinoTeatrebSi aCvenebdnen mxolod iseT namu-
Sevrebs, romlebic federaciis mier dawesebul moralur standartebs akmayofi-
lebdnen. saeklesio pirebi da bankebi finansuradac exmarebodnen kinokompaniebs
da Tanac akontrolebdnen maT saqmianobas. kinoSi Cadebuli investiciebi izrde-
boda, ramac gamoiwvia kinosuraTebis raodenobis zrdac _ 1909 wels italieleb-
187
ma gamouSves 500-ze meti mxatvruli filmi da farTod Seudgnen maT distribu-
cias sazRvargareT. am filmebis umetesobas avrcelebda pate, romelic naTlad
xedavda, Tu rogor, nebsiT Tu uneblie, gavlenas ganicdidnen maTgan franguli
kinosuraTebi. marTalia, imdroindeli italiuri kino Teatralizmis CarCoebs
ver scdeboda, magram saucxood dadgmuli mizanscenebiTa da uzado TxrobiTi
sistemiT maT yuradReba miiqcies msoflioSi.
italiiT dainteresebulma da finansurad momZlavrebulma patem Zirfesvia-
nad Seiswavla kinowarmoebisaTvis saWiro pirobebi, adgilobrivi kinobazris Ta-
viseburebebi, saguldagulod daTvala sawarmoo xarjebi (mag., dekoraciebis aSe-
neba safrangeTTan SedarebiT iafi jdeboda, msaxiobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo dabali anazRaureba da isinic ar aprotestebdnen amas da a. S.), Cavida ita-
liaSi, sadac Camoayaliba `film d’arte italiana~, romlis egidiTac gaakeTa
òtelo~ (1909, reJ. ugo falena). Wkvianma kinomrewvelma brwyinvaled gaagrZela
`film d’aris~ tradiciebi mezobel qveyanaSi da cota xanSi, Tavisi italiuri
filmebiT am franguli kinokompaniis produqcias ajoba.
italiisa da danarCeni msoflios sayuradRebo movlenebiTa da faqtebiT
aRsavse istoriis kinoekranze gadmocema gadaiqca kinokompaniebis muSaobis erT-
erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad. pastronem TviTonve iTamaSa mTavari roli Tavissa-
ve kinosuraTSi `julio Cezare~ (1909), majim àmbrozioSi~ gadaiRo `nerone~
(1909) da erTi personaJi Tavadve ganasaxiera, kazerinim `CinesSi~ gaakeTa `parsi-
fali~ (1909), xolo paskualim _ `bizantiis dedofali Teodora~ (1909) da a. S.
arturo ambroziom gamoacxada, rom Tavis nawarmoeb istoriul kinofilmebs ami-
eridan uwodebda òqros seriebs~, raSic mas mxari kolegebmac aubes. amasTanave,
isini warmatebiT axorcielebdnen cnobili italiuri saopero speqtaklebis ek-
ranizaciebsac. ramdenime xnis Semdeg samSoblos winaSe gaweuli damsaxurebisa-
Tvis italiis mTavrobam ambrozio qveynis umaRlesi ordeniT daajildova.
italiur kinoSi Camoyalibda kargi komikuri skola. `kretinetis~ warmate-
bebis gamo sxva kompaniebmac moiZies komikosebi miuzikholebSi, cirkebSi, drama-
tul Teatrebsa da quCis msaxiobebSi. ramdenime weliwadSi maT Tavi mouyares
40-mde niWier komikoss, romlebic sxvadasxva stilis TavgadasavlebiT, araCveu-
lebrivi triukebiT agrovebdnen Tayvanismcemlebs da zrdidnen erovnuli kinema-
tografis avtoritets saerTaSoriso kinoarenaze.
`Cinesma~ lideroba igdo xelT. mas ukve gaaCnda Tavisi filiali evropis
wamyvan qveynebsa da aSS-Si. `Ciness~ fexdafex mihyveboda àmbrozio~, romelic pa-
tara saxaliso komediebsac iRebda da `paskuali~, romelmac ramdenime namuSeva-
ri miuZRvna safrangeTis revoluciis Temas. istoriulma Tematikam ise gaitaca
italieli kinematografistebi, rom zogierTi maTgani fsevdoistorizmis morevSi
gaexvia, Tumca amasac ki mohqonda seriozuli Semosavali.
yoveli kinosuraTis sawyis titrSi iwereboda misi mwarmoebeli kinokompa-
niis saxelwodeba, magram maTi mesveurebi amas ar sjerdebodnen da arastandar-
tuli xerxebiT eweodnen TviTreklamas ama Tu im filmis ama Tu im epizodSi.
komediaSi `kretineti~ iparavs xaliCas~ (1909) aris epizodi, rodesac mTavari
gmiri moparuli nivTiT arbis saxuravze, mas daeweva mdevari da yvelani Zirs ga-
dmocvivdebian. Camovardnili xaliCac gaiSleba da gamoCndeba masze warwerili
ìtala filmi~. Tavad andre didis Sefaruli reklama gakeTda morig namuSevar-
Si `kretineti~ lomebis galiaSi~ (1910), sadac komikosi eCxubeba momTvinierebels,
romelic mas cxovelebis galiaSi Seamwyvdevs. `kretineti~ gamorbis, lomebi ga-
moekidebian. igi jer saxlSi Seirbens, Semdeg kinoTeatrSi, lomebi ki ukan mihyve-
188
bian. Tavzardacemuli mayurebeli tovebs darbazs, xolo cxovelebi skamebze wa-
moskupdebian da Sescqerian kinosuraTs, romelSic mTavar personaJs sakuTriv
andre didi asaxierebs. saerTod, am msaxiobis popularobis gamo ìtala filmis~
Semosavlebis 80% swored mis filmebze modioda.
italia gaxda erT-erTi pirveli eqsportiori msoflio kinobazarze. marTa-
lia, am qveyanaSi yovelwliurad ramdenime aTeuli axali kinokompania fuZndebo-
da, magram bevri maTgani ver uZlebda konkurencias da ixureboda, Tumca maTi ki-
nosuraTebis raodenoba ukve aWarbebda kinoTeatrebis moTxovnilebebs, amitom
kinodemonstratorebi farTo arCevanis winaSe idgnen.
italiurma istoriulma kinom saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. mario kaze-
rinis `sidma~ (1910), enriko guaconis `brutom~ (1910) da ìerusalimis ganTavisuf-
lebam~ (1910) da sxva kinosuraTebma daipyres amerikisa da aziis ekranebi. itali-
uri kinoindustriac mZlavrad amuSavda da ukve dReSi ori-sami moklemetraJiani
filmi gadioda studiebidan kinoTeatrebisaken, romelTa ricxvi ufro da ufro
izrdeboda ara marto did, aramed provinciul qalaqebSic. gansakuTrebiT aRsa-
niSnavia jovani pastronesa da luiji romano bornetos filmi `troas dacema~
(1910), romelSic 800 statisti gamoiyenes da qalaqis alyis Cvenebisas, reliefis
gaTvaliswinebiT, iseTi ostaturi rakursiT aCvenes isini, rom Seqmnes uzarmaza-
ri armiis STabeWdileba. reJisorebma dekoraciebi fanerisa da TabaSirisagan ga-
akeTebines da maketebis dawviT didi xanZris imitacia warmoadgines. miuxedavad
imisa, rom amerikuli kinobazari umravlesi evropuli kinokompaniisaTvis Caketi-
li iyo, am kinosuraTis sayovelTao warmatebam aiZula èdisonis tresti~, daeSva
gamonaklisi da SeeSva iqaur kinoTeatrebSi.
1910 wels `Cinesma~ miiwvia cnobili masxara _ ferdinan giiomi da misi sa-
cirko ojaxi, raTa maTi monawileobiT Seeqmna filmebi, romlebiTac konkuren-
cias gauwevda ìtala filmsa~ da mis `kretinetis~. giioms dautoves misive sa-
cirko metsaxeli _ `tontolini~. maSin yvela komikoss aseTi metsaxeli hqonda,
Tanac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maT sxvadasxvanairad naTlavdnen: giioms britaneTsa
da aSS-Si `jenkinzs~ eZaxdnen, andre dids rusebma `glupiSkini~ Searqves, xolo
britanelebma `fulshedi~. cirkidan waiyvana àmbroziom~ kinoSi espanuri warmo-
Sobis masxara marsel fabri, raTa masac hyoloda Tavisi lideri kinokomikosi.
mouxerxebel fabrs daarqves `robineti~ da is warmatebiT iyenebda klounadaSi
miRebul gamocdilebas axal asparezze. sawyis etapze zogierTi misi filmi
franguli komediebis gavlenas ganicdida, magram axlo momavalSi man origina-
luri stilistika SeimuSava da reJisorobasac mihyo xeli. fabris filmi `robi-
netis~ pirveli velosipedi~ (1910), devnaze rom iyo agebuli, mozardi mayureblis
sayvarel kinosuraTad gadaiqca.
msxvili finansuri da aristokratiuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebis mier
didZali Tanxebis gaRebam kinos ganviTarebisaTvis suli STabera warmatebuli
kinoproeqtebis ganxorcielebas da myari sistemis Camoyalibebas kinowarmoebaSi.
italiaSi masobrivad daiwyes srulmetraJiani kinosuraTebis gadaReba.
1911 wlisaTvis vitorio kalCinam gaasrula oTxwliani muSaoba axal apa-
ratze _ `Cine parvusze~, romlisTvisac iyenebda 17.5 milimetrian firs. aRniSnu-
li xelsawyo warmoadgenda kinokameras, proeqtors, aslebis mbeWdavsa da perfo-
rators, Tumca misi komerciuli gamoyeneba avtorma ver moaxerxa.
erTdroulad sami reJisori: franCesko bertolini, adolfo padovani da
juzepe de liguoro hyavda morig sensacias, srulmetraJian films _ `jojoxe-
Ti~ (1911), romelsac safuZvlad daedo dante aligieris `RvTaebrivi komedia~. mas
189
ori weli akeTebdnen ori kinokompaniis _ `milano filmzisa~ da `heliosis~ da-
finansebiT, ramac, saboloo jamSi, 100000 lira Seadgina. es iyo pirveli Zvirad
Rirebuli, RirsSesaniSnavi ekranizacia da pirveli italiuri `saSinelebaTa
filmi~.
kinematografistebma Tanamedrove italiur mxatvrul literaturasac miapy-
res yuradReba da an cnobili mwerlebi miiwvies kinoSi scenaristebad, an maTi
nawarmoebebis adaptaciebs mietanen. aseTnairad ixila ekranuli sicocxle jova-
ni vergas, gabriele d’anuncios, salvatore di jakomos, guido goZanos, luiji ka-
puanasa da sxvaTa romanebma Tu moTxrobebma.
`film d’arte italianam~ gamouSva gabriele d’anuncios piesis mixedviT
Seqmnili `franCeska da rimini~ (1911, reJ. ugo falena), sadac mTavari roli iTa-
maSa franCeska bertinim. filmsac da msaxiobsac Tavdapirvelad civad Sexvda
adgilobrivi auditoria, magram mas Semdeg, rac es namuSevari triumfiT gavida
ucxoeTis ekranebze, italiurma presam mas diTirambebi umRera.
1911 wels turinSi Catarda samecniero filmebis pirveli saerTaSoriso
konkursi, romelzec mTavari priziT dajildovda roberto omenias `peplebis
cxovreba~ (1911), xolo luiji majis gadaRebuli filmi òqros qorwili~ (1911)
erT prestiJul msoflio gamofenaze òqros medliT~ aRiniSna. mas patriotuli
datvirTva hqonda, radgan italia am dros oms awarmoebda TurqeTTan da filmis
siuJeti ise iyo awyobili, rom xazi esmeboda italiis warsul samxedro didebas,
momavali warmatebebisadmi Rrma rwmenas. ucxoeTidan didi Semosavali moitana
enriko guaconis istoriulma dramam `wminda franCesko asizeli~ (1911).
`Cinesma~ 60000 lira daxarja momdevno proeqtisTvis, romelsac safuZvlad
daedo gamoCenili poloneli mwerlis _ henrik SinkeviCis romani `vidre hxval?~
da 1912 wels gamouSva amave saxelwodebis kinosuraTi (reJ. enriko guaconi), sa-
dac erTob pompezuri kostiumebi, Cinebuli dekoraciebi da ramdenime aTasi sta-
tisti gamoiyenes. `Cinesma~ romanis avtorisagan oficialurad iyida ekraniza-
ciis ufleba. marTalia, es ar iyo aRniSnuli nawarmoebis pirveli kinoadaptacia,
magram manamde mis mixedviT gakeTebuli filmebidan, romelTa umetesoba fran-
gebs ekuTvnodaT, verc erTma ver ivarga.
rodesac guaconi iRebda cirkis arenaze lomebis mier qristianebis dagle-
jis epizods, moxda ubeduri SemTxveva _ cxovelebs dauyares adamianebis fitu-
lebi, raSic blomad ewyo umi xorci da isinic gulianad Seeqceodnen mas, mou-
lodnelad erTma lomma iqve mdgomi statistebidan erT-erTi gamoarCia, eca da
waaTria danarCenebis mimarTulebiT. yvelaze adre imarjva momTvinierebelma, ro-
melmac Tofs staca xeli da mokla cxoveli. dasaxiCrebuli statisti gadarCa,
xolo gadaRebuli masala aRar Sevida filmSi, radgan `Cinesis~ xelmZRvanelo-
bam CaTvala, rom es scena cudad imoqmedebda mayurebelze. am kinosuraTiT sagr-
Znoblad gaizarda guaconis avtoriteti da amieridan mas gansakuTrebul hono-
rars uxdidnen. `vidre hxval?~ iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom `Cinesis~ teqnikuri
jgufi sadReRamiso muSaobaze gadavida, raTa rac SeiZleba meti asli daemzade-
binaT gasavrceleblad.
albaT, mezoblebTan gajibrebis Jinma ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom kinosu-
raTis premiera parizSi, `gomon palasSi~, Sedga, rasac Tan axlda am RonisZiebi-
saTvis dawerili musika, romelsac asrulebda simfoniuri orkestri da momRe-
ralTa gundi. frangulma kritikam maRali Sefaseba misca guaconis namuSevars
da aRniSna, rom STamomavlebma amiT Rirseuli Zegli daudges winaprebso. saer-
To jamSi, filmma gaqiravebaSi milion-naxevari lira moigo.
190
1912 wels romidan turinSi, paskualis kinokompaniaSi, gadavida samuSaod gi-
iomi, romelmac axali metsaxeli _ `polidori~ dairqva. amas daemTxva andre di-
dis droebiTi dabruneba safrangeTSi, ris gamoc giiomi wamyvani kinokomikosi
gaxda italiaSi. Tavisi filmebis umetesobas amjerad is Tavad reJisorobda da
gadaRebisas iyenebda sxvadasxva cxovels: spilos, loms, kurdRels, ZaRls, Txas,
katas. es groteskuli kinosuraTebi agebuli iyo `kretinetis~ stilistikaze _
devnasa da triukebze. giiomi TveSi sam-oTx films iRebda, radgan maTze didi
moTxovnileba arsebobda.
`Cinesma~ mayurebels warudgina komikosi _ reimon dandi, metsaxelad `kri
kri~, cirkis masxara da akrobati. mokle xanSi manac popularoba moipova. dandi
TviTon igonebda mizanscenebs da yuradRebiT akvirdeboda kolegebis gamocdi-
lebas, saidanac saukeTesos gadaiRebda xolme.
kinomwarmoeblebs Teatrebidanac mravlad mihyavdaT msaxiobebi. àmbrozio-
Si~ am mxriv pirvelobda moxdenili qalbatoni _ jijeta morano. mas mxars um-
Svenebdnen aseve Teatraluri msaxiobebi: eleuterio rodolfi da kamilo de
rizo, kinomsaxiobobas warmatebiT rom uTavsebdnen sareJisoro karieras. past-
rone akeTebda seriebs, romlebsac hyavda komikuri personaJi _ `koko~ (paCifiko
akuilanti). ogust strindberis piesis mixedviT gadaiRes dante testam da jino
Zakariam filmi `mama~ (1912), romlis mTavar rolze miiwvies saxelganTqmuli Tea-
traluri msaxiobi _ ermete Zakoni. igi pirvelad dadga kinokameris win, magram
aranairi uxerxuloba ar igrZnoboda mis TamaSSi da manac SesaniSnavad gaarTva
Tavi dakisrebul movaleobas.
`pompeis ukanaskneli dReebis~ axali, ufro kargi da saintereso versia ga-
daiRes 1913 wels àmbrozioSi~ kazerinim da rodolfim. es iyo srulmetraJiani
kinosuraTi, romelic sxva italiur istoriul filmebTan erTad aSS-Si gaavrce-
la jorj klainma. am namuSevrebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarbes TavianTi
amerikuli SemosavlebiT. maTgan gamoirCeoda `vidre hxval?~. igi niu-iorkis ki-
noTeatr àsTorSi~ 22 kviris ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT gadioda. Segulianebul-
ma klainma gadawyvita, turinis axlos, gruliaskoSi gaeSenebina sawarmoo baza,
sadac awarmoebda msgavs kinoproduqcias, magram Canafiqris ganxorcielebaSi
omis dawyebam SeuSala xeli.
paskualis kinokompaniamac gadaiRo `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~ (1913, reJ.
jovani enriko vidali da ubaldo maria del kole) da Seecada misTvisac gaexs-
na farTo gza saerTaSoriso arenaze, magram is aSkarad CamorCeboda àmbro-
zios~ amave saxelwodebis kinosuraTs da aman gamoiwvia naklebi interesi mis
mimarT Tu kinoauditoriisa da Tu distributorebis mxridan.
ekranebze gamoCnda axali stilistikis kinokomediebi. zogierTi maTgani Se-
icavda siurrealistur epizodebs (`kri kri~ da tango~, 1913), zogi _ farss (`qal-
batoni `robineti~, 1913) da zogic _ eqscentrikul variaciebs (`mSvidobiT, axal-
gazrdobav!~, 1913). kvlavac Cveuli xelweriT keTdeboda istoriul-saTavgadasav-
lo kinosuraTebi: enriko guaconis `markantonio da kleopatra~ (1913), mario ka-
zerinis `dante da beatriCe~ (1913) da sxv. maTi ekranebze gaSveba yvela katego-
riis kinoTeatris mflobels undoda, magram TiToeulis asli gvariani Tanxa
jdeboda, amitomac amaze xeli mxolod mdidar kinodemonstratorebs Tu miuwv-
debodaT. zogierTi kinosuraTis TiToeul epizods win axlda sainformacio
titri, razec ewera, Tu ramdeni dajda misi gadaReba.
italielebs kargad xelewifebodaT socialuri dramebica da sentimenta-
luri melodramebic. kazerinis `sanam Cemi siyvaruli ar momkvdara~ (1913) warmo-
191
adgenda am Janrebis ostaturi Serwymis saukeTeso magaliTs, raSic TamaSobda
TvalsaCino msaxiobi _ lida boreli. kazerini da misi kolega eduardo benCi-
venga cdilobdnen filmebi iseT maRalmxatvrul doneze aeyvanaT, rom gaetole-
binaT Teatrisa da saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebisaTvis.
franguli kinos gamocdilebidan gadaiRes italielebma kriminaluri dra-
mebi. maTgan gamoirCeoda neapolSi moRvawe, pirveli italieli kinoreJisori qa-
lis – elvira notaris kinosuraTebi. misi kinokompania `dora filmi~ gaTvlas
akeTebda swored amgvar produqciaze.
italiuri uxmo kinematografis mwvervalad iTvleba ìtala filmSi~ past-
rones mier gadaRebuli srulmetraJiani istoriuli kinosuraTi _ `kabiria~
(1914), romelSic gadmocemulia romsa da karTagens Soris mimdinare punikuri
omebis epoqaSi momxdari ambavi. reJisorma ori weliwadi moandoma kinosuraTis
Seqmnas, aqedan man 11 Tve imuSava scenarze, xolo ramdenime kviriT imyofeboda
safrangeTSi, luvris muzeumSi daculi masalebis gasacnobad. pastronem aiyvana
operatorTa gundi, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyena Sarl patesagan miwveuli niWieri
espaneli, specefeqtebis ostati _ segundo de Comoni. gadaRebam 6 Tves gastana
turinSi, alpebSi, tunissa da siciliaze. brwyinvaled gakeTda ramdenime epizodi
_ romaelTa flotis dawva sirakuzis misadgomebTan, hanibalis mier alpebis ga-
davla da sxv. italiis zooparkebidan da cirkebidan gadaRebisaTvis waiyvanes
spiloebi. amaRelvebel scenebs reJisori iRebda oTxi kinokameriT, raTa Semdeg
ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi hqonoda montaJisaTvis.
pastrones jgufma gamoiyena 20000 metri firi, romlidanac sabolood darCa
4500, xolo filmis xangrZlivobam sam saaTs gadaaWarba. `kabirias~ iseTi rekla-
ma gaukeTda evropaSi, rom sanam masze muSaoba mimdinareobda, romis, parizisa da
londonis wamyvan kinoTeatrebSi dagegmili sapremiero CvenebebisaTvis umal ga-
iyida bileTebi.
jovani pastronem gamoigona erTgvari urika _ `karelo~, romelzec debdnen
kameras da moqmedebas gverdidan Tan miuyvebodnen da Tan firze aRbeWdavdnen.
gadaRebis aseTi meTodi adrec arsebobda, magram radganac am filmSi yvelaze
kargad warmoCnda, mas Semdeg igi `kabirias~ moZraobis~ saxeliT Sevida kinoin-
dustriis istoriaSi. reJisorma aseve ixmara primitiuli amwe, raTa zedxedebi-
dan ewarmoebina ramdenime fragmentis gadaReba da efeqtebisaTvis ixmara impre-
siuli eleqtronuli ganaTeba. kinosuraTis warmoeba zogierTi monacemiT dajda
210000 lira, xolo zogiT – erT milionze meti. pastronem gaiziara TiTqmis yve-
lanairi gamocdileba, rac ki arsebobda imdroindel mowinave kinowarmoebaSi,
erTmaneTTan saucxood Seajera biznesis niWi da mxatvrul-esTetikuri mxare,
ukuagdo Teatraluri Sablonebi, gamomsaxvelobaze da paralelur montaJze gaa-
maxvila aqcenti, riTac miaRwia saucxood agebul Tanmimdevrul Txrobas. past-
rones namuSevarma aSkarad daCrdila enriko guaconis `vidre hxval?~.
`kabirias~ ar mohyolia mniSvnelovani finansuri mogeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom sazRvargareTulma kritikam mas ìtaliuri kinos yvelaze Tavbrudamxvevi
warmateba~ uwoda da aRiara filmad, romelmac Secvala kinos istoria. amaSi
mTavari `damnaSave~ iyo pirveli msoflio omi, rameTu es filmi am movlenamde
ramdenime TviT adre gavida ekranebze da saTanadod ver moxerxda misi distri-
bucia sxva qveynebSi. frangma mayurebelma is mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg ixila.
SedarebiT adre warudgines `kabiria~ amerikelebs, romelTaTvisac igi gamodga
pirveli xangrZlivi srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi, riTac moixiblnen adgilobri-
vi kinematografistebica da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic.
192
`kabirias~ gmirebidan dasamaxsovrebeli iyo maCiste, aTleturi aRnagobis
mona, romelic mayureblis, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis, sayvareli personaJi gaxda.
misi rolis Semsrulebeli, barTolomeo pagano pastronem SemTxveviT aRmoaCina
genuis navsadgurSi, sadac pagano mtvirTavad muSaobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi yve-
lanairi sirTulis triuks TviTonve asrulebda, uars ambobda dublioris gamo-
yenebaze.
`kabiriaSi~ mTavari rolebi ganasaxieres: lidia kuarantam, jina marangonim,
dante testam, Tumca samsaxiobo saSemsruleblo done maSindeli italiuri kine-
matografis sust mxared iTvleboda, ramac am kinonawarmoebSic iCina Tavi.
filmis Tavdapirveli pirobiTi saTauri iyo `siyvarulis zeimi~, romelic
bolo momentSi Seicvala mTavari gmiris saxeliT. titrebSi pastrone fsevdoni-
miT _ piero foskoTi, daewera. amiT mas surda gaesaidumloebina Tavisi vinaoba,
Tumca yvela kargad uwyoda sinamdviles. amasTanave, namuSevarSi Taviseburi po-
litikuri wiaRsvlac Caido. imdroindel adgilobriv militaristul wreebSi
musirebda azri xmelTaSua zRvaze italiis mier sruli kontrolis dawesebis
Taobaze da paTosiT `kabiriac~ exmaureboda am ganwyobas. Tanac misi musikalu-
ri TanxlebisaTvis kompozitorma, ildebrando picetim specialurad dawera
`cecxlovani simfonia~, rac patriotul suliskveTebas aRvivebda.
kinosuraTs safuZvlad daedo Zveli romaeli istorikosis _ titus liviu-
sis nawarmoebi punikur omebze da gustav floberis romanis `salambo~ motivebi.
scenarTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs misi Seqmnis ramdenime versia. erT-erTis mi-
xedviT gabriele d’anunciom gadaamuSava siuJeti, subtitrebisaTvis teqsti dawe-
ra da gmirebis saxelebi moigona, risTvisac igi moixsenies, rogorc scenaris Ta-
naavtori pastronesTan erTad. meore versiis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom cnobil
mwerals araviTari monawileoba ar miuRia `kabiriaze~ muSaobaSi, mxolod pas-
tronem aiCema, rom d’anuncios gamoecxadebina Tavi filmis ideis sulisCamdgme-
lad, misi gvari daweriliyo titrebSi da amisaTvis 50000 lirac ki gadauxada.
megobrisadmi gagzavnil erT werilSi d’anuncio werda, rom Turme imitomac da-
Tanxmda amas, rom rac SeiZleba meti honorari aeRo, raTa Tavisi ZaRlebisaTvis
meti xorci eyida. zogi kinoistorikosis cnobiT, d’anuncios saerTod ar uyvar-
da kino da arc arasodes unaxavs `kabiria~. erTxel, SemTxveviT is daeswro mava-
ni filmis seanss da sicilisagan lamis gaiguda, imdenad miamiturad eCvena. mere
rogorc gaarkvia, es misi erTi nawarmoebis ekranizacia yofila.
srulmetraJiani filmebis gamoCenis gamo kinoTeatrebis mflobelebma gaa-
farToves TavianTi darbazebi, gazardes bileTebis fasi. gaizarda amgvari pro-
duqciis Semqmneli kinoreJisorebis ambiciebic. italiuri kino dabali fenebis
gasarTobidan iqca saSualo klasisa da elitis sanaxaobad. amas isic daerTo,
rom axali ZaliT gaCaRda konkurencia kompaniebs Soris. moklemetraJiani fil-
mebi ukve naklebad Cndebodnen kinoTeatrebSi.
italielebma Seqmnes sakuTari `kinovarskvlavTa~ sistema _ `divizmo~. is
sruliad gansxvavdeboda amerikuli sistemisagan da mTlianad efuZneboda popu-
larul msaxiob qalebs, anu `divebs~. termini `diva~ (`qalRmerTi~) operidan mivi-
da kinoSi, ase eZaxdnen maSin saopero Teatrebis `primadonebs~. italielma kine-
matografistebma Seiswavles daniuri da franguli gamocdileba `fatalur qa-
lebze~ gakeTebuli filmebis Sesaxeb da TavianT warmoebaSic danerges aseTive
Janris filmebi, romelTa umetesobis gadaReba Zalze iafi jdeboda. aseT kino-
suraTebs `salonur dramebs~ uwodebdnen. rasakvirvelia, isini gaTvlili iyo
farTo masebze da SinaarsiT erTmaneTs Zalze waagavdnen, Tumca maT mainc hyavda
193
mayurebeli, romelic aRmerTebda im qalbatonebs, vinc xSirad Cndeboda amgvar
filmebSi: franCeska bertinis, lida borelis, maria iakobinis, pina menikelisa da
sxvebs. TiToeul maTgans metsaxelic ki hqonda SerCeuli, mag., bertinis `macdune-
beli qalRmerTi~ Searqves, xolo menikelis _ `winaaRmdegobrivi qalRmerTi~. am
msaxiobebis umravlesoba Teatridan moxvda kinematografSi da ver moiSala Tea-
traluri stili. italiuri kinokompaniebi da reJisorebi erTmaneTs ecilebod-
nen, raTa ama Tu im filmSi gadasaRebad romelime maTgani miewviaT.
italielebs hyavdaT favoriti mamakaci kinomsaxiobebic, romelTagan pirve-
lobda alberto kapoci, magram `kinovarskvlavis~ rangSi is arasodes auyvaniaT,
imdenad didi iyo `divizmos~ gavlena da xelSeuxebloba.
siciliurma kompaniam `morgana filmzi~ gadaiRo filmi `sibneleSi dakar-
gulni~ (1914). reJisorma nino martoliom uCveulo TxrobiTi struqturiT Sesa-
niSnavad gadmosca gaWirvebuli adamianebis cxovreba da aCvena naturalizmiT
gajerebuli yofa, raSic didebulad gauria dokumenturi epizodebi. es namuSe-
vari iyo pirveli da uiSviaTesi realisturi kinosuraTi maSindel erovnul ki-
noSi, romelic mxolod garkveuli drois Semdeg aRiares Sedevrad.
1914 wels filoteo alberinim warmoadgina axali aparati `panoramiko al-
berini~, farTo firiT rom aCvenebda filmebs, Tumca mis seriul warmoebas ar
daadga saSveli.
pirvel msoflio omamde italias ise kargad hqonda awyobili kinoindust-
ria da misi produqciis eqsporti, rom adgilobrivi mrewvelobis arc erT dargs
ar miuRwevia sazRvargareT iseTi warmatebebisaTvis, rogorsac miaRwia italiur-
ma kinom.
194
italiuri kino: meore etapi
italiam, nominalurad rom iTvleboda germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis sa-

telitad, rogorc ki pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo, neitraliteti gamoacxada, xo-
lo 1915 wlidan daupirispirda yofil mokavSireebs. susti ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis pirobebSi, rasac axali simZimeebi daemata, saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors
naklebad ainteresebdaT kinos sakiTxebi. evropul kinobazarze amerikuli kinos
poziciebis TandaTan zrdam ramdenime weliwadSi wertili dausva italiuri ki-
noproduqciis gafarToebis ocnebebs.
win wamoiwia qronikalur-dokumenturi kinosuraTebis warmoebam. maTSi aCve-
nebdnen omis mimdinareobas, italiis armiis samzadissa da sxv. amave Temas eZRv-
neboda mxatvruli filmebis didi nawilic, romelTa keTeba patriotul saqmed
aRiqmeboda. safrangeTidan dabrunebulma andre didma gaaaxla kinematografiu-
li moRvaweoba da ìtala filmSi~ gadaiRo propagandistuli filmi `mtris ae-
roplanebisadmi sifrTxile~ (1915), romelSic mTavari rolic ganasaxiera. aseT
namuSevrebs italielebi sazRvargareTac aCvenebdnen. parizSi, sadac maT premie-
rebs eswreboda italiis elCi, am filmebs politikuri elferi eZleoda, rogorc
mokavSire saxelmwifoSi gadaRebul kinonamuSevrebs, Tumca maTdami yuradReba
pirvelive xanebSi modunda, radganac ver SeZles mayurebelTa farTo masebis mi-
zidva. turinSi funqcionirebda 22, xolo romSi _ 24 kompania. maT Soris arse-
bulma konkurenciam daZabuli situaciac ki Seqmna, ris Sedegadac bevri maTgani
daixura da sagrZnoblad Semcirda warmoebuli filmebis raodenobac.
rodesac omi gaWianurda, finansuri, sawarmoo da sxva saxis problemebis ri-
cxvma imata. italiel kinomewarmeebs aranairi nabiji ar gadaudgamT amis aRmo-
safxvrelad da mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. maT droulad ver moaxerxes
axal relsebze gadawyoba, axali Temebis moZieba, axleburi formebis damkvidre-
ba. aSkarad etyoboda, rom erovnuli kino ar iyo momzadebuli aseTi realobisa-
Tvis. moiSala koordinaciis sistema da daiwyo finansuri krizisi.
gustavo serenam, romelsac daJinebuli TxovniT TanareJisoroba gauwia
franCeska bertinim, gadaiRo àsunta spina~ (1915). mas safuZvlad daedo salvato-
re di jakomos gaxmaurebuli romani. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenime wliT adre mi-
si dadgma ganxorcielda TeatrSi, sadac mTavari roli bertinim iTamaSa. amje-
rad cnobilma msaxiobma am filmSic ganasaxiera mTavari personaJi. misi partni-
ori iyo serena. filmis Semqmnelebis mizans warmoadgenda, xazi gaesvaT kinos
upiratesobisaTvis Teatralur xelovnebasTan. amis naTeli dadasturebaa is fa-
qti, rom gadaRebis didi nawili Catarda neapolis quCebsa da xeivnebSi, gadamReb-
ma jgufma gverdi auara Teatralur stilistikas, dekoraciebsa da samsaxiobo
maneras. àsunta spinas~ premiera Sedga romis kinoTeatr òlimpiaSi~ da igi
wlis erT-erT movlenad iqca. kritikosebma gansakuTrebiT gamoyves misi drama-
tuli intensivoba, aRiares swored imgvar eqstraordinalur nawarmoebad, rac
ase esaWiroeboda sazogadoebas, xolo bertinis gmirs uwodes pirveli realuri,
gasaocrad mgrZnobiare da Tanamedrove qali italiur kinoSi. msaxiobs maRali
Sefaseba misca lui delukmac da aRniSna, mas didebulad xelewifeba melodra-
maSi tragizmis elementebis Setanao.
farTo reklama gauwia `Cinesma~ Tavis bazaze Seqmnil kinosuraTs `satanis-
turi rafsodia~ (1915, reJ. nino oqsilia), radgan masSi TamaSobda lida boreli.
195
misi banaluri siuJeti, rac, faqtobrivad, goeTes `faustis~ variacia iyo, radika-
lurad gansxvavdeboda sxva filmebisagan Tavisi irealuri pasaJebiTa da misti-
kuri suliskveTebiT. kinos specialistebisa da mayureblis yuradReba miiqcia
mxolod gamoCenili kompozitoris, pietro maskanis mier misTvis sagangebod da-
werilma musikam da oriode epizodma, sadac reJisorma gamoiyena xeliT gafera-
debis meTodi. samagierod, filmma mniSvnelovani warmateba moipova ucxoeTSi.
mogvianebiT aseTi produqcia mravlad gamoCnda italiuri kinos arsenalSi.
am melodramatul kinosuraTebSi, romelTa moqmedeba TamaSdeboda saSualo kla-
sisa da aristokratiis vilebsa Tu salonebSi, TvalSisacemad Warbobda axlo
xedebi, romlebSic gamoixateboda maTSi monawile msaxiobebis `kinovarskvlave-
bad~ gadaqcevis mcdeloba. amis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad gamodioda reJisori da
msaxiobi _ emilio gione, romelic arasworad miiCnevda amgvar swrafvas da acxa-
debda, rom es amaxinjebda rogorc kinos specifikas, ise mayureblis misadmi da-
mokidebulebas.
sentimentaluri dramebi da melodramebi wamyvan kinoJanrebad Camoyalibd-
nen. maTze moTxovnileba izrdeboda, rac stimuls aZlevda kinokompaniebs da ma-
Ti warmomadgenlebi Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen, rom isini gaevrcelebinaT ara
marto italiis teritoriaze, aramed sazRvargareTac. am mxriv SedarebiT sauke-
Teso kinosuraTebs warmoadgendnen: `borotebis yvavili~ (1915, reJ. karmine galo-
ne), `mkvdari patarZali~ (1915, reJ. emilio gione) da èmigranti~ (1915, reJ. febo ma-
ri).
`kabirias~ gmiris – maCistes, usazRvro popularobis gamo kompania ìtala
filmSi~ gadawyda, SeeqmnaT seriebi masze, miT umetes, rom winaswari molaparake-
bebi gaimarTa amerikel distributorebTan, romlebmac iTaves maTi uproblemo
demonstrireba aSS-is kinoTeatrebSi. kinematografistebma uxmes barTolomeo pa-
ganos da gadaiRes am seriebis pirvel namuSevarSi `maCiste~ (1915, reJ. vinCenco
deniZoti da luiji romano borneto), romelmac mayureblis mowoneba daimsaxu-
ra. seriebi 12 weliwads gagrZelda, magram wlidan wlamde uferuldeboda. spor-
tuli aRnagobisa da mamacuri ieris pagano ver gaxda kargi dramatuli kinomsa-
xiobi, Tumca misma personaJma biZgi misca italiel kinomwarmoeblebs, ekeTebinaT
saTavgadasavlo filmebi Zlier mamakacebze, romlebic medgrad ebrZodnen da
amarcxebdnen borotebas. amisaTvis kinoSi miiwvies ramdenime sportsmeni, maT So-
ris msoflio da evropis Cempioni berZnul-romaul WidaobaSi, jovani raiCeviki.
kinoTeatrebs mayurebeli ar aklda, amitom saTavgadasavlo seriebis gamoCe-
nam italiur kinos ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCina. kinokritikosebs mohyavdaT
magaliTi safrangeTisa, sadac warmatebiT sargeblobda seriebi da kinos muSa-
kebs mouwodebdnen, gabedulad gadmoeRoT mezobeli qveynis kolegebis gamocdi-
leba. mowodebas pirvel rigSi gamoexmaura gione, romelmac Seqmna axali tipaJi
_ Za la morti da Seudga masze seriebis keTebas. am dabalbiujetianma filmeb-
ma, romlebsac gione romis gareubnebSi iRebda SemWidroebul vadebSi da TviTon
asaxierebda mTavar gmirs, mas dideba moutana.
sardinieli mwerlis, gracia deledas romanis mixedviT arturo ambroziom
da febo marim gadaiRes kinosuraTi `ferfli~ (1916). masSi saTamaSod sagangebod
miiwvies Teatris saxelmoxveWili msaxiobi _ eleonora duze. Tavdapirvelad
igi uarze idga, rameTu aRarc asaki uwyobda xels da Tavadac aRiarebda, rom ki-
nos gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Taviseburebebs xeirianad ar icnobda. miu-
xedavad amisa, man saTanadod ganWvrita sxvaoba Teatrsa da kinematografs Soris
da Seecada, Rirseulad morgeboda rols, romelic misTvis gamodga pirveli da
196
ukanaskneli kinoSi. amasTanave mas xvda pativi, yofiliyo filmis scenaris Tana-
avtoric. `ferfli~ saSualo donis namuSevari gamovida, mas ver uSvela verc
pompezurma sareklamo kampaniam, verc duzes avtoritetma.
`ferflTan~ sakonkurenciod gamouSva ìtala filmma~ jovani pastrones
filmi `namdvili vefxvi~ (1916). is mieZRvna Raribi sicilieli glexebis rTul
cxovrebas. mTavari gmiri, tipuri fataluri qalbatoni brwyinvaled ganasaxiera
pina menikelim. segundo de Comonma SesaniSnavi operatoruli stili aCvena da
oriode saintereso specefeqtic ganaxorciela. presa aRfrTovanebiT werda, rom
pastronem am namuSevarSi fsiqologiuri sirTuleebiT miaRwia gabriel d’anun-
cioseul dramatizms, rac gaaerTiana bodleriseul prozasTan, dekadentobisa da
gviandeli romantizmis stilistur TaviseburebebTan da WeSmariti xelovnebis
nimuSi warmoadginao, magram, rac dro gadioda filmebi `divebis~ monawileobiT
sul ufro emsgavsebodnen erTmaneTs da maT mimarT interesi nel-nela qreboda.
amgvar kinogmirebs, romelTac `vnebisa da mistifikaciis dajaxebis produqtebs~
uwodebdnen ucxoeli Teoretikosebi, mxolod gulis mosaoxebeli funqcia hqon-
daT italieli qalbatonebis im umravlesobisaTvis, vinc sinamdvileSi ojaxur
izolaciaSi cxovrobda da realurad naklebad ereoda an erkveoda elitaruli
fenis kuluarul saidumloebebSi.
TiToeul kinokompanias hyavda sakuTari `kinovarskvlavi~ mandilosani, Tum-
ca maTi urTierTobebi xangrZlivvadiani kontraqtebiT ar ganisazRvreboda. maq-
simaluri vada iyo erTi an ori weli. kompaniis mesveurebi did Tanxas xarjav-
dnen maT honorarebze, afiSirebaze, profesiul wrTobaze. maTTvis sagangebod
iwereboda kinoscenarebi, rac uneblieT mimarTuli iyo reJisorTa Zalauflebis
da sakvanZo mniSvnelobis winaaRmdeg. aseTma damokidebulebam `kinovarskvlave-
bi~ zedmetad pretenziulebi gaxada. maTTan axlosac ki ver mividoda romelime
holivudeli kolega. zogierTi pirdapir batonobda prodiuserebsa da reJiso-
rebze, mudmivad iTxovda xelsayrel samuSao da sacxovrebel pirobebs da wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqreboda dawyebuli gadaRebis CaSliT, gangeb agvianebda
repeticiebze. TiToeul msaxiobs Tavisi advokati emsaxureboda da isinic erT-
maneTs ejibrebodnen, ramdenad mdidar kompaniaSi moaxvedrebdnen samuSaod da
romel didbiujetian proeqtSi uSovnidnen wamyvan rols TavianT klientebs.
`divebi~ SuriT skdebodnen, rodesac gaigebdnen kolegis warmatebas da ultima-
tumis eniT iTxovdnen kinokompaniis xelmZRvanelobisagan, raTa dauyovnebliv ga-
daRebuliyo imave Tematikis kinosuraTi, sadac ufro damajereblad iTamaSebd-
nen mTavar gmirs. amgvarma Sejibrma italiur kinos bevri ram daaklo.
daiwyo adgilobrivi kinobazris gadanawilebis xelaxali procesi, ramac
araerTi wvrili kinokompania gaakotra da zedapirze amoativtiva rogorc axali
saxelebi, ise axali kinogaerTianebebi. rasakvirvelia, misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba
iyo SemoqmedebiTi da sawarmoo Zalebis koncentracia. 1917 wels iuristma da
kinomwarmoebelma, joakino mekerim, romelic flobda or kinokompanias, Seisyida
ìtala filmi~. misma konkurentma, aseve iuristma da biznesmenma _ juzepe bara-
tolom TandaTanobiT xelT igdo sxva seriozuli kinokompaniebi da kinostu-
diebi. erovnuli kinoindustriis sadaveebi am or adamians Cauvarda xelSi.
italiuri kinos aRmavlobas sasikeTo piri ar uCanda. maSin erTaderTi sa-
gulisxmo namuSevari `malombra~ (1917) gadaiRo karmine galonem, romelic osta-
turad uzavebda erTmaneTs Zvelebur stilsa da ultraTanamedrove sareJisoro
xelweras. es filmi Tavidanve iyo gaTvlili lida borelisaTvis da isic Cveu-
li maneriT wardga mayureblis winaSe.
197
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis kinobazrebisaken italielebma axali gzebi ga-
Wres da meTodurad Seudgnen maT aTvisebas kinosuraTebiT `divebis~ monawileo-
biT da Tuki evropaSi romelime aseTi namuSevari seriozulad aRar aRiqmeboda
da zogs Rimils hgvrida, xolo zogs gulianad acinebda, Soreul laTinur ame-
rikaSi maTi Semxedvare mayurebeli cxare cremliT tiroda.
bibliuri siuJetebis da istoriul-saTavgadasavlo filmebis warmoebaSi
TavianTi wvlili SehqondaT patara kinokompaniebs: `meduzas~, `berninis~, `tespis~,
`palatinosa~ da sxv. isini advilad Soulobdnen sponsorebs da akeTebdnen Zvi-
rad Rirebul produqcias. enriko guaconis `fabiola~ (1919), ugo falenas `moRa-
late juliano~ (1919) da karmine galones `gamosasyidi~ (1919) amis TvalsaCino
magaliTebia, magram msgavs namuSevrebs amjerad ufro maRalmxatvrul doneze
iRebdnen sxva qveynebic (aSS, safrangeTi, germania), amitom italiur `superkolo-
sebs~ naklebi gasavali hqonda saerTaSoriso kinobazarze.
modaSi Sevida franguli rogorc klasikuri, ise bulvaruli romanebis da
piesebis ekranizaciebi. italielma kinomwarmoeblebma imdeni literaturuli Tu
dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaros ekranuli adaptacia gaakeTes, rom mezobel kole-
gebs raodenobaSic ki ajobes, magram verc am mimarTulebiT moipoves raime xel-
Sesaxebi warmateba. amaze arc frangebi Riziandebodnen, radgan winaswarve icod-
nen, rom amgvari paeqrobis wamowyeba imTaviTve damarcxebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli.
italieliebi Zalian zereled ekidebodnen ekranizaciebs, ar iTvaliswinebdnen
bevr niuanss da oriode kinosuraTis mcireodeni komerciuli miRwevis SemTxve-
vaSi iseT aJiotaJs astexdnen, saqmeSi Cauxedavi ubralo mayurebeli siamayis
grZnobiT ivseboda.
`divebis~, anu `dona mutebis~ (ùxmo qalbatonebis~) kinklaoba da ambiciebi
mamakac msaxiobebsac gadaedo. erTxel febo marim, romelsac mTavari roli unda
eTamaSa morig kinosuraTSi, uari ganacxada gaekeTebina grZeli wveri, arada, sce-
naris mixedviT aseTi grimi aucilebeli iyo. amis gamo mas seriozuli dapiris-
pireba mouvida mwarmoebeli kinokompaniis xelmZRvanelobasTan, Tumca sabolo-
od mainc Tavisi gaitana. misi magaliTi sxvebmac aitaces da TavianTi pretenzie-
bi wauyenes kinomwarmoeblebs. es ukanasknelni yvelanair daTmobaze midiodnen,
raTa ar daekargaT simwriT gadabirebuli msaxiobebi, romelTa meoxebiT ama Tu
im filmze gaxarjuli Tanxebis amoRebas axerxebdnen.
yvelasagan gansxvavebuli pozicia ekava luCo d’ambras. is iyo mwerali,
mkvlevari, dramaturgi da Teatraluri impresario. mis kalams ekuTvnis `frangu-
li literaturis istoria~ da sxva saintereso nawarmoebebi da samecniero naS-
romebi. d’ambra kinoSic muSaobda reJisorisa da scenaristis rangSi. am niWieri
kacis pirvel kinosuraTebs uSvebdnen popularuli kinokompaniebi, maT Soris
`film d’arte italiana~. igi ganicdida germanuli da avstriuli klasikuri mu-
sikis gavlenas da filmebis umetesobas akeTebda cnobili saopero speqtakle-
bisa da operetebis stilSi. isini eqscentrikulobiTa da kosmopolitizmiT ga-
moirCeodnen, rac zogierT kinokritikoss ar moswonda da mkacrad ilaSqrebda
amgvari midgomis winaaRmdeg. amasTanave mas uyvarda mTavar rolebze ara profe-
sionali msaxiobebis, aramed elitaruli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis miwveva.
d’ambram 1919 wels sakuTari kompania Camoayaliba da Tavad awarmoebda kinopro-
duqcias. masTan warmatebiT TanamSromlobda karmine galone, romelmac am orga-
nizaciis egidiT ramdenime filmi gadaiRo.
1919 wels kinoprodiuserebis, distributorebisa da kinoTeatrebis mflobe-
lebis jgufma sami msxvili bankis daxmarebiT romSi daafuZna gaerTianeba ùCi~,
198
romelSic Tavdapirvelad Tavi moiyara 11 kinokompaniam. misi damfuZneblebi fiq-
robdnen, rom aseTi nabijiT SeZlebdnen erovnuli kinoindustriis axleburad
ganviTarebas, Tanac isini eyrdnobodnen amerikelebisa da germanelebis praqtikas
amgvari gaerTianebebis Seqmnis sakiTxebSi. ùCis~ sawyisi kapitali jer ganisaz-
Rvra 30 milioni liraTi, Semdeg ki is gaizarda 75 milionamde. misi direqtoro-
bisaTvis erTmaneTs ebrZodnen joakino mekeri da juzepe baratolo, rac meores
gamarjvebiT damTavrda. igi dapirda konkurents, rom misgan ìtala films~ da
`tiber films~ SeiZenda. ùCim~ iyida Tanamedrove aparaturac, kinoTeatrebic da
sakmao Tanxebic gadado momavali kinosuraTebis sawarmoeblad. misma mesveureb-
ma mokle xanSi gaerTianebaSi miiRes romisa da turinis zogierTi patara kino-
kompaniac, magram amaze verafriT daiyolies neapoluri da milanuri kompaniebi.
ùCis~ sawinaaRmdegod imave wels turinSi Camoyalibda gaerTianeba `fer-
ti~. masSi Sevidnen is kinematografistebi (emilio gione, augusto jenina da
sxv.), visac ar swamda, rom ùCi~ raimes miaRwevda. maT SeuerTda kinoTeatrebis
qselis mflobeli stefano pitaluga, romlis gankargulebaSi 300 kinodarbazi
arsebobda. `ferti~ met SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas aZlevda reJisorebs, romle-
bic iRebdnen tradiciul sentimentalur melodramebs.
jansaRi konkurenciis pirobebSi erT weliwadSi warmoebuli kinosuraTebis
ricxvi 280-dan 400-mde gaizarda, Tumca xarisxis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT
aranairi winsvla ar yofila. 1920 wels juzepe baratolom da misma kolegebma
germanul ùfasTan~ dades xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac maT erToblivad
unda ekontrolebinaT evropuli kinobazari, magram Canafiqri mxolod qaRaldze
darCa. amave dros ùCis~ strategebma moifiqres `bloq buqingis~ msgavsi sistema
da aiZulebdnen kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs, vinc maTTan mWidro kavSirSi iyo da
am gaerTianebis filmebis demonstrirebas eweoda, ganuxrelad daecvaT misi pi-
robebi. TiToeul kinoTeatrs sTavazobdnen aTi filmisagan Semdgar programas,
raSic iqneboda sami pirvelxarisxovani da Svidi meorexarisxovani namuSevari,
magram dapireba xSirad irRveoda da kinoTeatrs aZlevdnen mxolod erT pir-
velxarisxovan films. yoveli programisaTvis kinoTeatris mflobels winaswar
unda gadaexada 100000 lira. baratolos diqtatorul mmarTvelobas bevri kine-
matografisti ver egueboda, amitom isini mxolod xelfasisaTvis muSaobdnen.
adgilobriv kinobazarze metad ùCis~ ucxouri asparezi ainteresebda, rad-
gan omis Semdeg italielebma erTimeoreze miyolebiT dakarges misi udidesi na-
wili. am mizniT gakeTda axali istoriuli filmebi, romlebzec didi fuli wa-
vida, magram mdgomareobis Secvlas saSveli ar daadga. kinokritikosebi ùCis~
araswori politikis warmarTvaSi adanaSaulebdnen, xolo cnobili reJisorebi
da msaxiobebi dananebiT miuTiTebdnen, rom italiur kinoSi seriozuli krizisi
iwyeboda da mxolod garegnuli fasadiT fons ver gavidodnen. isini iTxovdnen
kinematografistebis masobriv gadamzadebas, amerikuli studiuri modelebis da-
nergvas, gadaWarbebuli honorarebis Semcirebas da qveyanaSi firisa da aparatu-
ris adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas. maT araerTgzis mimarTes xelisufle-
bas, rom saxelmwifo aqtiurad Careuliyo aseTi problemebis mogvarebaSi, erov-
nuli produqciisaTvis daewia, xolo sazRvargareTuli kinonawarmisaTvis aewia
gadasaxadebi, magram dawyebulma politikurma da ekonomikurma krizisma xelisu-
fleba kinosagan isev Sors da karga xniT gariya.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia luiji karambas istoriuli namuSevari `borja~
(1920), romelmac mayurebeli sanimuSod damuSavebuli TxrobiTi da sanaxaobiTi
efeqtebiT daainteresa, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi bevri istoriuli personaJi
199
gamoiyvanes da ramdenime faqtobrivi uzustobac dauSves. kinosuraTma zogierT
qveyanaSic (espaneTi, safrangeTi) moipova popularoba, Tayvanismcemlebic gaiCina
da mcireodeni komerciuli mogebac moitana. aseTive warmateba xvda wilad eu-
jenio peregos dramas èrTi qalis ambavi~ (1920), romelSic uzadod iTamaSa pina
menikelim.
1921 wels ùCis~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli bankis _ `banka italiana di skon-
tos~, gakotrebam mniSvnelovani daRi daasva baratolos gaerTianebas. amas Tan
isic daerTo, rom xeirianad ver imuSava kinoTeatrebTan urTierTobis sistemam.
ùCi~ mware realobis winaSe aRmoCnda, Tumca moxda strategiuli politikis la-
vireba, ramac misi arseboba droebiT gaaxangrZliva.
SemoqmedebiTma Ziebebma axali mimarTulebebi warmoSva. am mxriv aRsaniSna-
via kinosuraTi `gemi~ (1921), romelic gadaiRes mario ronkoronim da gabriele
d’anuncios vaJma _ gabrielinom. am filmSi wina rigSi wamoiwia avangardistul-
futuristulma kinematografiulma xedvam. amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime kino-
kritikosma Seaqo igi da imedi gamoTqva, rom momavalSic gakeTdeboda msgavsi na-
muSevrebi, magram futuristulma moZraobam italiur kinematografze gavlena
ver moaxdina.
andre didi, romelic agrZelebda `kretinetis~ seriebs, mSvenivrad acnobie-
rebda, rom misi personaJi mobezrda mayurebels, amitom sruliad gansxvavebuli
tipi gamoigona da gadaiRo fantastikuri kinosuraTi `meqanikuri adamiani~ (1921),
raSic Tavad iTamaSa robotis roli. presa aRtacebiT miesalma novacias, `mo-
dernizmis uiSviaTesi nimuSi~ uwoda. marTalia, italielebs adrec hqondaT gada-
Rebuli ramdenime kinosuraTi, sadac meqanikur saTamaSoebs amoZravebdnen, magram
saxelovanma kinokomikosma amjerad sul sxvagvari sanaxaoba warmoadgina. ekra-
nebze gasuli `meqanikuri adamiani~ cenzuram moxsna gaqiravebidan, magram gaiTva-
liswina auditoriis aRSfoTeba da ramdenime TveSi ukanve daabruna.
neapolSi nayofierad saqmianobda gustavo lombardos kompania `lombardo
filmi~, sadac keTdeboda metad amaRelvebeli kinosuraTebi. lombardo SesaniS-
navad asrulebda kinoprodiuseris funqciebsac, kinowarmoebisaTvis saWiro Tan-
xebsac Soulobda da warmatebiTac avrcelebda Tavis produqcias. im periodis
italiuri kinos panoramaSi RirsSesaniSnavi adgili eWira am kinokompaniis namu-
Sevars _ ùpatrono bavSvebi~ (1921, reJ. ubaldo maria del kole), romelic war-
moadgenda populistur dramas socialuri kritikis elementebiT.
popularuli gaxda `neapoluri stilis melodrama~, romelic daefuZna tri-
vialur saojaxo Tavgadasavlebs. kinokompania `dora filmi~, romelsac saTaveSi
edgnen col-qmari elvira da nikola notarebi, iRebda swored amgvar kinopro-
duqcias da aCvenebda samxreT italiaSi, CrdiloeTis did qalaqebSi da sazRvar-
gareTis im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobda Zlieri italiuri emigrantuli dasaxlebe-
bi. elvira Tavad reJisorobda da misi uSualo namuSevrebidan gamorCeuli iyo
`wminda Rame~ (1922), naTlad rom etyoboda neapoluri Teatraluri Taviseburebe-
bis kvali. filmSi TamaSobdnen araprofesionali msaxiobebi, romlebmac dauviw-
yari ekranuli saxeebi Seqmnes da mayurebeli moxibles. `dora filmis~ sxva na-
warmoebebic sulac ar iyo gaTvlili komerciul warmatebebze, magram mniSvne-
lovani Semosavali mainc mohqondaT. es kinokompania prestiJul poziciaze idga
da dokumentur filmebsac awarmoebda. mis kozirs warmoadgenda proeqtebis mok-
le vadebSi da mcire danaxarjebiT ganxorcieleba. elvira notarize ambobdnen,
rom igi Tavisi filmebis `samxreTuli realizmiT~ evropaSi gadaiqca italiuri
kinos ucilobel saxed, xolo aSS-Si _ evropuli kinos Rirseul flagmanado.
200
1922 wlidan qveynis xelisuflebaSi faSistebi mividnen. xelovneba naciona-
listuri ideebiT gaiJRinTa, kosmopolitizmi nel-nela daviwyebas unda miscemo-
da. axleburma cenzuram aiZula kinomrewveloba mTavrobis ideologiur kurss
gahyoloda. faSisturi reJimi kinos propagandistuli miznebisaTvis iyenebda. im-
xanad italiaSi turistuli bumi gaCaRda _ turistebs surdaT, enaxaT istoriu-
li adgilebi, Senobebi, Tvalwarmtaci soflebis idiliuri peizaJebi. mTavrobam
kinematografistebs daavala, ganeaxlebinaT didebuli warsulis amsaxveli fil-
mebis gadaReba, farTod gamoeyenebinaT tradiciuli operis gamocdileba da sao-
pero speqtaklebi gadaetanaT ekranze, masobrivad waeyvanaT kinoSi samuSaod Tea-
traluri msaxiobebi, magram maTgan mxolod erTeulebma ivarges. aseve gadawyda
gadaRebuliyo gabriele d’anuncios dekadenturi romanebis ekranizaciebi, sadac
aTamaSebdnen saxelganTqmul `divebs~.
progresulad moazrovne kinoreJisorTa jgufi (emilio gione, augusto je-
nina, karmine galone, baldasare negroni da sxv.) Tavis namuSevrebSi aCvenebda Se-
mecnebiT da teqnikur siaxleebs, socialur problemebs, iyenebda axlebur stili-
stikas, raSic mcire doziT warmoaCenda holivuduri kinos dinamizmsa da evro-
puli kinos avangardistul suliskveTebas. misi wevrebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqva-
mdnen imaze, rom italiuri kino sazrdoobda isev Zveleburi formulebiT, rom-
lebic TanamedroveobasTan SeusabamobaSi modiodnen, wuxdnen, rom kinoproduq-
ciaSi meti yuradReba eqceoda `divebis~ reklamas, vidre mxatvruli donis amaR-
lebas da kategoriulad moiTxovdnen ufro realistur kinosuraTebs.
1924 wels Jurnalist luCano de feos iniciativiTa da xelisuflebis fi-
nansuri daxmarebiT romSi Seiqmna kinosa da ganaTlebis kavSiris erovnuli ins-
tituti. mas kinematografi unda gamoeyenebina saagitacio da saganmanaTleblo
miznebisaTvis. am instituts SemoklebiT uwodebdnen `luCes~, rac `Suqs~ niSnavs.
es organizacia akeTebda saswavlo da dokumentur kinosuraTebs politikaze, xe-
lovnebaze, sportze, medicinaze, turizmze, mecnierebaze, avrcelebda maT italiis
yvela kuTxeSi da male kinoqronikebis gamoSvebac daiwyo da kinoarqivis funq-
ciebic itvirTa. institutis direqtorTa sabWo, romelic mTavrobisa da sazoga-
doebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeboda, ganuxrelad asrulebda sa-
xelisuflebo dakveTebs. `luCes~ namuSevrebis absoluturi umravlesobis `mTa-
var gmirs~ warmoadgenda mTavrobisa da faSisturi partiis meTauri _ benito
musolini, romelic kadrSi moCanda xan mitingze gamosvlisas, xan qarxanaSi an
fabrikaSi stumrad misuli da ekonomikuri sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli, xanac
glexebTan erTad sarwyavi arxis an sxva sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis obi-
eqtis mSeneblobaze momuSave da a. S.
amasobaSi Semcirda gamoSvebuli filmebis ricxvi, kinematografistebis na-
wili ucxoeTSi gaixizna samuSaod, radgan safrangeTis, germaniisa da aSS-is ki-
nostudiebSi ufro kargi pirobebi eguleboda. Sin darCenilebi amaod cdilob-
dnen raime sagrZnobi warmatebis miRwevas. situacia gaarTula kinoTeatrebze
dawesebulma axalma, gazrdilma gadasaxadebmac. amis fonze romSi aSenda 2000
adgilze gaTvlili darbazi `superCinema~, romelic premierebis garda grandio-
zulsa da pompezur RonisZiebebsac maspinZlobda. zogierTma kinokompaniam mii-
wvia sazRvargareTeli specialistebi, raTa daxmarebodnen italiel kolegebs,
magram am mxrivac araferi gamovida: ucxoelebma fuli Caijibes da wavidnen.
presa ityobineboda, rom erovnuli kino agoniis mdgomareobaSia da mas Svela
esaWiroebao. romis, milanis, turinis, neapolis, veneciisa da siciliis kinokompa-
niebi Seudgnen omamdeli popularuli filmebis `rimeiqebis~ gadaRebas. erT-er-
201
Ti maTgani iyo ùCis~ istoriuli namuSevari `vidre hxval?~ (1925), romlis reJi-
sorad dainiSna gabrielino d’anuncio, xolo proeqtis saerTo samxatvro xelmZ-
Rvanelad _ arturo ambrozio. SemoqmedebiTma koleqtivma, finansebTan erTad, di-
di energia daxarja jer kidev sawyis etapze, ris Sedegad muSaobis gasagrZeleb-
lad Tanxebi aRar eyo. gaimarTa molaparakeba germanelebTan, romlebmac fula-
di da materialuri mxardaWera aRuTqves, italiaSi miavlines giorg iakobi, rome-
lic d’anuncios TanareJisori gaxda, neronis rolisaTvis ki gamoyves emil iani-
ngsi. ùCis~ warmomadgenlebi daukavSirdnen amerikel gamqiraveblebs da maTgan
miiRes utyuari garantiebi, rom kinosuraTs okeanisgaRmac gaavrcelebdnen, mag-
ram filmma ver ivarga. auditorias arc misi Txrobis stili moewona, arc efeq-
turad dadgmuli masobrivi scenebi da arc msaxiobTa TamaSi.
TaobaTa cvlis procesi umtkivneulod mimdinareobda. axalgazrdebidan ma-
rio kamerinim gamoiCina Tavi. man tradiciul saTavgadasavlo kinosuraTebsa da
komediebSi axleburi ideebi da formulebi miitana TxrobiTi sistemis daxvewa-
Sic da gadaRebis teqnikuri mxareebis gaumjobesebaSic. xalxSi popularobiT
sargeblobda misi filmi `minda vuRalato qmars~ (1925).
axalSeqmnili kinokompaniis, `sosieta italiana grandi filmzi~ xelmZRvane-
lobam gadawyvita, gaekeTebina `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebis~ kidev erTi versia.
reJisorebad dainiSnen karmine galone da amleto palermi. es ukanaskneli mas
Semdeg, rac Sekribes jgufi da gadaiRes ramdenime nawili, gaiqca avstriaSi, raTa
jer kidev dausrulebeli kinosuraTis gayidvaze ezruna, Tumca amas aravin ava-
lebda. venaSi man ipova myidveli, romelmac mosTxova mTavari rolebis Semsru-
leblebis Secvla, razec igi daeTanxma. Semdeg berlinSi man moZebna savaraudo
distributorebic, romlebmac aseve wauyenes TavianTi pirobebi. ukan dabrune-
bulma palermim seriozuli kompensaciis sanacvlod moiSora wamyvani msaxiobe-
bi da maT rolebze sxvebi daamtkica. amden davidarabaSi ramdenime milioni li-
ra gaxarja da bolos galones ganucxada, rom tovebda gadaRebas da Seevedra,
gaesrulebina morCenili samuSao. galonem yvelaferi iRona damkveTis ndobis
gasamarTleblad, Tavdauzogavad iSroma da damajereblobisaTvis SesavalSi Ta-
vad pompeis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis scenebi, xolo finalur epizodSi vulka-
nis amofrqvevis STambeWdavi dokumenturi kadrebic ki CarTo. `pompeis ukanaskne-
li dReebi~, yvelaze didbiujetiani filmi italiur uxmo kinoSi, vinaidan misi
warmoeba dajda Svidi milioni lira, 1926 wels gavida ekranebze, magram warmate-
bas ver miaRwia, ris Sedegadac `sosieta italiana grandi filmzi~ daiSala.
energiuli stefano pitaluga, romelsac zogi kritikosi èrovnuli kinos
patriotad~ ixseniebda, saTaveSi Caudga ùCis~ da kerZo investiciebis mizidviT
daiwyo kinowarmoebis rekonstruqcia da radikalurad Secvala sadistribucio
qseli. mas kargi urTierToba hqonda adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan da amerikul
kinokompaniebTanac, ris gamoc iolad agvarebda saqmeebs. pitalugam Seisyida `Ci-
nesic~ da misi kinostudiac. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT mas filmebis mxatvruli
xarisxi ufro ainteresebda. swored am ganaxlebul kinokompaniaSi gadaiRo au-
gusto jeninam morigi namuSevari _ ùkanaskneli mbrZanebeli~ (1926), romlis Cve-
nebam italiaSi uxmaurod ki Caiara, xolo germaniaSi arnaxuli gamoxmaureba da
didi komerciuli Semosavali mohyva. italiuri kinos bevri warmomadgeneli
kvlavac mieSureboda am qveyanaSi samuSaod da maTTvis germania `meore kinemato-
grafiul samSoblod~ iqca.
mTavrobam, romelic mxolod dokumentur kinoproduqcias miiCnevda propa-
gandisa da ganaTlebis saukeTeso saSualebad, amjerad yurad iRo mayureblis
202
moTxovna, rac gamoixateboda meti mxatvruli kinosuraTis warmoebisaTvis saTa-
nado zomebis misaRebad da saxalxo meurneobis saministros daavala, garkveuli-
yo situaciaSi. Seiqmna komisia, romelmac nayofierad warmarTa saqmianoba, Zireu-
lad Seiswavla kinos problemebi da sasargeblo rekomendaciebi waradgina. 1927
wels gamoica kanoni, romelmac TiToeul kinoTeatrs daavala, saekrano drois
meaTedi daeTmo italiuri namuSevrebisaTvis.
zogierTi saxelmwifo moRvawe cdilobda, daemyarebina koordinacia kinosa
da politikas Soris. gakeTda kinoklubebi, sadac ewyoboda filmebis ganxilva.
gazeTebic adgils uTmobdnen am sakiTxebze polemikas, ramac gazarda kinosura-
Tebis aRqmisa da Sefasebis saerTo kultura. kinokritikosebi reJisorebs mou-
wodebdnen, uari eTqvaT kosmopolituri samyaros Cvenebaze, mcdarsa da uazro
ritorikaze, SewinaaRmdegebodnen standartizaciis Zalas, rac italiur tradici-
ebs anadgurebda, eCvenebinaT erovnuli ideebi da ekeTebinaT naRdi erovnuli ki-
noproduqcia sakuTar xalxsa da qveyanaze. amave poziciaze idga politizebuli
inteligenciac, romelic mtrulad ganewyo amerikuli kinosadmi, radgan masSi ma-
sobrivi fsiqozisa da koleqtiuri sisuleleebis magaliTebs xedavda. misi
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom axal filmebSi dokumenturi epi-
zodebis CasmiT aucileblad unda Sesuliyo xelisuflebis namoRvawari: gayvani-
li gzebi, arxebi, aSenebuli qalaqebi, saxlebi. amiT maT surdaT Secvliliyo uc-
xoelebis warmodgena faSizmze.
sazogadoebis amgvarma amoZravebam Seqmna klimati kinoSi axali stilistu-
ri eqsperimentebisaTvis, rasac aqtiurad mohkides xeli axalgazrdebma. maTSi ni-
Sandoblivi adgili ekava alesandro blazetis, romelic TavgamodebiT muSaobda
erovnuli kinos gadarCenisaTvis. blazeti iyo niWieri kritikosi da iTxovda,
rom amerikulebis magivrad xalxisaTvis eCvenebinaT sabWoTa da germanuli kino-
suraTebi, romlebic gacilebiT sjobdnen maT esTetizmiT. yoveldRiur gazeT
ìmperoSi~ man Camoayaliba specialuri sveti `Cinematografo~, sadac msjelobda
kinos Teoriul aspeqtebze, mis urTierTobaze ekonomikasTan da politikasTan,
xsnida calkeuli kinosuraTis arss, Taviseburebebs, dramaturgiuli svlebis av-
kargs da miuTiTebda, rom iseTi dokumenturi namuSevrebi, romlebSic propaganda
araTu aSkara iyo, aramed dafaruli, iyvnen swored faSisturi reJimis efeqturi
emisrebi. igi ilaSqrebda politikuri kinoproduqciis winaaRmdeg da emxroboda
gasarTobi filmebis warmoebis ideas.
sakuTari programis sisruleSi mosayvanad blazetim Tavis megobrebTan –
gofredo alesandrinisTan da umberto barbarosTan erTad 1927 wels daaarsa
kinosamrewvelo saxli àugustusi~, romlis pirvel aqcionerTa Soris iyvnen
italiuri aristokratiisa da faSisturi ierarqiis warmomadgenlebic. damfuZ-
neblebma samoqmedo gegma SeimuSaves, Semoikribes Tanamoazreebi da moawyves ma-
terialur-teqnikuri baza, raTa pirvelive kinosuraTebiT Rirseulad warmdgari-
yvnen sazogadoebis winaSe.
xelisuflebam daafinansa ramdenime kinoproeqti, romlebic eZRvneboda ita-
liis kolonialur eqspansias. mas awyobda aseTi mxatvruli filmebi, rameTu mo-
saxleobaSi popularizacias uwevda Tavis politikas, uxvadac ajildoebda maT
Semqmnelebs da xels uwyobda maTTvis sazRvargareTuli kinobazrebis moZiebas.
am namuSevrebSi aranairi kinematografiuli novaciebi ar iyo da SinaarsiTac
isini mxolod tipuri, daZabuli saTavgadasavlo fabuliT gamoirCeodnen.
italiur kinoindustrias mZime gansacdelis Jami daudga. bevri kompania da-
ixura, xolo arsebulebi awarmoebdnen Zalze sust kinosuraTebs, romlebsac
203
araTu ucxoeTSi, aramed samSobloSic Zlivs asaRebdnen. SemoqmedebiTi krizisis
gamo katastrofulad Semcirda produqciis raodenoba. 1928 wels adgilobrivma
kinokompaniebma gamouSves 20 filmi, rac sagangaSo movlenad iqca. evropuli ki-
nos wamyvani ostatebi miuTiTebdnen, rom erT dros sworupovari italiuri kine-
matografi faSisturma wyvdiadma STanTqao. amis gamosasworeblad gatarda ara-
koordinirebuli RonisZiebebi: gaZlierda cenzura ucxour filmebze, cxaddebo-
da konkursebi saukeTeso kinoscenarebze, kinomrewvelebma daiwyes regionaluri
Teatrebidan msaxiobebis gadabireba, gaixsna axali kinoTeatrebi.
20-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis italielebma Seqmnes ramdenime kargi filmi.
maT Semxedvare, uimedod xelCaqneul kinokritikosebs imedis naperwkali gauCn-
daT. mario kamerinim gadaiRo realisturi melodrama `relsebi~ (1929), romelsac
`wingadadgmuli revoluciuri nabiji~ uwodes. aldo de benedetis filmi `mad-
li~ (1929) warmoadgenda eqstraordinaluri da tradiciuli TxrobiTi stilebis
Serwymis saucxoo magaliTs, raSic saocari sifaqiziT ikveTeboda socialuri
kontrastebi. alesandro blazeti presaSi gamoexmaura mis ekranebze gasvlas da
ganacxada, rom is aris umSvenieresi da namdvili italiuri filmi, romelsac et-
yoba xelovnis xelio. Tavad man gadaiRo filmi `mze~ (1929), romelic mieZRvna
xelisuflebis mier Catarebul erT-erT RonisZiebas _ daWaobebuli teritorie-
bis amoSrobis kampanias. misi premiera udidesi zar-zeimiT ki moawyves, magram
pirvel xanebSi distributoris Sovna gauWirdaT.
mowinave italieli kinomoRvaweebi ocnebobdnen, rodis daudgebodaT xelme-
ore òqros xana~, raTa axal simaRleebze aeyvanaT kinos kulturuli da inte-
leqtualuri potenciali.
204
rusuli kino
pirveli kinoCveneba ruseTis imperiaSi moewyo 1896 wlis 4 maiss sankt-pe-

terburgis sazafxulo baRis _ àkvariumis~ TeatrSi. erTi speqtaklis aqtebs
Soris antraqtisas mnaxvels warudgines `sinematografis~ programa. igi Sedge-
boda 10 filmisagan da grZeldeboda 10 wuTs. mcireodeni xnis Semdeg is waiRes
moskovSi da aCvenes operetis TeatrSi _ èrmitaJi~. male ruseTis sxva qalaqeb-
mac umaspinZles frangi Zmebis aparats. niJni novgorodSi, kafe-SantanSi, parizi-
dan miwveuli momRerali qalbatonebis koncertis Sesvenebis dros adgilobriv-
ma mosaxleobamac ixila `moZravi fotografiebi~. aRniSnul seanss daeswro mak-
sim gorki, romelmac mogvianebiT gazeT òdeskie vedomostiSi~ kinos didi moma-
vali uwinaswarmetyvela.
gaCndnen pirveli demonstratorebi, romlebic ucxoeTSi, ZiriTadad, safran-
geTSi, iZendnen aparatebsa da kinosuraTebs, CahqondaT samSobloSi, adgendnen
programebs da mogzaurobdnen sxvadasxva dasaxlebul punqtSi. erTi mxriv, kino-
suraTebs aCvenebdnen calkeuli sacirko Tu Teatraluri warmodgenis finalSi,
meore mxriv ki _ mxolod kinoseansebs marTavdnen. imis gamo, rom qveynis did na-
wilSi ar arsebobda eleqtrooba, isini Tan daatarebdnen sagangebo Zravebs. me-
fis karze moRvawe fotografebma swrafad aiTvises kinogadaRebis principebi da
akeTebdnen `samefo qronikebs~.
1896 wels moskovelma msaxiobma da fotomoyvarulma, vladimir saSin-fio-
dorovma, romelic erT dramatul TeatrSi msaxurobda, SeiZina kinokamera da Se-
udga gadaRebas. is firze aRbeWdavda fragmentebs sxvadasxva speqtaklidan, Ta-
vissave kolegebs repeticiebsa da cxovrebaSi da Semdeg aCvenebda maT mayure-
bels. es iyo am Teatris erTgvari reklama, risTvisac saSin-fiodorovi xelmZ-
Rvanelobisagan damatebiT gasamrjelos iRebda. axlo momavalSi axalbeda kine-
matografistma gadaiRo patara qronikaluri da mxatvruli kinosuraTebi, ro-
melTagan aRsaniSnavia lumierebiseuli `gawuwuli mrwyvelis~ parodia. presa mi-
uTiTebda, rom es niWieri kaci rogor kargad daeufla `moZravi fotografiebis~
teqnikaso. mas `Cveni moskoveli lumieri~ Searqves.
xarkovelma fotografma, alfred fedeckim 1896-1897 wlebSi gadaiRo ramde-
nime qronikalur-dokumenturi kinosuraTi, romelTa Sesyidva gadawyvites ucxoe-
lebma (patem da lumierebma), magram im pirobiT, rom avtoris vinaobas ar moixse-
niebdnen titrebSi, razec misgan uari miiRes. fedeckim ganizraxa kinodarbazis
mowyoba, rac sisruleSi moiyvana da erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT uSve-
bda sakuTar filmebs, magram ubedurma SemTxvevam xanZari gaaCina SenobaSi, rome-
lic kinofirebTan da aparaturasTan erTad daiwva. gabrazebulma enTuziastma
Tavi mianeba kinos.
1897 wels ruseTis teqnikurma sazogadoebam Caatara kinematografiuli le-
qcia-seansebi, romelzec waradgina saganmanaTleblo filmebi. RonisZiebam cxove-
li interesi gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac sxva organizaciebmac gaimeores analogiu-
ri leqciebi ruseTis imperiis did qalaqebSi, rac gankuTvnili iyo rogorc gim-
naziebis moswavleTaTvis, aseve studentebis, pedagogebisa da dainteresebuli sa-
zogadoebisaTvis.
1903-1904 wlebidan masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo kinoTeatrebis gaxsnam. umete-
sad maT èleqtroTeatrebs~ da ìluzionebs~ uwodebdnen da xalxi mravlad da-
205
dioda seansebze. maTi mflobelebis winaSe axali problema warmoiSva: mzardi
moTxovnilebis gamo saWiro gaxda programebis xSiri cvla, amitom filmebis pe-
riodul Sesyidvas ukve azri aRar hqonda, radgan erTi da igive namuSevrebi ma-
leve bezrdeboda auditorias. dRis wesrigSi dadga kinoTeatrebis mflobelo-
baSi arsebuli filmebis erTmaneTTan gacvlis an xelmeored gayidvis sakiTxi.
ruseTSi sakmaod bevri adgilobrivi kinooperatori muSaobda. isini gada-
Rebul masalas parizSi agzavnidnen gasamJRavneblad da dasamuSaveblad, Tumca,
roca wamyvanma evropulma kinokompaniebma moskovsa da sankt-peterburgSi daafu-
Znes filialebi, maTi umravlesoba samuSaod miiwvies. legendebi dadioda opera-
tor panteleimon kobcevze, romelic yvelgan mogzaurobda, iRebda siuJetebs da
ugzavnida jer pates, mere _ gomons.
pirveli rusi kinobiznesmeni iyo yofili oficeri, aleksandr xanJonkovi,
romelmac 1906 wels ucxouri kinokompaniebis warmomadgenloba iTava. emil oS-
Tan erTad man moskovSi Camoayaliba firma, romelsac òSisa da xanJonkovis sa-
vaWro saxli~ daerqva. Tavdapirvelad maT franguli, italiuri da amerikuli ki-
nosuraTebis distributorobas mihyves xeli. 1907 wels gariskes sakuTari fil-
mis _ `paloCkini da galoCkini~ (reJ. vladimir siverseni) gadaReba, magram Sua
gzaze miatoves, imdenad arakvalificiurad eCvenaT gadaRebuli masala. amis Sem-
deg partniorebi erTmaneTs daSordnen. xanJonkovma vali aiRo, TviTon wavida
sazRvargareT, Camoitana filmebi da maTi gayidviT seriozuli mogeba naxa. mom-
devno wels man gaiCina ori axali kompanioni, romlebmac soliduri Tanxa Cades
erTobliv saqmianobaSi da sruli ndoba gamoucxades, raTa uSualod emarTa
procesebi. biznesmenma daiwyo importuli saproeqcio kinoaparatebis Setana ru-
seTSi, daaarsa laboratoria, sadac firs amJRavnebdnen da rusulenovan titrebs
amzadebdnen Camotanili filmebisaTvis, rameTu maTi Semqmnelebi arasworad Tar-
gmnidnen warwerebs rusuli kinobazrisaTvis.
1907 wlisaTvis sankt-peterburgelma fotografma _ aleksandr drankovma
daafuZna kinoatelie, gaxsna kinooperatorTa kursebi da iRebda qronikebs poli-
tikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaze. misi yuradReba miipyro erTi Tea-
tris speqtaklma _ `boris godunovma~, romelsac safuZvlad daedo aleksandr
puSkinis epikuri poema. drankovma gadawyvita misi firze gadatana, magram mcire-
odeni nawilis gadaRebis Semdeg, erT-erTma msaxiobma uari ganacxada TamaSze da
muSaobac CaiSala, Tumca reJisorma gadaRebul fragmentebs uwoda _ `scenebi
boiarebis cxovrebidan~ da ase nawil-nawil aCvenebda kinoTeatrebSi. amas man
ramdenime amgvari namuSevari miayola.
drankovi Cavida iasnaia polianaSi, sadac imyofeboda lev tolstoi da
sTxova gadaReba, magram mweralma uari stkica. gamWriaxma drankovma sawadlis
asruleba mainc moaxerxa `faruli kameris~ meTodiT. Semdeg igi moskovSic dau-
darajda `msxverpls~, gadaiRo da 1908 wlis seqtemberSi mwerlis iubilesTan
dakavSirebiT gamouSva filmi `graf l. n. tolstois 80 wlisTavi~. rodesac igi
tolstoim naxa, guli moulba da mis avtors dahpirda, rom dauwerda kinosce-
nars romelime momavali proeqtisaTvis, Tumca danapirebi ver Seasrula.
drankovTan mivida kinoze usazRvrod Seyvarebuli rkinigzeli Cinovniki, va-
sili gonCarovi, romelmac auwya, rom dawerili hqonda scenari `stenka razini
da Tavadis asuli~, romlis saavtoro uflebebs ar umtkicebdnen. kinoatelies
mflobelma umal ganWvrita situacia: man icoda, rom xanJonkovi apirebda mxatv-
ruli filmis gadaRebas, amitom moindoma, daeswro misTvis, Seisyida scenari,
oRond gadaRebis warmoeba gonCarovs ar ando, miiwvia Teatraluri reJisori
206
vladimir romaSkovi da sankt-peterburgTan, razlivis tbaze da mis midamoebSi,
gadaaRebina kinosuraTi `stenka razini~, romlis operatoroba Tavad ikisra ni-
kolai kozlovskisTan erTad. premiera Sedga 1908 wlis 15 oqtombers da didi
aJiotaJi gamoiwvia, vinaidan es iyo pirveli rusuli mxatvruli filmi, romelic
mieZRvna XVII saukunis glexTa ajanyebis meTaurs. kompozitorma, mixail ipoli-
tov-ivanovma kinosuraTisaTvis dawera musika, rac gramfirfitebze Caweres da
kinosuraTis aslebTan erTad iyideboda.
drankovma presas ganucxada, rom warmoadgenda pirvel rus kinopatriots,
romelmac axal eras daudo saTave da momavalSic gadaiRebda `stenka razinis~
msgavs filmebs, rogorc `saxalxo istoriis magaliTebs~. kinoafiSebi iuwyebod-
nen, rom kinosuraTze didZali Tanxa daixarja, Tumca mwarmoebels sakmao Semo-
savlis imedi gauCnda, radgan provinciebidan bevri SekveTa miiRo. saerTo xede-
biT gadaRebuli `stenka razini~ eqvsi epizodisagan Sedgeboda. man arnaxul ko-
merciul warmatebas miaRwia.
gonCarovs ar moewona kinosuraTi. igi Tvlida, rom drankovma daamaxinja
miseuli koncefcia. is wavida xanJonkovTan da Txova, daxmareboda drankovis wi-
naaRmdeg saqmis aRZvraSi, magram xanJonkovma gadaaTqmevina Canafiqri da erTob-
livi muSaoba SesTavaza. axal kompaniaSi gonCarovma Tavad gadaiRo filmebi:
`simRera vaWar kalaSnikovze~ (1909) da `XVI saukunis rusuli qorwili~ (1909).
orivem sakmao popularoba moipova. amas mohyva sxva filmebic. xanJonkovi warmo-
ebuli kinosuraTebis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT pirvel adgilze gavida, aSkarad
dajabna upirvelesi konkurenti drankovi, xolo Semdeg Seudga ucxouri kapita-
lis meTodurad Seviwroebas rusul kinobazarze. amasobaSi warmoiqmna filme-
bis gamqiravebeli kantorebis qseli. biTumad myidvelTaTvis sagangebo fasdak-
leba arsebobda. aman gamoiwvia cvlilebebi: gaSenda axali, ufro gawyobili da
feSenebeluri kinoTeatrebi, sadac ufro meti adgili iyo, bileTic iafi Rirda,
xolo seansis xangrZlivoba erT saaTamde gaizarda, maTSi tapiorebs orkestrebi
Caenacvlnen.
asparezze gamoCndnen axali SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi. rasakvirvelia, maTi ume-
tesoba Teatridan mivida kinoSi. erT-erTi gamorCeuli figura iyo msaxiobi da
reJisori _ piotr Cardinini, romelmac xanJonkovis kompaniaSi gadaRebuli sade-
biuto filmebiT: `mkvdari sulebi~ (1909) da `jadoqari qali~ (1909) imTaviTve mi-
iqcia yuradReba.
pirvel xanebSi Teatris msaxiobebi malavdnen kinematografTan kavSirs, mag-
ram mas Semdeg, rac gamoCenilma Teatralurma moRvaweebma didi Sefaseba misces
kinos, rogorc xelovnebis momaval dargs, romelic met masebs CarTavda kul-
turul cxovrebaSi, kinoSi gadaReba sapatio misiad iqca. rusuli Teatris kori-
feebi _ konstantin stanislavski da vladimir nemiroviC-danCenko ambobdnen, rom
kinowarmoebas saTaveSi unda Cadgomodnen sulieri progresis erTguli adamia-
nebi da kinematografi cxovrebis asaxvis procesSi aucileblad gauswrebs Tea-
trsac da literaturasaco.
inteligencias surda kinos gamoyeneba saganmanaTleblo miznebisaTvis. misi
aqtiuri warmomadgenlebi agrovebdnen Semowirulobebs Tematuri kinoTeatrebis
mosawyobad, atarebdnen kinoleqciebs, presaSi eweodnen samecniero kinos propa-
gandas, xels uwyobdnen saswavlo da samecniero-popularuli kinosuraTebis Seq-
mna-gavrcelebas. amaTgan jer keTdeboda geografiuli da eTnografiuli namuSe-
vrebi, mere ki gamovida filmebi mrewvelobaze, transportze, soflis meurneobaze,
sportul Tematikaze.
207
1910 wlis miwuruls saxelmwifo cenzuram SemoiRo axali wesebi kinosa-
Tvis: filmebSi ikrZaleboda bibliuri siuJetebis, macxovris, RvTismSoblisa da
wmindanebis Cveneba, ucxoeTSi mimdinare revoluciuri moZraobebis, gaficvebis da
sxva politikuri ambebis demonstrireba, erotikuli epizodebi da a. S. or arse-
bul Jurnals _ `sine-fonosa~ da `kine-Jurnals~, romlebic kinoze werdnen, dae-
mata `vestnik kinematografii~, romlis gamoSveba daiwyo xanJonkovma. manve mohki-
da xeli saganmanaTleblo filmebis warmoebas da ramdenime TveSi Tavis kino-
kompaniaSi samecniero ganyofilebac gaxsna.
gonCarovma gadawyvita didi kinosuraTis gadaReba da Temad airCia XIX sa-
ukunis SuaxanebSi, yirimis omis dros, mimdinare brZola sevastopolisaTvis. xan-
Jonkovi uimedod ganewyo kinoproeqtisadmi, magram gonCarovma Tavisi daiJina. ma-
Sin xanJonkovma umaRlesi xelisuflisagan nebarTvis misaRebad igi dedaqalaqSi
gaagzavna. reJisorma moaxerxa monarqTan audiencia. mefem moiwona idea, neba dar-
To, kinogadaRebisTvis gamoeyenebinaT armiisa da flotis nawilebi da daavala
gonCarovs, rom emuSavaT swored im adgilebSi, sadac sinamdvileSi mimdinareob-
da saomari moqmedebebi.
xanJonkovis kompania samzadiss Seudga: daiwera sascenaro gegma, Seikera yi-
rimis omis droindeli kostiumebi, aRadgines Zveli TavdacviTi nagebobebi, sazR-
vargareTidan Semoitanes axali kinoaparatura, msaxiobebs detalurad gaacnes
mizanscenebi, rolebi. filmi SemWidrovebul vadebSi gakeTda. konsultanti
Tvalyurs adevnebda yvelafers, raTa ar darRveuliyo istoriuli simarTle.
xanJonkovic da gonCarovic reJisorobdnen, magram pirvelma, rogorc samxedro
saqmeSi kargad Caxedulma, iTava bataluri epizodebis dadgma da maT sxvadasxva
kuTxidan iRebda ori kinokameriT, rac siaxles warmoadgenda rusul kinoSi.
imis gamo, rom maSin ruseTSi ar icnobdnen kombinirebuli gadaRebis meTods, Za-
lian primitiulad gamouvidaT flotis CaZirvis scena. samagierod, gamoiyenes ki-
dev erTi novacia _ panorama, rasac adre TiTqmis aravin misdevda. gadaRebis
procesSi gamJRavnda gonCarovis nakli. igi saTanadod ver muSaobda msaxiobeb-
Tan, amitom maTi TamaSi gadaWarbebulad Teatraluri iyo. manve moifiqra, moiZia
da finalur kadrebSi gadaiRo yirimis omis veteranebi: frangebi, britanelebi
da rusebi.
kinosuraTs daarqves `sevastopolis Tavdacva~ da ekranebze gauSves 1911
wels, magram manamde aCvenes samefo kars, romelmac moiwona namuSevari, Tumca di-
di aRtaceba ar gamouxatavs. mefem gonCarovi ordeniTa da Zvirfasi beWdiT daa-
jildova. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorebi daukmayofileblebi Candnen, es pirveli
rusuli srulmetraJiani kinosuraTi warmatebiT gavida kinogaqiravebaSi, ris Se-
degad xanJonkovma ufro gaimyara avtoriteti da Tavisi kompania saaqcio sazo-
gadoebad gadaakeTa. masTan bevri aqcioneri mivida.
rusi kinematografistebi specializdebodnen kinodramebze, romlebsac dah-
kravda franguli kinos gavlena. filmebi iyofodnen realistur da formalis-
tur namuSevrebad, Tumca maTi umravlesoba ar warmoadgenda maRalmxatvruli
donis produqcias, amitomac isini mcire raodenobiT gadiodnen eqsportze. erTa-
derTi qveyana, sadac maT mayurebeli gulTbilad iRebda, iyo safrangeTi. Tuki
adre rusuli kompaniebi gadaRebas uSualod naturaze axorcielebdnen, axla ga-
Senda pavilionebi, xolo dekoraciebis Sesaqmnelad Teatrebidan waiyvanes gamo-
cdili mxatvrebi.
rodesac rusul ekranebze gavida daniuri kinosuraTi ùfskruli~ asta ni-
lsenis monawileobiT, adgilobrivi kinomwarmoeblebi dafiqrdnen, rogor gamoew-
208
vrTnaT aseTi msaxiobebi da rogori reklama gaewiaT. dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom
cnobili Teatraluri aqtiorebis didi nawili ver Seewyo kinos specifikas da
maT aSkarad sjobda zogierTi iseTi kolega, vinc mxolod epizodur rolebSi
iyo dakavebuli TeatrSi. kinos muSakebi baletsac miadgnen da amjerad iqidan
gadaibires msaxiobebi, ramac skandali gamoiwvia. saimperatoro Teatrebis admi-
nistraciam oficialurad aukrZala baletis ostatebs kinosTan kavSiri.
kinomsaxiobebidan TandaTan gamoikveTa Sromismoyvare axalgazrda, ivan
mozJuxini, uzadod rom flobda mimikas, Jests, Tvalebis moZraobas, yvela im mTa-
var komponents, rac agrerigad iyo saxasiaTo uxmo kinosaTvis. misi pirvelive
roli piotr Cardininis filmSi `kreiceris sonata~ (1911) presam da specialis-
tebma saguldagulod aRniSnes.
ruseTis kinobazarze Sesustda pates poziciebi, magram misi daxmarebiT gaZ-
lierda paul timanisa da fridrix reingardtis kinokompania, romelic iRebda
`rusul oqros seriebs~, anu popularuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis kino-
adaptaciebs, Tumca maTSi ar igrZnoboda mcdeloba, warmoeCinaT pirvelwyaroebis
filosofiuri siRrmeebi.
Teatridan mivida kinematografSi vladimir kasianovi, romlis pirvelive
filmebi SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT gamoirCeoda. mas uyvarda repeticiebi da zus-
tad gaangariSebuli gadaReba. masve ekuTvnoda subtitrebis gamoyenebis idea,
rac, misi azriT, mayurebels daexmareboda kinosuraTis ukeT aRqmaSi, Tumca imxa-
nad amis danergva ver moxerxda.
1913 wels ruseTis imperia pompezurad dResaswaulobda romanovebis dinas-
tiis mmarTvelobis 300 wlisTavs. amasTan dakavSirebiT wamyvanma kinokompaniebma
ganizraxes gaekeTebinaT am movlenis aRsaniSnavi namuSevrebi. drankovma Seiamxa-
naga samkervalo biznesis warmomadgeneli _ aleksei taldikini, daaarsa axali
kompania da misi markiT gamouSva filmi `romanovebis saxlis samaswliani mefo-
ba~ (1913, reJ. nikolai larini da aleksandr uralski). premieras Tavad mefe dae-
swro da madloba gamoucxada gadamReb jgufs. xanJonkovic gamoexmaura dResas-
wauls da gamouSva kinosuraTi `romanovebis saxlis gamefeba~ (1913, reJ.: piotr
Cardinini da vasili gonCarovi). amas mohyva ubeduri SemTxveva, ris Sedegad xan-
Jonkovma fexebi dakarga, invalidis savarZels miejaWva, magram muSaoba ar Seuw-
yvetia. imave wlis dekemberSi man kinoTeatr `pegasis~ gaxsnaze miiwvia sazoga-
doeba. misi kinooperatorebi detalurad iRebdnen yvelafers da roca sazeimo
banketi gasrulda, gadaRebuli masala iqve aCvenes stumrebs. mogvianebiT xanJon-
kovma aseTive pompezurobiT gaxsna meore kinoTeatri àrsi~. igi kvlavac rCebo-
da rusuli kinowarmoebis liderad, xolo drankovi marto aRmoCnda _ taldi-
kinTan uTanxmoebis gamo maTi erToblivi kinokompania daiSala.
rus kinomwarmoeblebs ki undodaT, hyolodaT andre didis an maqs linde-
ris dari kinokomikosebi da calkeul seriebsac ki akeTebdnen komikur persona-
Jebze, magram verc erTma ver gaamarTla imedi. adgilobrivi mayurebelic upira-
tesobas ucxoel komikosebs aniWebda. daiwyo Zveli standartebis gadaxedvis po-
litika. rusuli kinokompaniebi, romelTa ricxvi im droisaTvis 18 erTeuliT ga-
nisazRvreboda, iRebdnen kinosuraTebs e. w. `rusul stilSi~, raTa ufro blomad
gaeyidaT sazRvargareT. axali gavlena wamovida daniuri da italiuri salonu-
ri melodramebidan, iklo istoriulma kinoproduqciam da mis nacvlad gamoCnda
Tanamedrove cxovrebis amsaxveli, aSkarad dekadenturi filmebi. erT-erTi maT-
gani iyo timanisa da reingardtis kinokompaniis didbiujetiani namuSevari `bed-
nierebis gasaRebi~ (1913), romelic gadaiRes TviTmyofadma kinoreJisorebma: iakov
209
protazanovma da vladimir gardinma. maT guldasmiT daamuSaves scenari, deta-
lurad gaiazres yvela niuansi da Seqmnes niSandoblivi filmi, romlis gadaReba
mimdinareobda rogorc ruseTSi, aseve italiaSi, kerZod, veneciaSi. aqedan Caeyara
safuZveli timan-reingardtis nayofier TanamSromlobas arturo ambroziosTan.
ivan mozJuxinma kvlav gaibrwyina morigi rolebiT kinosuraTebSi: `biZis
bina~ (1913) da `patara saxli kolomnaSi~ (1913). orives damdgmeli reJisori iyo
piotr Cardinini, xolo meore filmze TanareJisorad muSaobda Teatraluri mxa-
tvari _ evgeni baueri. Cardinini kolegebisagan imiT gamoirCeoda, rom TiToeul
namuSevars mcire danaxarjebiT akeTebda, farTod iyenebda teqnikur siaxleebs,
msaxiobebTan erTad awyobda scenebis winaswar ganxilvas, axalbeda kolegebs si-
amovnebiT uziarebda gamocdilebas. mas xelewifeboda mdare scenarebidan kargi
komerciuli kinosuraTebis `gamoZerwva~, TiTqmis yvela JanrSi moRvaweobda, kino-
saoperatoro saqmeSic erkveoda da gadaRebis dros sul kinokameraSi icqirebo-
da, rom raime ar gamoparvoda. Cardinins hyavda favoriti msaxiobebi, romelTa
ostatobis daxvewaze mudam zrunavda. bauers zogierTi kritikosi dekandents
eZaxda. misi filmebi polemikasa da aJiotaJs iwvevda. igi eqsperimentebs atareb-
da Suqze, grimze, kostiumebis mxatvrobaze, gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze, deko-
raciebze, rasac ubralo sanaxaobas miCveuli mayurebeli verc igebda da arc
moswonda. mas ufro gamosdioda pavilionebSi gadaReba. baueri Tavad xatavda
dekoraciebis naxatebs, xelmZRvanelobda gadasaRebi moednis momzadebas.
erTmaneTTan konkurencias gamodevnebuli rusuli kompaniebi yvelanairi
xerxiT cdilobdnen erTmaneTisaTvis waerTvaT msaxiobebi, reJisorebi da opera-
torebi. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sakuTari agentebis meSveobiT romelime kino-
kompaniis mesveuri Seityobda, Tu ra proeqtze muSaobda misi konkurenti, Tava-
dac dauyovnebliv iwyebda imaves keTebas mxolod im mizniT, rom misTvis daesw-
ro da ufro adre gamoeSva igive Sinaarsis filmi. amis gamo lev tolstois,
aleksandr puSkinis, mixail lermontovis, ivan turgenevisa da sxva saxelganT-
qmuli avtorebis erTi da imave nawarmoebebis sami-oTxi ekranizacia arsebobda,
Tumca ase naCqarevad gakeTebul filmebs bevri nakli gaaCnda da maT seriozu-
lad aravin ganixilavda. amasTanave, modurad iqca kinosuraTis ramdenime saTa-
uris praqtika _ erT namuSevars hqonda ori an sami saxelwodeba, imisda mixed-
viT, imperiis romel regionSi an ucxoeTis romel qveyanaSi uSvebdnen mas.
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam Zirfesvianad Secvala situacia rusul ki-
noSi. sazRvrebis didi nawilis daxurvis gamo sagrZnoblad Semcirda kinoim-
porti, rusuli kinoproduqciac naklebad gadioda sazRvargareT, samagierod, gai-
zarda misi xvedriTi wili adgilobriv arenaze. mefis xelisuflebam gadawyvita
samamulo kinowarmoebis stimulireba. erovnul kinematografs òqros xana~ da-
udga. rusebs miecaT unikaluri saSualeba, rom Tavadve ekontrolebinaT sakuTa-
ri kinobazari. kinokompaniebma SekveTebi miiRes sxvadasxva saministrosagan. yve-
laze metad aqtiurobda aleksandr xanJonkovi, romelmac gamouSva `mefe, kanoni
da Tavisufleba~ (1914, reJ. piotr Cardinini) da `dideba _ Cven, sikvdili _
mtrebs~ (1914, reJ. evgeni baueri), gardinma gadaiRo `kazak kuzma kriuCkovis gmi-
roba~ (1914). win wamoiwies sxva kinomwarmoeblebmac. erT-erTi maTgani iyo iosif
ermolievis kompania, romelSic keTdeboda tipuri `sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis~
Semcveli kinosuraTebi.
popularobiT sargeblobdnen dokumenturi da saganmanaTleblo filmebi.
1500-mde gaizarda kinoTeatrebis ricxvi, Tumca kinosuraTebis naklebobis gamo
isini mZlavrad ver muSaobdnen, arada maTi mflobelebi mayureblis moTxovnile-
210
bis dasakmayofilebad kinomwarmoeblebisagan iTxovdnen meti produqciis miwo-
debas. aman didad Secvala kinos SemoqmedebiTi da saorganizacio potenciali.
Zvel kinokompaniebs axlebi daemata, maT Soris axleburi konkurencia gaCaRda,
ramac gamoiwvia firis maragis amowurva. daiwyo krizisi, firi gaZvirda, ris Se-
degad kinoTeatrebis bileTebis fasmac aiwia.
xelisuflebis mier marTul saqvelmoqmedo organizaciaSi, `skobelevis ko-
mitetSi~ Seiqmna samxedro-kinematografiuli ganyofileba, romelsac eqskluziu-
rad daevala kinoqronikebis gadaReba saomar moqmedebebze. masSi moRvaweobdnen
armiaSi gawveuli kinematografistebi.
evgeni bauerma pirvelma gamoiyena Tamami axlo xedebi, raTa ufro kargad
eCvenebina Tavisi personaJebis sulieri gancdebi. igi saavtoro kinos emxroboda
da miaCnda, rom kinematografSi msaxiobi meorexarisxovani figura iyo, Tumca
masTan muSaobas did dros uTmobda. misi SexedulebiT, msaxiobs, romelsac is
`menatures~ uwodebda, Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT kinoSi sxvagvarad unda eTamaSa.
baueri ar iviwyebda sivrceebsac, ris gamoc misi namuSevrebis Tvalwarmtaci pei-
zaJebi saocari sicocxlisunarianobiT gamoirCeoda. man gadamReb jgufSi Tavi-
seburi disciplina daamyara, muSaobda swrafad, ar aWianurebda gadaRebas, magram
xSirad imdens iRebda, rom mere gadaRebuli masalis 50-60%-s urnaSi gadauZaxeb-
da xolme. is akeTebda komediebs, dramebs da socialur melodramebs. baueris na-
muSevrebi: `munji mowmeebi~ (1914), `didi qalaqis pirmSo~ (1914), `sicocxle sikv-
dilSi~ (1914) warmoadgendnen am originaluri xelweris reJisoris saetapo ni-
muSebs, romlebSic uzadod warmoCnda misi devizi _ ùpirvelesad silamaze da
Semdeg simarTle~.
gardinis filmSi àna karenina~ (1914) epizoduri roli iTamaSa araprofesi-
onalma vera xolodnaiam, romelic kinoSi samuSaod materialurma gasaWirma mii-
yvana. gardins igi ar moewona, magram is SeamCnia bauerma da mTavari personaJis
gansaxierebisaTvis miiwvia kinosuraTSi _ `mozeime siyvarulis simRera~ (1915).
xolodnaiam SesaniSnavad iTamaSa da yvelaze mkacri kritikosebic ki moxibla.
filmi iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom demonstrirebisas, TiToeuli nawilis gas-
rulebis mere, xangrZlivi ovaciebi ismoda. axalbeda msaxiobs pirveli Tayvanis-
mcemlebi gamouCndnen.
rusuli kinodan TandaTanobiT idevneboda Teatraluri elementebi, inerge-
boda axali teqnikuri saSualebebi da izrdeboda kinosuraTebis saerTo mxatv-
ruli done. rusi kinematografistebi aqtiurad CaerTvnen kinos specifikuri
enis Seqmnis procesSi, aamaRles filmis gamomsaxvelobiTi kultura, mixvdnen, Tu
rogor emociur zegavlenas axdenda kadris kompozicia auditoriaze da a. S.
1915 wlisaTvis ruseTSi arsebobda 22 kinofabrika. TiToeul maTganSi mimdinare-
obda mZlavri muSaoba, ris Sedegad gaizarda warmoebuli kinosuraTebis raode-
noba. wamyvan kompaniebs `glorias~, `prodafilmisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT seriozuli
konkurentebi gamouCndnen.
imata ekranizaciebis ricxvmac. gamovida ramdenime aRsaniSnavi kinoadapta-
cia: òmi da mSvidoba~ (1915, reJ.: vladimir gardini da iakov protazanovi), `na-
taSa rostova~ (1915, reJ. piotr Cardinini) _ orive lev tolstois romanis, òmi
da mSvidoba~ mixedviT, àznaurTa bude~ (1915, reJ. vladimir gardini) ivan turge-
nevis nawarmoebis mixedviT da `vaniuSinis Svilebi~ (1915, reJ. iakov protazanovi)
sergei naidenovis piesis ekranizacia.
gardini gadavida vladimir vengerovis kompaniaSi, sadac ufro meti Semoqme-
debiTi Tavisufleba mieca. misi stili ucvleli darCa. igi kvlavac akeTebda ek-
211
ranizaciebs, romlebic saintereso montaJuri pasaJebiT gamoirCeodnen. gardinma
axal damqiravebels imiTac moawona Tavi, rom gamoavlina kargi organizatoru-
li niWi. manve wamoayena idea, Seqmniliyo specialuri saswavlebeli, romelic mo-
amzadebda momaval kinomsaxiobebs. aseTi novatoriT madlierma vengerovma gar-
dins morigi saqmiani winadadeba SesTavaza _ 1915 wels dafuZnda kinokompania
`vengerovisa da gardinis amxanagoba~.
Tavisi `kinovarskvlavebi~ rusebsac hyavdaT, oRond Tavdapirvelad maT uc-
xoelebs adarebdnen da ise moixseniebdnen: vera xolodnaias `CrdiloeTis ber-
tinis~ eZaxdnen, vladimir maksimovs _ `Cvens sileners~ da a. S., Tumca male amg-
var politikas Tavi daanebes da titrebSi daiwyes maTi gvar-saxelebis miTiTeba,
raTa ufro popularuli gaexadaT. kinokompaniebma daisaxes axali strategia _
yvelas unda hyoloda sakuTari `kinovarskvlavi~ da farTo reklama gaewia mis-
Tvis. kinokatalogebis garda gamodioda specializebuli Jurnalebi, romlebSic
ibeWdeboda statiebi da recenziebi filmebze, kinoreJisorisa da kinomsaxiobis
ostatobaze, zogadad kinos daniSnulebaze. xanJonkovi gamoscemda periodul
organos, `pegass~, sadac mayurebelTa gamoZaxilebsac uTmobda adgils da xanda-
xan calkeul kinoscenarebsac beWdavda.
zRaprul popularobas miaRwia xolodnaiam, romelic gasaocrad mokle va-
debSi gadaiqca yvelasaTvis sayvarel msaxiobad. quCaSi mis gamoCenas xalxi ta-
SiT xvdeboda. misTvis sagangebod iwereboda scenarebi, masze ambobdnen, rom is
ki ar TamaSobda, aramed cocxlobda ekraniT, kinoSi igi mSobliur stiqiaSi
grZnobda Tavs. masTan muSaobas Senatrodnen saukeTeso reJisorebi da kompanie-
bic xelsayrel pirobebs sTavazobdnen, raTa TavisTan gadaebirebinaT es niWieri
da lamazi qali. xolodnaias ekuTvis sityvebi: ùmjobesia, pirveli iyo kinema-
tografiul sofelSi, vidre meore Teatralur romSi~.
`maRali xelovnebis reJisoris~ reputacia daumkvidra iakov protazanovs
morigma namuSevarma, `pikis qali~ (1916), romelsac safuZvlad daedo aleksandr
puSkinis amave saxelwodebis moTxroba. filmi gakeTda ermolievis kinokompania-
Si, romelsac metad gavleniani sponsorebi hyavda. protazanovma, meTodurad rom
ebrZoda kinematografSi Teatralurobis gavlenas, mTavari yuradReba gaamaxvila
ganaTebaze, montaJze, kadris kompoziciaze, kostiumebsa da dekoraciebze, brwyin-
valed aaTamaSa msaxiobebi, kargad gaxsna maTi xasiaTebi. mTavari gmiri saucxo-
od ganasaxiera ivan mozJuxinma. filmis kinoekranebze gasvlamde gamoica sarek-
lamo-sainformacio bukleti, sadac ewera, rom kinosuraTi sityvasityviT mihyveba
literaturul pirvelwyaroso, magram, sinamdvileSi, reJisorma masSi gamoiyena pi-
otr Caikovskis imave operis motivebic. `pikis qali~ iqca movlenad maSindeli
ruseTis kulturul cxovrebaSi. Tavisi paTosiT is exmaureboda Tanamedroveo-
bas. marTalia, zogierT kritikoss es namuSevari ar moewona, magram, saerTo jam-
Si, presam igi didad Seaqo. originaluri stilis gamo protazanovis kinosura-
Tebi sxvebisagan aSkarad gamoirCeodnen. reJisors scenaristebad profesionali
dramaturgebi mihyavda, xolo msaxiobebTan ise gulmodgined muSaobda, rom meo-
rexarisxovani rolebis Semsruleblebsac ki sagangebod wvrTnida.
xanJonkovi Seecada, daeCrdila `pikis qalis~ warmateba. man evgeni bauers
daukveTa yvelasagan gansxvavebuli kinosuraTis gadaReba da Tanac Temis arCeva
masve miando. kinoreJisorma gadaiRo `sicocxle sicocxlisaTvis~ (1916), romel-
Sic mTavar rolSi gamoCnda xolodnaia, romelsac partniorobas uwevdnen _ li-
dia koreneva, ivan perestiani, vitold polonski. bauerma, rogorc kadris agebis
sworupovarma ostatma, didebulad gamoiyena paraleluri montaJi, wafenebi, kame-
212
ris moZraobebi win da ukan, axlo xedebi. kritikam filmi Sedevrad aRiara, Tum-
ca miuTiTa, rom mxatvrulobis mxriv `pikis qals~ mainc Camouvardebao. Jurna-
listebma bauers uwodes kinematografisti, romelmac kino xelovnebad gadaaq-
cia. aseTi qeba-didebiT frTaSesxmulma kinoxelovanma gaakeTa Semdegi filmi
`neli rainceva~ (1916), romelSic isev warmoaCina araCveulebrivi kinosareJisoro
azrovneba, faqizi montaJuri gadasvlebi da saerTo xedebis Seqmnisas uwvrilma-
nes detalebzec ki gaamaxvila yuradReba.
popularul kinomsaxiobebs ruseTSi èkranis mefeebsa~ da èkranis dedof-
lebs~ uwodebdnen da maTze aTasgvar Wors Txzavdnen. maT imxela avtoriteti
moipoves, rasac TeatrSi verafriT moaxerxebdnen. TiToeuli maTganis fotosu-
raTebiT aWrelebuli iyo sayofacxovrebo nivTebi: asanTis kolofebi, banqo, pa-
pirosis yuTebi, rveulebi da a. S. kinokompaniebi amayobdnen `kinovarskvlavebiT~,
rameTu isini gamoxatavdnen sazogadoebis socialur da sulier mdgomareobas.
xolodnaiasa da mozJuxinis garda mayureblis favorit msaxiobebad iTvlebod-
nen: natalia kovanko, zoia baranceviCi, natalia lisenko, osip runiCi da sxv. xo-
lodnaia kolegebTan erTad aqtiurad monawileobda omisadmi miZRvnil sxvada-
sxva saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebaSi. Segrovili Tanxebi maTive saxeliT igzavnebo-
da frontze.
1916 wels gamoica cnobari `mTeli kinematografia~, romelic kinematogra-
fistebis samagido wigni gaxda. iosif ermolievis ZalisxmeviT moisei aleinikov-
ma dawera naSromi _ `kinematografiis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo~, romelmac
maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. am wels rusebma gamouSves 500 mxatvruli filmi,
riTac seriozuli ganacxadi gaakeTes msoflio kinobazarze, romelic TandaTan
gaixsna maTi kinoproduqciisaTvis. amjerad rusuli kinosuraTebi daupirispird-
nen holivudis tradiciul `hefi ends~ imiT, rom maT umetesobas hqonda `naRv-
liani dasasruli~. aseTi namuSevrebi zogierT qveyanaSi Zalian moswondaT da
ìnteleqtualur nawarmoebebs~ eZaxdnen.
Zalian Zviri dajda vladimir kasianovis kinosuraTi `gandgomili iuliani~
(1917), romelic gakeTda italiuri istoriuli filmebis stilSi. moskovis max-
loblad aSenda antikuri qalaqis dekoraciebi, Tavi mouyares 3000 statists,
didZal gadasaReb teqnikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom muSaoba dagegmilze metxans
gagrZelda (marto gadaRebas Svidi Tve moundnen), `gandgomilma iulianma~ kino-
gaqiravebaSi amoiRo danaxarjebi, Tumca mis ekranebze gamoCenas kritika dumi-
liT Sexvda.
evgeni bauerma gadaiRo `momakvdavi gedi~ (1917), romelSic mTavar rolSi
aTamaSa didi Teatris balerina _ vera karali. reJisorma filmSi CarTo amave
saxelwodebis cnobili sabaleto speqtaklis dokumenturi fragmentebi, sadac
Tavad karali cekvavda mTavar partias. marTalia, am msaxiobs adrec iRebdnen
sxva kinosuraTebSi, magram is ver moergo kinos, radgan yvelgan zedmetad erTfe-
rovani iyo da arc ki cdilobda raime gamoesworebina am mxriv. mcire xanSi, ki-
noeqspediciaSi myofi baueri moulodnelad gardaicvala. rusulma kinom serio-
zuli danaklisi ganicada. morigi filmi _ ìnJiner praitis proeqti~, romelic
mas unda gadaeRo, andes mis mowafes _ lev kuleSovs, romelmac Rirseulad gaa-
rTva Tavi davalebas.
vera xolodnaias ucxouri kinokompaniebic epatiJebodnen, magram man ar da-
tova samSoblo, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar moswonda, roca iRebdnen TiTqmis uaz-
ro, sworxazovan da plakatur filmebSi, romlebsac araferi hqondaT saerTo
WeSmarit xelovnebasTan. am droisaTvis igi muSaobda dimitri xaritonovis ki-
213
nokompaniaSi, sadac SedarebiT didi honorari SesTavazes. xaritonovma odesaSi
aaSena kinostudia. iqve gadavida xolodnaiac da ramdenime kinosuraTSi iTamaSa.
ori wlis Semdeg es ubrwyinvalesi msaxiobi virusuli gripiT gardaicvala 25
wlis asakSi.
aleksandr xanJonkovisgan dimitri xaritonovTan wavida piotr Cardininic
da Tan ramdenime msaxiobic gaiyola. axal kinokompaniaSi gadaRebuli komerciu-
li filmebiT man didZali mogeba moitana.
1917 wels ruseTSi momxdari Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad mefe gadadga,
xolo axalma xelisuflebam gaauqma cenzura, daSala `skobelevis komiteti~ da
miznad daisaxa erovnuli kinematografis axlebur relsebze gadawyoba. kinomre-
wvelTa umravlesoba samxreTSi, ialtaSi gadabargda. am mzian mxareSi moawyo ki-
nostudia xanJonkovma da undoda is gadaeqcia àxal holivudad~. man italiur
`CinesTan~ daiwyo molaparakeba, romlis Tanaxmadac unda ganxorcielebuliyo
erToblivi namuSevrebi da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gacvla, magram qveyanaSi mimdi-
nare politikurma procesebma xeli SeuSala amis xorcSesxmas.
ermolievis kinokompaniam gamouSva filmi `mama sergi~ (1917, reJ. iakov pro-
tazanovi da aleksandr volkovi) lev tolstois romanis mixedviT. protazanovs
am ekranizaciis idea sami wliT adre mouvida, magram mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi
misi ekranze gadatana ukeTesi momavlisaTvis gadado. mTavari personaJi Cveuli
sidiadiT ganasaxiera ivan mozJuxinma, romelmac aCvena samsaxiobo gardasaxvis
SesaniSnavi magaliTi. kinosuraTis Semqmnelebma Cinebuli montaJiTa da kinokame-
ris araordinaluri moZraobebiT aCvenes kinematografiuli kritikuli realiz-
mis saintereso nimuSi. ermolievma es namuSevari gaitana safrangeTSi, sadac man
didi popularoba moipova.
1917 wlis oqtomberSi Zalaufleba xelT igdes bolSevikebma. pirvel xaneb-
Si verc maT moicales kinosaTvis. aseT situaciaSi ialta garkveuli drois gan-
mavlobaSi kidev maspinZlobda rusuli kinos elitas, magram mas Semdeg, rac iqa-
urobas miadgnen axali xelisuflebis saarmio formirebebi, kinematografistebis
umetesoba emigraciaSi wavida. drankovi, romelic ialtaSi Turquli kinobazri-
saTvis iRebda erotikul produqcias, TurqeTis gavliT aSS-Si gaiqca, xanJonkov-
ma germanias Seafara Tavi da a. S.
gavida dro da zogierTi kinoemigranti samSobloSi dabrunda. ramdenime
maTganma sabWoTa kinodawesebulebebSi ki daiwyo muSaoba da erTgulad emsaxu-
reboda profesiul saqmes. xanJonkovi erTxans `goskinos~ konsultanti, xolo
Semdeg _ `proletkinos~ warmoebis ufrosic iyo, magram roca filmis gadaReba
moindoma, ar misces amis ufleba da yofili kinomagnati literaturul moRvawe-
obaze gadaerTo.
214
sabWoTa kino
axali xelisuflebis mier kinowarmoebis mowesrigebisa da Semdgomi ganvi-

Tarebis mizniT 1917 wlis bolos petrogradSi ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariat-
Tan (saministro) arsebul skolisgareSe ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna kinos qveganyo-
fileba, 1918 wlis martSi ki moskovSi dafuZnda misi filiali, romelsac gadaeca
yofili `skobelevis komitetis~ sawarmoebi. qveynis sxvadasxva regionSic Camoya-
libda kinos qveganyofilebis filialebi, magram maT TiTqmis araferi gaaCndaT:
arc materialuri baza, arc specialistebi, arc firi da aparatura. ruseTSi mim-
dinareobda samoqalaqo omi, romelmac seriozuli daRi daasva cxovrebis yvela
sferos. sabWoTa kinos muSakebs uwevdaT spekulaciur fasebSi SeesyidaT an Ca-
moerTmiaT spekulantebisaTvis firi da ase gadaeRoT qronikebi, sadac aRbeWdav-
dnen omis peripetiebs, bolSevikTa liderebs, sxvadasxva RonisZiebas.
vladimir leninma da misma TanamebrZolebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mia-
qcies kinos, rogorc masebis ganaTlebisa da sakuTari Zalauflebis masobrivi
propagandis saukeTeso TvalsaCino saSualebas. 1918 wels moskovis filialma
moaxdina ramdenime kerZo kinosawarmos nacionalizacia, anu saxelmwifos daqvem-
debarebaSi gadatana, xolo petrogradSi 64 kinoTeatri da ori kinofabrika Ca-
moerTva kerZo seqtors. male es organizaciebi moskovisa da petrogradis kino-
komitetebad gadakeTdnen. maT daevalaT, gaekeTebinaT agitaciur-propagandistu-
li kinosuraTebi (àgitkebi~), romlebic, ZiriTadi daniSnulebis garda, iqnebod-
nen kulturul-aRmzrdelobiTi da saswavlo-eqsperimentuli xasiaTis namuSevre-
bic. imave xanebSi petrogradis kinokomitetis SenobaSi gadaiRes pirveli aseTi
mxatvruli filmi `gamkvriveba~ (1918, reJ. aleksandr panteleevi, nikolai paSkov-
ski da anatoli dolinovi). igi afiSirebas uwevda mSromelTa da inteligenciis
erTobas axal pirobebSi.
àgitkebis~ umetesoba warmoadgenda moklemetraJian kinosuraTebs, romelTa
Soris Warbobdnen qronikalur-dokumenturi nawarmoebebi. maT unda aexsnaT mo-
saxleobisaTvis sabWoTa wyobilebis aSkara da ucilobeli upiratesoba ro-
gorc carizmTan, ise sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, eCvenebinaT sabWoTa saxelmwi-
fos miznebi da amocanebi, pirveli miRwevebi, xibli da simZlavre. TiToeulSi
didi asoebiT iyo Casmuli revoluciuri lozungebic. am kinoproduqcias saagi-
tacio matareblebiTa da sagangebod aRWurvili kinodanadgarebiT daatarebdnen
bolSevikebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze da awyobdnen maT saxalxo de-
monstrirebas.
poetma vladimir maiakovskim 1918 wels jek landonis romanis _ `martin
ideni~ motivebis mixedviT dawera scenari, romelic safuZvlad daedo films
àra fulisaTvis dabadebuli~ (reJ. nikandr turkini). igi erT TveSi gadaiRes
kinofirma `neptunSi~ da misi premiera moawyves moskovis kinoTeatr `modernSi~.
maiakovskim TviTon ganasaxiera mTavari roli, rasac gulTbilad miesalma presa.
kinosuraTi yvelas moewona da is xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadioda sxvadasxva
qalaqis kinoekranebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom scenaristi ukmayofilo darCa reJi-
suriT, risTvisac sul sayvedurobda turkins.
maiakovskim da misma megobrebma gadaiRes filmi `qalbatoni da xuligani~
(1918, reJ.: maiakovski da evgeni slavinski), sadac axalgazrda poetma kvlav mTava-
ri gmiri iTamaSa. am namuSevarSi rusul revoluciamdel sinamdvileSi gadaita-
215
nes italieli mwerlis, edmondo de amiCisis moTxrobis, `muSaTa maswavlebeli
qali~ fabula. mis tragikul finalur epizodSi avtorebma mizanscena ise daa-
lages, rom momakvdav gmirTan aRmoCndnen rogorc misi Seyvarebuli, ise mRvdeli,
rac arafriT Seesabameboda sabWour ideologias, amitom kinosuraTis ekranebze
gasvlidan mcire xanSi sasuliero piris kadrebi amoWres. `neptunis~ mesveurebis
TxovniT maiakovskim dawera Semdegi scenari, romelSic undoda gadmoeca Semoq-
medi adamianis Sinagani samyaros dapirispireba arsebul realobasTan da amisa-
gan gamowveuli disharmonia. kinosuraTs daerqva `filmiT Seborkili~ (1918, reJ.
nikandr turkini). mTavari roli isev maiakovskim iTamaSa, Tumca arc am filmma
ivarga, ramac igi aRaSfoTa da garkveuli xniT Camoacila kinos.
axalgazrda respublikis kinematografistebi cdilobdnen, araferi gadmoe-
RoT Zveli rusuli kinodan da SeeqmnaT srulebiT axali, gansxvavebuli kinoxe-
lovneba, SemoeRoT Txrobis axleburi modeli. amis erT mimarTulebas warmoad-
genda firis mwvave uqonlobis gamo arsebuli kinosuraTebis, zogjer maTi nega-
tivebis gadamontaJeba da maTgan filmebis Seqmna.
1919 wlis 27 agvistos, ruseTis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa res-
publikis saxalxo komisarTa (ministrTa) sabWos dadgenilebiT, foto da kino-
warmoeba qveyanaSi gadavida ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis daqvemdebarebaSi.
rusul kinematografSi axali era daiwyo, oRond ramdenime kerZo kinokompania
oriode wlis ganmavlobaSi kvlav darCa damoukidebeli. seqtemberSi Seiqmna
sruliad ruseTis fotokinoganyofileba, romelsac mflobelobaSi gadaeca xan-
Jonkovis, ermolievisa da sxvaTa kinofabrikebi. imave wels dafuZnda saxelmwifo
kinoskola, sadac unda Camoyalibebuliyvnen ekranis momavali ostatebi. es iyo
msoflioSi pirveli specialuri kinosaswavlebeli, Tumca Tavdapirvelad masSi
mxolod kinomsaxiobebs wvrTnidnen. saswavleblis direqtorad vladimir gardi-
ni dainiSna.
kinoskolaSi lev kuleSovma safuZveli Cauyara saswavlo saxelosnos, ro-
melsac `kuleSovis koleqtivi~ ewoda. masSi Sediodnen aleksandra xoxlova,
vladimir fogeli, vsevolod pudovkini, boris barneti da sxv. isini akeTebdnen e.
w. ùfiro filmebs~ _ plastikur etiudebs, sadac amuSavebdnen kinosareJisoro
da kinosamsaxiobo xelovnebis novatorul xerxebs. kuleSovze didi gavlena
iqonia gardinis leqciebma, swored amitom gadawyvites man da misma Tanamoazre-
ebma aseTi eqsperimentebis dawyeba, rasac Tvlidnen axal esTetikur realobad.
maTi SexedulebiT, filmis romelime epizodis mniSvneloba mTlianad damokide-
buli iyo auditoriis interpretaciaze Txrobis mimarT, romelSic erTmaneTTa-
naa dakavSirebuli calkeuli kadrebi. kuleSovi amtkicebda, rom msaxiobis saxis
erTi da igive kadri Tu gamoCndeboda ekranze romelime kadris Semdeg, maSin ma-
yurebels aucileblad unda gamoecno personaJis fiqri, anu asociaciurad kadr-
Ta Tanmimdevrobas unda ganesazRvra da aexsna situacia. amisaTvis man gamoiyena
mozJuxinis axlo xedi sam sxvadasxva kadrTan, romlebzec aRbeWdili iyo wvnia-
niT savse maTlafa, gogona kuboSi da saTamaSoTi moTamaSe bavSvi. rodesac reJi-
sorma es aCvena sagangebod miwveul mayurebels, yvelam aRiara, rom ekranze dai-
naxa mozJuxinis sami sxvadasxva gamometyveleba: SimSilis grZnoba, axlobeli
adamianis daRupviT gancdili sevda da bavSvis TamaSiT gamowveuli aRtaceba.
auditoriisaTvis sensaciuri gamodga pirveli kadris azris aRsaqmelad Catare-
buli meore kadris zemoqmedebis efeqti. amiT lev kuleSovma miuTiTa, rom Sepi-
rispirebis meTodi safuZvlad udevs nanaxis gaazrebas adamianis SemecnebaSi. es
eqsperimenti kinos istoriaSi Sevida `kuleSovis efeqtis~ saxelwodebiT.
216
moisei aleinikovis kinokompania `rusSi~ gadaiRes kinosuraTi `polikuSka~
(1919, reJ. aleksandr sanini) lev tolstois amave saxelwodebis moTxrobis mixe-
dviT. filmis Semqmnelebis azriT, es nawarmoebi Tematurad zustad pasuxobda
axali repertuaris moTxovnilebebs da gaxdeboda Taviseburi xidi saekrano xe-
lovnebasa da stanislavskis meTods Soris. mTavar rolze aiyvanes Teatris msa-
xiobi, ivan moskvini, romelmac uzadod iTamaSa, magram radikalurad ganwyobil
kritikosebs mainc ar moewonaT igi da xazs usvamdnen, rom revoluciur roman-
tikas sxvanairi gmirebi sWirdebao. kinosuraTSi kamera saerTod ar moZraobda,
xolo sakmaod grZeli saerTo xedebi uRimRamod gamoiyureboda. roca is ekra-
nebze gavida, didxans verc ki gaZlo kinogaqiravebaSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg aleini-
kovma es namuSevari waiRo evropaSi, iqidan _ aSS-Si da orivegan triumfalur
warmatebas miaRwia. amis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobda, rom `polikuSka~ sulac
ar ganicdida evropuli an amerikuli kinos gavlenas, aramed iyo sufTa rusuli,
Tanac Zvelmoduri nawarmoebi. erTma germanelma Jurnalistma aRniSna, rom iseve,
rogorc yvelaferi, rac modis ruseTidan, es filmic uSualod adamianis sulie-
rebas gamoxatavso.
vladimir maiakovskis mowodeba imis Taobaze, rom `xelovneba Tavmoyrili
unda iyos ara muzeum-taZrebSi, aramed _ quCebSi, fabrikebSi, tramvaebSi, saxelos-
noebSi, muSaTa kvartlebSi~, aitaces sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma,
visac evaleboda kinoze kontroli da filmebs aCvenebdnen yvelgan, sadac ki
amis saSualeba arsebobda. xandaxan seansebi ewyoboda pirdapir quCebSi, moedneb-
sa da skverebSi, xolo kinoekranis funqcias asrulebda sacxovrebeli saxlis
kedeli. am seansebis umetesobas Seadgenda samoqalaqo omis frontebze mimdina-
re sabrZolo moqmedebebis amsaxveli qronikaluri kinosuraTebi, romelTa sayu-
reblad aTasobiT adamiani ikribeboda. xSirad Cveneba stiqiur mitingSi gadai-
zrdeboda.
kinoTeatrebi ukve uars acxadebdnen mdare, uSinaarso da mosawyeni kinosu-
raTebis demonstrirebaze. zogierT maTganSi filmis demonstraciis Semdeg imar-
Teboda leqcia kinos daniSnulebaze, mis rolze komunisturi ideologiis pro-
pagandaSi. axalgaxsnil muSaTa da jariskacTa klubebSic ewyoboda msgavsi Ro-
nisZiebebi, rasac xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis Cinovnikebic eswrebodnen.
rkinigzis sadgurebsa da sazogadoebis TavSeyris sxva adgilebSi Seqmnili saa-
gitacio punqtebi ZiriTad saqmianobasTan erTad atarebdnen kinoseansebs, rom-
lebzec mxolod àgitkebs~ uCvenebdnen.
1920 wels petrogradSi moewyo masobrivi Teatralizebuli sanaxaoba, rome-
lic asaxavda oqtombris revoluciis dReebSi zamTris sasaxlis aRebis epi-
zods. masSi 10000 adamiani monawileobda. es ìnscenirebuli qronika~ gadaiRo 13
reJisorisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda nikolai evreinovi.
`zamTris sasaxlis aReba~ (1920) sabWoTa kinos TvalsaCino nimuSi gaxda.
lev kuleSovma gadaiRo àgitka~ `wiTel frontze~ (1920), sadac erTmaneTs
Seuzava mxatvruli epizodebi da qronikaluri kadrebi. filmi aRwerda, Tu ro-
gor ebrZoda saxelisuflebo jari (wiTeli armia) mowinaaRmdeges. firis ukmari-
sobis gamo daibeWda kinosuraTis mxolod ori asli, romelTagan erTi gadaeca
dasavleTis mimarTulebis frontis politganyofilebas, raTa uSualod jariska-
cebisaTvis eCvenebinaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom mayurebels moewona filmi, xelisu-
flebam maleve akrZala, radgan CaTvala, rom gadaRebuli iyo amerikuli `mavneb-
luri~, `gaxrwnili~ montaJis gavleniT. sinamdvileSi, kuleSovma pirvelad sabWo-
Ta kinoSi gamoiyena popularuli vesternis stilistika.
217
sabWoTa ruseTSi warmoiqmna saTavgadasavlo kinos axali subJanri _ isto-
riul-revoluciuri filmi, romlis mizani iyo ekranebze warmoeCina gmiruli re-
voluciuri warsuli, axali idealebisaTvis Tavganwiruli, mamaci mebrZolebi,
dramatizmiT aRsavse movlenebi da am TematikisaTvis farTo epikuri xasiaTi mi-
eca. amis naTeli magaliTi gamodga vladimir gardinis srulmetraJiani kinosu-
raTi `namgali da uro~ (1921).
1921 wlis bolos, axali ekonomikuri politikis (`nepis~) pirobebidan gamom-
dinare, kinowarmoeba saxelmwifo momaragebidan kerZo seqtorSi gadaitanes. sa-
xelmwifos xelSi darCa Crdilo-dasavleTis saolqo fotokinosammarTvelo
(`sevzapkino~), warmatebiT rom ekonkurenteboda sxvebs da kinobazarze TandaTa-
nobiT rom ikavebda lideris pozicias.
1922 wlidan moixsna akrZalva ucxouri kinosuraTebis importze da kinoTe-
atrebi gaivso sazRvargareTuli filmebiT. maT kinobazris didi nawili Seavses
da erTgvari saswavlo-sarekomendacio daniSnuleba SeiZines im kinematografis-
tebisaTvis, romlebic kvlavac ganicdidnen Teatraluri xelovnebis gavlenas.
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda germanuli kinoproduqcia. xeli-
suflebam gadawyvita kinowarmoeba da kinogaqiraveba moeqcia erT monopoliaSi,
amitom 1922 wlis dekemberSi sruliad ruseTis fotokinoganyofileba gadakeTda
centralur saxelmwifo fotokinowarmoebad, romelsac SemoklebiT `goskino~
daerqva. igi isev ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis struqturul erTeulad
darCa. imave wlis miwuruls Seiqmna sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-
Siri, romelSic rsfsr-Tan erTad Sevidnen mefis ruseTis yofili guberniebi, sa-
dac im droisaTvis damyarda sabWoTa wyobileba.
`sevzapkinom~ gamouSva satiruli komedia `saswaulmoqmedi~ (1922, reJ. alek-
sandr panteleevi), romelsac didi Sefaseba misca Tavad leninma. am antireligi-
ur nawarmoebSi moTxrobili iyo uSiSari da cbieri jariskacis Tavgadasavali.
es filmi monaTles, rogorc pirveli warmatebuli sabWoTa kinokomedia.
rasakvirvelia, sabWoTa kinoSi muSaobdnen akademiuri kinematografis mim-
devrebic, romlebic adrec iRebdnen filmebs da axla maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo tradiciuli stilis Sexameba axal moTxovnilebebTan. vladimir gardinis
kinosuraTi àCrdili daZrwis evropaSi~ (1923) edgar pous moTxrobis, `wiTeli
sikvdilis niRbis~ mixedviT da aleksandr ivanovskis filmi `komedianti qali~
(1923) mizanmimarTulad gamoxatavdnen aRniSnul tendenciebs.
mokavSire respublikebSi daarsebul kinoorganizaciebSi aqtiuri da nayo-
fieri SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba mimdinareobda. am mxriv gabeduli nabiji gadadges
saqarTvelos kinematografistebma, romlebmac gadaiRes istoriul-revoluciuri
kinosuraTi `wiTeli eSmakunebi~ (1923, reJ. ivan perestiani). masSi gadmoica revo-
luciuri suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli axalgazrdobis brZola sabWoTa xelisu-
flebis mowinaaRmdegeebTan. presam films xotba-dideba Seasxa, sxvebs mouwoda,
rom swored aseTi namuSevrebi ekeTebinaT. gadamRebma koleqtivma mTavar roleb-
Si aTamaSa ara profesionali msaxiobebi, aramed cirkis akrobatebi da mokrive,
romlebic Tavbrudamxvev triukebs asrulebdnen da amiT aRfrTovanebaSi mohyav-
daT auditoria. `wiTeli eSmakunebi~ vesternebTan gasajibreblad Seiqmna da
Rirseulad daamtkica, rom maT arafriT Camouvardeboda.
1924 wels axalgazrda kinematografistTa jgufma, sergei eizenSteinisa da
lev kuleSovis meTaurobiT, moskovSi Camoayaliba `revoluciuri kinematogra-
fiis muSakTa asociacia~ da miznad daisaxa, ufro gaemyarebina ideologiuri
kontroli SemoqmedebiT procesze. organizaciis wevrebi iRebdnen filmebs da
218
TavisTan epatiJebodnen imaT, vinc Tvlida, rom kino warmoadgenda komunisturi
kulturisaTvis brZolis mZlavr iaraRs. asociacia yovelkvireulad ikribeboda,
msjelobda kinos inteleqtualur da sawarmoo sakiTxebze da atarebda leqci-
ebs.
sergei eizenSteinma, romelmac Teatraluri gamocdileba warmatebiT gadai-
tana kinoSi, gadaiRo kinosuraTi `gaficva~ (1924), romelSic mTavar personaJad
warmoaCina masebi, rogorc revoluciamdeli rusuli kinogmirebisa da Tanamed-
rove dasavluri kinos `varskvlavebis~ alternativa. masobrivi scenebis dadgma
man lev kuleSovisagan iswavla, xolo montaJis xelovnebas esfir SubTan daeuf-
la. eizenSteinis kinoesTetikis amosaval wertils warmoadgenda mgrZnobiare
moqmedeba, saucxoo montaJi da emociuri dinamika. `gaficva~ wlis bolos unda
gasuliyo ekranebze, magram reJisors cenzurasTan problemebi Seeqmna, amitom xe-
laxla gadaamontaJa da momavali wlis gazafxulze aCvena mayurebels. am films
eizenSteini miiCnevda `saprogramo namuSevrad~, sadac farTod gamoiyena e. w. àt-
raqcionebis montaJis~ ideebi, rac gamoixateboda ara dramaturgiulad winaswar
SemuSavebuli siuJetis mixedviT nawarmoebis agebaSi, aramed masSi calkeuli
emociuri epizodebis jaWvis awyobaSi. avtors undoda wina rigSi wamoewia gafi-
cvis, rogorc movlenis yovelmxrivoba _ mizezebi, sagaficvo brZolis taqtika
da strategia, misi Sedegebi, amitomac ar iyvnen filmSi tradiciuli mTavari moq-
medi pirebi. amgvari damokidebulebiT igi emxroboda sabWoTa kavSirSi damkvid-
rebul Sexedulebas, rom istorias qmnian masebi da ara pirovnebebi. kinosuraTi
ekranebze uxmaurod gavida. mayurebelma ver gaigo misi arsi, radgan sxvanair ki-
nos iyo miCveuli. samagierod, is moewona xelisuflebas da ideurad gamarTul
namuSevrad Seafasa.
leonid traubergisa da grigori kozincevis mier petrogradSi ramdenime
wliT adre Camoyalibebul èqscentrikuli msaxiobis fabrikaSi~ (`feqsi~), rome-
lic dgamda speqtaklebs, sadac mTavari yuradReba eqceoda msaxiobis garegnuli
gamomxatvelobis Ziebas e. w. `dabali~ Janrebis _ cirkis, estradis, pantomimisa
da sxvaTa fonze, gadawyda kinematografiul moRvaweobaze gadarTva, ris Sedega-
dac traubergma da kozincevma `sevzapkinos~ egidiT gadaiRes filmi òqtiabri-
nas Tavgadasavlebi~ (1924), romelSic gamoCnda àgitkis~, sabWoTa satiruli pre-
sis, franguli kinoavangardis montaJisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ritmisa da ameri-
kuli komiqsebis Taviseburebebis saintereso sinTezi. reJisorebma kinosuraTSi
aTamaSes `feqsis~ msaxiobebi, romlebmac Tavi ar dazoges da SesaniSnavad Seas-
rules eqscentrikuli triukebi. `feqsis~ jgufis wevrebi aRmerTebdnen Carli
Caplins da cdilobdnen yvelaferSi mis mibaZvas. am namuSevarSic TvalnaTliv
gamoCnda amis magaliTebi.
kuleSovs gamoeyo Tanxa da firi morigi kinoproeqtisaTvis `baton vestis
uCveulo Tavgadasavlebi bolSevikTa qveyanaSi~ (1924), romelSic piruTvnelad
gamoCnda misi meTodisa da Teoriis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. Tavdapirvelad
is Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc ormagi pamfleti: matyuara burJuaziuli presisa,
romelsac brmad endobodnen rigiTi amerikelebi da popularuli Janris – de-
teqtivis gaSarJeba, magram gadaRebisa da montaJis Sedegad moxda azrobrivi aq-
centebis gadanacvleba, gaqra satiruli intonacia da pamfletis nacvlad gamo-
vida uwyinari eqscentrikuli kinokomedia. kinosuraTis Semqmnelebma principu-
lad da daxvewilad gamoiyenes kinematografiuli gamomsaxvelobis specifikuri
saSualebebi, gulmodgined imuSaves msaxiobebTan da pirvelad moamzades sagul-
dagulod gaazrebul-gadamuSavebuli sareJisoro scenari, romelsac pedanturad
219
gahyvnen SemoqmedebiTi procesis mimdinareobisas. aman gamoiwvia filmis gacile-
biT mcire droSi, daTqmul vadaze adre, damTavreba da igi mniSvnelovnad ufro
iafi dajda sxva, aseTive sawarmoo masStabis kinonawarmoebebTan SedarebiT. lev
kuleSovi aSkarad daupirispirda maSindel kinofabrikebSi gamefebul kustaru-
lobas da kinowarmoebis organizebaSi profesionalizmis maRali done aCvena,
Tumca kritikam daiwuna filmi, radgan masSi bevri ram iyo pirobiTi da mas
`fantasmagoriuli namuSevari~ uwoda.
emigraciidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli iakov protazanovi aleqsei tols-
tois romanis mixedviT Seudga fantastikuri kinosuraTis, àelita~ (1924) gada-
Rebas. masSi Caido kubizmisa da eqspresionizmis elementebis naerTi da naTlad
etyoboda rusuli emigraciuli kinos stili. kinoreJisors undoda, gaekeTebina
iseTi filmi, romelic konkurencias gauwevda saukeTeso evropul da amerikul
produqcias. is unda yofiliyo sensaciuri da grandiozuli araordinaruli de-
koraciebiT, ucnauri siuJetiTa da mravali personaJiT, amitom mis sawarmoeblad
didi Tanxa gamoiyo. sareklamo kampania presaSi misi ekranebze gasvlidan naxeva-
ri wliT adre daiwyo. am pirveli sabWoTa didbiujetiani filmis premiera 1924
wlis seqtemberSi moewyo moskovis kinoTeatr àrsSi~ da kinoseansebi erT Tves
sruli anSlagiT gagrZelda. Semdeg àelita~ sxva qalaqebSic waiRes. mayure-
bels filmi Zalian moewona da iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac axaldabadebul gogo-
nebs misi mTavari gmiris sapativcemulod imave saxels arqmevdnen. samagierod,
civad ganewyo kinosuraTis mimarT sabWoTa kritika: misi warmomadgenlebi ambob-
dnen, rom is daSorda literaturul pirvelwyaros, rom avtorebma mSromelTa
interesebi saerTod ar gaiTvaliswines da gaakeTes Zvelmoduri kinosuraTi, ro-
melic yovelmxriv usargebloa revoluciuri kulturisaTvis. zogi kritikosi
imasac gaiZaxoda, rom damyarebuliyo mkacri saxelmwifoebrivi kontroli amgva-
ri saeWvo reputaciis mqone reJisorebis nawarmoebebze. mTavrobam jer uari
Tqva àelitas~ sazRvargareT gatanaze, magram mcire xanSi Secvala gadawyveti-
leba, Tumca filmma verc ucxoeTSi moipova popularoba, mxolod berlinis ki-
noauditoria Sexvda mas simpaTiiT.
XIX saukunis rus revolucionerebs _ organizacia `narodnaia volias~ meb-
rZolebs mieZRvna aleksandr ivanovskis istoriul-revoluciuri filmi `sasax-
le da cixesimagre~ (1924), romlisTvisac dekoraciebi gaakeTes gamoCenilma mxat-
vrebma da arqiteqtorebma, xolo operatoroba gaswia ivan frolovma, romelic
axali dabrunebuli iyo italiidan, sadac mdidari gamocdileba SeiZina. `sasax-
le da cixesimagre~ gamoirCeoda kargad dadgmuli masobrivi scenebiT, origina-
luri TxrobiT, metaforebisa da eqsperimentebis Tamami gamoyenebiT, revoluci-
uri Tematikis socialuri da ideologiuri gadamuSavebiT, saucxoo montaJiTa
da didebuli samsaxiobo ansambliT.
gamoikveTa dapirispireba eizenSteinsa da kuleSovs Soris. pirveli amtki-
cebda, rom kinos ara marto SeuZlia da unda gaataros konkretuli ideebi, ara-
med mayurebelic unda aiZulos, ifiqros maT mixedviT. aseTi pozicia gamosWvi-
vis misi ìnteleqtualuri kinematografis Teoriidanac~, amitom iyo eizenStei-
nis pirveli namuSevrebi politikuri agitaciis nimuSebi, romlebsac `socialur
SekveTebs~ uwodebdnen. amis sapirispirod kuleSovi saerTod ar iRebda muSebs,
glexebs, mefis droindel Jandarmebs, miaCnda, rom isini àrakinogenurebi~ iyvnen.
igi Janrul kinos emxroboda da miuTiTebda, rom kinos ostatebma kinosuraTebi
unda gadaiRon Zlier da lamaz adamianebze, Rrma grZnobebze, Soreul egzotikur
qveynebze. amis gamo kuleSovs xSirad formalistad moixseniebdnen da araerT
220
dabrkolebas uqmnidnen. aqedan daiwyo sabWoTa kinoSi am ori TviTmyofadi reJi-
soris SemoqmedebiTi paeqroba, warmoiqmna maT mier Camoyalibebuli ori mimarTu-
leba sakuTari gzebiTa da Teoriuli novaciebiT. dapirispireba gaRrmavda mas
Semdegac, rac lev kuleSovma gadaiRo saTavgadasavlo filmi `sikvdilis sxivi~
(1924) triukebiT, specefeqtebiTa da dinamikuri epizodebiT savse namuSevari, ro-
melic warmoadgenda samecniero kinofantastikis nawarmoebs.
leningradSi Camoyalibda `kinos eqsperimentuli saxelosno~ (`kemi~), ro-
melsac saTaveSi Caudgnen _ fridrix ermleri da eduard iogansoni. isini uar-
yofdnen stanislavskis meTods da misdevdnen vsevolod meierxoldis princi-
pebs, riTac msaxiobis profesionalizms maRla ayenebdnen mis sxva TvisebebTan
mimarTebaSi. ermlers miaCnda, rom sworedac msaxiobi da ara struqtura akeTebs
filmso. `kemis~ wevrebi `sevpazkinoSi~ iRebdnen kinosuraTebs da maTSi aCvenebd-
nen qalaqis dabali fenebis yofa-cxovrebas, yoveldRiur problemebs. zogierTi
aseTi namuSevari saswavlo-sagamanaTleblo kinosuraTebis (`kulturfilmebis~)
rangSi gadioda.
1924 wlis bolos Seiqmna saaqcio sazogadoeba `sovkino~, romelSic Sevida
yvela saxelmwifo kinoorganizacia. mas daevala kinowarmoebisa da filmebis ga-
vrcelebis sruli gakontroleba. aqciebidan Semosul Tanxebs mTavrobamac dau-
mata finansuri daxmareba da `sovkinos~ daavala, adgilobrivi kinobazridan gae-
Zevebina kerZo kapitali da meti filmi gadaeRo. TiToeul gadamReb jgufs mia-
magres administratori (mogvianebiT _ filmis direqtori), romelic adgenda
xarjTaRricxvas da axorcielebda zedamxedvelobiT funqciebs mavani filmis
xarjviT nawilze. saaqcio sazogadoebas xelisuflebasTan unda SeeTanxmebina
gamosaSvebi produqciis raodenoba, saxeobebi, ama Tu im proeqtze daniSnul ki-
noreJisorTa vinaoba da sxv. gamzadebul kinosuraTebs aucileblad unda gaev-
loT saxelmwifo cenzura da mxolod amis Semdeg gahqondaT isini kinogaqirave-
baSi. `sovkinos~ miznad dausaxes kinematografis popularizacia soflebSi, kine-
matografistebis materialuri waxaliseba da socialuri uzrunvelyofa. teqni-
kuri bazis gaumjobesebis mizniT safrangeTidan kinokamerebis, xolo germanii-
dan _ gasanaTebeli xelsawyoebi Seisyides. mcire xanSi sabWoTa kinos mesveu-
rebma SeZles revoluciamdeli kinoTeatrebis qselis sistemis xelaxali awyoba.
ruseTis imperiaSi momxdari, 1905 wlis revoluciis 20 wlisTavis aRsaniSna-
vad Seqmnilma komisiam daamtkica nina agajanovas kinoscenari `1905 weli~. agaja-
novasave rekomendaciiT reJisorad miiwvies eizenSteini, magram dadgenili, Zalze
SemWidroebuli vadebis gamo gadawyda, rom ara mTliani kinoscenari gadaeRoT,
aramed mxolod misi erTi nawili, romelSic aRwerili iyo javSnosan `potiom-
kinze~ momxdari amboxis ambavi. gadaReba daiwyo leningradSi, magram cudma amin-
dma xeli SeuSala reJisors. gadamRebi jgufi wavida samxreTSi, baqoSi, Tumca
iqauroba ar moewona, ris Sedegadac yvelani gaemgzavrnen odesaSi, swored iq, sa-
dac sinamdvileSi hqonda adgili momaval filmSi aRsawer movlenebs. reJisorma
qalaqidan navsadgurSi Camaval cnobil kibeze, romelzec mefis jaris nawilebma
dasajes is odeselebi, romlebmac solidaroba gamoucxades amboxebulebs, sxva-
dasxva rakursiT gadaiRo yvelaze gamorCeuli epizodi. kinosuraTze muSaoba 12
kviraSi gasrulda da wlis bolos moskovis 11 kinoTeatrma erTdroulad umas-
pinZla axal istoriul-revoluciur films _ `javSnosani `potiomkini~ (1925), ra-
Sic gadmoica udidesi emociuri Zala, uaRresad harmoniuli kompozicia, monumen-
turi masobrivi fragmentebi, metaforuli kinoenisa da uzado montaJis saSuale-
biT warmoCnda STamagonebeli moqmedeba.
221
eizenSteini ambobda, rom `javSnosani `potiomkini~ moqmedebs, rogorc drama,
magram agebulia, rogorc qronikao. filmiT man daamtkica, rom xelovans SeuZlia
Tavisuflad daeuflos sivrcesac, moZraobasac da drosac. dokumentur rea-
lizmamde ayvanil am namuSevarSi farTod gamoCnda reJisoris niWi, mxatvruli
damajerebloba, politikuri propagandis SesaSuri unari. samwuxarod, sabWoTa
mayurebelma ver miago mas saTanado pativi, rameTu amerikuli saTavgadasavlo
filmebi ufro moswonda, amitom `javSnosanma `potiomkinma~ male meorexarisxo-
van kinoTeatrebSi gadainacvla.
xelisuflebam eizenSteinis filmi sazRvargareT gaitana, raTa sarfianad
gaeyida. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi igi an akrZales, raTa misi SemarTe-
ba adgilobriv mosaxleobas ar gadasdeboda, an Taviseburad gadaakeTes da daa-
maxinjes, man sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze
igi oqros medliT dajildovda, germaniaSi Tavdapirvelad ki aikrZala misi Cve-
neba, magram xalxis moTxovniT male isev gauSves ekranebze, holandiaSi kinosu-
raTis naxvis Semdeg ajanydnen erT-erTi gemis mezRvaurebi da a. S. dasavleT ev-
ropis kinematografistTa wreebSi kamaTi mimdinareobda am nawarmoebis irgvliv.
sergei eizenSteini da `javSnosani `potiomkini~ maTTvis gaxdnen aRmoCena, ro-
melmac maRla aswia sabWoTa kinos prestiJi da saocari esTetikuri gavlena
iqonia msoflio kinematografze.
1925 wels `kuleSovis koleqtivi~ daiSala. misi warmomadgenlebi damouki-
deblad Seudgnen kinosuraTebis gadaRebas. vsevolod pudovkinma nikolai Spiko-
vskisTan erTad gaakeTa eqscentrikuli kinokomedia `saWadrako cieb-cxeleba~
(1925), sadac warmatebiT gamoiyena kuleSovTan naswavli montaJis meTodi.
iakov protazanovis morigi namuSevrebi rogorc iqna moiwona kritikam. pir-
veli maTgani iyo satiruli komedia `torJkeli gamomWreli~ (1925), sadac saoca-
ri samsaxiobo ostatoba gamoavlines: anatoli ktorovma, igor ilinskim, vera ma-
reckaiam da olga Jiznevam, xolo meore _ `misi mowodeba~ (1925) mieZRvna deteq-
tiur Temas da aCvena, Tu rogori TavdadebiT ebrZodnen sabWoTa patriotebi maT
qveyanaSi ucxoeTidan Segzavnil agentebs.
sabWoTa kinoSi mimdinareobda didi polemika scenaris daniSnulebis Sesa-
xeb. erT mxares idgnen Ziga vertovi, romelic amtkicebda, rom mxatvruli filmi
saerTod araa saWiro da mwerali osip briki, romlis azriT, kinoscenari mas
Semdeg unda daeweraT, roca filmi ukve gadaRebuli iqneboda. maT sawinaaRmde-
god gamodiodnen kinomcodne ipolit sokolovi da misi mimdevrebi, romlebic
aRiarebdnen mxolod iseT scenars, sadac TiToeuli kadri winaswar gaiTvlebo-
da, dainomreboda da gaanalizdeboda. isini iziarebdnen Tomas insisa da sxva
cnobili kinematografistebis gamocdilebas. amgvar fonze gamoikveTa kidev er-
Ti dapirispireba tradicionalistebsa da novatorebs Soris, ramac presis fur-
clebidan muSaTa klubebsa da sxva organizaciebSic pova gagrZeleba.
SemoqmedebiT wiaRsvlebs Tan axlda Janrobrivi mravalferovnebis Zieba.
cirksa da vodevilSi damkvidrebuli eqscentrikuli meTodebi gamoiyena sxvada-
sxva reJisorma sxvadasxva filmSi, kinokomediis morigi saintereso nimuSi `pro-
cesi sam milionze~ (1926) gaakeTa iakov protazanovma da a. S.
sabWoTa kinos muSakebi klasikuri literaturis ekranizaciebsac iRebdnen,
Tumca maTi umetesoba ver akmayofilebda auditoriis gemovnebas zedmeti impro-
vizebulobis gamo. amis magaliTebia: lev kuleSovis filmi `kanonis mixedviT~
(1926) jek landonis moTxrobis, `moulodneli~ kinoadaptacia, romelmac ar ivar-
ga, da grigori kozincevisa da leonid traubergis kinosuraTi `Sineli~ (1926),
222
romelsac safuZvlad daedo nikolai gogolis nawarmoebi. am groteskul-ironi-
ul films, sadac mwerlis maneras reJisorebma gauries sinamdvilisa da fanta-
ziis nazavi, mcire warmateba ki hqonda, magram kritikam maT formalistebi uwoda,
xolo Jurnali `kinofronti~ werda, rom filmis Semqmnelebma klasikuri siuJe-
ti ver gaaTanamedroves da verc socialurad gaiazreso.
yvelaze metad gaamarTla erTma ekranizaciam _ pudovkinis fsiqologiurma
dramam `deda~ (1926), maksim gorkis cnobili nawarmoebis mixedviT gakeTebulma
SesaniSnavma filmma. igi jer unda gadaeRo iuri JeliabuJskis, magram mTavari
rolis Semsruleblis Ziebas didi dro moandoma da kinosuraTisadmi interesic
dakarga. Semdeg reJisorad dainiSna pudovkini, romelmac erTob Sromatevadi sa-
muSao gaswia, gorkiseuli finaluri epizodi daZabulobis mizniT Seecvala da
Seqmna dauviwyari filmi, sadac erTmaneTs gadaejaWva Txrobis ubraloeba, rea-
listuri suli, Ria emociuroba, poeturi montaJi da rusuli Teatris saukeTeso
tradiciebi. mTavari gmirebi ganasaxieres vera baranovskaiam da nikolai bata-
lovma. reJisorma ara marto maTTan, aramed meorexarisxovani rolebis Semsru-
leblebTanac warmatebiT imuSava. `deda~ kinoekranebze gasvlisTanave moinaTla
`javSnosani `potiomkinis~ antipodad da mis ZiriTad konkurentad. man mniSvne-
lovani popularoba moipova sazRvargareTac. frangi kritikosi, leon musinaki
miuTiTebda, rom eizenSteinis kinosuraTebs aRviqvam, rogorc Zaxils, xolo pu-
dovkinisas _ rogorc simReraso. sabWoTa kritikosma da kinodramaturgma, viq-
tor Sklovskim, romelic werda, rom uxmo kinoSi arsebobda ori koncefcia: poe-
turi kino, sadac teqnikur-formaluri momentebi sWarbobda azrobrivs da pro-
zauli kino, sadac siuJetis safuZvels swored azrobrivi momentebi warmoadgen-
dnen, pudovkinis namuSevars `kentavri~ uwoda, radgan CaTvala, rom man araTanmim-
devrulad isargebla poeturi kinos saSualebebiT da bevri ram dauTmo proza-
uls.
oqtombris revoluciis aTi wlisTavs mieZRvna filmi òqtomberi~ (1927, reJ.
sergei eizenSteini da grigori aleksandrovi). reJisorebma gamoiyenes Zveli ki-
noqronikebi, gadaiRes revoluciis monawileebi da is adgilebi, sadac realurad
mimdinareobda aRniSnuli movlenebi. òqtombris~ udavod Rirssaxsovari epizo-
di gamodga zamTris sasaxlis aRebis scena. oficialurma cenzuram gadamReb
jgufs amoaWrevina kadrebi, romlebSic aRbeWdili iyvnen iseTi gamoCenili moR-
vaweebi, visac ukve aRar swyalobda sabWoTa saxelmwifos maSindeli meTauri _
iosif stalini. kinosuraTs farTo reklama gauwies, sabWoTa kinoekranebis Sem-
deg igi gauSves amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, did britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi,
Tumca mowoneba ver daimsaxura.
imxanad gakeTda ramdenime niSandoblivi kinosuraTi, drouli da saWiro
roli rom iTamaSes. maTgan aRsaniSnavia vsevolod pudovkinisa da mixail do-
leris filmi `sankt-peterburgis aRsasruli~ (1927). igi istoriul-revoluciur
Janrs ganekuTvneboda da gadawyvetili iyo lirikuli epopeis stilSi.
eizenSteinis, pudovkinisa da sxva sabWoTa kinematografistebis, sakavSiro
presis aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia aleksandr dovJenkos namuSevarma `zvenigora~
(1927), vinaidan masSi poetur kinos STambeWdav elementebTan erTad warmoCnda
uzado montaJuri teqnika. dovJenkos èkranis ukraineli poeti~ Searqves.
1928 wels stalinma moiTxova, rom xelisuflebas ufro meti zedamxedvelo-
ba gaewia kinematografisaTvis. epoqis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, kinos muSake-
bis winaSe daisva axali amocanebi mosaxleobis socialisturi TviTSegnebis ama-
RlebisaTvis, produqciis mxatvruli da ideologiuri xarisxis gaumjobesebisa
223
da kinowarmoebisa da gaqiravebis mizanmimarTulad dagegmvisaTvis. warmatebiT
saqmianobdnen mokavSire respublikebis (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, belorusia, ukraina
da sxv.) kinostudiebi, sadac Seiqmna axleburi stilistikis filmebi: nikoloz
Sengelaias èliso~ (1928), iuri tariCis `Sinaurebi da ucxoebi~ (1928) da a. S.
monRoleTSi gadaiRo pudovkinma kinosuraTi `Cingiz xanis STamomavali~
(1928), romlis amaRelvebel siuJetSi Tavi mouyara unikalur egzotikur-eTnogra-
fiul masalas, uCveulo dinamikas, ritms, poeturi metaforebis ena SeaerTa uCveu-
lo gamomsaxvelobis kinoportretebs. films didi warmateba mohyva.
sergei eizenSteinisa da grigori aleksandrovis kinosuraTi, `Zveli da axa-
li~ (1929) mayurebels mouTxrobda Tanamedrove rusuli soflis problemebze.
fridrix ermlerma gadaiRo ìmperiis namsxvrevi~ (1929), romelSic heroikul-ro-
mantikuli stili Seazava socialur paTosTan, xolo traubergma da kozincevma
filmSi àxali babiloni~ (1929) gamoiyenes eizenSteiniseuli montaJi. 1929 wels
Camoyalibda kinematografiisa da fotografiis saqmeTa sakavSiro komiteti, ro-
melsac gadaeca sabWoTa kinoxelovnebis marTvis sadaveebi.
dovJenkom isev aalaparaka specialistebi, roca ekranebze gauSves misi fil-
mebi: àrsenali~ (1929) da `miwa~ (1930). pirveli asaxavda ukrainaSi mimdinare sa-
moqalaqo oms, misgan gamowveul socialur diferenciacias, meore ki iyo soflis
cxovrebaze agebuli tragikuli kinopoema, sadac bunebis ukvdavebis Temam ukana
rigSi gadaswia klasobrivi dapirispirebis Cvenebis Tavdapirveli Canafiqri. ko-
mediis JanrSi gaakeTa protazanovma erT-erTi saukeTeso kinosuraTi `wminda
iorgenis dResaswauli~ (1930), sadac kvlavac gamoCnda ktorov-ilinskis brwyin-
vale dueti.
sabWoTa kino oficialuri ideologiis erTguli gamtarebeli gaxda. aman
didad ganapiroba misi specifikuri ekranuli kulturis formireba, kinosuraTe-
bis maRali rentabeloba da mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis done. 20-iani wlebis
sabWoTa kavSirSi kinematografma miaRwia iseT ekonomikur efeqturobas, ramac
momdevno periodSi igi ganviTarebis axal safexurze aiyvana.
224
iaponuri kino
1896 wlis 25 noembers qalaq kobes sazRvao klubSi moewyo edisonis `kine-
toskopis~ demonstrireba, ramac didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia. es aparati gamocxadda
uiSviaTes ucxour gamogonebad. imave wlis dasawyisSi ogiust lumierma parizSi
`sinematografi~ aCvena Tavis Tanakursels, iaponel kacutaro inabatas, romelmac
momaval wels lumierebisagan SeiZina ori aparati, dabrunda samSobloSi frangi
kinomeqanikosis, fransua-konstant Jirelis TanxlebiT da jer kobeSi, Semdeg ki
osakaSi moawyo `moZravi fotografiebis~ gamofena. maT paralelurad moRvaweo-
bda saburo arai, romelmac aSS-Si SeiZina ori `vaitaskopi~ da filmebi 3000 do-
larad, iaponiaSi Caiyvana kinooperatori, deniel grim krausi da 1897 wlis Te-
bervalSi, `sinematografis~ Cvenebamde erTi kviriT adre, osakaSi waradgina kino-
programa. araisa da inabatas Soris mZafri konkurencia gaCaRda. martis dasaw-
yisSi araim tokioSi waiRo aparati da didi reklama gauwia. ori dRis mere iq
`sinematografi~ Caitana inabatas megobarma _ einoske iokotam da erT TeatrSi
aCvena. konkurencia tokioSic gagrZelda. iokotasagan gansxvavebiT arais surda,
rom misi kinosuraTebisaTvis mxolod elitas eyurebina. am mizniT man `kabukis~
TeatrSi moawyo sagangebo Cvenebebi, romelTaganac erT-erTs daeswro iaponiis
memkvidre princi. amis Semdeg araim miatova kinobiznesi da sadazRvevo biznesSi
gadavida. tokioSi ucxoeli demonstratorebic awyobdnen kinoseansebs.
sazRvargareTul kinokamerebs iyenebdnen pirveli iaponeli operatorebi:
Siro asano, cunekiCi Sibata da kanZo Sirai, romlebic iRebdnen dokumentur epi-
zodebs: quCis scenebsa da `geiSebis~ cekvebs. kinobazarze franguli da ameriku-
li kinoproduqciis gverdiT, gaCnda patara iaponuri mxatvruli filmebic. praq-
tikaSi Sevida erToblivi kinoprogramebi, mag., amerikuli filmebis repertuars
daamatebdnen erT iaponur films da ise uSvebdnen droebiT daqiravebul maRa-
ziebSi, darbazebSi, TeatrebSi. lumierebis kinoaparatiT einoske iokota mogzau-
robda qveyanaSi da saxeldaxelod gaSlida karavs, sadac marTavda kinoseansebs.
erT-erTi fotomaRaziis yofili inJineri cunekiCi Sibata kinooperatoro-
bas da dokumentur kinos ar dasjerda da mxatvruli filmebis warmoeba daiwyo.
1899 wels man gadaiRo ramdenime RirsSesaniSnavi kinosuraTi. maTgan gamorCeuli
iyo: `nekerCxlis alisferi foTlebis damTvalierebeli~, sami epizodisagan rom
Sedgeboda da pirvel primitiul TxrobiT films warmoadgenda, `moswavle biWu-
nas mier melniT Sesrulebuli naxati~ da òri kaci dojos cixesimagreSi~, rom-
lis firi Sibatam xeliT gaaferadebina `laterna majikebisa~ da maTi slaidebis
damamzadebel firma ìoSiZavaSi~, romelic axlo momavalSi gadaiqca wamyvan ki-
nokompaniad. aRsaniSnavia, rom, roca es ukanaskneli kinosuraTi didi zar-zeimiT
aCvenes mayurebels TeatrSi, misma sponsorma ekranis win sagangebod gaakeTebina
xeobis maketi, sadac iyo mcire zomis wyalsatevi da sio qroda ventilatoris
saSualebiT. amiT mas undoda, meti bunebriobisaTvis mieRwia da mayurebelze wa-
ruSleli STabeWdileba daetovebina.
amave reJisorma kinoSi saTamaSod miiwvia Teatraluri msaxiobebi: danjuro
iCikava da kikugoro onoe, radgan miaCnda, rom isini ukeT ganasaxierebdnen ama
Tu im rols, vidre quCidan ayvanili araprofesionalebi. am garemoebam warmoSva
axali mimarTuleba iaponur kinoSi _ adgilobrivi kinematografistebi firze
aRbeWdavdnen tradiciuli Teatrebis _ `kabukisa~ da `nos~ calkeul scenebs. ia-
225
ponurma Teatralurma xelovnebam sagrZnobi gavlena iqonia kinematografze.
msoflioSi ar moiZebneba sxva qveyana, sadac Teatrma ase daiqvemdebara axalaR-
mocenebuli kino. iseve, rogorc TeatrSi, kinoSic qalebis rolebs mxolod mama-
kacebi (ònagata~) asrulebdnen. iaponelebs miaCndaT, rom qalurobas swored sa-
gangebod SerCeuli mamakaci msaxiobebi ufro aRwevdnen. farTod gamoiyeneboda
Teatraluri dekoraciebi da kostiumebi, gadaReba warmoebda mxolod erTi ra-
kursidan, TiToeuli filmi iyo ama Tu im Teatraluri warmodgenis calkeuli
epizodi, radgan iaponiaSic da sxvaganac maSin mTlianad ar akeTebdnen piesebis
an literaturuli nawarmoebebis ekranizaciebs. es epizodebi kinoreJisorebs
ucvlelad gadahqondaT firze, oRond iRebdnen ara Teatris SenobaSi, aramed na-
turaze, romelime bunebrivi dekoraciis fonze. Tumca garkveuli periodis Sem-
deg Teatraluri esTetika da atributika TandaTanobiT amoiricxa erovnuli ki-
nematografis arsenalidan.
Sibatam Tavisi filmebis komentatorad gaamwesa erT-erTi sareklamo saa-
gentos TanamSromeli _ koio komada. warmoiqmna axali profesia _ `benSi~, anu
adamiani, romelic ijda ekranTan, mayurebels uxsnida saproeqcio aparatis funq-
ciebs, filmSi mimdinare moqmedebas da sakuTar komentarebsac urTavda. mWevrme-
tyvelebis umaRlesi doniTa da uzado samsaxiobo ostatobiT komadam male moi-
pova popularoba. is muSaobda rogorc mxatvrul, ise dokumentur filmebze. mas
eZaxdnen `gansakuTrebulad araCveulebriv koio komadas~ da afiSebze misi gva-
ris gamoCena nebismieri kinoprogramis udavo komerciuli warmatebis sawindari
iyo. komadaze imasac yvebodnen, rom erTxel, roca morig ucxour filmSi gamoCn-
da tuCebSi kocnis epizodi, cenzuris risxvisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT man ma-
yurebels auxsna, rom dasavleTis qveynebSi amgvari kocna igivea, rac iaponeleb-
Si misalmebao.
1900 wels CineTSi ifeTqa sayovelTao ajanyebam. ìoSiZavam~ Sibata da ki-
dev erTi kinooperatori gagzavna kontinentze. isini Tan axldnen iaponiis armi-
is nawilebs da iRebdnen qronikalur epizodebs iq mimdinare movlenebze. ase ga-
Cnda pirveli iaponuri kinoqronikebi.
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis mcire filmebs akeTebdnen axalSeqmnili kino-
firmebi: `koniSi, asanuma end qomfani~ da `curubuCi~, magram Semdeg maT daiwyes
kinomasalebisa da aparaturis gayidva. ìoSiZavas~ mflobeli, msxvili biznesmeni
_ keniCi kavaura, romelmac pirvelma moawyo `sinematografis~ seansi iokohamaSi,
iaponiaSi eweoda jer lumierebis, xolo Semdeg ki meliesis filmebis distribu-
cias. 1902 wels man sakuTari kompaniis filiali gaxsna londonSi, saidanac ev-
ropul-amerikul filmebs agzavnida samSobloSi.
1903 wels tokios erT samedicino klinikaSi gakeTda pirveli kinoTeatri,
rasac mokle xanSi sxvebic mihyva. kavauram safuZveli Cauyara iseT kinoprogra-
mebs, romlebic gaTvlili iyo erT kinoTeatrSi an raime daqiravebul SenobaSi
orTvian Cvenebebze. misi ìoSiZava~ imiTac aqtiurobda, rom iRebda patar-patara
filmebs axal ambebze, `geiSebis~ cekvebze, tradiciul iaponur Widaobaze _ su-
moze, samefo ojaxisa da aristokratiis cxovrebaze. axali kompania `komacu~
specializdeboda bunebis peizaJebisa da qalaqebis xedebis amsaxveli xedviTi
kinoproduqciis warmoebaze. misi STambeWdavi dokumenturi kinosuraTebi gansa-
kuTrebuli siyvaruliT sargeblobdnen provinciebSi.
rodesac 1904 wels daiwyo ruseT-iaponiis omi, operatorebi gaemgzavrnen
saomari moqmedebebis adgilebSi. maT Soris iyvnen gamocdili Sibata da koZabu-
ro fujivara, romlebmac britanel operatorebTan erTad gadaiRes samxedro-do-
226
kumenturi filmebi. kavauram imave wels aSS-Si, sent-luisis gamofenaze, warad-
gina Tavisi kompaniis filmebi aRniSnul omze da iaponiis yoveldRiur yofaze.
1905 wels kiotoSi daaarsda pirveli kinostudia. es iyo gansakuTrebuli
movlena, radgan iaponiaSi, rogorc wesi, filmebs pirdapir Ria cis qveS iRebdnen.
amis gamo warmoiqmna moTxovnileba kinostudiur aRWurvilobasa da aparatura-
ze, rac jer ucxoeTidan SehqondaT, mere ki Tavad iaponelebmac daiwyes maTi
warmoeba.
1906 wels SokiCi umeiam Camoayaliba kinokompania `m. pate~. man Sarl patesa-
gan miiRo amis nebarTva da mis mier warmoebuli ramdenime aTeuli filmic iyi-
da iaponiaSi gasavrceleblad. axali kompaniis saxelwodeba àmomavali mzis
qveyanaSi~ ucnaurad da ucxod JRerda.
kavauram kidev erTxel imogzaura aSS-Si. gamocdilebis gaziarebis mizniT
is ewvia edisonisa da lubinis kinokompaniebs da ukan dabrunebulma tokioSi
aaSena SuSis didi kinostudia, romelic mwyobrSi Cadga 1908 wlis ianvarSi, mag-
ram erTi wlis mere kavauram gayida ìoSiZava~ da gaecala kinobizness.
1908 wels ekranebze gamovida istoriuli filmi _ `brZola honojis taZar-
Tan~. es iyo SoZo makinos sareJisoro debiuti. organizatoruli niWiT dajil-
doebuli makino Teatrs flobda kiotoSi da kompania ìokotas~ dakveTiT daiw-
yo kinosuraTebis keTeba. man Taviseburi stili Camoayaliba _ gadaRebis pro-
cesSi dgeboda kinokameris gverdiT, kiTxulobda teqsts, ris mixedviT unda eTa-
maSaT msaxiobebs. misi pirveli kinosuraTebis xangrZlivoba 4-5 wuTs Seadgenda,
maTi warmoeba Zalian mcire Tanxa jdeboda da oriode dReSi mTavrdeboda.
erTxel, roca makino iRebda `kabukis~ Teatris msaxiobebs, TvalSi moxvda
erTi maTgani – macunoske onoe, romelic kinoSi waiyvana da aTamaSa filmSi
`gos TamaSis ostati tadanobu~ (1909). onoe mokle xanSi iqca pirvel iaponel
`kinovarskvlavad~. 1909 wlidan moyolebuli es mravlismetyveli Tvalebisa da
vaJkacuri iersaxis aqtiori arnaxuli popularobiT sargeblobda mayurebelSi.
mas gansakuTrebulad eTayvanebodnen bavSvebi. onoem axal simaRleze aiyvana ia-
ponuri kinos Janri istoriul Tematikaze _ jidaigeki (filmebi imperatorebze,
samuraebze, sisxlis aRebis tradiciaze da a. S.).
1909 wels tokioSi funqcionireba daiwyo kinokompania `fukuhodom~, romel-
mac sakuTari kinostudiac aaSena. dafuZnda pirveli iaponuri perioduli Jurna-
li kinoze _ `kacudo SaSinkai~. makino-onoes dueti warmatebiT TanamSromlob-
da. maTi jidaigekebi aSkarad gamoirCeoda sxva kompaniebis mier gadaRebuli ama-
ve Janris sxva filmebisagan. xandaxan maT Zlieri datvirTviT uwevdaT saqmiano-
ba, magaliTad, weliwadSi ramdenime aTeuli kinosuraTis gadaReba.
imdroindeli iaponuri kinoproduqcia moklemetraJiani filmebiT ganisazR-
vreboda da TviTmyofadobis miuxedavad, mainc etyoboda ucxouri, gansakuTrebiT
franguli kinos gavlena.
jidaigekis gverdiT arsebobda meore popularuli kinoJanri _ gendaigeki,
anu filmebi Tanamedroveobaze. maTSi gaerTianda socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri
dramebi, melodramebi, komediebi. jidaigekebs tradiciulad iRebdnen kiotoSi, ia-
poniis Zvel dedaqalaqSi, romelic Tavisi arqiteqturiTa da quCebiT zedgamoW-
rili iyo istoriuli dramebisaTvis, xolo gendaigekebs _ tokioSi. ìoSiZava~,
`kabukis~ Tematikisagan gansxvavebiT, akeTebda filmebs Tanamedrove piesebis mi-
xedviT, rasac Sinpa (àxali skola~) erqva. is Tamamad upirispirdeboda `kabuki-
sa~ da `nos~ moZvelebul, feodalur stilistikas da SedarebiT realuri, Tana-
medrove cxovrebis CvenebiT mWidrod mkvidrdeboda mayureblis SemecnebaSi.
227
kinoTeatrebis mSenebloba isev grZeldeboda, magram Zalian neli tempebiT,
ris gamoc maTi raodenoba aSkarad Camouvardeboda mowinave evropuli kinemato-
grafiuli qveynebisa da aSS-is kinoTeatrTa ricxvs. 1910 wels iokohamaSi gaix-
sna kinoTeatri _ ìokohama odeoni~, romelic eqskluziurad mxolod ucxour
filmebs aCvenebda, ramac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.
1912 wels adgilobrivi bazris monopolizaciis mizniT ìoSiZava~, `fukuho-
do~, `m. pate~ da ìokota~ gaerTiandnen trestSi _ `nikacu~. misi egidiT gaSenda
axali studia tokioSi, sadac gadaiRes araerTi Sinpa, xolo kiotoSi gamoiyenes
ìokotas~ Zveli studia, sadac akeTebdnen jidaigekebs. am gaerTianebis preziden-
tad dainiSna einoske iokota, romelic didxans flobda am Tanamdebobas.
`nikacus~ konkurenti gamouCnda _ `fukuhodos~ yofili TanamSromeli, kisa-
buro kobaiaSi gamoeyo trests da 1914 wels Seqmna kinokompania `tenkacu~, ro-
melsac hqonda kinostudiebi tokiosa da osakaSi, sadac tradiciuli Tematikisa
da Janrebis filmebTan erTad daiwyes axali Janris _ rensagekis, anu kinosa da
Teatraluri warmodgenebis kombinaciebis Semcveli filmebis warmoeba. mayure-
bels Zalze moswonda rensagekebi, radganac maTSi jer scenaze TamaSdeboda moq-
medeba, mere ekrani CamoeSveboda da morigi epizodi firze iyo aRbeWdili, Semdeg
ekrani zemoT aiwevda da kvlav scenas eTmoboda adgili da a. S. `tenkacu~ imi-
Tac gamoirCeoda, rom mis namuSevrebSi gamoCndnen qali msaxiobebi.
`nikacusa~ da `tenkacus~ garda iaponiaSi funqcionirebda kidev Svidi kom-
pania. `nikacu~ TveSi ToTxmet films uSvebda, `tenkacu~ _ TxuTmets. erTi Zveli
kinokompania `komacu~ isev Seudga filmwarmoebas tokios kinostudiaSi da Tve-
Si eqvs kinosuraTs akeTebda. tokioSi arsebuli ori sxva kompania iRebda mxo-
lod qronikalur produqcias, xolo osakaSi dafuZnebuli oTxi patara kinofir-
ma warmatebiT awarmoebda mxatvrul kinosuraTebs. saboloo jamSi, daucxrome-
li aqtiurobiTa da fexdafex midevnebuli konkurenciiT yvelam erTad xeli Se-
uSala `nikacus~ adgilobriv kinobazarze Tavisi hegemoniis damyarebaSi. uaxlo-
es periodSi cxrave organizaciam daiwyo seriozuli nabijebis gadadgma iaponi-
aSi sazRvargareTuli filmebis dominirebis winaaRmdeg.
iaponelebi iRebdnen ara marto erovnuli literaturis ekranizaciebs, ara-
med gadaswvdnen msoflio klasikur literaturasac, Tumca aseTi nimuSebis ki-
noversiebi cota iyo. am mxriv mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga maSin, rodesac 1914
wels `nikacuSi~ gadaiRes kinosuraTi `katiuSas simRera~ lev tolstois roma-
nis, àRdgomis~ mixedviT.
1916 wels dafuZnda Jurnali `kacudo no sekai~. masSi ibeWdeboda interviu-
ebi kinematografistebTan, ekranebze gamomavali filmebis anonsebi, kritikosebis
recenziebi da sxv.
1917 wels policiis erovnulma saagentom gamoaqveyna wesebi kinosaTvis.
maTSi Sedioda sxvadasxva norma, romlebic unda daecvaT rogorc kinomwarmoeb-
lebs, ise kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs. am ukanasknelebs daevala TavianT dawese-
bulebebSi kacisa da qalis adgilebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnac.
iaponelebma gaarRvies primitiuli kinos CarCoebi da dasavlur kinoze ai-
Res orientacia. isini zogierT komediaSi maqs linderis imitacias mimarTavdnen,
zogan _ `kistounis~ stils, mavani kinoreJisorisaTvis samagaliTo iyo italiu-
ri istoriuli dramebi, sxvisaTvis _ vesternebi. masao inoues films `kapitnis
qaliSvili~ (1917) etyoboda germanuli kinos gavlena. masSi warmoCnda sxva siax-
leebic, kerZod, axlo xedebi, rac imdroindel iaponur kinoSi ucxo iyo. amgvari
rakursebi inouem gamoiyena momdevno filmSic _ `Sxamiani balaxi~ (1917).
228
stereotipebis nawilobriv msxvrevaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes axalgazr-
da reJisorebma _ eiZo tanakam da tadaSi oguCim. daiwyo nabijebis gadadgma ki-
noSi qalebis misawvevad, rasac saTaveSi Caudga kinokritikosi _ norimasa kaeri-
iama, romelmac Tavisi moRvaweobiT iaponuri kinos reformatoris saxeli daimk-
vidra. igi gamoscemda Jurnals `kinema rekodo~, romelSic werda statiebs, xolo
1917 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi, sadac daafiqsira Tavisi pozicia, rasac erqva
`moZraoba sufTa kinodramisaTvis~, anu msaxiobi qalebis momzadeba da gadaReba,
axleburad gaazrebuli scenarebis damuSaveba, titrebis SemoReba filmebSi da a.
S. igi muSaobda `tenkacus~ saimporto ganyofilebaSi da male daarwmuna am ki-
nokompaniis xelmZRvaneloba, rom gamoeyenebinaT kinowarmoebis axali, msoflioSi
miRebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebi. kaeriiama male `tenkacus~ direqtori gax-
da. igi acxadebda, rom maTi mSobliuri kino, romelic, umTavresad, damokidebuli
iyo `benSize~, saswrafod gadarTuliyo amerikul da evropul kinostilistikaze,
sadac kinematografiuli gamomsaxveloba komentatorze ufro kargad gadmoscem-
da ama Tu im ambavs. misi azriT, aseTi radikaluri cvlilebebis Sedegad aRar
gaZneldeboda iaponuri kinoproduqciis gatana evropasa da aSS-Si, sadac mas sa-
erTod ar icnobdnen.
`nikacum~ ufleba misca oguCisa da tanakas, kaeriiamas principebze dayrd-
nobiT gaekeTebinaT ramdenime kinosuraTi, maT Soris iyo `cocxali leSi~ (1918,
reJ. e. tanaka) lev tolstois amave saxelwodebis nawarmoebis mixedviT, xolo
`tenkacum~ kaeriiamas gadaaRebina ori filmi: `cxovrebis simxurvale~ (1919) da
`lamazi mTis qalwuli~ (1919), Tumca meore maTganis warmoebisas problemebi Se-
uqmna, radgan cota fuli gamouyo, arc kinostudiaSi gadaRebis neba darTo da
kinoaparaturac mcire xniT dauTmo. kaeriiamam filmi mTlianad naturaze gadai-
Ro. ekranebze gamosuli namuSevari mayurebels moewona, kinokompaniis xelmZRva-
nelobas _ ara.
1919 wels ìaponuri kinos mamad~ aRiarebulma SoZo makinom gaxsna kinokom-
pania `mikado~ da mxatvruli filmebis paralelurad Seudga saganmanaTleblo
kinosuraTebis gadaRebas. maTze didi moTxovnileba gaCnda saswavlo dawesebu-
lebebSi, gansakuTrebiT dawyebiT skolebSi.
`benSebi~ isev rCebodnen mTavar figurebad kinoCvenebebisas, magram mere
nel-nela, zogierT namuSevarSi titrebi gamoCnda ekranze. gamorCeuli `benSi~,
yofili msaxiobi saburo somei ara marto filmis Sinaarss hyveboda da komenta-
rebs akeTebda, aramed xmebsac icvlida da amiT ise Sedioda rolebSi, rom xde-
boda ama Tu im kinosuraTis ganuyofeli nawili. man dasabami daudo axal pro-
fesias – `kovairos~ (gamxmovanebel msaxiobs). `benSebi~ uzomo popularobiT
sargeblobdnen, rodesac filmebis metraJi gaizarda, gaZnelda muSaoba, amitom
erT srulmetraJian films ori da xandaxan meti `benSi~ emsaxureboda. isini mo-
nologebsac da dialogebsac axmovanebdnen. iaponiaSi maTi ricxvi ramdenime
aTass aRemateboda. TiToeuli maTgani policiis prefeqturaSi iRebda samuSao
licenzias sagangebo Semowmebis Sedegad. ganaTlebis saministrom specialuri
kursebic ki Seqmna `benSebis~ mosamzadeblad. did kinoTeatrebSi ukravda orkes-
trebi, romlebSic iyo Sereuli klasikuri da iaponuri erovnuli instrumentebi.
maT mier Sesrulebuli musikaluri nawarmoebi aucileblad unda damTxveoda
ekranze gamavali filmis ganwyobas.
kaeriiamas novatorul meTodikas sxva kinokompaniebic mihyvnen da 20-iani
wlebis dasawyisisaTvis iaponuri kinos tradiciuli formebi ukve Zvelmodurad
iqca. es iyo Teatraluridan studiur stilze gardamavali periodi. iqmneboda
229
dasavluri modelis axali iaponuri kino. iseTi konservatoruli kompania, ro-
goric iyo `nikacu~, wavida am daTmobaze. kinokompania `komacum~, romelmac 1920
wels miierTa `tenkacu~, kaeriiamas misca saSualeba, kvlav gadaeRo axleburi xe-
dvis filmebi. amave kompaniam zog kinoreJisors Seuqmna pirobebi, raTa Caetare-
bina eqsperimentebi, ris Sedegadac iaponur kinobazarze gaCnda realisturi ki-
nosuraTebi.
mas Semdeg, rac axlo xedi myarad damkvidrda, ònagatas~ funqcia gaufe-
rulda. kinoekranze kargad Canda, rom ònagata~ mamakaci iyo, rac ar unda grimi
hqonoda wasmuli, amitom mayurebels aRar moswonda amgvari filmebi. aseTi pro-
duqciis avtorebis mware kritikas ar iSurebdnen presis furclebzec. kritiko-
sebi iwunebdnen rakursebs, aqilikebdnen msaxiobebis mimikas, ostatobas, produq-
ciis dabal mxatvrul dones, ukiJinebdnen kinokompaniebs, rom qalebi gadaeRoT
kinoSi da mouwodebdnen, rom ekeTebinaT mTliani ekranizaciebi an maTi mokle,
magram yvelasaTvis gasagebi versiebi.
axalma kinokompania `taikacum~ miznad daisaxa mxolod inteleqtualuri
filmebis keTeba da sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT ar daxarbeboda axalgamoCekili
`kinovarskvlavebiT~ gadaWedil uazro namuSevrebs. misma damaarsebelma _ rioZo
asanom iokohamaSi aaSena kinostudia da miiwvia holivudidan axaldabrunebuli
kisaburo kurihara, romelic aSS-Si Tomas insTan moRvaweobda msaxiobad. kuriha-
ras kinoreJisoroba andes da manac Tanamemamuleebs aswavla amerikuli kinowar-
moebis bevri niuansi, danerga siaxleebi rogorc gadaRebis teqnikaSi, ise Semoq-
medebiT sakiTxebSi. 1920 wels `taikacum~ gamouSva pirveli filmi `moyvarulTa
klubi~ (reJ. kisaburo kurihara), romelsac safuZvlad daedo erTi iaponuri li-
teraturuli nawarmoebi. samwuxarod, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, am kinokompaniam
Seqmna mxolod ramdenime ekranizacia da Semdeg Sewyvita funqcionireba.
20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daarsda kompania `SoCikuc~, romelmac aseve ame-
rikuli formulebi danerga kinowarmoebaSi. aq farTod iyenebdnen msaxiob qa-
lebs, romlebic amerikeli kolegebis mibaZviT TamaSobdnen da cdilobdnen, uf-
ro bunebrivi gaexadaT samsaxiobo ostatoba, mieaxloebinaT igi yoveldRiuro-
basTan. `SoCikum~ aaSena studia tokioSi da mrCevlebad holivudidan miiwvia ki-
nos gamocdili specialistebi, risTvisac mkvaxed akritikebdnen nacionalisturi
suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli adamianebi.
Teatraluri samyarodan `SoCikuSi~ mivida kaoru osanai, romelic damkvir-
veblis rangSi akontrolebda kinosuraTis `sulebi gzaze~ (1921, reJ. minoru mu-
rata) warmoebas. es filmi imiT gamoirCeoda, rom masSi, deivid grifiTis `Seu-
wynareblobis~ gavleniT, ramdenime, sxvadasxva ambavi iyo moTxrobili parale-
lur reJimSi da araordinalur, warmosaxviT samyaros aCvenebda.
1921 wels kompania `nikacuSi~ Seqmnes inteleqtualuri kinowarmoebis gan-
yofileba, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga eiZo tanaka. igi win aRudga kinos, rogorc
xelosnobas da Tamamad ilaSqrebda iseTi kolegebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic seri-
ulad akeTebdnen mdare xasiaTis kinoproduqcias. tanakam imave wels gadaiRo
sami axleburi stilis filmi, romelTa titrebi dawerili iyo or enaze – iapo-
nurad da inglisurad. maT uSvebdnen im kinoTeatrebSi, sadac adre aCvenebdnen
mxolod ucxour filmebs da maTi msvlelobisas, miuxedavad titrebis arsebobi-
sa, `benSebs~ mainc iyenebdnen. aRniSnuli kinosuraTebi, sadac kinomsaxiobi qale-
bic TamaSobdnen, seriozul konkurencias ver uwevdnen `SoCikus~ nawarmoebebs.
pirveli iaponeli `kinovarskvlavi~ qali _ sumiko kuriSima kinoSi gamoCn-
da 1921 wels, roca igi `SoCikuSi~ gadaiRo reJisorma, kuraiCi kotanim kinosura-
230
TSi `yayaCo~. kotani axali dabrunebuli iyo aSS-dan (iq mas henri kotanis eZax-
dnen), sadac daeufla kinooperatoris profesias. iaponur kinoSi man danerga
STambeWdavi kadrebis gadaRebis praqtika da holivuduri montaJis principebi.
SoZo makinom 1921 wels kidev erTi kinokompania daafuZna da akeTebda img-
var jidaigekebs, romlebic Zirfesvianad gansxvavdebodnen Zveli stilis filme-
bisagan. makino prodiuseris funqciebsac asrulebda, eZebda da poulobda niWier
kinoreJisorebs, msaxiobebs, scenaristebs.
sxva reJisorebisagan gansxvavebiT, tanaka brmad ar mihyveboda amerikuli ki-
nos tendenciebs. misi erT-erTi saukeTeso filmi iyo `kioias sayeloebis maRa-
zia~ (1922), romelSic naCvenebi erTi ojaxis dangreva simbolurad exmaureboda
Tavad Zveleburi iaponuri kinos rRvevis process. avtorma titrebSi gamoiyena
klasikuri poeziis – `haikus~, teqstebi. man maRazia pirdapir kinostudiis pavi-
lionSi aago, raTa msaxiobebis moZraobis mixedviT emoZravebina misi kedlebic.
kritikosebma Sedevrad aRiares tanakas morigi namuSevari _ `Tavis qalis cekva~
(1923), xolo sareJisoro xelwera erix fon Strohaimisas Seadares.
1923 wlis dasawyisSi gamovida filmi, romelmac dasabami daudo axal kino-
Janrs _ ioSinobu ikedam `SoCikuSi~ gadaiRo `menavis simRera~. misi mTavari per-
sonaJi mReroda popularul simReras, romlis teqsti da notebi Cndeboda ekran-
ze, xolo gverdiT idga momRerali qali, romelic cocxlad asrulebda am kom-
pozicias. Janrs daarqves `kouta eiga~ (`simReriani filmi~). ikedas kinosuraTi
iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom iaponelebi ojaxebiT dadiodnen mis sanaxavad da
darbazSi yvela erTxmad mReroda. aman warmoSva moTxovnileba amgvar produq-
ciaze, ris Sedegadac gadaiRes bevri, erTmaneTze ukeTesi namuSevari.
originaluri stilis kinoreJisorma, kensaku suZukimac gaiTqva saxeli im
oriode kinosuraTiT, romlebic 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gadaiRo. maTgan mniSv-
nelovania filmi àdamianuri tanjva~ (1923), raSic avtorma uaryo narativizmi da
warmoadgina pesimisturi ideologiis uCveulo formebi. filmis pirvelive kad-
rebidan irkveva, rom masSi mTavari gmirebi arian naZirlebi – quCis biWebi, meZave-
bi, damZorebuli moxuci da mawanwalebis jgufi. maTi cxovreba Sedarebulia
aristokratebis yofasTan. moqmedeba erT Rames mimdinareobs wvimisagan datbori-
li quCebis, gazis lampionebisa da usaxuri Senobebis fonze. suZukim ostaturad
CarTo axlo xedebi da sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli sadialogo titrebi, Tumca
mTavar kozirad CaiTvala araCveulebrivi montaJi, romlis msgavsi manamde iapo-
nur kinoSi aravis gamouyenebia.
1923 wels seqtemberSi momxdarma miwisZvram arnaxuli ziani miayena iaponias
da gansakuTrebiT _ mis dedaqalaqs, sadac daaxloebiT asi aTasi adamiani dai-
Rupa da uamravi Senoba, maT Soris kinostudiebi da kinoTeatrebi, daingra. mxo-
lod `nikacus~ studia gadaurCa katastrofas. daiwyo aRmSeneblobis xana, rac
erovnul kinosac Seexo. amieridan iaponuri kinematografis istoriaSi gaCnda
axali zRvari – miwisZvramde da miwisZvris Semdeg, xmovani kinos Semosvlamde.
1924 wlidan axali klasikuri filmebi gadaiRo sxvadasxva kinokompaniam,
magram gadaReba tokioSi gaZnelda masobrivi aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis warmoebis
gamo. `nikacum~ daxura Tavisi kinostudia da gadavida kiotoSi, romelsac ìapo-
niis holivuds~ eZaxdnen, sadac daarRvia tradicia da jidaigekebTan erTad gen-
daigekebsac akeTebda. tokiodan kiotoSi gadavida `SoCikuc~, magram ver SeZlo
iqaur atmosferosTan Segueba da or TveSi ukanve gadabargda.
`nikacus~ reJisorma, minoru muratam, norimasa kaeriiamas skolis megobarma
da mis mier kinoSi miyvanilma xelovanma, saTanadod Seiswavla germanuli Teat-
231
ri da kino. morig filmSi, `mZRoli eikiCi~ (1924) man gamoiyena kinoeqspresioni-
stuli mxatvroba. am germanuli mxatvruli mimdinareobis gavlena etyoba mura-
tas kidev or films: òsumi da misi deda~ (1924) da ìluzionisti qalaqSi~
(1925), romlebiTac murata safrangeTsa da germanias ewvia da iqaur kolegebs aC-
vena. meore gamokveTilma reJisorma _ iutaka abem, romelic adre muSaobda los
anJelesSi, iaponur kinoSi miitana holivuduri stilis modernizmi. mas itacebda
ernst lubiCis macduri komediebi da Tavis kinosuraTebSi erotikul elementeb-
sac svamda. misi filmebi warmoadgendnen axleburi mimarTulebis melodramebs,
romlebic Zalian moswonda mayurebels. amasTanave, abem mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo
xeli gendaigekis klasikuri formebis fundamentalur Secvlas.
modernizmisaken gadaxra SeimCneoda `SoCikus~ produqciaSic. es kompania
Tavidanve eweoda amerikuli kinos meTodebis imitacias. misi prodiuserebi mou-
wodebdnen reJisorebs, gadaeRoT filmebi saSualo klasze, radgan swored es
klasi Seadgenda mayurebelTa umravlesobas. Tanac aseTi amerikuli filmebi
iyo popularuli iaponiaSi.
1925 wlidan gaCnda jidaigekis subJanri _ kengeki, romelSic mTeli yurad-
Reba iyo gadatanili iseT istoriul gmirebze, romlebic kargad flobdnen
xmals. saukeTeso kengekebs akeTebda SoZo makino, romelsac Teatridan mihyavda
gamorCeuli mofarikave msaxiobebi. yoveli filmis kulminacias warmoadgenda
daZabuli orTabrZola xmlebiT, rac Taviseburad exmaureboda vesterns. kenge-
kebsac hyavda Tavisi `kinovarskvlavebi~ _ denjiro okoCi da cumasaburo bando,
saucxoo msaxiobebi da sportsmenebi, romlebic usazRvro popularobiT sargeb-
lobdnen.
1925 wels bandom daaarsa sakuTari kompania `bancuma~, sadac gakeTda kino-
suraTi `gveli~ (reJ. buntaro futagava), romelic mogvianebiT iaponuri kinos
klasikad aRiares. es iyo istoriuli filmi amay da mzakvar samuraize. gadamRe-
bi jgufis wevrebisaTvis is niSnavda Rirsebis kinoproeqts, radganac maT arc
sakmarisi fuli gaaCndaT normaluri muSaobisaTvis, arc honorarebs moelodnen
da martooden udidesi survili hqondaT, daemkvidrebinaT adgili erovnul kino-
Si. cenzuram filmis 20% Seamcira, magram mas mainc bevri mayurebeli hyavda.
eqsperimentebi grZeldeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom reJisorTa didi nawili
mxolod erT JanrSi muSaobda, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic Janrobriv sinTezze
atarebdnen cdebs da amiT sruliad axlebur kinematografiul azrovnebas aCve-
nebdnen mayurebels an ukve tradiciul mimarTulebebSi akeTebdnen aqcentebs
sxvanair gamomsaxvelobiT formebze. kiCiro cujis filmi `micuhide jojoxeTSi
Cavarda~ (1926) warmoadgenda jidaigekis, komediis, reviusa da gendaigekis osta-
tur nazavs, xolo yofili ònagatas~, amjerad ki reJisoris, makinos namowafris,
teinoske kinugasas jidaigeki _ `sigiJis gverdi~ (1926) gamoirCeoda avangardis-
tuli stilistikiTa da msaxiobebis didebuli TamaSiT.
iaponuri `Zveli stilis~ kinematografis simbolo _ macunoske onoe 1926
wels gardaicvala. marTalia, presaSi bevrjer daiwera, rom am movlenasTan er-
Tad dasamardeba jidaigekebio, magram pesimistebis molodini ar gamarTlda. `ni-
kacu~ da sxva kompaniebi kvlavac iRebdnen jidaigekebs.
im epoqaSi badali ar hyavda reJisor daiske itos, radgan misi namuSevrebi
da stili yvelasagan gamorCeuli iyo. kameris uCveulo moZraobebiT, specifiku-
ri ritmuli montaJiTa da romantikuli sulis win wamoweviT itom saintereso
jidaigekebi Seqmna. isini aRwerdnen qalaqelebisa da glexebis Cagvras da maT
brZolas mmarTveli fenebis winaaRmdeg. zogierT maTganSi reJisorma CarTo gax-
232
maurebuli franguli da germanuli romanebis motivebi. misi samseriiani kinosu-
raTi `Cujis mogzaurobebis dRiuri~ (1927), romelSic mTavar gmirs asaxierebda
denjiro okoCi, didxans gadioda kinoekranebze da mayurebelTa sarekordo rao-
denobas uyrida Tavs.
iasujiro oZum `SoCikuSi~ jer operatorad, Semdeg reJisoris asistentad
imuSava da bolos, damdgmeli reJisori gaxda. pirvelive filmiT _ `monaniebis
maxvili~ (1927) is Seecada, daenerga gadaRebis axali stili, ubralo adamianebis
cxovrebis Seulamazebeli CvenebiT daemkvidrebina realisturi mimdinareoba.
1928 wels SoZo makinom gadaiRo kinosuraTi `CuSinguras matiane~, romelsac
didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. erTi wlis Semdeg igi gardaicvala. man datova Tavisi
gamozrdili kinematografistebis mTeli pleada, romelTagan erTi, misive vaJi _
masahiro makino iyo.
evropuli kinos gavlena igrZnoboda kinugasas ramdenime morig filmSi.
isini gadioda tokios im kinoTeatrebSi, sadac gansxvavebuli gemovnebis audito-
ria dadioda. niWieri reJisorebis inovaciebis Sedegad jidaigekebs axali suli
STaeberaT da maT seriozuli saxecvlileba ganicades.
1929 wels Seiqmna iaponuri proletaruli kinoxelovnebis kavSiri (`proki-
no~), romelic iRebda dokumentursa da mxatvrul filmebs. es namuSevrebi Zalze
moswondaT Raribi fenebis warmomadgenlebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mxatvru-
li done sakmaod dabali iyo. iaponiis qalaqebSi aRniSnuli produqciis seanse-
bis Semdeg imarTeboda mravalaTasiani demonstraciebi politikuri da socia-
luri moTxovnebiT. xelisufleba yvelanairi xerxiT ebrZoda `prokinos~ da
oriode weliwadSi miaRwia kidec sawadels _ kavSiri daiSala, misi wevrebi mi-
moifantnen, zogi maTgani aralegalur mdgomareobazec ki gadavida.
Seicvala gendaigekebis Tematikac. `nikacum~ gamouSva tomu uCidas namuSeva-
ri _ `cocxali Tojina~ (1929). es iyo gendaigeki kapitalisturi samyaros wina-
aRmdegobebsa da borotebaze, socialur usamarTlobasa da duxWir yofaze. am
kinosuraTma mayureblis cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia, amitom `nikacum~ gaagrZela
amgvari politika da uCidas kinoproeqts miayola kenji miZoguCis, tomotaka ta-
sakasa da sxvaTa saintereso filmebic, romlebsac TvalnaTliv etyoboda germa-
nuli da sabWoTa kinos realisturi formebis gavlena. aRniSnuli kinoproduq-
ciis warmatebam sxvebic daainteresa. kompania `teikinem~, romelic mxolod ga-
sarTob produqciaze iRebda aqcents, amave stilSi iRebda filmebs kinoreJisori
SigeioSi suZuki, romelic win wamoswevda rogorc socialur kritikas, ise vul-
garul elementebs. mis namuSevrebs didi komerciuli Semosavalic mohqondaT da
specialistebis qebasac imsaxurebdnen.
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi arsebuli sacenzuro ganyofileba aqtiurad
ereoda aseTi filmebis warmoebaSi. misi Cinovnikebi Wridnen kinosuraTebis im
nawilebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, angrevdnen zneobriv normebs. amasTanave, maT ar
moswondaT, roca ekranidan gadmoscemdnen srul simarTles da xandaxan mTlia-
nad krZalavdnen ama Tu im kinosuraTis gaSvebas. amgvar nawarmoebebs Cinovnike-
bi `tendenciurebs~ uwodebdnen da ideologiurad Seusabamod naTlavdnen. miu-
xedavad aseTi mkacri damokidebulebisa, `tendenciurma filmebma~ didi roli
iTamaSes sazogadoebis realuri saxis CvenebaSi da naTlad aCvenes sxvaoba or
wamyvan kinokompanias Soris _ Tu liberaluri `nikacu~ akeTebda msgavs pro-
duqcias, `SoCiku~ _ ara, radgan xelisuflebis erTguli rCeboda, magram mere,
sxvebis warmatebis Semxedvarem, mainc gadadga nabiji am mimarTebiT da gamouSva
iasujiro SimaZus filmi _ `cxovrebis xazi eibisi~ (1931), romelic Seicavda mu-
233
Sebis gaficvis epizodebs. `tendenciuri filmebi~ 1932 wlamde iyo popularuli,
ris Sedegadac cenzura ise gamZafrda, rom azri aRar hqonda maT gadaRebas. amis
sanacvlod imata propagandistulma kinom. 1932 wlidan `SoCikum~ da ramdenime
patara kompaniam wamoiwyes omis, militarizmisa da nacionalisturi ideologiis
mexotbe kinosuraTebis warmoeba.
30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan iaponiaSi gaCnda xmovani kino. kinoTeatrebSi
gavida `molaparake filmebi~, Tumca maT paralelurad, 1935 wlamde, uxmo fil-
mebic keTdeboda. Sesabamisad, arsebobda `benSis~ profesiac, magram xmovani kinos
mzardma popularobam `benSebisa~ da kinoTeatrebis orkestrebis wevrebis saer-
To ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, rasac mohyva maTi ramdenime gaficvac. amaSi monawi-
leobda legendaruli `benSi~ _ musei tokugava.
iaponias araviTari saerTaSoriso kinobazari ar gaaCnda. iaponuri kinosu-
raTebi mxolod adgilobriv kinoTeatrebSi gadioda. ZiriTad resursebs flob-
da xuTi wamyvani kinokompania. isini erTmaneTTan koordinirebulad moqmedebd-
nen, sakuTari kinobazari mowesrigebuli hqondaT da arc ainteresebda sxvagan
gasvla. iyo wlebi, rodesac iaponia ufro met films uSvebda, vidre _ holivudi.
marTalia, iaponur kinoekranebze ucxour filmebsac aCvenebdnen, magram audito-
ria mainc erovnul kinoproduqcias etaneboda. am periodisaTvis amerikul kino-
suraTebs iaponur kinobazarze ekavaT mxolod 11%-iani niSa, evropulebs ki _
ufro naklebi.
234
sxva qveynebis kino
edisonis, lumierebisa da sxvebis mier gamogonebulma kinoaparatebma msof-

lio moiares da bevr qveyanaSi Seqmnes adgilobrivi kinos Camoyalibebisa da
ganviTarebis winapirobebi.
fineTi XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis damdegs ruseTis Semadgen-
lobaSi Sedioda. helsinkiSi pirveli kinofilmebi (lumierebis produqcia) 1896
wlis 28 ivniss aCvenes, magram mxolod rva dRiT, radgan bileTis fasi Zviri iyo.
1897 wlis ianvridan fotografma _ karl emil stolberim iTava lumierebis ki-
nosuraTebis distribucia dedaqalaqSi. sxva qalaqebsa da dasaxlebul punqteb-
Si kinoprogramebs aCvenebda oskar aloneni. pirveli finuri kinokompania `pohi-
ola~ filmebs avrcelebda 1899 wlidan. 1901 wlis bolos kinoprogramebis de-
monstracia mimdinareobda kinoTeatr `kinematograf internaSionalSi~. amis Sem-
dgom kidev ori kinoTeatri gaixsna, magram samivem mxolod ramdenime kvira iar-
seba. 1904 wels stolberim helsinkiSi daafuZna axali kinodarbazi. imave wels
fineTSi daiwyes pirveli moklemetraJiani dokumenturi filmebis gadaReba.
1911 wlisaTvis dedaqalaqSi iyo 17, xolo fineTis danarCen teritoriaze _
81 kinoTeatri. 1921 wlisaTvis es Sefardeba gaizarda – 20-mde da 118-mde. pir-
veli finuri mxatvruli filmi àdamis vaSlebi~ (1907) gadaiRo Svedma luis spa-
rem. mas asistentobas uwevda teuvo puro, fineTis erovnuli Teatris msaxiobi,
romelmac erTi rolic Seasrula. filmi gamouSva stolberis kinokompania àpo-
lom~. momdevno aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi fineTSi gakeTda 27 mxatvruli da 312
dokumenturi moklemetraJiani kinosuraTi. aqedan TiTqmis naxevari stolberis
kinokompanias ekuTvnoda.
1913 wels purom Tavad gadaiRo filmi `silvi~ da mTavari rolic iTamaSa.
didi warmateba xvda kompanias `finlandia filmi~, romelic Camoayaliba erik es-
tlanderma da 1912-1916 wlebSi kargi namuSevrebic gamouSva. adreul finur kino-
Si gansakuTrebul figuras warmoadgenda ialmar pohianheimo, romelmac 1910
wlidan ramdenime kinodarbazi moawyo, 1911 wels kinokompania `luura films~ Ca-
uyara safuZveli da kinowarmoebasac mihyo xeli. is jer dokumenturebs iRebda
da avrcelebda, Semdeg mxatvrulebsac.
1916 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dros, mefis ruseTma saerTod akrZala fi-
neTSi kinogadaReba, rac gagrZelda 1917 wlis dekembramde, roca fineTma damou-
kidebloba moipova. swored am periodSi Seiqmna kinokompania `suomi filmi~, ro-
melsac saTaveSi Caudgnen teuvo puro da erki karu. kompaniis pirveli gamorCe-
uli srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmi iyo àna-liisa~ (1922, reJ. teuro puro da
iusi snelmani). msaxiobi konrad talroTi, romelic aqtiurad muSaobda omamdel
finur kinoSi da omis mere SvedeTSi wavida emigraciaSi, daabrunes samSobloSi
da `suomi filmSi~ gadaaRebines kinosuraTi `siyvaruli yvelafers ipyrobs~
(1922). es namuSevari iyo mcdeloba imisa, rom rogorme finuri kino moergoT mso-
flio standartebisaTvis, magram am saqmidan araferi gamovida ra. momdevno
wlebSi finuri filmebis warmoeba Semcirda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.
CineTSi pirveli kinoCveneba Sedga 1896 wlis 11 agvistos, qalaq SanxaiSi. Ci-
nelebma kinos èleqtronuli Suqis Crdilis TamaSi~ Searqves. maT qveyanaSi fi-
lmebs aCvenebdnen Teatrebsa da saCaiebSi. 1897 wels CineTs ewvia erTi amerike-
li, romelmac sazogadoebas aCvena edisonis filmebi. 1898 wels Tavad Tomas edi-
235
sonma gaagzavna operatorebi, raTa gadaeRoT saimperatoro sasaxle, sapatio ya-
rauli da sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebi. 1902 wlis ianvarSi, pekinSi waradgines mok-
lemetraJiani komikuri filmebi. 1903 wels ucxoeTidan dabrunda erTi Cineli
studenti, samSobloSi rom Caitana kinosuraTebi da warmatebiT awyobda maT de-
monstrirebas. imavdroulad SanxaiSi dasaxlda viRac espaneli, romelic ramde-
nime weliwadSi Svidi kinoTeatris mflobeli gaxda da didi fulic moagrova.
1905 wels Cinelebma gadaiRes pirveli mxatvruli filmi _ `brZola dingZi-
nis mTaze~. es iyo pekinis operis amave saxelwodebis speqtaklis sami epizodis
adaptacia, risTvisac xarjebi gaiRes fengTais fotografiulma maRaziam da ope-
ris cnobilma msaxiobma _ Tan sinfeim. filmis reJisori iyo Jen Zinfengi, ro-
melmac iaponiaSi iswavla fotografia, mere ki Tavis qveyanaSi dabrunebulma er-
Ti germaneli vaWrisagan iyida kinokamera da 14 kolofi firi. man sam dReSi na-
turaze gadaiRo es filmi. fengTais fotomaRazia pekinSi gaxda Cinuri kinos
dabadebis adgili. 1907 wels dedaqalaqis didi Teatri gadakeTda kinoTeatrad.
momdevno wlebSi Cinelebma operis repertuaridan kidev ramdenime filmi
gadaiRes. damwyebi kinomwarmoeblebis mTavar mizans Seadgenda Cineli eris erT-
sulovnebis win wamoweva. 1909 wels fengTais fotomaRazia xanZarma STanTqa. ami-
tom misi mflobeli da TanamSromlebi gadavidnen SanxaiSi, sadac ukve arsebob-
da erToblivi kinokompaniebi. erT-erTi maTgani iyo èiJa film qomfani~, romel-
sac ganagebdnen amerikeli benjemin brodski da Cinelebi: Weng Wengciu da Wang
siCuani. am ukanasknelebma gadaiRes oTxnawiliani umontaJo mxatvruli filmi _
`rTuli wyvili~ (1913), romelic daaxloebiT 45 wuTs grZeldeboda. masSi qale-
bis rolebs kacebi asaxierebdnen. mis sakonkurenciod kompania `xuamei filmzma~
imave wels gamouSva `Wuang Zi amowmebs sakuTar cols~ (reJ. li minvei). orive
kinonawarmoebma udavod didi roli Seasrula erovnuli mxatvruli kinemato-
grafis ganviTarebaSi, radgan manamde Cinelebi, ZiriTadad, dokumentur filmebs
iRebdnen. erTaderTi sufTa Cinuri kinokompaniis _ `xuei sis~ pirvelsave mxat-
vrul kinosuraTs, `gabrazebuli aCrdilebi opiumis mosawev bunagSi~ (1916, reJ.
Wang siCuani), romelsac erTi saopero speqtakli daedo safuZvlad, mniSvnelo-
vani warmateba mohyva. samwuxarod, is aRaraa SemorCenili.
Sanxai gaxda qveynis kinematografiuli centri. ekranebze gamoCnda senti-
mentaluri da melodramatuli siuJetebis mqone socialuri kinofilmebi, sadac
naTlad aisaxa Tanamedrove cxovrebis peripetiebi. kinoTeatrebSi gadioda aseve
Cinuri kinokomediebic, romlebsac amerikuli da franguli komediebis gavlena
etyoboda. Cinelebi iRebdnen popularuli romanebisa da zRaprebis ekranizaci-
ebsac.
20-iani wlebis damdegs daiwyo kinoTeatrebis masobrivi mSenebloba. adgi-
lobriv presaSi xSirad ibeWdeboda recenziebi kinoze. sagangebod Casuli ucxo-
elebi iRebdnen dokumentur filmebs CineTis bunebasa da mosaxleobis yofa-
cxovrebaze. amave xanebSi gamodioda politikuri filmebic, magram mayurebels
isini ar moswonda.
Wang siCuanma, romelic kinokompania `minsinSi~ gadavida, 1922 wels gadaiRo
`xiliT movaWris romani~, romelic didebuli namuSevari gamodga. imave kinokom-
paniam gamouSva parodiuli filmi `komediis mefe CineTSi mogzaurobs~ (1922, reJ.
Wang siCuani), romelSic Carli Caplinis rols Cineli kinomsaxiobi TamaSobda.
amasTanave, `minsini~ akeTebda kriminalur dramebs, melodramebs da sxv. saganmana-
Tleblo kinosuraTebis damzadebas eweoda ramdenime patara kinokompania, risT-
visac saxelmwifosagan garkveul finansur daxmarebasac iRebda.
236
dafuZnda axali kinostudiebi, sadac mzaddeboda filmebi, romelTa gamoCe-
nam saTave daudo srulmetraJiani kinoproduqciis ganviTarebas. es produqcia
or nawilad iyofoda – Tanamedrove cxovrebis amsaxveli da istoriuli filme-
bi. pirvelebidan gamoirCeoda `minsinis~ socialuri drama _ òboli gadaarCens
Tavis babuas~ (1923, Wang siCuani), xolo meore tipis namuSevrebi sam kategoriad
iyofoda – istoriuli dramebi, kostiumirebuli filmebi Zvel droebaze da ki-
nosuraTebi sabrZolo xelovnebaze. kostiumirebul filmebs didi gasavali
hqonda patara qalaqebsa da soflebSi. am dros kinoTeatrebis umetesobaSi gadi-
oda amerikuli filmebi, xolo Cinur kinoproduqcias aCvenebdnen mxolod meore
da mesamexarisxovan kinoTeatrebSi da Tanac iq dadioda ubralo xalxi. yvela-
ze gamorCeul kostiumirebul filmebSi iyo statikuri saerTo xedebic, axlo
xedebic, kargi monacvleobiTi montaJic, specefeqtebic. mesame kategoriis fil-
mebi eweodnen sabrZolo xelovnebis, akrobatikis ileTebis, xmliT orTabrZole-
bis, Teatraluri stilistikisa da qoreografiis popularizacias da maTgan ga-
moirCeoda `wiTeli lotosis taZris dawva~ (1928, reJ. Wang siCuani). is imdenad
popularuli gaxda, rom mas seriebis saxiT kidev 18 kinosuraTi mohyva. momdevno
sam weliwadSi CineTSi kidev 250 sabrZolo filmi gakeTda. es faqti naTlad
metyvelebda erovnuli kinos aSkara winsvlaze.
argentinaSi lumierebis kinosuraTebis Cveneba Sedga 1896 wlis 28 ivliss
buenos-airesis saopero TeatrSi. 1897 wlidan daiwyo franguli kinokamerebis
importi. iq mcxovrebi frangi fotografi eJen pi gaxda pirveli reJisori da
operatori, romelmac `gomonis~ kinokameriT gadaiRo filmi àrgentinis droSa~
(1897). man merec gaakeTa sxva filmebi. 1898 wels eqimma alexandro posadasma dai-
wyo Tavisi qirurgiuli operaciebis firze gadaReba da maT kolegebs aCvenebda.
1900 wels gaixsna pirveli kinoTeatrebi, xolo 1908 wels italielma mario ga-
lom gadaiRo pirveli moklemetraJiani mxatvruli kinosuraTi _ `doregos sikv-
diliT dasja~. manve gaakeTa kidev ramdenime saintereso filmi, maT Soris `mai-
sis revolucia~ (1910), sadac profesionali Teatraluri msaxiobebi aTamaSa. ad-
gilobriv presaSi ukve iwereboda statiebi kinematografze, mis ganviTarebaze,
daniSnulebaze da gaxmovanebis sakiTxebzec ki.
1911 wels federiko valem Seqmna kompania `film revista vale~, romlis egi-
diTac iRebda dokumentur filmebs da yovelkvireul kinoqronikas, sadac pedan-
turad asaxavda qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs.
pirveli argentinuli srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmi àmalia~ (1914, reJ.
enrike garsia veloso) iyo erTi popularuli romanis ekranizacia, romlis sce-
nari eJen pim dawera. 1915 wels didi komerciuli warmateba xvda kinosuraTs _
`keTilSobili gauCo~ (reJ. umberto kairo, ernesto gunCe, eduardo martines de
la pera). mas safuZvlad daedo xose ernandesis mier XIX saukuneSi dawerili
popularuli romani _ `martin fiero~. misi warmoeba 25 aTasi peso dajda da
eqvs TveSi naxevari milioni peso moigo, Tanac gadioda mxolod 20 kinoTeatrSi.
argentinaSi sistemuri kinowarmoeba ar arsebobda. calkeuli kinokompanie-
bi da prodiuserebi gafacicebiT eZebdnen potenciur investorebs, raTa maTi
xelSewyobiT ganexorcielebinaT Cafiqrebuli proeqtebi. adgilobriv kinemato-
grafistebs erovnuli istoriidan da literaturidan gadahqondaT Temebi ekran-
ze. gamorCeuli filmi iyo àtmis yvavili~ (1917, reJ. fransisko defilipis no-
voa), raSic aTamaSes legendaruli momRerali _ karlos gardeli. 20-ian wlebSi
argentina gaxda holivudis kinobazris nawili. argentinul ekranebze gadioda
mcire raodenobis avstraliuri da inglisuri filmebic.
237
indoeTSi, romelic imxanad didi britaneTis kolonia iyo, 1896 wlis 7 iv-
liss pirvelad aCvenes lumierebis filmebi, bombeis erT sastumroSi. 1901 wels
induri kinos erT-erTma pionerma _ save dadam SeiZina Zmebi lumierebis kinoapa-
rati, Seiswavla misi marTva da meTodurad Seudga dokumenturi kinosuraTebis
gadaRebas TanamemamuleTa cxovrebaze. sakuTar filmebs igi aCvenebda sxvadasxva
TeatrSi, droebiT daqiravebul dawesebulebasa da e. w. `kinokaravSi~, Zalian da-
bal fasebSi, raTa isini yvela fenis warmomadgenels enaxa.
induri mxatvruli kinos saTaveebTan idga kinoreJisori hiralal Seni, ro-
melmac daaarsa kinokompania da ramdenime popularuli speqtaklis scenebi ga-
daiRo filmebad, sadac aTamaSa kalkutis Teatris msaxiobebi. maTgan aRsaniSna-
via àlibaba da ormoci yaCaRi~ (1903). 1907 wlidan `kinokarvebi~ gauqmda da ma-
sobrivad daiwyo kinodarbazebis mSenebloba. am process miayoles zogierTi Te-
atric, romlebic gadakeTda `saproeqcio saxlebad~. adreuli induri moklemet-
raJiani mxatvruli kinosuraTebi warmoadgenda piesebis umartives kinoversiebs.
dadasaheb falke kinoTi mas Semdeg dainteresda, rac 1911 wels naxa ucxou-
ri filmi qristes cxovrebaze. is seriozulad moekida kinematografs. mis erT-
erT pirvel namuSevars, saswavlo films _ `cercvis fabrikis dabadeba~ (1912) da-
erqva `svadeSi~, anu induri filmi indoelebze. aman reJisors saSualeba misca,
mieRo finansuri daxmareba sxvadasxva, patriotulad ganwyobili sponsorisagan
da gaegrZelebina saqmianoba. man daaarsa kompania `falke filmzi~ da gadaiRo
morigi namuSevari _ `raja hariSCandra~ (1913), romelic warmoadgenda pirvel
srulmetraJian mxatvrul films, rasac Tan axlda orenovani – inglisuri da
hindis _ titrebi. misi premiera Sedga bombeiSi da imdenad warmatebuli gamodga,
rom falkem imave wels gadaiRo erTnawiliani moklemetraJiani `rogor keTdeba
filmebi?~, sadac aRwera, Tu rogor iRebda `raja hariSCandras~. amas mohyva fal-
kes sxva `svadeSi~ filmebi miTologiur Temebze. erT-erT maTganSi _ `mohini da
basmasuri~ (1913) TamaSobda kamlabai goqle _ pirveli indoeli msaxiobi qali
mTavar rolSi.
kalkutaSi moRvaweobda jamSeji framji madani, romelic qalaqis moedanze
sagangebod gaxsnil `kinokaravSi~ aCvenebda `bioskopis~ filmebs. Semdeg man sa-
kuTar kinoqsels Cauyara safuZveli da 37 kinoTeatrs flobda. pirvel msof-
lio omamde igi mxolod aCvenebda da avrcelebda filmebs. omis dros man bri-
tanuli jaris nawilebis gasarTobad axali, mxolod maTTvis gankuTvnili kino-
Teatrebi gaxsna, 1917 wlidan ki iyida pates saagentos uflebebi da daiwyo ki-
nosuraTebis warmoebac. is iwvevda ucxoel msaxiob qalbatonebs, raTa miTolo-
giuri Tematikis filmebSi ganesaxierebinaT indoeli qalebi da amiT surda dae-
msxvria is tabu, rac am mxriv arsebobda mis samSobloSi.
1918 wels falkem daafuZna axali kompania `hindustan film qomfani~ da
ramdenime weliwadSi misi markiT gakeTebuli 93 filmidan piradad gadaiRo 40,
magaliTad, `Sri kriSnas dabadeba~ (1918). imave wels britaneTis koloniuri xe-
lisufleba iZulebuli gaxda, gamoeca ìndoeTis kinematografiuli aqti~ imis
gamo, rom mayurebeli Zalian cud pirobebSi uyurebda filmebs da ucxoeTidan
Semosuli kinoproduqcia Zalze ucenzuro iyo. amis mixedviT yvela kinoTeatrs
licenzia unda aeRo da yvela films cenzura unda gaevlo. kanoni ZalaSi Sevi-
da 1919 wlidan. amasobaSi, kidev erTi kinocentri Camoyalibda madrasSi, sadac
nataraja mudaliari akeTebda miTologiur filmebs.
20-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis bombeiSi gakeTda holivuduri stilis didi
studiebi, sadac mimdinareobda gacxovelebuli muSaoba. indoelebs ramdenime fi-
238
lmi hqondaT gadaRebuli legendaruli eposis `mahabharatas~ mixedviT. erT-erTi
iyo kinokompania `kohinurSi~ Seqmnili `viduras erTgulni~ (1921), romlis mTa-
vari rolis Semsrulebeli da reJisori, dvarkadas sampati gaxda popularuli
kinoxelovani. cnobilma fotografma da mxatvarma _ diren gangulim mTavari
personaJi ganasaxiera axleburi stilistikis kinosuraTSi ìnglisi dabrunda~
(1921, reJ. n. s. lahari). aRsaniSnavia, rom ganguli iyo am proeqtis scenaris Tana-
avtorica da prodiuseric. filmi warmoadgenda brwyinvale satirul kinokome-
dias, romelic dascinoda dasavluri cxovrebis wesis dekadentur Rirebulebebs,
romlebic erTob myarad hqonda gamjdari maSindeli indoeTis elitarul sazo-
gadoebas.
madani ukve 172 kinoTeatrs flobda da warmatebiT TanamSromlobda ameri-
kelebTan indoeTSi holivuduri produqciis Setanis saqmeSi. misma kompaniam 1923
wels italiur `CinesTan~ erTad gaakeTa erToblivi filmi `savitri~ (`mahabhara-
tas~ morigi adaptacia), romlis reJisori iyo jorjo manini, mTavar rolebSi ki
TamaSobdnen _ anjelo ferari da rina de liguoro. filmis warmatebis Semdeg
madanma daiqirava rina da misi qmari, gamoCenili italieli kinoreJisori, juzepe
de liguoro, raTa popularuli piesebis ekranizaciebi gadaeRo.
imave xanebSi amotivtivda axali mimdinareoba – `Tanamedrove socialuri
filmi~. kolapurSi moRvawe baburao kriSnarao mestrim, romelsac baburao fein-
Ters eZaxdnen, radgan manamde is TeatrSi muSaobda scenis mxatvrad, gadaiRo
ìnduri torola~ (1925), romelSic realurad aRwera cxovreba indoeli glexisa,
visac aviwroebda adgilobrivi mevaxSe. baburao feinTeri miTologiur da pat-
riotul filmebsac akeTebda. zogierTi maTgani misive romanebis ekranizaciebs
warmoadgenda. aseT namuSevrebs aRtacebaSi mohyavda mayurebeli, gansakuTrebiT
ki indoeTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi.
iuristma himanSu raim da dramaturgma niranjan palma, romelic muSaobda
scenarze ìndoeTis Suqi~, Seqmnes kinematografiuli amxanagoba. palma piter os-
termaiaris germanuli kinokompaniis èmelkasagan~ miiRo ufleba, evropaSi gaevr-
celebina momavali filmi da aeyvana maTgan teqnikuri jgufi _ reJisori franc
osteni (ostermaiaris Zma), operatorebi, maTi asistentebi da aseve teqnikuri aR-
Wurviloba. amasobaSi, himanSu raim deliSi arsebul erT-erT kinokompanias –
`greiT isTern film qorforeiSeni~, miakiTxa da mis xelmZRvanelebs proeqtSi
biujetis erTi mesamedi Tanxa Caadebina. ase gakeTda àziis Suqi~ (1925, reJ. rai
da osteni) – pirveli mniSvnelovani koproduqcia. filmi gadaiRes indoeTSi,
mxolod naturaze. avtorebs ar gamouyenebiaT arc xelovnuri ganaTeba da arc
grimi. kinosuraTi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ucxouri auditoriisaTvis. igi aCveneb-
da indoeTs mTeli Tavisi silamaziT, bunebiT, tradiciebiT, xalxiT, floriT, fa-
uniTa da a. S.
rai-palis duetma, germanelebTan erTad, kidev ori axali namuSevari SesTa-
vaza auditorias: `Sirazi~ (1928, reJ. franc osteni), romelsac safuZvlad daedo
taj mahalis taZris istoria da `kamaTlis gagoreba~ (1929, reJ. franc osteni),
`mahabharatas~ erTi nawilis ekranizacia. maT Tbilad Sexvda rogorc adgilob-
rivi, ise sazRvargareTuli auditoria. aRniSnuli sami kinosuraTiT indoeli ki-
nematografistebi cdilobdnen saerTaSoriso arenaze gasvlas da Rirseuli ad-
gilis damkvidrebas.
1928 wels Seiqmna indoeTis kinematografiis komiteti. misi mizani iyo fil-
mebis SemoqmedebiTi donis amaRleba. misma xelmZRvanelobam saTanadod Seiswav-
la erovnuli kinowarmoeba da dagegma axali RonisZiebebi. momdevno wels qveya-
239
naSi Camoyalibda kidev ori mZlavri kinokompania. pirveli iyo _ `ranjiti~, ro-
melsac zurgs umagrebda ori finansuri organizacia. `ranjitma~ daiqirava
axalgazrda scenaristebi, raTa eweraT kinoscenarebi TavianTi mTavari msaxiobi
qalis – goharisaTvis. meore kompania `jeneral fiqCerzi~ Seqmna holivudidan
dabrunebulma ananTanaraianan naraiananma da erT-erTi wamyvani prodiuseri gax-
da.
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis didi nawili im dros sxvadasxva imperiaSi
(germania, ruseTi, avstro-ungreTi) Sedioda. 1896 wels TiTqmis yvelgan aCvenes
pirveli filmebi. magaliTad, praRaSi lumierebis operatorma sazogadoebas wa-
rudgina kinoprograma. man xuTi dRiT daaswro edisonis warmomadgenlebs. am
qveynebSic iyvnen kinos pionerebi: Cexi ian kriJenecki, polonelebi _ kazimeJ pro-
Sinski, ian lebedinski da ian SCepaneki. aRsaniSnavia, rom parizSi moRvawe polo-
nelma fotografma da kinooperatorma, boleslav matuSevskim 1898 wels gamoaqve-
yna ori Teoriuli naSromi kinematografze. man pirvelma moiTxova kinoarqivis
Seqmna.
belgradSi 1911 wels ekranebze gavida pirveli mxatvruli filmi `kara-
jorje~, romlis reJisori iyo saxalxo Teatris msaxiobi, ilia stanoieviC-CiCa,
xolo operatori, pates firmidan miwveuli specialisti. kinosuraTs safuZvlad
daedo XIX saukuneSi Turqebis batonobis winaaRmdeg serbiaSi momxdari cnobi-
li istoriuli ajanyebis ambavi. masSi mTavar personaJebs asaxierebdnen popula-
ruli Teatraluri msaxiobebi, maT Soris Tavad filmis reJisori. es iyo erTob-
livi proeqti, radgan mis dafinansebaSi wilobrivi monawileoba miiRes erT-erT-
ma serbma mecenatma da `pates~ adgilobrivma filialma. kinodokumentalistebi _
iosif hala (oskar mesteris mowafe) da slavko iovanoviCi zagrebsa da bel-
gradSi iRebdnen qronikalur-dokumentur siuJetebs, rasac ucxoeli kolegebis
daxmarebiT agzavnidnen sazRvargareT.
1911 wels varSavis varietes Teatris msaxiobebis monawileobiT amave Teat-
ris reJisorma da msaxiobma, antoni bednarCikma gadaiRo pirveli polonuri
srulmetraJiani mxatvruli kinosuraTi `codvis ambavi~. imave wels poloneleb-
ma gadaiRes kidev 10 srulmetraJiani, xolo momdevno wlebSi _ 50 srulmetraJi-
ani mxatvruli da 350-mde moklemetraJiani mxatvruli, dokumenturi da qroni-
kaluri filmi.
budapeStSi 1912 wels pirveli srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmi `dRes da
xval~ gadaiRo mihai kertizma. mTavar rolebSi dakavebuli iyvnen ungreTis ero-
vnuli Teatris msaxiobebi. 1912 wlis 14 oqtomberi, filmis premieris dRe, iTvle-
ba ungruli erovnuli kinos dabadebis TariRad.
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi arsebobda kinokompaniebi: `kinofa~ da `fo-
tokinema~ _ praRaSi, `sfinqsi~ _ varSavaSi da sxv. kinoqselebi, umeteswilad, gan-
Tavsebuli iyo did qalaqebSi. pirvel msoflio omamde poloneTis teritoriaze
arsebobda 300 kinoTeatri, Tumca kinosuraTebs sxvaganac aCvenebdnen. 1913 wels
114 kinoTeatri gaixsna budapeStSi.
pirveli msoflio omisas serbiaSi iRebdnen propagandistul filmebs. sam-
xedro-geografiuli institutis kinoganyofilebis xelmZRvanelma, poruCikma mika
mixailoviCma gadaiRo ramdenime kinoqronika omis Tematikaze. 1915-1918 wlebSi Ce-
xeTsa da slovakiaSi gakeTda 100 mxatvruli filmi. maSin poloneTis teritori-
aze funqcionirebda mxolod `sfinqsi~, sadac Sedga apolonia xalupecis (pola
negri) debiuti kinoSi. es iyo filmi _ `grZnobaTa mona~ (1914). Semdeg man amave
kompaniis kidev Svid filmSi iTamaSa da 1917 wels germaniaSi wavida samuSaod.
240
polonelma kinoreJisorebma da msaxiobebma gaiTqves saxeli sxva qveynebSic, ma-
galiTad, soava galone (stanislava vinaveri) italiaSi, helena makovska italiasa
da germaniaSi, lia mara (aleqsandra gudoviCi) ki germaniaSi gaxdnen popularu-
lebi, riSard boleslavskim kariera daiwyo msaxiobobiTa da reJisorobiT jer
ruseTSi, mere dasavleT evropasa da holivudSi gadavida da a. S.
omis Semdeg msoflio rukaze gaCnda axali saxelmwifoebi: poloneTi, Cexos-
lovakia, ungreTi da sxv. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, zagrebSi, erT-erTi gakotre-
buli kinofirmis bazaze, daarsda kinokompania ìugoslavia filmi~, romelic
iRebda dokumentursa da mxatvrul filmebs. 1922 wels splitSi gaixsna misi fi-
liali, sadac Seiqmna kinoskolac, romelmac samiode weli ifunqcionira, magram
finansuri problemebis gamo daixura. warmoSobiT italielma kinoreJisorma da
msaxiobma tito strocim zagrebSi Camoayaliba kinokompania `stroci filmi~,
romlis egidiTac gadaiRo srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmi `dacarielebuli
sasaxleebi~ (1925), romelic erT-erTi saukeTeso iyo im wlebSi. kinematografze
uzomod Seyvarebulma belgradelma afTiaqarma, kosta novakoviCma Tavis saxlSi
moawyo patara kinostudia, sadac 1926 wels Tavisive scenaris mixedviT gadaiRo
mxatvruli kinokomedia `Carlstonis mefe~. es namuSevari Zalian moewona mayure-
bels da amiT gaTamamebuli novakoviCi momavali wlidan Seudga muSaobas morig
proeqtze _ ùcodveli codvili~, romelic mxolod sami wlis Semdeg gauSva ek-
ranze. kinosuraTSi mTavar rols TamaSobda niWieri balerina _ sonia stani-
slavleviCi.
Cexoslovakiuri kino mudam sazrdoobda erovnuli literaturis da drama-
turgiis nimuSebiT. 1921 wels erTma kompaniam aaSena Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWu-
rvili kinostudia praRaSi. 1925 wels karel lamaCma ekranze gadaitana popula-
ruli piesa `lampioni~ da aseve iaroslav haSekis romanis mixedviT gadaiRo ki-
nosuraTi `yoCaRi jariskaci Sveiki~ (1926). maleve amave seriis kidev sami namuSe-
vari gamovida: `Sveiki frontze~ (1926, reJ. karel lamaCi), `Sveiki rusebis tyveo-
baSi~ (1927, reJ. svatopluk inemani) da `Sveiki samoqalaqo samosSi~ (1927, reJ. gus-
tav maxati). Cexur kinoSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda gustav maxati. man 1929 wels
gadaiRo èrotikoni~, gamorCeul filmad rom iTvleba erotikul kinoSi. 20-ian
wlebSi, CexoslovakiaSi yovelwliurad 30-35 mxatvrul films iRebdnen.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ungreTSi movlenebi dramatulad warimarTa
– 1919 wels april-agvistoSi damyarebuli sabWoTa xelisuflebis, moskovidan
rom imarTeboda, dros kinowarmoeba mTlianad saxelmwifos xelSi gadavida. misi
damxobis Semdeg qveyana datova bevrma niWierma kinematografistma – kinoreJiso-
rebma: mihai kertizma, aleqsander kordam, msaxiobma bela lugoSim, Teoretikosma
bela balaJma. Sin darCenilebma xeli mihyves rogorc erovnuli, aseve msoflio
mxatvruli literaturis ekranizaciebis gadaRebas da garkveul warmatebebsac
miaRwies. mogvianebiT dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma kinozec imoqmeda, ris
Sedegadac bevri kinokompania daixura da mxolod 20-iani wlebis miwurulisaT-
vis Seiqmna erTob xelsayreli pirobebi ungruli kinos xelaxali ganviTarebi-
saTvis.
poloneTSi ZiriTadi yuradReba gadaitanes ucxouri filmebis Setanaze, xo-
lo Sida kinowarmoeba ganisazRvra weliwadSi daaxloebiT 20 kinosuraTis dam-
zadebiT. kinoTeatrebis raodenoba 1922 wlisaTvis iyo 750, romelTaganac mxo-
lod 400 muSaobda yoveldRiurad. kinokompaniebidan isev mxolod `sfinqsi~
inarCunebda myar pozicias. is warmatebiT TanamSromlobda germanul ùfasTan~
da hyavda Tavisi `kinovarskvlavi~ _ iadviga smosarska. 20-iani wlebis poloneT-
241
Si moRvaweobda kinoTeoretikosebis mTeli pleada: antoni svonimski, leon tris-
tani, stefania zahorska. 1924 wels mweralma da kritikosma, karol irJikovskim
dawera wigni `meaTe muza~ kinos esTetikur problemebze, romelic dResac iTv-
leba erT-erT saukeTeso naSromad. 1924-1926 wlebSi gaRrmavda krizisi. 1925 wels
oden oTxi filmi gakeTda, radgan mTavroba did gadasaxadebs awerda kinomwar-
moeblebsa da kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs. aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen reJisorebi:
viktor bieganski da henrik Saro. male dRis wesrigSi dadga erovnuli litera-
turis Sedevrebis ekranizaciis sakiTxi. am mizniT gakeTda ramdenime niSandob-
livi namuSevari: àRTqmuli miwa~ (1927, reJ. zbigniev gniazdovski da aleksander
herci), rasac safuZvlad daedo vladislav reimontis romani, `batoni tadeuSi~
(1928, reJ. riSard ordinski) adam mickeviCis poemis mixedviT da àdreuli gazaf-
xuli~ (1928, reJ. henrik Saro) stefan Jeromskis romanis ekranizacia. amave xaneb-
Si kinoSi misuli axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebmac (mixau vaSinski, alek-
sander fordi da sxv.) gadaiRes sadebiuto kinosuraTebi.
1896 wlis 22 agvistos avstraliaSi karl hercma robert polis ànimato-
grafiT~ pirvelad aCvena britanuli filmebi. mere am kontinentze Cadiodnen
sxvebic, umetesad, britanelebi da amerikelebi, romlebic Tan kinoprogramebs aC-
venebdnen da Tanac iqve iRebdnen axlebs. yvelaze gavleniani organizacia kinos
warmoeba-CvenebaSi iyo `xsnis armia~, romelic iRebda, ZiriTadad, saagitacio
filmebs. erT-erT maTgans warmoadgenda `Cveni socialuri triumfi~. `xsnis ar-
miis~ warmomadgenlebi mogzaurobdnen qveyanaSi da mosaxleobas warudgendnen
mxatvrulsa da dokumentur filmebs, slaidebs, atarebdnen leqciebs cocxali
musikis TanxlebiT. amis sulisCamdgmeli iyo ingliseli jozef peri. misi kino-
programebi zogjer erT saaTze metxansac ki grZeldeboda. 1904 wels man gadai-
Ro moklemetraJiani mxatvruli kinosuraTi avstraliel moxetiale borotmoqme-
debze.
1906 wels avstralielebma Seqmnes msoflioSi pirveli srulmetraJiani mxa-
tvruli filmi _ `qelis bandis ambavi~ (reJ. Carlz teiti), sadac gamoiyenes pe-
ris adrindeli dokumenturi epizodebic. filmi mieZRvna cxenis qurdsa da ban-
kebis mZarcvels _ ned qelis. mis demonstrirebas melburnSi Tan axlda leqto-
ris komentari da musikaluri akompanementi. organizatorebma agreTve gamoiyenes
xmovani efeqtebi _ fuWi tyviebi srolisaTvis da qoqosis kaklis naWuWebis erT-
maneTze dartyma cxenebis floqvebis Tqarunis gasaxmovaneblad. kinosuraTi da-
jda 2250 dolari da dRes misgan mxolod nawilia SemorCenili (sinamdvileSi
iyo 1200 metri firi). samagierod,MmTlianadaa Semonaxuli misive sapremiero buk-
leti, romlidanac irkveva, rom igi Turme Sedgeboda eqvsi scenisagan. momdevno
wlebSi, avstraliaSi Seiqmna kidev 30 srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmi.
banditebis cxovrebaze Seqmnil kinosuraTebs mayurebeli gansakuTrebiT
etaneboda da amitom avstraliuri filmebis didi nawili swored am Tematikas
eTmoboda. maTgan erT-erTi popularuli iyo `mexi~ (1910, reJ. jon gavini). miu-
xedavad imisa, rom 1912 wels oficialurad aikrZala amgvari namuSevrebi, maTi
gadaReba da Cveneba aralegalurad mainc grZeldeboda.
1913 wels wamyvani kinokompaniebi gaerTiandnen òsTraleiJen filmzSi~, ra-
sac konkurentebi da mtrebi `kombains~ eZaxdnen. am gaerTianebas ufro metad ki-
nosuraTebis distribucia ainteresebda. pirvelma msoflio omma meti stimuli
misca avstraliel kinematografistebs, ekeTebinaT adgilobrivi warmoebis mxatv-
ruli kinoproduqcia. òsTraleiJenmac~ daarRvia wesi da 1914-1915 wlebSi gadai-
Ro sami mxatvruli filmi. maSindeli kinosuraTebi populisturi iyo da mxo-
242
lod komerciaze gaTvlil nawarms ganekuTvnebodnen. popularobiT sargeblobd-
nen primitiuli ojaxuri komediebi, romlebic scenazec idgmebodnen da maTi ume-
tesoba kinoSic amitom gadahqondaT. erT-erTi pirveli aseTi nawarmoebi, bomonT
smiTis kinosuraTi `Cveni megobari heisidebi~ (1917) didxans gadioda kinoTeat-
rebSi. 10-iani wlebis yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli da Cinebuli namuSevari _ `sen-
timentaluri Wabuki~ (1919) gadaiRo reimond longfordma. es filmi warmoadgen-
da popularuli leqsebis seriebis kinematografiul adaptacias, raSic uxvad ga-
moiyenes qalaquri slengi.
avstralielebi ukve weliwadSi akeTebdnen cxra films. adgilobrivi kino-
bazari myarad ekava amerikul kinoproduqcias. òsTraleiJenma~, romelic isev
distribuciiTa da CvenebebiT iyo dakavebuli, 1925 wlidan gadawyvita, regularu-
lad gadaeRo mxatvruli filmebi. Tavis mxriv, amerikelebi iyenebdnen avstra-
lias adgilad, sadac SeiZleboda kinokarieris dawyeba.
1927 wels avstraliis mTavrobam moiwvia sagangebo komisia, romelsac adgi-
lobrivi kinowarmoebisaTvis raime unda eSvela. aseTive situacia iyo britaneT-
Sic. sabolood, britanulma kanonma avstraliuri produqciac CarTo gaerTiane-
buli samefos kvotaSi da, miuxedavad amisa, saqme mainc ukuRma wavida. 1929 wels
arc erTi axali avstraliuri kinosuraTi ar gamosula kinoekranebze da iqauri
kinematografistebi mxolod ukeTesi momavlis imedad darCnen.
meqsikaSi, 1896 wlis SuaxanebSi Casul Zmebi lumierebis operators, gabriel
veirs fexdafex mihyvnen jer `baiografis~, Semdgom ki danarCeni amerikuli kino-
kompaniebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic kinoprogramebsac aCvenebdnen da oficia-
lur Sexvedrebs, saxelmwifos meTaurebs, maTi ojaxebis wevrebs, samxedro aRlu-
mebs, manevrebs, saxalxo festivalebs iRebdnen. adgilobrivi gavleniani gazeTebi
afinansebdnen ufaso seansebs, romelTa dros mayurebels uCvenebdnen TavianT sa-
reklamo slaidebsac.
meqsikuri kinos pioneri iyo salvador toskano, romelic qronikalur siu-
Jetebsac iRebda da moklemetraJian mxatvrul kinosuraTebsac. meqsikis damouki-
deblobis dRes mieZRvna filmi `doloresis Zaxili~ (1907, reJ. felipe de xesus
aro). mayurebels Zalian moswonda filmebi kontrabandistebze da martivi sa-
Tavgadasavlo ambebi, romlebSic adidebdnen TeTrkanian gmirebs, romlebic gaci-
lebiT maRla idgnen, vidre adgilobrivi indielebi.
amerikulma `miuCualma~ 10-ian wlebSi, meqsikis revoluciis periodSi, gadaw-
yvita mxatvrul-dokumenturi filmis gadaReba. masSi mTavari roli unda ganesa-
xierebina am revoluciis erT-erT belads _ panCo vilias. is dasTanxmda hono-
raris saxiT mieRo 25 aTasi dolari, Tanac sxva amerikul da meqsikur kinokompa-
niebs aukrZala misi momavali brZolebis gadaReba. 1914 wels ekranebze gavida
kinosuraTi `general vilias cxovreba~ (reJ. qristi qebenei da raul uolSi),
romelSic mxatvrul epizodebTan erTad CarTes qronikalurad gadaRebuli, vi-
lias mier warmoebuli ramdenime sabrZolo operaciac. ymawvili vilias rols
TamaSobda raul uolSi, romelmac erTi scenis gadaRebisas kbilebic ki Caimsxv-
ria. oriode brZolis rekonstruqcia kinostudiaSi gadaiRes, xolo sikvdiliT
dasjis epizodebi realuri iyo. uolSs isic ki uTxovia viliasaTvis, rom das-
jas dilis oTx saaTze nu awyob, radgan sakmarisi Suqi ar gvaqvs amis gadasaRe-
bado.
male meqsikelebma gamoTqves protesti, rom holivudi amaxinjebda sinamdvi-
les. 1917 wels orma meqsikelma reJisorma presaSi ganacxada, rom falsificire-
bul filmebSi amerikelebs maTi Tanamemamuleebi velurebad gamohyavdaT. amis
243
niadagze ramdenime wlis Semdeg, xalxis mZvinvareba gamoiwvia erT-erTma ameri-
kulma filmma, ris gamoc meqsikis xelisuflebam droebiT akrZala Tavis teri-
toriaze kompania `feimos fleierz-laskis~ namuSevrebis Cveneba, Tumca problema
amiT ar gadawyvetila. momdevno wlebis meqsikuri kinoproduqciidan gamoirCeo-
da _ enrike rosasis filmi `ruxi avtomobili~ (1919) da migel kontreras tore-
sis kinosuraTi ùsamSoblo adamiani~ (1922).
1897 wels pates warmomadgenelma, zigmund vainbergma stambulis erT res-
toranSi aCvena pirveli kinoseansi. 1914 wels TurqeTis armiis oficerma fuaT
uzqinaim gadaiRo dokumenturi filmi _ `rusuli monumentis dangreva san ste-
fanoSi~. pirveli Turqi kinoreJisorebis filmebi mxolod samxedro Temebs exe-
boda da ganekuTvneboda armiis kinocentrs. vainbergma am organizaciis egidiT
wamoiwyo mxatvruli filmis _ `baton himeTis qorwili~ (TanareJisori fuaT uz-
qinai) gadaReba, magram pirveli msoflio omis gasrulebamde ver daamTavra. mana-
mde pirveli mxatvruli filmebi gamouSva erovnuli Tavdacvis asociaciam:
`brWyali~ (1917) da `jaSuSi~ (1917), romelTa reJisori iyo sedaT simavi. 1922
wels Zmebma _ Sakir da qemal sedenebma Camoayalibes mxatvruli filmebis kom-
pania `qemal filmi~, romelmac ori weli iarseba da eqvsi kinosuraTi gadaiRo.
yvela maTganis avtori iyo Teatraluri reJisori da msaxiobi muhsin erTuRru-
li. Turquli mxatvruli filmebis umetesoba warmoadgenda popularuli speqta-
klebis adaptaciebs.
1923 wels daarsda axali, dasavleTze orientirebuli TurqeTis respublika,
Tumca kinos sakiTxebisaTvis seriozulad veravin moicala. 1928 wels kompania
ìfeq filmi~ Seqmnes Zmebma _ ihsan da kani ifeqCebma. maT ramdenime kinoTeatric
hqondaT da garkveuli droiT xelT igdes monopolia adgilobriv kinowarmoe-
baze.
244
dokumenturi kino
iseve, rogorc kinos yvela saxeobas, dokumentur kinematografsac hqonda

Tavisi saZirkvlebi. jer kidev XIX saukunis Sua periodSi swavlulebi `laterna
majikiT~ aCvenebdnen programebs, romlebic Seicavdnen rogorc vizualur masa-
las, ise leqciebs mogzaurobebze, Tavgadasavlebze, politikur, ekonomikur, samec-
niero da kulturul siaxleebze. am mxriv pirvelad saxeli gaiTqves aSS-Si
mcxovrebma, germaniidan Casulma Zmebma _ frederik da uiliam langenhaimebma. maT
filadelfiaSi Caatares sadebiuto leqcia-Cveneba 1849 wels, xolo ori wlis
Semdgom didi warmatebiT wardgnen londonis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze.
60-ian wlebSi aseTi leqciebi popularuli gaxda aSS-is aRmosavleTis sa-
napiros qalaqebSi. 1864 wels niu-iorkelebma naxes `potomaqis armia~ – ilust-
rirebuli leqcia samoqalaqo omze aleqsander gardnerisa da meTiu breidis mi-
er gadaRebuli fotoebiT. amgvari moda evropasac gadaedo. gansakuTrebuli in-
teresiT sargeblobdnen aRniSnuli warmodgenebi arqtikaze. did britaneTSi ad-
gilobriv mayurebels siamovnebas aniWebda leqcia-Cvenebebi iseT qalaqebsa da
soflebze, sadac an ar iyo, an naklebad iyo Sesuli industrializacia. maTgan
gamoirCeoda jorj uilsonis programa `gza kunZulebisaken~ (1885). amis parale-
lurad mZlavrobdnen kolonialuri Tematikis Semcveli programebic, romelTa-
gan aRsaniSnavia _ òmi egvipteSi~ (1887) da `sudani~ (1887). 1888 wels amerikelma
jeikob riisma waradgina pirveli ilustrirebuli leqcia RaribTa cxovrebaze:
`rogor cxovrobs da rogor kvdeba meore nawili niu-iorkSi~, romelSic yurad-
Reba gamaxvilda emigrantebze, gansakuTrebiT italielebsa da Cinelebze, romle-
bic sakmaod gaWirvebulad cxovrobdnen àxal samyaroSi~. amas mohyva britanu-
li programa _ `Cveni didi qalaqebis mivardnili ubnebis yofa~ (1890). amerikeli
leitenanti da mkvlevari, robert piri amave periodSi Seudga CrdiloeT polu-
sisaken Tavisi mogzaurobis amsaxveli slaidebis Cvenebas leqciebis TanxlebiT.
Semdeg man ZiriTad repertuars daamata eskimosebis yofa-cxovrebis amsaxveli
eTnografiuli masalac.
rodesac gaCnda kino, misi pionerebi, upirveles yovlisa, akeTebdnen swore-
dac rom dokumentur kinosuraTebs da am mizniT TavianT warmomadgenlebs agza-
vnidnen msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, raTa gadaeRoT saintereso egzotikuri
da qronikaluri filmebi, romelTa demonstrirebas uamravi mayurebeli eswrebo-
da. 1895 wels eqimma, feliqs-lui reniom parizSi gamarTul erT-erT gamofenaze
gadaiRo erovnul kostiumSi gamowyobili senegaleli qali. es filmi iTvleba
eTnografiuli dokumenturi kinos sawyisad.
kinoprogramebi ise dgeboda, rom mxatvruli kinosuraTebis gverdiT auci-
leblad unda yofiliyo dokumenturi filmebic. orive saxeobis produqcias
iRebdnen erTi da igive kinokompaniebi. xSirad dokumentur nawarmoebebs Tan ax-
lda miwveuli leqtorebis kadrsgareTa axsna-ganmarteba auditoriis ukeT gasa-
TviTcnobiereblad. iyo SemTxvevebic, roca erT kinoseansze uCvenebdnen ama Tu
im konkretuli movlenis amsaxvel ramdenime, sxvadasxva kinokompaniis mier gada-
Rebul qronikalur kinosuraTs da TiToeul maTgans komentars ukeTebda sagan-
gebod dapatiJebuli piri.
1897 wlisaTvis ukve ewyoboda slaidebisa da dokumenturi filmebis erTo-
blivi kinoprogramebi. niu-iorkSi mdebare bruklinis xelovnebisa da mecniere-
245
bis institutSi henri norTrofma aCvena `velosipediT mogzauroba evropaSi~,
romelSic erTmaneTTan SeaerTa Zmebi lumierebisa da Tavisi `laterna majikis~
namuSevrebi. duait elmendorfma sazogadoebas warudgina ilustrirebuli leq-
cia _ `santiagos kampania~ (1898), sadac gaaerTiana sakuTari slaidebi da ediso-
nis kinoqronikebi espaneT-aSS-is omze.
xandaxan realistur epizodebs gamogonebul ambebsac gaurevdnen. amis Sesa-
niSnavi magaliTia, ingliseli alfred uestis programa `Cveni dasavleTis flo-
ti~ (1898), wlebis ganmavlobaSi rom gadioda da britanuli sazRvao Zalebis
propagandas eweoda. XIX-XX saukunebis mijnaze msoflioSi ar momxdara raime
ambavi, firze rom ar gadaetanaT kinodokumentalistebs.
rodesac mxatvrulma kinom sruli dominantoba moipova, dokumenturma ukana
rigSi gadaiwia. kinoqronika maleve Zveldeboda da kargavda komerciul Rirebu-
lebas. amis miuxedavad, mcire zomis dokumenturi namuSevrebi mainc keTdeboda.
saSualo klasze gaTvlili aseTi filmebi zogjer ideologiur funqciebsac
asrulebdnen. maT xSirad iyenebdnen kolonialuri agitaciisaTvisac. bevri maT-
gani gadaiRes didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da germaniis koloniebSi.
arsebobda sxva saxis dokumenturi kinoproduqciac, romelic aCvenebda Tanamed-
roveobas, teqnikur progress, samecniero miRwevebsa da a. S. erT-erTi aseTi namu-
Sevaria _ Carlz erbenis kompaniaSi Seqmnili filmi `gazeTis damzadeba~ (1904).
10-ian wlebSi arc erTi cnobili eqspedicia ar ewyoboda kinooperatoris
gareSe. gansakuTrebul movlenad iTvleboda, roca aseT films premieraze wa-
radgenda an Tavad eqspediciis uSualo xelmZRvaneli, an operatori, romlebic
mouTxrobdnen auditorias TavianT miznebze, amocanebze, gadaRebis sirTuleebze,
im pikantur ambebze, rac mizezTa gamo ar Sevida filmSi.
1912 wels gamovida dokumenturi kinosuraTi ìaponuri eqspedicia antarq-
tidaSi~, romelic gadaiRo iasunao taiZumim. igi Tan axlda eqspedicias, romel-
sac meTaurobda sazRvao Zalebis leitenanti, nobu Sirase. es filmi ar gauSvi-
aT kinoTeatrebSi. mas mxolod specialistebsa da politikosebs uCvenebdnen.
didi gamoxmaureba mohyva frangul-britanul qronikebs kapitan robert
skotis samxreT polusis eqspediciaze (1910-1913). misi avtori _ herbert pontingi
eqspediciis monawile iyo. man pirvelma gamoiyena antarqtidaSi portatiuli ki-
nokamera da SuSis fotofirfitebi, riTac gadaiRo feradi fotoebi. pontingis
filmi ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda: pirveli mayurebels mouTxrobda mkvlevarTa
mogzaurobis sawyis etapze da igi jer calke gauSves, ramac cxoveli interesi
gamoiwvia, xolo roca meore nawilis negativebi gaamJRavnes da SeuerTes pir-
vels, gakeTda erTiani kinosuraTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo epizodebi gadaiRo
Tavad skotma, romelic oTx megobarTan erTad gamoeyo ZiriTad banaks, miaRwia
poluss da ukan dabrunebisas daiRupa. cxra Tvis Semdeg SeZlo maSvelTa jguf-
ma daRupulebisa da gadaRebuli masalis aRmoCena. advili warmosadgenia, rom
amgvari tragikuli Tavgadasavlis mqone films ramxela auditoria gamouCnde-
boda. igi didxans anSlagiT gadioda sxvadasxva qveynis ekranebze. misi msoflio
distribucia ikisra `gomonma~.
arqtika imdroindeli moyvaruli Tu profesionali kinodokumentalistebi-
saTvis warmoadgenda eqstremalur, idumal da didebul samyaros. fotografi da
operatori, fiodor bremeri rusul Tbomaval `kolimas~ gahyva imierpolareTSi,
raTa kinofirze gadaeRo mogzauroba. mas daugrovda didZali masala, romlis
damontaJebis Sedegad gaakeTa ramdenime dokumenturi kinosuraTi, maT daarqva
`naturfilmebi~ da seriebad uCvenebda kinoTeatrebSi.
246
pirveli msoflio omisas qronikaluri kino mTavar rols asrulebda pro-
pagandis sakiTxebSi. Tavdapirvelad meomari mxareebis mTavrobebma arc ki miaq-
cies mas saTanado yuradReba, magram mere mixvdnen, rom rogorc sakuTari, ise ne-
itraluri saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobisaTvis sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaqmne-
lad saWiro iyo amgvari filmebis warmoeba. sanam aSS Caebmeboda omSi, manamde
mis teritoriaze ikrZaleboda saomari Tematikis kinosuraTebis gadaRebac da
gaSvebac, magram adgilobriv distributorebs mainc SehqondaT orive mowinaaR-
mdege banakis kinokompaniebis warmoebuli dokumenturi produqcia da maT asa-
Rebdnen, rogorc sainformacio daniSnulebis filmebs. britanuli armiis xelmZ-
Rvanelobam pirvel xanebSi neba darTo operatorebs safrangeTSi, saomari
moqmedebebis adgilebSi, gahyolodnen jaris nawilebs da farTo masStabiT ewar-
moebinaT gadaReba, magram, roca frontze daiwyo warumateblobis seria, isini
ukan gaabrunes. omSi CarTvis Semdeg aSS-is mTavrobaSi seqciis saxiT Seiqmna sa-
zogadoebrivi sainformacio komiteti, romelmac araerTi RirsSesaniSnavi doku-
menturi kinosuraTi gadaiRo.
ar cxreboda interesi egzotikul-saTavgadasavlo dokumenturi filmebis
mimarT. amerikelma istorikosma, mogzaurma da fotografma edvard kertisma 1914
wels gadaiRo `Tavebze monadireebis qveyanaSi~, sadac aRwera kanadeli indiele-
bis yofa-cxovreba. imave wels aSS-is yofilma prezidentma, Tiodor ruzveltma
moawyo slaidebisa da filmebis erToblivi leqcia _ `didi mdinaris aTviseba~.
ramdenime xnis Semdeg igive masala gadaakeTes ufro farTo auditoriisaTvis
saCveneblad da daarqves `polkovnik Teodor ruzveltis eqspedicia velur ad-
gilebSi~.
CrdiloeT kanadaSi, hadsonis yuris midamoebSi myofma robert flaertim,
romelic samTamadno da sarkinigzo kompaniebis davalebiT atarebda geologiur
gamokvlevebs, kinoaparatiT gadaiRo adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi _ eskimosebi,
visTanac megobruli urTierToba Camouyalibda. mas gavlili hqonda kinogadaRe-
bis Seswavlis samkviriani kursebi. 1916 wels flaertim Caatara ilustrirebuli
leqcia _ èskimosi~, romelSic gamoiyena gadaRebuli epizodebi, Semdeg ki gadaw-
yvita aRniSnuli siuJetebiT Seeqmna dokumenturi kinosuraTi, gaeyida da amiT
mcireodeni mogeba enaxa, magram torontoSi, samontaJo oTaxSi, SemTxveviT daewva
negativebi. maTi aaleba Cauqrobelma papirosma gamoiwvia. sabednierod man moiZia
aslebi, maTgan Sekra kidec filmi, romelic megobrebs uCvena, Tumca isini ar da-
interesebulan. cota xnis Semdeg flaertim is sadRac miakarga.
leqcia-CvenebebSi gawafulma amerikelma, martin jonsonma, romelmac meuR-
lesTan erTad imogzaura wynari okeanis auzis kunZulebze, gadaiRo filmi _
`samxreT wynar okeaneSi kanibalebis kunZulebs Soris~ (1918), romelSic aCvena is
aborigenebi, romelTac manamde aranairi kontaqti ar hqoniaT civilizebuli sam-
yaros warmomadgenlebTan. misma namuSevarma msoflio moiara, didZali Semosava-
li daagrova da mravali Tayvanismcemeli SeiZina. finelma mweralma da polare-
Tis mkvlevarma, sakari pelsim 1919 wels gamouSva filmi `mogzauroba arqtikaSi~,
sadac aRwera misive monawileobiT beringis sruteSi ganxorcielebuli samecni-
ero eqspedicia.
avstralielma frenk harlim 1919 wels daasrula muSaoba srulmetraJian
filmze `samxreTi~, romelic mieZRvna ramdenime wliT adre ganxorcielebul er-
nest Sekltonis warumatebel transantarqtikul eqspedicias. harli Tan axlda
mkvlevarebs. eqspediciis wevrebma ramdenime aTasi kilometri gaiares, magram ver
miaRwies samxreT poluss, Tanac gemi CaeZiraT da 28-kaciani gundi Zlivs gadaur-
247
Ca sikvdils. warumateblobis miuxedavad isini gmirebad dabrundnen inglisSi.
frenk harli saTuTad ufrTxildeboda gadaRebul firebs, romlebic Seicavdnen
unikalur kadrebs, maT Soris RamiT gadaRebul oriode epizods, risTvisac av-
torma sagangebo ganaTeba ixmara. rodesac man filmi daamontaJa, blomad dat-
virTa titrebiT, sadac ewera monawileTa umravlesobis gvar-saxelebi da sain-
formacio daniSnulebis teqstebi. gamaognebeli simamacis amsaxveli `samxreTi~
uxmo kinos periodis erT-erTi saukeTeso kinosuraTi iyo, romelic gulgrils
ar tovebda mayurebels.
sabWoTa ruseTSi asparezze gamovida axalgazrda, niWieri da originaluri
stilis mqone denis kaufmani, romelic gaxda sabWoTa kinodokumentalistikis
fuZemdebeli. igi jer petrogradis fsiqonevrologiur institutSi swavlobda,
atarebda cdebs xmovan efeqtebze, xolo Semdeg moskovis kinokomitetis kinoseq-
ciis xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwed aiyvanes. futuristebisa da formalistebis gav-
leniT man fsevdonimad aiRo Ziga vertovi (`Ziga~ ukrainul enaze `bzrialas~
niSnavs, xolo `vertovi~ modis rusuli zmnidan _ `triali~). pirvelad igi me-
montaJis profesias daeufla, xolo 1919 wels damoukideblad gadaiRo kinosu-
raTi `revoluciis wlisTavi~. amas mohyva kidev ramdenime dokumenturi filmi
ruseTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omze. axalbeda kinoreJisori Tavad mihyveboda
`saagitacio matareblebs~ frontis xazze, raTa adgilzeve gadaeRo cincxali ma-
sala. Ziga vertovi iyenebda aCqarebulsa da Senelebul kadrebs, kaSirebis me-
Todsa da sxva specefeqtebs. igi acxadebda, imitomac moigones sxvadasxva xelsa-
wyo, raTa adamianis Tvalma ukeT dainaxos movlenebi. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia
kinokamerac, romelic gvexmareba davafiqsiroT yvelaferi da momaval Taobas Se-
vunaxoTo.
Ziga vertovma da misma momavalma meuRlem, memontaJe elizaveta svilovam
Seqmnes jgufi `kinokebi~, anu `kino-okebi~ (`kinematografiuli Tvalebi~), raSic
gaerTiandnen dainteresebuli kinematografistebi. maT SeuerTda samoqalaqo
omidan axaldabrunebuli mixail kaufmani, vertovis Zma. jgufma gamosca araerTi
manifesti JurnalebSi: `kino-fotosa~ da `lefSi~, sadac Camoayaliba Tavisi Sexe-
dulebebi. erT-erT maTganSi ewera, rom Cven gzas vuxsniT manqanebis suls, gviy-
vars muSa dazgasTan, glexi _ traqtorze, memanqane _ orTqlmavalze, TiToeul
namuSevarSi Segvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi sixaruli, riTac mSvidobas vamyarebT ada-
miansa da Sromas Soris da axali pirovnebis aRzrdas vemsaxurebiTo.
`kinokebi~ uaryofdnen mxatvrul kinos da upiratesobas aniWebdnen kino-
qronikas. ukve Teoretikosadac Camoyalibebuli vertovi kinokameras `kino-
Tvals~ uwodebda da mas umTavres adgils akuTvnebda, rameTu is ufro srulyo-
filia, vidre adamianis Tvalio. misi azriT, swored aseTi TvalTaxedviT unda
gadaeRoT sabWoTa sinamdvilis amsaxveli filmebi, romelTa saSualebiTac far-
To auditoria SeZlebda dakvirveboda sabWoTa saxelmwifos, rogorc cocxali
organizmis zrdas. Tavisi namuSevrebiT man safuZveli Cauyara kinopublicisti-
kas, rasac amoudo ideologiuri sarCuli, emociuri gamoxatva da amiT aqcia sab-
WoTa propagandis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad.
20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan aSS-is ekranebze gaCnda qalaquri cxovrebis am-
saxveli dokumenturi filmebi. am mxriv erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnavi nimuSi iyo
Carlz Silerisa da pol strendis kinosuraTi `menheta~ (1921), modernistuli ki-
nematografiuli xedva niu-iorkis ubanze, mis saqmian garemoze, caTambjenebsa da
Tanamedrove arqiteqturis sxva nagebobebze. `menheta~ iTvleba upirveles ameri-
kul avangardistul namuSevrad.
248
flaertim finansuri daxmareba miiRo bewveuliT movaWre franguli kompa-
nia _ `reviion frerisagan~, gabrunda CrdiloeT kanadaSi da kvlav gadaiRo masa-
la morigi kinosuraTisaTvis. mas ukve Tan hqonda ori kinokamera, benzinze momu-
Save generatori, firis adgilze dasamuSavebeli salaboratorio masalebi da
kinoproeqtori, raTa iqve gaesinja gadaRebuli pozitivebi. 1922 wels man gamou-
Sva axali dokumenturi filmi _ `CrdiloeTis nenuki~, romelmac gadatrialeba
moaxdina kinos istoriaSi. masSi iyo Tanadroulobis romantizebuli eTnogra-
fiuli suraTi. tradiciuli samosiT mosili eskimosebi sakmaod primitiulad
gamoiyurebodnen, xolo mTavari gmiri _ monadire nenuki, Tavadac aqtiurad exma-
reboda flaertis gadaRebaSi. filmSi srulyofilad da zedmiwevniTi realuro-
biTaa gadmocemuli yoveldRiuroba, saWmlis momarageba, nadiroba, qalis mdgoma-
reoba, naCvenebia, Tu rogor ebrZvis adamiani bunebas, gaidealizebulia eskimosu-
ri ojaxi, romelsac metad rTuli cxovreba uwevs arqtikul zonaSi.
flaerti gadaiqca profesional kinodokumentalistad, romelmac kinos es
saxeoba poetur simaRleebze aiyvana, xolo mis films èsTetikuri manifesti~
ewoda. primitiuli yofis arqauli idealizaciiT gajerebuli miseuli romanti-
zmi profesionalur xerxad aRiqmeboda. mas ar moswonda iseTi dokumenturi
filmebi, sadac faqtebsa da movlenebs mSralad aRnusxavdnen. mas miaCnda, rom ne-
nukisnairi adamianebis cxovreba gacilebiT saintereso iyo mayureblisaTvis,
vidre mxatvruli kinosuraTebi. miuxedavad amisa, man gverdi mainc ver auara
mcireoden gadaTamaSebas, mxatvruli kinos elementebis CarTvas, radgan mis mTa-
var personaJs sinamdvileSi alakarialaki erqva da mas sulac ar hyavda col-
Svili.
Tavdapirvelad flaertis problemebi Seeqmna distributorebTan. verc erT-
ma maTganma gaqiravebaSi Cavardnis SiSiT ver ikisra mis gavrcelebaze pasuxism-
gebloba. amis Semdeg reJisori daukavSirda `pate iqsCeinjs~ da yvelaferi sauc-
xood aewyo. `CrdiloeTis nenukis~ premiera Sedga niu-iorkSi, xolo mcire xnis
Semdeg is aCvenes berlinsa da parizSi. auditoria moixibla misi egzotikuro-
biT, humanizmiTa da Rrma filosofiiT. masSi pirvelad warmoCndnen eTnikuri um-
ciresobebis warmomadgenlebi realur garemoSi. es iyo kinogadaRebis pirveli
SemTxveva, rodesac moxda xangrZlivi dakvirveba. amasobaSi, flaertim gaigo, rom
alakarialaki SimSilisagan gardaicvala. imdenad didi iyo flaertis kinosura-
Tis gavlena rigiT mayurebelze, rom amerikuli kinoTeatrebis foieebSi imxanad
iyideboda nayinis axali saxeoba, romelsac nenukis sapativcemulod èskimo~ da-
arqves.
`CrdiloeTis nenukze~ daixarja 50000 dolari, raSic Sedioda rogorc eqs-
pediciis, ise sawarmoo xarjebi, Tumca ekranebze gasvlis pirvelive kviraSi man
40000 dolari moagrova da uaxloes periodSi es cifri sagrZnoblad gazarda.
holivudeli magnatebis nawili mixvda, rom amgvari kinosuraTebis dafinanseba
gacilebiT iafi daujdeboda, vidre romelime maRalbiujetiani mxatvruli fil-
misa, romlis komerciuli warmateba yovelTvis eWvis qveS idga. Tanac mayureb-
lis cxoveli interesis gamo, SesaZloa, maT seriozuli mogeba moetanaT, amitom
zogierTma kinokompaniam, romelic gawafuli iyo mxatvruli kinoproduqciis ke-
TebaSi, daiwyo msgavsi dokumenturi filmebis gadaReba.
1922 wlidan vertovi Seudga qronikaluri kinoJurnalebis keTeba-gamoSve-
bas. maT daerqva saerTo saTauri _ `kinosimarTle~ da sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
ekranebze gavida 23 nomeri. maTSi Suqdeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare proce-
sebi: industrializacia, eleqtrifikacia, nacionalizacia da a. S. TiToeulSi
249
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda axlebur, sabWouri cxovrebis wess da mis
rogorc zogad daniSnulebas, ise calkeul detalebs. mayurebelze saagitacio
zegavlenis mizniT Ziga vertovi farTod iyenebda titrebs. man miaRwia qronika-
luri kadrebisa da epizodebis emociur Cvenebas, Tumca zogierTi literatori
da xelovani uwinaswarmetyvelebda, rom ver gaugebdnen da amis gamo bevri usia-
movneba Sexvdeboda.
parizis msoflio gamofenaze vercxlis medali da sapatio diplomi gadae-
ca vertovis kinosuraTs `kinoTvali~ (1924). es iyo sabWoTa kinos erT-erTi
upirvelesi warmateba saerTaSoriso arenaze. filmi eZRvneboda pioneruli or-
ganizaciis wevrebis saqmianobas ruseTis periferiebSi. masSi reJisorma gamoi-
yena kinogadaRebis araerTi eqsperimentuli xerxi, raTa uCveulo stilistikiT
eCvenebina mis samSobloSi arsebuli realuri mdgomareoba. adgilobrivi kino-
kritikosebis nawils ar moewona es filmi, radgan CaTvala, rom masSi bevri ram
iyo utopiuri, pasiuri da wvrilburJuaziuli sulis matarebeli. vertovs esec
ar akmares da mis `kinoTvalze~ araerTi karikaturac ki Seiqmna.
saTavgadasavlo mogzaurobis amsaxveli dokumenturi filmebis transfor-
macia daiwyo filmiT _ `balaxi: eris brZola sicocxlisaTvis~ (1925), romelic
gadaiRes amerikelebma: merien kuperma da ernest Sudsakma. is eZRvneboda iranSi
baxtiarebis tomis xalxis momTabarul cxovrebas. gadamRebi jgufi 2 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi afiqsirebda firze 50000 kacis mogzaurobas udabnosa da mTebSi sa-
surveli saZovrebis moZebnis mizniT. films didi rezonansi mohyva. presaSi wer-
dnen, rom igi warmoadgenda bunebaze adamianis gamarjvebis kinematografiul
triumfs, magram zogi skeptikurad ganwyobili kritikosi ambobda, rom es yvela-
feri tyuili iyo da kinosuraTi ara dasavleT iranSi, aramed los anJelesis
maxlobel mTebSi gadaiReso.
robert flaertim gaakeTa momdevno namuSevari `keramikosi~ (1925). rasakvir-
velia, amisaTvis mas ar mouwia Soreul eqspediciaSi wasvla. es kinosuraTic eT-
nografiul xasiaTs atarebda, magram aSkarad aklda `CrdiloeTis nenukis~ emo-
ciuri da dramatuli muxti.
dokumentur kinoSi politikamac SeaRwia. sxvadasxva saxis politikuri par-
tiebi, organizaciebi, dajgufebebi cdilobdnen kino Tavis sasargeblod gamoeye-
nebinaT. isini Tanxebs ar iSurebdnen ama Tu im politikuri sarCulis filmis
Sesaqmnelad, radgan kargad esmodaT, rom kino swored masebisTvis iyo gankuT-
vnili da misi meoxebiT TavianT saTqmels advilad miitandnen TiToeul adamia-
namde. maTi warmomadgenlebi an Tavad cdidnen beds sareJisoro Tu saoperato-
ro asparezze, an didi honorarebiT izidavdnen profesionalebs. mzaddeboda ki-
nosuraTebi muSaTa gaficvebze, demonstraciebze, sxva politikur movlenebze,
rac mavanTa saagitacio miznebs emsaxureboda. aSS-is Sromis federaciam gadai-
Ro kinosuraTi `garjis jildo~ (1925), romelsac aSkarad etyoboda politikuri
elferi, xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego pozicia, sakuTari korporatiuli ambicie-
bis dakmayofilebis Jini. amerikelma komunistma, alfred vagenknextma da misma
kolegebma daafinanses filmi `paseiqis safeiqro warmoebis gaficva~ (1926), ro-
melSic erTmaneTTan saucxood Sezavda studiaSi dadgmuli scenebi dokumentur
masalasTan. prodiuserebs sirTuleebi SeeqmnaT miwveul reJisorTan, romelic
ar iyo partiis wevri da maTi politikuri kursis gatarebas win aRudga, risT-
visac igi Secvales semiuel rasekiT, romelmac uzadod Seasrula davaleba.
vertovis kinosuraTebi, kerZod, `msoflios meeqvsedi~ (1926) arafriT Camou-
vardeboda amerikelebis politikur dokumentur kinoproduqcias. maTSi avtorma
250
xazi gausva modernistuli esTetikiT danaxul sabWoTa kavSirs. oriveSi revo-
luciis Semdgom momxdari cvlilebebis Txrobis epikuri masStabi Taviseburi
poeturobiT gadmoica, riTac maTi stilistika ufro gabeduli, Tamami da, amas-
Tanave, kritikosebisaTvis sakamaToc gaxda. vertovma moipova dogmatikosisa da
eqscentrikosis avtoriteti. man, sakuTari namuSevrebis garda, yvelaferi dagmo
kinematografSi, xotbas asxamda Tavis novatorul meTodebs, aravis uyadrebda
Tavs, risTvisac xelisuflebisagan erTgvari risxvac daimsaxura.
`faramaunTma~ flaertis SesTavaza gadaeRo kidev erTi egzotikuri filmi,
oRond ara CrdiloeTSi, aramed sxvagan. kinodokumentalisti da misi ojaxis
wevrebi gaemarTnen wynari okeanisaken, samoas erT kunZulze, sadac wlinaxevris
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen da iRebdnen epizodebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Se-
saxeb. maT Tan waiRes ori kamera: erTi Sav-TeTri, xolo meore _ feradi firiT,
Tumca es ukanaskneli cudad muSaobda da ver SeZles misi gamoyeneba. flaertis
TxovniT polinezielma aborigenebma specialurad am filmis gadaRebisaTvis ga-
aTamaSes Zveli, miviwyebuli rituali _ mamakacis sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomis
adaTi. ukan dabrunebuli reJisori didxans amontaJebda masalas. mas uTanxmoeba
mouvida damkveTTan, radgan Cafiqrebuli qronometraJi Seumcires. 1926 wels man
gamouSva kinosuraTi _ `moana~. marTalia, mas `CrdiloeTis nenukze~ ufro nak-
lebi Semosavali mohyva, ver amoiRo gaweuli xarjebi da masSi verc misi formu-
la gaimeora flaertim, magram poeturi plastikiTa da ostaturi montaJiT uda-
vod niSandoblivi namuSevari aRmoCnda. mis avtors ègzotikis eqsperti~ uwo-
des. imave wlis TebervalSi `niu iork sanSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi `kinomayu-
rebeli~ britanelma sociologma jon grirsonma swored am filmTan mimarTeba-
Si axsena, rom mas dokumentis Zala aqvso. aqedan gaCnda axali termini _ `doku-
menturi kino~. grirsoni Cavida aSS-Si, piradad Sexvda flaertis, esaubra saWir-
boroto sakiTxebze da moixsenia rogorc `dokumenturi kinos mamamTavari~, ro-
melmac brwyinvaled Seasrula sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTad damuSavebis misiao.
realuri cxovrebis qronikaluri fiqsaciis instrumentidan dokumenturi
kino gadaiqca kinoxelovnebis TviTmyofad saxeobad. faqtobrivad, kinodokumen-
talists ar sWirdeboda arc msaxiobebi, arc personaJebis gamogoneba, arc grimi
da arc mxatvruli kinosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aTasgvari wvrilmani. igi pirda-
pir iRebda yoveldRiur ambebs, sensaciebs, eTnografias, teqnikis siaxleebs, sti-
qiur ubedurebebs. istoriam Semoinaxa cnoba erT kinooperatorze, romelic af-
rikaSi iRebda kadrebs velur bunebaze da maSinac ki ar Sewyvita aparatis mar-
Tva, rodesac lomi daesxa Tavs. TandaTan ikveTeboda dokumenturi filmis xel-
wera da ena. amasTanave, gamoisaxa am saxeobis momavali Janrebis konturebic.
evropaSi moRvawe brazilieli reJisoris, albertu kavalkantis filmi `mxo-
lod saaTebi~ (1926) da germaneli valter rutmanis filmi `berlini: didi qala-
qis simfonia~ (1927) ganekuTvneboda produqcias qalaqur cxovrebaze. pirveli
aRwerda parizs, mis mdidrulsa da Raribul raionebs, xolo meore mieZRvna ger-
maniis dedaqalaqs da masSi warmoCnda ornairi damokidebuleba megapolisis mi-
marT. kargadaa naCvenebi qalaquri kultura, misi winaaRmdegobebi, abstraqtuli
gamosaxulebebi da gamZafrebuli subieqturoba. erT mxaresaa masa, xolo meore
mxares _ individualebi, romlebic amis dasamtkiceblad da yuradRebis misapy-
robad eqstravaganturad icvamen. am filmis Semqmnelebma, yovelgvari axlo xede-
bis gareSe SesaniSnavad gaakeTes gadasvla soflis idiliidan qalaqis monoto-
nurobaze, dauRalav ritmze, grZnobebze, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia misi mcxov-
reblebisaTvis, sazogadoebaze, sadac batonobs fuli da socialuri sxvaobebi.
251
merien kuperma da ernest Sudsakma kargad Seiswavles `CrdiloeTis nenuki~
da mis stilistikaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTes dokumenturi kinosuraTi _ `Cangi: ve-
luri garemos drama~ (1927), romelSic naCvenebia siamis (tailandi) junglebSi
mcxovrebi glexisa da misi ojaxis Tavgamodebuli Sroma fizikuri gadarCenisa-
Tvis. reJisorebma am namuSevars pirobiTad daarqves _ ànTropologiuri gamokv-
leva miTologiis Seqmnis mcdelobiT~. gadamReb jgufs metad rTulsa da uxer-
xul pirobebSi mouwia muSaoba. erT momentSi, roca Sua junglebSi iRebdnen mo-
rig epizods, ucabedad movardnili, damfrTxali vefxvi kinaRam daetaka Sudsaks,
romelic operatoris funqciebsac asrulebda. films didi warmateba hqonda, ho-
livudSi is iTvleboda erT-erT saukeTeso namuSevrad.
amerikis ekranebze gavida flaertis mier ori wliT adre gadaRebuli kino-
suraTi òcdaoTxdolariani kunZuli~ (1927), romelic mieZRvna menhetenis isto-
rias da, kerZod, im faqts, rom holandielma axalmoSeneebma sami saukunis win
swored am fasad iyides igi adgilobrivi indielebisagan. flaertim menhetenis
Tanamedrove iersaxe aRbeWda da amiT gaejibra kidec Silerisa da strendis
`menhetas~. amis Semdeg `metro-goldvin-meieris~ warmoebis ufrosma erving Tal-
bergma mas daavala, vudbrij ven daikTan erTad, gadaeRo filmi _ `samxreTis
zRvebis TeTri bindebi~. igi axali energiiT CaerTo muSaobaSi, magram ver gauZ-
lo kinokompaniis mier dawesebul tempebs da dasawyisSive miatova gadamRebi
jgufi, romelic taitize imyofeboda. ven daikma gaagrZela gadaReba da momaval
wels gamouSva es kinosuraTi, romlis titrebSi flaertis gvari saerTod ar
axsenes. `dokumenturi kinos Seqspirad~ wodebuli reJisori bevr winaaRmdegobas
awydeboda holivudSi, misi proeqtebi TiTqmis aRaravis ainteresebda, amitom mas
uwevda sxvadasxva juris damfinansebelTan xetiali da mudara, raTa gamoenaxa
axali finansuri wyaroebi. mogvianebiT kinokompania `foqsma~ flaertis daukve-
Ta kinosuraTi amerikel indielebze, magram sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo es proe-
qti CaiSala.
sabWoTa reJisori da memontaJe, esfir Subi istoriuli dokumenturi filme-
bis didostatad iTvleboda. is akeTebda kompilaciebs _ romelime namuSevarSi
Tavs uyrida sxvebis mier gadaRebul adrindel siuJetebs, gadaamuSavebda da pa-
raleluri montaJiT qmnida Rirssaxsovar kinosuraTebs. Subs ekuTvnis tri-
logia, romelic Sedgeba sami filmisagan: `romanovebis dinastiis dacema~ (1927),
`diadi gza~ (1928) da `nikolai meorisa da lev tolstois ruseTi~ (1928). pirve-
li moicavda ruseTSi romanovebis mmarTvelobis bolo xuTwleuls. masSi yura-
dReba iyo gamaxvilebuli qveyanaSi arsebul socialur-ekonomikur situaciaze,
politikur ambebze, rasac mohyva mefis gadadgoma, warmodgenili iyo Rrmad kon-
servatoruli sazogadoeba, sxvadasxva klasis urTierToba erTmaneTTan, saxel-
mwifosa da eklesiis roli mimdinare movlenebSi. meore kinosuraTi dokumentu-
rad aRwerda revoluciis gziT ruseTSi misuli axali xelisuflebis pirvel
nabijebs, xolo mesame eZRvneboda cnobili mwerlis dabadebidan asi wlisTavs.
holandielma reJisorma _ ioris ivensma gadaiRo poeturi dokumenturi ki-
nosuraTi `xidi~ (1928), romelSic naCvenebia roterdamis sarkinigzo xidi, rome-
lic xandaxan ixsneba, raTa gemebma Tavisuflad imoZraon mdinareze. mkvlevarebi
werdnen, rom am nagebobaSi filmis avtori xedavs ferebis, formebis, kontras-
tebis, ritmebis moZraobisa da maTi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis Tavisebur la-
boratoriaso. ivensis morigi namuSevari _ `wvima~ (1929) aseve poeturi filmia,
romelSic aRwerilia Tavsxma wvimis dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli ams-
terdamSi. igi aCvenebs saintereso Tavgadasavals. orives didi saerTaSoriso
252
aRiareba mohyva. ioris ivensi vertovisa da sxva kinodokumentalistebis gavle-
niT gaiwafa reJisurasa da montaJSi. igi da misi megobrebi holandiuri kinos
ligidan SabaTobiT Txoulobdnen kinoTeatrebidan qronikebs, mTeli Ramis ganma-
vlobaSi gadaamontaJebdnen da kviraobiT aCvenebdnen dabali fenebis warmomad-
genlebs mimdinare movlenebis amgvar versiebs. meore RamiT isini isev aRadgen-
dnen aRniSnul qronikebs da orSabaTobiT madlierebis grZnobiT ubrunebdnen
kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs.
Ziga vertovis filmi àdamiani kinoaparatiT~ (1929), misi sxva namuSevrebis
msgavsad, emsaxureboda sabWouri samyaros cxovrebis wesis Tavisebur reklamas.
igi gaTvlili iyo sabWoTa adamianebze, maTi axleburi mentalitetis Camoyalibe-
baze. filmis titrebSi reJisorma mkafiod miuTiTa, rom es iyo uscenaro kino-
suraTi. vertovze werdnen, rom man erTgvari himni umRera kinokameras, rom Tavisi
`kinoTvaliT~ asaxa yvela da yvelaferi, Tumca am namuSevars etyoba avtoriseu-
li nostalgia misive adrindeli tendenciebisa da xelweris mimarT. amis erT-
erTi mizezi iyo is garemoebac, rom vertovi iZulebuli gaxda, kievSi wasuliyo
da iq, `vufkuSi~ (sruliad ukrainis fotokinosammarTveloSi), ganexorcielebina
es kinoproeqti, radganac moskovSi damfinansebeli aRar eguleboda. vertovis
ukrainaSi wasvlis Semdeg `kinokebi~ daiSala.
sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda bevri muSaTa klubi, sadac aCvenebdnen dokumen-
tur filmebs. Cvenebebs Tan axlda ganxilvebi. TiToeul mayurebels SeeZlo ga-
mosuliyo da sakuTari mosazreba gabedulad gamoeTqva. zogjer filmebi sade-
monstraciod pirdapir sawarmoebSi mihqondaT da saxeldaxelod gakeTebul ek-
ranebze uSvebdnen.
jon grirsonma Semoikriba axalgazrda, niWieri da energiuli reJisorebis
jgufi da gadaiRo srulmetraJiani dokumenturi kinosuraTi `modreifeni~ (1929),
Sotlandiel meTevzeTa mZime Sromaze. masSi aSkarad gamoikveTa flaertiseuli
formula _ àdamiani bunebis winaaRmdeg~ da eizenSteiniseuli emociuri monta-
Ji. presa aRfrTovanebiT werda, rom britanelma mayurebelma pirvelad naxa ek-
ranze mSromeli adamianebi profesiuli saqmianobis Sesrulebis momentSi da es
gagrZelda ara ramdenime wamiT, rogorc adreul kinoqronikebSi, aramed TiTqmis
erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, riTac yvelas mieca saSualeba, kargad dakvirveboda
da gaeTavisebina maTi autaneli mdgomareoba, naTlad daenaxa is pirobebi, raSic
uwevdaT muSaoba. amiT grirsonma sruliad axal stilistikas Cauyara safuZve-
li. igi socialuri da poeturi kinos momxre iyo, Tumca mas xelovnebis dargad
arc ganixilavda da mxolod Jurnalistikis originalur saxeobad Tvlida. mas
surda, kinematografi daebrunebina egzotikuri samyarodan imasTan, rac iqve, ro-
gorc Tavad ambobda, mis cxvirwin xdeboda. dramatuli daZabulobis Seqmnis di-
dostatad qceuli reJisori SesaniSnavad gadmoscemda saTqmels saerTo xedebiT
da miuTiTebda, rom Tavis kinosuraTebSi mxolod sufTa britanul Tavisebure-
bebs gamoxatavda. flaertisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic kinoscenaris mowinaaRm-
deged iTvleboda da miaCnda, rom winaswar verafers ganWvretdi, amitom figura-
lurad miuTiTebda, scenari Tavad cxovrebam unda daweroso, grirsoni Tomas in-
sis stilis `rkinisebur kinoscenars~ aniWebda upiratesobas.
qalaquri cxovrebis amsaxveli kinosuraTebi isev popularobiT sargeblob-
da. am mimarTulebis ramdenime RirsSesaniSnavi namuSevari gaakeTes sabWoTa ki-
nematografistma mixail kaufmanma, belgielma anri storkma, frangma Jan vigom da
sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom vigosTan kinooperatorad muSaobda vertovis meore Zma _
boris kaufmani.
253
viqtor tiurinis axleburi eTnografiuli impulsebiT datvirTuli da epi-
kuri TxrobiT gajerebuli filmi `turksibi~ (1929) aRwerda rkinigzis gayvanis
mniSvnelobas sabWoTa kavSiris ori regionis _ Turqestanisa da cimbiris erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebis saqmeSi. avtorebma originaluri gamomsaxvelobiTi rakur-
sebiT warmoaCines mSenebelTa enTuziazmi. aleksandr litvinovis kinosuraTs _
`tyis xalxi~ (1929), sadac aRbeWdilia sabWoTa Soreuli aRmosavleTis aborige-
nebis yofa-cxovreba, specialistebma Searqves `Cveni nenuki~, rameTu paTosiT aS-
karad uaxlovdeboda flaertis stils, adamianisa da bunebis urTierTdamokide-
bulebas. yuradReba miiqcia mixeil kalatoziSvilis filmma `jim SvanTe!~ (`ma-
rili svaneTs!~, 1929), raSic gadmoica Zvelisa da axlis dapirispireba, mTian regi-
onSi gzis gayvanis urTulesi procesi da misi aucilebloba. aseTebs sabWoTa
kavSirSi `kulturfilmebs~ uwodebdnen da xelisuflebac siamovnebiT afinanseb-
da maT warmoebas.
msxvili arapolitikuri korporaciebi da samTavrobo organizaciebi aqtiu-
rad Caebnen dokumenturi kinosuraTebis SeqmnaSi. rasakvirvelia, yvela saTavi-
sod iyenebda maT. germaniis komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobis davalebiT
gadaiRes `Tanamedrove problema: rogor cxovrobs berlineli muSa~ (1930, reJ.
zlatan dudovi), romelsac Rrma klasobrivi dapirispirebis funqcia ekisreboda,
miT ufro im periodSi, roca qveyanaSi sxvadasxva partias Soris gamZafrebuli
brZola mimdinareobda.
dokumenturi kinos mwarmoeblebi Tamamad epaeqrebodnen mxatvrul kinos,
magram miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxeobis namuSevrebis keTeba iafi jdeboda, war-
moebam naTlad aCvena, rom maT damfinanseblebs did mogebaze arc unda efiqraT.
gamorCeul dokumentur kinoproduqcias aCvenebdnen elitur kinoTeatrebSi, rad-
ganac sasurvel sainformacio da saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebas Seicavdnen.
dokumenturi kinosuraTebis demonstrireba xdeboda eklesiebSic, skolebSic da
kulturul dawesebulebebSic. dokumenturi kinos ganviTarebam didad Seuwyo
xeli rogorc kinematografistebis, ise mayureblis axlebur midgomas realobi-
sadmi.
254
animaciuri kino
laTinuri sityva ànima~ qarTulad suls niSnavs, misgan warmomdgari ànima-

cia~ ki _ gasulierebas, gacocxlebas. animaciur kinematografs sxvagvarad mul-
tiplikaciasac (gamravlebas) uwodeben. igi Sedgeba naxati da Tojinuri filme-
bisagan. rasakvirvelia, Sarl-emil reinos udidesi damsaxureba miuZRvoda anima-
ciuri kinos Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi, Tumca mas konkurentebi gamouCndnen:
aSS-Si stiuart bleqtoni, xolo britaneTSi arTur melburn-kuperi akeTebdnen
pawawina multiplikaciur kinosuraTebs.
1898 wels bleqtonma da albert smiTma erToblivad gadaiRes pirveli To-
jinuri kinosuraTi _ `liliputebis cirki~ (1898), romlisTvisac gamoiyenes xis
saTamaSoebi. misi idea daibada mas Semdeg, rac isini muSaobdnen morig mxatvrul
filmze da erT-erTi triukisaTvis sruliad SemTxveviT aRmoaCines moZraobis
iluziis axali efeqti.
melburn-kuperma 1899 wels gadaiRo animaciuri kinosuraTi àsanTebi: mowo-
deba~, romelic warmoadgenda mTavrobisagan waxalisebul-dafinansebul, agitaci-
ur nawarmoebs inglis-burebis omSi monawile ingliseli jariskacebis gasamxne-
veblad. is mosaxleobas mouwodebda, daxmarebodnen uSiSar mebrZolebs asanTe-
bis SegrovebiTa da frontze gagzavniT. reJisorma SesaniSnavad aaTamaSa asan-
Tis Rerebi, teqnikurad kargad aCvena maTi moZraobis calkeuli fazebi. Semdeg
man gaakeTa ukve mxatvrul-animaciuri filmi _ `dolis saTamaSoebi~ (1901), ro-
melSic erTmaneTTan SeaerTa realuri gamosaxulebebi da naxatebi. am kinosura-
Tis gmiri oTxi bavSvi saCuqrad miiRebs saTamaSo jariskacebsa da mezRvaurebs.
RamiT, roca bavSvebs sZinavT, Tojinebi gacocxldebian, gaizrdebian da ferxul-
Si gadaeSvebian. amasobaSi mTavari gmirebic gamoiRviZeben da maTTan erTad mxia-
ruloben. `dolis saTamaSoebi~ imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom melburn-kuperis
stils mimbaZvelebic gamouCndnen da TavianT filmebSi svamdnen animaciur epi-
zodebs. maT Soris iyvnen JorJ meliesi, uolter buTi da sxv.
Sarl pates kinokompaniis barselonis saxelosnoSi momuSave, segundo de
Comonic safuZvlianad daeufla kadrobrivi gadaRebis meTods da gadaiRo fil-
mi èleqtronuli sastumro~ (1905), romelSic aamoZrava sagnebi da gamoiyena ax-
leburi e. w. `cocxali warwerebis~ praqtika. aqa-iq mimobneuli asoebi Tavs iy-
ridnen erT adgilze da qmnidnen ama Tu im warweras. de Comonis es gamogoneba
umal dainerga sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
kadrobrivi gadaRebis meTods aSS-Si uwodebdnen èrTi gadabruneba, erTi
suraTi~ _ kinokameris saxeluris erTi gadabrunebiT firze aRibeWdeboda erTi
kadri. amis meoxebiT bleqtonma gaakeTa animaciuri kinosuraTi `sasacilo saxee-
bis iumoristuli fazebi~ (1906), rasac mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis pirvel srul-
yofil multiplikaciur namuSevrad da mis avtors miiCnevs àmerikuli animaci-
is mamamTavrad~. faqtobrivad, igi warmoadgenda dafaze karikaturebis xeliT
xatvis procesis kinematografiul versias, romelsac Tan erTvoda amave karika-
turebis komikuri moZraobebi. bleqtonis magaliTs mibaZa buTma da gadaiRo
`mxatvris xeli~ (1906), sadac aRwera, rogor iqmneba da iwyebs moZraobas naxati.
orive filmi àxal saswaulad~ moinaTla.
bleqtonma kidev erTxel gaaoca mayurebeli momdevno namuSevrebiT: `moCve-
nebebiani sastumro~ (1907) da `moelvare eskizebi~ (1907). pirvelSi man erTi epi-
255
zodi gadaiRo axlo xediT, xolo meoreSi aCvena moZraobebisa da Suqis efeqte-
bis ostaturi Serwyma. roca `moCvenebebiani sastumro~ parizSi aCvenes, gomonis
operatorebi ver mixvdnen, Tu rogor gakeTda misi triukebi da aseT meTods pi-
robiTad àmerikuli moZraoba~ uwodes.
Tomas edisonis kinokompaniam gamouSva `tedis daTvebi~ (1907), romlis reJi-
sorebad oficialurad ki moixseniebdnen uolas meqaCensa da edvin porters,
Tumca zogierTi monacemiT, maT aqtiuri daxmareba gauwia sagangebod miwveulma
arTur melburn-kuperma, rogorc gamocdilma multiplikatorma. britaneTSi,
Carlz erbenis kompaniaSi, buTma daiwyo axali animaciuri seriebis damzadeba,
romelTagan pirveli iyo _ `komikuri karikaturebi~ (1907).
safrangeTSi multiplikaciiT dainteresda karikaturisti da komiqsebis
mxatvari _ emil koli. gonebamaxvili, gamWriaxi, gamomgoneblobis niWiT dajil-
doebuli koli gamoirCeoda lakonurobiT. igi Tavadve igonebda siuJetebs kino-
suraTebisaTvis da swored aseTi SemTxvevis wyalobiT moxvda kinowarmoebaSi.
erTxel gomonma saavtoro uflebebis daucvelad gamoiyena misi erT-erTi siuJe-
ti da konfliqtis mogvarebis mizniT mxatvari miiwvia Tavis kinokompaniaSi.
kolma gamoigona animaciis ramdenime meTodi. is iyo Tavisi multfilmebis reJi-
soric, scenaristic, mxatvaric da operatoric, Sav fonze xatavda TeTr figurebs
da grafikuli xerxiT amoZravebda.
koli animacias uwodebda optikur fokussa da mxatvruli TviTgamoxatvis
axal saSualebas. samiode weliwadSi man 75 kinosuraTi gadaiRo, Tumca arc
erTs ar hqonda tradiciuli TxrobiTi stili. reJisori iyenebda fantastikur
naxatebs, fotografiul gamosaxulebebs, iracionalur logikasa da gaugebar sim-
bolikas. pirveli mTlianad animaciuri filmi `fantasmagoria~ (1908) man saja-
rod aCvena parizis dramatuli Teatris – `Jimnazis~ ekranze da didi warmateba
moipova. kolma amas miayola seriebi, romelTa mTavari gmiri _ fantoSi, gaxda
pirveli popularuli animaciuri personaJi. aRniSnul seriebSi erTmaneTs enacv-
leboda iumori, parodia, karikatura, sayofacxovrebo scenebi. avtori maT `gamo-
saxulebis kalamburebs~ eZaxda. `fantasmagoria~ mxolod or wuTs grZeldeboda.
daaxloebiT aseTive moculobis iyo sxva filmebic, romlebSic erTi fantoSis
nacvlad sxva fantoSebic, komikur-groteskuli gmirebi, gamoCndnen. es niWieri
animatori akeTebda cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebis animaciur parodieb-
sac, magram is marto grafikuli multiplikaciiT ar SemoisazRvreboda, aramed
xandaxan naturalur kadrebsac svamda. man sxvebs aCvena magaliTi, Tu rogor un-
da gaekeTebinaT multfilmebi damoukideblad, yovelgvari didi gadamRebi jgu-
fisa da rTuli teqnikis gareSe. Tavdapirvelad kolma ar icoda gancalkevebu-
li fonebis xatva da amitomac yvelafers erTad xatavda. xandaxan xeliTac afe-
radebda firs meti efeqturobisaTvis. man poeturoba SesZina multiplikacias
da masSi gadaitana kinotriukebi.
melburn-kuperma aiyolia robert poli da maT erTad gadaiRes filmi `To-
jinebis qveynis sizmrebi~ (1908), romlis TiToeul personaJs saxeli daerqva. ase-
Tive Tojinuri kinosuraTi `moqandakis koSmari~ (1908) gaakeTa uolas meqaCenma.
man kidev ramdenime animaciuri namuSevari Seqmna da yvelgan ixelmZRvanela usu-
lo sagnebis gacocxlebis teqnikiT.
bleqtonis filmSi `jadosnuri avtokalami~ (1909) kvlav gamoyenebuli iyo
xeliT xatvis xerxi, anu naxati ki ixateboda, magram ar Canda Semsruleblis xe-
li. samwuxarod, misi namuSevrebi warmoadgenda teqnikur atraqcionebs, romlebic
Sors idgnen mxatvruli Rirebulebebis nawarmoebebisagan.
256
novatoruli ideebiT gamoirCeoda britaneli multiplikatori Carlz arm-
strongi. mis multfilmebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qaRaldisagan gamoWri-
li adamianebisa da cxovelebis siluetebs. armstrongis yvelaze sayuradRebo
namuSevari iyo `masxara da misi viri~ (1910).
ruseTSi aleksandr xanJonkovma Tavis kompaniaSi miiwvia TviTnaswavli mxa-
tvari, vladislav stareviCi, romelic qmnida saucxoo samaskarado kostiumebs da
xatavda mwvave karikaturebs. stareviCi gulmodgined Seudga muSaobas. mas undo-
da, gadaeRo dokumenturi filmi xoWoebze, magram aRmoCnda, rom es ukanasknelni
pasiurni xdebian Suqis minaTebis Sedegad, amitom gaakeTa maTi figurebi da ise
gaaTamaSa scena, rogorc hqonda Cafiqrebuli. amgvarad Seiqmna pirveli Tojinu-
ri kinosuraTi `lukanus kervusi~ (1910). stareviCis Semdegi namuSevari iyo `Tav-
kombalas ganviTareba~ (1911), risTvisac igi awarmoebda kadrobriv gadaRebas
wyalSi Tavkombalebis moZraobebis aRsabeWdad, rac didad waadga fazuri naxa-
tebis Sesaqmnelad. mas TanaSemweobas uwevda misive meuRle _ ana cimermani. sa-
kuTari bina maT gaavses plastiliniT, mavTulebiT, SuSisa da sarkis natexebiT,
mkvdari, gamomSrali mwerebiT, saxlebis maketebiT, TabaSirisagan gakeTebuli sa-
TamaSoebiTa da kidev sxva mravali nivTiT.
mwerebze dakvirvebis Sedegad stareviCi amzadebda maT Tojinebs, magram ar
surda zusti aslebis gadaReba. man safuZveli Cauyara moculobiT multiplika-
cias. misi TiToeuli Tojinis TiToeuli fazuri moZraoba aRibeWdeboda kino-
firze cal-calke, amisaTvis ki saWiro xdeboda kinoaparatis Zalze bevrjer
CarTva-gamorTva. amgvari teqnika Zalze rTuli da Sromatevadi iyo.
imxanad yvelaze didi warmateba xvda mxatvar-karikaturist uinZor meqeis,
romelic sagazeTo komiqsebis xatvaSi iyo gawafuli da romelmac erTgvari re-
volucia moaxdina amerikul animaciaSi. niu-iorkSi man mayurebels warudgina
filmi _ `patara nimo~ (1911), ris gadaRebas oTxi weli da 4000 naxati moandoma.
yoveli kadri meqeim Tavad gaaferada xeliT. kinosuraTma sayovelTao popula-
roba moipova. meqeis samxatvro xelmZRvaneloba gauwia bleqtonma.
1912 wels Sedga stareviCis filmis _ `mSvenieri lukanida, anu ulvaSianTa
omi rqosanTa winaaRmdeg~ premiera. Tavdapirvelad is mayurebelma gulgrilad
miiRo. imasac ki ambobdnen: reJisors mwerebi rogor gauwvrTniao, magram amgvari
damokidebuleba maleve Seicvala aRfrTovanebiT da es namuSevari daaxloebiT
aT weliwads warmatebiT gadioda ruseTis ekranebze. igi gaitanes sazRvargare-
Tac, sadac auditoria mquxare ovaciebiT xvdeboda. es iyo saraindo romanebisa
da pikanturi melodramatuli filmebis ostaturi parodia. masSi yvela rols
`TamaSobdnen~ xoWoebi.
ufro daxvewilad warmoaCina moculobiTi multiplikaciis teqnika stare-
viCma morig namuSevrebSi: `kinematografiuli operatoris SurisZieba~ (1912) da
`mxiaruli scenebi mwerebis cxovrebidan~ (1912). orive maTgani igavis formis ko-
loritul satiras warmoadgenda. xanJonkovi aRtacebas ver malavda da yvelgan
acxadebda, rom stareviCis saxiT rusul kinoSi mivida TviTmyofadi kaci, ro-
melic kinematografiaSi aucileblad daimkvidrebs gamokveTil adgilso.
meqeis animaciuri kinosuraTi _ `rogor moqmedebs koRo~ (1912) gamoirCeoda
kargi statikuri fonebiTa da Tamami eqsperimentebiT moZraobis perspeqtivaSi.
meqei rudunebiT muSaobda, marto xatavda yvelafers, ar Cqarobda da cdilobda,
unikaluri namuSevari gaekeTebina, ris gamoc xSirad, TiTqmis erT wels andomeb-
da xuTwuTiani multfilmis Seqmnas. animaciaSi is udides xelovnebas xedavda
da misi komercializaciis sastik mowinaaRmdeged gamodioda.
257
am droisaTvis kolma ukve ramdenime kinokompania gamoicvala. 1912 wels
èklerma~ igi gaagzavna aSS-Si, Tavis filialSi. frangma animatorma daiwyo se-
rialebis keTeba popularuli komiqsebis mixedviT, ramac biZgi misca adgilob-
riv mxatvrebs, romlebic komiqsebSi specializdebodnen, Tavadac SeeqmnaT anima-
ciuri kinosuraTebi. erT-erTma maTganma, jon breim gaaumjobesa multiplikaciis
meTodi, rasac daarqva `gamosaxulebis gadatanis buferuli sistema~ da misi sa-
SualebiT gadaiRo pirveli filmi _ `mxatvris ocnebebi~ (1913). erl hardTan er-
Tad man gaakeTa celuloidis nitratis gamWvirvale furclebi da SeimuSava
maTze xatvis principebi. amgvari gamartivebuli animaciuri teqnologiiT ucv-
lel naxatze edeboda kliSe cvalebadi moZravi elementebiT, riTac ioldeboda
muSaoba. male amerikuli multiplikaciuri kinostudiebis umravlesoba warmate-
biT iyenebda am sistemas, xolo breis uxdida misi licenziis safasurs. imave
wlidan breim safuZveli Cauyara animaciur serials, romlis gmiri iyo polkov-
niki hiza laiari. mokle xanSi am serialma amerikelTa mowoneba daimsaxura.
10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi animaciur kinoSi pirvel cdebs atarebdnen skan-
dinaviis qveynebis enTuziastebi. saxlebSi mowyobil studiebSi isini akeTebdnen
multfilmebs sagazeTo karikaturebis stilSi. maTgan gamorCeuli iyo norvegie-
li svara halvorsenis kinosuraTi `rual amundseni samxreT polusze~ (1913).
stareviCis filmi `WriWina da WianWvela~ (1913), ivan krilovis igavis ekrani-
zacia, warmoadgenda Tojinur kinematografSi axali meTodebis gamoyenebis sau-
cxoo magaliTs. mas arnaxuli warmateba xvda, radganac misi gmirebi gansakuTre-
buli individualizmiT gamoirCeodnen. am filmis 140 asli gaiyida sazRvarga-
reT. reJisori didostatad aRiares rogorc mis samSobloSi, ise ucxoeTSi. sta-
reviCi Seudga mxatvruli kinosuraTebis gadaRebasac, oRond TiTqmis yvelaSi
svamda mcire zomis animaciur fragmentebs.
jon breis konkurenti gaxda raul bare, romelmac gaxsna sakuTari studia.
man gaaumjobesa kinokameris win naxatebis pozicirebis xerxi. aseve saxazav da-
faze gaakeTa orientirebi da furclebi daxvrita, raTa esa Tu is naxati zus-
tad daesva ama Tu im fonze. am kanadelma mxatvarma moigona animaciaSi Sromis
ganawilebis novatoruli principic _ animatori xatavda figuris sawyiss da
bolo fazebs, xolo danarCens asrulebdnen misi asistentebi.
1914 wels CikagoSi didi zar-zeimiT moewyo meqeis axali filmis _ `dino-
zavri gerti~ Cveneba. kinosuraTis gmiri calkeul sacirko triukebs asrulebda:
aTamaSebda da cxvirze iCerebda burTs, cekvavda, glejda da atrialebda xeebs,
miirTmevda xils da bolos mayurebels Tavs uxrida madlobis niSnad. erTnawi-
liani `dinozavri gerti~ Zalian popularuli gaxda. dinozavrebi da arqauli
periodis sxvadasxva cxoveli mravlad gamoCndnen sxva animatorebis kinosura-
TebSi. meqei kargad aCvenebda moZraobas, Jests, mimikas, ritms, iumors, moulodne-
lobis efeqts, Tumca darwmunda, rom animaciis procesis Sromatevadobis da xar-
jebis Sesamcireblad aucilebeli iyo axali meTodebis danergva.
stareviCma grafikuli animaciis stiliT gadaiRo patara iumoristuli
multfilmi `mamali da pegasi~ (1914), romelSic aCvena rusul kinobazarze ori
ZiriTadi konkurentis _ xanJonkovisa da pates, dapirispireba, maTi simboloebis
_ pegasisa da galuri mamlis, orTabrZola.
aSS-Si moRvawe Zmebma, maqs da deiv flaiSerebma 1915 wels gamoigones xelsa-
wyo _ `rotoskopi~, romlis meoxebiTac demonstrirebuli mxatvruli filmidan
SeiZleboda realuri adamianebis moZraobebis fazebis dalageba, amoxatva da
maTgan animaciuri personaJebis Seqmna.
258
amave xanebSi ramdenime aTeuli multiplikaciuri kinosuraTi gadaiRes
Svedma da norvegielma kinematografistebma, magram maTi absoluturi umravle-
soba ucnobi iyo saerTaSoriso kinobazrisaTvis. mxolod erTma Svedma reJisor-
ma _ viqtor beridalma miipyro ucxoeli distributorebis da mayureblis yura-
dReba filmiT `magiuri sasmeli~ (1915). Semdgom beridalma daiwyo seriebis ga-
daReba, romlis mTavari gmiri iyo kapitani grogi da romlis pirvelive namuSev-
ris `kapitan grogis saocari mogzauroba~ (1916), 35 asli SeiZines ucxoelebma.
1916 wels cnobilma magnatma _ uiliam herstma daaarsa kompania ìnTernei-
Senal film servisi~, romlis xelmZRvanelad daniSna gregori la qava da daava-
la raul bares gadabireba. la qavam kargad Seasrula davaleba, Tumca kompaniam
oriode weliwadi iarseba da finansuri problemebis gamo gauqmda. misi TanamS-
romlebis didi nawili breisTan gadavida. erT-erTma maTganma _ pol Terim, ro-
melic amtkicebda, gamosaxulebis gadanacvlebis sakuTari meTodi maqvs gamogo-
nebulio, wamoiwyo xangrZlivi dava jon breisTan da uari ganacxada misgan li-
cenziis aRebaze. is akeTebda animaciur filmebs, ezopes igavebis adaptaciebs.
msoflioSi pirveli srulmetraJiani multfilmi `mociquli~ gadaiRes ar-
gentinaSi, 1917 wels. misi avtori, kirino qristiani profesiiT mxatvari iyo, xa-
tavda politikur karikaturebs da iRebda mcire zomis animaciur kinosuraTebs.
es filmi warmoadgenda politikur satiras argentinis imJamindel prezidentze,
romelic didad ar epitnaveboda Tavad qristianis.
pirveli msoflio omis periodSi iqmneboda propagandistuli multfilme-
bic. am mxriv Tavi gamoiCines britanelma animatorebma, romelTa namuSevrebi ar
Camouvardeboda amave mimarTulebis mxatvrulsa da dokumentur kinosuraTebs.
iaponiis ekranebze gamoCnda adgilobrivi warmoebis pirveli animaciuri
filmebi. am erTidan xuT wuTamde qronometraJis namuSevrebs akeTebdnen calke-
uli mxatvrebi, romlebic baZavdnen amerikel da evropel multiplikatorebs,
Tumca iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic originalur stilistikas arCevdnen. upirveles
iaponur animaciur namuSevrad iTvleba èskizebis axali albomi~ (1917), romlis
avtori _ hekoten Simokava carciT xatavda Sav dafaze da ase iRebda moZrao-
bebs. aRsaniSnavia seitaro kitaiamas Semoqmedebac. mowonebiT sargeblobdnen
misi kinosuraTebi: `rogor gadauxada samagiero kiborCxalam maimuns~ (1917) da
`momotaro~ (1918), romlis mTavari personaJi iyo iaponuri zRaprebis amave saxe-
lis popularuli gmiri. samwuxarod, arc erTi aRniSnuli filmi ar Senaxula.
isini warmoadgendnen eqsperimentul namuSevrebs, romlebic saSinao pirobebSi
mzaddebodnen, magram maT afinansebdnen kinokompaniebi, risTvisac distribuciis
uflebas iTxovdnen. TandaTanobiT animaciuri filmebis warmoebis procesma ia-
poniaSi saTanadod aRWurvil studiebSi gadainacvla.
omis Tematikas meqeic gamoexmaura efeqturi feradi kinosuraTiT `lusite-
niis~ CaZirva~ (1918). man maqsimalurad gamoiyena arsebuli teqnikuri saSualebebi
dauviwyari sanaxaobis warmosaCenad. aRniSnul films safuZvlad daedo realu-
ri faqti, rogor CaZira germanulma wyalqveSa navma amerikuli samgzavro laine-
ri `lusitenia~, romelzec aTasze meti mgzavri imyofeboda. mayurebeli aRfrTo-
vanebiT Sexvda mis gamoCenas, xolo presa miuTiTebda: rac ver SeZles mxatvru-
li kinos ostatebma, is SesaniSnavad gaakeTes animatorebmao.
animaciuri produqcia yvelas moswonda, magram TiToeuli kinosuraTis ga-
daReba did xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi filmebi ver ina-
zRaurebdnen maTze gaweul Tanxebs. miuxedavad amisa, muSaoba mainc grZeldebo-
da. aSS-sa da evropaSi zogierTi kinoTeatri xandaxan erT srul seanss an
259
mTlian dRes uTmobda animaciuri filmebis demonstraciebs, romelTa ZiriTadi
stumrebi bavSvebi iyvnen. aman xeli Seuwyo animaciuri kinowarmoebis sistemis
Camoyalibebas. amasTanave, iqmneboda teqnologiurad da finansurad gamarTuli
kinokompaniebi, romlebic kinos am saxeobis namuSevrebis keTebas emsaxurebodnen.
gaxSirda mxatvrul filmebSi multiplikaciuri fragmentebis CarTvis praqti-
kac. gaCnda pirveli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo animaciuri kinosuraTebi.
aSS-dan samSobloSi dabrunebulma emil kolma èkleris~ axalgaxsnil
studiaSi gadaiRo seriebi _ `nikelirebuli fexebis~ Tavgadasavlebi~ (1918), rac
iTvleba mis saukeTeso nawarmoebad. igi daefuZna komikur moTxrobebs anarqisti
axalgazrdebis erT jgufze, romelsac xan kriminalur samyarosTan, xan ki _
oficialur xelisuflebasTan hqonda usiamovnebebi. kolis aryofnaSi safran-
geTSi asparezze gamovida animatorTa axali Taoba, romelic swored mis stili-
stikaze gaiwvrTna da daxelovnda.
Zmebi flaiSerebi breim aiyvana Tavis studiaSi da saswavlo filmebis ga-
daRebaze gaamwesa. deivma da maqsma gaakeTes kinosuraTi `samelnidan~ (1918), rom-
lis mTavari personaJi iyo masxara. breim igi kinoprogramebSi CarTo da flai-
Serebs mouwoda gaegrZelebinaT es Tema. Zmebi gulmodgined ki moekidnen samu-
Saos, oRond verafriT uzrunvelyves misi regularuli warmoeba.
britanelma anomatorma _ enson daierma sesil hefuorTis studiaSi Seqmna
seriebi, romelTa mTavari personaJi iyo uSiSari mzveravi bobi. manve gadaiRo
`sami goWi~ (1918) da Semdeg SeeWida uiliam Seqspiris dramaturgias, oRond sati-
rul stilSi da gaakeTa ramdenime patara animaciuri kinosuraTi.
1919 wels stareviCi emigraciaSi wavida jer italiaSi, sadac erTi filmis
gadaReba moaswro, Semdgom _ safrangeTSi. parizSi Casul ostats samsaxuri da
sakmaod didi honorari SesTavazes erT kompaniaSi. man saxeli ladislasad ga-
daikeTa da xalisiT Seudga saqmes.
aSS-Si animator pet salivens hqonda sakuTari kompania `pet saliven qar-
Tunzi~, sadac muSaobda oto mesmeri. orives surda seriebis gakeTeba, Tumca mo-
safiqrebeli dro Zalian gauWianurdaT sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. rodesac mes-
merma gadaiRo multfilmi _ `katuri sisuleleebi~ (1919), misi gmiri imdenad moe-
wona mayurebels, rom moiTxova masze kidev Seqmniliyo kinosuraTebi. salivenma
da mesmerma personaJs feliqsi daarqves da daiwyes masze seriebi. pirvel etapze
kata feliqsis moZraobebi Caplinis mawanwalas stils emTxveoda, magram avto-
rebma gamocdili multiplikatori _ uiliam nolani ixmes, romelmac daxvewa es
tipaJi da meti originaluroba SesZina. kinokritikosebma saliven-mesmeris duets
Seuqes namuSevari da maT seriebs uwodes `xelovnebisaken gadadgmuli swori na-
biji~.
kata feliqsi gadaiqca pirvel animaciur gmirad, romelmac amerikuli kul-
turuli elitis yuradReba miiqcia. pet salivenis studiaSi bevri animatori ga-
davida. Tavad saliveni mxolod prodiuserobiT dakavda, xolo filmebs uSua-
lod akeTebda mesmeri, romelsac yvela detalze pasuxismgebloba evaleboda.
igi saocrad Sromismoyvare, gulCaTxrobili da miamiti adamiani iyo, Cveulebri-
vad iRebda xelfass da arasodes gamouTqvams ukmayofileba raimeze. arada, sa-
livenma mis daukiTxavad gaiforma saavtoro uflebebi da amis safuZvelze mi-
lionobiT dolari daagrova. mogvianebiT niu-iorkeli distributori, margaret
uinqleri warmatebiT avrcelebda am seriebs da kidev ufro meti popularoba
SesZina feliqss, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas salivenTan usiamovnebebi mouvida, rac
gadaizarda sasamarTlo davebSi.
260
emil koli bolo filmSi `fantoSis saxli~ (1921) isev daubrunda sayvarel
personaJs, magram am nawarmoebSi axali araferi Tqmula. man gulwrfelad aRia-
ra, rom Zalian CamorCa im progress, romelsac animaciuri kino ganicdida.
specialistebisagan Seqebulma Zmebma flaiSerebma Tavi mianebes breis da
1921 wels sakuTari studia daaarses. maT ganagrZes seriebi masxaraze, romelsac
cota xnis Semdeg koko Searqves da misi reklamisaTvis sakmao xarjebi gaswies.
aman gaamarTla da koko kata feliqsis msgavsad arnaxulad popularuli anima-
ciuri gmiri gaxda. igi samelnedan amoixateboda, vardeboda gamouval situacieb-
Si, uwevda maTgan Tavis daZvrena da bolos, isev samelneSi Caxteboda. samwuxa-
rod, kinobiznesis warmoebaSi flaiSerebi sustebi aRmoCndnen, ris gamoc 5 wlis
Semdeg iZulebuli gaxdnen `faramaunTs~ mikedlebodnen.
1921 wels aSS-is qalaq kanzas sitiSi erTi kinoTeatris mflobelma axal-
gazrda mxatvrebs _ uolt diznisa da ab aiverqss daukveTa multfilmebis seri-
ebi _ `sicilis gramebi~, romlebic unda yofiliyo animaciuri xumrobebisa da
sareklamo gancxadebebis iumoristuli kombinaciebi. dizni bavSvobidan iyo ga-
tacebuli xatviT. igi mezoblebis portretebs xatavda da maTzeve yidda. mas
surda gamosuliyo komerciuli mxatvari, romelic uCveulo reklamebs Seqmnida.
Semdeg dizni moxvda erT sareklamo kompaniaSi, sadac asrulebda mxatvar-anima-
toris funqciebs, ramac sabolood gadaawyvetina, rom cxovreba daekavSirebina
multiplikaciisaTvis.
SekveTis Sesasruleblad uolt diznim ramdenime TanamSromeli daiqirava
da mamis avtofarexSi moawyo studia. misma gundma ki gadaiRo seriebi, magram
maT ar ivarges da damkveTmac gawyvita maTTan urTierToba. diznim ipova axali
investorebi, romlebmac mis kinowarmoebaSi fulis Casadebad gamoTqves mzadyof-
na. man miiRo kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac unda gaekeTebina seriebi feriaze,
risTvisac gamouyofdnen 11000 dolars. gaxarebulma reJisorma movlenebs win
gauswro da muSaoba daiwyo, magram jer avansad mxolod 100 dolari misces da
roca seriis pirveli kinosuraTi gaamzada, damkveTebi moulodnelad gakotrd-
nen. amis miuxedavad, diznim mainc ganagrZo saqmianoba da oriode kinosuraTi ga-
daiRo sxva Temebze, maTgan aRsaniSnavia: òTxi bremeneli musikosi~ (1922) da
`konkia~ (1922).
enson daieris morigi moklemetraJiani kinosuraTi `wiTelquda~ (1922) war-
moadgenda Sereuli xasiaTis namuSevars, romelSic ostaturad Seerwya erTma-
neTs mxatvruli da animaciuri epizodebi. mTavar rols asaxierebda misi Svili
_ merion daieri, romlis irgvlivac mimdinareobda moqmedeba. filmma warmatebas
miaRwia rogorc britaneTSi, ise ucxoeTSi.
kata feliqsis Semdgomi popularizaciis mizniT pet salivenma gaakeTebina
am personaJis Tojina. is jer sazogadoebas warudgina, xolo mere seriulad da-
amzadebina da masobrivad gayida. aman kidev aamaRla feliqsis reitingi. ameriku-
li uxmo kinos eraSi mas badali ar hyavda, miT ufro, rom margaret uinqleris
Semdeg misi filmebis distribucia ikisra saswavlo kinosuraTebis erovnulma
korporaciam, romelic mZlavri gamavrcelebeli organizacia iyo.
Zmebi flaiSerebi samecniero sakiTxebs Seexnen animaciur filmebSi: `darvi-
nis evoluciis Teoria~ (1923) da àinStainis fardobiTobis Teoria~ (1923). rode-
sac amis Sesaxeb gaigo albert ainStainma, aRniSna, rom animacia SesaniSnav saSu-
alebebs qmnis mecnierebis asaxsnelado.
diznim Tavis studiaSi daiwyo muSaoba filmze àlisis saocrebaTa qveya-
na~ (1923), romelSic mTavar rols TamaSobda patara virjinia deivisi, romelic
261
garSemortymuli iyo animaciuri gmirebiT. cota xnis Semdeg reJisorma mohkida
xeli am daumTavrebeli multfilmis firebs da gaemgzavra biZasTan, los anJe-
lesSi, raTa holivudSic ecada bedi. mas kinomsaxiobis karieris awyoba undoda,
magram aravin miiRo, mxolod erTgan SesTavazes statistoba. dizni animatorobas
daubrunda. amjerad biZis avtofarexSi daudo bina axal kinostudias. igi dauka-
vSirda margaret uinqlers da acnoba, rom momavali kinosuraTis eqvsi seria uk-
ve mzad hqonda. Semdeg samuSaod ixmo Tavisi Zma _ roi. Zmebma daafuZnes `dizni
brazers studio~, romlis sawyisi kapitalisaTvis roim 200 dolari Cado saqmeSi,
biZam _ nasesxebi 500, xolo mSoblebma gaugzavnes 2500 dolari, rac saxlis erT-
erT bankSi dagiravebiT aiRes. am TanxiT Zmebma daiqiraves oTaxi, aiyvanes ori
TanamSromeli da gaagrZeles alisis seriebis gadaReba. uinqlerma Seisyida isi-
ni da oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi sarfianad yidda.
stareviCma pates kompaniis egidiT gamouSva fantastikuri filmi `bulbu-
lis xma~ (1923), romlis nawili iyo animacia. masSi erTaderT rols asaxierebda
misi qaliSvili _ nina stari. stareviCis avtoriteti kvlavac mZlavrobda, ami-
tom amerikulma kompaniebma ramdenjerme scades, misgan eyidaT Tojinebis kons-
truqciebis saidumloeba da TavisTan gadaebirebinaT es kinematografisti, mag-
ram igi uarze idga.
animaciuri studiebi sxva qveynebSic warmoiqmna, Tumca amerikelebma mxatv-
ruli kinos darad mainc moaxerxes iqauri kinoTeatrebis ekranebis dapyroba.
zogjer isini urigdebodnen evropel msxvil kinomwarmoeblebs da amerikuli
animaciuri filmebi maTi daxmarebiT SehqondaT `Zvel kontinentze~. ase magali-
Tad, bares kinosuraTebs evropaSi avrcelebda gomoni, xolo uinqlerma xelSek-
ruleba daudo pates, romelmac iTava britaneTSi mesmerisa da Zmebi flaiSere-
bis multfilmebis distribucia. seriebis modam mTeli multiplikaciis samyaro
moicva. ukve gamodioda aTeulobiT axali seria, romelTa gmirebi, umeteswilad,
cxovelebi an frinvelebi iyvnen. kompaniebis mesveurebi Tanxebs ar zogavdnen,
rom yvelasagan gansxvavebuli namuSevrebi gadaeRoT.
skandinaviaSi praqtikaSi dainerga sareklamo animaciuri kinosuraTebi. os-
loSi xuTi kinostudia muSaobda am mimarTulebiT. maT afinansebdnen calkeuli
korporaciebi, romelTagan liderobda norvegiis Tambaqos kompania. adgilobrivi
animatorebi xandaxan Cveulebriv multfilmebSic rTavdnen sareklamo rgolebs.
danieli multiplikatorebi aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen qveynis liqioris war-
moebis fabrikaTa qselTan da maTTvis akeTebdnen sareklamo filmebs.
silueturi animacia ganviTarda iaponiaSi. rasakvirvelia, masze gavlena
iqonia erovnulma Teatralurma tradiciebma da `Crdilebis Cinurma Teatrma~.
20-ian wlebSi iaponelebma Seqmnes araerTi amgvari multfilmi, romelTaganac
mxolod mciredia SemorCenili.
multiplikacia popularobiT sargeblobda sabWoTa kavSirSic. Ziga verto-
vi mas usazRvro fantaziis xelovnebas uwodebda da patara animaciur fragmen-
tebs svamda Tavis cnobil dokumentur filmebsa da kinoJurnalebSi. misi reJi-
sorobiT gakeTda multfilmebi _ `sabWoTa saTamaSoebi~ (1924) da ìumoreskebi~
(1924). maT saTave daudes sabWoTa multiplikaciis warmoebas. animaciaSi samuSa-
od mividnen: nikolai xodataevi, zenon komisarenko da iuri merkulovi. maT Camo-
ayalibes eqsperimentuli saxelosno da cnobil reJisors, iakov protazanovs
SesTavazes Tavis namuSevarSi _ àelita~ Seetana multiplikaciuri epizodebi,
magram roca uari miiRes, Tavad gadaiRes animaciuri filmi `saplanetaTaSoriso
revolucia~ (1925). Semdeg amave jgufs SeuerTdnen sxva niWieri adgilobrivi
262
animatorebic. pirveli sabWoTa multfilmebis umravlesoba warmoadgenda poli-
tikuri propagandis satirul kinoplakatebs. adgilobriv auditorias moswonda
es primitiuli namuSevrebi. sabWoTa kinos mesveurni yvelanairad uwyobdnen
xels animaciis ganviTarebas.
sami weli moandoma germanelma xelovanma _ loTe rainigerma srulmetraJi-
ani silueturi animaciuri kinosuraTis _ ùfliswul axmedis Tavgadasavlebis~
gadaRebas zRaprebis krebulis àTas erTi Rame~ calkeuli epizodebis mixedviT.
reJisorma Savi muyaosagan gamoWra figurebi, romelTa sxeulebis nawilebi daa-
nawevra da ZafiT gadaaba erTmaneTs, raTa Tavisuflad emoZravebina. man aseve ga-
moiyena moZravi fonebis praqtika. muSaobis periodSi sul gaamzades 250000 faza,
romelTagan 96000 Sevida kinosuraTSi. rainigeri TiToeul moZraobas foto-
firze aRbeWdavda, Semdeg TanmimdevrobiT alagebda da ukve kinofirze iRebda.
mas asistentobas uwevda misi qmari _ karl koxi (zogierTi monacemiT is Tana-
reJisoric iyo), xolo animaciis sakiTxebSi konsultantad maT miiwvies valter
rutmani. 1926 wels filmis premieram berlinSi didi aJiotaJiT Caiara. ramdenime
TveSi igi Jan renuaris xelSewyobiT aCvenes parizelebs, mere ki TandaTanobiT
mTeli msoflio moiara da aRiareba moipova. rainigers adrec hqonda gadaRebu-
li animaciuri kinosuraTebi da roca ùfliswul axmedis Tavgadasavlebze~ mu-
Saobas Seudga, rutmanma hkiTxa Turme: aseTi kargi kinoreJisori ratom ar iReb
mxatvrul politikur filmebso, razec animatorma upasuxa, rom ufro zRaprebi
mitacebs, vidre gazeTebSi monaTxrobi Worebio.
norvegielma valter firStma, romelmac multiplikaciis principebi urban
gelis wignidan Seiswavla, gadaiRo kinosuraTi _ `tedi atarebs sakuTar avto-
mobils~ (1927), romelic adgilobrivma kinokritikosebma Seafases skandinaviur
animaciaSi axali etapis dasawyisad.
netlfoldis kompaniaSi gadabargebulma daierma gadaiRo pirveli britanu-
li srulmetraJiani animaciuri kinosuraTi `droSis Tavgadasavali~ (1927), magram
ekranebze gaSvebis win arCibald netlfoldma igi eqvs nawilad dayo da reJiso-
ris protests aranairi yuradReba ar miaqcia. mxolod garkveuli periodis Sem-
deg moaxerxa daierma maTi isev erTad Sekvra da ise wardgena auditoriisaTvis.
rodesac alisis Tavgadasavlebi mobezrda mayurebels, uolt diznim moifi-
qra axali personaJi _ baWia osvaldi da 1927 wlidan ab aiverqsTan erTad ake-
Tebda axal seriebs am gmirze. ramdenime TveSi baWia osvaldi mxurvaled Seiyva-
ra mayurebelma. erT weliwadSi gamzadda da ekranebze gavida 26 seria. presam
xotba Seasxa diznis qmnilebas, magram uinqleris qmarma _ Carlz mincma, rome-
lic ukve meuRlis magivrad ganagebda kinobizness, sruliad sxvagvari, kabaluri
pirobebi wauyena reJisors, romlis mixedviTac igi daqiravebuli menejeri unda
gamxdariyo Tavisive kinostudiaSi. Tanac mincma mas mofiqrebac ar acala, mis
daukiTxavad daaarsa axali studia niu-iorkSi, sadac diznis zogierTi TanamS-
romelic gadaibira da damoukideblad ganagrZo osvaldis seriebis gadaReba.
amis gamo ganawyenebulma animatorma gawyvita mincTan saqmiani urTierToba da
gaakeTa kidev erTi axali personaJi _ didyura Taguna, saxelad _ mortimer mau-
si, Tumca es ar moewona mis cols (da yofil TanamSromels), lilien baundzs da
qmars SesTavaza, misTvis miki daerqmiaT. ase gaCnda miki mausi. aiverqsma mas bas-
ter kitonis stilistikis individualuroba daamata. 1928 wels gakeTda ori
multfilmi am gmiris monawileobiT, magram aravin dainteresebula maTi gaqira-
vebiT, amitom uolt diznim sakuTari ZalebiT moaxerxa orives Cveneba kinoTeat-
rebSi.
263
stareviCma morig namuSevarSi `Savi siyvaruli da TeTri siyvaruli~ (1928)
aTamaSa Carli Caplinis, meri pikfordisa da tom miqsis Tojinebi. man damajereb-
lad warmoadgina personaJebi, magram specialistebis risxvas ver ascda, radgan
filmi Seicavda rasistul elementebs.
britanulma `film sosaiTim~ da cnobilma poetma, robert greivzma erTo-
blivad daafinanses londonSi moRvawe axalzelandieli len lais animaciuri
kinosuraTi `Tusalava~ (1929), rac samoelTa enaze niSnavs _ `yvelaferi srul
ciklamde midis~. reJisori ori weli mounda proeqtze muSaobas. man fotoze ga-
daiRo Tavisive daxatuli 4400 naxati da maTi amoZravebiT miaRwia mizans. fil-
mis demonstrirebisas ekrani xan sam samkuTxedad iyofoda, xan or sworkuTxe-
dad da a. S. mas aSkarad etyoboda germaneli abstraqcionistebis stilis gavle-
na. len lai miuTiTebda, rom amiT surda eCvenebina cxovrebis jadosnuri arsi,
erTmaneTTan Seedarebina wynari okeanis aborigenebisa da danarCeni civilizebu-
li samyaros kulturebi. `Tusalavas~ premieridan mcire xanSi britanulma cen-
zuram igi akrZala. verc reJisorisa da verc misi damfinanseblebis mcdelobam,
gaegoT amis mizezi, Sedegi ver gamoiRo.
264
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266
pirTa saZiebeli
abe i. _ 232 bare r. _ 258-259, 262

abrahami k. _ 152 barTelmesi r. _ 116, 122-123
agajanova n. _ 221 barkeri u. _ 171-173, 175
aiverqsi a. _ 261, 263 barneti b. _ 216
aizeqsi u. _ 166 basermani a. _ 143
ainStaini a. _ 134, 261 batalovi n. _ 223
aixbergi r. _ 153 baueri e. _ 210-213
akuilanti p. _ 191 baumeni C. _ 98-99
alakarialaki _ 249 baundzi l. _ 263
alberini f. _ 185-186, 194 bednarCiki a. _ 240
aleinikovi m. _ 213, 217 beli k. _ 83
aleksandrovi g. _ 223-224 benet-stenfordi j. _ 167
alesandrini g. _ 203 bentli T. _ 172
aligieri d. _ 189 benua-levi e. _ 49
aloneni o. _ 235 benCivenga e. _ 191
alhazeni _ 6 bergeri l. _ 150
ambrozio a. _ 186-188, 196, 202, 210 bergmeni h. _ 134
andra f. _ 158 beridali v. _ 259
andreevi a. _ 161 berimori l. _ 118
antalfi a. _ 146 berki T. _ 122
antuani a. _ 56, 58 bernari r. _ 58, 62
arai s. _ 225 bernari s. _ 51-52, 56
arbakli r. _ 101, 108, 111 bernari t. _ 58
arvidsoni l. _ 115-116, 121 bertini f. _ 190, 193, 195, 212
aristotele _ 5 bertolini f. _ 189
armati T. _ 19-20 bibraxi r. _ 137, 140
armstrongi C. _ 257 bieganski v. _ 242
arno e. _ 102 birbom Tri h. _ 171
arnu a. _ 60 birinski l. _ 162
arto a. _ 72 bitceri b. _ 116-120
arqimede _ 5, 8 blazeti a. _ 203-204
asano r. _ 230 blaistouni j. _ 111
asano S. _ 225 blenini m. _ 186
asquiTi a. _ 180, 183-184 bleqtoni s. _ 95, 97-98, 255-257
asquiTi h. h. _ 180 blomi a. _ 76-80
ato J. _ 32, 46, 50 boaro j. _ 186
aqvineli T. _ 160 boderi k. _ 84
bodleri S. _ 197
balfori b. _ 181 boleslavski r. _ 241
bamforTi j. _ 168 bolten-bekersi h. _ 139, 143
bando c. _ 232 bolqoni m. _ 179-183
bara T. _ 103 boreli l. _ 192, 194-195, 197
baranovskaia v. _ 223 boristriomi h. _ 89
baranceviCi z. _ 213 borneto l. r. _ 189, 196
baratolo j. _ 199-200 boSi r. _ 147
barbaro u. _ 203 braili j. _ 119
267
brakmeni q. _ 114 grei j. _ 173
brambli a. _ 183 greivzi r. _ 264
branti j. _ 112 gremiioni J. _ 63
brei j. _ 258-261 grivola k. _ 38, 46
breidi m. _ 245 grimuan-sansoni r. _ 45
breijingtoni j. _ 175 grinbaumi i. _ 136, 140
bremeri f. _ 246 grini a. _ 108
bretoni a. _ 73 grirsoni j. _ 251, 253
briki o. _ 222 grifiTi d. _ 44, 59, 65, 81-82, 100, 102-103,
brodski b. _ 236 107, 110-111, 115-124, 147, 180, 230
bruniusi i. _ 91-93 gromeni s. _ 106-107, 109, 114
buTi u. _ 255 grune k. _ 161
buli l. _ 14, 26 guaconi e. _ 189-192, 198
buniueli l. _ 73, 164 gunCe e. _ 237
burJua J. _ 52
buxovecki d. _ 148 dageri l. _ 9-10
dagoveri l. _ 141, 156
gavini j. _ 242 dada s. _ 238
galini h. _ 146, 153, 159, 162 davidsoni p. _ 139-141, 144, 146-147
galo m. _ 237 da vinCi l. _ 6-7
galone k. _ 196-198, 201-202 daieri e. _ 260-261, 263
galone s. (vinaveri s.) _ 241 daieri m. _ 261
ganguli d. _ 239 dali s. _ 72-73
ganie l. _ 49 d’alsi J. (fesi S.) _ 36-37, 43
gansi a. _ 55-60, 62-63, 71, 150 d’ambra l. _ 198
garbo (gustavsoni) g. _ 92, 94, 152 dandi r. _ 191
gardeli k. _ 237 danti i. _ 7
gardini v. _ 210-212, 216, 218 d’anuncio gabriele _ 190, 193, 197, 201
gardneri a. _ 245 d’anuncio gabrielino _ 200, 202
geli s. _ 149 danqeni m. _ 170
geli u. _ 77, 80, 82-83, 263 darbo e. _ 93
gertneri a. _ 137 d’arki J. _ 83
gi a. _ 45, 48-49 darlingi a. _ 166-168
gibsoni d. _ 102 daqvorTi j. _ 171
giiomi f. _ 189, 191 de amiCisi e. _ 216
gilmori u. _ 17, 19 de balzaki o. _ 153
gione e. _ 196, 199, 201 de benedeti a. _ 204
giSi d. _ 116, 118, 182 de goia f. _ 67
giSi l. _ 94, 116, 118, 122-123, 163 de vilanova a. _ 6
gniazdovski z. _ 242 deivisi v. _ 261
gogoli n. _ 223 de la pera e. m. _ 237
goeTe i. v. _ 37, 41, 163, 196 dela porta j. _ 7
goldvini s. _ 92, 101, 106, 112, 157 de la serfi k. _ 30
gomoni l. _ 45, 47-51, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 63, 67, deleda g. _ 196
137, 140, 170, 175, 187, 206, 256, 262 de liguoro r. _ 239
gonCarovi v. _ 206-209 de liguoro j. _ 189, 239
gorki m. _ 205, 223 del kole u. m. _ 191, 200
goqle k. _ 238 delmonti i. _ 143
goZano g. _ 190 de luTerburi f.-J. _ 8
gohari _ 240 deluki l. _ 65-69, 71, 130, 157, 195
268
de medisisi k. _ 83 edvardzi henri _ 176
demeni J. _ 13, 45, 185 edvardzi heri _ 113
demili s. _ 65, 102-1-3, 107, 110 edisoni T. _ 15-26, 30-32, 35, 45, 48-49,
demokrite _ 5 85, 96-99, 103, 115, 165-166, 185,
dempsteri q. _ 122-123 225, 227, 235-236, 240, 256
deniZoti v. _ 196 evansi f. _ 172-173, 175
denola J. _ 53 evklide _ 6
de parvili a. _ 28 evreinovi n. _ 217
de ribera x. _ 67 eiveri j. _ 167
de rizo k. _ 191 eizenSteini s. _ 73, 218-224, 253
desnosi r. _ 72 eitkeni r. _ 121
de feo l. _ 201 eitkeni h. _ 118-119, 121
defilipis novoa f. _ 237 eiqrsi b. _ 19, 135, 165, 167
defonteni a. _ 52 elvi m. _ 176-178
de Comoni s. _ 192, 197, 255 elmendorfi d. _ 246
de xesus aro f. _ 243 elfelti p. _ 75, 78
diaman-berJe a. _ 57-58, 61, 64-65 engdali k. _ 87
didi a. _ 39, 49, 51, 186-189, 191, 194, 200, 209 endersoni j. _ 22, 97-98, 128
dizni r. _ 261 enTaili j. _ 70
dizni u. _ 261-263 epStaini J. _ 65, 68
dikinzi C. _ 81, 122-123, 172 erastofi e. _ 91
dineseni r. _ 79-80 erbeni C. _ 36, 166-172, 174, 176, 246, 256
diodone a. _ 62 erenburgi i. _ 153
diuma umcrosi a. _ 93 ervili r. _ 56
diqsoni a. _ 18 erTuRruli m. _ 244
diqsoni T. _ 118-119 ermleri f. _ 221, 224
diqsoni u. _ 15-19, 25, 94 ermolievi i. _ 210, 212-214, 216
di jakomo s. _ 190, 195 ernandesi x. _ 237
dovJenko a. _ 223-224 estlanderi e. _ 235
doili a. q. _ 175
doleri m. _ 223 vagenknexti a. _ 250
dolinovi a. _ 215 vagneri r. _ 73
dostoevski f. _ 161 vagneri f. a. _ 150
draieri k. _ 78-84 vainbergi z. _ 224
drankovi a. _ 206-207, 209, 214 vale f. _ 237
dreifusi a. _ 38 valentino r. _ 108, 110, 113
dresleri m. _ 127 vandali m. _ 51
druio l. _ 43 varmi h. _ 83, 156
duani a. _ 109 vaSinski m. _ 242
dublie g. _ 30 vegeneri p. _ 143-144, 146
dublie f. _ 30-31, 33-34 veiri g. _ 32, 243
dudovi z. _ 254 velaskesi d. _ 67
duze e. _ 196-197 veli g. _ 40, 150
dulaki J. _ 65-66, 68, 71-72, 150 veloso e. g. _ 237
du moni t. _ 10 vengerovi v. _ 93, 211-212
duponi i. a. _ 152 ven daiki v. _ 252
duskesi a. _ 138, 142 verga j. _ 190
duSani m. _ 71 verni J. _ 39, 41-42, 61
vertovi Z. (kaufmani d.) _ 222, 247-251,
egelingi v. _ 66, 71 253
269
vigo J. _ 253 ifeqCi k. _ 244
vidali j. e. _ 191 iCikava d. _ 225
vidori k. _ 113
vilia p. _ 243 kaeriiama n. _ 229-231
vine r. _ 156-158, 160-161 kavalkanti a. _ 251
vitroti j. _ 187 kavaura k. _ 226-227
volkovi a. _ 59, 62, 214 kazerini m. _ 187-188, 191-192
vudzi f. _ 118 kaizeri g. _ 157
vulfi h. _ 178 kairo u. _ 237
kalatoziSvili m. _ 254
zaksi h. _ 152 kalmeti a. _ 50, 52, 141
zahorska s. _ 241 kalCina v. _ 185-186, 189
zeka f. _ 42, 46-49 kamerini m. _ 202, 204
ziberi g. _ 136, 140, 143-144, 146 kanudo r. _ 67, 69
zola e. _ 57, 154 kapelani a. _ 49-50, 52
zukori a. _ 53, 96, 101-103, 106, 108, 118, 122, 124 kapoci a. _ 194
kapra f. _ 101, 113-114
Talbergi e. _ 94, 252 kapuana l. _ 190
Talmeji n. _ 114 karali v. _ 213
Tenhauseri e. _ 98 karamba l. _ 199
Teri p. _ 259 karno f. _ 125-128
TornToni m. _ 175 karpentie J. _ 26-27, 45, 75
karu e. _ 235
iakobi g. _ 202 karuzo e. _ 106
iakobini m. _ 194 kasianovi v. _ 209, 213
ianingsi e. _ 141, 151, 153, 162, 202 kaufmani b. _ 253
ianovici h. _ 155-156, 158 kaufmani m. _ 248, 253
iansoni q. _ 81 kaci s. _ 105
ibseni h. _ 87, 90 kenedi j. _ 23, 101
iensoni i. _ 87 kertizi m. _ 240-241
ivanovski a. _ 218, 220 kertisi e. _ 247
ivensi i. _ 252-253 keseli a. _ 98
iversi h. h. _ 143-144 ketelhuti e. _ 150
ikeda i. _ 231 kinugasa t. _ 232-233
ilinski i. _ 222, 224 kirkebi a. _ 78
inabata k. _ 225 kirsanovi d. _ 72
ingremi r. _ 108 kirtoni C. _ 99
inemani s. _ 241 kirxeri a. _ 7
inoue m. _ 228 kisi n. _ 181
insi T. _ 65, 102-103, 202, 230, 253 kitaiama s. _ 259
iogansoni e. _ 221 kitoni b. _ 11, 114, 263
iovanoviCi s. _ 240 klaini j. _ 23, 97, 191
iokota e. _ 225, 228 klarki a. _ 19
ipolitov-ivanovi m. _ 207 klarki j. _ 178
irJikovski k. _ 242 kleri r. _ 63, 70, 92, 162
istmeni j. _ 11-13, 16, 23-24 klerkeri J. a. _ 88, 90
ito d. _ 232 kobaiaSi k. _ 228
iugo v. _ 57, 111 kobcevi p. _ 206
iureli r. _ 61 kovanko n. _ 213
ifeqCi i. _ 244 kozincevi g. _ 219, 222, 224
270
kozlovski n. _ 207 leiTemi o. _ 95
koli e. _ 256, 260-261 leini r. _ 129
komada k. _ 226 lemli k. _ 98-99, 101, 103, 152
komerio l. _ 186-187 lengdoni h. _ 113-114
komisarenko z. _ 262 leni p. _ 146, 162
korbeti j. _ 18 lenini v. _ 123, 215, 218
korda a. _ 241 le prensi l. _ 12-13
koreneva l. _ 212 leJe f. _ 69-70
kotani h. _ 230-231 l’erbie m. _ 65, 67-68
koxi k. _ 262 lermeni h. _ 102
krausi d. g. _ 225 lermontovi m. _ 210
krausi v. _ 153, 156, 162 leru g. _ 56
krilovi i. _ 258 lefevri l. _ 48
kriJenecki i. _ 240 limkili h. _ 85
kristofari e. _ 186 lindeni g. _ 87
kroke a. _ 186 linderi m. (liovieli g.-m.) _ 48, 51-52,
ktorovi a. _ 222, 224 57-58, 60, 101, 186, 228
kuaranta l. _ 193 linzi v. _ 121
kubini a. _ 155-156 lini e. _ 77
kuleSovi l. _ 213, 216-222 linqolni e. _ 121
kuni e. _ 19 linqolni u. _ 11
kuperi g. _ 178 lisenko n. _ 59, 213
kuperi m. _ 250, 252 litvinovi a. _ 254
kupmeni i. _ 95 loidi h. _ 110
kuriSima s. _ 230 loid jorji d. _ 122
kurihara k. _ 230 lombardo g. _ 200
longi s. _ 97
labiSi e. _ 63 longfordi r. _ 243
lagerliovi s. _ 90-93 lorensi a. _ 175
lagranJi l. _ 61 lorensi f. _ 99, 116
lavedani a. _ 50 losti i. _ 95
lai l. _ 264 lou m. _ 96, 107, 112
lamaCi k. _ 241 lubini s. _ 40, 95, 97, 99, 103, 227
langenhaimi u. _ 245 lubiCi e. _ 11, 143, 148, 150-151, 183, 232
langenhaimi f. _ 245 ludendorfi e. _ 146
langeri g. _ 156 lumieri k.-a. _ 25-29, 35
langi f. _ 146-147, 150, 153, 156, 158-161, lumieri l. _ 5, 19-20, 25-36, 39, 44-45, 47,
163-164 51, 75, 85, 135-136, 138, 165-166, 185, 187, 205,
landoni j. _ 117, 215, 222 225-226, 235, 237-238, 240, 243, 246
larini n. _ 209 lumieri o. _ 5, 19-20, 25-36, 39, 44-45, 47,
larseni v. _ 76, 143 51, 75, 85, 135-136, 138, 165-166, 185, 187, 205,
laski j. _ 101-103, 106, 177 225-226, 235, 237-238, 240, 243, 246
lauritceni l. _ 81, 83 lundberi f. _ 89
lafiti p. _ 50
la qava g. _ 259 magnusoni k. _ 86-90
lahari n. s. _ 239 madani j. f. _ 238-239
le barJi S. _ 50 mai m. _ 146
lebedinski i. _ 240 mai j. _ 144, 146, 153
leiTemi g. _ 95 maiakovski v. _ 215-217
leiTemi v. _ 95 maibriji e. _ 11, 15, 18
271
maieri k. _ 150-151, 155-156, 158 meseni harald _ 81, 83
maiqrofti u. _ 183 meseni holger _ 80
maki m. _ 143 mesmeri o. _ 260, 262
makino m. _ 233 mesteri o. _ 140-142, 145, 147, 240
makino S. _ 227, 229, 231-233 mestri b. k. (feinTeri b.) _ 239
makovska h. _ 241 minvei l. _ 236
maksimovi v. _ 212 minci C. _ 263
manini j. _ 239 mitCeli m. _ 120
mara l. (gudoviCi a.) _ 241 miunsterbergi h. _ 121
marangoni j. _ 193 miuncenbergi v. _ 151
mareckaia v. _ 222 miqsi t. _ 100, 264
marvini h. _ 95, 116 mickeviCi a. _ 242
mari f. _ 196, 198 miZoguCi k. _ 233
mari antuaneti _ 83 mixailoviCi m. _ 240
mare e.-J. _ 11-14, 16, 18, 25, 28 mozJuxini i. _ 59, 62, 154, 209-210,
marseli S. _ 85 212-214, 216
martini k. h. _ 157-158 moisi a. _ 143
martini j. _ 171-172 mokleri J.-p. _ 43
martolio n. _ 194 moli a. _ 166
marSi m. _ 106, 116, 118, 123, 180 molieri _ 163
maskani p. _ 196 montegiu a. _ 183-184
mate r. _ 82-83 morani f. _ 172-173
matuSevski b. _ 240 morano j. _ 191
maqsueli j. _ 61, 181, 183 morisi k. _ 28, 46
maxati g. _ 241 moskvini i. _ 217
maji l. _ 187-188, 190 muasoni S. _ 25, 27-28, 30
mederni j. _ 127 mudaliari n. _ 238
meTisi j. _ 108 mulanderi g. _ 93
meieri l. _ 107, 112, 114 mulanderi u. _ 93
meierxoldi v. _ 221 murata m. _ 2321-232
mekeri j. _ 197, 199 muri e. _ 19
meqaCeni u. _ 256 murnau f. v. _ 150-151, 153, 158-159-160,
meqei u. _ 257-259 163, 180
meqeri l. _ 101 musinaki l. _ 60, 71, 92, 223
meqmeri (grei) l. _ 131, 133 musolini b. _ 124, 201
melburn-kuperi a. _ 255-256
melieri r. _ 60-61 nai u. _ 106
meliesi g. _ 40, 42-43 naidenovi s. _ 211
meliesi J. _ 23, 27, 29, 35-44, 48, 51, 166-167, nalpasi l. _ 57, 59
226, 255 napoleoni _ 62, 134
melfordi j. _ 108 naraianani a. _ 240
menikeli p. _ 194, 197, 200 natani b. _ 59, 61, 63
menJu a. _ 132 negri p. (xalupeci a.) _ 153, 240
merieni f. _ 97 negroni b. _ 201
merime p. _ 61 neire J. _ 46
merkantoni l. _ 52, 56 nemiroviC-danCenko v. _ 207
merkulovi i. _ 262 netlfoldi a. _ 178, 183, 263
merfi d. _ 69-70 niblo f. _ 108, 110, 113
mesgiSi f. _ 30, 32, 34 niepsi J. _ 9-10
meseni s. _ 80 nikolai meore _ 30
272
nikolzi j. _ 127 parisi j. _ 9
nilseni a. _ 77, 140-141, 149 paskuali e. m. _ 187-188, 191
niumeieri f. _ 110 paskuareli o. _ 185
novakoviCi k. _ 241 pastrone j. _ 186-189, 192-193, 197
novaro r. _ 113 pate e. _ 45-46, 57
novelo a. _ 123, 178, 182 pate T. _ 45-46
nolani u. _ 260 pate J. _ 45-46
nonJe l. _ 46, 49 pate S. _ 22-23, 33, 38, 42, 45-59, 61, 63,
norTrofi h. _ 246 89-90, 98, 137, 139-140, 142-143, 186-188, 192,
normendi m. _ 101, 106, 126-127 205-206, 209, 227, 238, 240, 244, 255, 258, 262
notari e. _ 192, 200 paueli p. _ 107
notari n. _ 200 paueli f. _ 103
noulzi h. _ 178 paSkovski n. _ 215
paxti v. _ 75
oberi l. _ 51, 60-61 peili u. _ 20
ogli C. _ 23 pelsi s. _ 247
oguCi t. _ 228 perego e. _ 200
okoCi d. _ 232-233 perestiani i. _ 212, 218
olseni o. _ 75-80 pervaiensi e. _ 128-129, 132-133
olsoni r. _ 87 peri j. _ 242
olqoTi s. _ 97 pero S. _ 39, 42
omenia r. _ 186-187, 190 petersoni m. _ 86
onoe k. _ 225 petersoni n. _ 85-86
onoe m. _ 227, 232 pi e. _ 237
ordinski r. _ 242 piki l. _ 149
ormiston-smiTi f. _ 167 pikfordi m. _ 99-100, 103, 107-108, 111,
osanai k. _ 230 113, 116, 118, 122, 133
osvaldi r. _ 118-119 pikfordi j. _ 108
oskar meore _ 85 piri r. _ 245
ostermaiari p. _ 142, 239 pirsoni j. _ 175, 181
osteni f. _ 239 pitaluga s. _ 199, 202
ostreri d. _ 178 piceti i. _ 193
ostreri i. _ 178 plato J. _ 10, 18
ostreri mark _ 178 pou e. _ 118, 143, 147, 157, 218
ostreri moris _ 178 pohianheimo i. _ 235
ostreri h. _ 178 poli r. _ 19, 35, 45, 135, 165-166, 168-189,
oti f. _ 18 171, 185, 242, 256
otolengi k. _ 186 polonski v. _ 212
oqsilia n. _ 195 polu (abani J.-p.) _ 36
oSi e. _ 206 pomeri e. _ 82, 145, 148-150, 153, 155-159,
oZu i. _ 233 163-164
pontingi h. _ 246
pabsti g. v. _ 152-153 porteni f. _ 137-138, 140
pagano b. _ 193, 196 porteni h. _ 138, 140-141
padovani a. _ 189 porteri e. _ 21-23, 115, 256
pakioni e. _ 185 posadasi a. _ 237
pakioni i. _ 185-186 prevo J. _ 60
palermi a. _ 202 promio a. _ 30-34, 85, 185
pali n. _ 239 protazanovi i. _ 210-212, 214, 220, 222,
panteleevi a. _ 215, 218 224, 262
273
proSinski k. _ 240 rosasi e. _ 244
pudovkini v. _ 216, 222-224 rosi k. _ 186
puro t. _ 235 roudeni u. _ 178
puqtali a. _ 56-57 roulendi r. _ 107
puSkini a. _ 206, 210, 212 rouCi h. _ 110
roSeri C. _ 163
Jase v. _ 50, 52-53 ruzvelti T. _ 99, 247
JeliabuJski i. _ 223 runiCi o. _ 213
Jeromski s. _ 242 ruseli a. _ 60
Jizneva o. _ 222 rutmani v. _ 67, 71, 251, 263
Jireli f.-k. _ 225
Joli a. _ 45 savili v. _ 179
JurJoni S. _ 51 saliveni p. _ 260-261
samerzi u. _ 180
rai h. _ 239 sampati d. _ 239
raimani v. _ 156 sanini a. _ 217
rainigeri l. _ 263 santoni d. _ 186
rainharti m. _ 143-144, 158-159 saSin-fiodorovi v. _ 205
raiCeviki j. _ 196 sedeni q. _ 244
raixeri e. _ 144 sedeni S. _ 244
raseki s. _ 250 seneti m. _ 1001-03, 110-111, 116, 125-128,
rasmuseni h. _ 76 133, 184
raji j. _ 12 sen-Justi l. _ 62
revili a. _ 183 sen-sansi k. _ 50
rei m. _ 68-72, 74 serafeni f. _ 8
reimonti v. _ 242 serena g. _ 195
reingardti f. _ 209-210 svansoni g. _ 107
reino S.-e. _ 11, 13-14, 25, 255 svilova e. _ 248
rembranti _ 161 svici r. _ 175
renio f.-l. _ 245 svonimski a. _ 242
renuari p.-o. _ 61 sidni s. _ 106
renuari J. _ 61, 63, 263 siverseni v. _ 206
renusi u. _ 98 sileneri v. _ 78-80
ridi u. _ 20 siligi n. _ 95, 97, 99-100
riisi j. _ 245 simavi s. _ 244
riorixi v. _ 150, 156 simoni m. _ 63
riperti o. _ 146-147 sinfei T. _ 236
ritau g. _ 150 sirl doli j. _ 23, 115
rifenStali l. _ 149, 163 siCuani W. _ 236-237
rixteri h. _ 66-67, 70, 72 skenki j. _ 111
roberi e.-g. _ 8-9 skladanovski e. _ 85, 135, 138
rober-udeni J.-e. _ 35 skladanovski m. _ 85, 135, 138
robisoni a. _ 150 skoti r. _ 246
rodolfi e. _ 191 slavinski e. _ 215
rozentali j. _ 167, 169-170 smiTi a. _ 95, 97, 255
roTafeli s. _ 102 smiTi b. _ 243
roki u. _ 95 smiTi s. _ 182
rolani r. _ 57 smiTi f. _ 171
romaSkovi v. _ 207 smiTi j. a. _ 166-171
ronkoroni m. _ 200 smosarska i. _ 241
274
snelmani i. _ 235 tolboti u. _ 10
sokolovi i. _ 222 tolnaisi g. _ 80
somei s. _ 229 tolstoi a. _ 220
spare l. _ 235 tolstoi l. _ 206, 210-211, 214, 217,
spuri j. _ 97, 128 228-229
stalini i. _ 180 toresi m. k. _ 244
stanislavleviCi s. _ 241 toskano s. _ 243
stanislavski k. _ 207, 217, 221 trane v. _ 84
stanoieviC-CiCa i. _ 240 traubergi l. _ 219, 222, 224
stareviCi v. _ 257-258, 260, 262, 264 trenkeri l. _ 149
stari n. _ 262 tristani l. _ 242
starki k. _ 137 turgenevi i. _ 210-211
stendali _ 155, 161 turkini n. _ 215-216
stenfordi l. _ 11 turJanski v. _ 61, 154
sterlingi f. _ 101
stivenzi j. _ 101 uaiTi q. _ 168, 173
stivensoni r. l. _ 158 uaiTi j. _ 19-21
stileri m. _ 88-94, 153 uaildi o. _ 143
stolberi k. e. _ 235 uelzi h. _ 39, 177
storki a. _ 253 uelmeni u. _ 114
stou h. b. _ 21 uesti a. _ 246
stoukeri b. _ 159-160 uzqinai f. _ 244
stoukeri f. _ 160 uiliamzi r. _ 166
strendi p. _ 248, 252 uiliamsoni a. _ 171
strindberi o. _ 88, 93, 191 uiliamsoni s. _ 169
stroci t. _ 241 uiliamsoni t. _ 169
suiTi b. _ 118 uiliamsoni j. _ 166-169, 171
suZuki k. _ 231 uilkoqsi h. _ 179, 181-183
suZuki S. _ 233 uilsoni v. _ 120
uilsoni j. _ 245
taiZumi i. _ 246 uinqleri m. _ 260-263
takeri j. _ 176 uitstoni C. _ 10
taldikini a. _ 209 uiqsi m. _ 167
talroTi k. _ 235 umeia S. _ 227
tanaka e. _ 229-231 uolesi e. _ 182
tariCi i. _ 224 uolTholi h. _ 118
tasaka t. _ 233 uolSi r. _ 111, 113, 121, 243
tedesko J. _ 69 uorneri a. _ 101, 106
teilori a. _ 168, 173 uorneri s. _ 101, 106
teilori s. _ 110 uorneri j. _ 101, 106
teilori u. _ 109 uorneri h. _ 101, 106
teiti C. _ 242 uorsli u. _ 111
terneri f. _ 97 uralski a. _ 209
terpini b. _ 98 uCida t. _ 233
testa d. _ 191, 193
tveini m. _ 54 fabri m. _ 189
timani p. _ 209-210 faiti k. _ 141, 153, 156-157, 158, 162
titus liviusi _ 193 falena u. _ 188, 190, 197
tiurini v. _ 254 falke d. _ 238
tokugava m. _ 188 falkoneti m. _ 83
275
fanki a. _ 149 qlaini e. _ 111
faredei m. _ 10 qolingzi e. _ 16-167
fearbenqsi d. _ 106-109, 113-114, 122, 131, qompsoni b. _ 179
133, 162 qoni j. _ 112
fedecki a. _ 205 qoni h. _ 112
feiadi l. _ 50-53, 55-56, 58, 60 qonklini C. _ 101
feideri J. _ 58, 61, 63, 68, 154 qrispi d. _ 11, 122
feliCeti f. _ 185 qristenseni b. _ 79, 81-82, 153
ferari a. _ 239 qristiani k. _ 259
filidori p. _ 8 qriqsi j. _ 171-172
filipi j. _ 185 qroslendi a. _ 24
filipseni k. _ 75, 78, 80 qruzi j. _ 110
firSti v. _ 263 qugeni j. _ 131
fiSingeri o. _ 74
fichamoni l. _ 170 Riu s. _ 143-144
flaerti r. _ 247, 249-254
flaiSeri d. _ 258, 260-262 Samengo k. _ 186
flaiSeri m. _ 258, 60-262 Sali h. _ 149
floberi g. _ 191 Saro h. _ 242
flormani e. _ 85 Sekltoni e. _ 247
fogeli v. _ 216 Seli m. _ 23
fogti v. _ 139 Sengelaia n. _ 224
fon gerlaxi a. _ 161 Seni h. _ 238
fon vinterStaini e. _ 143 Senstriomi k. _ 81, 83
fon sternbergi j. _ 114 Seqspiri u. _ 117, 140, 144, 149, 171, 187, 260
fon uxaciusi f. _ 10 Svarci h. _ 154
fon Stampferi s. _ 9 Sibata c. _ 225-226
fon Stausi e. g. _ 118 Sileri f. _ 141
fon Strohaimi e. _ 107, 112, 231 Sileri C. _ 248, 252
fon harbou T. _ 82, 150, 153, 163 SimaZu i. _ 233
fordi a. _ 242 Simokava h. _ 259
fordi u. _ 183-184 SinkeviCi h. _ 190
fordi j. _ 112 Sirai k. _ 225
formani k. _ 150 Sirase n. _ 246
formiJe J.-k. _ 50 Sklovski v. _ 223
foqsi u. _ 96, 101, 103, 112, 153 Someti a. _ 70, 72
franki l. _ 153 Sou j. b. _ 177
fregoli l. _ 185 Sou h. _ 176
frenCi j. _ 97 Spikovski n. _ 222
friz-grini u. _ 12, 166-167, 174 Sreki m. _ 159-160
froidi z. _ 152 Sropferi i. _ 8
froindi k. _ 87, 150-151 Sterni e. _ 162
frolovi i. _ 220 Stinesi h. _ 150
futagava b. _ 232 Stolverki l. _ 135
fujivara k. _ 226 Subi e. _ 219, 252
Sudsaki e. _ 250, 252
qaTsi g. _ 179-181, 183 SCepaneki i. _ 240
qasleri h. _ 13, 95
qeli n. _ 242 Caikovski p. _ 212
qenebei q. _ 243 Caplini s. _ 125, 130
276
Caplini C. _ 44, 52, 55, 57-58, 65, 83, 110, 113, hanibali _ 192
122,125-134, 178, 183, 219, 236, 260, 264 hansoni l. _ 90, 94
Cardinini p. _ 207, 209-211, 214 hardi e. _ 258
Ceini l. _ 111, 113 harli f. _ 247-248
Cineri p. _ 153 harti u. _ 55, 102
haselbladi v. _ 90-91
cara t. _ 69 haselkvisti i. _ 90
cimermani a. _ 257 hauptmani g. _ 78
cuji k. _ 232 haSeki i. _ 241
hedkvisti i. _ 92
Zakaria j. _ 191 heizi u. _ 109
Zakoni e. _ 191 heili j. _ 133
Zinfengi J. _ 236 heketi d. _ 115
helTi r. _ 150
Wengciu W. _ 236 helmi b. _ 154
henaberi j. _ 121
xanJonkovi a. _ 206-210, 212, 214, 267-258 herisi m. _ 131
xaritonovi d. _ 213-214 heroni r. _ 118, 122
xodataevi n. _ 262 hersti u. _ 259
xolodnaia v. _ 211-214 herci a. _ 242
xoxlova a. _ 216 herci k. _ 165, 242
xuiastriomi v. _ 88-92, 94 hefuorTi s. _ 166-172, 176, 178-179, 260
hioflixi l. _ 143
jafi r. _ 173 hiCkoki a. _ 179-180, 182-183
jenina a. _ 199, 201-202 holendi e. _ 18
jenkinzi C. f. _ 19 holendi j. _ 18
jonsoni a. _ 103, 116 holdeini b. _ 175
jonsoni m. _ 247 horneri u. _ 10
horni k. _ 163
hageri u. _ 170 hoferi f. _ 143, 145
haiakava s. _ 103 hofmani e. T. a. _ 143
haisi u. _ 16, 18-20 hofman-udgreni a. _ 88
hala i. _ 240 hugenbergi a. _ 146, 153
halvorseni s. _ 258 hunte o. _ 150
277
278
filmTa saZiebeli
àdamiani kinoaparatiT~ _ 253 àRTqmuli miwa~ _ 242

àdamiani-orkestri~ _ 39-40 àRmosavleTi aRmosavleTia~ _ 176
àdamianuri tanjva~ _ 231 àRmosavleTisaken~ _ 93
àdamis vaSlebi~ _ 235 àCrdili daZrwis evropaSi~ _ 218
àdreuli gazafxuli~ _ 242 àxalgazrdobis ufleba~ _ 77
àelita~ _ 220, 262 àxali babiloni~ _ 224
àvtomaturi masxara~ _ 37 àxali batonebi~ _ 63
àziis Suqi~ _ 239
àznaurTa bude~ _ 211 `bavSvis sauzme~ _ 27-28
àTi mcneba~ _ 110 `balaxi: eris brZola
àinStainis fardobiTobis Teoria~ _ 261 sicocxlisaTvis~ _ 250
àisi~ _ 153 `balerina ruT denisi~ _ 18
àkvariumi~ _ 13 `banki~ _ 128
àkrobati qalbatoni berToldi~ _ 18 `banqos TamaSi~ (1895) _ 27
àlibaba da ormoci yaCaRi~ _ 238 `banqos TamaSi~ (1896) _ 36
àlisis saocrebaTa qveyana~ _ 261 `baron miunhauzenis
àlisferi niSani~ _ 94 Tavgadasavlebi~ _ 42
àlkoholizmis msxverplni~ (1902) _ 47 `baton arnes fuli~ _ 91
àlkoholizmis msxverplni~ (1911) – 52 `baton vestis uCveulo Tavgadasav-
àlpuri msrolelebis manevrebi lebi bolSevikTa qveyanaSi~ _ 219
kole rancolaSi~ _ 186 `baton himeTis qorwili~ _ 244
àlqajebi~ _ 81-82 `batoni tadeuSi~ _ 242
àmalia~ _ 237 `batoni tartufi~ _ 163
àmerika~ _ 123 `bafalo bili~ _ 18
àmerikeli mexanZris cxovreba~ _ 21 `baRdadeli qurdi~ _ 113, 162
àmleto~ _ 187 `bebiis lupa~ _ 168
àna boleini~ _ 148 `bebikos biWi~ _ 110
àna karenina~ _ 211 `bedisweris borbali~ _ 83
àna-liisa~ _ 235 `bednierebis gasaRebi~ _ 209
àndalusiuri ZaRli~ _ 73 `bednierebis ZiebaSi~ _ 92
ànemiuri kino~ _ 71 `beTlemeli ivdiTi~ _ 118
àntikur saberZneTSi~ _ 51 `ben-huri~ (1907) _ 97
àntraqti~ _ 70 `ben-huri~ (1925) _ 113
àpokalifsis oTxi mxedari~ _ 108 `berlini: didi qalaqis
àr gamoicvalo qmari~ _ 107 simfonia~ _ 251
àra fulisaTvis dabadebuli~ _ 215 `bizantiis dedofali
àrgentinis droSa~ _ 237 Teodora~ _ 188
àris Tu ara cxovreba saocari?~ _ 124 `binZuri fuli~ _ 154
àrsenali~ _ 224 `biZia tomis qoxi~ _ 21
àrwivis budidan daxsnili~ _ 115 `biZis bina~ _ 210
àsanTebi: mowodeba~ _ 255 `biWuna~ _ 131
àspitebi~ _ 52 `bolo Jams samSvidobos!~ _ 110
àstronomis ocneba~ _ 38 `borbali~ _ 59
àsunta spina~ _ 195 `borotebis yvavili~ _ 196
àtlantida~ _ 58 `borja~ _ 199
àtmis yvavili~ _ 237 `bohemieli gogona~ _ 178
279
`brbo~ _ 114 `daicade da naxe~ _ 183-184
`brma marTlmsajuleba~ _ 79 `daicade, sanam jeki
`brma qmrebi~ _ 107 dabrundeba~ _ 169
`bruto~ _ 189 `daijereb?~ _ 184
`brZola arsebobisaTvis~ _ 136 `dante da beatriCe~ _ 191
`brZola dingZinis mTaze~ _ 236 `dantoni~ _ 148
`brZola santiagos yureSi~ _ 95 `daojaxebuli~ _ 93
`brZola honojis taZarTan~ _ 227 `darvinis evoluciuri
`brWyali~ _ 244 Teoria~ _ 261
`bulbulis xma~ _ 262 `dauwereli kanoni~ _ 97
`daRlili sikvdili~ _ 158
`gabrazebuli aCrdilebi opiumis `dacarielebuli sasaxleebi~ _ 241
mosawev bunagSi~ _ 236 `deda~ _ 223
`gadatexili ylortebi~ _ 122 `dedofal elizabetis
`gadaxuruli oTxTvala~ _ 110 sasiyvarulo ambebi~ _ 52, 101
`gazeTis damzadeba~ _ 246 `dedofal izabos Rame~ _ 158
`gamkvriveba~ _ 215 `dezdemona~ _ 140
`gamosasyidi~ _ 198 `dezertiri~ _ 169
`gandgomili iuliani~ _ 213 `deivid loid jorjis
`ganmartoebuli vila~ _ 117 cxovrebis ambavi~ _ 177
`gar el hama V~ _ 79 `dekameronis Rameebi~ _ 179
`garjis jildo~ _ 250 `demonebis gamoqvabuli~ _ 38
`gauCinarebuli qalbatoni~ _ 36 `deniel deronda~ _ 178
`gaficva~ _ 219 `diagonaluri simfonia~ _ 71
`gawuwuli mebaRe~ _ 45 `diadi gza~ _ 252
`gawuwuli mrwyveli~ _ 26, 28, 166, 205 `dideba _ Cven,
`gaxsovs rodis?~ _ 113 sikvdili _ mtrebs!~ _ 210
`gemi~ _ 200 `didi aRlumi~ _ 113
`general vilias cxovreba~ _ 243 `didi siyvaruli~ _ 122
`generali~ _ 114 `didi qalaqis pirmSo~ _ 211
`genuine~ _ 158 `didi qalaqis cdunebani~ _ 77
`gveli~ _ 232 `didi ylupi~ _ 169
`gza aRmosavleTisaken~ _ 122 `dilidan SuaRamemde~ _ 157-158
`gza ganadgurebisaken~ _ 173 `dinozavri gerti~ _ 258
`gogona, romelic Sin darCa~ _ 122 `dolis Tavgadasavlebi~ _ 116
`gogona Waobebis fermidan~ _ 90 `dolis saTamaSoebi~ _ 255
`golemi~ _ 146, 155 `doloresis Zaxili~ _ 243
`gonebisaken dabruneba~ _ 68-69 `don karlosi~ _ 141
`gos TamaSis ostati tadanobu~ _ 227 `don kixoti~ (1909) _ 42
`graf l. n. tolstois 80 wlisTavi~ `don kixoti~ (1926) _ 83
_ 206 `doregos sikvdiliT dasja~ _ 237
`grafi monte kristo~ _ 57 `doqtor kaligaris kabineti~
`grenlandiuri ZaRlebiT mogzauroba~ _ 156-159, 162
_ 75 `doqtor tubis sigiJe~ _ 56
`grZeli Sarvali~ _ 114 `doqtor hartis dRiuri~ _ 146
`grZnobaTa mona~ _ 240 `doqtori mabuze, azartuli
`guliveris mogzauroba~ _ 39 moTamaSe – droebis suraTi~ _ 160
`gulmarTali siuzi~ _ 122 `dreifusis saqme~ _ 38
`droSis Tavgadasavali~ _ 263
`daTvze nadiroba ruseTSi~ _ 76 `dRes da xval~ _ 240
280
èduard VII-is koronacia~ _ 40 `Tavebze monadireebis
èvinrudi~ _ 144 qveyanaSi~ _ 247
èldorado~ _ 67 `Tavzardamcemi Rame~ _ 37
èleqtronuli sastumro~ _ 255 `Tavis qalis cekva~ _ 231
èlzasi~ _ 56 `Tavkombalas ganviTareba~ _ 257
èliso~ _ 224 `TavmoWrili adamiani~ _ 40
èmak-bakia~ _ 71 `Tanamedrove problema: rogor
èmigranti~ (1910) _ 87 cxovrobs berlineli muSa~ _ 254
èmigranti~ (1915) _ 196 `Tevzaoba òqros Tevzis~
ènabelis peplis cekva~ _ 19 dasaWerad~ _ 28
èni ouqli~ _ 18 `TeTri vardi~ _ 123
èrTguli guli~ _ 68 `TeTri mona~ _ 76
èrTi danaSaulis ambavi~ _ 46 `TeTri monebiT vaWroba~ _ 77
èrTi qalis ambavi~ _ 200 `TeTri monebiT vaWroba II~ _ 77
èris dabadeba~ _ 119-120, 123, 175 `Tomas grolis saukeTeso
èrotikoni~ (1920) _ 92 filmi~ _ 90
èrotikoni~ (1929) _ 241 `TofiT mxarze~ _ 131
èskizebis axali albomi~ _ 259 `Tojinebis qveynis sizmrebi~ _ 256
èspaneTis droSa Camoglejilia~ _ 95 `Tusalava~ _ 264
èspanuri dResaswauli~ _ 66
ètiudi mewamul ferSi~ _ 175 ìanusis Tavi~ _ 158
ètlentisi~ _ 78 ìaponuri eqspedicia
èqskursia~ _ 136 antarqtidaSi~ _ 246
èSmakis oTxasi xumroba~ _ 41 ìdumali iqsi~ _ 79
èSmakis Svidi cixesimagre~ _ 47 ìerusalimis ganTavisufleba~ _ 189
èSmakis cixesimagre~ _ 37 ìeso qristes vnebani~ _ 32
ìluzionisti qalaqSi~ _ 232
`vadanaSauleb!~ _ 57-58 ìmperiis namsxvrevi~ _ 224
`vampirebi~ _ 56 ìngebori holmi~ _ 89
`vanina~ _ 161 ìnglisi dabrunda~ _ 239
`vaniuSinis Svilebi~ _ 211 ìngmaris vaJiSvilebi~ _ 91
`variete~ _ 152 ìngmaris memkvidreoba~ _ 93
`varmlandelebi~ _ 87 ìndielis qmari~ _102
`veneciuri Rame~ _ 144 ìnduri akldama~ _ 149
`vidre hxval?~ (1912) _ 190-192 ìnduri torola~ _ 239
`vidre hxval?~ (1925) _ 202 ìnJiner praitis proeqti~ _ 213
`viduras erTgulni~ _ 239 ìpri~ _ 180
`virTxa~ _ 180 ìtaliuri Calis qudi~ _ 63
`vulkanis amofrqveva kunZul ìumoreskebi~ _ 262
martinikaze~ _ 40 ìutlandis brZola~ _ 178
ìuhan ulfSaarna~ _ 92
`zamTris sasaxlis aReba~ _ 217 ìyo da ara iyo ra~ _ 82
`zvenigora~ _ 223 ìyo erTi suleli~ _ 103
`zigomari~ _ 52
`zigomari nik karteris winaaRmdeg~ `kabinis irgvliv~ _ 14
_ 53 `kabiria~ _ 192-193, 196
`zoros niSani~ _ 108 `kazak kuzma kriuCkovis
`zRvaSi banaoba~ _ 28 gmiroba~ _ 210
`zRvis varskvlavi~ _ 72 `kazanova~ _ 62
`kaTxa ludi~ _ 13
281
`kamaTlis gagoreba~ _ 239 `lioneli kurieri~ _ 52
`kanonis mixedviT~ _ 222 `loTis gamosworeba~ _ 117
`kapitan grogis saocari mogzauroba~ `loTis Tavgadasavali~ _ 186
_ 259 `lomze nadiroba~ _ 75-76
`kapitnis qaliSvili~ _ 228 `lusiteniis~ CaZirva~ _ 259
`karajorje~ _ 240 `lukanus kervusi~ _ 257
`karini, ingmaris qaliSvili~ _ 92 `lulu~ _ 146
`karl XII~ _ 93
`katastrofa martinikaze~ _ 47 `magiuri sasmeli~ _ 259
`katiuSas simRera~ _ 228 `madli~ _ 204
`katuri sisuleleebi~ _ 260 `maimunebis tarzani~ _ 106
`kaci, romelic Sin darCa~ _ 176 `maisis revolucia~ _ 237
`keTilSobili gauCo~ _ 237 `maldoni~ _ 63
`keramikosi~ _ 250 `malombra~ _ 197
`kinoTvali~ _ 250 `mama~ (1912, italia) _ 191
`kinematografiuli operatoris `mama~ (1912, SvedeTi) _ 88
SurisZieba~ _ 257 `mama sergi~ _ 214
`kinos varskvlavebi~ _ 183 `mamali da pegasi~ _ 258
`kinosimarTle~ _ 249 `manolesku – TaRliTebis
`kioias sayeloebis maRazia~ _ 231 mefe~ _ 154
`kleopatra~ _ 39 `maria stiuartis sikvdiliT
`kodala~ _ 137 dasja~ _ 19
`kombostos feria~ (1896) _ 45 `markantonio da kleopatra~ _ 191
`kombostos feria~ (1902) _ 48 `masxara~ (1917) _ 79
`komedianti qali~ _ 218 `masxara~ (1926) _ 82
`komediis mefe CineTSi `masxara da misi viri~ _ 257
mogzaurobs~ _ 236 `masxara satanis winaaRmdeg~ _ 39
`komikuri karikaturebi~ _ 256 `masxara ZaRlebiT~ _ 13
`kordelierebis moedani lionSi~ _ 28 `matareblis didi gaZarcva~
`korsikeli Zmebi~ _ 56 _ 21-22, 96
`konkia~ (1898) _ 167 `matareblis patara gaZarcva~ _ 22
`konkia~ (1899) _ 38 `matareblis Camodgoma vensenis
`konkia~ (1922) – 261 rkinigzis sadgurSi~ _ 45
`konkia, anu brolis fexsacmeli~ _ 42 `matareblis Camodgoma la siotas
`koteji dartmurSi~ _ 184 rkinigzis sadgurSi~ _ 29-30
`kocna~ _ 20 `matareblis Camodgoma milanis
`kocna gvirabSi~ _ 167 rkinigzis sadgurze~ _ 185
`kreiceris sonata~ _ 209 `matareblis Camodgoma Juanvilis
`krenkebili~ _ 68 rkinigzis sadgurSi~ _ 36
`kretineti~ iparavs xaliCas~ _ 188 `maRaziis administratori~ _ 129
`kretineti~ lomebis galiaSi~ _ 188 `maCiste~ _ 196
`kri kri~ da tango~ _ 191 `macale, isev viocnebo~ _ 168
`mawanwala~ _ 128
`lamazi mTis qalwuli~ _ 229 `mawanwala, mawanwala, mawanwala~
`lampioni~ _ 241 _ 113
`leitenanti deringi da `maharajas sayvareli coli~ _ 80
danaRmuli velebis gegmebi~ _ 172 `maharajas sayvareli coli II~ _ 80
`leitenanti deringi da mocekvave `mdgmuri~ _ 182-183
gogona~ _ 172 `mdinareSi daxrCobisagan
`liliputebis cirki~ _ 255 gadarCena~ _ 37
282
`mebaRe~ _ 88 `moswavle biWunas mier melniT
`meetle~ _ 92 Sesrulebuli naxati~ _ 225
`meTevzis sasiyvarulo ambavi~ _ 172 `mouzisis cxovreba~ _ 98
`meTevzis cxovrebis xifaTebi~ _ 86 `moqandakis koSmari~ _ 256
`XVI saukunis rusuli qorwili~ _ 207 `moRalate juliano~ _ 198
`meibli saWesTan~ _ 127 `moyvarulTa klubi~ _ 230
`meiblis uCveulod urTulesi `moCvenebebi sauzmis win~ _ 72
mdgomareoba~ _ 126 `moCvenebebiani sastumro~ _ 255-256
`melomani~ _ 40 `mocimcime Tvalebi~ _ 181
`menavis simRera~ _ 231 `mociquli~ _ 259
`menilmontani~ _ 72 `moWadrake~ _ 62
`menheta~ _ 248, 252 `mojadoebuli duqani~ _ 37
`metropolisi~ _ 163-164 `mojadoebuli saxli~ _ 37
`mefe, kanoni da Tavisufleba~ _ 210 `mojadoebuli cixe~ _ 39
`meqanikuri adamiani~ _ 200 `mojiriTeni~ _ 28
`meqanikuri baleti~ _ 69-70 `mohini da basmasuri~ _ 238
`mexi~ _ 242 `mrwyveli~ _ 36
`mze~ _ 204 `msoflios meeqvsedi~ _ 250
`mTamsvlelis romani~ _ 172 `mtris aeroplanebisadmi
`mTvare erT metrSi~ _ 38 sifrTxile~ _ 195
`mTieli eivindi da misi coli~ _ 91 `munji mowmeebi~ _ 211
`minda vuRalato qmars~ _ 202 `muSebis gamosvla viberis
`misi axali samsaxuri~ _ 103 saxelosnoebidan~ _ 36
`misi drostarebis sayvareli wesi~ `muSebis gamosvla lumierebis
_ 127 fabrikidan~ _ 26-28
`misi mowodeba~ _ 222 `mRelvare zRva duvrSi~ _ 165
`misi preistoriuli warsuli~ _ 128 `mSvenieri lukanida, anu ulvaSianTa
`misteriis saxli~ _ 59 omi rqosanTa winaaRmdeg~ _ 257
`miSveleT!~ _ 60 `mSvidobiT, axalgazrdobav!~ _ 191
`micuhide jojoxeTSi Cavarda~ _ 232 `mZarcveli sacole~ _ 76
`miwa~ (1921) _ 58 `mZarcveli saxuravze~ _ 95
`miwa~ (1930) _ 224 `mZinare mzeTunaxavi~ _ 47
`miwisZvra kalabriaSi~ _ 186 `mZRoli eikiCi~ _ 232
`mixaeli~ _ 82 `mWedlebi~ _ 28
`mixail strogovi~ _ 61 `mWmunvare deda~ _ 56
`mkvdari patarZali~ _ 196 `mxatvris ocnebebi~ _ 258
`mkvdari sulebi~ _ 207 `mxatvris xeli~ _ 255
`moana~ _ 251 `mxiaruli raindi~ _ 92
`mogzauroba arqtikaSi~ _ 247 `mxiaruli scenebi mwerebis
`mogzauroba mTvareze~ _ 39-40 cxovrebidan~ _ 257
`mogzauroba SeuZlebelSi~ _ 41 `mxolod saaTebi~ _ 251
`mogizgize koconi~ _ 59
`modreifeni~ _ 253 `nadiroba polarul daTvze~ _ 75
`moelvare eskizebi~ _ 255 `navigatori~ _ 111
`mozeime siyvarulis simRera~ _ 211 `nakli~ _ 51
`momakvdavi gedi~ _ 213 `namgali da uro~ _ 218
`momlocveloba kevlorSi~ _ 92 `namdvili vefxvi~ _ 197
`momotaro~ _ 259 `namsxvrevebi~ _ 149
`momRimari qalbatoni biode~ _ 68 `nataSa rostova~ _ 211
`monaniebis maxvili~ _ 233 `napoleoni~ _ 62-63
283
`nekerCxlis alisferi foTlebis `paseiqis safeiqro warmoebis
damTvalierebeli~ _ 225 gaficva~ _ 250
`neli rainceva~ _ 213 `pastoris qvrivi~ _ 81
`nelsoni~ _ 177 `patara kafe~ _ 58
`nerone~ _ 188 `patara lordi fontleroi~ _ 108
`netarebis kunZuli~ _ 144 `patara nimo~ _ 257
`nibelungebi~ _ 150 `patara saxli kolomnaSi~ _ 210
`nikelirebuli fexebis~ `pativi eci sakuTar cols~ _ 82-83
Tavgadasavlebi~ _ 260 `pepela~ _ 171
`nikolai meoris koronacia~ _ 32 `peplebis cxovreba~ _ 190
`nikolai meorisa da lev tolstois `pigmalioni da galaTea~ _ 38
ruseTi~ _ 252 `pikis qali~ _ 212
`nina petrovnas saswaulebrivi `piligrimi~ _ 132
tyuili~ _ 154 `pirveli saavtomobilo gadarbena:
`niJara da mRvdeli~ _ 72 suza-monCenizio~ _ 186
`niu-iorkis dokebi~ _ 114 `poliena~ _ 108
`niu-iorkis cxenosani policia~ _ 20 `polikuSka~ _ 217
`niu-iorkuli qudi~ _ 118 `polusis dapyroba~ _ 42
`novacia rentgenSi~ _ 38 `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~ (1908)
`nosferatu, saSinelebis simfonia~ _ 187
_ 159 `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~
(1913, àmbrozio~) _ 191
òbobebi: brwyinvale xomaldi~ _ 147 `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~
òbobebi: oqros tba~ _ 147 (1913, `paskuali~) _ 191
òboli gadaarCens Tavis babuas~ _ 237 `pompeis ukanaskneli dReebi~ (1926)
òTxi bremeneli musikosi~ _ 261 _ 202
òTxi eSmaki~ _ 78 `praReli studenti~ (1913) _ 143-144,
òTxi mousvenari Tavi~ _ 38 155
òliver tvisti~ _ 172 `praReli studenti~ (1926) _ 153
òmi da mSvidoba~ _ 211 `procesi sam milionze~ _ 222
òragulis brakonierebi~ _ 170 `prezidenti~ _ 80
òri kaci dojos cixesimagreSi~ _ 225
òri morcxvi~ _ 63 `Jan d’arki~ (1895) _ 19
òperis aCrdili~ _ 113 `Jan d’arki~ (1899) _ 39
òpusi I~ _ 67 `Jan d’arkis vnebani~ _ 83
òrlakis xelebi~ _ 162 `Jan neis siyvaruli~ _ 153
òsumi da misi deda~ _ 232 `Judeqsi~ _ 56
òtelo~ (1909, germania) _ 140 `Jul sezaris sikvdili~ _ 42
òtelo~ (1909, italia) _ 188
òqros qorwili~ _ 190 `raze ocneboben axalgazrda
òqros cieb-cxeleba~ _ 133-134 filmebi~ _ 70
òqtiabrinas Tavgadasavlebi~ _ 219 `raskolnikovi~ _ 161
òqtomberi~ _ 223 `raja harisCandra~ _ 238
òcdaoTxdolariani kunZuli~ _ 252 `regina fon emerici da mefe gustav
`20 aTasi lie wyalqveS~ _ 41 meore adolfi~ _ 87
òcnebis quCa~ _ 123 `revoluciis wlisTavi~ _ 248
`rezervisti omamde da omis
`paloCkini da galoCkini~ _ 206 Semdeg~ _ 169
`parizeli qali~ _ 132-133 `rezinisTaviani mamakaci~ _ 39
`parsifali~ _ 188 `relsebi~ _ 204
284
`rTuli wyvili~ _ 236 `sanam Cemi siyvaruli ar
`ringi~ _ 183 momkvdara~ _ 191
`ritmi 21~ _ 67 `sanisaidi~ _ 131
`rkinis cxeni~ _ 112 `sankt-peterburgis aRsasruli~ _ 223
`robin hudi~ _ 109 `saplanetaTaSoriso revolucia~
`robinetis~ pirveli velosipedi~ _ 189 _ 262
`robinzon kruzo~ _ 39 `sasacilo saxeebis iumoristuli
`rogor gadauxada samagiero fazebi~ _ 255
kiborCxalam maimuns~ _ 259 `sasaxle da cixesimagre~ _ 220
`rogor keTdeba filmebi~ _ 238 `sastiki, sastiki siyvaruli~ _ 127
`rogor moqmedebs koRo~ _ 257 `saswaulmoqmedi~ _ 218
`rogorc Cans teleskopSi~ _ 168 `satanisturi rafsodia~ _ 195
`roverisagan~ gadarCenili~ _ 170-171 `saRamo SouSi~ _ 128
`rozita~ _ 111 `saSobao zarebi~ _ 145
`rokamboli~ _ 53 `saWadrako cieb-cxeleba~ _ 222
`romanovebis dinastiis dacema~ _ 252 `saxli mTvaris Suqze~ _ 158
`romanovebis saxlis gamefeba~ _ 209 `saxli, romelic jekma aaSena~ _ 168
`romanovebis saxlis samaswliani `sevastopolis Tavdacva~ _ 208
mefoba~ _ 209 `sentimentaluri Wabuki~ _ 243
`romis dapyroba 1870 wlis `serpantinis cekva~ _ 19
20 seqtembers~ _ 186 `siamis mefis viziti stokholmSi~
`rual amundseni samxreT polusze~ _ 85
_ 258 `siamovnebis baRi~ _ 179
`ruzvelti afrikaSi~ _ 99 `sibneleSi dakargulni~ _ 194
`rusuli monumentis dangreva `sigiJis gverdi~ _ 232
san stefanoSi~ _ 244 `sidi~ _ 189
`ruxi avtomobili~ _ 244 `sikvdiliT dasja~ _ 75
`sikvdilis zona~ _ 56
`sabavSvo avtorbolebi venesSi~ _ 126 `sikvdilis sxivi~ _ 221
`sabanSi gaxveva~ _ 28 `silvi~ _ 235
`sabralo piero~ _ 13-14 `simarTle~ _ 142
`sabWoTa saTamaSoebi~ _ 262 `simRera vaWar kalaSnikovze~
`saga gunar hedeze~ _ 92 _ 207
`saga iosta berlingze~ _ 93 `simRera mewamul-wiTel yvavilze~
`savarjiSo #1~ _ 74 _ 91
`savitri~ _ 239 `sisxli da qviSa~ _ 110
`saimperio iebi~ _ 60 `siyvaruli~ _ 153
`samTiTa qeiTis qmedebebi~ _ 171 `siyvaruli da omi~ _ 20
`sami goWi~ _ 260 `siyvaruli da Jurnalistika~ _ 90
`sami epoqa~ _ 111 `siyvaruli yvelafers ipyrobs~
`sami muSketeri~ (1921, aSS) _ 108 _ 235
`sami muSketeri~ (1921, safrangeTi) _ 58 `siyvarulis oci wuTi~ _ 127
`samudamo mSvidoba~ _ 80 `siCume~ _ 67
`samuSao~ _ 128 `sicilis gramebi~ _ 261
`samyaros gulebi~ _ 122 `sicocxle sikvdilSi~ _ 211
`samxreT wynar okeaneSi kanibalebis `sicocxle sicocxlisaTvis~ - 212
kunZulebs Soris~ _ 247 `sixarbe~ _ 112
`samxreTi~ _ 247-248 `skolis moswavlis pirveli
`samxreTis zRvebis TeTri bindebi~ gamoxdoma~ _ 49
_ 252 `somis brZola~ _ 176
285
`stenka razini~ _ 206-207 `fantastikuri iluziebi~ _ 38
`stokholmis saxanZro razmi `fantastikuri myvinTavi~ _ 46
xanZris Caqrobisas~ _ 86 `fantomasi~ _ 53, 65
`sulbakeneli sineve~ _ 92 `fantoSis saxli~ _ 261
`sulebi gzaze~ _ 230 `farisevluri morali~ _ 158
`sulis saidumloebani~ _ 152 `fataluri qali~ _ 52
`sufTa kinos xuTi wuTi~ _ 72 `fataluri yelsabami~ _ 79
`sxva~ _ 143 `fausti~ _ 163
`fausti da margarita~ (1897) _ 37
`taitenikidan~ gadarCenili~ _ 102 `fausti da margarita~ (1904) _ 41
`tedi atarebs sakuTar avtomobils~ `faustis gasamarTleba~ _ 40
_ 263 `feriebis samefo~ _ 40
`tedis daTvebi~ _ 256 `ferfli~ _ 196-197
`terez rakeni~ _ 154 `fexburTi~ _ 31
`terie vigeni~ _ 90 `filmiT Seborkili~ _ 216
`tilis Sewyvetili romani~ _ 127 `fotografTa kongresis monawileTa
`torJkeli gamomWreli~ _ 222 gadmosxdoma samdinaro gemidan
`transvaalis omis epizodebi~ _ 46 lionSi~ _ 28
`transportis moZraoba lidzis `frangi dedebi~ _ 56
xidze~ _ 12 `frankenStaini~ _ 23-24
`troas dacema~ _ 189 `franCeska da rimini~ _ 190
`turksibi~ _ 254 `fred otis dacemineba~ _ 18
`turniri qalaqSi~ _ 63 `frTebi~ _ 114
`tyis xalxi~ _ 254 `fskeri~ _ 114
`tyuili~ _ 65, 103 `furclebi satanis wignidan~ _ 81
ùdabnos saidumlo~ _ 79 `qalbatoni da xuligani~ _ 215

ùdidesi ram cxovrebaSi~ _ 122 `qalbatoni de la selieri~ _ 58
ùelseli momRerali~ _ 176 `qalbatoni dubari~ _ 148
ùkanaskneli adamiani~ _ 151, 180 `qalbatoni iuli~ _ 88
ùkanaskneli mbrZanebeli~ _ 202 `qalbatoni pompaduri~ _ 182
ùmberto da margerita savoielebi `qalbatoni `robineti~ _ 191
parkSi seirnobisas~ _ 185 `qalbatoni san-Jeni~ _ 52
ùmcrosi Serloki~ _ 111 `qali arsaidan~ _ 68
ùpatrono bavSvebi~ _ 200 `qali kameliebiT~ (1911) _ 52
ùsamSoblo adamiani~ _ 244 `qali kameliebiT~ (1925) _ 93
ùrCxuli~ _ 43 `qali qals~ _ 179
ùrwmuno~ _ 24 `qari~ _ 94
ùsminari biWi~ _ 166 `qariSxlis oblebi~ _ 123
ùsulgulo qali~ _ 68 `qelis bandis ambavi~ _ 242
ùqnarebi~ _ 63 `qristes cxovreba~ _ 49
ùfliswul axmedis Tavgadasavlebi~ `quCa~ _ 161
_ 263
ùfskruli~ _ 77, 140, 208 `RvTismSoblis taZris kuziani~
ùcodveli codvili~ _ 241 _ 111
ùxaliso Sesaxvevi~ _ 152 `Ronieri kaci~ _ 113
ùxmo gamWvirvaloba~ _ 171 `Ronieri mamakaci iujin sendou~
_ 18
`fabiola~ _ 198 `Roris xeivnis muSketerebi~ _ 118
`fantasmagoria~ _ 256
286
`yayaCo~ _ 231 `civilizacia~ _ 103
`yoCaRi jariskaci Sveiki~ _ 241 `cirki~ _ 134
`cisferwvera~ _ 39
`Savi burTi~ _ 143 `cisferi boTlebi~ _ 184
`Savi kvamli~ _ 66 `ciuri xomaldi~ _ 80
`Savi niRbebi~ _ 88 `codvis ambavi~ _ 240
`Savi siyvaruli da TeTri siyvaruli~ `comi da dinamiti~ _ 127
_ 264 `cocxali Tojina~ _ 233
`Savi Wiri florenciaSi~ _ 147 `cocxali leSi~ _ 229
`Savi xelovneba~ _ 38 `cxenis qurdi: veluri
`SeaCereT qurdi!~ _ 169 dasavleTis drama~ _ 142
`Seixi~ _ 108 `cxovrebis dasawyisSi~ _ 77
`Semdeg ra?~ _ 183 `cxovrebis simxurvale~ _ 229
`Semzaravi ambebi~ _ 147 `cxovrebis ufleba~ _ 143
`Serlok holmsis Tavgadasavlebi~ `cxovrebis xazi eibisi~ _ 233
_ 178 `cxovrebisaTvis gadagebuli~
`Seteva CineTSi mdebare misiaze~ _ 168 _ 126
`Seuwynarebloba~ _ 81, 107, 111, 120-123,
147, 230 `ZaRlebis orTabrZola~ _ 18
`Seyvarebuli avantiuristi~ _ 103 `ZaRli atyuebs bavSvis
`Sewyvetili melodia~ _ 166 gamtaceblebs~ _ 171
`Sveiki rusebis tyveobaSi~ _ 241 `ZaRluri cxovreba~ _ 130
`Sveiki samoqalaqo samosSi~ _ 241 `Zveli da axali~ _ 224
`Sveiki frontze~ _ 241 `Zvirfasi biWunebi Sin,
`Sin dabruneba~ _ 153 ardadegebis dros~ _ 169
`Sinaurebi da ucxoebi~ _ 224 `Zvlebis cixesimagris misteriebi~
`Sineli~ _ 222 _ 74
`Sirazi~ _ 239
`Sri kriSnas dabadeba~ _ 238 `wvima~ _ 252
`SurismaZiebluri sindisi~ _ 118 `wiTel frontze~ _ 217
`Sxamiani balaxi~ _ 228 `wiTeli eSmakunebi~ _ 218
`Sxapi abanos Semdeg~ _ 31 `wiTeli lotosis taZris dawva~
_ 237
`Cangi: veluri garemos drama~ _ 252 `wiTeli sastumro~ _ 68
`Carlz fisis cxovreba~ _ 170 `wiTelkaniani da bavSvi~ _ 117
`Carlstonis mefe~ _ 241 `wiTelkanianis Tvalsazrisi~ _ 117
`Cemi oTxi weli germaniaSi~ _ 106 `wiTelquda~ _ 261
`Cempioni~ _ 128 `wminda iorgenis dResaswauli~
`Cveni megobari heisidebi~ _ 243 _ 224
`Cveni socialuri triumfi~ _ 242 `wminda franCesko asizeli~ _ 190
`Cveni stumarTmoyvareoba~ _ 111 `wminda Rame~ _ 200
`Cingiz xanis STamomavali~ _ 224 `wyaldidoba~ _ 69
`CrdiloeTis nenuki~ _ 249-252, 254 `wylis qaliSvili~ _ 61
`CuSinguras matiane~ _ 233 `wynari quCa~ _ 130
`Cujis mogzaurobebis dRiuri~ _ 233
`WeSmariteba imarjvebs~ _ 147
`cercvis fabrikis dabadeba~ _ 238 `Widaoba~ _ 18
`cecxli!~ _ 169 `WriWina da WianWvela~ _ 258
`cvilis figurebis muzeumi~ _ 162 `Wuang Zi amowmebs Tavis cols~
`cieb-cxeleba~ _ 67 _ 236
287
`xelfasis dRe~ _ 132 `jojoxeTi~ _ 189
`xidi~ _ 252 `julio Cezare~ _ 188
`xiliT movaWris romani~ _ 236
`xifaTiani saavtomobilo mogzauroba~ `haiavaTa~ _ 98
_ 41 `hamleti~ (1907) _ 42
`xorbliT spekulacia~ _ 117 `hamleti~ (1921) _ 149
`henri VIII~ _ 171
`jadosnuri avtokalami~ _ 256 `hefi velis romani~ _ 122
`jadoqari qali~ _ 207 `hercog gizis mkvleloba~ (1898)
`javSnosani `potiomkini~ _ 221-223 _ 32
`jariskacis arSiyi~ _ 166 `hercog gizis mkvleloba~ (1908)
`jariskacis dabruneba~ _ 169 _ 50
`jaSuSebi~ _ 153 `hilde vareni da sikvdili~ _ 146
`jaSuSi~ _ 244 `hipnoziori muSaobisas~ _ 37
`jein Sori~ _ 175 `homunkulusi~ _ 146, 155
`jim SvanTe!~ (`marili svaneTs!~) _ 254 `hofmanis zRaprebi~ _ 146
288

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

msoflio kinematografis istoria

ISBN 978-9941-9004-1-9 (pirveli gamocema)

Tavdapirvelad teqnikur siaxled, Semdeg ki xelovnebis dargad aRiarebuli

© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis

© zviad doliZe, 2016

mesame Sesworebuli gamocema

ISBN 978-9941-9461-2-7 (mesame gamocema)

kino warmoadgens bevri, Tanmimdevruli fotosuraTis swrafi proeqciis Se-

`moZravi fotografiebis~ srulyofili gamosaxvisaken swrafvam bevri mecni-

1880 wels frangma fotografma da mxatvar-portretistma klod-antuan lu-

`sinematografis~ erT-erT adreul seanss daeswro adamiani, romelmac gada-

pirvelma msoflio omma uaryofiTad imoqmeda frangul kinoindustriaze.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saxviT xelovnebaSi, mxatvrul literaturasa da

1896 wlis 28 ivniss malmios sazafxulo TeatrSi, sadac mimdinareobda in-

1895 wlis damdegs dasavleT virjiniis universitetis qimiis profesori vu-

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 1917 wlis aprilSi Caeba pirvel msoflio

XX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikul kinoSi samuSaod mivida adamiani, romel-

kinematografiul asparezze gamosulma Carlz Caplinma umokles vadaSi mo-

germanuli kinos pionerebma _ Zmebma maqs da emil skladanovskebma, jer ki-

omSi damarcxebuli germaniis kinoSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda axali mxatvru-

1894 wels inglisel eleqtroinJinersa da konstruqtor robert pols me-

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave britanul kinos gansacdelis xana

italiuri kinos pionerma, gamomgonebelma da inJinerma _ filoteo alberi-

italiam, nominalurad rom iTvleboda germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis sa-

pirveli kinoCveneba ruseTis imperiaSi moewyo 1896 wlis 4 maiss sankt-pe-

axali xelisuflebis mier kinowarmoebis mowesrigebisa da Semdgomi ganvi-

edisonis, lumierebisa da sxvebis mier gamogonebulma kinoaparatebma msof-

iseve, rogorc kinos yvela saxeobas, dokumentur kinematografsac hqonda

laTinuri sityva `anima~ qarTulad suls niSnavs, misgan warmomdgari `anima-

abe i. _ 232 bare r. _ 258-259, 262

`adamiani kinoaparatiT~ _ 253 `aRTqmuli miwa~ _ 242

`udabnos saidumlo~ _ 79 `qalbatoni da xuligani~ _ 215

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