Dzi 29

1
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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Literary Researches
29
2008
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literaturuli Ziebani
29
2008

4
eZRvneba Salva nucubiZis 120 wlisTavs
Is dedicated to 120
th
anniversary of Shalva Nutsubidze

redaqtori
maka elbaqiZe

saredaqcio kolegia

ivane amirxanaSvili
amiran arabuli
Tamaz vasaZe
mariam karbelaSvili
nona kupreiSvili
Tamar lomiZe

saredaqcio sabWo

manana kvaWantiraZe
helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri)
gaga lomiZe
irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)
revaz siraZe
gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)
rusudan ColoyaSvili
rostom CxeiZe
elguja xinTibiZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivani
soso tabucaZe

literaturuli Ziebani, 29, 2008
redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,
merab kostavas q. 5.
telefoni: 99-63-84
faqsi: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
Editor
Maka Elbakidze

Editorial Board

Ivane Amirkhanashvili
Amiran Arabuli
Tamaz Vasadze
Mariam Karbelashvili
Nona Kupreishvili
Tamar Lomidze

Editorial Council

Manana Kvachantiradze
Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member)
Gaga Lomidze
Irma Ratiani
Revaz Siradze
Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)
Rusudan Cholokashvili
Rostom Chkheidze
Elguja Khintibidze

Responsible Editor
Soso Tabutsadze

Literary Researches 29, 2008
Address: 0108, Tbilisi
5, M. Kostava str.
Tel.: 99-63-84
Fax: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

ISSN 15123-0732
5

Sinaarsi

Contents

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio
mwerloba

nana gonjilaSvili
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ ori xilva-Cvenebis
simboluri mniSvneloba da
saxismetyveleba
lela xaCiZe
ioane minCxi da ioane bolneli

qarTuli saero da sakaro
mwerloba

xvTiso zariZe
`dagixios Seni masa~ Tu `dagixio Sen
imasa~?
maia naWyebia
samyaros suraTi arCilis gabaaseba
kacisa da soflisas mixedviT

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani

mariam karbelaSvili
renesansuli humanizmis integralebi:
rusTaveli da Seqspiri rusTavelis
esTetikis sakiTxisaTvis
maka elbaqiZe
vefxistyaosnis moli

lia kariWaSvili
Zilia Tu uZiloba

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura

Salva ratiani
saqarTvelo-poloneTis urTierTobis
istoriidan. akaki wereTlis erTi
ucnobi werilis gamo
naTela Citauri
ilia WavWavaZis ucnobi prozauli
Targmanebi da maTi adgili mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi
Tamar SarabiZe
inicialTa miRma
(grigol orbelianis satrfialo lirika)
saba-firuz metreveli
ilia da qarTuli Teatri

XX saukunis mwerloba

inga milorava
sikvdili _ esTetikuri fenomeni
lali avaliani
mixeil javaxiSvili dRevandeli
Tvalsawieridan

8

22

27

31

37

48

56

60

62

71

78

88

95

Georgian Religious
Literature

Nana Gonjilashvili
The Symbolic Meaning and Metaphorical
Language of Two Visions from The Life of
St. Nino
Lela Khachidze
Ioanne Minchkhi and Ioanne Bolneli

Georgian Courtly and Secular
Literature

Khvtiso Zaridze
dagixios Seni masa~ or `dagixio Sen
imasa~?
Maia Nachkebia
The Image of the Universe in Archils The
Debates of the Man and the World

Rustaveli Studies

The Integrals of the Renaissance Humanism:
Rustaveli and Shakespeare (On the
Aesthetics of Rustaveli)
Maka Elbakidze
The Meaning of the Moli in the Knight in
the Panthers Skin
Lia Karichashvili
Sleep or Sleeplessness

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature

Shalva Ratiani
From the History of Georgian-Polish Relation.
Akaki Tsereteli's One Unknown Letter

Natela Chitauri
Ilia Chavchavadzes Unknown Prosaic
Translations and their Role in Writers
Works
Tamar Sharabidze
Beyond the Initials
(from Grigol Orbelianis Lyric Poetry)
Saba-Piruz Metreveli
Ilia Chavchavadze and Georgian Theatre

XX Century Literature

Inga Milorava
Death The Aesthetical Phenomenon
Lali Avaliani
Mikheil Javakhishvili from Today's
Viewpoint
6
manana kvataia
èvropis udidesi pirovneba~ grigol
robaqiZis TvalTaxedviT
zoia cxadaia
qarTuli poeziis ironiul-parodiuli
Senakadi
(tariel Wanturia, vaxtang javaxaZe)
lali daTaSvili
`Ze Secdomili~ da `samoseli pirveli~
soso sigua
vin iyo `hollrait~?

Tanamedrove literaturuli
procesebi

maia jaliaSvili
TxrobiTi diskursis aspeqtebi
(jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobis àntonio da
daviTis~ mixedviT)

miTosi. rituali. simbolo

nestan ratiani
astronomia, astrologia Tu miTologia
goCa kuWuxiZe
gamogonili personaJis genezisisaTvis
elene gogiaSvili
qarTuli miTosur-zRapruli motivebis
paralelebi Zvelegviptur ori Zmis
zRaparSi
rusudan ColoyaSvili
fuZegaormagebuli sityvebi zRaprul
eposSi
Tamar doliZe
ritualebSi SemorCenili magiuri
elementebi

poetikuri kvlevani

Tamar barbaqaZe
leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis
90-iani wlebis presaSi
qeTevan elaSvili
erotizmis diapazoni qarTul sityvaSi

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba

literaturuli meridianebi

helen kuperi
hamleti da tragediis gamogoneba
rusudan Turnava
mwerali da samyaro
(istoriul-literaturuli orientirebi
gaston buaCiZis SemoqmedebaSi)

polemika

eka CikvaiZe
102

109

114

119

122

129

135

143

151

156

160

165

167

173

182

190
Manana Kvataia
An Eminent Personality of Europe from
Grigol Robakidzes Viewpoint
Zoia Tskhadaia
Ironic-Parodic Stream of Georgian Poetry
(Tariel Chanturia, Vakhtang Javakhadze)

Lali Datashvili
Tempted Son and Clothing the First
Soso Sigua
Who is `hollrait~ (Holrayath)?

Contemporary Literary
Processes

Maia Jaliashvili
Aspects of Narration
(according to the story by Jemal
Karchkhadze Antonio and David)

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol

Nestan Ratiani
Astronomy, Astrology or Mythology
Gocha Kuchukhidze
For Genesis of Invented Character
Elene Gogiashvili
The Parallels of the Georgian Mythical and
Fairy Tale Motifs in the Egyptian Tale of the
"Two Brothers"
Double-Stem Words in Fairy Tales

Tamar Dolidze
Magic Elements Preserved in Rituals

Poetical Studies

Tamar Barbakadze
Some Problems about Versification in
Periodics of 90-ies of 20th Century
Ketevan Elashvili
The Range of Eroticism in Georgian
Literature
Teimuraz Kurdovanidze
Artistic Speech of a Narrator

Literary Meridians

Helen Cooper
Hamlet and the Invention of Tragedy
Rusudan Turnava
Writer and the Universe
(Historical and literary reference points in
Gaston Buachidze's works)

Polemics

Eka Chikvaidze
7
ùbralod qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli
faseulobebis CamonaTvali~?

recenzia

merab RaRaniZe
Zveli qarTuli hagiografiis axali
krebuli

literaturaTmcodneoba _ 2008

irina nacvliSvili, manana SamiliSvili
2007 wlis samecniero publikaciaTa
mimoxilva

amagdarni

givi lomiZe
niWieri mkvlevari

axali wignebi

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis
institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili

192

195

206

208

210

"Only the List of Values Which Unite
Georgians"?

Review

Merab GhaGhanidze
The New Collection of Old Gerorgian
Hagiography

Literary Studies - 2008

Irina nacvlishvili, Manana Shamilishvili
Review of the Academic Publications (2007)

Honoured

Givi Lomidze
A Talented Researcher

New Books

Style of Academic Publications in Shota
Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
8
qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba

nana gonjilaSvili

`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ ori xilva-Cvenebis simboluri mniSvneloba da
saxismetyveleba

`wminda ninos cxovreba~, qarTlis moqcevis amsaxveli Txzuleba, religiur
saxismetyvelebasa da istoriul TxrobasTan erTad mxatvruli gansaxovnebis mniSvnelovan da
sayuradRebo sistemas qmnis. simboluri mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli saxeebi da movlenaTa
uwyvetoba aq safexurebad lagdeba da erTi saerTo wertilis, miznobrivi centriskenaa
mimarTuli, romelic TxzulebaSi zenaTlis xats ukavia. `wm.ninos cxovreba~ cxadyofaa imisa,
Tu rogor iRviZebs wm. ninos sulSi `Crdilo qveynis~ moqcevis survili, Tu ra saSualebebiT
da rogori ZalisxmeviT xdeba qristesmieri siyvarulisa da misi naTlis ganfena mefe-
dedoflisa da qarTlis mkvidrTa sulier mrwamsad. TxzulebaSi es gza warmoCenilia
simboloTa mTeli ansambliT. aq simbolo warmoadgens sxvadasxva struqturul-semantikur
odenobaTa ganuyofel mTlianobas. `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ mocemuli mxatvruli saxe-
simboloebi erTiani mizniT, erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiriT da tradiciaTa axleburi
gadaazrebiT xdebian sacnaurni.
`wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ Zvelisa da axlis brZola bevr RvTaebriv niSan-saswauls
warmoaCens, rac, ZiriTadad, axali religiis safuZvlad iqceva, Zvelis SenarCunebiTa da
transformirebiT. aRniSnuli saswaulebisadmi matianeTa damokidebulebis saTave im epoqis
TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.
unda aRiniSnos, rom `moqceva qarTlisas~ da `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebSi
zegardmo niSnebiT aRbeWdili saswaulebi saxismetyvelebis umTavres wanamZRvrebs qmnian.
esenia: ninos mier aRvlenili locviT armazis msxvreva, mayvlovani da saswaulebrivi krnebani,
mzis dabneleba, `sveti-cxovlisa~ Tu jvarTa aRmarTvis epizodebi da mravali sxva.
am mravalsaxeobidan gamovyofT `sveti-cxovlis~ àdgilidan SeZrvisa~ da aRmarTvis
dabrkolebasTan dakavSirebul wm. ninosa da àTormet~ dedaTa or xilva-Cvenebas.
`wm. ninos
cxovrebaSi~ araerTi xilva-Cvenebaa, romelTac RvTaebrivi nebisa da Zalmosilebis
gamovlinebis funqcia eniWebaT. TxzulebaTa avtorebi qarTlis moqcevis umniSvnelovanes
movlenebs da wm.ninos moRvaweobas swored xilva-CvenebaTa epizodebiT warmoaCenen, riTac
amowmeben ambis WeSmaritebas, qristianuli sarwmunoebis yovlisSemZleobasa da siyvaruls,
gadmosuls qarTlis erze. amgvar epizods ganekuTvneba eklesiis safuZvlis dasadebad
mokveTili naZvisagan `Semzadebuli~ svetis `ver aRmarTeba~, romelic verc xuroebma daZres,
verc mefem da uricxvma eriskacebma `ferad-feradTa RoneTa da manqanaTa...~; `wm.ninos
cxovrebis~ Satberduli redaqciis avtori ki dasZens: `...ara Tu aRmarTebad oden ver SeuZles,
aramed SeZrvadca. da uqm iqmna yoveli sibrZn da RonisZ-Zieba kacTa...~ (f 138).
avtori
TiTqos winaswar amzadebs mkiTxvels Txrobis Semdgomi msvlelobisaTvis da erTgvarad
gvimxels momavali saswaulis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sacnaurs xdis da ganmartavs mis mizans:
`...raTa suetisa mis aRmarTebiTa sakvirvelad RmerTi ididos da kacni umetesad daemtkicnen
sarwmunovebasa~ (f 138); miT ufro, rom warumatebeli, ùmarju~ saqmis Semdeg damwuxrebuli
mefe da mTeli eri `gulgdebulia urvisagan~. WeliSuri redaqcia mihyveba Satberduls, aqac
aRniSnulia, rom `...mefe friad zargandil iqmna da dabrkolda suetisa mis ver aRmarTebasa,
da didiTa mwuxarebiTa aRsavse warvida palatad da gulklebuli igi da misi eri friad~ (f
138). es faqti gansakuTrebiT mefisaTvis iqneboda mtkivneuli; teqstidan Cans, rom RvTis
saxlis adgilis gansazRvrisas, mirians wm.nino urCevs, eklesia aagos iq, `sadac mefeTa goneba
mtkice ars~ (f 137). swored mirianis mieraa SerCeuli wm.ninos mayvlovani da swored iq surs
mis gonebas salocvelad da samaradJamod taZris aRSeneba _ `miyuaran mayualni ege Senni da
mun minebs gonebiTa~ (f 137). amitomac aRniSnavs sidonia, rom miriani `didiTa mwuxarebiTa
aRivso~, TiTqos, `mtkice gonebis~ mefes ar gaumarTlda zraxva, didi mondomebiT dawyebuli
saqme Seferxda. am movlenas, SesaZloa, Tavad mefis suli daebrkolebina naTlisaken saval
gzaze. axladmoqceulTaTvis, romelTac uaryves kerpTa brma morCileba da irwmunes wm.ninos

sveticxovlis aRmarTvis simboluri mniSvneloba da saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba mocemulia revaz siraZis

wignSi _ qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba, I, Tb.,1992; qarTuli agiografia, Tb., 1987; `wm. ninos
cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa, Tb.,1997
`wm.ninos cxovrebis~ teqsts vimowmebT wignidan _ Zv. qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebi, I, il. abulaZis red.,
Tb., 1963 (f aRniSnavs Satberdul redaqcias, , _ WeliSurs).

9
RmerTis yovlisSemZleoba, eWvs aRZravs qristianuli taZris mSeneblobisTvis didi
SemarTebiT dawyebuli saqmis pirveli warumatebloba, sveti-cxovlis adgilidan `ver SeZvram~
SesaZloa Searyios maTi rwmena, advilad midrikos Zveli sarwmunoebisaken; wm.ninom kargad
uwyis es da gacnobierebuli aqvs maTi sulisaTvis mosalodneli safrTxe. kabadokieli
qalwulis SiSi usafuZvlo ar aris, radgan mis xsovnas Semounaxavs kerpTa msxvrevis Semdgom
mirianis Tqmuli _ `misi (armazis _ n.g.) adgili SeuZrav ars~ (f 132). armazi realurad aRar
arsebobs, magram misi adgili SeuZravia, radgan uryevad dganan armaz-zadenis mTebi. maTi
simtkice warmarTuli rwmenis libos simyarea. amdenad, arsebobs SesaZlebloba armazis libos,
armaz-zadenis mTaTa uryeobis rwmenisa xalxis cnobierebaSic. sveticxovlis aRmarTvis
Seferxeba warmarTobidan momdinared SeiZleba gaegoT. Tu ar aRimarTeba sveticxoveli, ar
aSendeba eklesia da amiT xeli SeeSleba qristesmieri moZRvrebis gamarjvebas; qristianuli
taZris saZirkveli ki ver Caiyreba, sanam mtkiced dgas armazis kerpis libo _ armaz-zadenis
mTebi. amitomac wm. nino da Tormeti deda (rac simboluri datvirTvis Semcvelia _ qriste da
Tormeti mociquli) darCnen eklesiisTvis momzadebuli safuZvlis adgilas. wm.nino godebda
da Rvrida cremlebs, _ aRniSnavs avtori, _ da am erTi fraziT miniSnebulia mgloviare
qalwulis sulieri mdgomareoba, axladmoqceulTa rwmenis SeuryevelobisaTvis zrunva da
maTi xsnisaTvis RvTisadmi locva-vedrebaSi svetis aRmarTebisaTvis Semweobis Txovna.
wm. ninos locva-vedrebas mohyva I xilva _ SuaRamisas `warmoiqceodes orni ese mTani,
armaz da zaden, reca Tu esrT CamoirRuevodes, da daeyennes orTave wyalni igi. da mtkuarman
gardmoxeTqa da warhqonda saSinelad qalaqi. da mier Seiqmnnes mani saSinelni da sazarelni
tyebisa da sivltolisani. egreve arag gardamoda cixesa zemoT da iqmnebodes saSinelni
grgnvani. da SeSindes dedani igi da ivltodes...~ (f 139). wm.ninos vedreba da bunebis risxvis
gamovlena exmianeba fsalmunis sityvebs: `Wirsa Cemsa vxade ufalsa da RmrTisa Cemisa mimarT
RaRad-vyav; Seismina taZriT wmidiT misiT misa Cemisa da RaRadeba Cemi mis winaSe miiwios
yurTa misTa. da iZra da SeZrwunda queyana da safuZvelni mTaTani SeSfoTnes da SeiZrnes,
rameTu Sehrisxda maT RmerTi~ (fsalm. 17, 7-8). imdenad cxadi da TvalnaTelia armaz-zadenis
mTaTa rRveva, mtkvar-aragvis wylis Segubeba, Semdeg `gardamoxeTqa~ da qalaqis walekva, rom
sidonias aRweriT, Tavad mas da dedebs SeeSindaT da garbodnen (`SerisxviTa SeniTa ivltodian
da miTa quxiliTa SenisaTa SeZrwundian~ _ fsalm. 103,7); maT nanaxis WeSmaritebaSi eWvi ar
eparebaT, imdenad realuria warRvnis suraTi, `saSineli grgnvani~ da `mani saSinelni~
(`sakrvel ars maRalTa Sina ufali. wamebani Seni sarwmuno iqmnnes friad~ _ fsalm. 92,4).
mxolod wm. ninoa simSvidiT `SeuZravi~ (`RmerTi mis Soris da igi ara SeiZras...~ _ fsalm. 45,6).
igi, dedaTagan gansxvavebiT, sxva sulier simaRles miwevnuli da naziarebia, amitomac man
RvTis sityva _ xilva-zmaneba _ sulieri xedviT amoicno da amoikiTxa.
T. grZeliZis azriT, ìs, rac moxda _ RmrTivgamocxadebuli saswaulia, mTebis
darRveva ninos naTelxilvaa, romelSic man WeSmariteba ganWvrita. zecidan mosuli
`sinamdvile~ WeSmaritebadaa gagebuli~ (grZeliZe 1987: 306).
I xilvis simboluri mniSvneloba _ wm.nino amSvidebs dedebs: `nu geSinin, dano Cemno...~ (f
139). da radgan ufalia maTi Sesavedrebeli da Semwe yovelgvar WirSi, amdenadaa SeWurvili da
uSfoTveli mociqulTa swori (àmisTs ara meSinodis Cuen Zrvasa queyanisasa da cvalebasa
maTTasa, gulsa zRuaTasa. oxrides da SeZrwundes wyalni maTni, SeZrwundes mTani ZlierebiTa
misiTa~ _ fsalm. 45,3-4). axladmoqceul dedaTaTvis saWiro gaxda nanaxis ganmarteba. da
rogorc ieso Tavis mowafeebs `gamouTargmanebs~ igavTa Sinaars (`...aRvaRo igaviT piri Cemi da
vityodi dafarulTa dasabamiTgan soflisa~ _ maT. 13,35), wm. nino uflis sityvas gaacxadebs
SeSinebul aTormet dedaTa winaSe, uxsnis da ganumartavs, rom rearulad araferi Secvlila,
`mTani hgian da wyalni igi munve dian~ (f 139), da rogorc daviT winaswarmetyveli ambobs:
àRvlenan mTani da STavlenan velni adgilsa mas, romelsaca daafuZnen igini~ (fsalm. 103, 8).
xilva-Cvenebis mixedviT, mociquli qalisaTvis armaz-zadenis mTebis rRveva qarTlSi
urwmunoebis mTaTa ngrevas aRniSnavs, `xolo ese, romel reca mTani dairRues, samarTlad
guaCuenebs, rameTu urwmunovebisa mTani dairRues qarTlsa Sina~ (f 139). miuxedavad imisa,
rom warmarTTa mTavari kerp-RvTaeba armazi RvTiuri ZaliT Seimusra, warmarTobas qarTlSi
Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gamdgari da didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro qristianobis dasafuZneblad. am
monakveTis mixedviT, mTaTa rRveva gaazrebulia rogorc warmarTuli sarwmunoebis saboloo
damarcxebis simbolo. kerpTa fizikur ngrevas wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa xilvebSi mohyva
maTi `sulieri~ ganadgureba. rac Seexeba wylis `dayenebas~, es movlena kerpTa, anu eSmakTaTvis
Sewiruli yrmaTa sisxlis `dayenebas~ gulisxmobs _ `... wyalni, romel daeyennes, daeyena
sisxli igi yrmaTa eSmakTa Sewirvisa...~ (f 139). CvenebaSi kerpTaTvis yrmaTa Sewiruli
sisxlis _ am Semzaravi movlenis xseneba araa SemTxveviTi. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ erT-erT
winare TavSi, romlis saTauri gvauwyebs, rom igi abiaTar mRvdlis asulis, sidonias aRwerilia,
warmarT qarTvelTa sarwmunoebriv aRmsareblobasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebod aRniSnulia:
`xolo amas queyanasa qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zaden,
romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSosasa, armaz da zaden, da
Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxuerplad... da ese iyo moaqamomde. xolo iyvnes kerpni
10
sxuanica samefoni: gaci da ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa dawuvad da mtueri
gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (f 125-6).

am epizodSi sagangebodaa aRniSnuli pirmSoTa msxverplSewirva armaz-zadenisaTvis,
xolo samefo kerpebisaTvis (gacisa da gasaTvis) sefewuli cecxlSi dawviT Seiwirvoda.
sidonias monaTxrobSi isicaa xazgasmuli, rom wm.ninos qarTlad mosvlisa da damkvidrebis
Semdgom es Cveuleba Sewyda ( `da ese iyo moaqamde~ _ f 126). bibliis mixedviT, RmerTisaTvis
araa sasurveli pirmSos msxverplad gaReba (gavixsenoT abraamisagan isaakis msxverplad
gaRebis epizodi). qristianuli moZRvrebiT, miuRebelia adamianis sisxlis daRvra;
`...Sesawiravi ara gTnda~ (fsalm. 39,7), _ ambobs daviT mefsalmune, radgan `msxuerpli
RmrTisa ars suli Semusrvili...~ (fsalm. 50,19). amdenad, wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I
xilvaSi armaz-zadenis mTebis daqceva, mtkvar-aragvis wyalTa gadmoxeTqa da mociquli qalis
mier maTi simboluri datvirTvis warmoCena swored im realur faqtze miuTiTebs, rasac
sidonias TxrobaSi vxvdebiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sveti-cxovlis `ver
aRmarTebasTan~ dakavSirebuli xilvebi sidoniasve mieraa aRwerili. amdenad, Txzulebis es
ori epizodi msWvalavs erTmaneTs, realuri irealurSi iCens Tavs, rac sabolood yrmaTa
msxverplSewirvis Semzaravi ritualis dasamarebis maCvenebelia. amasve mowmobs xilvaSi
eSmakTa simravlisa da glovis mimaniSnebeli `mani tyebisani~, da es glova, rogorc
aRniSnulia, gamowveulia imiT, rom boroti sulebi zegardmo ZaliTa da qristes jvriT
ganidevnen im adgilebidan.
I xilvis saxismetyveleba da paradigmuli Sinaarsi _ wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I
xilvaSi gadmocemul movlenebTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa Txzulebis kidev erTi epizodi,
romelic sidonias mier aRweril imave TavSia, sadac qarTlSi yrmaTa msxverplSewirvazea
saubari. kerZod, saxarebiseul Txrobaze dayrdnobiT aq gadmocemulia sparsTa 12 mefis mier
ierusalimSi axalSobilis Ziebisa da Tayvanebis, herodes brZanebis _ 2 wlis da udares yrmaTa
mowylvis _ Sesaxeb; Semdgom sidonia aRniSnavs, rom 30 wlis Semdeg mis mamis mamas, ozias ana
mRvdelma ierusalimidan miwera, rom is yrma, romlis gamoc sparsTa mefeni ZRvniT iyvnen
misulebi, gazrdila, `sazomsa hasakissa mowevnul ars~ (f 127), rom igi zaqarias Zisgan
iordaneSi moinaTla. iq gaemarTnen `yovelni naTesavni isralisani~, maT Soris sidonias dedis
Zma, eliosi. swored am epizods mohyveba bunebis kanonzomier movlenaTa saswaulebrivad
gardasaxvis suraTi: `da aha esera ca quxda da queyana iZrvoda, mTani hkrTebodes, borcuni
imRerdes, zRua dga, wyalni aRmarT diodes, zaqarias Z ivltoda da Cuen yovelTa zari
SeZrwunebisa dagueca~ (f 127), romelic sinamdvileSi maradiuli RmerTisagan iyo
aRsrulebuli _ `romeli iyo same cxad saukuniTgan RmrTisa Tana~ (f 127). bunebis aRniSnuli
saxecvla exmianeba fsalmunis sityvebs: ìxarebdin cani da galobdin queyana, aRiZran zRua
da savseba misi. ixarebdin velni da yovelni, ra ars maT Sina; ufali sufevs, ixarebdin
queyana, da iSuebded Walakni mravalni~ (fsalm. 95,12; 96,1).
sidonias mier aRweril am TavSi (qarTlis sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebiT) kerpTaTvis
yrmaTa Sewirvis ritualis warmoCena da aqve herodes mier yrmaTa mowyvlaze Txroba, Cveni
azriT, SemTxveviTi araa; amas ukavSirdeba sidonias mierve aRwerili wm. ninosa da dedaTa I
xilva (yrmaTa sisxlis dayeneba). es erTi rigis movlenebia, romelTa warmoCeniT avtors surs
migvaniSnos, rom sisxlis wil _ naTliT Semosva, esaa mTavari saTqmeli da damakavSirebeli am
epizodebs Soris, rom qarTls wm. ninos ZalisxmeviT moefineba RvTis madli; `moqceva
qarTlisas~ erT-erT TavSi aRniSnulia: `wariswrafdis ninos Tana, naTlisa didisa da naTlisa
momcemlisa, sulierad dedisa maTisa...~ (, 102). herodesagan yrmaTa mowyvlis Semdgomad iesos
naTlobis epizodi xsnis da pasuxs scems qarTlSi kerpebisadmi yrmaTa Sewirvis Sesaxeb
Sewyvetil Txrobas. aq avtoris mier winaswarvea moswavebuli, rom warmarT qarTvelTa bnelSi
mkvidroba (`rameTu mkdr viyveniT bnelsa~ _ f 127) naTlobiT dagvirgvindeba (`naTlis-
RebiTa qriste Segimosies, da queSe frTeTa misTa sagrilsa ganisueneb~, _ wers wm. nino mirians
_ , 101).
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sidonias mier saxarebiseuli ambis Txroba
zustad ar mihyveba axali aRTqmis Sesabamis monakveTs, bunebis zemoaRniSnuli saswaulebrivi
saxecvlis msgavsi suraTi aq araa aRwerili. saxarebaSi iesos ioanesagan naTliscemis epizodSi
naTqvamia: `da naTel-iRo ieso, da meyseulad aRmovida ra wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas
cani, da ixila suli RmrTisa, gardamomavali viTarca tredi, da daadgra mas zeda. da ma iyo
zeciT da Tqua: ese ars Ze Cemi sayuareli, romeli me saTno-viyav~ (maT. 3,16-17). amdenad,
sidonias mier am monakveTis SeTxzva-CarTvas garkveuli mizani aqvs. abiaTaris asulis
monaTxrobis mixedviT, ebraelTa mier aRweril bunebis saswaulebrivi gardasaxvis suraTs Tu
davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I xilvaSi msgavsi movlenebia
warmoCenili. kerZod, cis quxili, `qveynis Zvra~, `zRvis dadgoma~, `mTaTa krToma~. am ori
movlenis msgavseba maT simbolur datvirTvaze metyvelebs. sidonias TvalTaxedviT, iesos

yrmaTa msxverplSewirvis Sesaxeb sagangebod vsaubrobT Cvens wignSi _ `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ paradigmuli
saxeebi, Tb., 2006.

11
iordaneSi naTlobisas bunebis saswaulevrivi saxecvla (amRerebuli borcvebi, aRmarT mdinari
wyali da sxv.) samyaroSi udidesi movlenis, axali sulieri cxovrebis, naTelTan ziarebis
mauwyebelia; am mimarTebiT, wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I zmanebaSi aRniSnuli stiqiuri
movlenebi axali sulieri cxovrebis, qarTlis naTlobis _ svetis aRmarTvis (`naTeli
cxoveli~ _ `sveticxoveli~), eklesiis agebisa da qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis dafuZnebis
simboluri saxe-niSnebia.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom realuri movlena iqneba Tu WeSmaritebad aRqmuli xilva-Cveneba,
imdenad didi zemoqmedeba aqvs maT adamianebze, rom SiSis zars, SeZrwunebas iwvevs da isini
`sivltoliT~ Svelian Tavs (èSinodes mkdrTa kideTasa saswaulTa SenTagan~ _ fsalm. 64,9);
sidonias aRwerili I xilva, romlis mixedviT, dedani da Tavad sidoniac SeSindnen da gaiqcnen,
garkveulwilad mihyeba iesos iordaneSi naTlobis Sesaxeb amave avtoris Txrobas, sadac
aRniSnulia, rom `zaqarias Z ivltoda da Cuen yovelTa zari SeZrwunebisa dagueca~ (f 127).
epizodTa amgvari msgavseba da `faruli~ kavSiri amTlianebs da kravs Txzulebas,
struqturulad awesrigebs TiTqosda danawevrebul Txrobas, imavdroulad
saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTvis amocnobis saSualebas iZleva.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli cxadyofs, rom sidonias mier aRwerili Tavebis calkeuli
epizodi ara marto damoukidebeli funqciuri datvirTvis mqonea (qarTlis moqcevis gzaze
mniSvnelovan movlenas damarwmuneblad, WeSmaritad gadmogvcems), es monakveTebi
Sinaarsoblivad da saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli,
ganmartaven erTurTs da erTian saazrovno sistemas qmnian.
teqstze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom wm.ninos mier zmanebis TiToeuli movlena axsnili da
ganmartebulia simboluri TvalTaxedviT, raTa igi suliT SesagrZnobi da sacnauri gaxdes iq
myofi dedebisaTvis; kabadokieli qalwulis sityvebis WeSmaritebas ki amowmebs xilva-Cvenebis
suraTis dasruleba _ ` da meyseulad dascxres mani igi, da iyo arara~ (f 139). es
ukanaskneli sityva (àrara~) TiTqos erTianad mokveTs Cvenebas da aRadgens realobas,
SegvagrZnobinebs irgvliv gamefebul Ramis simSvides, TiTqos araferi ar momxdara da TiTqos
yvelaferi iyo (`da iyo arara~ _ qarTuli zRapris dasawyisis darad, ` iyo da ara iyo ra...~).
realurisa da ireluris erTad myofobis am faqts amowmebs mirian mefe, rodesac
sveticxovlis eklesiis agebis Sesaxeb ambobs: `da aRvaSene eklesia mayulovansa mas Sina
ninossa, da vqmen mas Sina saqm, qmnuli uCino da cxadi, dideba mayulovanTa maT~ (f 159). `da
iyo arara~ _ ambobs xilvis Semdeg sidonia da Txrobis daZabuli ritmic qreba, erTi fraziT
aRdgeba wonasworoba, TiTqos dedaTa sulieri simSvide bunebis harmonias SeuerTda. wm. nino
am xilva-CvenebaSi warmarTobidan momdinare mtrobas xedavs da ganagrZobs locvas RvTisadmi,
`raTa ara daabrkolos saqm ese sarwmunovebisa mterman, romelsa wadierebiT warmarTebul
aris mef da yoveli eri~ (f 139).
wm. ninos Cvenebis Sesaxeb m.brose aRniSnavs: ` es Cveneba moaswavebs kerpebis damxobas da
agreTve uwmindur sulebis ganrisxebas da siZulvils axladmoqceuli eris winaaRmdeg~ (brose
1835: 58).
wm. ninos, aTormet dedaTa simboluri mimarTeba mariam magdalinelTan, menelsacxeble
dedebTan _ samefo baRSi, `samoTxeSi~ svetis `ver aRmarTebis~ Semdgom wm.ninosa da aTormet
dedaTa mayvlovanSi darCenas, rodesac `gulklebuli~ mefe da eri ukan gabrunda, Cveni azriT,
simboluri datvirTva aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wm.nino da aTormetni dedani
garkveulwilad qristesa da 12 mociqulis reminiscencias aRZravs, miT ufro, rom xilva-
zmanebebi kabadokieli qalwulis mier dedaTaTvis igavurad ganimarteba, qristesagan
mowafeTa mimarT igavis `gadmoTargmanebis~ msgavsad. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom
RvTis saxli 12 mociqulis saxelze Sendeba; magram es ar uSlis xels, rom zemoaRniSnul
epizodSi sxvadasxvagvari warmodgena moiazrebodes.
r. siraZis azriT, iqve aris araevangeluri, Tumca ikonigrafiuli tradiciebiT
damkvidrebuli warmodgena, rom amaRlebis kompoziciaSi gamoisaxos mlocveli RvTismSobeli
(òranta~). swored mis adgils aq iWers nino. evangeluri warmodgeniT ki aRdgomis
pirvelmowameni iyvnen menelsacxeble qalebi, raic erTgvarad aqacaa areklili~ (siraZe 1987:
120).
sveti-cxovlis `ver aRmarTebis~ Semdeg movlenil I xilva-zmanebas Tu davakvirdebiT,
wm. ninos, aTormet dedasa da menelsacxeble dedebTan dakavSirebul epizodTa Soris
simbolur mimarTebas SevniSnavT. saxarebiseuli Txrobis mixedviT, mariam magdalineli da
keTilmorwmune dedebi eswrebodnen qristes jvarcmas (`xolo dges juarsa mas Tana iesosa
deda misi da da dedisa misisa, mariam kleopasi, da mariam magdaleneli~ _ ioan.19,25),
ìxiles saflavi da viTar dasdebdes guamsa missa~ (l. 23,55), kviris pirvel dRes ki
nelsacxeblebiT mividnen mis samarxTan; swored maT (ioane maxareblis mixedviT, mxolod
mariam magdalinelma) iesos saflavTan ixiles uflis angelozi (mark. _ Wabuki, luk. _ ori
kaci, ioan. _ ori angelozi) da exaraT jvarcmulis aRdgoma; pirvelebma maT ixiles (maT., ioan
_ mariam magdalinelma) aRmdgari ufali da mis mowafeebs auwyes es sasixarulo ambavi. `wm.
ninos cxovrebaSi~ sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, marTalia, zusti
analogia araa saxarebis zemoaRniSnuli epizodebisa, magram simboluri TvalTaxedviT
12
SesaZloa saerTo realiebis daZebna. iesos saflavTan misuli mariam magdalinelisa da dedaTa
msgavsad, wm.nino da dedebi rCebian mokveTil, magram ver àRmdgar~ cxovelmyofel svetTan;
mariam magdalinelis Sesatyvisad, romelic `dga gareSe saflavsa mas Tana da tiroda~ (i. 20,11),
wm. nino `godebda da daadenda cremlTa suetsa mas zeda~ (f 139); sveti-cxoveli ki uflis
kvarTis saflavs emyareba, rac macxovris saflavs gulisxmobs da simbolurad uflis
aRdgomis mimaniSnebelia. menelsacxeble dedaTa msgavsad, mxolod kabadokiel qalwulsa da
dedebs euwyebaT RvTis sityva _ ori xilva-zmaneba; swored isini ixilaven saswauls _ svets
`zeda-moadga Wabuki erTi yoladve naTliTa Semosili, da moeblardna cecxlis saxed zewari~
(f 141) (Sdr. m. 27,3 _ `xolo iyo xilva misi, viTarca elva da samoseli misi spetak viTarca
Tovli~). wm. nino mirianTan gagzavnil werilSi (soji dedofalTan dakavSirebiT) aRniSnavs,
rom sveti-cxoveli RmrTis mklavma aRmarTa: `da xilva suetisa mas wmidasa, romeli mklavman
RmrTisaman aRiRo da ciT Camo TT daamyara xarisxsa zeda~ (, 101).
nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa sauflosi da kaTolike
eklesiisa~ amsTanave gvauwyebs, rom sveti-cxoveli aRmarTa macxovarma: `sueto wmidao
cxovelo, cxovels myofelo, romeli naTelman usazRvroman naTel mflobelman Zeman
RuTisaman naTlad elvared da suetad cxovelad aRgmarTa naTel myofelad gulebsa
qarTvelTa erisa~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 113).
r. siraZe aRniSnavs, rom àm naTelmosili Wabukis saxeSi zeciuri `sasiZos~ saxe Cans (aqve
Semodis simbolika: qalwuli nino _ zeciuri sasZlo. samoTxe asparezia sulieri qorwinebisa~
(siraZe 1987: 121).
da rogorc aRmdgarma iesom mimarTa mariam magdalinels, `yoladve naTliT Semosilma~
Wabukma àrquna samni rame sityuani netarsa ninos~ (f 141) da aRmarTa sveti-cxoveli, `... da
axedvida yoveli kaci svetsa mas, viTarca Zalsa RmrTisasa~ (f 160). uflis aRdgomis maxarebel
menelsacxeble dedaTa msgavsad, swored wm. ninosa da aTormet dedas unda exarebinaT mirian
mefisa da qarTlis erisaTvis sveti-cxovlis saswauli. mirianma ìxila mun naTeli, viTarca
elva zecadmde aRwevnuli samoTxesa mas Sina. iwyo srbad, mkrcxl mosvlad, da yovlisa erisa
simravl mis Tana~ (f 142), aResrula Semdgomi saswaulic _ sveti xelSeuxeblad daeSva da
daadga Tavis sadgomels, `SiSiTa da sixaruliT aRivso mcxeTa qalaqi, damosdiodes mdinareni
cremlTani mefesa da mTavarTa da yovelsa ersa sul-TqumiTa sulisa maTisaTa, da adidebdes
RmerTsa da hnatrides netarsa ninos~ (f 142), ninos, `maxarebel gulTa CuenTa, da embaz sulTa
da orcTa CuenTa~ (f 98).
sikvdilis win daweril wignSi mirian mefe svetis aRmarTebaze saubrobs, romelic wm.
ninosa da aTormet dedaTa naxareb xilvas emyareba: `RmerTman maRalman moavlina erTi
msaxurTa misTagani da wamis-yofiTa misiTa queyniT cad aRiwia~ (f 161). `queyaniT cad
aRwevnuli~ da kvlavac Tavis `xarisxze~ dafuZnebuli sveti (romelic SesaZloa, Zveli da
axali aRTqmis kavSirs gamoxatavdes) miwierebis zecierebasTan damakavSirebeli saxe-ideaa.
mcxeTis `samoTxeSi~ cxovelmyofeli svetis aRmarTvis mimarTebas aRdgomis ideasTan,
menelsacxeble dedaTa msgavsad wm. ninosa da dedaTa maxareblebad warmodgenas TvalsaCinos
xdis mirian mefis sityvebi, rom wm. ninom àRasrula yovelive mcneba RmrTisa da swavla
wmidisa mis dedis Zmisa misisa, mamisa Cuenisa patriaqisa~ (f 161); teqstSi ki naTqvamia, rom
qarTlSi wamosvlis win iobenal patriarqi locavs ninos da evedreba RmerTs, rom daifaros,
`raTa (ninom _ n.g.) axaros aRdgoma Seni~ (f 114). zemoaRniSnuli mimarTebis siswores ki
adasturebs wm. ninos monaTxrobi Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, rodesac is ixsenebs, rogor
emSvidobeba da moZRvravs mas iordaneSi mimavali mama: `Sen magdanelisa mariamis Suri aRiRe
siyuarulisaTs qristesisa da daTa maT lazaresiTa, da Tu Sen esrT geSinodis misa, viTarca
maT, man egrT mogces yoveli, rasa sTxovo mas, odes ra gindes misgan~ (f 110). wm. ninom
aRasrula mamis damoZRvra da qristes siyvaruliT aRsavse suliT eqmna qarTls dedoflad,
`Sesavedrebel yovelTa~, qadagad da moZRvrad. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad wm. nino sikvdilis win
masTan misulebs ase mimarTavs: àsulno sarwmunovebisano, maxlobelno RmrTisano,
dedofalno Cemno~ (f 105), rac, Cveni azriT, keTilmorwmune dedebs menelsacxeble dedebTan
akavSirebs.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis (mariam magdalinelisa da wm. ninos saxeTa
urTierTmimarTebis) amosavali da ganmsazRvrelia faravanis tbaze kabadokieli
qalwulisaTvis RvTisagan boZebuli aTi sityva (dekalogi), romelic `dawerili iyo
hromaelebr da dabeWduli iyo iesusi~ (f 117). am aTi sityvidan _ ori mariam magdalinels
ukavSirdeba. meSvide sityva gvamcnobs uflis siyvaruls mariamisadmi: `friad uyvarda mariam
ufalsa, rameTu maradis ismenn missa sibrZnesa WeSmaritsa~; mecxre sityvaSi ki iesos mimarTvaa
mariamisadmi: `rqua mariam magdalinelsa iesu: `warved, dedakaco, da axare ZmaTa CemTa~.
rogorc cnobilia, es dekalogi warmarTul qarTlSi qristianobis `naTlis gamobrwyinvebis~
mauwyebelia, wm. ninos mociqulebrivi Rvawlis damamowmebelia. amdenad, aq warmodgenili
mcnebebi gansazRvravs wm. ninos misias; igi erTgvari gzismkvlevia mociqulTa sworis saxe-
xatisa. aqedan gamomdinare, zemomoxmobili ori sityva wm.ninos miemarTeba viTarca mariam
magdalinelis sulier dasa da memkvidres. swored wm. nino gamoarCia ufalma, rameTu mis
13
siyvarulsa da sibrZnes mihyveboda siyrmidanve, swored wm.ninos unda exarebina qarTlis
erisTvisTvis `miaxleba RmrTisa~, rom `gamobrwyinda naTeli samxrisa da mze simarTlisa~.
Txzulebidan irkveva, rom wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa misias simbolurad agrZeleben
dedofali da `dedani igi mTavarni~, romlebic ar ganeSorebian sveti-cxovelsa da patiosan
jvars: `xolo dedofali da sxuani igi mTavarni dedani arasada ganeSorebodes eklesiasa
suetisa mis cxovelisasa da naTlisasa, rameTu xedvides saswaulTa da kurnebaTa
miuTxrobelTa~ (, 152).
zogadi daskvna _ yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze cxadi xdeba simboluri
mimarTeba mariam magdalinels, marTlmorwmune dedebsa da wm. ninosa da aTormet dedasTan
dakavSirebul realiebTan. iesos jvarcmis, misi saflavis, angelozis xilvis, menelsacxeble
dedebisgan uflis aRdgomisa da gamocxadebis xilvis, maT mimarT uflis sityva-mimarTvis,
mowafeTaTvis xarebis anarekli ixilveba uflis kvarTze (saflavze) dayrdnobili sveti-
cxovlis mokveTis, `ver-aRmarTebis~, sayovelTao mwuxarebis, keTilmorwmune dedebis
qmedebebis, uflis sityvis _ xilva-zmanebebis, naTelmosili Wabukis Cvenebisa da wm. ninosadmi
sityva-uwyebis, svetis àRdgomisa~ da saswaulis xarebis epizodebSi; paradigmuli Sinaarsi
amoikiTxeba mcxeTis, meore ierusalimis `samoTxeSi~, mayvlovanSi aRsrulebul sveti-cxovlis
saswaulsa da masTan dakavSirebul simboloebSi, sveticxovlis saxeldebaSi.
sveticxovlis taZari _ `wmida wmidaTa~ _ uflis gamocxadebis adgili _
sveticxovlis taZars, rogorc moses karavsa da solomonis taZars, `wmida wmidaTa~ ewoda,
radgan igi RvTis gamocxadebis adgili iyo _ `... quemosa eklesiasa erqua `wmida wmidaTa~ (f
160). nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavi~ araerTgzis ganmartavs sveticxovlis mniSvnelobasa
da sazriss qarTvelTaTvis: `... pirmSoeba Sen Soris sacnaur iqmnebis morwmuneTa erisagan,
rameTu Sen Soris Semmosel viqnebiT naTelsa mas qristes miersa da RmerTi maradis Sen Soris
mkdr ars, viTarca iwodebica saydar RuTisa da wmida wmidaTa, romeli mxolod esoden uku
ueWulad yovelTa mier kma ars Sesxmad da qebad didebisa Senisa sanatrelisa, raJams uku
RmerTi Sen Soris gansunebulobdes, mimadlebulo~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 113). uflis kvarTis
daflvis adgili, svetis aRmarTvasTan dakavSirebuli saswaulebi RmerTis gamocxadebis, iq
myofobis maCvenebelad moiazreboda, amitomac mcxeTis `samoTxe~, cxovelmyofeli svetiTa da
sveticxovlis eklesiiT, qarTlis erisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobisa da datvirTvis mqone
adgilad iqca. `moqceva qarTlisa~ mravalgzis aRniSnavs svetisa da sveticxovlis (jvarTa
aRmarTvasTan erTad) sazriss qarTlis gaqristianebis gzaze, viTarca udidesi siwmindisa da
cxovelmyofelobis, RvTis Zlevamosilebis, didebisa da madlis cxadyofas. Tavad wm.nino
aRsasrulis win masTan misul salome uJarmels, peroJavr sivniels da mTavrebs uambobs Tavisi
cxovrebis Sesaxeb da RvTis erT-erT saswaulad svetis aRmarTvas asaxelebs: `... saswaulni
RmrTisani, romelni gixilvan mciredni mTaTa maT zeda, mayvlovansa mas Sina, suetisa
aRmarTebasa...~ (f 106). gavixsenoT isic, rom wm. nino mirians weriliT auwyebs soji dedoflis
mcxeTaSi misvlis mizezs da am SemTxvevaSic sxva siwmindeebTan erTad gamokveTilad
sveticxovlis, wminda svetisa da mayvlovanis xilva saxeldeba: `didebiTa savsesa mas taZarsa
RmrTisasa, romeli aRuSena RmerTsa saxlad saukunod queyanasa zeda sadideblad saxelisa
misisa, da xilva suetsa mas wmidasa, romeli mklavman RmrTisaman aRiRo da ciT Camo TT
daemyara xarisxsa zeda~ (, 101). am mimarTebiT, sayuradReboa uriadyofili abiaTar mRvdlis
azri qristianuli rwmenisa da siwmindeebis mimarT. astrion mTavris SekiTxvis pasuxad, Tu
ratom Seicvala sarwmunoeba, igi wm.ninos kurnebebsa da jvarTa aRmarTvasTan erTad svetis
aRmarTvis saswaulsa da sakvirvelebas asaxelebs: `misgan vixilen sakrvelebani kurnebaTani
da niSni sazarelni da saswaulni saSinelni amis suetisa aRmarTebasa da juarisa aRdgomasa da
kualad mayualTa maT misTa saucxueTa...~ (, 98). sveti-cxovlisa da mayvlovanis saswaulis
dideba da sakvirveleba gascda qarTlis sazRvrebs da qristianul samyarosac exara.
abiaTaris mierve aRweril erT-erT TavSi moTxrobilia, rom qarTlSi `moiwia wignebi hromiT
wmidisa patrearqisa~, Camovida `branji~ mTavardiakoni frangTa mefis werilebiT wm.
ninosadmi, rom ierusalimSi, romsa da konstantinepolSi yvelam icoda qarTlis moqcevis
ambavi, `raTamca euwynes saqmeni igi da saswaulni suetisa mis da mayulovanisa mis
sakvirvelebani~ (f 147).
am TvalTaxedviT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mirian mefis sikvdilis win dawerili
wigni, romelSic Tavmoyrili da Sefasebulia qristianuli qarTlisa da Tavad misi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani epizodebi. am werilSi gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba cxovelmyofel svetsa da
sveticxovlis eklesias, yvelaze vrclad maTze saubrobs mefe, rac maT mniSvnelovnebaze
metyvelebs. swored aq mJRavndeba mefis piradi Sexeduleba svetis aRmarTvis saswaulisadmi,
cnobieri damokidebuleba am movlenis mimarT: `me viqmen morCil brZanebaTa misTa (wm. ninos _
n.g.), romelic maswava da aRvaSene eklesia salocvelad samoTxesa mas mamaTa CemTasa, da mas
Sina sueti ese naTlisa, romelic me yolad ver SeuZle yovliTa ZaliTa da cnobiTa
kacobriviTa, xolo RmerTman maRalman moavlina erTi msaxurTa misTagani da wamis-yofiTa
misiTa queyniT cad aRiwia. da TT Tualni Tquenni xedven saSinelebasa misa da merme kurnebaTa
maT misTa~ (f 161). aq miriani RvTis yovlisSemZleobis gverdiT sakuTar, adamianuri bunebis
uZlurebas warmoaCens (`ver SeuZle yovliTa ZaliTa da cnobiTa kacobriviTa~); sveticxovlis
14
aRmarTvaze saubrisas igi kvlavac cxovelmyofel svetze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `da aRvaSene
eklesia mayulovansa mas Sina ninossa, da vqmen mas Sina saqm, qmnuli uCino da cxadi, dideba
mayulovanTa maT~ (f 159).
eqvTime TayaiSvilis `moqceva qarTlisas~ rusuli Targmanis Sesabamis adgilas
(TayaiSvili 1900: 114) ùCino da cxadi~ saqme mayvlovans ukavSirdeba, sadac aResrula uCino
saqme, romelic cxadad ganadidebda mayvlovans. ùCino da cxadi~ saqmis qmna, Cveni azriT,
miniSnebaa svetis aRmarTvis saswaulze, romelic uCinod _ RvTaebrivi ZaliT aRimarTa
maTTvis saCinod _ cxadad. sveti-cxoveli mefisa da erisagan moiazreba viTarca `Zali
RmrTisa~ da SiSi aqvT am RvTaebrivi svetis mimarT: `rameTu SiSi didi dacemul iyo yovelsa
zeda kacsa suetisa misgan cxovelisa da axedvida yoveli kaci mas viTarca Zalsa RmrTisasa~ (f
160). imdenad didia sveti-cxovlisadmi SiSi da krZalva, rom mefem sakuTari codvebis gamo ver
gabeda mis winaSe miwis amokveTa Tavisi saflavisaTvis; imdenad didia cxovelmyofeli svetisa
da patiosani jvrisadmi rwmena, viTarca RvTis Zalis gamoxatulebisa (`viTarca Zalsa
RmrTisasa~), rom mirian mefe anderZad ubarebs revs, frTxilad iyos, daimarxos wm. ninos
mcnebani da urCevs: `da Tavi Seni Sehvedre suetsa mas zegardamo didebulsa da juarsa
patiosansa...~ (, 163).
k. kekeliZe `moqceva qarTlisas~ wyaroebis kvlevisas naZvis mokveTisa da mis svetad
Semzadebis epizodTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia saqristiano
mwerlobaSi farTod gamoyenebuli apokrifi. masSi moTxrobilia, rom daviTs rjulis kidobani
ierusalimSi roca mihqonda, libanis mTidan motanili sami morCi epyra xelT: sarosi, fiWvisa
da naZvisa. daviTma isini erT adgilas dargo `da saRmrToTa wamisyofiTa erTad SeerTnes da
aRizardes da iqmnes xe maRal da Suenier~. rodesac solomonis taZars aSenebdnen, misTvis
mokveTes es xe, magram RvTis gangebiT is taZrisaTvis ver gamouyenebiaT. SemdgomSi swored am
mokveTil xeze jvars acves ufali. k. kekeliZis azriT, mcxeTis naZvs, romelic agiografis
cnobiT libanidan yofila motanili, qristes jvrad ver gamoiyenebdnen, amitomac mas darCa is
daniSnuleba, romelic hqonda solomonis taZarSi libanidan motanil daviTis xes: mcxeTis
taZris mTavar burjad iqca~ (kekeliZe 1956: 72).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis mixedviT, cxadi xdeba sveticxovlis saxeldebis _ `wmida
wmidaTa~ _ sazrisi da misi mniSvneloba qarTvelTaTvis. igi RvTis gamocxadebis adgilia da
masSi sveti-cxovelis aRmarTebis saswauli dedaboZadaa `zecad aRwevnuli~. am mimarTebiT
sainteresoa nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavSi~ svetisa da sveticxovlis erTobis
saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba: `gixaroden oi! eklesia wmidao, romelsa Sigan saSosa gipyries
ZuZud suti wmida naTlisa mawovnebeli ara vidreme sZesa, aramed mironsa wmidasa,
ukudavmyofelsa sulTasa, romelica uSurvelad uwyarobs nektarsa mas ukudavebisasa
magemebelsa yovelTa qriste SemosilTa erTa sulebisasa~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 115).
amdenad, gasakviri araa, `meored ierisalmad~ moazrebul mcxeTaSi, `samoTxis~
mayvlovanSi agebuli RvTis saxli, sveticxoveli Tavisi siwmindeebiT _ uflis kvarTis
saflaviTa da masze dayrdnobili cxovelmyofeli naTlis svetiT _ moses karvis, rjulis
kidobnisa da solomonis taZris analogiiT `wmida wmidaTas~ saxels rom atarebs.
r. siraZis azriT, sveti-cxovelsa da sveticxovlis taZars simbolurad ukavSirdeba: mama
RmerTi, wminda sameba, kvarTi uflisa da aRdgomis idea, RvTismSobeli, 12 mociquli da wm.
nino, romlis locvis wyalobiTac aRimarTa sveticxoveli da romelic iyo Cveni àxali
mociquli~ (siraZe 1992: 119).
`moqceva qarTlisas~ teqstSi yuradRebas ipyrobs sami epizodi (erTi maTgani sveti-
cxovels ukavSirdeba), romlebic erTmaneTs msgavsoben da es msgavseba mxolod da mxolod
RvTiurobasa da sulierebas efuZneba. sidonias monaTxrobidan vigebT, rom eliozis mier
Camotanili uflis kvarTi misma dam `Seitkbo mkerdsa Tssa zeda~ da suli ganuteva. avtori
aRniSnavs misi micvalebis sam `simwares~: `sikudiliTa dedisaTa, da umets tkiviliTa
sikudilsa zeda qristssa da surviliTa mis samoslisaTa~ (f 129). Cveni azriT, am epizods
miemarTeba sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvasa da wm. ninos aRsasrulTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi; da
rogorc eliozis das xelTagan mefe amazaerma ver gamouRo iesos kvarTi, verc svetis
aRmarTvisas mefem da erma `ferad-feradTa RoneTa da manqanaTa~ meSveobiT ver SeZlo araTu
misi aRmarTva, aramed SeZvrac ki da ùqm iqmna yoveli sibrZn da RonisZieba kacTa~ (f 138),
da bolos, wm. ninos cxedari, romlis waReba surda mefes naTliT Semosil svetTan, ver daZres
adgilidan; `da ara vpove Rone yoladve, rameTu ver ganZres orasTa kacTa mcire igi cxedari,
romelsa zeda Seisuena wmidaman da sanatrelman nino~ (f 161) _ ambobs miriani; ver SeZres
wmindanis `guami~, radgan igi _ dedofali, deda da `Sesavedrebel yovelTa~ _ zecad
aRwevnul naTlis svetis darad `gananaTlebs yovelTa~ (f 161), RmrTis Zis mociquli,
moZRvari da maxarebeli, embazi, `naTeli didi da naTlisa momcemeli~ (f 102). kvarTs _ sveti-
cxovels _ wm. ninos _ qarTvelTa am siwmindeebsa da naTelmosilebas ver SeZravs `yovliTa
ZaliTa da cnobiTa kacobriviTa~ (f 159) SeWurvili mefec ki, mxolod RvTaebrivi sulierebaa
maTi mamoZravebeli.
wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I xilvis (mTaTa CamorRvevis, wyalTa dayenebis da
gadmoxeTqis, saSineli grgvinvis) mimarTeba armazis msxvrevis epizodTan _ svetis `ver
15
aRmarTebis~ Semdgom movlenili xilva-Cveneba erTgvarad exmianeba armazis msxvrevis epizods
da TiTqos mis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. armaz-zadenis mTaTa daqcevis, grgvinvis, saSineli
xmebis, `sazareli tyebis~, `sivltolis~ mxatvruli suraTi hgavs armazobis dros aRweril
zeciT movlenil bunebis risxvis suraTs, wm. ninos locvis Sedegad rom daatyda `gamoberviT
ganWedil~ kerps da gaacamtvera `mtuerni ege da nacarni queyanisani~ _ `dasavaliT haerni da
qarni SeiZrnes da ma-sces quxiliTa miTa sazareliTa. da aCnda Rrubeli mowraf, niSan-
saSineli. da moiRo niavman mzis dasavalisaman suli jerkuali simwarisa da simyralisa. maSin
ivltoda yoveli kacni soflad da qalaqad... meys moiwia risxvisa igi Rrubeli da moiRo
setyua litrisa swori... da dalewna kerpni igi~ (f 121).
armazis msxvrevas, wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I xilvis msgavsad, saSineli, mrisxane,
SemaZrwunebeli grgvinva da quxili axlavs, `miTa sazareliTa~, `niSan-saSineli~; orive
SemTxvevaSi, realurSic da irealurSic, warRvnis, ganadgurebis suraTia warmodgenili,
romelic SiSis gancdas iwvevs rogorc qarTlis mkvidrTa, ise dedaTa Soris da romelnic
Tavis gadasarCenad `sivltolas~ eswrafvian. armazis msxvrevisas da xilva-Cvenebis
SemTxvevaSic RvTaebrivi neba aResruleba, qristianuli sarwmunoebis yovlisSemZleoba
cxaddeba `Crdilo qarTlis~ mkvidrTaTvis, maTi sulTa xsnisa da gadarCenisaTvis gamiznuli,
`rameTu cocxliv STaenTqnes eSmaksa, viTarca mkudarni jojoxeTsa~ (f 121). orive saswauli
wm.ninos locvas mohyveba da am vedrebaSi RvTis mimarT Txovna ismis, raTa borot ZalTa,
`sulTa amaT uCinoTa..., mTavarTa amis bnelisaTa~ da `sarwmunovebisa mterman~ ar gaixaros,
aramed srulad iZlios yvelas dasanaxad, axali rwmenis dasamkvidreblad da Semdgom
gansamtkiceblad.
armazis msxvrevis saswaulic da svetis `ver aRmarTebis~ dabrkolebis Semdeg movlenili
Cvenebac ganimarteba kabadokieli qalwulis meSveobiT _ pirvel SemTxvevaSi adresati mirian
mefea (`mecnier gyavn Sen amas yovlisa zeda miwevniT~ _ f 133), meoreSi _ aTormetni dedani
(`xolo netari nino RaRadebda: ` nu geSinin, dano Cemno...~ f 139). unda aRiniSnos, rom wmindanis
mxridan RvTaebriv niSan-saswaulTa, xilva-CvenebaTa axsna-ganmartebebs garkveuli datvirTva
aqvs; upirveles yovlisa, isini qristianuli RmerTis, `queynis Semoqmedis~, `dambadeblis
yovlisa dabadebulis~ didebisa da yovlisSemZleobis cxadyofaa, qarTlis mkvidrTaTvis
guliTa da gonebiT Sesamecnebeli da gasaTavisebeli; `raTa scna da gulisxma-hyo~, _
mimarTavs wm. nino armazis msxvrevis da saswaulebrivi kurnebebis Semdgom mefe mirians. wm.
ninos TqmiT, RvTaebrivi gamovlinebebi adamianebma unda miiRon `didisa didebisa misisagan da
auracxelisa mowyalebisa misisagan, viTarca saumilisagan naberwyali erTi madlisa misisa...~
(f 133). swored amis, qarTlis umaRles naTelTan miaxloebis ideis, axsnas cdilobs mociquli
qali mirianisTvis da ganmanaTleblis saubari qadagebis saxes iRebs da es pirveli qadagebaa
mirianisadmi qristianuli moZRvrebis arsis, xiluli da uxilavi samyaros Semoqmedis,
gankacebuli Ze RmerTis Sesaxeb: ` ...RmerTi ars caTa Sina da uxilav ars Tavadi igi yovlisagan
dabadebulisa, Tnier misa, romeli-igi misgan gamovida. ese moivlina queyanasa zeda viTarca
kaci romelman aRasrula, romlisaTsca mosrul iyo, da aRda maTve simaRleTa mamisa Tana.
man mxoloman ixila dausabamo igi, da igi mxolomis Tana ars, romeli _ igi dausabamo igi, da
igi mxolomis Tana ars, romeli _ igi mdabalTa hxedavs da maRalni igi SoriT icnis. xolo aw
mefe, axlos ars miaxleba Seni RmrTisa...~ (f 133).
aq yuradRebas iqcevs erTi monakveTi; kerZod, wm.nino moZRvravs mefes da armazis
msxvrevis pirvelmizezis Sesaxeb auwyebs: ` ...raTa uwyebul iyo Sen, mefe, Tu vin Semosna cani
RrubliTa da quxilni miTa haerisaTa da iZvrvin queyana simZafriTa misiTa da rbiodian
mexis-texani, kualsa missa egzebin cecxli gulis wyromiTa misiTa...~ (f 133).
Tu davukvirdebiT, am epizodSi armazobisas wm.ninos locviT RvTiT movlenili bunebis
risxvis suraTi ixilveba: ` dasavaliT haerni da qarni SeiZrnes da ma-sces quxilTa miTa
sazareliTa. da aCnda Rrubeli mowraf, niSan-saSineli... da meys moiwia risxvisa igi Rrubeli
da moiRo setyua litrisa swori...~ (f 121).
mirianisaTvis armazis msxvrevis miRma RvTaebrivi Zalis myofobis ukeT Sesamecneblad,
mociquli qali zedmiwevniTi sizustiT imeorebs kerpTa daqcevis dros bunebis risxvis
TiToeul movlenas. erTxel ukve nanaxi, mtkivneulad gancdili da Tavzardamcemi suraTis
aRwera mefis arsebaSi albaT xelaxla iwvevs emociaTa da SegrZnebaTa gamZafrebas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom armazi daimsxvra, mirianisaTvis `misi adgili SeuZrav ars~ (f 132). amdenad,
fizikurad aRar arsebobs armaz RvTaeba, magram warmarTaTvis misi rwmena uryevia, guliT,
gonebiTa da suliT atareben mis erTgulebas, morCilebasa da SiSs. amitomac `qadagi
WeSmaritebisa nino~ detalurad, gamowvlilviT uxsnis mefes (rogorc svetis `ver
aRmarTebis~ Semdgom aTormet dedas ganumartavs I zmanebas) momxdars da cdilobs, mirianis
sulSi aRZras WeSmaritebis wvdomis survili, `simarTl cisa da sinaTl mzisa, siRrm
zRsa da saZirkvelni misni ...~ (f 133) da naTlad warmouCinos mirians bunebis ZalTa
warmomSobi pirvelmizezis arsi. wm.nino mirianisaTvis yovelgvari movlenis zedmiwevniT
gacnobierebas erTi mizniT saxelsdebs: ` da mecnier gyavn Sen amas yovelsa zedamiwevniT,
rameTu RmerTi ars caTa Sina...~ (f 133); WeliSuri redaqciiT ki _ yovelive arsebulis,
16
bunebrivi movlenisa Tu stiqiis mefisaTvis Semecneba ieso qristes ZalisxmeviT moxdeba:
`xolo amas yovelsa zedamiwevniT mecnier gyos Sen iesu...~ (, 133).
amrigad, wm.ninosaTvis armazis msxvreva aris mirianze RvTiT gadmosuli madlis simbolo
da masTan miaxlebis sawindari (`xolo aw mefe, axlos ars miaxleba Seni RmrTisa~ _ f 133),
romlis saSualebiTac mefem unda Seicnos xiluli samyaros kanonzomierebani da am
kanonzomierebaTa Semomqmedi, ùxilavi... Tavadi igi~ (f 133).
bunebis zemodasaxelebul movlenaTa garda, am qadagebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs wm.ninos
mier zenaaris nebis gamovlinebad miCneuli kidev stiqia _ miwisZvra: òdes SeiZris veSapi igi
didi, romeli ars zRuasa Sina da SeiZris yoveli queyana, vidremdis dairRan mTani myarni da
kldeni~ (f 133).
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ am epizodis axsnas cdilobs m. janaSvili erTi Zveli gadmocemis
meSveobiT, romlis mixedviTac, `zRva, okeaneebi, dedamiwa da masze dayrdnobili ca
varskvlavebiTurT ukaviao veSaps da es veSapi rom SeinZreva, iryevao mTeli dedamiwac~
(janaSvili 1906: 80).
miwisZvra, veSapis SeZvriTa da mTaTa daqceviT, araa cnobili mirian mefisaTvis, radgan
mas armazis msxvrevisas adgili ar hqonia. wm.ninos sityvebSi TiTqos nawinaswatmetyvelebia
miwisZvra, romelic Semdgom marTlac moxda svetis `ver aRmarTebis~ Semdgom wm. ninosa da
aTormet dedaTa I xilvaSi, iseve umtkivneulod da usisxlod, rogorc armazis msxvreva
(`warmoiqceodes orni ese mTani, armaz da zaden, reca Tu esr CamoirRueodis... ~ _ f 139).
miwisZvra da mzis dabneleba is movlena-saswaulebia, simboluri datvirTvis Semcveli
saxe-ideebia, qristes jvarcmisas rom moxda (`xolo meequsiT JamiTgan dabnelda yoveli
queyana, vidre mecxred Jamadmde~ _ maT. 27,45; ` ...da queyana SeiZra, da kldeni gansqdes~ _ maT.
27,51). `wm.nonis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mzis dabneleba mirian mefisaTvis (Semdgom mTeli
erisaTvis) maradiul naTelTan ziarebis sawindari gaxda (` ...Suva Rames oden meCuena me mz
mbwyinval, qriste RmerTi~, _ ambobs miriani _ f 158). avtorTa mier TxoTis mTaze SuaRamis
mzis brwyinvalebisa da sibnelis gziT sulieri naTlis damkvidrebis gamowvlilviT aRwera
istoriuli sinamdvilisa da saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTvis warmomaCenelia. xilvaSi
aRsrulebuli miwisZvra da armaz-zadenis mTaTa daqceva Zvelis saboloo damarcxebisa da
axali sulieri cxovrebis dasawyisis _ svetis aRmarTebisa da eklesiis agebis _
damamowmebelia: `... gixaroden suto naTelo, romeli Zisa RuTisa didebasa RuTaebisa
sakrulobiT mwamebel eqmen...~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 115).
wm.ninosa da aTormet dedTa I xilva da mcxeTis patiosani jvris aRmarTeba _ TxzulebaSi
qristianul sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebul yovel mniSvnelovan movlenas saswauli an xilva-
Cveneba win uswrebs, an mohyveba, romelic amowmebs momxdaris RvTiurobas da realurad
arsebulis WeSmaritebas ucilobels xdis. aseTsave saswaulzea saubari mcxeTis patiosani
jvris aRmarTebasTan dakavSirebul TxrobaSi, romelsac damoukidebeli sakiTxavis saxe aqvs.
patiosani jvris erT-erTi saswauli garkveulwilad emsgavseba wm.ninosa da aTormet dedTa I
xilvas. aRwerilia, rom jvari cecxlis msgavsad idga da mis Tavze samgzis mzeze brwyinvale
ali ègzeboda~, `...da yoveli queyana iZrvoda, da mTaTa da borcuTa da ReleTa armuri
sulnelebisa aRvidoda camd, da kldeni Seimusrvodes da sulneleba didZali miefineboda
yovelsa queyanasa... da mani didni ismodes da yoveli igi eri hxedvida mas da esmoda oxra igi
galobisa ~ (f 155), SeSinebulni, SeZrwunebulni da gakvirvebulni adamianebi Tayvans scemdnen
patiosan jvars da adidebdnen RmerTs. aRdgomis dResaswaulze (`dResa kriakesa, aRvsebisa
zatikis-zatiksa~ _ f 154) mcxeTis borcvze aRmarTuli patiosani jvari, avtoris TqmiT,
`Zlevismyofel~ jvrad moevlina qarTlis qveyanas da sakvirveli saqme da saswauli ixila erma:
`da viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisa queyanasa mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes
yovelni kerpni, romelni iyvnes. sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, da Seimusrnes, da sakerponi
dairRues~ (f 154).
jvris aRmarTebis sakiTxavSi iseve, rogorc svetis `ver aRmarTebasTan~ dakavSirebul
wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I xilvaSi, imusreba kldeni, qveyana iZvris, didi xmebi ismis.
amasTanave, saocari surneli da galobis xma efineba qveyanas, rac gansxvavebul datvirTvas
sZens saswauls, RvTaebriobis miwaze davanebisa (`TvalSeudgamiTa naTliTa zeciT queyanad
STamomavalsa niSsa juarisasa~ _ f 149) da miwierebis RvTaebrivi surnelebisaken swrafvis
(`da kualad queyaniT zecadve amaRlebulsa~ _ f 149) gansaxovnebad aRiqmeba ( `... surnelebasa
nelsacxebelTa SenTasa vrbiodiT~ _qeb. 1,3).
r. siraZis azriT, `jvari rom SemaerTebelia zecisa da miwis (jvari ìakobis kibea~), es
idea mJRavndeba TviT adgilis SerCeviTac ki mcxeTis jvris taZrisaTvis, da imiTac, rom masze
centraluri adgili uWiravs jvris amaRlebis kompozicias~ (siraZe 1987: 119).
sainteresoa isic, rom rogorc zmanebebSi urwmunoebis mTebi _ armaz da zaden _
dairRva, aseve _ mcxeTis jvris aRmarTebis sakiTxavSi qarTlis sazRvarze arsebuli yvela
kerpi da sakerpo. svetisa da jvris saswaulebrivma aRmarTvam bolo mouRo warmarTul rwmenas
da qristianoba erTaderT WeSmarit religiad damkvidrda qarTlSi.
wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa I xilvis (mTaTa CamorRvevis, wyalTa dayenebis da
gadmoxeTqis, saSineli grgvinvis) simboluri mniSvnelobisa da saxismetyvelebis Seswavlis
17
Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi: sveti-cxovlis `ver aRmarTebis~ Semdgom wm. ninosa da aTormet
dedaTaTvis movlenili I xilva simboluri datvirTvis Semcveli saxe-ideaa. igi, erTgvarad,
RvTis sityvaa, igavurad naTqvami, romelic sulierebiTaa SesagrZnobi da amosacnobi. wm. ninom,
Tavad RvTis sityvis matarebelma da qadagma, ganWvrita realobadqceuli ararsebulis
faruli Sinaarsi, da rogorc ieso ganumartavs Tavis Tormet mowafes igavTa Sinaars,
kabadokieli qalwuli zmanebis TiToeuli movlenis simbolur datvirTvas uxsnis aTormet
dedas (analogia: ieso da 12 mociquli _ wm. nino da 12 deda). I xilva-zmanebaSi aRwerili
bunebis risxvis gamovlena, romelic warRvnis suraTis gancdas badebs, warmarTobis
damarcxebis simbolod aRiqmeba, sadac TiToeul movlenas garkveuli datvirTva aqvs, rac
erTgvarad moaswavebs sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvasa da eklesiis agebas. I xilva amowmebs qarTlis
cxovrebaSi kerpTayvanismcemlobisa da misi Semzaravi ritualebis amoZirkvas; warmarTobis
fuZis moSliT safuZvels amzadebs sveticxovlis taZrisaTvis, RvTismsaxurebisa da
eklesiuri cxovrebisaTvis; kerpebis wil _ erTarseba sameba da sveticxoveli, bomonTa wil _
sveti-cxoveli, sisxlisa da msxverplis wil _ mironi (naTlisReba) da `suli Semusrvili~,
`msxuerpli qebisa~, borotebisa da SiSis wil _ sikeTe da siyvaruli.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `moqceva qarTlisas~ fabula erTiani araa.
Txzulebis gamowvlilviT Seswavla warmoaCens, rom amgvar danawevrebul TxrobaSi
(gansakuTrebiT, sidonias mier aRweril TavebSi) erTgvari kavSiri warmoCindeba. Txzulebis
esa Tu is monakveTi (damoukidebel funqciur datvirTvasTan erTad) garkveulwilad
safuZvels umzadebs momdeno epizodebs da maTi simboluri sazrisis, saxismetyvelebiTi
datvirTvis amocnobis saSualebas iZleva (kerZod, armazis msxvrevis, yrmaTa
msxverplSewirvis, wm. ninos qadagebis, patiosani jvris aRmarTvis, sidonias _ sveti-cxovlis
_ wm. ninos cxedris adgilidan `ver SeZvris~ epizodebi). amgvari saazrovno sistemis ZiriTad
birTvs, amosavals da damakavSirebel rgols bibliuri paradigmebi warmoadgens. avtorTa mier
Txrobis am mimarTebiT warmarTvas garkveuli mizani aqvs _ qarTlis moqceva bibliur ambebs
daukavSirdes da istoriuli sinamdvilis safuZvelze misi erTgvari analogi da modeli
Seiqmnas, paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis ganmsazRvreli. am sistemaSia moqceuli wm.ninosa da
dedaTa simboluri mimarTeba mariam magdalinelsa da marTlmorwmune qalebTan, sveti-
cxovlis `ver aRmarTebis~, aRmarTvisa da Tavis `xarisxze~ damyarebis saswaulis dakavSireba
aRdgomis, gamocxadebisa da xarebis epizodebTan, `meored ierisalmad~ moazrebul mcxeTaSi
moses karvisa da solomonis taZris analogiiT sveticxovlis `wmida wmidaTaT~ saxeldeba;
cxovelmyofeli svetisa da sveticxovlis, viTarca uflis gamocxadebis (`wmida wmidaTas~)
adgilad miCnevas ki amowmebs `moqceva qarTlisas~ araerTi epizodi, sadac am siwmindeTa
mniSvnelovneba da didebulebaa gacxadebuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TxzulebaSi calkeuli
Tavebisa Tu ambebis urTierTkavSiris warmosaCenad CarTulia iseTi monakveTi, romelic axal
aRTqmaSi, kerZod, iesos naTlobis epizodSi (romelic TxzulebaSi moyvanilia parafrazis
saxiT) ar moipoveba. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, avtoris Canafiqri isaa, rom `wm. ninos
cxovrebis~ aRniSnuli saswauli (wm. ninosa da Tormet dedaTa I zmanebaSi aRwerili movlenebi)
evangelur Txrobas daukavSirdes da simboluri datvirTviT warmoCindes.
wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa pirvel xilvas mohyveba meore xilva, romelic imdenad
meyseulad Semodis TxrobaSi, iseTi moulodnelobiTa da dinamikurobiT gamoirCeva, rom, erTi
SexedviT, Zneldeba misi xilva-Cvenebad aRqma da realuri, miwieri ambebisgan gansxvaveba.
avtoris mizanic albaT swored amaSi mdgomareobs _ mkiTxveli ise Seiyvanos zmanebis
sferoSi, yovelgvari winaTqmisa da Tundac erTi Sesavali winadadebisa gareSe, rom
WeSmaritebad ganacdevinos movlena. mxolod Txrobis raRac etapze xdeba gacnobiereba imisa,
rom xilva-zmanebaSia CarTuli mkiTxveli, manamde ki wm. ninosa da aTormet dedasTan erTad
xedavs da ganicdis momxdars. TxrobaSi xilva-Cvenebis amgvari uecari Semosvla
moulodnelobis efeqts aZlierebs da emociur zegavlenas axdens aRmqmelze. Tu
davakvirdebiT, II xilvis pirveli winadadeba _ `da vidre arRa eyivna qaTamsa...~ _ I xilvis
Semdgom kvlavac mlocveli dedebis garemocvaSi yofnis gancdas badebs, romelTac RvTisadmi
Txovna-vedrebaSi Tavs aTendebaT. amave dros igi raRac axlis dasawyisis mauwyebelia. da
marTlac, am dros Txrobis wynari da mSvidi ritmi irRveva da lewvisa da yivilis xmiT iWreba
mcxeTaSi sparsTa laSqari, romelmac qalaqis samive kari dalewa. winare TxrobaSi I xilvis
dasasruls aRwerili garemo _ `da meyseulad dascxres mani igi, da iyo arara~ (f 139) _
uecari siswrafiTa da SemaZrwunebeli suraTebiT icvleba: `da meyseulad Seiqmnnes zaris
aRsadelni zrinvani da yivilni da kvla erisa, viTarmca sisxli dioda. da aRivso yoveli
adgili~ (f 140). imdenad lakonuri da tevadia fraza, rom erT winadadebaSi Tavsdeba sparsTa
Semoseva da TareSi. Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi, aoxrebis, xocva-
Jletis Semzaravi suraTi kadrebadaa mowodebuli, romlis miRma warmosadgeni mkiTxvelis
aRqmasaa mindobili. amitomac sWirdeba avtors mkiTxvelis CarTva, Tanamonawileoba da
Tanagancda ambisa; Txrobis dinamikas ki amZafrebs SemaZrwunebeli xmis gadmomcemi leqsika
(`zrinva~, `yivili~, `zari~, `Jivili~). bolo fraza _ `da aRivso yoveli adgili~ _ asrulebs
Semzarav suraTs, TiTqos mokveTs saTqmels, dinamikur Txrobas statikuroba Caanacvlebs,
gaognebasa da SeZrwunebas simZimis gancda erTvis. sidonia, romelic am ambis monawile da
18
aRmwerelia, gadmogvcems maTken mimarTul sparsTa `zaxilsa~ da maxvilTa simravles. am
frazas mosdevs sidonias sasowarkveTili sityvebi: `da dadnes orcni Cuenni da ganilia suli
Cueni~ (f 140). es adamianuri Civilia, xorcieli tkivilis, SiSis gamomxatveli, moZalebuli
mtrisgan sicocxlis xelyofa rom emuqreba. aq nakleb ixilveba WeSmariti morwmunis
TavganwirvisTvis mudmivi mzaoba da sulieri SeuZraoba; amis mizezi albaT axladmoqceulTa
mxridan pirveli dabrkolebis, pirveli safrTxis winaSe xorcieli sifrTxilea. amas cxadyofs
sidonias Semdegi fraza, romelic kidev ufro metad gamoxatavs adamianur tkivils, dards,
romelsac mTxrobeli ar malavs da Tavis gancdebs gaSiSvlebulad warmoaCens: `xolo me
vtirode mamisaTs da naTesavTa CemTaTs~ (f 140). sidonia, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, gons
modis (`movege gonebasa~) maSin, roca sparseTis mefis, xuarasa da mefeT mefis, xuaran xuaras
brZanebas Seityobs: `yoveli huria ganarineT pirisagan maxvilisa~ (f 140). mxolod maSin
`Seorgulda~, ganmxnevda sidonia da masTan erTad aTi deda; maxvilosanni ki maT irgvliv
spobdnen da klavdnen adamianebs. wm. nino zemoaRniSnul monakveTSi ar Cans. am fonze avtori
erTgvarad amzadebs safuZvels mociqulTa sworis pirovnuli Seudrekelobis, mxedruli
SemarTebis warmosaCenad. da rodesac gaisma xma, mirian mefe Seipyreso, swored aq amoizideba
`mxned moRvawis~ saxe, romelic am did SeWirvebas sparsTa warwymedisa da qarTlis cxovrebis
niSnad moiazrebs. Cveuli simSvidiTa da qristesmieri sulieri ZalisxmeviT SeWurvili
amSvidebs dedebs, `viTarca moZRuari elovani, nandlve WeSmaritad moZRvari, da mociquli
qristesi~ (f 140).
sidonias naTqvam frazas _ `da dadnes orcni Cuenni da ganilia suli Cueni~ _
simbolurad Caenacvleba dekalogis merve sityva: `nu geSinin maTgan, romelTa moswydnen
orcni Tquenni, xolo sulisa ver SemZlebel arian mowyuedad~ (, 117) da wm. nino uSiSrad
wardgeba sparsTa laSqris winaSe. mis xmaSi sidinje, simSvide da uSfoTveloba igrZnoba: `sada
arian mefeni sparsTani xuara da xuan xuara; sabastaniT guSin warmoxuediTa? mal moxuediT.
didad same ars laSqari uzomo, vidremdis xarT~ (f 140). àspitTa da iqedneTa~ Soris mdgari wm.
nino erTgvarad ajamebs maT namoqmedars (`Zlierad dahleweT qalaqi ese, maxli daeciT qarTa
da niavTa~ _ f 140), raTa Semdgom erTianad `gacuddes~, gacamtverdes maTi Zala da, saerTod,
arseboba. am epizodSi erTgvarad axdeba somexi miaforis mier wm. ninos mimarT naTqvami
sityebi: `vxedav, Svilo Cemo, Zalsa Sensa, viTarca Zalsa lomisa Zuvisasa, romeli izaxebn
yovelsave zeda oTxfersa, gina viTarca orbi dedali, romeli aRvidis simaRlesa aerTasa
ufros mamlisa, da yoveli queyana gugasa Tualisa misisasa, mciresa margalitis sworsa,
Seayenis da ganixilis, ganicadis saWmeli misi cecxlebr, dainaxis, moutevnis frTeni
Srialebad da miimarTis mis zeda. egreT iyos cxoreba Seni winamZRurebiTa sulisa
wmidisaTa~ (f 111). da marTlac, Zu lomis uSiSrebiT Semosili, dedali orbis zeaRsvlidan
gadmomzirali mociqulTa swori gaisigrZeganebs (`ganicadis~) da amoicnobs sparselTa
mosvlis WeSmarit mizezsa da mizans _ es bneli Zala armazis damarcxebisaTvis Suris
saZieblad da qristianobis samtrod iyo mosuli. yovelive amis gacnobierebis Sedegad wm. nino
mamakacTa tolfasi Zalisxmevis mqone qristes uSiSar mociqulad iqca (mimarTeba dekalogis
meore sityvasTan: àrca mamakaceba, arca dedakaceba, aramed Tquen yovelni erT xarT~ _ f
140; iobenal patriarqis damoZRvrasTan: `...viTarca mamakacsa srulsa wargavlineb...~ _ f 120),
pirveli zmanebis _ armazis libos mospobisa da cxovelmyofeli svetis ucilobeli aRmarTvis
_ xilviT ganmtkicebuli. qristes rjulis gamarjvebis rwmeniT aRvsili wm. nino win aRudga
sparsT uricxv laSqars da ubrZana maT: `warvediT bnelTa CrdilosaTa, mTaTa maT kedarisaTa.
aqa movida igi, romelsa Tquen evltodeT~ (f 140).
wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTa II xilvis (sparsTa Semosevis, qarTlis darbevisa da wm.ninos
mier sparsTa laSqris gandevnis) saxismetyveleba (`Crdilo~ mxare da kedaris mTebi) _
saintereso mimarTeba ikveTeba wm. ninos mier sparsTa laSqris CrdiloeTiT, kedaris mTaTa
mxares gagzavnis epizodsa da sidonias mierve aRweril zemoaRniSnul TavSi (romelSic
saxarebiseuli ambavia gadmocemuli sparsTa mefeTa mier ierusalimSi axladSobili yrmis
Ziebis Sesaxeb). Tu am SemTxvevaSi sparselebi eZebdnen yrmas, miagnes da `warvides mSdobiT~, II
xilvaSi sparsTa laSqars, romelic walekviT emuqreba mirianis qristianul samefos, qarTlSi
daxvda ufali, romelsac isini gaurbodnen da romlis ZaliTac ganidevnen. xilvaSi sparsTa
laSqari qristes saxeliT iZlia (àqa movida igi, romelsa Tquen evltodeT~ _ f 140) iseve,
rogorc kerp-RvTaeba armazi, `soflisa mpyrobeli igi mTavari, romeli qroda haerisa suliTa
da STaabnevda yovelTa sulTa kacTasa jojoxeTad, romeli ganiota ufalman suliTa pirisa
misisaTa queyaniT da sircxleuli miivltis adgilTa bnelisaTa~ (, 101). rogorc cnobilia,
warmarTul qarTls wm. nino moixsenebda rogorc `napralsa erTsa Crdilosasa~, romlis mTani
`Crdilosani~ `dReTa zafxulisaTa savseni Cndes... TovliTa sastikisaTa~ (, 116), radgan igi,
mociqulTa sworis TqmiT, xiluli mzisgan ki ar iyo moklebuli, aramed ìyo queyana ese
Crdilo mzisagan simarTlisa, Zisa RmrTisa moslvisaTs da cnobisa, viTarca saxeli erqua
samarTlad Crdilo~ (f 124); II xilvaSi ki wm.nino sparsTa laSqars CrdiloeTis bnel mxareSi
gzavnis, CrdiloeTis mxares maT samkvidrod Tvlis, radgan qarTlSi àRmo-oden-srul iyo
mz simarTlisa da mo-oden-fenil iyo WeSmariti~ (f 161).
19
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wm.nino sparselebs CrdiloeTiT, `mTaTa maT kedarisaTa~
adgilas gzavnis. cnobilia, rom kedari aRmosavleTis tyeebis erT-erTi Zvirfasi da didebuli
xea, wiwvovanTa jiSis, gamoirCeva uzarmazari simaRliT, simetriiT, sisqiT da saocari
keTilsurnelebiT. grZeli totebi mas didebul iers aZlevs, araCveulebrivi saCrdilobelia
da sigriles hfens garemos. Zvelad libanis mTebi saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi umSvenieresi
kedris xeebiT. kedari, rogorc Zvirfasi, didebuli da amave dros gamZle xe, mTavar
samSeneblo masalad gamoiyeneboda ierusalimis taZrebisaTvis, daviTisa da solomonis
sasaxleebisaTvis (II mef. 5,11; 7,7; III mef. 5,6-10). bibliaSi kedris sinonimad ixmareba `libanis
naZvi~ (rogorc gamorCeuli da didebuli xe) mxatvruli Sedarebisa da simbolos mniSvnelobiT
(ezek. 31,3-18, fsalm. 91,13, os. 14,6-7, es. 2,13, msaj. 9,15 da sxv.). igi didebulebis,
Zlevamosilebis, gamorCeulobis, samarTlianobis, dRegrZelobis simboloa, amave dros
siamayes, medidurebasac aRniSnavs (es. 2,13, ezek. 31 3-18). `Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebSi (iezekieli) kedari mesias (mxsnels ganasaxierebda. es simbolika qristianulma
tradiciam gaiTavisa da `RvTis xe~ Semdgom, ukve TviT ieso qristes erT-erT simbolodaa
miCneuli~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: 104). bibliuri enciklopediis mixedviT, dResac ebraelebi
Tavisi eris sasaxelo SvilTa aRsaniSnad sityva `kedars~ xmaroben (arqimandriti nikifore
1891: 38).
unda aRiniSnos, rom bibliaSi kedaris mTebis ~Crdilo~ mxaris mniSvnelobiT xmareba,
rogorc es `wm.ninos cxovrebaSia~, ar Segvxvedria; sainteresoa erTi ram, `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~
uflis kvarTis adgilis misaniSneblad sidonia swored libanis naZvs axsenebs: `... maxlobel
ars adgili igi naZusa mas libaniT mosrulsa da mcxeTas danergulsa~ (f 130). sveticxovlis
taZris asagebad es naZvi mokveTes da svetad Seamzades: `da mohkueTes naZ igi da Semzades
suetad. da ZirTa misTa zeda dadves safuZveli eklesiisa~ (f 138). rogorc vxedavT, am
epizodebSi libanis naZvi (iseve rogorc bibliis sxvadasxva wignSi) RvTiurobiT aRvsili,
gamorCeulia da RvTaebrivi misia akisria. wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa II xilvaSi ki naZvis
nacvlad kedaria dasaxelebuli da mas uaryofiTi datvirTva eniWeba. avtors xeTa
saxeldebebis CanacvlebiT TiTqos surs, maTi funqciuri datvirTva ganasxvavos. Tu ratomaa
kedari `CrdiloeTis~ (viTarca sibnelis, araRvTiurobis, `mzisagan simarTlisa daklebul~)
adgilad miCneuli, rTuli asaxsnelia. SesaZloa, erTi gagebiT, igi rogorc usieri tevrisa da
maRnarTa aRsaniSnad iyos gamoyenebuli, romelsac sibnele da wyvdiadi, udabureba da
ugzooba axasiaTebs. Tu gavixsenebT fsalmunSi uflis didebasa da ZlierebasTan dakavSirebiT
naTqvams: `maman uflisaman Semusrnes naZuni da Semusrnes ufalman naZuni igi libanisani~
(fsalm. 28,5), maSin SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom uflis savane mcxeTa Tavisi RvTaebriobiTa da
sulieri simaRliT Crdilavs da `CrdiloeTis~ datvirTvas aniWebs libanis kedrebsac ki, ase
aRmatebulT da gandidebulT (ix. ezek. 31).
am mimarTebiT sayuradReboa nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavi~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom
kaTolike eklesia, kvarTi uflisa da sveti-cxoveli `sanovaged wmida ukudavebisad
guagemeben, kedrTagan sibnelisaTa gamoxsnilTa, naTelciskrovan guyofen, xorcielebrTa
uku senTagan da saeSmakoTa ocnebaTa da manqanebaTagan, mculad da mfarul guqmnebin da
saukunesa cxovrebasa sasufevelis mkdrobisasa moguatyuben...~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 70).
rogorc am epizodidan irkveva, nikoloz gulaberisZec kedars sibnelis wiaRad miiCnevs, rac
zogadi saxeldebaa warmarTuli rwmenis sibnelisa, romlisganac daxsna
naTelciskrovanebasTan mimaaxlebelia. kedarTa sibneles aq xorcieli seni da saeSmako
`manqanebani~ mohyveba, rac erTgvarad asrulebs warmarTobis borotebisa da umecrebis
suraTs; maTgan mcvelad da mfarvelad, avtoris azriT, qarTvel ers sami qristianuli
siwminde icavs. `sakiTxavSi~ kidev erTxelaa naxsenebi kedari amgvarive datvirTviT. wm. ninos
qarTlad SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT avtori aRniSnavs: `rameTu viTarca moiwia pirulad
gangebulebiTa RuTisaTa kedarTa javaxeTisaTa wmida nino pirsa didisa mis tbisaTa, romel
ars faravnisa...~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 73). am monakveTis mixedviT, `javaxeTis kedrebi~, Cveni
azriT, iseTive Sinaarsis Semcvelia, rogorc `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Sesabamis epizodSi wm.ninos
mier aRwerili javaxeTis mTebi: `mivxeden mTaTa CrdilosaTa, rameTu dReTa zafxulisaTa
savseni Cndes hiririTa da TovliTa sastikTa~ (, 116). amdenad, javaxeTis kedrebi
`CrdiloeTis~, simarTlis mzes moklebuli mxaris Sesatyvisi saxe-simboloa. SesaZloa,
`sakiTxavSi~ `javaxeTis kedarTa~ da `kedarTa sibnelis~ aRniSvna `wm. ninos cxovrebis~
zemoaRniSnuli epizodebis anarekli iyos, mxatvrulad gadaazrebuli da gansaxovnebuli.
kedarTa msgavs simbolur datvirTvas warmoaCens `daujdomeli wmidisa da mociqulisa
ninosi~. aq wm. ninos Rvawli qarTlis mkvidrTaTvis kerpTa msxvrevis movleniTa da
warmarTobis cdomisagan gaTavisuflebiTaa dafasebuli: `mqonebeli Sen Soris saRmrTosa
madlisa aRmoxud, bnelTa kerpovnebiTiTa mimrumebulsa Soris CrdiloeTiT kerZo kedarsa,
myis agrZna ra moxilua Seni, meyseulad armaz daeca godebiT da zadenisni gaim-gaciTurT
mexdatexil iqmnnes da oxer iqmnnes maTni cTomani, romlisa monebisa da cTomisagan hxsnelni
qarTlosianni hxmobdes ZnobiT Sendami~
. am nawyvetis mixedviTac, `CrdiloeTiT kerZo kedari~

nawyveti moyvanilia wignidan `saqarTvelos samoTxe~ (m. sabininis red.), peter., 1882.
20
miCneulia armazisa da misi panTeonis, rogorc cTomis, monebis adgil-samyofli. amgvari
gansaxovneba (rogorc sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSi), Cveni azriT, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Sesabamisi
saxe-simboloebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
wm. ninosa da keTilmorwmune dedaTa xilva sparselebisadmi mkacri mimarTviT _
`warvediT bnelTa CrdilosaTa, mTaTa maT kedarisaTa~ (f 140) _ ar mTavrdeba; am sityvebisa
da uflis xsenebis Semdgom wm. nino jvars gadaswers iqaurobas `da meyseulad uCino iqmna
yoveli igi simravl erisa~ (f 140). mxolod es fraza amcnobs mkiTxvels, rom Tavad zmanebis
sferoSi iyo moqceuli da mxolod axla daubrunda realobas, iseve rogorc aTormeti deda. II
xilva sruldeba sityvebiT _ `da iqmna dayudeba did~ (f 140), didma simSvidem daisadgura ara
mato im garemoSi da iq myofTa sulebSi, _ mkiTxvelSic. es myudroeba da siwynare kvlavac
agrZelebs im RvTaebriv idumalebas da metad SesagrZnobs xdis xiluli-uxilavis
winaswarmetyvelur niSnad gancdas.
wm. ninosa da aTormet dedaTa II xilvis (sparsTa Semosevis, qarTlis darbevisa da wm.
ninos mier sparsTa laSqris gandevnis) simboluri datvirTva da paradigmuli mniSvneloba _
Tu I xilva (mTaTa CamorRveva, wyalTa dayeneba da gadmoxeTqva, saSineli grgvinva) wm. ninos
mier simbolurad axsnili da ganmartebulia dedaTaTvis, II xilva (sparsTa Semoseva, qarTlis
darbeva da wm. ninos mier sparsTa laSqris gandevna) nawilobriv gvaxvedrebs mis sazriss;
svetis `ver aRmarTebis~ Jams movlenili am xilvis simboluri datvirTvis amocnobisaTvis
sxvadasxva faqtorebia gasaTvaliswinebeli, rogorc `moqceva qarTlisas~ teqstSi
warmoCenili, ise mis miRma arsebuli, religiuri Tu politikuri. aRsaniSnia, rom `moqceva
qarTlisas~ qronikaSi mirian mefesTan dakavSirebiT araferia naTqvami sparseTze, Tavad `wm.
ninos cxovrebis~ teqstSi (II xilvis garda) mxolod erTxelaa naxsenebi sparseTi, isic bibliur
TxrobasTan dakavSirebiT (f 126), armazis msxvrevis Semdeg mirianis mier naTqvami erTi frazaa
daculi teqstSi axal sparsul enaze, naxsenebia zoroastrizmTan dakavSirebuli cecxlis
msaxureba (f 118), msxverplSewirva kerpTan arsebuli cecxlis gziT (f 126), mzis msaxuri
mogvebi (f 119) da mogueba (f 118), sparsi xuara, mogvi mTavari, nana dedoflis dedis Zma,
romelic gankurna wm.ninom (f 131) da bolos, `kari mogueTisa~ (f 146) da `wiaRi moguTa~(f 118).
miuxedavad amisa, `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~, ZiriTadad, aSkara brZola ara oden mazdeanobis,
aramed saerTod warmarTobis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, qarTlis religiad
kerpTayvanismcemloba saxeldeba Tavisi ritualebiT. Txzulebis saTauri _ `moqceva
qarTlisa~ _ imTaviTve gvamcnobs Tavis Sinaarss, mizansa da daniSnulebas; aq yoveli movlena
qristianuli suliTaa gajerebuli, qristianuli xedviT warmoCenili Tu Sefasebuli. amdenad,
mosalodneli arcaa, rom aq im periodis politikur movlenebze iyos saubari. religiuri
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, TxzulebaSi mazdeanobis maCvenebeli realiebia
warmoCenili, Tumca maTze TiTqosda didad ar maxvildeba yuradReba da istoriuli suraTis,
realobis saCvenebladaa TxrobaSi CarTuli. mTavari boroteba da gasanadgurebeli armaz
kerpia, romelsac, erTi SexedviT, saxelis garda cota ram aqvs saerTo zoroastrizmTan,
radgan qarTvelTa samefo kerpebis, gacisa da gas msgavsad anTropomorfuli saxe miuRia;

Tavisi arsiT (rogorc es samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli) ki igi mzisa da cecxlis
Tayvanebas gulisxmobs. Tu davukvirdebiT, Txzuleba SefarviT swored mzis RmerTobis
ganqiqebasa (rogorc es aRniSna r. siraZem mzis dabnelebasTan dakavSirebiT, wignSi _ qarTuli
agiografia) da mazdeanuri sarwmunoebisa da ritualebis daZlevas isaxavs miznad. wm. ninosa
da aTormet dedaTa zemoaRniSnuli II xilva am farul tendencias aaSkaravebs da upiratesad
swored sparseTs warmoaCens qristianobis mTavar dapirispirebul, mtrul Zalad. marTalia,
TxzulebaSi armazi warmarTul kerp-RvTaebadaa miCneuli, magram realurad igi sparsuli
mazdeanobis gamomxatveli, qarTvelTa samefo kerpebs damsgavsebuli anTropomorfuli
kerpia, romelsac msaxurebs miwaze cecxli da mzis Tayvanismcemeli mogvebi, umTavresi
RvTaeba ki mzea. amdenad, II xilva (sparsTa Semoseva, qarTlis darbeva da wm. ninos mier sparsTa
laSqris gandevna) erTgvarad agrZelebs I xilvas (mTaTa CamorRvevas, wyalTa dayenebasa da
gadmoxeTqas, saSineli grgvinvas), armaz-zadenis mTaTa (warmarTuli sarwmunoebis libos)
rRvevas mosdevs maT miRma realurad arsebuli Zalis _ sparseTisa da misi religis sruli
marcxi. amdenad, es ori xilva-Cveneba erTgvari winapirobaa, RvTiT movlenili niSan-saswaulia
sveti-cxovlis aRmarTebisa, romelic sveticxovlis taZris agebiT dagvirgvindeba da riTac
safuZveli Caeyreba RvTismsaxurebasa da eklesiuri cxovrebas.
`wm.ninos cxovrebis~ paradigmuli saxismetyveleba daedo safuZvlad vasil barnovis
romans àrmazis msxvreva~. armazis msxvrevis epizodi, romelic `moqceva qarTlisas~ mixedv-
iT, religiaTa konfliqtisa da qarTlis mkvidrTa gaqristianebis gzaze pirveli sawyisi mov-
lenaa, v. barnovis romanSi igi finaladaa mowodebuli. armazis kerp-RvTaebis msxvreva
agvirgvinebs Zveli religiis ngrevis process da gzas uxsnis axal sarwmunoebas, gansxvvebiT
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciaTagan, sadac kerpTa msxvrevas ar gamouwvevia sarwmunoebis

kerp-RvTaeba armazis Sesaxeb sagangebod vsaubrobT Cvens wignSi _ `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ paradigmuli saxeebi,
Tb., 2006.
21
Secvla; mxolod Semdgom saswauls _ mzis dabnelebis movlenas mohyva mirian mefis da Semdeg
qarTlis gaqristianeba.
v. barnovma romanSi saqarTvelos dasapyrobad gamzadebuli ori saxelmwifos _ spar-
seTisa da bizantiis _ politikuri interesebi mazdeanobisa (misi qarTu-li kerpis _ armazis)
da qristianuli religiis brZolis fonze warmogvisaxa da maT mama-papuri RmerTebi
(ciSubTarxuji, iTruSani, iaRsari, ilori) daupirispira: ìaraRSi Camsxdariyvnen:
ZvelisZveli qarTvelT RmerTebi, sparsT didi RmerTis anarekli, qarTvelT armazi,
dasavleTiT movlenili jvarcmuli RmerTi~ (barnovi 1923-25: 507). romanis mixedviT, `Zveli
RmerTT mosavni qarTvelni uars hyofdnen armazsac, jvarsac~ (barnovi 1923-25: 484), radgan
orive ucxo iyo maTTvis da orives zurgs ukan mdgari saxelmwi foebis politikuri
gabatonebis survili imaleboda. v. barnovisaTvis mTavaria qarTuli RmerTebis monawileoba
erovnuli meobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi, radgan mis gareSe armazisa da qristes Widili
ucxoTa brZolaa, mSobliuri xalxis dasapyrobad gamiznuli: `...oriv sxva aris, armazic,
qristec, sxvagan mosulan! ~ (barnovi 1923-25: 503), `ver SeiTvisebs qarTveloba RmerTs sxvidan
mosuls~ (barnovi 1923-25: 545).
v. barnovma qarTlis moqcevis movlena, romelic mraval kanonzomierebaTa Semcveli iyo,
kidev ufro gaamZafra, ganazogada, siRrmiseuli plastebiT datvirTva da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
politikosis TvaliTac Seafasa istoriuli movlenebi. man qarTlis gaqristianebis
saswaulebrivi safuZveli sarwmunoebaTa brZolis saintereso pasaJebiT Seavso da saxe-
simboloebi axleburi SinaarsiT datvirTa. romanis saTauri _ àrmazis msxvreva~ _ erT gvari
simboluri formaa. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom v. barnovma romanis saTaurs Semdegi azri
daukavSira: qristianobis Semosvla didi sikeTe iyo, magram is iwvevda winare kulturis
msxvrevas, rasac uaryofiTi momentebic axlda (amitomac gaamkveTra man msxvrevis tragizmis
SegrZneba). es ki unda dakavSireboda socialuri revoluciis gaazrebas, rasac bevri sikeTis
mospoba mohyva. aseTi farTo semantikis Semcveli iyo armazis msxvreva, viTarca paradigmuli
saxe.
zogadi daskvnebi _ `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ ganxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom svetis
`ver aRmarTebis~ Semdgom wm.ninosa da aTormet dedaTaTvis RvTiT movlenili ori xilva
simboluri datvirTvis Semcveli saxe-ideebia. I xilvaSi aRwerili movlenebi (mTaTa
CamorRveva, wyalTa dayeneba da gadmoxeTqa, saSineli grgvinva), rogorc amas wm. nino
ganmartavs, urwmunoebis rRvevis, msxverplad gaRebul yrmaTa sisxlis `dayenebis~
maCvenebelia. qristianuli taZris saZirkveli ver Caiyreba, sanam mtkiced dgas armazis kerpis
libo _ armaz-zadenis mTebi. amitomac xilvaSi pirvelad swored am mTaTa CamorRveva xdeba. I
xilvaSi warmoCenili realiebi Txzulebis sxvadasxva epizodebs ukavSirdeba, rac maTi
saxismetyvelebis amocnobis saSualebas iZleva. aqve warmoCindeba wm.ninosa da aTormet
dedaTa mimarTeba mariam magdalinelTan da, saerTod, menelsacxeble qalebTan, `wmidaTa
wmidaTas~, sveticxovlisa _ moses karavTan da solomonis taZarTan (da mravali sxva), rac
avtorTa mier `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ qarTlis moqcevasTan dakavSirebuli epizodebis
bibliur ambebTan kavSiris cxadyofisTvisaa moxmobili.
II xilva (sparsTa Semoseva, qarTlis darbeva da wm.ninos mier sparsTa laSqris gandevna)
sparsuli mazdeanobis, misi ritualebisa da yovelgvari agresiis daZlevis
winaswarmetyveluri niSania. sparseTi TxzulebaSi aSkara dapirispirebul Zalad ar
gamoikveTeba, arc religiuri da arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT. realurSi dafaruli ram
xilvis sferoSi gacxaddeba da iq daiZleva RvTaebrivi ZalisxmeviT, rasac svetis aRmarTva-
dafuZneba da svetisxovlis ageba sabolood daamowmebs.
orive xilva, simbolur daTvirTvasTsan erTad, Cvenebaa imisa, Tu rogor iWreba da
Tavsdeba WeSmaritebad aRqmuli irealuri realurSi, rogor Camoesveteba zeciuri miwierad
da miwierebas aRamaRlebs zecad, viTarca _ cxovelmyofel naTlis svets. sveti-cxovlis `ver
aRmarTebis~ Semdeg wm.ninosa da aTormeT dedaTa xilvebi mravlismetyveli simboluri
datvirTviT gamoirCeva. irealuri realurSi gaacxadebs or mTavar saSiSroebasa da safrTxes,
romelic swored xilvebSi daiZleva, rac svetis aRmarTvis da taZris agebis myar safuZvels
qmnis.

damowmebani:

arqimandriti nikifore 1891: arqimandrit nikifores bibliuri enciklopedia. moskovi: a.i.
snegiriobas gamomcemloba, 1891 (rusul enaze).
abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia.
I. gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2006.
barnovi 1923-25 : barnovi v. àrmazis msxvreva~. Txz., t. 7. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~,
1923-25.
brose 1835: brose m. saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I. tfilisi, 1835.
grZeliZe 1987: grZeliZe T. simbolikis sakiTxebi qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi. litera-
turuli Ziebani, II (XVII), 1987.
22
gulaberisZe 1882: gulaberisZe n. sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa sauflosi da
kaTolike eklesiisa. wignSi _ `saqarTvelos samoTxe~. Sekrebili xronologiurad da gamocemuli
peterburgis sasuliero akademiis kandidatis iverielis gobron (mixail) pavlis Zis sabininis mier.
peterburgi: saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1882.
TayaiSvili 1900: TayaiSvili e. qarTul matianeTa wyaroebi. sami qronika. tfilisi:
k.p.kozlovskis gamomcemloba, 1900 (rusul enaze).
kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. etiudebi. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba stal. sax. Tbilisis sax.
universiteti, 1956.
`moqceva qarTlisa~ 1963: `moqceva qarTlisa~. wignSi _ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebi. I. red. il.abulaZe. Tb.: gamomcemloba saq..ssr mecn. akademia, 1963.
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1987.
siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba
Tbilisis universiteti, 1992.
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, 2008.
janaSvili 1906: janaSvili m. saqarTvelos istoria. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba `Sroma~, 1906.

Nana Gonjilasvili

The Symbolic Meaning and Metaphorical Language of Two Visions from The life of St. Nino

Summary

In the study - The Symbolic Meaning and Metaphorical Language of Two Visions from The Life of St. Nino two
visions of St. Nino and twelve women, linked with the lifting and erection of Sveti-tskhoveli (the Life-Giving Pillar), are
analized, which are image-ideas having a symbolic loading. The events described in the first vision (destruction of
mountains, damming up and overflowing of waters, terrible thundering), as St. Nino explains, indicate the destruction of
unbelief, damming up of the blood of the sacrificed children. The foundation of a Christian church cannot be laid at a place
where the basis of the Armazi idol the Armazi-Zaden mountains stands firmly. Therefore, the first event in this vision is
exactly the destruction of these mountains. The realia shown in the first vision are related with different episodes of the work,
which allows understanding their metaphorical language. The relation of St. Nino and twelve women with Mary Magdalene
and the Myrrh-bearing women in general, that of the Holy of Holies, Sveti-tskhoveli with Moses Tent and Solomons
Church (and many others) is manifested here too, which is offered by the present authors in order to illustrate the link of the
episodes dealing with the conversion of Kartli from The Life of St. Nino with Biblical stories.
The second vision (invasion of the Persians, the ravaging of Kartli and driving out of the Persians by St. Nino) is the
prophecy on the overcoming of Persian Mazdaism, its rituals and aggression of every kind. Persia is not shown openly in the
work as an opposing power either from the religious or political viewpoint. What is hidden in reality is revealed in the sphere
of vision and is overcome there by divine agency, which is finally confirmed by the erection of the Pillar and construction of
the Sveti-tskhoveli church.
Both visions, along with the symbolic loading, demonstrate clearly how the irreal, perceived as truth, penetrates into
and is contained in the real, how the heavenly descends to earth and elevates the earthly nature to heaven, like the life-giving
pillar of light.

lela xaCiZe

ioane minCxi da ioane bolneli

qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals aRwevs X saukuneSi. 951
wels xanZTis monasterSi daiwera agiografiuli mwerlobis Sedevri giorgi merCules
`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~. es nawarmoebi erTgvarad ajamebs qarTul agiografias. amave
dros, giorgi merCules nawarmoebi, faqtiurad, gansazRvravs Semdgomdroindeli (ara
mxolod sasuliero) qarTuli prozis ganviTarebas.
X saukunis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals qarTulma
himnografiamac. ioane minCxi, ioane mtbevari, miqael modrekili da ioane-zosime calkeul
epoqebs qmnian qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi. maTgan monografiulad Seswavlilia ioane
minCxis Semoqmedeba, ramac axleburad gansazRvra ara mxolod am avtoris adgili qarTuli
mwerlobis istoriaSi, aramed TviT originaluri qarTuli himnografiis done da
SesaZleblobebi (ioane minCxis poezia 1987). ioane minCxi yvelaze didi saxelia rusTavelis
winadroindel qarTul poeziaSi.
23
qarTuli homiletikuri mwerlobidan, romelic originaluri nawarmoebebiT ar aris
mdidari amave rangis Semoqmedad unda miviCnioT ioane bolneli. misi Semoqmedebis kvlevas
axali perspeqtiva dausaxa xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromlebis mier 1999 wels
gamoqveynebulma naSromma àTonis mravalTavi~. ioane bolnelis qadagebebic qarTuli
klasikuri mwerlobis SesaniSnav nimuSebs warmoadgens.
amave rangSi unda ganvixiloT ioane-zosimes moRvaweoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
memkvidreobis Sesaxeb ukve arsebobs ramdenime saintereso gamokvleva, ioane-zosimes
universaluri memkvidreobis kvleva momavlis saqmea.
am oTxi avtoridan mxolod ioane bolnelis moRvaweobis periodis Sesaxebaa
gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi _ X an VI-VII saukuneebi. es ukanaskneli mosazreba
emyareba miqel TarxniSvilis mier ioane bolnelis qadagebebis liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT
Seswavlas. m. TarxniSvils moyavs ramdenime argumenti: rvakviriani marxva, marxvis kvira
dReebis saxarebiseul sakiTxavTa Sinaarsi, bolnelis qadagebebSi dadasturebuli bibliuri
citatebis siZvele, pirvelSewirulis liturgiis da yvelieris mouxseniebloba da
Jamiswirvis mokle, arqauli saxe ( TarxnisSvili 1956: 90, 382)).
m. TarxniSvilis mosazrebas iziarebs miSel van esbrokic, romelic akonkretebs ioane
bolnelis moRvaweobis periods da ukavSirebs mas herakle keisrisa da episkopos modestosis
epoqas (VII s). manve gamoTqva mosazreba zogierTi fsevdo-oqropiriseuli teqstis ioane
bolnelis saxelTan SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb (esbroki 1975: 316).
saTanado argumentebze dayrdnobiT X saukunis moRvawed miiCnevs ioane bolnels
Tamila mgalobliSvili ( klarjuli mravalTavi 1991: ).
àTonis mravalTavis gamomcemlebma iseve, rogorc Tavis droze m. TarxniSvilma,
yuradReba gaamaxviles didmarxvis kviriakeebis sakiTxavebis liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT
Seswavlaze. maTi dakvirvebiT: ìoane bolnelis qadagebebi, saxarebiseul sakiTxavTa Temebis
TvalsazrisiT, emyarebian imave sistemas, rac dasturdeba ierusalimur ganCinebaSi, aseve
ierusalimuri tradiciis rig berZnul da qarTul krebulebSi~. gansxvavebas qmnis
sakiTxavTa gadanacvleba da xorcielis kvira, sadac bolnelis qadageba emyareba lukas
saxarebas (7,36-50), ierusalimuri ganCineba ki maTes saxarebas (6,34-7,24) (aTonis mravalTavi
1999: 76).
mkvlevarTa umetesoba iziarebs miSel van esbrokis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom ioane bolneli ierusalimSi moRvawe beria, xolo misi qadagebebi samonastro
wesisaTvisaa gankuTvnili.
ioane bolnelis homiliebis umetesoba eZRvneba didmarxvis periods da gankuTvnilia
didmarxvis kvira dReebisaTvis.
amave periods eZRvneba minCxis memkvidreobis ZiriTadi nawilic. ioane minCxs mcire
formis sagaloblebi _ stiqaronebi dauweria didmarxvis, faqtiurad, yoveli dRisaTvis.
didmarxvis kviriakeebsa da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan dResaswaulebze, rogorc wesi,
dadebulia minCxis ara erTi, aramed ramdenime mcire formis sagalobeli. bzobis kviriakesa
da vnebis SvideulSi ki Cndeba misi himnografiuli kanonebic.
amrigad, orive avtorisaTvis didmarxvis periodi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans
warmoadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo asaxva zogadi tendenciisa. kvlevam naTelyo, rom X-
XI ss-ebis sinuri koleqciis qarTul xelnawerebSi zatikisaTvis gankuTvnili masala, marxvis
masalasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT nela viTardeba (ioane minCxis poezia 1987: 21). didmarxvis
periodisadmi es interesi dagvirgvinda kidec I qarTuli `marxvanis~ SedgeniT, romlis
redaqtori da erT-erTi avtori iyo ioane minCxi.
monografiaSi ìoane minCxis poezia~ yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli minCxis
`marxvanisaTvis~ gankuTnili sagaloblebis liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlaze.
detaluradaa ganxiluli minCxis stiqaronebis mimarTeba Sesabamisi dReebis sakiTxavebTan,
ramac naTelyo, rom ioane minCxi zedmiwevniT asaxavs ierusalimur tradicias. gairkva isic,
rom misi Semoqmedeba gansakuTrebiT axlosaa ierusalimis patriarqis elias didmarxvis
kviriakeebisaTvis gankuTvnil kanonebTan.
amrigad, am mxrivac orive avtori erT tradicias misdevs. es bunebrivicaa, radgan
ierusalimuri tradicia qarTul RvTismsaxurebaSi X saukunis bolomde grZeldeba.
saintereso suraTi mogvca erTi da imave gangebis _ didmarxvis kviriakeebisaTvis
gankuTvnili ioane minCxis sagaloblebisa da ioane bolnelis qadagebebis Sedarebam.
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi Cvens Tvalwinaa
klasikuri mwerlobis nimuSebi am terminisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSnis mixedviT.
minCxis sagaloblebis kiTxvisas yuradRebas iqcevs maTi ena _ bunebrivi da
aumRvreveli Zveli qarTuli. ucxo enis gavlenis araviTari kvali, arc erTi xelovnuri
konstruqcia ar Crdilavs am did poezias.
analogiuri ram SeiZleba iTqvas ioane bolnelis qadagebebis enazec. miuTiTeben, rom
qadagebebSi SeimCneva specifikuri, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturi eqspresia.
SeniSnulia is garemoebac, rom `qadagebaSi gatarebuli ZiriTadi azris aqcentirebisaTvis
24
ioane bolneli svams ritorikul kiTxvas da Semdeg mis gasamtkiceblad mohyavs calkeuli
frazebi Tu am azris Semcveli bibliuri pasaJebi~ ( aTonis mravalTavi 1999: 86).
yuradRebas iqcevs bolnelis qadagebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi
mxatvruli xerxi: ioane sabanisZis msgavsad, msmenelebs is jer saTanadod amzadebs da
mxolod amis Semdeg miapyrobs maT yuradRebas qadagebis ZiriTad Temas.
`movediT, sayuarelno, da ismineT sityuaTa CemTa, romeli megulebis me Txrobad
Tquenda, da momipyreniT me sasmenelni Tquenni. dauteveT yovelive zrunva amis soflisa,
gulisma-yveniT zraxvani ese Cemni, ganiwmideniT gulni Tquenni da gonebani da ismineT
wadierad igavi ese...~ (aTonis mravalTavi 1999: 211-212). albaT zedmetia mtkiceba imisa, Tu
rogori msgavsebaa bolnelis am (d kviriakisaTvis gankuTvnili sakiTxavis) sityvebsa da àbos
wamebis~ saTanado monakveTs Soris.
vfiqrobT, yuradRebas imsaxurebs ioane bolnelis qadagebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kidev erTi Tavisebureba _ Sesabamisi Temebis originaluri, friad sayuradRebo
ganmartebani. amis dasturia misi TiTqmis yvela qadageba, romelTa mniSvnelovan nawils
`Targmanebai~ warmoadgens. ioane bolneli, rogorc egzegeti, udavod imsaxurebs
yuradRebas da vfiqrobT, calke kvlevasac.
aqve gvinda SevexoT kidev erT sakiTxs _ am ori avtoris didmarxvis kviriakeebisaTvis
gankuTvnili Txzulebebis liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT kvlevas, ramac saintereso suraTi
mogvca.
ase magaliTad, yvelieris kviriakeze àTonis mravalTavSi~ dadebulia Semdegi
sakiTxavi: `kriake dResa yveliTa aRebasa saxareba maTesi. Targmaneba saxarebisa:
ekrZaleniT qvelis saqmesa.... Tqumuli wmidisa iovane bolnelisa...~
sakiTxavTa ierusalimur sistemaSi didmarxvis I (da ara yvelieris) kviriakeze
dadebulia ori sakiTxavi: maTe 7,13-29 (iwro da vrcel bWeTa Sesaxeb) da maTe 6,1-15
(qvelissaqmisa da locvis Sesaxeb).
unda iTqvas, rom rogorc minCxTan, ise bolnelTan I sakiTxavi asaxulia, magram mokled.
orive avtorTan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maxvildeba II sakiTxavze. movitanT mcire
nawyvets ioane bolnelis qadagebidan: `vici da mrwams, rameTu yovelTave gesminos Tquen,
rasa _ igi wmida saxareba guaswavebda da gTxrobda dRendelsa amas dResa piriTa
uflisaTa, viTarmed: èkrZaleniT qvelissaqmesa Tquensa, raiTa ara hyoT winaSe kacTa
saxilvelad maTa... xolo Sen, raJams iqmodi qvelissaqmesa Sensa, nu hqadageb winaSe kacTa,
viTarca igi orgulTa da farisevelTa yvian, rameTu uyuarn maT, Soris ersa da Soris ubanTa
da SesakrebelTa zeda yivied, raTamca ididnes kacTagan...~( aTonis mravalTavi 1999: 203).
ioane minCxTan yvelieris kviriakeze dadebulia ramdenime sagalobeli _ 2 ciskrisa, 2
_ mwuxris da 1 `moixilesa~. yvela maTgani iseve, rogorc ioane bolnelis qadageba, asaxavs
am dReisaTvis gankuTvnil II sakiTxavs:

`warmarTTa cxorebad mosruli
sityua RmrTisa , sibrZne da Zali misi
aha esera, ganguakrZalebs
da guaswavebs yovelTa umjobessa:
èkrZaleniT qvelis saqmesa Tquensa,
da nu hyofT saxilvelad kacTa
da ganscxadneT Tquen saukunesa!
(yvelierisa kviriakesa. ciskrad)

ìqmodeT saqmeTa
keTilTa farulad
da nu hyofT saxilvelad winaSe kacTa,
aramed iyavn yovelTa Soris
qvelis saqme Tqueni uCino,
da mogagos cxadad dafarulTa
mecnierman mamaman maRalman~
(yvelierisa kviriakesa. moixilesa)

viTarca gonierTa mneTa
siwmidiT,
guliTa wadierad
SeviwynarneT dReni ese,
viTarca ormeocni mTiebni,
saRmrToTa miT naTliTa
kideTa soflisaTa brwyinvaled ganmanaTlebelni,
da davicvneT mcnebani ese
macxovrisa Cuenisani,
romelni-igi dRes esmnnes sasmenelTa CuenTa:
`vekrZalneT qvelissaqmesa Cuensa
da numca ras vhyofT saxilvelad winaSe kacTa,
25
mivsceT farulad dafarulTa mxedvelsa
da movuagos Cuen cxadad saukunesa~
(yvelierisa kviriakesa, mwuxri).

amave dros, SeiniSneba sxvaobac. saqme imaSia, rom rogorc minCxi, ise bolneli eyrdnoba
ara maTes VI Tavis mxolod I nawils (maTe, 6,1 _ 15), rogorc esaa sakiTxavTa ierusalimur
sistemaSi, aramed am Tavs mTlianad _ maTe 6,1-34. es imdenad aSkaraa, rom, SesaZloa, davuSvaT
ierusalimur sistemaSi sakiTxavis swored am saxiT arseboba.
sainteresoa, rom ierusalimur leqcionarSi xorcielis kviriakeze dadebulia
swored mTeli VI Tavi maTes saxarebidan, rasac mowmobs miTiTeba sakiTxavis dasasrulze: `nu
hzrunavT xvalisa, rameTu xvaleman izrunos Tavisa Tvisisa~ (kekeliZe 1912: 56), romelic
maTes am (VI) Tavis ukanasknel (34-e) muxls warmoadgens da amdenad, kidev erTxel adasturebs
zemoT gamoTqmul varauds. amrigad, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi sagalobeli, qadageba da
ìerusalimis ganCineba~ erTad dgeba da azustebs Zvel ierusalimur sakiTxavs.
analogiuri situaciaa didmarxvis III kviriakisaTvis gankuTvnil ioane bolnelis
qadagebasa da ioane minCxis sagaloblebTanac. am dRis qadagebis saTaurSi miTiTebulia
lukas saxareba: `g kriakesa. saxarebai lukasi: `da iyvnes yovelni mezuereni da codvilni...~
Targmaneba wmidisa saxarebisa. Tqumuli wmidisa iovane bolnel ebiskoposisa~.
advilad SeiZleba moinaxos am miTiTebis wyaro luka 15,1-7 igavi dakarguli cxvris
Sesaxeb. es Tema vrcladaa ganxiluli ioane bolnelis mier. sainteresoa, rom es sakiTxavi
asaxulia am dRisaTvis gankuTvnil minCxis sagalobelSic:

`raJams Semoqmedi
mowyale
eqmna wyalobiT TsTa dabadebulTa,
maSin saxierman Tssa mxolodSobilsa
Zesa ara hrida,
romelman dautevna oTxmeocdaaTcxrametni
igi cxovarni
da gardamoda da Ziebad SecTomilisa
mis kacisa
da mamasa mihguara~.
(mesamesa kviriakesa. mwuxri. uf. RaRatyavsa)

sakiTxavTa ierusalimur sistemaSi am dRes dadebulia ori sxva sakiTxavi _ maTe 20,1-16
(venaxismoqmedTa Sesaxeb) da luka 18,9-14. ioane minCxi da ioane bolneli azusteben
ierusalimuri sakiTxebis sistemas. rogorc Cans, am dReze ierusalimur sistemaSi dadebuli
iyo lukas saxarebis 15-e Tavis dasawyisi muxlebic.
iseve, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, aqac homiletikisa da himnografiis monacemebs
adasturebs ierusalimis ganCineba, romelSic II (da ara III) kviriakeze miTiTebulia lukas
swored am me-15 Tavis 1-10-e muxlebi (kekeliZe 1912: 58).
ioane minCxis Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi, wyaroTa Sepirispirebis
safuZvelze, gamovTqviT Tvalsazirisi didmarxvis e.w. mosamzadebeli kviriakeebis
(mezverisa da farisevlis, uZRebi Svilis) genezisis Sesaxeb. Wil-etratis iadgaris, ioane-
zosimes da giorgi mTawmidelis SeniSvnebis, agreTve marxvanisaTvis gankuTvnili saxarebis
sakiTxavebis ierusalimuri sistemis SepirispirebiT gamoikveTa is garemoeba, rom
didmarxvis IV _ e.w. jvarTayvaniscemis Svideuli Tavdapirvelad ar iyo gankuTvnili jvris
xsenebisaTvis. igi Seicavda sul sxva - mezverisa da farisevlis xsenebas.amave xsenebas
eZRvneba elia patriarqis IV kviriakisaTvis gankuTvnili kanoni (ioane minCxis poezia 1987: 33).
eliasagan gansxvavebiT, Teodore studielis, ioseb mgalobelisa da stefane
sabawmidelis IV SvideulisaTvis gankuTvnil sagaloblebSi ukve asaxulia jvris Tema.
ioane minCxis am dRisaTvis gankuTvnili sagaloblebi ar icnobs jvris Temas, isini
mezverisa da farisevlis Temazea dawerili. amrigad, es sagaloblebi kalendris
TvalsazrisiT Zvel tradicias misdevs; kerZod, imave tradicias, rasac elia patriarqis
aRniSnuli kanoni.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili wyaro (elias sagaloblis CaTvliT) didmarxvis III kviriakisa
da saerTod, III SvideulisaTvis adasturebs uZRebi Svilis xsenebas.
analogiuri viTarebaa ioane bolnelis qadagebebSic. didmarxvis III (g) kviriakis
qadagebasTan miTiTebulia mezverisa da farisevlis (luka 18, 1-14), xolo IV (d) kviriakis
qadagebasTan _ uZRebi Svilis igavi.
ierusalimis leqcionarSi IV kviriakeze dadebulia lukas saxarebis 18-e Tavis 1-14
muxlebi (kekeliZe 1912: 60). ioane bolnelsa da ioane minCxTanac es monakveTia asaxuli.
didmarxvis sakiTxavTa ierusalimur sistemaSi ki dadebulia lukas saxarebis 18-e Tavis 9-14-
e muxlebi. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli wyaroebi adasturebs am sakiTxavis ufro vrceli
( luka 18, 1-14) saxiT arsebobas.
26
ierusalimuri sistemiT ganwesebul sakiTxavTan zusti Tanxvedraa ioane bolnelis VI
kviriakis qadagebasa da Sesabamisi Svideulis minCxis sagaloblebSi, agreTve ierusalimur
leqcionarSi _ luka 10, 25-37 (igavi mowyale samaritelze) (kekeliZe 1912: 62).
zustad Tanxvdeba ierusalimur sistemas samive qarTuli wyaro didmarxvis VII (z)
kviriakis masalaSic (igavi mdidrisa da lazares Sesaxeb).
amrigad, ioane bolnelisa da ioane minCxis didmarxvis kviriakeebisaTvis gankuTvnili
Txzulebebis zedmiwevniT Tanxvedra erTmaneTTan da ierusalimur leqcionarTan
sakiTxavTa ierusalimuri sistemis dazustebis an gansxvavebuli tradiciis aRdgenis
saSualebas iZleva.

Ddamowmebani:

aTonis mravalTavi 1999: maisuraZe m., mamulaSvili m., RambaSiZe a., Cxenkeli m. aTonis
mravalTavi. Tb.: 1999.
esbroki 1975: Esbroeck M.van. Les plus anciens Homeliaires georgiens. Louven: 1975.
TarxniSvili 1956: Tarchnischvili M. Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur. 1956.
kekeliZe 1912: . VII . : 1912.
xaCiZe 1987: xaCiZe l. (redaqtori). ioane minCxis poezia. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da
gamokvleva daurTo lela xaCiZem. Tb.: 1987.
mgalobliSvili 1991: mgalobliSvili T. (redaqtori). klarjuli mravalTavi. teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo Tamila mgalobliSvilma. Tb.: 1991.

Lela Khachidze

Ioanne Minchkhi and Ioanne Bolneli

Summary

The comparative research of literary legacy of Ioanne Minchkhi and Ioanne Bolneli - the most famous
representatives of Georgian Hymnography and Homiletics is given in this issue.
Majority of homilies by Ioanne Bolneli are created for the Lent and are meant for the Sundays of this liturgical period.
The grate majority of the hymns by Ioanne Minchkhi are created for the same period. He has written Stichera for each
day of the Lent. A group of hymns are written for the Sundays and Holidays of Lent by Ioanne Minchkhi. Its obvious that
liturgical period of Lent is especially important for both of them.
This is a consequence of the general tendency Georgian manuscripts dated by X-XIcc. make clear that
hymnographical repertoire for the Lent is more developed than for other parts of liturgical year.
Triodion was the first collection which was separated from Iadgari (Tropologion). Ioanne Minchkhi was the
compiler and one of the authors of this collection.
The comparative analyses of the lessons (hymns by Ioanne Minchkhi and homilies by Ioanne Bolneli) for Sundays of
the Lent make clear that both of them follow Jerusalemite tradition. This tradition was widely spread in Georgian liturgy till
the end of the X century.
The lessons for the Lent by Ioanne Minchkhi and Ioanne Bolneli represent the examples of classical legacy.
Homilies of Ioanne Bolneli usually explain the Holy Writ. Ioanne Bolneli and his exegesis should be studied.
In the issue the lessons for the Lent of these authors are studied as the liturgical texts in the context of Jerusalemite
system of Biblical lessons and Jerusalemite Lectionnaire.
Lessons for the Lent created by Ioanne Minchkhi and Ioanne Bolneli and Jerusalemite Lectionnaire coincide with
each other and in some cases reflect more archaic tradition than Jerusalemite system of Biblical lessons.

27
qarTuli saero da sakaro literatura

xvTiso zariZe

`dagixios Seni masa~ Tu `dagixio Sen imasa~?

arCil mefis poeturma memkvidreobam iseTi xelnaweri krebulebiTac moaRwia Cvenamde,
romlebic Tavad arCilisave davalebiTa da uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT gadaunusxavT am saqmis
mcodne pirebs (baramiZe 1936: IX; kekeliZe... 1999: 550); aman ki albaT, raRac SecdomaTagan ixsna
kidec es teqstebi, magram irkveva, rom gadamwerT mainc mosalodnelze meti gaparviaT isini
(kekeliZe... 1999: 553-570); specialistebi gamocemidan gamocemamde amcirebdnen maT
raodenobas, magram zogierTi iseTi aRmoCnda, romelsac am poetis TxzulebaTa pirvelive
mecnieruli publikacidan dRemde araferi eSvela Tavisi rebusuli xasiaTis gamo; aseTia,
magaliTad, poema `gabaasebis~ 79-e strofi (arCili 1999: 281, gamokvlevaSi vimowmebT am
gamocemas); axla ra weria masSi iseTi, rom sxvadasxva Taobis mkvlevarTa xelSi gamoiara da
mainc gaurkveveli darCa misi saTqmeli?
mis wina, e. i. 78-e strofSi rusTveli kidev erTxel Seaxsenebs jobnisaTvis moZalebul
Teimurazs, rom sruliad amaod irjeba: `me var Ziri leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,~
anu, dRes Tu ramea kargi qarTul poeziaSi, misi mesaZirkvle me var da meleqseni amaSi me
momdeven; amitom `nu eWv mjobde~, dacxri da Seni adgili icodeo, Seagonebs mopaeqres;
Teimurazi ki ufro meti polemikuri JiniT enTeba da aqamde Tu marto imas ukiJinebda, Seni
`vefxistyaosniT~ èrTi ambavi aiwye~ da raki ver daamTavre, `boloc sxvaT SegiTavesao~ (70),
axla mkveTrad awyvetinebs sityvas da riTac es wuTia misi mogerieba scada rusTvelma, masac ki
sxvisi damsaxurebis metad saZraxis miTvisebad uTvlis mas:

`CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad iparav pirvel Tqmasa?
ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masa?
veWv, mas darCes pirveloba, dagixios Seni masa,
Torem vkiTxoT qoranikons, gagiCndebis Seni basa~ (79).

am strofze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac ki Cans, Tu ra iwvevs Turme mis sirTules, ras
uqcevia aqamde amouxsnel gamocanad; cxadia es ar aris marto misi mesame striqonis Camketi
masa, radgan mkvlevarTa interesi aqamde mxolod mas dastrialebda mudam; ara, asaxsnelia
mTeli, `dagixios Seni masa~; e. i. striqonis meore nawili, radgan masas am leqsikuri
variaciebiT: nivTi, masala, sxeuli, bade... romelTac misi ganmartebisTvis gvTavazoben
mkvlevarni, es fraza da mTeli striqoni _ ufro gasagebi ver xdeba, igi Tavis rebusul
xasiaTs mainc inarCunebs da mis gamove gaurkveveli gvrCeba am strofis meoTxe striqonis
Camketi basac, rac swored am masas daxevam unda Turme gauCinos rusTvels; Tanac es iseTi
muqariT aris naTqvami _ `Torem vkiTxoT qoranikons~! rom masSi winaswarve kargs verafers
ivaraudebs mkiTxveli...
axla, raki es masa da basa ase mizez-Sedegobrivad Canan erTimeoresTan dakavSirebulni,
bunebrivia, maTi kvlevac aseve unda warmarTuliyo, anu strofis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad unda
agvexsna orive xom? realurad ki ai ra moxda, basa arCilis bolo krebulis gamocemamde
TiTqos arc ki arsebula `gabaasebis~ teqstSi, mas aravin Sexebia; igi pirvelad am gamocemis
leqsikonSi moxvda, oRond, aqac ai ra saxiT: `basa, 20, 79, 4 ~ `gagiCndebis Seni basa~ (arCili,
1999, 575), egaa da eg! ai masa ki, rogorc iTqva, Tavidanve SeniSnes da Semdegac ramdenime
specialistma scada misi ganmarteba, magram àrCilianis" am bolo gamocemis leqsikonSi ki
ratomRac aRar Cans; g. kuWuxiZis azriT, es Turme imis bralia, rom am gamocemis avtorebs
verafriT gauziarebiaT misi is ganmartebani, rac aqamde moeZebna mas sxvadasxva gamocemaTa
leqsikonebSi (kuWuxiZe 2003: 123); es Tu marTlac asea, maSin ra gamodis? gana problemisaTvis
Tvalis arideba, an misi miCumaTeba raime gamosavalia? cxadia, avtorebi am gziT ar wavidodnen;
ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ratomRac gamorCaT igi, rac TavisTavad mainc dasanani Secdomaa.
ara da rogorc iTqva, man, e. i. masam, arCilis TxzulebaTa pirvelive mecnierulad
momzadebuli krebulis avtorTa yuradReba miipyro, oRond, maT sakmao sifrTxilec
gamouCeniaT am sityvis mimarT: raki ver auxsniaT, ai rogor SeutaniaT igi leqsikonSi: `masa,
80
3
?~ (berZeniSvili 1937: 196); kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSani uzis mis savaraudo leqsikur
variantebs `qarTuli poeziis~ TxuTmettomeulis mesame wignis sityvanSic, romlis avtoric s.
caiSvilia; `masa (g. T. r. 80, 3) `dagixios Seni masa~; masa _ nivTi, masala, sxeuli (?!)~ (caiSvili
1975: 573); magram amgvari TavSekaveba aRara Cans am sityvis axsnaSi `qarTuli mwerlobis~ meeqvse
tomis leqsikonSi: masa _ bade (`dagixios Seni masa~, `gabaaseba~), vkiTxulobT aq; (sarjvelaZe
1989: 860); axsna marTlac kategoriulia, magram ukve aRniSnuli rom gavimeoroT, gana ras
28
cvlis igi am striqonis SinaarsSi, ra sinaTle Seaqvs mis gagebaSi? `dagixios Seni bade~ xom
iseTive gamocanaa, rogoric aris `dagixios Seni masa~?! cxadia asea!
savaraudoa, es SeniSna da swored amis gamo gauCnda am sityvisa da saerTod mTeli 79-e
strofisadmi interesi g. kuWuxiZes; oRond, masac teqstSi garkvevis nacvlad leqsikonisaTvis
miumarTavs, Tanac ucxo, kerZod, arabuli enis leqsikonisaTvis da iq SemCneuli, JReradobiT
arCiliseuli masas msgavsi sityvisaTvis, viTarca leqsis metaforisaTvis, mourgia am
gatanjuli strofis Sinaarsi; kerZod, igi wers: `Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im garemoebam, rom
arCili xSirad mimarTavs aRmosavlur leqsikas, masTan arabuli sityvebic bevri gvxvdeba...
arabuli sityva `masa~ (`masaTun~) qarTulad niSnavs almasis natexs ( , _ 4, 739);
xolo `mas~ iTargmneba, rogorc àlmasi~, (iqve)... safiqrebelia, rom swored es aris
arCiliseuli sityvis mniSvneloba...~
axla ratom hgonia g. kuWuxiZes, rom maincadamainc es aris safiqrebeli, rasac igi
gvTavazobs da rogor ukavSirebs am arabul masas, romelic Turme almass niSnavs, sadavo
strofis Sinaarss? sityvaTa akustikuri msgavsebiT xom araferi icvleba arCiliseul
strofSi da igi amiT xom ufro gasagebi ver xdeba?
rogorc vTqviT, g. kuWuxiZe fiqrobs, rom arCiliseul enaSi am sityvas TiTqos iseTive
metaforuli gageba unda hqondes, rogoric aqvs, magaliTad, `wyobil margalits~ rusTvelis
enaSi da Semdeg ise, rom arafriT asabuTebs am Tvalsazriss, arafriT xsnis, marto arCilis
poetur metyvelebaSi eZebneba mas aseTi funqcia, Tu saerTod, im xanis mxatvruli azrovnebis
monapovaria, ganagrZobs: `gabaasebis avtori Teimurazs metismetad agresiuli kiloTi
alaparakebs; rogorc arCilis personaJi ambobs, Tu `qoranikons~, e. i. istorias CavxedavT,
cxadi gaxdeba, rom Tamaris saqebari poema rusTvelze adre CaxruxaZem dawera da rusTveli ki
pirvelobas iCemebs, CaxruxaZis saqmeSi iWreba; Teimurazi, rogorc vTqviT, miiCnevs, rom
gamarjveba sabolood `Tamarianis~ avtors darCeba da aq arCili Teimurazs, rogorc Cans,
aTqmevinebs, rom gamarjvebuli CaxruxaZe damarcxebul rusTvels mis `Zvirfas Tvals~ (am
SemTxvevaSi almasis natexs) e. i. `vefxistyaosans~ dauxevs (`dagixios Seni masa~); (kuWuxiZe 2003:
123; xazi Cvenia, x. z);
mTel am amonawerSi, rasac strofis SinaarsSi marTlac rame moekiTxeba da Tanac Zalze
principuli, mxolod `qoranikonia~; mas mkvlevari swor gzaze unda daeyenebina, magram,
samwuxarod, alRo ver auRia misi miniSnebisaTvis, ris gamoc, rasac igi aq `Tamarianze~ wers,
sruliad usafuZvlo fantaziis nayofia, rogorc bolos vnaxavT, amis msgavsi araferia am
strofSi naTqvami;
imisaTvis, rom arCilis konkretul saTqmels mivagnoT am strofSi, gaixsnas sinamdvileSi
ras ecileboda Turme rusTveli CaxruxaZes da Semdeg ki gasagebi gaxdes jer masas, xolo mere
ki basas raoba, kvleva uSualod am sadavo strofidan ki ara, mis wina, e. i. 78-e strofidan mainc
unda daviwyoT; amas xom, sxva rom ara iyos ra, Tavad am saanalizo strofis intonaciuri
dinamikac moiTxovs? aba davakvirdeT Tu ase ar aris?

ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masa?~

da a. S. xolo ra uTqvams Teimurazis azriT rusTavelze uwin CaxruxaZes da ra
miuTvisebia pirvels meorisagan. ras iCemebs Turme misas rusTveli, mSvenivrad irkveva am
strofis wina, e. i. 78-e strofidan, romelic Cveni werilis dasawyisSi nawilobriv ukve
davimowmeT; ufro srulad ki ai ras vigebT iqidan; rusTveli brZanebs:

`me var Ziri leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,
amas zedan risTvis swyrebi, pirad mzeo, ikrav Sen obs,
leqsi Cemi saamoa, ar sawyinod monaSenobs,
nu eWv mjobde, sixaruliT cudad ikrav dabdabs, Sen nobs~
.

aqedan naTelia, rom am paeqrobaSi Secilebis sagani im sasurveli siaxlis danergvaa
qarTul poeziaSi _ swored amas niSnavs: `me var Ziri leqsis Tqmisa~, rasac qarTvel poetTa
Taobebi gatacebiT daswafebian Semdgom da aramc da aramc Tamaris saTanado gandidebaSi
daCemeba pirvelobisa, rogorc hgonia Cems umcros kolegas;
garda amisa, Tu aq maincadamainc Tamaris qebaSi Secilebas davinaxavT, maSin rogorRa
gavigoT sruliad konkretuli: `meleqseni Cemze Senobs~? ra isinic, e. i. meleqseTa mTeli
Taobebi, Tamaris qebiT cdilobdnen damsgavsebodnen rusTvels, Tu miseuli leqsis
gaTavisebiT, miseburad TqmiTa da gamoxatviT? es xom pirdapir devizi iyo mTeli aRorZinebis
xanis poeziisa, Tavad arCilisganve dakanonebuli? cxadia, swored amiT da Teimurazic swored
amaSi ar eTanxmeba mas, radgan icis, rom am sayovelTaod aRiarebuli siaxlis damnergavi Cvens

am strofis me-4 striqonis dasasruli arCilis TxzulebaTa bolo publikaciaSi asea dabeWdili: `cudad ikrav
dabdab, Sen obs~; unda iyos: `cudad ikrav dabdabs, Sen nobs~, anu, rogorc mis pirvel mecnierul gamocemaSia.
29
poeziaSi CaxruxaZea da amis sabuTad, rasac misi rwmeniT rusTveli veRarsad wauva,
`qoranikoni~ miaCnia: `Torem vkiTxoT qoranikons~... es ki iseTi informaciaa, rac saboloo
daskvnamde usaTuod unda gaanalizdes. arCili xom usabuTod arafers ambobda!
roca Teimurazisa da rusTvelis am paeqrobas mivyvebiT da maTs TiToeul sityvas
vwoniT, usaTuod Semdegic unda gvaxsovdes da daskvnebsac mxolod misi gaTvaliswinebiT
vakeTebdeT: is, rasac am poemaSi Tavisi Tavisa da Tavisi poeziis Sesaxeb brZanebs rusTveli,
sinamdvileSi marTlac misi, e. i. Tavad rusTvelis ki ara, e. w. aRorZinebis xanis mwignobarTa
Tvalsazrisi da gansjaa, Tu ras warmoadgenda maSindelTa sulieri cxovrebisaTvis rusTveli,
aseve unda Sefasdes, rac aq CaxruxaZezea naTqvami da Teimurazis mcdelobac ki saxeliT
daCrdilos rusTaveli (baramiZe 1937: XX), miuxedavad imisa, rom amis mwveli survili mas
marTlac hqonia da gaumJRavnebia kidec Tavisi `majamis~ boloTqmaSi:

`leqsi Cemi sjobs gvarad da tkbilad sasmenad yurisa,
maSinc rusTvelsa aqeben, me aman gamagulisao~;
(Teimuraz pirveli 1934: 125)

`gabaasebaSi~ isea gandidebuli rusTveli da mTel am TxzulebaSi mis udavo Rirsebaze
isea gaSlili sityva, rom mas TiTqos metoqe verc unda gamosCenoda; Tu ara marTlac aseTi
Seudarebeli Semoqmedisagan, aba visgan ra unda ganecada da eswavla aRorZinebis gzaze
damdgar qarTul mwrlobas, magram Teimurazis aseTi principuli da Tanac istoriul sabuTs
daRirebuli mxilebac gvafiqrebinebs, rom im xanebSi mainc yvelasTvis ar unda yofiliyo
rusTvelis absoluturi erTaderToba sarwmuno, rom arsebula sxva, amis sapirispiro azric
da Tanac istoriuli sabuTiT Semagrebuli; arCils ki, raki Tavisi Semoqmedebis principad
mxolod da mxolod simarTlis Tqma hqonda arCeuli, arc amis daviwyeba surs; misi rwmeniT,
momavlisaken mziral qarTul sazogadebas yvelaferi unda scodnoda Tavisi winaprebis
Sesaxeb, sarwmunoca da saeWvoc, sayovelTaod misaRebica da ramdenadme sadavoc; magaliTad,
unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom rusTvels, romelsac, rogorc iTqva, mTel poemaSi elvare
SaravandediT mosavs (ix. strofebi: 62-e, 78-e, 85-86-e da sxvani), `vefxistyaosani~ ki mainc
dausrulebeli darCenia Turme da igi sxvebs miuyvaniaT misTvis bolomde; amas igi erTxel ki
ar aRniSnavs, rogorc SemTxveviT gagonils, intensiurad utrialebs da sxvadasxvanairad
xuTjer ubrundeba poemaSi (ix. strofebi: 64-e, 73-e, me-80, 81-e, 104-e _ dawvrilebiT am
sakiTxze: zariZe 2002: 117-18); amitom, roca qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebas exeba paeqroba am or
pirs Soris da imis dadgenazea dava, Tu maincadamainc visi damsaxurebaa igi, arCili Seaxsenebs
mkiTxvels, rom am saqmeSi yvelaferi ise rodia, rogorc zogs warmoudgenia. cxadia didia
rusTveli, magram am saqmeSi masze adre CaxruxaZes gamouCenia Tavi da garkveuli siaxlec
pirvels swored mas Seutania poeziaSi; axla ra siaxlea igi? cxadia, arCili arc amaze
msjelobs usabuTod; mas es sakiTxi sakmaod mkafioda aqvs dakonkretebuli rogorc
`gabaasebis~ Sesaval nawilSi, aseve `mefeTa saqebelsa da samxilebelnSic~, romelic Tavidan
bolomde `Caxruxaulis~ ritmiT gaumarTavs da gauwyvia.
arCilis `gabaasebis~ SesavalSi `ZvelTa da axalTa saqarTvelos meleqseTa~ Sesaxeb rom
msjelobs da imas arkvevs, vis ra sikeTe da Rvawli gamoarCevs Cvens mwerlobaSi, aRniSnavs, rom
CaxruxaZes sruliad axali, manamde arnaxuli ritmis leqsiT Seumkia mefe Tamari; am leqss igi
`gabaasebaSi~ `sxvas leqss~, xolo `mefeTaSi...~ ki ukve konkretul saxels, `Caxruxauls~
uwodebs:

1. `sxvas leqsiT CaxruxaZema Seamko mefe Tamari,
ar mebralebis saqebrad Tamari misi amari~ (24, 1-2);
2. `Caxruxauli, viT rxeuli
Zeglad uwesa Tavisa leqssa~ (3, 1-2);

Tavis pirad simpatias ki am poetisadmi, rogorc iTqva, imiT amJRavnebs, rom `mefeTaSi...~
erTgulad mihyveba misi leqsis ritmul mimoxvras da amas aRiarebs kidec:

`mo, naxe: vsuri, mona xevsuri,
siyvaruliTa mis xmiT vTqvi mecao~ (4, 1-2);

amas ki Semdegac imeorebs da guldawyvetili mxolod imiT aris, rom am rCeuli winapris
niWisa da SesaZleblobis Sesaferiss verafers aRwevs:

`viTa aCrdilad, ar Tu sadilad,
garna iqnebis dResTan Ramecao? (4, 3-4);

axla, dakvirvebuli Tvali, albaT, SeniSnavda, rom CaxruxaZisa da misi poeziis am mokle
daxasiaTebaSi or principul punqts gamoyofs arCili; 1) CaxruxaZe brZenia _ `CaxruxaZe
brZenT vabaZneT~ da me-2: igi qarTuli sityvis jadoqaria, CvenSi manamde ararsebuli xmisa da
ritmis leqsTa Semoqmedi; xolo yovelive es ki arCilis epoqis qarTulSi upiratesad erTi
30
sityviT, kerZod, sityva ritoriT gamoiTqmeboda xolme; Zalze mosawyeni rom ar gagvixdes
msjeloba, amis cxadsayofad mxolod oriode striqons davimowmebT Teimuraz pirvelis
poeziidan;
Teimurazi, rogorc cnobilia, gadaWarbebiT afasebda Tavis SesaZleblobas poeziaSi,
imdenad mouzomavad, rom rusTvelic ki, rogorc vnaxeT Tavis tolad ar miaCnda; amasTanave
eWvic sakmaod RrRnida Turme, awuxebda, sabolood mainc vin rogor gaigebda mis swrafvas, rad
Caugdebda mxatvruli sityvisaTvis rom daeTmo amdeni dro; magaliTad, swored amas wuxs da
Civis igi Tavis `vardbulbulianis~ boloTqmaSi da iqve Cans, Tu ras itevda mis gansjaSi
CvenTvis saintereso sityva ritori:

`Tqvas Tu vinme: _ ra ariso cud saqmeze sityvis garja~?
esec miTxar, ra damaklda, anu ramca damexarja?
ritori var, msuris sibrZne, Tvar momadga visgan barja?
rac masmoda maTgan mec vTqvi, leqsi arsad damexvanja!~ (93).

axla ras vigebT aqedan? ratom ar daxvanjvia Turme leqsi Teimurazs, misi azriT, ratom
gamosvlia esoden mwyobri da saamo? mxolod imitom, rom igi ritoria, anu brZeni da amave dros
sityvis Seudarebeli ostati; swored aseTive gagebiT aqvs mas es sityva naxmari
`Samifarvanianis~ ocdameerTe strofis bolo da samocdameeqvse strofis meore striqonebSi;
`leilmajnunianis~ ukanaskneli strofis mesame striqonSi, sxvagan da sxvagan... amitom,
ueWvelia, rom zogadad poezias gulisxmobs arCilic saanalizo strofSi, roca
rusTvelisaTvis aTqmevinebs Teimurazs: `ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masao?~ da
aramc da aramc imas, rasac masSi g. kuWuxiZe xedavs; es rom swored asea da igi verc ityoda
sxvagvarad, ufro pirdapirac Cans `gabaasebaSi~, roca mis SesavalSi, rogorc aRiniSna kidec,
wers igi: `sxvas leqsiT CaxruxaZema Seamko mefe Tamari~ da àr mebraleba saqebrad Tamari misi
amario~, nuTu es amari mxolod leqsis ritmiT napovni sityva gvgonia da ufro konkretul
saTqmels ki veRarafers vxedavT masSi? gana amariT imasac ar gveubneba es poeti, rom sagangebo
TxzulebiT CaxruxaZis garda Tamaris sxva maqebari aravin scodnia mas Zvel saqarTveloSi?
axla ki imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda gvqonoda am, e. i. 79-e strofis Sinaarsis logikiT misi
mesame striqonis meore nawilSi, `dagixios Seni masa~, Tu sxva ram misi minamsgavsi, roca
avtoris xelidan gamovida? es sakmaod martivad irkveva, roca leqsikonebidan ki ara,
teqstidan mivdivarT misken.
rogorc ukve gaverkvieT, 78-e strofSi rusTveli Seagonebs Teimurazs, rom is rigiTi
kalmosani ki ar aris, `Ziria leqsis Tqmisa~, anu sruliad axali, metad saamo da sakiTxavad
mimzidvel leqsTa Semoqmedia qarTul mwerlobaSi; rogorc aRiniSna, swored amas niSnavs:
`leqsi Cemi saamoa, ar sawyinod monaSenobs~, xolo sxvani da sxvani, Semdgom rom gamoCenilan
sarbielze, mxolod misi mimdevarnia, radgan gamoxatvis mis mier damkvidrebuli saSualebebiT
aRweven cota raRacas, anu masze `Senoben~, rogorc arCili wers. sapasuxo, e. i. 79-e strofSi ki,
romelic Cveni analizis sagania, Teimurazi principulad ar eTanxmeba mas da gamomwvevad
awyvetinebs:

ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masa?
veWv mas darCes pirveloba...

axla rogor SeiZleboda dasrulebuliyo es `veWv mas darCes pirveloba~, amis Zieba unda
daviwyoT amave strofis pirvelive striqonidan, sadac pirdapir yurs gWris `rad iparav
pirvel Tqmasa~; Tumca aseT braldebas pirvelad rodi uyenebs Teimurazi rusTvels, raRac
amis msgavss adrec aubneba: `Sinagan mgel-mtacebelo, cxvrisa gmosia dabasio~ (75, 2); oRond,
maSin daukonkreteblobis gamo Tu polemikuri gacxarebis cariel anasxlets gavs es braldeba,
axla SinaarsiT ivseba: rusTveli Turme imiT iwonebs Tavs, rac masze adre CaxruxaZes Seuqmnia,
xolo mas ki miutacnia; amitom miiCnevs Teimurazi, rom pirveloba mainc mas, CaxruxaZes unda
darCes, rogorc pirvelmTqmels, xolo Sen ki rusTvelo, mis Semdeg unda dagwio, anu
arCiliseburad `dagixio~ imas; xolo daxeva rom marTlac ukan dawevasa Tu gadayvanas niSnavs
vinmesas vinmes Semdeg, vgoneb, es sadavo aravisTvis ar unda iyos; maSasadame, ueWvelia, rom
teqstis logikiT aq Tavidan `dagixio Sen imasa~ unda gvqonoda da ara uazro `dagixios Seni
masa~, rac SemdegiTac udavo Cans; kerZod, am teqstSi Teimurazi qoranikons xom sabuTad
ixmobs: rusTvelo, Tu ar gjera, rom es asea da CaxruxaZem Senze adre gamoiCina Tavi, `vkiTxoT
qoranikonso~, rac, cxadia aseve Zalze sagulisxmo sabuTia, magram arc es aris yvelaferi;
aRniSnulis sruli ueWveloba imis CvenebiTac SegviZlia davamtkicoT, Tu rogor unda migveRo
sruliad martivi da strofis SinaarsiT aucilebeli am `dagixio Sen imasa~-dan yovlad uazro
`dagixios Seni masa~.
swrafi werisas, kalmis uneblie wacdeniT, striqonis Camketi imasa CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelis sawyisi i- mis win mdgom Sen piris nacvalsaxels mierTebia da amiT igi
31
kuTvnilebiTad, xolo am i-s moklebuli misi nawili ki uazro masad qceulan; sabolood ki
migviRia Seni masa, anu ufro sruliad: `dagixios Seni masa~.
`gabaasebis~ yvela gamocemaSi axla igi swored ase ibeWdeba da ise gamodis, TiTqos zmna _
`dagixios~ CaxruxaZis moqmedebas asaxavdes; sinamdvileSi ki am teqstiT subieqti, romelsac
xsenebuli zmna-Semasmeneli eTanxmeba, rogorc misi moqmedebis gamomxatveli, Teimurazia; aba
davakvirdeT: Teimurazi eubneba rusTvels: radgan `qoranikoni~ gvidasturebs, rom CaxruxaZe
Senze adrindeli poetia da man Senze adre gaakeTa is, rasac daumsaxureblad iCemeb, faqtia,
rom is Senze pirvelia da amitom unda dagixio imasa, e. i. me Sen imas da ara man Sen imas, rac
teqstis logikiT SeuZlebelia; amitom am zmna-Semasmenels im ararsebuli mesame subieqturi
piris niSani s-c unda Camocildes da striqoni sabolood ase aRdges: `veWv, mas darCes
pirveloba, gadixio Sen imasa~!
axla, raki es gairkva, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, sinaTle miadga basas raobasac; igi
sityva basrobis sariTmod Semoklebuli forma Cans; basroba ki s. s. orbelianis Tanaxmad
kicxvas niSnavs, oRond Cveulebrivs ki ara, `gardametebuls~ (s. s. orbeliani, 1965, gv. 101);
strofis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad igi xom marTlac aseTia mosalodneli? Teimurazi imuqreba:
rusTvelo, roca `qoranikoniT~ dagimtkiceb, rom `Ziri leqsis Tqmisa~ Sen ki ara, CaxruxaZea,
icode, es mxileba sakuTari Tavis kicxvad, anu basrobad geqcevao.
yovelive amis Semdeg SeiZleba davaskvnaT: `gabaasebis~ 79-e strofis mesame striqoni am
poemis momaval gamocemebSi ase unda gaimarTos:

`veWv mas darCes pirveloba, dagixio Sen imasa~.

damowmebani:

arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, leqsikoni,
saZiebeli, gamokvleva daurTes i. lolaSvilma, l. kekeliZem, l. ZoweniZem. Tb.: 1999.
baramiZe 1936: baramiZe al. arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. al. baramiZisa da n.
berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. t. I, Tb.: 1936.
baramiZe 1937 baramiZe al. arCili. `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~. TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli or tomad. al. baramiZisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. t. II, Tb.,: 1937..
berZeniSvili 1937: berZeniSvili n. arCili. `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~.
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. al. baramiZisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. t. II, Tb.: 1937.
zariZe 2002: zariZe x. vefxistyaosnis kompozicia. Tb.: 2002 w.
Teimuraz pirveli 1934: Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva,
leqsikoni al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT. Tb.; 1934.
kekeliZe l... 1999: wignSi: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades,
leqsikoni, saZiebeli, gamokvleva daurTes i. lolaSvilma, l. kekeliZem, l. ZoweniZem. Tb.: 1999.
kuWuxiZe 2003: kuWuxiZe g. `ras niSnavs arCiliseuli masa~. kriteriumi, # 8, Tb.: 2003.
caiSvili 1975: caiSvili s. qarTuli poezia TxuTmet tomad. t. III, Teimuraz pirveli, arCili.
tomi Seadgina daleqsikoni daurTo s. caiSvilma. Tb.: 1975.
sarjvelaZe 1989: sarjvelaZe z. qarTuli mwerloba ocdaaT tomad. t. me-6. bolosityvaoba,
SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTes r. baramiZem, r. TvaraZem da z. sarjvelaZem. Tb.: 1989.

Khvtiso Zaridze

`dagixios Seni masa~ or `dagixio Sen imasa~?

In the Archil's "conversation" ("Conversation of Teimuraz and Rustaveli") the phrase `dagixios Seni masa~
/dagikhios sheni masa/ (take your place after him) in the third line of the 79
th
stanza the incorrect writing of the personal
pronoum `Sen~ /shen/ and the demonstrative pronoun ìmasa~ /imasa/ makes the phrase an accepted nonsense. From the
matter of the stanza here it must be: take your after Chakhruchadze, since he is the earlier poet; therefore there must be
written phrase `dagixios Sen imasa~ /dagikhios shen imasa/ (I place you after him).

maia naWyebia

samyaros suraTi arCilis gabaaseba kacisa da
soflisas mixedviT

32
Cemi daintereseba adamianis koncefciiT arCilis da guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi,
romelic Tavisi arsiT evropul barokos exmaureba, bunebrivad gadaizarda interesSi maT mier
adamianis gagebisa da masTan dakavSirebiT warmodgenili samyaros suraTis mimarT.
barokos epoqam adamianis sruliad axali gageba SeimuSava: adamianis pirovneba
yovelTvis iyo da rCeba mxatvruli dakvirvebis sagnad, magram barokos epoqaSi mis mimarT
mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda. warsuls Cabarda renesansuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebis
harmoniuli sawyisis Sesaxeb. mxatvrebma da poetebma gabedes ufro Rrmad CaexedaT mis sulSi
da iq zeciur da miwier, sulier da xorciel sawyisTa Soris borgva ixiles. adamianis es
gaoreba barokos poeziis laitmotivad, misi xelovnebis umTavres antinomiad iqca (rogovi
1979: 6).
aq unda aRiniSnos erTi metad mniSvnelovani garemoeba: sakiTxTa is rkali, romelsac
Tavis SemoqmdebeSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben arCili da daviT guramiSvili _ es
aris pirvel rigSi adamianis koncefcia, adamianis adgili samyaroSi, Seasabamisad ki
amqveyniuri cxovrebis problema.
unda iTqvas, rom mkvlevarTa Soris arCilis gabaasebas kacisas da soflisas yvelaze
meti yuradReba al. baramiZem dauTmo (baramiZe 1940: 204-208) da CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxzec
gamoTqva azri: arCilis saboloo daskvniT, erT dros soflis batonad Seqmnilma adamianma ver
SeiRirsa Tavisi mdgomareoba... adamianma TviTon daimsaxura Tavisi saSineli xvedri da
TviTonve unda gamoisyidos danaSauli moraluri ganspetakebis gziT; aRniSnulia isic, rom
sofeli kacs vrclad mouTxrobs sayofacxovrebo wesebs (baramiZe 1940: 207).
adamianis koncefciisa da samyaros suraTis TvalsazrisiT qarTul literaturaSi
sruliad axal movlenas warmoadgens arCilis Semoqmedeba, radgan man, rogorc al. baramiZe
aRniSnavs, moaxdina adrindel SexedulebaTa sruli gadafaseba (baramiZe 1940: 181). CvenTvis
saintreso problemis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebul interess aRZravs arCilis gabaaseba kacisa
da soflisa ([arCili: 1999), romelic adre ganvixileT barokos epoqis adamianis koncefciis
aspeqtSi (naWyebia 2006: 39-50). arCilis es Txzuleba SesaniSnavi nimuSia imisa, rom adamianis
gaorebam da antinomiam kompoziciaSic hpova gamoxatuleba _ barokos epoqaSi kontrastis
principi dominanturi gaxda rogorc poetur, ise prozaul nawarmoebebSi.
aq kidev erTi garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: arCili asrulebs ra kacisa da soflis
gabaasebas, msjelobas sxva sakiTxze iwyebs, es aris didaqtizmiT gajerebuli wvrTna
soflisagan kacTaTvis romelic organulad aris dakavSirebuli Txzulebis pirvel nawilTan.
igives problemas exeba daviT guramiSvilis swavla moswavleTa, Tumc igi gacilebiT
ufro kompaqturia, vidre arCilis wvrTna. kacisa da soflis gabaasebis es nawili marTlac
sagangebo yuradRebas moiTxovs, radgan sruliad axali Tema Semoaqvs: esaa realur viTarebaze
dakvirvebiT misi sapirispiro samyaros suraTis Seqmna, romelic arCilis poeziis
didaqtikur mxares warmoadgens. arCili idealuri samyaros, idealuri qveynis suraTs xatavs:
es aris qveyana, sadac yvela kargad da patiosnad akeTebs Tavis saqmes, xolo arCevani adamianis
keTil nebazea damokidebuli.
riT iyo gamowveuli amgvari Tematikis SemoWra qarTul literaturaSi? uaRresad mZime
istoriuli periodi, Sida aSlilaba, daSlili da dasustebuli qveyana Semoqmeds aiZulebs
gamosavlis Zebnas, rogorc realobis antiTezisas, amitomac qmnis igi idealuri samyaros
suraTs, erTgvar kosmoss amyarebs dedamiwaze, yvelas da yvelafers Tavis saTanado adgils
miuCens. rogorc Cans, es iyo arCilisa da guramiSvilis mizani: realurisagan gansxvavebuli
idealuri samyaros konstruireba.
marTalia, warmosaxviT Seqmnili, magram mainc racionaluri azrovnebiT ganpirobebuli
epizodi TiTqos ganmanaTleblobisTvis ufro organuli unda iyos, vidre barokosTvis, magram
ar unda daviviwyoT barokos epoqis moRvaweTa gansakuTrebuli interesi mecnierebis mimarT
(krekoteni 1982: 255-275) da arc is, rom ar SeiZleba barokos izolireba renesansisa da
ganmanaTleblobisgan... baroko xSirad warmoadgenda axali ganmanaTlebluri ideologiis
gamoxatvis formas (rogovi 1979: 11).
arCilis gabaasebaSi Teoriulad swored es viTareba gvaqvs, rac kidev ufro metad
zrdis interess arCilis am Txzulebis mimarT.
`gabaasebaSi~ isea detalizebuli sxvadasxva socialuri wris warmomadgenelTa
movaleoba-urTierTobebi, rom Cans, arCil mefes, romelsac xangrZlivi mefoba arasodes
dascalda istoriul viTarebaTa gamo, bevri ufiqria imaze, Tu rogor unda emarTa
saxelmwifo. kacis mwvrTneli sofeli, faqtiurad, Tavad arCilis emblemaa. rogoria arCilis
mier warmosaxuli sociumi? radgan uflis mier `sofelze~ batonad dadgenili adamiani mainc
mis monad darCa, adamiani isev sofels~ adanaSaulebs mis cdunebaSi da Tavs imiT imarTlebs,
rom adamians yovelTvis imaze meti sikeTe surs, vidre sofeli aZlevs. kacsa da sofels Soris
vrceli saubris Semdeg kaci sofels mimarTavs TxovniT aswavlos mas, Tu rogor unda
moixmaron sworad sofeli sxvadasxva wodebis adamianebma:

viT uxamT Seni xmareba didT xelmwifeTa mefeTa,
mTavarT, didebulT, sjulis-TavT, mRrdelTa, ar sisxlTa mCqefeTa,
molaSqreT-monadireTa, vaWarTa, larTa mkrefeTa,
33
mdidarT da glaxakT, muSakTa _ diliT Ramemde myefeTa (253).
sofeli jer uarze dgas, radgan kaci mas mudam aginebs da ar surs amaod daSvres, magram
kacsa da sofels Soris mainc xdeba erTgvari dazaveba da sofeli iwyebs kacis wvrTnas, anu
damoZRvras. aq ukve Cvens winaSea saintereso dakonkreteba, romelSic gadmocemulia arCilis
mosazrebani sxvadasxva wodebisa da saqmianobis adamianTa marTebuli qcevis Sesaxeb.
maSasadame, arCilTan sofeli cxovrebis maswavlebelia! wvrTnis suraTi, romelsac arCili
warmoadgens, unda vivaraudoT, rom arCilisaTvis aris amave dros idealuri samyaros suraTi
_ iq yvelas da yvelafers Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili da Tu isini, visac es Segonebebi exeba,
miyvebian mis rCevebs, damyardeba sruli harmonia. unda aRiniSnos, rom wvrTnis didaqtizmi
Tavisi arsiT barokoulia. amgvari swavla-aRzrdis nimuSi aris magaliTad, slovakur barokos
literaturaSi, es aris hugolin gavloviCis mwyemsebis skola anu zneobis beReli (Valak
kola, mravv stodola).
`wvrTna soflisagan kacTaTvis~ 55 strofs Seicavs. idealuri cxovrebis wesis suraTs,
romelic idealuri saxelmwifos sawindari unda gaxdes, arCili xatavs sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenlisaTvis imis miTiTebiT, Tu rogori unda iyos TviToeuli
maTgani. gabaasebis am TavSi cxadad iCina Tavi arCilis Tanamedrove cxovrebiseulma
realobam, rasac k. kekeliZe am epoqis pirobiT realizmis uwodebs (kekeliZe 1958: 317). wvrTnis
monakveTSi Svidi Tavia gaerTianebuli da moculobiT isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, yovel maTgans Sesabamisi saTauri aqvs: `wvrTna soflisagan kacTaTvis~ (str.
256-267), `swavla [soflisagan] mRrdelT-moZRvarTa~ (str. 268-273), `swavla soflisagan
mxedarTa~ (str. 274-279), `swavla soflisagan vaWarTa~ (str. 280), `swavla soflisagan muSakTa~
(str. 281), `swavla saTanado soflisagan yovelTa kacTa~ (str. 282-301), `swavla soflisagan
kidev saero~ (str. 302-310). arCilis mixedviT sociumis Semadgeneli nawilebia: mefe,
sasuliero pirebi, didebulebi, Tavadebi da aznaurebi, mxedroba, vaWrebi, glexebi da muSebi.
pirvel TavSi arCili idealuri mefis suraTs xatavs. raSi mdgomareobs es? poetis
warmodgeniT mefes upirveles yovlisa RvTis SiSi unda hqondes, radganac mefe àris meufe
maRal-mdablisa yovlisa~ da `mxedveli dasaval-aRmosavlisa~. amasTan, mefe mtkiced unda
icavdes sarwmunoebas da unda iyos samarTliani. yvelaze did yuradRebas arCili swored mefis
samarTlianobas uTmobs da miaCnia, rom damnaSaveni zomierad unda dasajon, xolo erTgulTa
mimarT mowyale iyos. mefe unda iyos brZeni, gonieri da SorsmWvreteli, qvriv-obolTa
mowyale, qvrivs ise unda moepyros, rogorc sakuTar dedas, obols ki _ rogorc Svils. mefe
unda iyos `marTlisa yuris mimgdebi, moZule cud-meWoreTa~. mefe aravis ar unda Cagravdes da
àrcvis amZlavrebdes~. arCili mefes im brZen mkurnals adarebs, romelic yovel sneulebas
Sesaferisad sxvadasxvagvarad mkurnalobs. Tuki moZRvari codvis anu sulis mkurnalia, xolo
eqimi _ xorcis, brZen mefes orivegvari wamloba unda SeeZlos. mefeTa am wvrTaSi arCilis
didi humanizmi Cans.
sasuliero pirTa damoZRvraSi arCili imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom sasuliero pirT
marTebT didi siwminde, `myudroebiTa cxovreba~ da krZalva arasasuliero saqmeebisa.
sasuliero pirma Tanamdeboba ar unda daipyros qrTamiT an didgvarovnebiT, ar unda iCemebdes
siwmindes, unda iyos mSvidi da Tavmdabali. Tu vinme samwysos, romelsac ufali ndobiT abarebs
sasuliero pirs, ZaliT daipyrobs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mas es samwyso unda CamoerTvas. Tu mefe
uRirs `mwyemss~, anu sasuliero pirs dasvams samwysoSi, es niSnavs, rom man ucodinar, uqm
mkurnals uxmo senis gansakurnad da sibneles abatonebs naTelze: `sibnele dauc naTelzed,
sul dauvsia Suqnia~ (272,4). am Tavis dawerisaTvis arCili Sendobas sTxovs sasuliero pirebs.
Semdeg modis Tavi `swavla soflisagan mxedarTa~. mxedrebs arCili mouwodebs, rom
pirvel adgilze sarwmunoeba daayenon, xolo ukve Semdeg TavianTi patronebis gulwrfeli
erTguleba da Tavmdabali msaxureba. mxedrebs erTmaneTi unda uyvardeT, cxen-abjari sada
unda hqondeT, igi ar unda iyos mopovebuli tyveTa gayidviTa da moparviT, aramed ìse SovniT~
an batonis mier boZebiT. jari qveyanaSi mudam mzadyofnaSi unda iyos da rodesac qveynis da
sarwmunoebis mteri gamoCndeba, mxned unda Seebas da samSoblosaTvis sikvdils sixaruliT
Seegebos, `Tu maTgan mohkvdiT, miiRoT nawili Tqven mowameTa~. mosawonia iseTi mxedari,
romelic mudam `cxen-gawyobilia~ da saTanadod aris SeiaraRebuli, mefeTa erTgulia.
sanatrelia moyme, romelic Semdegnairad iqceva: mtkiced icavs Tavis sarwmunoebas, qveyanas
ar aqcevs, kargad aris SeiaraRebuli, mamacia, ar garbis brZolis velidan, sisxls Rvris Tavisi
sarwmuniebis mtrebTan brZolaSi.
Semdegi vaWrebis fenaa, romelTac arigebs, rom Tavad bevrs nu miiTvlian da mcires nu
gascemen, didebas is moixveWs, vinc swori zomiT gascems; radgan sxvebisagan tyuiliT
mopovebuls sxva kvlav sicruiT waarTmevs. Semdeg arCili glexebs moZRvravs: patiosan
naSroms muSaki `mraval-wilad~moimkis, sicruiT mopovebuli venaxi ki ar Seergeba.
momdevno Tavis saTauria `swavla saTanado soflisagan yovelTa kacTa~. aq igi
mouwodebs yvelas, rom Tu isini RvTis wyalobiT gamdidrdebian an winaparTagan darCebaT
qoneba, Seimoson da isic Semoson, vinc siSiSvliT itanjeba. zomierad svan da Wamon. kars
momdgari mSieri adamiani ar unda gaabrunon, aramed daanayron. megobars adamiani unda
daexmaros, ukanasknelis gacemac ar daiSuros, radganac nebismier ganZs saxelis moxveWa
34
sjobs. igi adamianebs mouwodebs aRiWurvon sarwmunoebis erTgulebiT, mxneobiT, guladobiT,
qveynis uZlevelobis surviliT da mefeTa erTgulebiT. mzad iyvnen salaSqrod da sanadirod
da rodesac patrons dasWirdeba, sixaruliT wavidnen omSi da sisxlis dasaRvrelad qveynisa da
patronisaTvis sikvdils aravin SeuSindes, radganac vinc sarwmunoebisaTvis daiRupeba, is
cxondeba, xolo vinc gadarCeba, did saxels moixveWs. Tuki RvTis wyalobiT qveyanaSi mSvidoba
sufevs, kargia mefeTa xleba, nadimi da nadiroba, xanac Sin yofna da àlersi da-Zmobisa~.
arCili adamianis garegnul saxesac aqcevs yuradRebas da aRniSnavs, rom karg adamians Zalzed
Svenis lamazi Cacmuloba, maSin, rodesac cudma kacma kargadac rom Caicvas, mas mainc aravin
miekareba. Semdeg ki dasZens, rom adamianis maradiuli samosi unda iyos zne-keTiloba, `sibrZne
saeros saqmisa, saero karga zrdiloba~, simSvide, moswrebuli sityva, `simarTlis
gankveTiloba~, samarcxvino saqmis Cadenis Takiloba. es Tvisebebi sjobs axal-axal samoss,
stavrasa da xara-dibas, lamaz sasaxleebs, radganac aseT adamians yvela aqebs da mefec swored
mas iaxlebs. karg CacmasTan SedarebiT arCili upiratesobas keTil znes aniWebs da amas
igavuradac gamoxatavs.
am vrcel swavlas mosdevs erTi Tavi, romelic isev amave Temas eZRvneba. es aris
Semajamebeli `swavla soflisagan kidev saero~, romelsac konkretuli adresatebi hyavs, eseni
arian Tavadni da didebulebi, aznaurebi, muSebi, nadi. sofeli arigebs maT da eubneba, rom mas
mSvidni daimkvidreben, xolo SfoTianebi da anCxlebi Tavad gaimwareben sicocxles.
barokos poetikaSi asaxvis principi personaJTa sistemaSi gamoixateba, romelmac
alegoriul personaJTa mdidari galerea Seqmna da didi xania miiqcia yuradReba. gabaaseba da
moralite k. kekeliZem e.w. àRorZinebis~ periodis dros gaCenil axal JanrTa Soris daasaxela:
`gabaaseba~ da moralite, sadac moqmed pirebad gamoyvanilia alegoriuli figurebi,
magaliTad _ sicocxle, sikvdili, wuTisofeli, gaWirveba, siRaribe, adamiani xom TavisTavad.
es gamowveulia epoqaSi gabatonebuli didaqtikur-moraluri tendenciiT, romelsac miznad
hqonda cxovrebis gardaqmna ama Tu im mimarTulebiT~ (kekeliZe 1958: 318). slavuri barokos
mkvlevari l. a. sofronova wers: `ra aris moralite? esaa adamianTa bedSi aTasjer
ganmeorebul movlenaTa asaxva sqemaSi. . . moralite sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli gzis, sxvadasxva
adamianTa bedis asaxvaa. yoveli maTgani fokusirebas adamianurze axdens. maTi ryeva borotsa
da keTils Soris, gzis Zieba _ yovelive es auarebeli konkretuli bedis anareklia, ramac
Taviseburi asaxvis principi hpova personaJTa sistemaSi, rac maT dublirebaSi gamoixata~
(sofronova 1982: 87-93). arCilis `gabaasebaSi~ àdami~, àdamis Svilni~ da `kacni~ pirdapiri
asaxvis principiT imeoreben erTmaneTs, CamoTvlili xelobebic erTgvari asaxvis principzea
damyarebuli, isini cxovrebiseuli gzis mravaljeradi ganmeorebis safuZvelzea
ganzogadebuli, e.i. erTSi aisaxeba mravali da xdeba krebiTi saxis Seqmna.
aSkaraa, rom am wvrTnaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi arCils cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebis
safuZvelzea Seqmnili, soflis `swavleba~ im realobas asaxavs, romelic arCils ertya gars da
romlis gamosworebac surda: man cxovrebis im aspeqtebze gaamaxvila yuradReba, romelic
yvelaze saWirborotod CaTvala.
barokos racionalizmi aRmzrdelobiTi motivis mimarT yuradRebaSic gamoixata, rac
qristianuli moralis farglebSi moiazreba. gabaasebaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs is, rom adamiani
iq sami ipostasiT aris warmodgenili _ esaa adami, adamis Svilebi da kaci anu saerTod
adamianTa modgma. es, ra Tqma unda SemTxveviTi ar aris da miuTiTebs imaze, rom arCili
adamians misi bibliuri koncefciis aspeqtSi ganixilavs. swored am mizeziT TxzulebaSi
adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisa da dacemis etapebi dinamikaSia mocemuli da efuZneba
adamianis ganviTarebis bibliur warmodgenas, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1. adami samoTxeSi, 2.
adamis mier RvTis aRTqmis darRveva da codvis Cadena (dabadeba, 2, 7-25), 3. adamis Svilni da
kacni, romlebzec gadavida adamis codva da romelnic qristem Tavisi jvarcmiT gamoixsna,
riTac adamianebs WeSmariti cxovrebis SesaZlebloba uboZa. vfiqrobT, rom swored adamianis
mier ganvlili am gzis zedmiwevniT daxatviT, mTeli misi uaryofiTi mxareebis CvenebiTa da
gaanalizebiT arCils miaCnia, rom SeiZleba Zveli Secdomebis Tavidan acileba da ukve am
Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bibliur swavlebasTan dabruneba da masTan sruli SesabamisobiT
moqcevis Sedegad idealuri adamianebis mier idealuri qveynis modelis Seqmna.
amrigad, gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa mTlianad Zveli da axali aRTqmiseul saazrovno
sistemaze aris agebuli. adamianis Zveli aRTqmiseuli koncefcia adamianis codvilianobis
Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc barokos epoqis evropaSi, arCilis yuradRebasac ipyrobs. igi
gamowvlilviT, rac SeiZleba Rrmad, cdilobs Caswvdes adamianis bunebas, raTa miakvlios
mizezTa mizezs, imas, Tu ratom esaxeba pirveli adamianidan moyolebuli, mTels mis
STamomavlobas cxovreba Wrelad, undod, daundoblad. adamis mier Cadenil codvas,
romelmac mTeli misi STamomavloba aRbeWda, qristianuli religiis Tanaxmad xsnis imiT, rom
adams, romelsac keTili buneba hqonda, unda swori arCevani gaekeTebina keTilsa da borots
Soris; arCilis koncefciiT mTavari danaSauli, romelmac sasjeli gamoiwvia, aris ara
akrZaluli xilis Wama, aramed Tavisufali nebis borotebis sasargeblod gadaxra. adamianis
bunebis sakiTxs arCili did yuradRebas uTmobs da mravalmxriv sagulisxmoa, rom es problema
erT-erTi kardinaluria barokos literaturisaTvis, radgan swored igi gansazRvravs misTvis
35
damaxasiTebel pesimistur _ soflis mdurvis _ ganwyobilebas. magram arCili amiT ar
ifargleba da adamianis koncefciis gaazrebisas imitomac avlebs mkveTr zRvars, rodesac
gabaasebis pirvel nawilSi kacs xazgasmiT moixseniebs rogorc adams, Semdeg kamaTSi rTavs
adamis SvilT da bolos, yvelaze vrcel monakveTSi ukve figurirebs kaci. arCili qristes
meore adamad rom saxavs, es, ra Tqma unda, qristianuli religiis mier dadgenili cnebebis
safuZvelze xdeba. aq arCili sagangebod xazs usvams, rom Tuki adami daisaja urCobisaTvis da
misi codva mis STamomavlobaze gadavida, qristes mosvlis Semdeg adamianebs ukve aRar aqvT
ufleba Sescodon, radgan qristem aRiqva da gamoisyida yvela maTi codva. es humanisturi
koncefciaa. arCilis didaqtika mimarTulia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis aRzrdisaken, magram es
sakmaod optimisturi monakveTi, romelic arCils logikurad gadahyavs sasurveli samyaros
mowyobis instruqciaSi, mainc pesimizmiT icvleba, radgan rogori optimistic unda yofiliyo
Tavad arCili, naTelia, rom epoqa ar aZlevda mas realur sayrdens imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi
optimistur notaze daesrulebina, rac kargad Cans Semdegi striqonebidan:

saRvTo wigni bevri waxda uydoTa da ubudobiT;
saSairos inaxavdnen stavris budiT, an naxlobiT.
umjobesi daiviwyes wesis rame aw axlobiT,
simarTlesa mrudzed scvlian sicruisa momzaxlobiT (355).

unda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani motivi arCilis gabaasebisa, romelic
sayuradReboa, rogorc avtoris msoflmxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, ise misi Txzulebis
garkveul literaturul mimdinareobis farglebSi gansazRvrisaTvis: es adamianis
`zrdilobis~, `zneqmnilobis~ Temaa, romelic sabolood `sibrZnes~, konkretulad ki `saRvTo-
sasibrZno~ wvrTnas ukavSirdeba, rogorc Segnebul swavlas `sasibrZnod dawerili~ wignebisas.
zogadad sibrZnis da swavlis mimarT barokos epoqa gansakuTrebul interess amJRavnebs. Cans,
arCils afiqrebda axali Taobis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis problema da amitomac Seitana
`gabaasebaSi~. es motivi ambis saxiT aris warmodgenili, romelSic samosis èmblematurobac~
SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. arCilis mier moTxrobil ambavSi `sacmelis~, tanisamosis, rogorc
adamianis garegnuli saxis da am samosis matareblis Sinagani bunebis antiTezaa mocemuli (str.
290-301). igavis Sinaarsi Semdegia: mefes estumreba ori ucxo kaci, romlebis arc saxeli ician
da arc `gvaris-gvari~, amasTan erTi sadad aris Cacmuli, meore ki mdidrulad: èrTi saiad,
meore morTuli Tval-guariTa~ (292). garegnuli Sexedulebis gamo pativs pirvelad imas
miageben, romelsac stavra mosavs, magram aRmoCndeba, rom man arc sufrasTan jdomis wesebi
icis (`gaTiTxna rame, SeWama, ahyva sul piris gemosa~ (294) da arc raime codna aqvs (`hkiTxes da
vera egeTi Tqva, rom viT gare emosa~ (294), meorem ki, sadad Cacmulma, araTu qcevis wesebis
codna gamoamJRavna, aramed sibrZnis codnac (`mermeRa ra Tqva sasibrZno, yuri miupyres
srulada~ (295); pirveli, mTvrali, àdga, avad waforxilda~ (296), meore ki mefem `dauteva mis
axlos~, `dauwyo mas alersi~, radgan misi znekeTilobis mixedviT Seafasa. morali, romelic
aRzris Temas aRZravs, Semdegia:

misimc ded-mama cxondebis, ra gind rom iyos codvili,
vinc Svili kargi daagdos, zne-sruli, karga gazrdili (301).

am ambavs mosdevs igavi, romelic kvlav sasibrZnodaa dawerili da àreuli ambis~
Semcvel wignTa antiTezazea agebuli: sasibrZno, moyviTano qaRaldzea gaurkveveli xeliT
dawerili, ambavareuli ki moTeTro, varay-Sefrqveul qaRaldzea kargi xelweriT
Sesrulebuli. morali naTelia: garegnuli saxe ar Seesabameba Sinagans, mTavari ki swored isaa,
rac SigniTaa, riTac unda Sefasdes igi:

erTi moTeTro qaRaldi da varay-Sefrqveulia,
karg-xelnaweri, magrame ambavi areulia;
sxva moyviTano, frCxil-yvavad sasibrZnod dawerilia.
brZaneT: romeli sikeTiT amaTgan moreulia? (299).

am sakiTxs arCili kvlav ubrundeba `gabaasebis~ epilogSi, rogorc `saRvTo-sasibrZno~
wvrTis Temas da kontrastis wesiT erTmaneTs upirispirebs `saRvTo wignebsa~ da `saSairos~,
romelTagan misma Tanamedrove sazogadoebam meores mianiWa upiratesoba. cxadia, arCili
religiuri aRzrdis sakiTxs ayenebs, rac sazogadoebaSi moralis ganmtkicebis safuZvelia.
arCilis `gabaasebaSi~ reliefurad aisaxa adamianis wvrTis, aRzrdis Tema, romelic,
rogorc amocana, pirvel planze idga rogorc SuasaukuneebSi, iseve barokos epoqaSi:
bibliuri siuJeti da misi ganviTareba mefe-poetis mier Tanamedrove saero cxovrebis
saWirboroto sakiTxebs dRis wesrigSi dayenebas emsaxureba.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom `gabaaseba~ mTlianad mxatvruli gamonagonia, arCilis warmosaxvis
nayofi, rac safuZvelSive upirispirdeba missave Teorias `marTlis Tqmis~ Sesaxeb. aq
yuradRebas iqcevs Tavad arCilis mosazreba `gabaasebis~ mimarTebaze `marTlis TqmasTan~: misi
36
TqmiT ise gamodis, rom man saRvTo wigni, e.i. `dabadebis~ pirveli Tavebi galeqsa, ris
uflebasac sxvas ar miscems da aravin ar unda wabaZos:

saRvTos wignebis galeqsvas me arvis mivcem dastursa,
nurvin wambaZavs amazed, sityvas ismendes dastursa (351).

sayuradReboa, rom bibliuri siuJetebis galeqsva barokosaTvis aria damaxasiaTebeli.
arCili gabaasebaSi samyaroSi adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxs ayenebs da mas
didaqtizmiT ajerebs, rac savsebiT Seesabameba barokos epoqis suliskveTebas.
dabolos, unda SenviSnoT, rom `marTlis Tqmis~ Teoriis avtors metad mdidari fantazia
aRmoaCnda, radgan mTeli `gabaaseba~ imaginaciis nayofia, imaginaciis nayofia is `samyaros
suraTic~, romelic iseTi masStaburobiTaa warmosaxuli, rom Cans, mefe-poets bevri ufiqria
mis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba formas, unda SevniSnoT isic, rom barokos erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli
Tavisebureba dramatuli Janris gansakuTrebuli popularobaa. gasagebi mizezebis gamo es
Janri saqarTveloSi ar ganviTarebula, magram Teatralurobis mTavari elementi _
dialoguroba _ `gabaasebaSi~ erTmaneTTan mokamaTe ori personaJis _ soflisa da kacis
mwvave kamaTSi gamoixata.
damowmebani:

arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, leqsikoni,
saZiebeli da gamokvleva daurTes: i. lolaSvilma, l. kekeliZem, l. ZoweniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba
merani, 1999.
baramiZe 1940: baramiZe al. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. II. XV-XVIII. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1940.
kekeliZe 1958: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1958.
krekoteni 1982: . .. 30- XVII . //
. , .: 1982.
naWyebia 2006: naWyebia m. arCilis gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa barokos epoqis adamianis
koncefciis aspeqtSi. perspeqtiva-XXI, VIII (2), Tb.: 2006.
rogovi 1979: . . // . -
. , .: 1979.
sofronova 1982: . . //
, , .: 1982.

Maia Nachkebia

The Image of the Universe in Archils The Debates of the Man and the World

King Archil paid a special attention to the conception of the human being, his place in the world and correspondingly
to the problem of the arrangement of the Universe. In the Debates of the Man and the World King Archil examined an
issue of the Original Sin and its ramifications on the entire life of humankind. The composition of the work and human
beings predestination is based upon the Christian understanding. This is of particular importance, as attitude and interest
with regard to this topic is common both for Georgian and for European Baroque.
The Debates of the Man and the World contains the part entitled The Training of the Man by the World. This
section describes in detail relations and obligations of various social strata. It seems that King Vakhtang, whose kingship was
extremely short-lived, was thinking a lot how to govern the state. He constructs an ideal state in his work, where people are
properly conducting their obligations. The teacher - the world - teaches the following persons: the King, clergy, noblemen,
knights, merchants, peasants, and workmen. Generalization of characters based on duplication is typical for Baroque.

37
rusTvelologiuri kvlevani

mariam karbelaSvili

renesansuli humanizmis integralebi:
rusTaveli da Seqspiri

rusTavelis esTetikis sakiTxisaTvis

`viwro moedani marto patara falavnis
sarbielia da ara imisTana goliaTisa, rogorc
Seqspiria da Tundac Cveni rusTavelica~.
ilia WavWavaZe

ilia WavWavaZis ufrosi Tanamedrove, italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
erT-erTi ideologi da aqtiuri monawile, literaturis istorikosi da Teoretikosi
franCesko de sanktisi (1817-1883) fundamentur naSromSi ìtaliuri literaturis istoria~
italiis upirvelesi geniis dantes sidiadis warmosaCenad mis SeqspirTan Sedarebas
mimarTavda: `SeqspirTan miTiTebiT savsea de sanktisis yvela Txzuleba, romelic, rogorc
kroCe aRniSnavs, Seqspirs kacobriobis udides poetad Tvlida da kritikul SepirispirebaTa
dros etalonad iyenebda~ (sanktisi 1963: 255-256).
Seqspiri etalonia.
didma iliamac rusTavelis goliaTobis sazom etalonad Seqspiri dasaxa.
asoci wlis win `cnobiTa zemxedveliTa~ moniSnuli es evropuli orientiri, Cans,
vefxistyaosnis kvlevis magistraluri gzaa da mxolod amgvari paralelebiT SeiZleba
gacxaddes da dasabuTdes rusTavelis WeSmariti sidiade, rogorc `msoflio geniosisa~,
radgan `yvelam, nametnavad Cvenis enis ucodinarma, ... ar icis _ riTia es saxelovani naSTi
Cvenis sulis da gulis moZraobisa, Semkuli, rom didi da patara, sra-sasaxle da qoxi, ase
erTnairad, erTpirad Sehxaroda uwin da Sehxaris dResac, rogorc dids rasme saunjesa,
saSviliSvilod sapatiosa da am rva saukunis ganmavlobaSi ar daWknobilsa, ar gabaTilebulsa,
ar daviwyebulsa~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 67).
swored imitom, rom ilias anderZisamebr, rusTavels Seqspiris etaloniT _ àm sazomiT
da am sawyaoTi~ _ unda mivudgeT, xolo Seqspirologia didi xania msoflio kulturis
arsebiTi da umniSvnelovanesi ingredientia, rusTvelologiis dargSi momuSaveTaTvis
sruliad aucilebeli Cans msoflioSi aRiarebuli am kolosis SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli
problematikisa da Tanamedrove mecnieruli donis gaTvaliswineba _ amis gareSe
rusTvelologiuri mecniereba win ver wava. saerTod ki Tanamedrove rusTvelologia iseT
grZnobas aCens, rom rusTavelis fenomeni saerTod ar aris Secnobili...

* * *
paraleli rusTavelisa SeqspirTan rusTvelologiur gamokvlevebSi axali ar aris.
magaliTad, zogierTi mkvlevari rusTavelis avTandilisa da Seqspiris hamletis mxatvrul
saxeTa zogad gaazrebaSi msgavsebas rom xedavs, imaSic mJRavndeba, rom avTandilis
daxasiaTebisas cnobierad Tu aracnobierad Seqspiris hamletis leqsika iCens Tavs:
àvTandili gzasac gviCvenebs _ rogor SeiZleba SeebrZolos adamiani mozRvavebul
ubedurebas~ (kapaneli 1937: 258; xazi Cemia _ m.k.). meore magaliTi: avTandili sikvdilis
SiSSeuvalia. es Segneba araCveulebrivad uadvilebs mas mozRvavebuli Wiris atanas~ (beriZe
1961: 153; xazi Cemia m.k.). `SeebrZolos mozRvavebul ubedurebas~, `mozRvavebuli Wiris atana~
_ es hamletis cnobili monologis `yofna-aryofnis~ maCabliseuli Targmanis leqsikaa: `sul-
did qmnilebas ra Sehferis? is, rom ibrZolos da gaumklavdes mozRvavebul ubedurebas,
Tu...?~ (hamleti, mesame moqmedeba, scena I).
magram k. kapanelis naSromidan moyvanili paraleli SeqspirTan amiT ar amoiwureba:
Sedareba savsebiT gaazrebulia fsiqologizmis doneze. aanalizebs ra avTandilisa da asmaTis
pirveli Sexvedris epizods, igi wers: `rusTaveli mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT friad
saintereso movlenas amCnevs: iq, sadac azri ver aRwevs mizans, emocia gamoavlens miznis
miRwevis saSualebas. Seqspiri `hamletSi~ mimarTavs msgavs xerxs: hamlets surs Seityos,
marTla aris Tu ara biZamisi mamamisis mkvleli: logikisa da azrovnebis gzebiT amis Setyoba
SeuZlebelia, maSin hamleti awyobs scenas scenaze, rom emociebis intensiuri amoZravebiT
miaRwios WeSmaritebis Segnebas _ damnaSavis monaxvas... avTandilis saxis emociuri
gamometyveleba iwvevs asmaTis sulier ganwyobilebaSi Sesatyvis emociebs, romlebic
aiZuleben asmaTs Tqvas is, ris Tqmac mas ar surs srulebiT... rusTaveli oTxi saukuniT adre
mecnieruli sizustiT Wris im sakiTxs, romelic Seqspirma wamoayena da gadaWra rusTavelis
38
gziT (Tumca rusTavelisgan damoukideblad) Tavis `hamletSi~, rodesac hamlets aawyobina
scena scenaze mamamisis mkvlelobis saidumloebis gamosarkvevad~ (kapaneli 1937: 257-258; xazi
Cemia m.k.).

* * *
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT saprogramo mniSvnelobas iZens ilias mier dasmuli
kiTxva: `nuTu am gmirebis av-kargianoba ise cxovlad, ise mTlad da ise marTlad
gansuraTebuli maTisave moqmedebiT, qceviT, sityva-pasuxiT, gulisTqmis da saqcielis
erTmaneTzed damokidebulobiT, epizodebis erTmaneTisgan warmomdinareobiT, arafers
zogads safsixologios, saestetiko, saetiko, safilosofio sagans ar warmoadgens?~ (WavWavaZe
1941: 63; xazi Cemia _ m.k.).
am statiaSi swored rusTavelis fsiqologizmis, eTikis da esTetikis sakiTxebs SevexebiT
da analizisTvis aRiarebul etalons Seqspirs mivmarTavT, romelTan paraleli adrec gvqonda
miTiTebuli (karbelaSvili 1991: 131).

* * *
avgust Slegeli _ didi esTeti, Seqspiris brwyinvale mcodne, damfasebeli da
mTargmneli _ Tvlida, rom mxolod da mxolod es genialuri dramaturgi flobda im
saidumloebas, Tu rogor daexata sazareli ram saocari ZaliT da Tanac ise, rom esTetikuris
sazRvrebs ar gascdenoda. Seqspiris tragediebi da istoriuli qronikebi savsea mkvlelobaTa
scenebiT, romelTa Soris erT-erTi usazarlesia mZinare mefe dunkanis mkvleloba makbetis
mier. amgvar scenaTa maRali esTetikuri Rirsebebi a. Slegelis mier asea Sefasebuli: ès
scenebi unikaluria da mxolod SeqspirTan gvxvdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi tragikul muzas
Tavisi niRabi meduzas Tavze unda gaecvala~ (Seqspiri 1909: 453).
ra daniSnuleba aqvs tragikul muzas? _ aristoteles `poetikis~ Tanaxmad, misi
daniSnulebaa SiSisa da sibralulis grZnobaTa aRZvriT mayurebelSi kaTarzisi _ mdabal
vnebaTagan ganwmenda gamoiwvios.
ra daniSnuleba aqvs elinuri miTologiis usazarles personaJs _ gorgona meduzas,
Tmebis nacvlad Tavze aspitebi rom axvevia? _ mxilvelis adgilze gaqvaveba.
Slegeliseuli Sedareba meduzas Tavisa tragikuli muzis niRabTan mravalismetyvelia:
erTis mxriv _ SiSisa da sibralulis aRZvra, meore mxriv _ SiSiT adgilze gaqvaveba... aqedan
cxadia, ras gulisxmobda avgust Slegeli, rodesac Seqspiris tragikul genias unikalur da
ganumeorebel movlenad Tvlida.
meore mxriv, saintereso da damafiqrebelia sxva Tvalsazrisic; mxedvelobaSi myavs
saxelganTqmuli romanis ùlises~ (ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva òdisevsis~, radgan ulise
odisevsis laTinizebuli formaa) avtori jeimz joisi, romlis Sesaxebac umberto eko wers:
`bevrma xelovanma dagvitova SeniSvnebi poetikis Sesaxeb, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Sromis
aRwerani, mTeli esseebi esTetikis sakiTxebze, magram aravin, joisis garda, ar aiZulebda Tavis
personaJebs emsjelaT poetikaze da esTetikaze~ (eko 2003: 5).
Seqspiris Sesaxeb msjelobisas joisis romanSi gvxvdeba aseTi fraza: `mkvlelobis
maRalfardovani da gazviadebuli aRwera~ (joisi 1983: 25), xolo SeniSvnidan vityobT, rom es
sityvebi frang simbolist mwerals malarmes ekuTvnis da amoRebulia misi essedan `hamleti da
fortinbrasi~ (joisi 1983: 423). es arc aris gasakviri, radgan ùliseSi~ is pirdapir mimarTavs
malarmes poetikis principebs~ (eko 2003: 273). Seqspiruli Tema ùliseSi~, romlis WeSmariti
funqciis dadgena... TviT joisis mxatvruli Canafiqris gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba~ (joisi 1983:
XXXVIII), CvenTvis sayuradReboa genialuri dramaturgis esTetikis aRqmis im aspeqtiT,
romelic joisis romanis personaJTa SemecnebaSi irekleba: `sulis jalaTi uwoda mas robert
grinma~ (joisi 1983: 251-252; 423) ambobs ùlises~ mTavari moqmedi piri da am or sityvaSi
kondensirebulia Seqspiris esTetikis arsebiTi niSani _ mayureblisa Tu mkiTxvelis
SeZrwuneba borotmoqmedebiT, masze Segnebuli emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdena, rac
sityvakazmuli mwerlobis prerogativaa aristoteles `poetikis~ Tanaxmad. rad Rirs Tundac
Seqspiris tragikuli muzis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani _ mkvlelis winaSe mis
msxverplTa sisxliani aCrdilebis gamoCena (`makbeti~, mesame moqmedeba, scena IV).

* * *
vefxistyaosnis siuJeti rusTavelis poeturi imaginaciiT, warmosaxviT, fantaziiT aris
Seqmnili; Seqspiri Tavisi piesebisTvis sxvadasxva wyaroebs iyenebda, maT Soris istoriul
wyaroebsac, iseve, rogorc misi Tanamedrove dramaturgebi, magaliTad, robert grini.
`makbetis~ siuJeti Seqspirma holinSedis qronikidan aiRo. istoriis dramatizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva: ragvari urTierTmimarTebaa poeziasa da istorias Soris?
es sakiTxi didi xnis winaT, aristoteles `poetikaSia~ dayenebuli; poetikis fuZemdebeli
svams kiTxvas: riT gansxvavdeba poezia istoriisgan (da ara _ riT gansxvavdeba istoria
poeziisgan _ e. i. poezias pirvel adgilze ayenebs) da wers: `... poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tu ra
moxda, aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa da aucileblobis mixedviT
39
SesaZlebeli. istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan ganirCevian ara imiT, laparakoben isini
leqsiT Tu proziT, vinaidan herodotes nawarmoebi SeiZleboda galeqsiliyo da is mainc
leqsad gamoTqmuli istoriuli nawarmoebi iqneboda ara nakleb, vidre proziT dawerili:
istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli laparakobs imis
Sesaxeb, rac moxda, meore ki laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo. amis gamo
poezia ufro filosofiuria da ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre istoria. poezias ufro metad
mxedvelobaSi aqvs zogadi, istorias ki ufro metad mxedvelobaSi aqvs calkeuli~
(aristotele 1979: 161).
aqedan cxadia, rom aristotele asabuTebs istoriis ara mxatvrul, aramed mecnierul
koncefcias. e. i. masTan mocemulia koncefcia istoriisa, rogorc zustad damowmebuli da
marTlad aRwerili empiriuli faqtis mecnierebisa. aristotele wers: `zogadi, romelic
poezias Tavisi gmirebisaTvis saxelebis micemis drosac ki ukve miznad aqvs, is aris, rom
warmoidginos, Tu romel kacs rogori sityva an qceva Seefereba albaTobisa da aucileblobis
kanonis mixedviT. calkeuli ki, romelic istoriis sagans Seadgens, isaa, Tu ra qna an ra
ganicada (magaliTad) alkibiadem~ (aristotele 1979: 161-162). amrigad, istoriis
kvintesencias, aristoteles azriT, Seadgens istorikosis orientacia ambis faqtiur mxareze,
Tundac WeSmariteba iyos nawilobrivi, SezRuduli, magram faqtobrivad zusti: _ àmiT
istorikoss ekrZaleboda Segnebulad daesaxa miznad mkiTxvelze emociuri zegavlenis
moxdena. es ukanaskneli mTlianad damokidebuli unda yofiliyo ara istorikosis
`xelovnebaze~, aramed TviT gadmocemuli faqtis xasiaTze~ (bargi 1976: 25); xolo amis
sapirispirod, `... vinaidan poeti valdebulia mibaZvis saSualebiT gamoiwvios siamovneba,
romelic sibralulisa da SiSisagan gamomdinareobs, amitom, cxadia, rom es unda iyos
Canergili TviT fabulaSi~ (aristotele 1979: 172).
istoriis dramatizaciis is meTodi, romelic Seqspirma ganaxorciela, swored
mayurebelze aqtiuri emociuri zegavlenis moxdenas isaxavs miznad da maRali
TeatralobisaTvis did gasaqans aZlevs warmosaxvas, risTvisac moqmedebaSi Semohyavs
micvalebulTa aCrdilebi, kudianebi, mimarTavs winaswarmetyvelur niSnebs...
sayuradReboa, rom rusTavelis tarielic da Seqspiris makbetic artistuli bunebis
pirovnebebi arian, aseTive artistuli buneba mdidari warmosaxva _ aqvs fon eSenbaxis
parcifalsac (sami wveTi sisxli Tovlze da masTan dakavSirebuli asociaciebi) es friad
sayuradRebo momentia am tipaJis zogadi SeswavlisaTvis da garkveulwilad, Segnebulad Tu
Seugneblad, axorcielebs aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas: ihil est in intellectu qui
premius non est in sensu _ àraferi iseTi ar aris gonebaSi, Tavdapirvelad grZnobebSi rom ar
arsebobdes~; am debulebis WeSmaritebaSi Cven tarielTan dakavSirebiT araerTi magaliTiT
davrwmundiT (karbelaSvili 1997: 32-45).

* * *
`makbeti~ Seqspiris yvelaze sisxliani tragediaa; rogorc Seqspirologebi aRniSnaven,
sityva sisxli yvelaze xSirad am tragediaSi ismis da yvelaze xSirad aq meordeba sityva tirani
(morozovi 1979: 132).
da am sisxliani tragediis kvanZs mZinare stumris _ mefe dunkanis mkvleloba
warmoadgens...
SeqspirologiaSi didi xania garkveulia, rom `makbetis~ siuJeti Seqspirma holinSedis
qronikidan aiRo; magram isic kargadaa cnobili, rom `qronikidan~ mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobi
rCeba, saxeldobr sad da ra viTarebaSi mokla makbetma mefe dunkani, tragediaSi ki Seqspiris
mier danaSauli imiTaa gamZafrebuli, rom mkvlelma amave dros stumar-maspinZlobis
wmindaTa-wminda wesic SebRala~ (Seqspiri 1909: 450). Seqspiris am grandiozul da amasTanave
yvelaze Semzarav tragediaSi maqsimalurad ganxorcielda is umTavresi moTxovnebi,
romelTac aristotele uyenebs tragedias, rogorc `SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvrel saqmeTa
asaxvas~ (aristotele 1979: 168), romelTa Sesaxebac wers: `Tu mteri akeTebs mtrul saqmes an
apirebs aseTis gakeTebas, maSin araferia sibralulis aRmZvreli, garda am mtruli gancdisa;
...saZiebelia, maSasadame, iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac vnebani Cndebian moyvareTa Soris:
magaliTad, an Zma Zmas, an Svili mamas, an deda Svils, Svili dedas hklavs, an apirebs mokvlas, an
akeTebs amis msgavs sxva rames~ (aristotele 1979: 172). amrigad, tragikuli gmiris tanjvam
maRali azri rom SeiZinos, sruliadac araa sakmarisi, rom an mtrisgan ivnos an mters avnos:
WeSmariti tanjvisTvis aucilebelia, rom `tragikulma gmirma gadalaxos umaRlesi kanoni _
kanoni, romelic RmerTma adamianebze maRla daayena: mxolod maSin moxdeba, rom tanjva,
romelic am danaSauls axlavs, ubralod tanjva ki aRar iyos, aramed miiRos axali _
amaRlebuli tragikuli xarisxi~ (davidovi 1969: 233) _ swored es iwvevs tragediisTvis
imanentur SiSsa da sibraluls. SiSis zaris damcemia makbetis borotmoqmedeba, magram mas
sruliad paradoqsuli Sedegi mosdevs _ igi amave dros TviT makbetis mimarT uRrmesi
sibralulis grZnobasac aRZravs, romlis meqanizmic zustadaa gaxsnili: `Seqspiris makbeti
borotmoqmedia, magram Rrma da Zlieri sulis patronia da amitom siZulvilis nacvlad
TanagrZnobas iwvevs; masSi vxedavT adamians, romelSic iseTive SesaZlebloba iyo
40
gamarjvebisa, rogoric marcxisa da sxva viTarebaSi is sul sxva adamiani iqneboda~ (Seqspiri
1909: 455). esaa uaRresad mniSvnelovani Tvalsazrisi, romelic sayuradRebo interpretacias
poulobs Tanamedrove Seqspirologiur naSromebSi, maT Soris iseT specialur naSromSi,
romelic eZRvneba Seqspiris istoriul qronikaTa kvlevas: avtori wignisa `Seqspiri da
istoria~ m. bargi wers: `raSi xedavda Seqspiri misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis xrwnis mizezs?
qristian moralistTagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar Tvlida am xrwnas dasabamierad, e. i. codviT
dacemis Sedegad ... sinamdviles, rogoradac mas Seqspiri sWvretda, adamianSi Sehqonda `xrwna~,
misi buneba `sneuli~ xdeboda (aqedan _ `sneuli~, `vnebuli sindisi~)~ (bargi 1976: 126-127).
individi mTelis _ saxelmwifos nawilia da mTelisa da nawilis am urTierTmimarTebam
Taviseburi asaxva hpova nawarmoebis kompoziciaSi: `makbeti~ iwyeba ara scenaze makbetis
gamoCeniT, aramed SotlandiaSi didebulTa amboxis sceniT, xolo kudianebi erTmaneTs paemnad
uniSnaven dros, àreuloba roca dacxreba da gamarjveba erT-erTs darCeba~; es aris `mTeli~,
xolo makbetis _ rogorc am mTelis nawilis _ borotmoqmedeba ki am fonze warmogvidgeba am
RalatTa, SeTqmulebaTa da amboxebaTa grZeli jaWvis erT-erT logikur rgolad. aqve
SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes, rom tarielic Tavis ambavs indoeTis saxelmwifos aRweriT
iwyebs, rom samijnuro epizodebs saomari Tu saxelmwifoebrivi saqmeebis Semcveli epizodebi
Warbobs, da rom rusTaveli Tavis gmirebs upiratesad, aristoteles gamoTqmisebr,
`politikosis msgavsad molaparakeebs~ (aristotele 1979: 156) warmogvidgens.
aristotele tragikoss miznad usaxavda moeZebna iseTi SemTxvevebi, `rodesac vnebani
Cndebian moyvareTa Soris~ _ am pirobis realizaciis SesaZlebloba holinSedis qronikaSi
ukve TavisTavad arsebobda _ mxedarTmTavari makbeti da mefe dunkani sisxliT naTesavebi
arian, erTi samefo sagvareulos Camomavalni, da keTilSobili, udanaSaulo dunkanis mokvlis
tragizmi, rogorc naTesavisa, ukve am koloziaSia TavisTavad, magram SeqspirTan kidev ufro
gamZafrebulia imiT, rom makbeti klavs naTesavs, mefes, moxucs, mZinares, stumars; amrigad, am
naskvs xuTi umTavresi Semadgeneli gansazRvravs, romelTagan Tundac erT-erTis darRveva
ukve mZime danaSaulia: danaSaulia naTesavis mokvla, danaSaulia mefis mokvla, danaSaulia
moxucis mokvla, danaSaulia mZinares mokvla, danaSaulia stumris mokvla. amaTgan
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti Seqspirs mZinares mokvlaze aqvs gadatanili da qmnis am sazareli
borotmoqmedebis saocar metaforas _ `Zilis mokvlas~, da am unikalur mxatvrul saxeze
agebs makbetis sulisSemZvrel da SemaZrwunebel monologs `Zilis mokvlisa~ da `Zilis
mkvlelisTvis~ samaradJamod `Zilis gaqrobaze~:

... ... me momesma TiTqos raRac xma;
`Zili gagiqra!~ makbetmao mohklao Zili,
mohklao Zili, raic zrunvis daxvlanjuls gorgals
xsnis, arkvevs! Zili TviT ubiwo, Zili sikvdili
yoveldRiuris cxovrebisa; tanjul sulTa xsna,
mware Sromisgan ganmbaneli, didi bunebis
diadi Semwe; am cxovrebis monadimeTa
msazrdoebeli ...
`Zili gagiqra!~
ambobda meTqi, da mTel saxlSi es gaismoda:
mohklao Zili glemismao, da dReis iqiT
ver daiZinebs veRarc kavdor, veRarc makbeti!~
(meore moqmedeba, scena II).

Seqspiris saocari metafora _ `Zilis mokvla~ da ara mZinare pirovnebisa _ TavisTavSi
moicavs am moqmedebis zneobriv Sefasebas. vinc ar unda iyos mokluli, mkvleli klavs ùbiwo
Zils~, Zils _ `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sikvdils~, `tanjul sulTa xsnas~, `didi bunebis diad
Semwes~, klavs mas, visac winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SeuZlia.
`Zilis mokvlis~ es sazareli codva, romelic adamians mxolod `mxecma~ SeiZleba
Caagonos (`maS, miTxar aba, romelma mxecma eg ambavi gagamxelina~) _ makbetis xatovan
warmosaxvaSi, jer kidev danaSaulis Cadenamde, haerSi molivlive xanjlis `sabedSavo
moCvenebis~ saxiT warmodgeba:

`ras vxedav amas?
ager xanjali tariT Cemken gamomecxada!~
(meore moqmedeba, scena I)

romelic TiTqos uCvenebs gzas, romlis gavlasac igi apirebs es `Zilis mokvlis~ gzaa, da ukve
aq, mis aRgznebul grZnobebSi, xilvisebr warmoisaxeba is `sisxlis wveTebi~, romelnic Semdgom
am Semzarav danaSauls mxolod wveTi sisxlis tragizmamde daiyvans ... makbeti mimarTavs
xanjals:

Tvalwin midgaxar da Sens tarsa da pirze vxedav
sisxlis wveTebsa, rasac weRan vera vxedavdi~,
41

riTac Seqspiri amzadebs ledi makbetis xelze `sisxlis wveTebis~ SemaZrwunebel scenas
(mexuTe moqmedeba, scena I).

* * *
Seqspiri _ `sulis jalaTi~... `mkvlelobis maRalfardovani da gazviadebuli aRwera~...
rusTavelTan msgavss verafers vnaxavT. rogorc erT adrindel statiaSi vwerdi,
mkvlelobis scenis esTetikuri warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT pirvelobis palmis rtos me
rusTavels mivakuTvnebdi (karbelaSvili 1993a: 7). rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSic~ da
Seqspiris `makbetSic~ erTidaigive _ mZinare kacis mkvlelobaa aRwerili, oRond emociuri
gancdaa sxvadasxva. Tavad gansajeT: ai, rogor gadmogvcems igi xvarazmeli _ da imave dros
ratomRac `sparseli~ _ sasiZos mkvlelobis epizods:

`karvis kari CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake,
ymasa ferxTa movekide, Tavi svetsa Sevutake~ (558).

es strofi, romelSic karavSi mZinare xvarazmSas Svilis mkvlelobis scenaa aRwerili,
rusTavelis poeturi xelovnebis qrestomaTiul nimuSadaa aRiarebuli pirveli taepis
momajadoebeli aliteraciulobis gamo, rogorc bgeraTa musikaluri organizebis iSviaTi
nimuSi. aq leqsis saocari ritmi da aliteraciuloba atyvevebs mkiTxvels: igi ismens da
mkvlelobis suraTi masze STabeWdilebas sulac ar axdens...
anda:

ùsisxlod movkal igi, glax, Tuca xmda sisxlTa dadeniT~ (557,4).

saocaria, rogori paradoqsuli saxiT daisadgura `sibralulisa da SiSis aRmZvrelma~
tragikulma muzam vefxistyaosanSi: aq ukve mkiTxveli ki aRar ismens, aramed xedavs, rom
mkvlelobisas sisxli ar daRvrila da arc es pasaJi iwvevs udanaulo mZinare adamianis
mkvlelobis tragikul aRqmas...
saidan gamomaqvs aseTi daskvna? _ rusTvelologiur naSromebSi xsenebul strofTa
Sesaxeb msjelobebidan.
uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, sabWoTa periodis rusTvelologiaSi ver SexvdebiT
vefxistyaosnisadmi miZRvnil verc erT naSroms, rom 558-e strofi, romelSic xvarazmSas
Svilis mkvlelobis scenaa aRwerili, rusTavelis poeturi xelovnebis idealur nimuSad ar
iyos dasaxelebuli Tanmxlebi komentariT, magaliTad: èvfoniis dargSi rusTavelis
aliteracia imave rols asrulebs, rasac metafora poetikur semantikaSi. vefxistyaosnis
poetur frazebSi bgera bgeras, sityva sityvas da azri azrs ejibreba moqnilobiTa da
daxvewilobiT. rusTavelma dasZlia poeturi gamomsaxvelobis mwvervali. am debulebis
sailustraciod sakmarisi iqneba rusTavelis mxolod erTi poeturi frazis damowmeba (558,1):

`karvis kari CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake~...

moyvanili taepis aliteraciebi da asonansebi siuxviT, simkveTriT da silamaziT
uZlieres emociur STabeWdilebas tovebs. rusTaveli bgeris saSualebiT axerxebs gadmosces
saZulveli gadamTielis (xvarazmSas Zis) karvis CaWris, Cakafvisa da Cangrevis kolorituli
realisturi suraTi, bgerebSi saucxoodaa Caqsovili azri~. aseve: `poeturi gamomsaxvelobis
mwvervals aRwevs rusTaveli leqsebis bgeruli organizaciiT, kerZod, da gansakuTrebiT
aliteraciebiT. bgerebisve ganmacvifrebeli SexamebiT rusTaveli zogjer axerxebs zustad
gadmosces teqstis Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi dinamika. movigonoT ukvdavi strofi (558): `karvis
kari CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake~ (baramiZe 1975: 342, 309; xazi Cemia _ m. k.).
`rusTavelis esTetikaSic~ `bgeraTa musikaluri organizaciis~ nimuSad kvlav xsenebuli
strofia dasaxelebuli: ài, magaliTad, Zlieri intensivobis ori, erTmaneTisgan musikaluri
instrumentobiT gansxvavebuli striqoni, romelnic amozrdilni arian sxvadasxva romelobis
grZnobaTa fesvebze:

karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake (558,1).
mze aRar mzeobs CvenTana, dari ar darobs darulad (820,4).

bgeraTa musikalur organizacias, Cemi azriT, marTlac safuZvlad unda edos poetis
emociuri ganwyoba, romelic bunebrivad gadadis amRerebaSi da Tavis mxriv warmoadgens
reaqcias obieqturad miRebul STabeWdilebaze (nadiraZe 1958: 417; xazi Cemia _ m. k.).
WeSmaritad, am strofs gansakuTrebuli bedi ergo rusTavelis poeturi xelovnebis
SefasebaSi da am TvalsazrisiT misi damowmeba qrestomaTiulia: àraiSviaTad, rusTavelis
42
riTmis sayrdeni Tanxmovani gaJRerebulia mTel taepsa da zogjer strofSic, risi mizanic
umTavresad is aris, rom gaamaxvilos yuradReba mTavar Temaze, moqmedebaze, mag.:

`karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake~ (558,1),

sadac Cven ukve vgrZnobT, rom momdevno riTmebi `Sevutake~, `saarake~, `sakurtake~ `k~-s
demonstraciiT gvamzadeben sisxliani dramis aRqmisaTvis, rac metad sada sityvis
TavSekavebul mxatvrobaSi wydeba, ise rom, karavSi momxdari mkvleloba uwyinari SemTxvevis
STabeWdilebas tovebs, imdenad ar ganvicdiT mis saSinelebas. mosalodneli ki TiTqmis
Semzaravi gancda unda yofiliyo, rac, rusTavelis mxatvruli gaazrebiT, iqca ambis erTi
detalis ilustraciad, romelic ar gvafiqrebs. STabeWdilebis am Semsubuqebas xeli Seuwyo
riTmis awyobam, rusTavelis neologizmTan SeTamaSebam, rogoricaa `Cavakarabake~, romelSic
gabatonebulia `k~, ise rogorc mTel strofSi~. dakvirvebani da mosazrebani am strofis
mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb sxvaganacaa gamoTqmuli: `mTeli poemis gaswvriv tarieli ar
igrZnoba, rogorc mkvleli, sisxlis msmeli, Tumca man mokla stumrad myofi xvarazmeli
sasiZo, romelzec mis Seyvarebuls aTxovebdnen. sasiZos muxanaTuri mokvlis STabeWdileba
SemaZrwunebeli ar aris, rasac rusTaveli imiT aRwevs, rom am ambavs TviTon tarieli hyveba,
rogorc warsuls _ ùsisxlod movkal igi yma~-o (557,4). amave dros, ganwyobileba daZabulia
epikuri Txrobis mTavari TemiT _ tarieli avTandils xom Tavisi tragediis ambavs uyveba... am
didi ambis fonze xvarazmeli sasiZos mokvla, isic ùsisxlod~, sagrZnobi aRar aris, da, aq
mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, rom mokvlis scena rusTavelma msubuqi, maRali Sairis JReradi
sityvebiT agebuli strofis mxolod or taepSi dastia, romelic yuradRebas ipyrobs ufro
metad leqsis musikalobiT da suraTovnebiT, vidre momxdari ubedurebiT~ (imedaSvili 1968:
355; 306; xazi Cemia _ m. k.).
analogiuri msjelobani sxvac uamravia: me mxolod avtoritetul mkvlevarT mivmarTe.
Tu ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba amgvari gansja qarTul erovnul xasiaTs, kargad Cans
JamTaaRmwerlis qronikaSi: vgulisxmob almuTis epizods (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 208-211).
WeSmaritad, avbediT 1937 wels Seqmnili `tarielis reabilitaciis~ Teoria _ romelmac
xazi gadausva da uaryo manamde arsebuli tradiciuli da erTsulovani eTikur-zneobrivi
Sefaseba tarielis mier Cadenili danaSaulisa _ metad Zlieri aRmoCnda ...
zemoT moyvanil msjelobaTa Semdeg Znelia gavamtyunoT ucxoeli qarTvelologi georg
deetersi, romelic wers, rom `vefxistyaosani~ aris `nawarmoebi, romelic Tavis momxiblaobas
arsebiTad formas umadlis, im dros, roca misi ideuri Sinaarsi ver Seedreba mis Tanamedrove
nawarmoebebs sxva literaturebidan~ (citirebulia: naTaZe 1966: 180; xazi Cemia _ m. k.).
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom iyvnen iseTi avtorebic, romlebic sruliad
sxvagvarad afasebdnen 558 strofs; erTma maTganma 558,1 taepSi aliteracias ki ara, asonanss _
à~ xmovnis mravaljerad ganmeorebas _ miaqcia yuradReba da aRniSna, rom taepSi aRelvebuli
kacis gaxSirebuli sunTqva ismis, meorem ki _ viktor nozaZem xsenebul taepTa marTebul
interpretaciaze gaamaxvila yuradReba da saTanado kiTxvebic dasva (nozaZe 1958: 220-222); mis
mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi mogvianebiT iqna napovni (kekelia 1981: 106-109; kekelia 1985: 12-
13; karbelaSvili 1993b: 183-220).

* * *
rusTavelTanac da SeqspirTanac erTi da igive _ mZinare adamianis mkvleloba aris
aRwerili, oRond aRqmaa sxvadasxvagvari: SeqspirTan scena iseTi emociuri simZafriTaa
warmodgenili, rom mas Tanamokalmem `sulis jalaTi~ uwoda, rusTavelTan ki imave scenis
aRweraSi mxolod da mxolod bgerweris efeqti iqna SeniSnuli...
gana kanonzomieri ar aris davsvaT kiTxva: ra xdeba?
axla kvlav avgust Slegelis mier naxseneb `meduzas Tavs~ davubrundeT: polidektma
persevss SeuZlebeli ram _ meduzis Tavis mokveTa daavala, radgan persevsis daRupva surda:
meduzas Tavis danaxva mas gaaqvavebda. magram qalRmerTma aTinam ixsna persevsi: misi rCeviT
persevsi priala spilenZis farSi umzerda meduzas gamosaxulebas da ise mohkveTa Tavi, rom
Tavad gorgonasTvis ar Seuxadavs. spilenZis farze areklili meduzas gamosaxuleba ki
mxilvels ar aqvavebs...
wiTeli atlasis karavSi momxdari mkvlelobisas aseTive àreklili~ suraTi dauxata
rusTavelma Tavis mkiTxvels: sazareli mkvlelobis aRwerisas tragikul muzas ki ar mimarTa,
raTa SiSisa da sibralulis grZnoba aReZra, aramed borotmoqmedebis `meduzas Tavs~ pirispir
`persevsis fari~ Seageba da mkiTxvels mxolod dabinduli ànareklis~ saxiT warmoudgina,
riTac Seqmna iluzia, rom veraguli mkvlelobisas karavSi sisxli ar daRvrila da Semzaravic
araferi momxdara...
da mainc ismis kiTxva: rogor, ragvarad, ra xerxiT SesZlo rusTavelma ise gadmoeca es
sisxliani drama, rom karavSi momxdar sazareli mkvlelobis STabeWdileba Turme
SemaZrwunebeli ar aris, da mxolod aliteraciaTa siuxviT, simkveTriT da silamaziT tovebs
uZlieres emociur STabeWdilebas? rom ar iwvevs Semzarav gancdas? ar iwvevs arc sibraluls?
43
aliteraciis qrestomaTiuli taepi `karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake~
zariviT rekavs, magram ra xdeba Semdeg?

`yrmasa ferxTa movekide, Tavi svetsa Sevutake,
winamwolTa daizaxnes, glova mihxvda saarake,
cxensa Sevje, wamo-ca-ve, jaWvi mecva sakurtake~ (558).

pirveli maqsimalurad poeturi taepis Semdeg amaze meti prozaizmi, ubralod,
warmoudgenelia: sam taepSi Svidi umoklesi winadadebaa, romelTa meSveobiT tarieli Zunwad,
zustad da mkacri droiTi TanamimdevrobiT gadmogvcems Tavis yovel moqmedebas. Tuki
SuasaukuneTa literaturaSi realizmze laparaki misaRebia, es realizmi am sam taepSia
kondensirebuli; yoveli moqmedeba aRwerilia zustad da realisturad: `yrmasa ferxTa
movekide~, `Tavi svetsa Sevutake~, `winamwolTa daizaxnes~, `glova mihxvda saarake~, `cxensa
Sevje~, `wamo-ca-ve~, `jaWvi mecva sakurtake~ _ esaa oqmis ena, faqtTa zedmiwevniT zustad
gadmocema, anu realizebulia aristoteles is moTxovna, romelic man istorikoss wauyena:
momxdari faqtis aRwera gamiznuli emociuri zemoqmedebis gareSe, radgan emociuri zegavlena
unda moaxdinos Tavad faqtma da ara misma Segnebulad emociurma aRweram. gavixsenoT adre
ukve Tqmuli: aristoteles `poetikis~ Tanaxmad, mkiTxvelze emociuri zegavlena mTlianadaa
damokidebuli ara istorikosis xelovnebaze, aramed mis mier gadmocemuli faqtis xasiaTze.
zustad ase _ e. i. mkiTxvelze winaswar ganzraxuli da Segnebuli emociuri zemoqmedebis
gareSe, `faqtobrivad zustad~ anu sruliad paradoqsuli xerxiT aqvs gadmocemuli
rusTavels sasiZos mokvlis epizodi. Cans, aristoteles princips emyareba is rusTveluri
xerxic, rom mkiTxvelze emociuri zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinos ara istorikosis ostatobam,
aramed Tavad moTxrobili ambis xasiaTma.
amrigad, vefxistyaosanSi rusTavelma mimarTa poeziaSi sruliad moulodnel da TiTqos
warmoudgenel xerxs _ mZinare sasiZos mkvlelobis epizodis gadmocemisas moiqca, rogorc
istorikosi _ e. i. uari Tqva mkiTxvelSi `SiSisa da sibralulis~ grZnobis aRZvraze da
aRwerilis moraluri Sefaseba, rogorc obieqturma aRmwerma, mTlianad mkiTxvels miando.
rogorc vxedavT, orma genialurma Semoqmedma mimarTa erTsa da imave motivs _
udanaSaulo mZinare adamianis mkvlelobas _ da diametrulad kontrastuli esTetikuri
gadawyvetiT warmogvidgina. rusTavelma mxatvruli warmosaxviT Seqmnili epizodi aRwera,
rogorc istorikosma, Seqspirma ki cnobili istoriuli faqti asaxa, rogorc poets
moeTxoveba.
da axla unda gavimeoro is, rac didi xnis win vTqvi: ` me ise meCveneba, rom kacobriobis
sindisad Seracxuli Seqspiri boboqrobs da mTeli xmiT gahyviris: àdamianebo! Cemno
mayurebelno! udanaSaulo adamians klaven _ SeibraleT msxverpli!~ rusTaveli ki xmadabla,
Zalian xmadabla mogvmarTavs da gvekiTxeba: àdamianebo! Cemno mkiTxvelno! udanaSaulo
adamians klaven. gebralebaT msxverpli?~ (karbelaSvili 1993: 7).

* * *
sokrateseuli maevtika rusTavelis sayvareli xerxia: igi fsiqologiur testTa saxiT
ganuwyvetlad gvisvams kiTxvebs poemis mkiTxvelT.
wiTeli atlasis karavSi momxdari veraguli mkvleloba udaxvewilesi fsiqologiuri
testia: rusTaveli _ saqarTvelos Tanamdevi ukvdavi suli _ Tavis mkiTxvelT
kacTmoyvareobaSi anu WeSmarit qristianobaSi gvcdis, Cveni sulis zust anabeWds iRebs da
Cveni humanurobis xarisxis mixedviT is daskvnac gamoaqvs, Tu rogor saxelmwifoSi vcxovrobT
(karbelaSvili 1991: 126-127). rusTvelologiam, rogorc WeSmaritad erovnulma mecnierebam,
`tarielis reabilitaciis~ koniunqturuli Teoriis SeqmniT, rusTavelis fantastikuri
fsiqologizmis wyalobiT, sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi adamianis sicocxlis gaufasureba,
Tavisdauneblied, puruTvnelad asaxa. àrs ese sacodnaria~ (34,1): antikuri politikuri
filosofiis Tanaxmad fsiqologia eTikis safuZvelia, eTika ki _ politikis. Sapienti sat.

* * *
yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg ismis kiTxvebi: Tuki Seqspiri makbetis mier Cadenil
veragul mkvlelobas `Zilis mokvlis~ SemaZrwunebeli metaforiT kosmiuri wesrigis
tragikul darRvevad aRiqvams (`makbeti~, meore moqmedeba, scena III da IV), nuTu
rusTavelisTvis iseTive veraguli mkvleloba marTlac ùwyinari SemTxvevaa~? nuTu
samarTliania rusTavelis poemis mimarT georg deetersis mier gamotanili verdiqti? nuTu
geniosi da borotmoqmedeba SeTavsebadi cnebebia da rusTaveli marTlac amarTlebs tarielis
mier Cadenil zneobriv danaSauls, rogorc sabWouri rusTvelologia gvarwmunebs? da Tu
rusTaveli marTlac uaryofs zogadsakacobrio morals, ra kriteriumiT SeiZleba misi
SeqspirTan _ kacobriobis sindisTan Sedareba?
rusTaveli _ msoflios enigmatur SemoqmedTa Soris uenigmaturesi _ yvela am kiTxvaze
gvaZlevs pasuxs.

44
* * *
fridrix nicSes aforistuli gamoTqmiT, filologia sworad wakiTxvis xelovnebaa.
aris ki 558,1 taepi vefxistyaosnis beWdur gamocemebSi sworad wakiTxuli?
arc tradiciuli teqsti beWduri gamocemebisa:

karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake.

arc sargis kakabaZiseul gamocemaTa teqsti

karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavaqarabake.

ar aris `sworad wakiTxuli~, e. i. ar aris avTenturi.
558,1 taepis WeSmaritad rusTveluri teqstia

karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, gavaqarabake.
1

frazis wyoba rTulia, ris gamoc adridanve gaugebari gaxda zmniT gamoxatuli sariTmo
sityvis kavSiri winamaval frazasTan da amitomac Seucvales zmniswini (gava>Cava). frazis
sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aq normatiul sintaqsTan ki ara, poeturi sintaqsis erT-erT
saxeobasTan elifsTan gvaqvs saqme; zmnasTan gavaqarabake gamotovebulia qvedebare (ra
gavaqarabake?) karavi, e. i. taepi ori windadebisagan Sedgeba da misi Sinaarsia: karvis kari
CaxlaTuli CavWer, (karavi) gavaqarabake (kravTa sadgomad vaqcie).

* * *
vefxistyasnis 552-e (`moedans davdgi karvebi wiTlisa atlasebisa, movida siZe, gardaxda,
dRe hgvanda ar-aRvsebisa~) strofze msjelobisas tarielis artistul warmosaxvaSi kravTan
dakavSirebuli aluziebi saTanado paralelebiT vefxistyaosanSi Cems mier garedan, gansjiT
Setanili mosazrebaa (karbelaSvili 1997: 33-38). aq uTuod daismis kiTxva: iqneb me subieqturi
var, personaJs Cem azrs vaxvev Tavs da tarieli sulac ar fiqrobs ase? iqneb kravis metafora
mxolod Cemi subieqturi fantaziis nayofia da vcdebi (gana subieqturobiT cota Secdomebia
daSvebuli vefxistyaosnis intepretaciebSi?) amgvari kiTxva miTumetes logikuria, rom
arsebobs am taepis sxva saintereso interpretaciac axali aRTqmis konteqstSi (xinTibiZe 1985:
115-126).
Tu Cemi mosazreba poemis teqstiT ar iqneba damowmebuli, misi mecnieruli Rirebuleba
sakamaToa.
amitomac davsvaT Semdegi kiTxva: nuTu rusTavels ar aqvs sakuTari eTikur-moraluri
damokidebuleba karavSi momxdari mkvlelobis mimarT? anu, sxvagvarad: Seafasebina Tu ara
rusTvelma tariels misive namoqmedari?
winaswar vityvi: Seafasebina, da is, Tu ra mxatvruli xerxiT gaakeTa es rusTavelma,
marTlac esTetikuri saswaulia.

* * *
vidre am sakiTxs Sevexebi, manamde Seqspiris gasaocari fsiqologizmis erT momentze
unda SevaCero yuradReba.
SeqspirologiaSi didi xania aRniSnulia Seqspiris erTi mxatvruli xerxi, romelsac
safuZvlad fsiqologia uZevs da mcTar qmedebaTa erT-erT saxeobad iTvleba: SemdgomSi
zigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri terminiT mas versprechen anu wamocdena ewoda: rodesac
adamiani Tavisdauneburad ityvis rasme, risi Tqmac ar surs. es Seqspiruli xerxi Semdeg bevrma
didma mweralmac gamoiyena: z. froids Seqspirisa da Sileris dramebidan moaqvs saTanado
magaliTebi (froidi 1922: 11-18). am Seqspirul xerxs ingliseli dramaturgis daundobeli
kritikosi lev tolstoic mimarTavs da saTanado magaliTs, rogorc wamocdenis umokles
nimuSs, misi moTxrobidan moviyvan: sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze myof ivan iliCs sikvdilis win
surs cols uTxras _ `~ _ `mapatie~, magram wamoscdeba `~ _ `gamatare~
(tolstoi 1964: 114); qarTul TargmanSi ver xerxdeba am sityvaTa uerTierTanagramulobis
gadmocema.

* * *
`... ara uwyia, rameTu gulis-sityuani Senni
dawerilni arian da Senmave gonebaman
gamxilos Sen?~
efrem asuri, sinanulisaTs

`rusTaveli, saswaulmoqmedsaviT, erTis
kalmis mosmiT hqmnis... saswaulsa~.
ilia WavWavaZe
45

amjerad, kvlav maqsimalurad mokled rusTveluri saswaulis Sesaxeb.
froidiseuli versprechen, rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni, msoflio literaturaSi
pirvelad rusTavelTan gamoCnda: misTvis igi `mcTari sityvaa~ da winaswar amzadebs mkiTxvels
mis Sesamecneblad, rodesac tariels aTqmevinebs: `sityva mcTari wameria~ (352,3).
558,1 taepSi tarielis metyvelebaSi aris `mcTari sityvis~ uZlieresi momenti,
aristoteleseuli `SiSisa da sibralulis grZnobis aRmZvreli~, rogorc genialuri `srul-
qmna sityvaTa, gulisa gasagmireTa~ (16,2), magram enigmaturi, `saWiro gamosagebi enaTa~ (20,2),
romelsac migneba sWirdeba.
miniSneba aqac aris. taepis sariTmo sityva gavaqarabake sruliad moulodneli Cans
tarielis metyvelebaSi; ram ganapiroba misi gaCena, rogor da ratom amosxlta igi mis frazaSi?
karavSi Cadenil mkvlelobas ratom uwoda karvis qarabakad anu batkanTa sadgomad gadaqceva?
gulubryviloba iqneboda gvefiqra, rom taepi SemTxveviT iwyeba sityviT karvis:
rusTveluri aliteraciuli taepi

karvis kari CaxlaTuli CavWer gavaqarabake

k TanxmovniT ki ara, krv TanxmovanTa kompleqsiTaa gaJRerebuli (21 Tanxmovnidan 10: k -
3, r 4, v 3; aris sxva fonetikuri faqtorebic), romelnic ara mxolod karavis, aramed kravis
sayrden TanxmovanTa kompleqsic aris, da, rac mTavaria, aRmovaCenT, rom karvis _ kravis
urTierTanagramuli sityvebia, anu, qarTuli terminologiiT zma.
tarielis artistul warmosaxvaSi pirveli sityva anagramis saxiT asociaciiT
ganapirobebs sariTmo sityvas, xolo sariTmo sityva ganmartavs da asabuTebs pirvels,
rogorc anagramas: WeSmaritad, `fonetika badebs azrs~ da aq àrsebiTad, saqme gvaqvs bgeridan
azris dabadebasTan~ (grigorievi 1979: 271).
aq uTuod unda gavixsenoT tarielis naambobidan fraza:

mefeman brZana: `mokazmeT karviTa moedania~ (551,1),

sadac naTlad ismis: àzmeT karviTa!~, anu: sityva karviTa aqcieT zmad!
tarielis qvecnobierSi karvis rom kravis anagramaa, gasca uecrad amosxletilma
`mcTarma sityvam~ _ gavaqarabake: esaa is gulis-sityva, romelsac faravs tarieli, magram
gonebam amxila!
rusTaveli, geniosTa Soris uenigmaturesi, ase gvixatavs tarielis sulier tanjva-
wamebas Cadenili mkvlelobis gamo, `qvaTaca SesaZrwen~ (850,2) sindiis qenjnas es taepi erT-
erTi magaliTia imisa, rom rusTaveli, ilias gamoTqmisebr, èrTi kalmis mosmiT hqmnis
saswaulsa~.

* * *
rusTavelTanac da SeqspirTanac mZinare adamianis (SeqspirTan _ naTesavis,
rusTavelTan _ ucxosi: es calke Temaa, sakiTxebi sxvac bevria) veraguli mkvlelobis eTikur-
moraluri Sefaseba metaforebiT aris gaformebuli:
SeqspirTan _ `Zilis mokvla~
rusTavelTan _ `kravis mokvla~.
uZlieresi, sworupovari metaforaa: kravi _ `tomi gvarTa zenaTa~, Agnus Dei _
macxovris somboloa: `... da kravisa kurTxeva da pativi da dideba da simtkice ukunisi
ukunisamde. amin~ (gamocxadeba, 5:13). mokled movWraT: rusTavelisTvis yoveli udanaSaulod
mokluli _ kravia RmrTisa.
yovelive is, rac zemoT lapidarulad, lamis apidiqtikri stiliT iTqva,
rusTvelologiis urTules da ufarToes problemebs ukavSirdeba: ilias sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, esaa vefxistyaosnis `safsixologio, saestetiko, saetiko, safilosofio~ sakiTxebi,
rac _ Tuki rusTvelologia iarsebebs _ Rrma da seriozul kvlevas ganapirobebs, radgan
vefxistyaosnis civilizacia iseve usasruloa, rogorc civilizacia kacobriobisa.

* * *
axla renesansuli humanizmis, rogorc msoflaRqmis, Sesaxeb.
SoTa rusTavelis saxiT Tu ra masStabisa da gaqanebis SemoqmedTan da moazrovnesTan
gvaqvs saqme, Cans Tundac iqidan, rom vefxistyaosnis konfliqtis Sesakravad igi mxatvruli
imaginaciiT qmnis motivs, romelsac oTxi saukunis Semdgom daefuZneba msoflios upirvelesi
tragedia _ Seqspiris `hamleti~, xolo `makbetSi~ ki TiTqmis zedmiwevniT ganmeordeba mZinare
stumris mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis ganzraxvisa da aRsrulebis sazareli scena, magram axla
ukve am mkvlelobis ganmzraxav pirovnebaTa ara sulieri aRorZinebis, aramed piriqiT, ngrevis
Semzaravi interpretaciiT.
46
TavisTavad mravalmxriv sayuradRebo faqtia: renesansuli humanizmi iwyeba da
mTavrdeba erTidaigive motiviT mZinare stumris mokvlis motiviT, Tumca gadawyveta am
motivisa avtorTa mier diametralurad sapirispiroa: renesansis aisis titanis rusTavelis
humanistur koncefciaSi misi ganmzraxavni da Camdenni sulieri wamebis _ da, Sesabamisad,
kaTarzisis _ fasad gamoisyidian Tavis danaSauls monaniebiT, da amis Semdgom xdeba maTi
xelaxali dabadeba, rogorc pirovnebebisa _ qristianuli kacTmoyvareobis diad grZnobaSi
sulieri aRorZineba; renesansis daisis titanTan, SeqspirTan ki igive motivi makbetSi
mravali pirovnuli RirsebiT aRbeWdili, odesRac mamacT mamaci adamianis sulieri
degradaciisa da pirovnebis sazareli ngrevis interpretaciiT aris warmodgenili
renesansuli humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis krizisis tragikuli msoflaRqmis Sesabamisad
(karbelaSvili 1991: 137).

SeniSvna:

1. 558,1 taepis _ `karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli CavWer, Cavakarabake~ _ Sesaxeb vwerdi, araerTxel rom
rusTvelologiur literaturaSi `gordias kvanZiviT martivad `CaWril-Cakarabakebul~ (mainc ra aris es
`Cavakarabake?~) anu ganmartebul aliteraciaSi jerjerobiT sruliad `Caukarabakebeli~ Sinaarsia `CaxlaTuli~
(karbelaSvili 1993: 218), sadac aSkarad Cans ironiuli damokidebuleba Cavakarabake sityvasa da masTan erTad
mTeli taepis mimarT, radgan didi xania vTvli, rom am saxiT warmodgenili teqsti rusTavelisa ar aris,
rusTavels msgavsi araferi dauweria. am kategoriuli daskvnis gamosatanad saTanado masala, vefxistyaosnis
xelnawerebzec rom araferi vTqvaT, poemis vaxtangiseuli da sargis kakabaZis gamocemebSi ukve arsebobda.
Cemi daskvnisTvis myari sabuTi maqvs. es myari sabuTi xelnawerTa teqstologiuri analizia _
filologiuri mecnierebis safuZvelTa safuZveli. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa obieqturi Seswavlis gareSe
558,1 taepis WeSmaritad rusTveluri teqstis mikvleva da mis SinaarsSi garkveva gamoricxulia. am mizniT
gadavxedoT vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa oqros fonds (variantebi 1961: 366-367) da vnaxoT, ragvar variantul
wakiTxvebs gvawvdis (nebismier striqonSi brWyalebi aRniSnavs, rom ABFMX teqstis sityva meordeba;
SinaarsisaTvis umniSvnelo gansxvavebebs ar aRvniSnav):

ABFMX karvis kari CaxlaTuli CavsWer gavaqarabake
N

~ kalTa ~ ~ gavaqarabake
E ~ ~ ~ ~ Cavaqaranbake
CL ~ ~ ~ ~ Cavakarabake

DGHIK ORUV ~ kalTa ~ ~ Cavaqarabake
Z ~ kalTa ~ ~ Cavakarabake
T ~ kalTa ~ Cavhkar Cavaqarabake
J ~ kalTa ~ Cavkar Cavakarabake

`Caukarabakebeli~ mniSvneloba sariTmo sityvisa xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa: sityvis fuZea qarabak-i,
romelic, sulxan-sabas `sityvis konidan~ moyolebuli, qarTuli enis TiTqmis yvela leqsikonSi amomwuravadaa
ganmartebuli, magaliTad: `qarabaki _ nayidis baki~ (sulxan-saba); `... baki, qarabaki da truSuli _ xvastagT
sadgurad movlebuli fiCxisa da wnelisagan~ (CubinaSvili 1961: 226).
nairkiTxvebs rac Seexeba, kiTxvaze, Tu sariTmo sityvis romeli wakiTxvaa swori, rogorc bolodroindeli
realoba gviCvenebs, yvelaze swrafi da advili pasuxia Cavaqarabake _ `qarabakiviT (wvrili wnelisagan dawnuli
sabatkne bakiviT) advilad CavWeri~ (rusTaveli 1996: 188), magram yvelaze swrafi da advili pasuxi ar aris
yvelaze swori pasuxi.
teqstologiuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove donisa (lixaCovi 1962: 166-180) da vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa
redaqciuli specifikis (SaniZe 1966: 237) gaTvaliswinebiT 558,1 taepis variantTa analizi mecnieruli sizustiT
adasturebs, rom lectio difficilior anu rTuli wakiTxva, romelmac Semdgom nairkiTxvaTa warmoSoba ganapiroba,
samefo saxlisa (ABMX) da beburiSvilis (F) xelnawerebSi aris daculi da swored isaa WeSmaritad rusTveluri:

karvis kari CaxlaTuli CavWer, gavaqarabake.

amjerad detalebs ar Sevexebi (tarieli karavSi karidan Sedis Tu kalTidan? kalTa ratom aris
CaxlaTuli?), vityvi mxolod, rom sariTmo sityvis variantTa warmoqmnis gza naTelia: gavaqarabake >
Cavaqarabake > Cavakarabake.
es variantebi SemTxveviT ar gaCenila. taepis ucnauri feriscvalebani iman gamoiwvia, rom vefxistyaosnis
gadamwer-`redaqtorebisTvis~ (rusTavelis `redaqtorebi~ ZvelaTac mravlad hyavda!) rusTavelis frazis
gramatikuli wyoba da Sinaarsi gaugebari darCa da masTan ver daakavSires maTTvis kargad cnobili sityva
qarabaki; amitomac, yalbi esTetizmiT gatacebulebma, moisurves taepis emendacia anu `gaumjobeseba~, sadac
dominantad forma _ bgerweris ornamentuli xelovneba iqca, xelT ki viTomc aliteraciiT `gamdidrebuli~ (k
bgeris xazgasmuli demonstrireba, lT da Ca bgerebis damateba) imitacia SegvrCa, da, rogorc yovelgvari
imitacia yalbi.
ase Seewira Semoqmedis genialuri Canafiqri _ marTlac fsiqologizebuli poeturi saswauli _ poemis
gadamwer-`redaqtorTa~ formalistur aplombs.
mainc ras niSnavs es Cavakarabake? _ srulebiT arafers! sityva Cavakarabake qarTul enaSi ar arsebobs, igi
poemis gadamweris fantaziis nayofia, da, Sesabamisad, is mosazrebani, romelnic rusTvelologiur
literaturaSi am sityvasTan dakavSirebiTaa gamoTqmuli, rusTavelis vefxistyaosanSi ararsebul sityvazea
dawerili, vefxistyaosanTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs.
qarTul enaSi aseve ar arsebobs sityva Cavaqarabake, romelic sargis kakbaZiseul gamocemaSia _ igi aseve
gadamwer-`redaqtoris~ novaciaa da eWvs aRZravs sityvaTwarmoebis TvalsazrisiT: gana SeiZleba normalur
warmoebad CaiTvalos forma Cava...bake? _ licentia poetica-sac aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi. Cavaqarabake `neologizms~ arc
47
raime mxatvruli da mecnierul-SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba gaaCnia: rogorc kvlav faqti gvidasturebs, 258,1
taepis konteqstSi gasarkvevad am sariTmo sityvis gaSinaarseba-interpretacia sruliad subieqturia (Sdr.:
rusTaveli 1996. 188 da sulava 2005-2006: 157-167), radgan arafers gveubneba mkvlelobisadmi Tavad tarielis
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

damowmebani:

aristotele 1979: aristotele. poetika. winasityvaoba, Targmani da komentarebi prof. s.
daneliasi. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1979.
baramiZe 1975: baramiZe al. SoTa rusTaveli. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.
bargi 1976: . . . .: "", 1976.
beriZe 1961: beriZe v. sikvdilisa da TviTmkvlelobis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~.
rusTvelologiuri etiudebi. krebuli. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.
1961.
grigorievi 1979: . . . .: , 1979.
davidovi 1969: . . . .: "", 1968.
eko 2003: . . . -
: Simposium, 2003.
variantebi 1961: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. nakveTi meore. gamosacemad moamzada
liana kekeliZem. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba: 1961.
imedaSvili 1968: imedaSvili g. rusTaveli da qarTuli kultura. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1968.
kapaneli 1937: kapaneli k. SoTa rusTavelis esTetikuri Sexedulebani. _ SoTa rusTaveli
skolaSi. krebuli. Tb.: pedagogikis samecniero-sakvlevi institutis gamocema. 1937.
karbelaSvili 1987: karbelaSvili m. ori bibliuri paraleli `vefxistyaosnis~ erTi
epizodisaTvis. wignSi: literaturuli Ziebani, 1(XVI), Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1987.
karbelaSvili 1991: evdoSvili m. àr, uTqmeoba ar varga...~ j. `laSari~, qarTvel mweralTa
mxatvrul-literaturuli Jurnali, 2, 1991.
karbelaSvili 1993a: karbelaSvili m. meduzas Tavi da persevsis fari. gaz. `mamuli~. sruliad
saqarTvelos rusTavelis sazogadoeba, 36 (111), noemberi, 1993.
karbelaSvili 1993b: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis ùsisxlod~: terminis iuridiuli da
eTikuri aspeqtebi. wignSi: qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. eZRvneba gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierisa
da sazogado moRvawis akademikos aleqsandre baramiZis dabadebis 90 wlisTavs. Tb.: `mecniereba~,
1993.
karbelaSvili 1997: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis `dRe aRvsebisa~ bibliuri paraleliT da
ramdenime SeniSvniT (rusTavelis poeturi enis sakiTxisaTvis). macne, els, 1-4, Tb.: 1997.
kekelia 1981: kekelia m. iuridiul termin `sisxlis~ Semcveli erTi strofis gagebisaTvis
vefxistyaosanSi. macne, els, 4, 1981.
kekelia 1985: kekelia m. `sisxlis deniT~ SinaarsisaTvis vefxistyaosanSi. macne, els, 1; 1985.
lixaCovi 1962: . . . X-XVII . .-.: .
, 1962.
morozovi 1979: . . .: 1979.
nadiraZe 1958: nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1958.
naTaZe 1966: naTaZe n. rusTveluri mijnuroba da renesansi. Tb.: 1966.
nozaZe 1958: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis sazogadoebaTmetyveleba. sant iago de Cile: 1958.
rusTaveli 1996: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, amxsneli masala
da komentari daurTo n. naTaZem. Tb.: 1996.
sanktisi 1963: . . . .
. . .: , 1963.
sulava 2005-2006: sulava n. karvis simbolika `vefxistyaosanSi~. rusTvelologia, IV. Tb.: 2005-
2006.
tolstoi 1964: . " ". . 20 , . 17, .:
, 1964.
froidi 1922: . . . I, .: 1922.
qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.
SaniZe 1966: SaniZe a. dRevandeli viTareba vefxistyaosnis teqstis dadgenis saqmeSi. akaki
SaniZe. Txzulebani, II, vefxistyaosnis sakiTxebi. I, Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1966.
Seqspiri 1909: . .III. . . .
-. .-: 1909.
Seqspiri 1940: Seqspiri. tragediebi. Targmani ivane maCabelisa. Tb., 1940.
CubinaSvili 1961: CubinaSvili n. qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb.: 1961.
WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. II. Tb.: saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba, 1941.
xinTibiZe 1985: xinTibiZe e. dResaswauls ki is dRe ar hgvanda. `vefxistyaosnis~ ukanasknel
gamocemaTa erTi konieqturis Taobaze. J. kritika, 5, 1985.
48
joisi 1983: joisi j. ulise. 1. inglisuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo niko
yiasaSvilma. Tb.: 1983.


The Integrals of the Renaissance Humanism: Rustaveli and Shakespeare
(On the Aesthetics of Rustaveli)

Summary

The study depicts the humanism of Rustaveli in terms of the poets aesthetics versus Shakespeare. The comparison is
based on Aristotles Poetics.
Both in The Knight in the Panthers Skin and Shakespeares Macbeth, there is a motive of an innocent victim a
perfidious murder of a sleeping guest. The murder by Tariel of Khvarazmshas son is a poetic image, created by the Georgian
poet. As against this, in King Duncans murder by Macbeth, Shakespeare relied on the Hollinshed chronicle, i.e. the English
poet translated a historical fact into a tragedy, while his Georgian counterpart depicted the imaginary episode as if it were a
historical fact he provided the description, leaving the judgment to the readers.
Rustaveli is an enigmatic poet: his and his character Tariels attitude to the treacherous murder was coded in the first
line of 558 verse of the authentic text of The Knight in the Panthers Skin. The complex code involves an anagram and a
slip of the tongue, which is the first instance of Freuds versprechen in the world fiction. This versprechen is Teriels
voice of conscience, tormented by remorse.
The motive of an innocent victim marks the beginning and the end of the Renaissance humanism. In Rustavelis poem
the murder is remorseful, while in Shakespeares Macbeth the murderer causes the destruction of Macbeths personality,
which symbolizes the crisis of the Renaissance humanistic weltanschauung.

maka elbaqiZe

vefxistyaosnis moli

sakiTxis dasmisTvis

avTandilis TxovniT fatmanma werili miswera qajeTis cixeSi gamomwyvdeul nestan-
darejans, Semdeg ki Tavis grZneul, yoraniviT Sav monas uxmo da ubrZana: `qajeTs gaggzavni, wa,
gzani gisxen Sorani~ (1256)
1
. grZneulmac `moli rame wamoisxa zeda tansa,/masve wamsa daikarga,
gardafrinda banis-bansa~ (1263).
mocemul monakveTSi gaurkvevelia sityva molis mniSvneloba, romelic, konteqstidan
gamomdinare, jadosnurTan, zebunebrivTan kavSirze miuTiTebs (fatmanis TqmiT, am davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegad gamoCndeba monis `grZneulebis saxmroba~, anu gamosadegoba _ àw
gamoCndebis saxmroba CemTvis Senisa grZnebisa~ 1257); swored molis wamosxmis Semdeg SeZlebs
`xelovani~ jadosani `banis-banis~ daubrkolebliv gadafrenas, umokles droSi didi manZilis
dafarvas (`wavida viTa isari kacisa mSvild-ficxelisa~ 1264) da qajeTis cixeSi uCinrad
SeRwevas (ùCinod Sevlo simravle moymisa, karTa mcvelisa~ 1264).
sityva molis ganmartebas ver vxvdebiT verc vefxistyaosnis pirveli gamomcemlisa da
komentatoris vaxtang meeqvsis TargmanebaSi da verc sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi.
batoniSvili Teimurazi mols amgvarad ganmartavs: `mwvane RarTsaviT (nabadiviT m.e.)
grZneulTa wamosasxami~ (bagrationi 1960: 214). am ganmartebas imeorebs iustine abulaZe
vefxistyaosnis 1914 wlis da 1937 wlis gamocemaSi _ `moli mwvane, balaxiani adgili, mwvane
rame, mwvane wamosasxami~ (rusTaveli 1914: 215)
2
.
gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs daviT CubinaSvils, romelic vefxistyaosnis 1265-e
strofze dayrdnobiT (`Sevida zangi pir-Savi, Tma-grZeli, tan-nabdiani~) varaudobs, rom moli
Savi wamosasxamia (CubinaSvili 1984: 809).
akaki SaniZis mosazrebiT moli aris `mwvane balaxi~.
3

korneli kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `moli ar SeiZleba wamosasxams niSnavdes, isic mwvane
ferisas, vinaidan fatmanis qaji, poetis tendenciiT, yovelgan da yovelTvis aris `Savi~, `Savi
marT viTa yorani~, `zangi pir-Savi~. mecnieris mosazrebiT, `Tavdapirvel teqstSi iyo ara moli
(gramatikuli damateba), aramed molid (Sekvecili forma moTxrobiTi qvemdebarisa) _ `man

1
teqsts yvela SemTxvevaSi vimowmebT: vefxistyaosani 1966.
2
ix, aseve: i. abulaZe 1967: 122.
3
vefxistyaosnis 1957 wlis gamocemis SaniZiseul leqsikonSi am ganmartebas kiTxvis niSani erTvis (rusTaveli
1957: 371), romelic moxsnilia amave leqsikonis meore gamocemaSi (SaniZe 1986: 421).
49
grZneulman molid rame wamoisxa zeda tansa~, e.i. man, grZneulma molidma, tanze raRac
wamoisxa. Semdegi drois uvicma gadamwerlebma, romelTac verc molid sityvis mniSvneloba
Seignes, verc misi Semcveli taepis konstruqcias auRes alRo, molidisagan nebsiT Tu
uneblieT, gamoiyvanes moli wamosasxamis mniSvnelobiT~ (kekeliZe 1973: 64).
am sakiTxs sagangebo qveTavi miuZRvna Tavis `ferTametyvelebaSi~ viktor nozaZem,
romelmac gaakritika k. kekeliZis mosazreba: `profesor kekeliZis ganmarteba
gramatikuladac rom misaRebi iyos, aseTi ganmarteba TavisTavad miuRebelia. ratom? mxolod
imitom, rom fatmans ar SeeZlo `molidi~ hyoloda. molidTa anu mulidTa organizacia iyo
saxelmwifoebrivi, samxedro-politikuri da umTavresad religiuri da es molidni mxolod
almuTis Zlevamosil mbrZanebels emorCilebodnen brmada da ganukiTxavad, mosmeniTa da
SeukiTxavad, da swored meTormete saukuneSi maTi Zliereba udidesi iyo... prof. k. kekeliZes
TviTon moaqvs amonaweri `qarTlis cxovrebidan~ (mariam dedoflisa, gv. 624): àlmuTelni
arian kacisa mkvlelni miparviTa, romelTa mulid uwodiano~. es mulidebi arc qajebi yofilan,
arc grZneulni. da fatmans es `mulidi~ arafrad sWirdeboda, kidec misi yola rom
SesZleboda...~ (nozaZe 2004: 246-247). viktor nozaZe fiqrobs, rom moli aris nabadi,
gamomdinare iqidan, rom mona, romelmac es moli wamoisxa, iyo `tan-nabdiani~. mecniers mohyavs
Sesabamisi pasaJebi Sahnames serapion sabaSviliseuli Targmanis erTi Tavidan _ àqa ambavi
dasawyisi rustamisa da zurabisa~, sadac sanadirod gasuli rustami sadilobis Semdeg:

`raSsa misca saZovari, xmal-kaparji edva wina;
man daigo moli qveSa, _ arsad uCnda mteri vina, _
sasTaulad unagiri, dawva, amod daiZina.~

viktor nozaZis azriT, moli, romelic rostomma qveS daigo, aris nabadi, romelic
nadirobaSic Tan miaqvT xolme. ra feris iyo vefxistyaosnis grZneuli monis nabadi? mecnieris
azriT, `SeuZlebeli ar aris, rom vefxistyaosnis moli mwvane iyo, radgan am fers `Savs
xelovnebaSi~ Tavisi mniSvneloba aqvs. mwvane feri mogvobaSi, jadosnobaSi, grZneulobaSi
ixmareboda. magaliTad, kudianebis yrilobisas, valpurgiis Rames, pirvel maiss, mwvane xes
rgavdnen da mwvane totebiT xelSi rokavdnen. eSmakic xom xSiradaa mwvane feriT
warmodgenili; mecxre saukuneSi eSmaks xatavdnen, viT borot angelozs, SiSveli kacis saxiT,
frTebiTa da mwvane feriT~ (nozaZe 2004: 248). miuxedavad amisa, viktor nozaZe mainc daviT
CubinaSvilis mosazrebas ufro iziarebs, vidre Teimuraz batoniSvilisas. misi TqmiT, `mwvane
feri eSmakis fericaa, magram eSmakis feria, agreTve, Savi feric, _ da saerTod, Savi feri `Savs
xelovnebaSi~, anu negromantiaSi Cveulebrivia, _ da radganac nabadic Savi ferisaa
Cveulebrivad, amitom vefxistyaosnis moli, anu nabadi, romelic grZneul monas, `Savi
xelovnebis~ warmomadgenels exura, Savi unda yofiliyo. maSasadame, sityviT moli, romelic
Cven vefxistyaosanSi gvxvdeba, nagulisxmevia wamosasxami, anu erTgvari nabadi~ (nozaZe 2004:
248-249).
moli mosasxamad aris ganmartebuli vefxistyaosnis nodar naTaZiseul saskolo
gamocemaSic (rusTaveli 1986: 406).
vefxistyaosnis or nusxaSi (1646 wlisa da oqsfordis xelnawerSi)
1
da, safiqrebelia, rom
swored maTze dayrdnobiT or gamocemaSi
2
sityva molis Semcveli taepis gansxvavebuli
wakiTxva gvxvdeba: `man, grZneulman, moli rame wamoisva zeda tansa~. Sesabamisad, zogierTi
mkvlevari
3
mols miiCnevs jadosuri Zalis mqone balaxad da akavSirebs berZnul -sTan
homerosis odiseis saswaulmoqmed mcenaresTan, romelsac kirkes hsasaxlesTan miaxloebul
odisevss hermesi uboZebs gansacdelisgan dasaxsnelad (`me mogcem wamals, imis jados
gamqarvebelsa~. homerosi 1979: 219). marTalia, homerosi arc balaxis substanciaze saubrobs,
arc misi gamoyenebis wesze, arc moqmedebis meqanizmze, magram mkafiod gamokveTs mis `bunebas~
(`Savfesvebians yvavilebi rZisferi esxa~; `mols eZaxian RmerTni, Znelad SesZlebs mokvdavi mis
amoglejas, mxolod RmerTebs ZaluZT yoveli~. homerosi 1979: 218). molis Sesaxeb araerTi
mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli rogorc antikur epoqaSi, ise TanamedroveTa Sorisac: a) mas realur
mcenared miiCneven da botanikur prototips uZebnian; b) igi miTiur mcenared miaCniaT da masSi
alegorias xedaven. fiqroben, rom moli zogadi, poeturi saxea da is a) eodosia mcenarisa,
romlis saxelic momdinareobs misi unaridan, Searbilos SxamTa moqmedeba b) `farmakas
antidotia~; g) uwmindurebis sawinaaRmdego apotropuli saSualebaa. (erqomaiSvili 2002: 28-
29). mniSvnelovania isic, rom mcenare ZiriTadad araberZnuli, aRmosavluri warmoSobisad
miaCniaT. mols akavSireben moloqTan, balaxTan, aigiveben balbasTan, botanikur Malva-sTan
(gagua 1984: 67-68), romelsac qarTul dialeqtSi Seesabameba korkota, korkotina, Citipura.
ivane javaxiSvilis mixedviT, es mcenare gavrcelebuli yofila amierkavkasiaSi. misi Rerosgan
qerels amzadebdnen, xolo balbas rZiTa da fqviliT Semzadebul fafas samkurnalod

1
ix. variantebi 1962: 782.
2
ix. SoTa rusTaveli 1966: 421; SoTa rusTaveli 1970: 357.
3
ix. lolaSvili 1960: 149; 1978: 208-209.
50
iyenebdnen. qarTulSi arsebobs formalurad imave Ziridan nawarmoebi sityva korkoti,
romelic xorblis mrgvali formis marcvals da amasTanave micvalebulTa sulebis
mosaxsenebel ritualur kerZs aRniSnavs (erqomaiSvili 2002: 56). Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT kirkes
kavSirs saiqiosTan, aseve im garemoebas, rom misi (kirkes) samsalisa da grZneulebis
gasaneitraleblad (`CemTvis sasmeli Seamzada oqros sasmurSi, / avis mzraxvelma Seuria raRac
wamalic...kverTxic Tavs damca, moayola tanac es sityva: /àba, wa male Sens Zmobilebs gverdiT
miuweq!~ homerosi 1979: 219) odisevss jadosnur balaxs, mols, RmerTi (hermesi) aZlevs (`wa,
kirkes saxlSi, gasaocar ra wamals mogcem, / rom ganerido daRupvis dRes aucilebels~
homerosi 1979: 218), cxadia, rom moli odiseaSic, iseve rogorc vefxistyaosanSi miRmur
samyaros, zebunebrivs, jadosnurs, ezoterul codnas ukavSirdeba, romlis wvdomac mokvdavT
ar ZaluZT (s. yauxCiSvils angariSgasawevad miaCnia is mosazreba, rom odiseas moli
ukavSirdebodes qarTul sityvas balaxis mniSvnelobiT, miT ufro, rom homerosi am sityvas
kirkes epizodSi xmarobs, romelic qarTuli samyaros personaJia. georgika 1970: 9).
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, warmo/wamo- zmniswinis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare
1
Cven
ufro sworad migvaCnia ikiTxvisi `wamoisxa~ (miT ufro, rom mas mxars uWers vefxistyaosnis
yvela xelnaweri, garda orisa), Sesabamisad, viziarebT im mecnierTa mosazrebas, romelnic
mols mosasxamad miiCneven da ara `grZneul balaxad~
2
. gasarkvevi darCa, mainc ra feris iyo es
moli, an ram ganapiroba vefxistyaosanSi amgvari mxatvruli saxis gaCena.
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, samecniero literaturaSi molis Sesaxeb ramdenime
urTierTgamomricxavi Sexeduleba arsebobs. divergencia, ZiriTadad, definiciuri da
eqsternaluri xasiaTisaa:
moli aris nabadi, mosasxami an jadosnuri balaxi/am balaxisgan damzadebuli
magiuri malamo;
is aris mwvane/Savi ferisa;
misi etimologia da ragvaroba gaurkveveli rCeba.
raki sakiTxis definiciur mxaresTan dakavSirebiT (mosasxami/balaxi) Cveni
damokidebuleba zemoT ukve gamovxateT (moli _ mosasxami, mantia), gadavideT eqsternalurze
(mwvane Tu Savi?).

mwvane feri rogorc simbolo

Tuki gadavxedavT vefxistyaosnis Targmanebs, TiTqmis yvela maTganSi moli moiazreba,
rogorc mwvane feris mosasxami: ` , ,/ ,
~ (rusTaveli 1937:218); ` ,
~ (rusTaveli 1953: 193); ` , ~ (rusTaveli
1938: 208); ` , , ,
~ (rusTaveli 1988: 187); `The wizard donned a certain green mantle over his form~ (rusTaveli
1966: 281); `The wizard threw over his shoulders a long, green magic mantle~ (rusTaveli 1968: 178);
`Wrapping himself in a green mantle, he dissappeared in an instant~ (rusTaveli 1977: 153); `He wrapped
himself in a short green cloack and vanished~ (rusTaveli 1977: 168); `Le magicien s'enveloppa d'une mantle de
coleur d'herbe~ (rusTaveli 1966: 205); Àutour de son corps il jeta son long manteau couleur de l'herbe~
(rusTaveli 1977: 167); Èinen mantel warf der kobold um sich wie ein grnes licht~ (rusTaveli 1955:
229). am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT vefxistyaosnis gaston buaCiZiseuli
franguli Targmani, romelSic sityva moli gagebulia, rogorc Savi feris mosasxami _ `D'une
cape noire aussitt l'esclave devin se voila~ (rusTaveli 1988: 241).
vfiqrobT, am TargmanebSi asaxulia Suasaukuneobrivi tradicia (rac, udavod, kelturi
da irlandiuri folkloridan momdinareobs), romlis mixedviTac mwvane feri zebunebriv
arsebebs _ feriebs, elfebs, micvalebulebs an eSmakebs ukavSirdeba _ mxolod maT SeiZleba
hqondeT mwvane kani an Tma
3
. XIV saukunis didi humanisti Pierre Bersuire aRniSnavda, rom fers aqvs
rogorc bono (pozitiuri), ise malo (negatiuri) mniSvneloba. mwvane aris Zalze mimzidveli
feri, gansakuTrebiT cxovelebisTvis, amitom monadireni xSirad mwvane feris samoss
atarebdnen. meore mxriv, albaT swored am faqtoriT aris determinirebuli `Zveli monadiris~
_ eSmakis samosis mwvane Seferilobac, romliTac igi codvil sulT ecxadeba xolme
(robertsoni 1954: 472)
4
.

1
warmo/wamo- zmniswinis Sesaxeb ix: SaniZe 1980: 245; veSapiZe 1967: 120-121.
2
Sdr. s. yauxCiSvilis mosazreba: "...fatmanis Sikrikma...tanze waisva grZneuli balaxi moli da amis wyalobiT
gadalaxa es dabrkoleba" (georgika 1970: 10).
3
Sdr. qarTul miTologiur poeziasa da jadosnur zRaparSi (iseve rogorc qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi)
ZiriTadad TeTri, wiTeli da Savi ferebi gvxvdeba, romlebic samyaros sam ganzomilebas ukavSirdebioan: TeTri
zesknelis feria, wiTeli _ Suasi, Savi ki _ qvesknelisa. Sesabamisad, jadosnur zRaparSi am sami feris arsebanic
arseboben da isini akavSireben zRapris sam gmirs samyaros sam sferosTan (ColoyaSvili 2004: 97-106).
4
ix. Coseris kenterberiuli moTxrobebis mnaTes ambavi (riar's Tale), romelSic iomenad gardasaxul eSmaks
`mwvane mosasxami adga mefurad da Tavze bewvis didebuli qudi exura~ (Coseri 1977: 222).
51
keltur baladaSi marTali Tomasi (True Thomas) Tomas raimeri mwvane feris samosSi
gamowyobili ewveva feriebis samefos. elfebic stumars TavianTi sazogadoebis wevrad
aRiqvamen da Sesabamisadve eqcevian.

"He has gotten a coat of the even cloth,
and a pair of shoes of velvet green
and till seven years were past and gone
True Thomas on earth was never seen".

(mas misces gluvi qsovilisgan Sekerili qurTuki,/ muqi mwvane feris fexsacmeli/ da
vidre 7 weli ar gavida, marTali Tomasi dedamiwaze aRaravis unaxavs.)
mwvane samosSi arian gamowyobili qali-elfebi baladidan patara, patara kaci (Wee Wee
Man); mwvane abreSumis samosi amSvenebs Tomas raimeris (Thomas Rymer) feriasac; elison grosis
(Allison Gross) jadoqars xelT balaxiviT mwvane sayviri upyria.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom uZveles baladebSi mwvane aris jadoqrobis, grZneulebis feri,
romelic, umravles SemTxvevaSi, dakavSirebulia magiur ZalebTan da miRma (micvalebulTa)
samyarosTan. albaT aqedanve momdinareobs crurwmena, rom mwvane feri ubedurebis momtania
(uimberli 1928: 175-178). sakmarisia, lord Tomasisa da feria anetis (Lord Thomas and Fair Annet)
personaJi mwvane feris kabaSi gamoewyos, rom mas uaxloesi adamiani ukvdeba; sikvdilis
momaswavebelia mwvane erikas an mwvane vaSlis mokrefa (Braes o Yarrow) (uimberli 1928: 240-241).
inglisur baladas sastiki deda (The Cruel Mother) win uZRvis simRera mwvane qalbatonze,
romelic tyeSi daniT klavs Tavis mcirewlovan Svils
1
; balada ori dis (The Twa Sisters)
personaJis, damxrCvali gogonas, mwvane aCrdils fermkrTal saxeze mwvane Tmebi aqvs
CamoSlili; erT-erTi Tqmulebis mTavari gmiri _ kapitani uederberni _ Tavisi
qalbatonis gamocanas pasuxad Seagebebs, rom `sikvdili balaxze ufro mwvanea~; baladaSi
The Wife of Ushers Well vaJiSvilebis aCrdilebi miuZRvebian dedas mwvane gzaze, romlis msgavsic
dedamiwaze aravis unaxavs; mwvane tyeSi gauCinardeba tkbili uiliamis aCrdilic (uimberli
1928: 241-242).
Zvel inglisur baladebSi xSirad aris miniSneba micvalebulebis samareze (mis mkerdTan
an TavTan) abibinebul mwvane kordze (magaliTad, robin hudis xreSiTa da kordiT Semkuli
saflavi). dakrZalvis dros micvalebulis sxeuli amohqondaT kubodan da mwvane mcenareebiT
Semkul sarecelSi aTavsebdnen. es tradicia did msgavsebas amJRavnebs preistoriuli da
antikuri epoqis dakrZalvis ritualebTan, romlis drosac micvalebulebs pirSi uwyobdnen
mwvane qvebs an kenWebs, romlebic simbolurad sicocxlis maradiulobis princips gamoxatavda
(uimberli 1928: 243).
inglisur kulturaSi (ferwera, arqiteqtura, dekori) Zalze popularulia mwvane kacis
gamosaxuleba, romelic amSvenebs ara marto saero nagebobebs, aramed qristianul eklesiebs,
samlocveloebs, saabatoebsa da sakaTedro taZrebs. mcenareTa ornamentiT Semkuli saxe
(romlis nestoebidan da piridan simwvane ifrqveva), uTuod, warmarTuli epoqidan gadmosuli
simbolo unda iyos, romelic uwin nayofierebis RvTaebas an bunebis suls gamoxatavda,
qristianobis xanaSi ki oden dekoris funqcia SeinarCuna. mwvane kacis mravalferovani
variaciebi damaxasiaTebelia ara marto renesansuli arqiteqturis, aramed viqtoriuli
stilis neogoTikisTvisac ki. am simbolom SeaRwia miTossa da literaturaSi (araerTi
gamokvleva mieZRvna mwvane kacisa da kelturi RvTaeba viridiosisa Tu ezoteruli sufizmis
qidrs Soris identifikacias) da transformirda robin hudis legendur saxed
2
Tu
Suasaukuneebis inglisuri romanis ser govenisa da mwvane raindis uCveulo personaJad.

mwvane raindi

kamelotSi Sobis dResaswaulze mefe arturi mrgvali magidis raindebTan erTad lxins
eZleva, roca moulodnelad darbazSi cxeniT SemoiWreba veeba mwvane mxedari. mwvane ferisaa
ara marto misi samosi, saWurveli da cxenis aRkazmuloba, aramed kani da Tmac
3
. ucxo raindis
mdidruli samosi oqromkediTaa Semkuli, oqroTivea mooWvili misi cxenis aRviri da unagiri.
mwvanisa da oqrosfris kombinaciis simboluri mniSvnelobis amocnoba Zneli ar aris. amiT
mTeli mrgvali magidis ordenis winaSe xdeba erTgvari deklarireba raindis socialuri
kuTvnilebisa _ igi brwyinvale da laRi kurtuazuli samyaros WeSmariti pirmSoa. Tumca
gansaxilveli scenis simbolika mxolod mwvane feriTa da oqrosferi samSvenisebiT ar

1
inglisur folklorSi Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba es pirquSi da avbediTi personaJi. magaliTad, erT TqmulebaSi is
yovel saRamos sisxliT savse varclSi banaobs.
2
araerTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom robin hudis ambavi mwvane kacis miTologiidan iRebs saTaves. ix. G.R. Varner, The
mythic Forest, the Green Man and the Spirit of Nature, Algora Publishing, 2006; F.Doel, G. Doel, The Green Man in Britain, Tempus
Publishing Ltd, 2001.
3
`Colossal, he was bright green Green all over, the man and his garnment as well~ (ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: 8).
52
amoiwureba. rainds cal xelSi mwvane toti uWiravs, meoreSi _ mwvane TvlebiT mooWvili culi.
ucnauria misi SemoTavazebac _ ucnobi mzad aris, arturis romelime raindis moqneul culs
morCilad moudrikos qedi, Tuki zustad erTi wlis Semdeg mas miecema revanSis saSualeba.
stumris gamowvevas miiRebs ser goveni, moiqnevs culs da mwvane rainds Tavs gaagdebinebs. am
scenis gaognebul mowmeTa Tvalwin ucnobi xelSi aiRebs Tavis moWril Tavs, cxenze
amxedrdeba, gafiTrebul govens erTi wlis Semdeg mwvane samlocveloSi dauTqvams Sexvedras
da samefo darbazs amayad datovebs.
unda iTqvas, rom kurtuazul romanebSi meorexarisxovan personaJebad arcTu iSviaTad
gvxvdebian mwvane raindebi (iseve rogorc wiTeli an Savi), magram maT zedwodebaSi ZiriTadad
aqcentirebulia samosis, samSvenisebisa da cxenis aRkazmulobis Seferiloba da ara sakuTriv
raindis romelime garegnuli niSan-Tviseba. rac Seexeba govenis avtoris personaJs, igi
sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenia, vinaidan mwvane feris cxenze amxedrebuli mwvane adamiani,
SeiZleba iTqvas, unikaluri movlenaa rainduli romanebis feeriuli samyarosTvisac ki.
udavoa, rom `mwvane raindis garegnoba mis zebunebriv da avismomaswavebel Tvisebebs
gamokveTs, misi Cacmuloba da aRkazmuloba ki xazs usvams kurtuazulobas _ mxiarulebas,
udardelobas, axalgazrdobas. am ukanasknelTan harmoniaSi modis mwvane toti, romelic
rainds xelSi upyria (samSvidobo misiis simbolo), Tumca totis kontrastia uzarmazari culi,
romelic mas amayad SeumarTavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwvane rainds cal xelSi omi uWiravs,
meoreSi _ mSvidoba~ (barou 1965: 14-17).
mainc risi simbolo SeiZleba iyos mwvane raindi? _ am sakiTxis garSemo ori
urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba arsebobs. 1. mwvane raindi sikvdilis personifikaciaa (Sdr.
Zveli kelturi da irlandiuri baladebi), sikvdilisa, romelic cxovrebis gzaze odesme yovel
mokvdavs Seeyreba. albaT amis gamomxatvelia ser govenisadmi mimarTuli mwvane raindis
sityvebi, rom daTqmul dros maTi paemani aucileblad Sedgeba; romanis kidev erTi personaJi
_ megzuri _ ambobs, rom verc erTi adamiani, romel sazogadoebriv fenasac ar unda
ekuTvnodes igi, mwvane raindTan Sexvedras ver gaeqceva. Tumca Tavad is faqti, rom romanis
bolos ser goveni gadaurCeba mwvane raindis mier moqneul culs, gvavaraudebinebs, rom
simbolos amgvari interpretacia ar unda iyos swori. 2. arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac,
rom mwvave raindi sicocxlis simboloa da rom mTeli romani Tavisi wyaroebiTa da fesvebiT
warmarTul warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwvane fers SuasaukuneebSi
ukavSirdeboda Zalze bevri negatiuri asociacia (sikvdili, eSmaki, feriebi, eWvianoba,
orguloba, pirumtkicoba), xSirad mwvane feriT simbolizirdeboda sicocxle, rac,
imavdroulad, moralurobaze miniSnebasac Seicavda (kuperi 1998: 28).
1

vinaidan mwvane raindi CvenTvis swored ferTa simbolikis TvalsazrisiT aris
saintereso, oriode sityviT SevexebiT am personaJis (govenis maspinZeli ser bertilaki/mwvane
raindi) modificirebis mizezsac. rogorc govenis romanidan irkveva, raindi bertilakis
garegnuli transformacia (Txzulebis finalSi mkiTxvelisTvis cxadi xdeba, rom mwvane raindi
garegnobaSecvlili ser bertilakia) feria morganas da mis magiur unars ukavSirdeba.
jadoqrobaSi daxelovnebuli morgana sagangebod ucvlis rainds garegnobas da arturis karze
wargzavnis, raTa Tavad darwmundes mrgvali magidis ordenis raindTa siqvelesa da
keTilSobilebaSi. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom morgana, legendaruli mefe arturis da,
grZneulebaSi jadoqarma merlinma ganswavla
2
(aRaras vambobT romanis feeriuli dekoris iseT
atributebze, rogorebicaa ser govenis ucnauri megzuri, mwvane samlocvelosken mimavali
ukacrieli gza, TviT es samlocvelo _ pirdaRebuli samarxebiT da akldamebiT _ romlis
pirquS kedlebSi aRmoCenil ser govens ZarRvebSi sisxli eyineba; uzarmazari salesi qva,
romelzec govenis mosaklavad gamiznuli culi ileseba da a.S), cxadi xdeba, rom mwvane feri
govenis avtorTanac magias, jadoqrobas, miRma samyaros ukavSirdeba.
3

vefxistyaosnis moli

davubrundeT vefxistyaosans. Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanebisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelTa siuJetSi zRaprul-fantastikuri elementebis siWarbe Janrobrivi Tu struqturul-
kompoziciuri specifikiT aris determinirebuli
4
, rusTvelTan minimumamdea dayvanili amgvar

1
sayuradReboa, rom Tanamedrove inglisel medievistTa didi nawili swored meore mosazrebas uWers mxars.
2
sayuradReboa, rom legendis klasikuri versiiT jadoqari merlini demonma, arawminda sulma Sva, magram,
sabednierod, bavSvi dabadebisTanave monaTles, amitom is eSmakeulisgan ganiwminda.
3
sayuradReboa, rom mwvane samlocvelo ser govenSi eSmakis samyoflis asociacias aRZravs: `nuTu es aris mwvane
samlocvelo? _ gaifiqra govenma, _ es namdvilad is adgilia, sadac SuaRamis wyvdiadSi eSmaki dilis locvas
warmoTqvams, savsebiT Sesaferisi mwvane kacis demonuri saqmeebis gansaxorcieleblad. am eSmakeulma
(originalSi fiend _ m.e) aq mosaklavad momixmo. namdvili borotebis saufloa _ mitovebuli samlocvelo,
romelsac eSmakebi daepatronen~ (ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: 78); Sdr. robertsoni 1954.
4
am romanTa siuJetis warmmarTvel motivs _ faTeraks _ safuZvlad swored zRaprul-fantastikuri àmbavi~
udevs (mag. broselandis tye, saswaulmoqmedi wyaro da `faTerakTa cixesimagre~ ivenSi, Joie de la Cort erekSi,
saswaulmoqmedi sasmeli kliJesSi, mwvane raindi da mwvane samlocvelo ser govenSi da a. S)
53
elementTa wili, ufro sworad, mTel romanSi mxolod sami aseTi elementis gamoyofa SeiZleba.
esenia: 1. qajebi da qajeTis samefo; 2. devebi da maTi qvabi; 3. fatmanis grZneuli mona. mTavari
funqciuri datvirTva am samTagan, rasakvirvelia, qajeTs (qajebs) aqvs (swored qajeTis
samefos damxobiT unda ganxorcieldes romanis ZiriTadi idea _ `borotsa sZlia keTilman,
arseba misi grZelia~), Tumca danarCenebi nawarmoebis ZiriTadi konfliqtis calkeul
elementTa SemakavSirebeli rgolebia da did rols asrulebs mis gadaWraSi: tarielis
devebTan SerkinebiT da maT mier `Sekaful~ gamoqvabulSi dasaxlebiT kidev erTxel aris
xazgasmuli gmiris swrafva izolirebisken da sikvdilis wyurvili (rasac ukavSirdeba romanis
mTavari fsiqologiuri xazi _ cnoba-sruli avTandilisa da cnoba-Smagi tarielis
TvalsazrisTa Widili _ Sesabamisad, mTavari personaJebis xasiaTTa individualizaciis
problema da romanis poetikis umTavresi sakiTxi _ tarielis vefxistyaosnoba), rac mxolod
mas Semdeg àmoiwureba~, rac tariels nestan-darejanis povnis imedi daubrundeba. swored am
sivrcul lokalSi (qvabi) da am droiT ganzomilebaSi (igulisxmeba tarielisa da avTandilis
paemani vardisfurclobas) daukavSirdeba erTmaneTs vefxistyaosnis samive zRaprul-
fantastikuri elementi _ qajeTi (nestanis adgil-samyofeli), fatmanis grZneuli mona
(nestanis adgil-samyoflis macne) da devTa gamoqvabuli (adgili, sadac `sakvirveli~ abjar-
muzaradi inaxeba da saidanac axali faTeraki _ qajeTze laSqroba _ unda daiwyos).
fatmanis monaTxrobiT, romelsac romanis ori Tavi uWiravs (àqa fatmanisagan nestan-
darejanis ambis mboba~ da àmbavi nestan-darejanisa qajTagan Sepyrobisa~) ikvreba kidev erTi
wre: qajeTis mefis mona _ qajeTis cixe _ fatmanis grZneuli mona (monebi), romelsac ukve
pirdapir da uSualod ukavSirdeba molis (kerZod ki misi feris) problema.
daviwyoT imiT, Tu ra informacias gvawvdis sakuTriv teqsti qajebis (qajeTis) Sesaxeb
(sayuradReboa, rom am informacias mkiTxveli `monaTxrobis monaTxrobidan~ iRebs, riTac,
vfiqrobT, mkveTrad aris aqcentirebuli am samyaros miuwvdomloba):
1. tarielis avTandilisadmi monaTxrobidan vgebulobT, rom farsadan mefem nestan-
darejanis aRsazrdelad miabara qajeTs gaTxovil da daqvrivebul das, davars. aqve
xazgasmiTaa Tqmuli, rom mefem `sibrZnis saswavleblad~ misca das Tavisi asuli, rac
gvavaraudebinebs, rom gansakuTrebuli (ezoteruli) sibrZne davarisa (`vin grZnebiTa caca
icis~ (568)) momdinareobs swored qajTa samyarosTan misi kavSiris Sedegad. niSandoblivia
isic, rom nestanis motacebasa da mis ugzo-ukvlod gadakargvas davari qajeTidan gamoyolil
monebs ubrZanebs (`wamodges orni monani piriTa miT qajebiTa~ (573));
2. fridoni mouTxrobs tariels kidobanSi mjdomi `mTvarisa~ da misi mcveli monebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic arian `Savni marT viTa fisani~(618). (kontrasti `naTlis~ simbolos _
nestansa, da `bneleTis mociqulT~ _ qajebs Soris aq yvelaze aSkaradaa warmodgenili);
3. fatmanis avTandilisadmi monaTxrobSi kidev erTxel xdeba miniSneba qaji monebis
garegnul niSnebze _ òrTa kacTa, tanad SavTa, TviT pirica edga Savi~(1117), zebunebriv
Zalasa da grZneulebis unarze _ ìqman saqmes sakvirvelsa, mtersa Tvalsa daubrmoben,/qarTa
aRZvren saSinelTa, navsa zRva-zRva daamxoben,/viTa xmelsa gairbenen wyalsa, wmidad
daaSroben,/swaddes _ dResa bnelad iqman, swaddes _ bnelsa anaToben~ (1236); maT
saxelmwifoebriv wesrigsa Tu cxovrebis wesze _ (1208-1210; 1228-1231).
1

rogor ukavSirdeba fatmanis grZneuli mona/monebi qajeTs/qajebs? konvergencia am
SemTxvevaSi sam umTavres detalTan dakavSirebiT xorcieldeba. esenia: a) kanis feri _ `Sevida
zangi pir-Savi, Tma-grZeli; tan-nabdiani~ (1265), Sdr. àmoZvres orni monani, Savni marT viTa
fisani~ (618), romlis zusti definicireba xdeba sityviT zangi (`zangman uTxra: `vin ggonivar,
anu agre rad dahbndebi~ (1266); Sdr. àqa maT zangTa monaTa mze moiyvanes naviTa~ (1011); b)
grZneulebis codna (`me orni Savni monani myvanan savseni grZnebiTa~ (1226); `mohgvara mona
grZneuli, Savi marT viTa yorani~ (1256); Sdr. `kacni grZnebisa mcodnelni, zeda
gaxelovnebulni~ (1235); g) grZneulebis unari (`me orni Savni monani myvanan savseni grZnebiTa:
uCinod mivlen-wamovlen maTiTa xelovnebiTa~ (1226); `masve wamsa daikarga, gardafrinda banis
bansa~ (1263); ùCinod Sevlo simravle moymisa, karTa mcvelisa~ (1264); `cixisa kari daxSulni
Sevlna marT viTa Riani~ (1265); Sdr. ìqman saqmes sakvirvelsa, mtersa Tvalsa
daubrmoben,/qarTa aRZvren saSinelTa, navsa zRva-zRva daamxoben,/ viTa xmelsa gairbenen
wyalsa, wmidad daaSroben,/swaddes _ dResa bnelad iqman, swaddes _ bnelsa anaToben~ (1236).
bunebrivia, rom qajeTis cixeSi SeRweva monas/monebs mxolod magiuri unaris gamoyenebiT
ZaluZs (ùCinod Sevlo simravle moymisa, karTa mcvelisa~ (1264); `cixisa karni daxSulni
Sevlna marT viTa Riani~ (1265)), grZneulebis `xelovnebis~ gamosavlenad ki igi mols iyenebs,
rogorc magiis aRsrulebisTvis aucilebel atributs.

1
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom vefxistyaosnis qajebs qarTul miTologiasa Tu folklorSi damkvidrebuli
stereotipisgan gamoarCevs maTi xorcieli buneba, romelic erTgvarad arRvevs rainduli romanis (am
SemTxvevaSi vefxistyaosnis) tradiciul warmodgenas (`qajni yvela uxorcoa, raman Seqmna xorcielad~ (1233) da
gvisaxavs maT xorciel arsebebad, romlebic mxolod grZneulebis codniT gamoirCevian Cveulebriv
mokvdavTagan (àr qajnia, kacniao, mindobian kldesa salsa~ (1234); àmisTvis (grZneulebisTvis m.e.) qajad uxmoben
gareSemoni yvelani,/Tvara igica kacnia Cvenebrve xorcielani~ (1237).
54
rogorc zemoT mivuTiTebdiT, Suasaukuneebis mwerlobaSi _ rogorc baladebSi, ise
raindul romanebSi _ zebunebrivis, magiuris, miRma samyaros, eSmakiseulis aRsaniSnavad
tradiciulad mwvane feri gamoiyeneboda
1
, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom amave ferisa iyos
vefxistyaosnis molic, romelsac fatmanis grZneuli mona `tanze wamoisxams~. miT ufro, rom
mocemul konteqstSi moli, ufro sworad misi Seferiloba, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
erTgvari diqotomia Savisa (`moli wamoisxa zeda tansa~ _ `mona pir-Savi, tan-nabdiani~),
romelic mwvanesTan erTad mistikur ferad iyo miCneuli da, rogorc zebunebriv (ufrore
negatiur) ZalTa (satana, kudianebi) aRmniSvneli, jadoqrobas, misnobas ukavSirdeboda. es
diqromatuli mxatvruli saxe (mwvane wamosasxamiani Savi mona) uTuod mimeturia im
zebunebrivi arsebebisa, romelTac uxvad vawydebiT Suasaukuneebis evropul literaturaSi,
miT ufro, rom im epoqaSi mwvanes magiuris funqciiT TiTqmis yovelTvis moiazrebdnen
kanis/samosis Seferilobad. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSic rusTveli Suasaukuneebis (da ara
antikur) tradicias misdevs da im epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ferTa simbolikisa da
definiciaTa gamoyenebiT sityvaSi moli erTdroulad or mniSvnelobas debs _ deskrifciuli
TvalsazrisiT moli mwvane ferisaa, funqciurad ki is aris jadosnuri Tvisebebis matarebeli
mosasxami, magiuri `xelovnebis~ aRsasruleblad saWiro ram nivTi.

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1967: abulaZe i. XII saukunis qarTuli saero mwerloba da `vefxistyaosani~.
rusTvelologiuri naSromebi. Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967.
bagrationi 1960: bagrationi T. ganmarteba poema vefxistyaosnisa.gaioz imedaSvilis
redaqciiT, gamokvleviTa da saZiebliT. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
gamomcemloba, 1960.
barou 1965: Burrow J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.Routledge and Kegan Paul, London:
1965.
gagua 1984: . . .:
, 1980.
georgika 1970: georgika.bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. t.VIII, teqstebi
qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1970.
gordeziani 1978: . . .:
, 1978.
erqomaiSvili 2002: erqomaiSvili m. kirkes miTi da misi interpretacia antikur
literaturaSi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.
veSapiZe 1967: veSapiZe i. zmniswini Zvel qarTul enaSi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1967.
variantebi 1962: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. nakveTi mesame, gamosacemad moamzada
meri guguSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1962.
kekeliZe 1973: kekeliZe k. avtori vefxistyaosnisa da dro misi dawerisa. etiudebi Zveli
qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, XII, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1973.
kretien de trua 1974: . , . .: ,
1974.
kuperi 1998: Cooper H. Introduction to the "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight". Oxford University Press: 1998.
lolaSvili 1960: lolaSvili i. homerosi, SavTeli, rusTaveli. Jur. `mnaTobi~, 2, 1960.
nozaZe 1953: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosanis ferTametyveleba. buenos-airesi: 1953.
nozaZe 2004: nozaZe v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 10 tomad. guram SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT.
tomi I, Tb.: viktor nozaZis sazogadoeba, 2004.
robertsoni 1954: Robertson D.W. Why the Devil Wears Green. Prinston University, Modern Language Notes,
Vol. LXIX, N 7, November, 1954.
rusTaveli 1903: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxis-tyaosani. d. kariWaSvilis winasityvaobiT,
SeniSvnebiT da vrcelis leqsikoniT. tf.: qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis gamocema, 1903.
rusTaveli 1937: . . .. ,
Academia, .: 1937.
rusTaveli 1938: , , ,
, -.: , 1938.

1
zemoTqmulis sailustraciod gamodgeba bertilakis colis mier ser govenisTvis miZRvnili oqromkediT
naqargi mwvane abreSumis sartyeli, romelic gansacdelis pirispir Sesayrelad mimavali raindisTvis erTgvari
Tilismis funqcias asrulebs. adamians, romelic ganswavlulia am qamris kvanZebis jadosnur TvisebebSi da
romelic welze mWidrod Semoirtyams mas, iaraRiT miyenebuli Wriloba verafers daaklebs (ser goveni da mwvane
raindi 1998: 66); an, Tundac, broselandis tyis saswaulmoqmedi wyaro, romlis garSemoc saSineli qariSxali
mxolod maSin amovardeba, rac mwvaned moelvare zurmuxtis qvas maradmwvane fiWvze dakidebuli suriT
apkureben wyals (kretien de trua 1974: 40)
55
rusTaveli 1953: , , ,
, .: 1953.
rusTaveli 1955: Shota Rusthaweli, Der Recke im Tigerfell, Altgeogisches Poem, Deutsche Nachdichtung von
Hugo Huppert, Rtten and Loening, Berlin: 1955.
rusTaveli 1957: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxis-tyaosani, Tb.: saxelgami, 1957.
rusTaveli 1966a: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxis tyaosani, teqsti ZiriTadi variantebiT,
komentarebiTa da leqsikoniTurT 2 tomad, ak. SaniZisa da a. baramiZis redaqciiT, t. I, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1966.
rusTaveli 1966b: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, saredaqcio kolegia: i. abaSiZe, a. baramiZe,
p. ingoroyva, a. SaniZe, g. wereTeli, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.
rusTaveli 1966g: Shota Rustaveli, The Man in the Panthers Skin, A Romantic Epic. A Close Rendering from the
Georgian Attemped by Margory Scott Wardrop, With a Preface by Sir Oliver Wardrop, Tbilisi: `Literatura da Khelovneba~,
Georgia, 1966.
rusTaveli 1966d: Chota Roustaveli, Le Chevalier ala Peau de Tigre, Traduit du Georgian, Avec Une
Introduction Et Des Notes, Par Serge Tsouladze, Tbilisi: `Literatura da Khelovneba~, 1966.
rusTaveli 1968: Shota Rustaveli, The Knight in the Panthers Skin, Translated from the Georgian by Venera
Urushadze, Tbilisi: Publishing House `Sabchota Sakartvelo~, 1968.
rusTaveli 1970: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxis-tyaosani. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da
gamokvleviT, wigni I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.
rusTaveli 1977a: Shota Rustaveli, The Lord of the Panther-Ski., A Georgian Romance of Chivalry, Translated by
R.H.Stevenson, State University of New York Press, Albany: 1977.
rusTaveli 1977b: Shota Rustaveli, The knight in Panther skin. A free translation in prose by Katherine Vivian,
The Folio Society, London: 1977.
rusTaveli 1977g: Chota Roustaveli, Le Preux a la Peau de Tigre. texte franais DElisabeth Orbeliani et de
Solomon Iordanishvili, Editions Sabtchota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi: 1977.
rusTaveli 1986: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani. mesame saskolo gamocema, teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, ganmartebani, komentari da bolosityva daurTo n. naTaZem. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1986.
rusTaveli 1988a: , . ,
, .: 1988
rusTaveli 1988b: Chota Roustaveli, Le Chevalier A La Peau de Panthre. Traduit du Gorgien, Prfac et
Comment par Gaston Bouatchidz, ditions Radouga, Moscou: 1988.
ser goveni 1998: Sir Gawain and the Green Night. A Verse Translation by Keith Harrison. With an Introduction
and Notes by Helen Cooper, Oxford University Press: 1998.
uimberli 1928: Wimberly L.C. Folklore in the English and Scottish Ballads. The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, Illinois: 1928.
SaniZe 1980: SaniZe a. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Txzulebani 12 tomad, tomi III, Tb.:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1980.
SaniZe 1986: SaniZe a. Txzulebani 12 tomad. tomi V, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1986.
ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul
eposSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.
Coseri 1977: Coseri j. kenterberiuli moTxrobebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1977.
CubinaSvili 1984: CubinaSvili d. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1984.
homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. ZvelberZnulidan Targmna panteleimon beraZem. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.

Maka Elbakidze

The Meaning of the Moli in the Knight in the Panthers Skin

Summary

In present paper, we consider one concrete episode from the Knight in the Panthers Skin, when by Avtandils request
Fatman wrote a letter to Nestan-Darejan, who had been put into Kajeti tower and then she called up her slave, "the cunning
magician", black as a raven and ordered to penetrate into Kajeti to deliver the letter "to Nestan, the sunlike maiden":

The wizard threw over his shoulders a long, green magic mantle,
And by its magic he vanished and flew over roofs and mountains.

In the given extract, the meaning of the word moli (moli _ mantle), which proceeding from the context, points out to
the link with miraculous, supernatural (it is just after putting on the moli that the magical wizard manages to fly easily over
roofs and mountains, to cover long distance within the shortest time and penetrate into the Kajetis tower unnoticed) is
uncertain.
56
The present paper considers in succession various interpretations of the moli given in scientific literature according to
which: 1.Moli is a felt cloak, pelerine mantle / magic herbal, miraculous ointment prepared from this herbal; 2. It is of green /
black color; 3. The etymology and essence remains unclear.
If we look over the translations of the Knight in the Panthers Skin, the word moli is considered as a green cloak almost
by each of them. The author of the present paper also shares this opinion, moreover that according to the medieval tradition,
which definitely comes from Celtic and Irish folklore where green color was associated with supernatural creatures fairies,
elves, dead men or devils; in English culture (painting, architecture, dcor), the representation of a Green Man is rather
popular which decorates not only secular buildings but Christian churches, chapels, abbeys and cathedrals too. The Green
Man may take many forms. The simplest depict a man's face peering put of dense foliage. Some may have leaves for hair,
often the leaves or leafy shoots are shown growing from his open mouth. This symbol penetrated to the myth and literature,
and was transformed into unusual and mysterious personage of the medieval English romance Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight green knight who is interesting for us from the viewpoint of a color symbolic (his complexion, hair, garments and
saddle are of green color), moreover that his external transformation is linked to Morgan le Fay and her magic.
Correspondingly, in the Knight in the Panthers Skin the appearance of a symbol (denoting magic force) with similar
functional loading, which naturally might have approximately similar meaning as the literary monuments of the same epoch
(it should be mentioned that in the Middle Ages green with magic function was always referred to as a color of skin/clothes)
is quite possible; moreover that moli, also according to the authors opinion expressed in the present paper, - as a carrier of
magical properties green cloak/mantle in this romance is first of all related to the most important elements of the
composition Kajeti/Patman's wizard slave that has a decisive function in the structural and compositional arrangement of
the Knight in the Panthers Skin.

lia kariWaSvili

Zilia Tu uZiloba

umizezo sevda, romelic fatmans navrozoba dRes eufleba, gacxadebul tanjvad iqceva
mis cxovrebaSi nestan-darejanis gamoCenis Semdeg. amis Sesaxeb igi avTandils uambobs:

`saxli da Svili momZuldes, vjdi uguloTa guliTa,
mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra mimelulis luliTa,
usen, gamtexi ficisa, miCns usjuloTa sjuliTa,
ver mimiaxlos saaxlod krulman piriTa kruliTa~.
(àmbavi nestan-darejanis qajTagan Sepyrobisa~, 1211)

strofis meore taepi xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi ramdenime variantiT ikiTxeba, maT
Soris ZiriTadia:
1. `mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra mimeZinis luliTa~.
2. `mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra mimeZinis ruliTa~.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli varianti gadmoscems ufro zustad fatmanis saTqmels, jer
davadginoT taepis meore nawilSi monacvle sityvaTa leqsikuri mniSvneloba. es sityvebia:
milulva (`mimelulis~), luli (`luliTa~), miZineba (`mimeZinis~), ruli (`ruliTa~). miZinebas
ganmarteba ar sWirdeba. daviwyoT ruliT.
1. `ruli mcire Zili~ (orbeliani s.-s. 1991: 14).
`ruli, rul(il)i _ Tvlema, Zili~ (abulaZe 1973: 350).
`ruli _ msubuqi Zili, Tvlema~ (qarTuli enis... 1986: 380).
`vefxistyaosnis~ leqsikonebSi ruli ganmartebulia, rogorc Zili, Tvlema (`vje da masve
vigonebdi, ar mieca TvalTa ruli~).
2. luli
`luli _ Zilis luri, luli _ sadaoze wartacebuli ram. luli ewodebis tvifsa, gina
rulsa Zilisasa, kvalad sadaoze wartacebulsa rasame~ (orbeliani s.-s. 1991: 424).
`luli _ sicxis luli _ didi sicxe, codvis luli _ didi codva.
luli
2
_ igivea, rac ruli~ (qarTuli enis... 1986: 278). (amave leqsikonis aTtomeulSi (t.
VI, gv. 462) luli ganimarteba rulTan erTad, Tumca damowmebuli xuTi winadadebidan xuTiveSi
ikiTxeba ruli).
`luli~ ar Sedis Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi arc rogorc calke leqsikuri erTeuli
da arc rogorc `rulis~ sinonimi. Tumca aq ganmartebulia sityva `lulva~ zmniswiniani
formiT `Selulvil-i~, romelsac axlavs erTi sailustracio winadadeba. `saqmisa misgan

teqsti damowmebulia `vefxistyaosnis~ 1888 wlis gamocemidan.

57
gonebisa mRZarisa Selulvil saSuminvelisa misgan pirutyvebrisa~. gr. nos. kac. ageb. 170,23
(gv. 477).
qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikonSi (1986) ar iZebneba `luli~ an misgan nawarmoebi
Tundac erTi sityva.
faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, mas ar icnobs arc `vefxistyaosnis~ teqsti, Tu ar
CavTvliT gamonakliss _ erTaderT taepSi amokiTxul `luls~, romelic variantulia da
gamoricxuli ar aris iyos damaxinjebuli wakiTxva `rulisa~. poemis leqsikonebSi `luli~
ganmartebulia `rulTan~ erTad, rogorc sinonimi. `vefxistyaosnis~ simfoniaSi sityvasTan
`ruli~ miTiTebulia: `naxe kidev luli, milulva~ (gv. 277). es imas niSnavs, rom `luli~ da
`ruli~ miCneulia identuri Sinaarsis sityvebad, xolo `milulva~ `luli~-dan nawarmoeb
sityvad.
aris Tu ara `luli~ `rulis~ sinonimi zemowarmodgenil leqsikonTa monacemebiT.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis da `vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi leqsikonis mixedviT
aris. erTi SexedviT, es sityvebi sinonimebia sulxan-sabas ganmartebiTac, magram
sayuradReboa, rom `luls~ igi ganmartavs ara tolfardi, damoukidebeli leqsikuri
erTeulebiT (vTqvaT: Zili, ruli), aramed am erTeulTa sintagmiT: `Zilis ruli~ (erT-erT
xelnawerSi (E) `ruls~ enacvleba `luri~). xom ar mianiSnebs es imas, rom `luli~ Sinaarsobrivad
Zalze axloa `rulTan~, magram misi sinonimi ar aris da emijneba mas Tundac mcire niuansuri
sxvaobiT. im SemTxvevaSi Tu `luli~ `rulis~ sinonimia, es miniSnebuli unda yofiliyo `rulis~
ganmartebisas. amdenad, Znelia gadaWriT iTqvas, rom sulxan-sabas leqsikonis mixedviT, es
sityvebi sinonimebia.
3. milulva
`vefxistyaosnis~ redaqtor-gamomcemelTa erTi nawilis azriT, milulva igivea, rac
miZineba, `mirulva~. am mniSvnelobiT kiTxuloben sityvas taepebSi: `mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra
mimelulis luliTa~; `ra milulnis, siaxleve sayvarlisa eocebis~.
Cven mier zemodasaxelebul arc erT leqsikonsa da simfonia-leqsikonSi ar arsebobs
sityva milulva, romelic ganimarteba miZinebad, miTvlemad. amave leqsikonebSi miZinebas,
Tvlemas calsaxad Seesatyviseba `mirulva~, `miruleba~.
`mierula mieZina~ (qarTuli enis... 1986: 480).
`miruleba miTvlema, miZineba~ (abulaZe 1986: 249).
`mirulva, e[CaTvlema, miZineba]~ (imnaiSvili : 345).
`rulva _ Tvlema, ruli _ ruli ereva, Tvlems~ (qarTuli enis... 1986: 463).
magram qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis monacemiT `luli~ igivea,, rac `ruli~.
aqedan gamomdinare, milulva (analogiiT mirulva) unda niSnavdes miZinebas.
milulvas aqvs meore leqsikuri mniSvnelobac, niSnavs Tvalebis daxuWvas. milululi
Tvalebi es aris odnav daxuWuli Tvalebi. `lulavs. grdm. Tvalebs lulavs _ Tvalebs odnav
xuWavs, Tvalebs nabavs. Sdr. eluleba~ (qarTuli enis... 1986: 27).
adamians SesaZloa Tvalebi mielulos imis gamo, rom mas eZineba, ruli ekideba, magram
Zilis survili Tvalebis milulvis erTaderTi mizezi ar aris. SesaZloa, adamiani
Tvalmilululi fiqrobdes, usmendes (musikas, saubars da sxv.) an, ubralod, Tvals asvenebdes.
am gagebiT sityva aqtiuria sasaubro metyvelebaSic da saliteraturo enaSic:
`mis Tvalebs warmoudga mayvala srulis Tavis mSvenierebiT. milululs Tvalebs
darajad moxveoda grZeli da giSersaviT Savi wamwamebi~ (aleqsandre yazbegi, `moZRvari~).
`Svilma igrZno dedis xeli Tavis gulzed, Tu xmam dedisam gamoabruna _ es ki iyo, Tvali
gaaxila da uRonod moatara garSemo. male isev mielula Tvali, isev daexuWa da tuCebsRa
dauwyo tokva~ (ilia WavWavaZe, òTaraanT qvrivi~).
imis gasarkvevad, Tu `milulvis~ ori leqsikuri mniSvnelobidan (1. miZineba, miTvlema, 2.
Tvalebis daxuWva) romelia zusti `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesabamis taepebSi, arsebobs ori gza: am
sityvidan warmoebul zmnaTa morfologiuri analizi da taepTa konteqsti.
poemaSi `milulvadan~ warmoebuli ori zmna ikiTxeba: `mimelulis~ (`mas vigonebdi
mRviZare, ra mimelulis luliTa~ _ ambobs fatmani) da `milulnis~ (ra milulnis, siaxleve
sayvarlisa eocebis~ _ naTqvamia avTandilis Sesaxeb).
daviwyoT ukanaskneliT.
milulnis. zmnis sawyisia lulva. warmodgenilia II seriis mwkriviT, wyvetilis
xolmeobiTiT (mi-lul-n-i-s. mi _ zmniswini, lul _ fuZe, n _ pirdapiri obieqtis nariani
mravlobiTis niSani, i _ mwkrivis niSani, s _ III subieqturi piris niSani).
pirdapiri obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. amas miuTiTebs zmnaSi asaxuli niSani n.
zmna II seriaSia, ese igi, misi subieqti moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas. zmna gardamavalia,
moqmedebiTi gvaris. subieqti, cxadia, avTandilia. ra SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri obieqti Tanac
narian mravlobiTSi, Tu ara `Tvalni~.
meore xolmeobiTis (igive wyvetilis xolmeobiTis) mwkrivi, romliTac zmna aris
warmodgenili, axal qarTul enaSi aRar arsebobs. SemorCenilia mxolod mTis kiloebSi. am
mwkrivs uaxlovdeba uwyvetlis mwkrivi. amitom II seriis zmna `milulnis~ (avTandilma Tvalni)
58
gadainacvlebs I seriis uwyvetelSi, raTa SerCes xolmeobiTis gageba da `ra milulnis~ Tavisi
aRdgenili wevrebiTurT axali qarTuliT gaimarTeba ase: avTandili rom Tvalebs daxuWavda...
aqve SevniSnavT, rom `milulnis~ zogierT gamocemaSi ikiTxeba mcire sxvaobiT
`mihlulnis~. pirdapirobieqturi piris niSnad miCneuli h zmnaSi sruliad zedmetia, miT ufro,
rom igi II seriaSia. `pirdapir-obieqturi piris formas Zvelad araferi hqonda da dResac
araferi aqvs. I seriis formebSi zog SemTxvevaSi pirdapir-obieqtur pirsac hqonda niSani~
(SaniZe 1980: 185).
axla vnaxoT ramdenad misaRebia milulva, rogorc Tvalebis daxuWva, konteqstis
TvalsazrisiT:
TinaTinTan saubris Semdeg Sindabrunebulma avTandilma mRelvare, cremliani Rame
gaatara:

`sawolsa dawva, tirs, mtiralsa cremli Znelad exocebis,
viTa verxvi qarisagan, irxevis da ikecebis,
ra milulnis, siaxleve sayvarlisa eocebis,
SekrTis, didni daizaxnis, miT patiJi eocebis~.
(`TinaTinisagan avTandilis gagzavna mis ymisa saZebrad~, 140)

III taepSi siaxle igivea, rac axlos yofna, Tan yofna, ocneba _ [mo]Cveneba, landi.
moCveneba SeiZleba iyos sizmriseuli, e. i. mas ZilSi xedavdes adamiani (`magra misi mnaxavica
sizmriT kaci ar meoca~) an cxadSi xedavdes rame warmosaxviTs, ararealurs, an realurs, magram
imdenad ucnaursa da daujerebels, rasac moCvenebad miiCnevda (`jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi
iyo Tu meocna~).
taepis azria: avTandili rom Tvalebs daxuWavda, isev sayvareli elandeboda, misi saxeba
edga Tvalwin.
ra Tqma unda, avTandili Tvalebs xuWavda daZinebis mizniT (`sawols dawva~), magram ki ar
eZina an Tvlemda, rogorc amas nodar naTaZe ganmartavs (`ra mihlulnis rom mieruleboda
xolme~. `vefxistyaosani~, 1992, gv. 58, taepi 145), aramed saerTod ver axerxebda daZinebas,
radgan moxuWavda Tu ara Tvals, kvlav sayvarlis landi udgeboda Tvalwin, SekrTeboda
(`SekrTis~), wamoiyvirebda (`didni daizaxnis~) da amiT tanjva uockecdeboda. riT? swored
imiT, rom Zilis mcdeloba uaresi iyo. TvaldaxuWuls sayvarlis saxe ufro mkafiod
elandeboda. amas mosdevda kvlav cremlTa frqveva (`cremlsa viTa margalitsa swvims vardisa
dasanazod~) da amasobaSi gaTenda (`ra gaTenda, Seekazma...~).
strofis Sinaarsi, oriode sityviT rom gadmovceT, aseTia: avTandilma im Rames ver
daiZina.
rogorc vxedavT, amjerad erTmaneTs daemTxva sami ZiriTadi faqtori: sityvis
leqsikuri mniSvneloba, milulva _ Tvalebis daxuWva, zmnis (`milulnis~) morfologiuri
monacemebi da konteqsti.
ganvixiloT `milulvadan~ warmoebuli meore zmna `mimelulis~ taepidan `mas vigonebdi
mRviZare, ra mimelulis luliTa~.
mimelulis. zmnis sawyisia milulva (SesaZloa miluleba), warmodgenilia I seriis I
xolmeobiTiT. mi-m-e-lul-i-s [mi _ zmniswini, m _ I obieqturi piris niSani, e _ vnebiTi gvaris
niSani, lul _ fuZe, i _ mwkrivis niSani, s _ III subieqturi piris niSani]. zmna gardauvalia,
orpiriani. igi ar gamoricxavs `milulvis~ arcerT mniSvnelobas, SesaZloa gulisxmobdes
Tvalebis daxuWvas (mimelula Tvalebi), an miTvlemas, miZinebas (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu luls
rulis sinonimad miviCnevT). analogiuria warmoeba zmnisa `mimerula~. Tu `mimelula~ igivea,
rac `mimerula~, maSin zmnis orpirianoba formaluria, realurad mas erTi piris gageba aqvs
(mimelula//mimerula me).
aseT viTarebaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis dasadgenad rCeba erTaderTi gza _ konteqsti,
romlis mixedviTac erTmniSvnelovania azri imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul taepSi `mimelulis~
gulisxmobs ara Tvalebis daxuWvas, aramed miTvlemas, miZinebas. magram ramdenad zustia
wakiTxva: `ra mimelulis luliTa~ da aqvs Tu ara mas upiratesoba variantul wakiTxvebTan
SedarebiT (`ra mimeZinis ruliTa~, `ra mimebinis luliTa~).
fatmani avTandils uambobs, ra mZafr tanjvas ganicdis nestan-darejanTan ganSorebis
gamo. taepi `mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra mimelulis luliTa~ mWidro logikuri gagrZelebaa
wina strofis ori taepisa:

`mas ukaniT gauwyvedlad deba mWirdis cecxlTa cxelTa,
ver gavaxmi wyaro cremlTa, TvalTa CemTa gadmomRvrelTa~ (1210).

es taepebi msgavsia Sinaarsobrivi tendenciiT _ gamokveTon, xazi gausvan fatmanis
wuxilis mudmivobas, Seuwyvetlobas (`...gauwyvedlad...~, `ver gavaxmi wyaro cremlTa...~), amitom
taepis pirvel nawilSi naTqvami `mRviZare~ (`mas vigonebdi mRviZare~) _ moiTxovs Tavis
antonims meore nawilSi, raTa gamTliandes dro RviZilisa da Zilisa. e. i. taepSi unda
gamoCndes cneba Zili. marTlac, taepis erT-erT variantSi ikiTxeba `ra mimeZinis~. SeiZleba Tu
59
ara mas Caenacvlos `mimelulis~? rasakvirvelia, ara, radgan luli (ruli) Zilis sinonimi ar
aris da misi gamoyeneba RviZilis (`mRviZare~) sapirispiro cnebad marTebuli ar iqneba.
aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom `ra mimelulis luliTa~, analogiiT: `ra mimerulis ruliTa~
maRali stilis nimuSi ar aris. maSasadame, `ra mimeZinis~ _ ambobs fatmani, magram imis gamo,
rom igi Sinaganad aforiaqebulia, mudmivad wuxs, dardobs, misi Zili ver iqneba Rrma,
srulfasovani. esaa ufro zedapiruli, `mcire~ Zili, Tvlema. esaa is, rasac yvela leqsikonSi
calsaxad Seesatyviseba `ruli~ (da ara luli). `mimeZinis ruliTa~ gulisxmobs qveteqsts:
meZina, magram cudad, zedapirulad. vfiqrobT, taepis Sinaarsis amgvari gageba zustad
miesadageba konteqsts.
`ruliTa~-s gamoCena strofis sariTmo sityvaTa rkalSi disonanss ver Seitans, radgan
mas IV taepis sariTmo sityvaSi ukve xvdeba Tanxmovani r (I _ `guliTa~, II _ `ruliTa~, III _
sjuliTa, IV _ `kruliTa~).
`mimeZinis~ (momdinareobs xelnawerTa umravlesobidan ikiTxeba yvela gamocemaSi
dawyebuli 1712 wlis vaxtangiseuli gamocemidan 1966 wlis gamocemebis CaTvliT. mas Semdeg ki
gaziarebulia 5 gamocemaSi (p. ingoroyva 1970; m. wereTeli 1977; n. naTaZe _ 1974, 1996, 1992).
`ruliTa~ (momdinareobs 4 xelnaweridan) daculia mxolod 4 gamocemaSi (g.
qarTveliSvili _ 1888, d. kariWaSvili _ 1903, 1920; m. wereTeli _ 1977).
vfiqrobT, `vefxistyaosnis~ momavali gamocemebi gzas gauxsnian taepis wakiTxvis
marTebul variants: `mas vigonebdi mRviZare, ra mimeZinis ruliTa~, xolo taepi _ `ra
milulnis, siaxleve sayvarlisa eocebis~ _ adekvaturad iqneba ganmartebuli.

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1973: abulaZe i. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb.: 1973.
imnaiSvili 1986: imnaiSvili i. qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,
1986.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. II, Tb.: 1991.
rusTaveli 1992: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. (saskolo gamocema n. naTaZis redaqciiT da
komentarebiT). Tb.: 1992.
qarTuli enis... 1986: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. Tb.: 1986.
SaniZe 1980: SaniZe a. Txzulebani. t. III, Tb.: 1980

Lia Karichashvili

Sleep or Sleeplessness

Summary

The work refers to the line Waking, my thoughts were of her, and sleeping, she haunted my dreams (translated by
Venera Urushadze. 1968. p. 171) from the poem The Knight in the Panthers Skin. The author of the research tries to find
argumentation on the bases of the textual sources of the manuscripts and different editions. She gives lexical and
morphological analysis of the words Luli (meaning sleep) and Ruli (light slumber) according to the context and suggests
precise interpretation of another line Till, falling asleep from exhaustion, he dreamed his beloved was hear him(p. 31).
60
XIX saukune _ epoqa da literatura

saqarTvelo-poloneTis urTierTobis istoriidan
akaki wereTlis erTi ucnobi werilis gamo

akaki wereTlis mxatvruli da publicisturi memkvidreoba imave dros Taviseburi
istoriaa me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa, qarTveli
xalxis brZolisa da Sromis, misi aRgznebuli ocnebebis da mravalmxrivi inteleqtualuri
interesebisa. amitomac aris, rom didi poetisa da moazrovnis yoveli axali sityva, TiToeuli
sabuTiani gamonaTqvami Zvirfasia ara mxolod misi msoflmxedvelobis ufro srulyofilad
SeswavlisaTvis, aramed am periodis rigi istoriuli movlenebis gaSuqebis TvalsazrisiTac.
ukanasknel xans bevri ram gakeTda akaki wereTlis nawarmoebTa Sekrebisa da gamocemis
mxriv: ukve daibeWda akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid tomad, male miiRebs
mkiTxveli poetis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis ukanasknel me-13, me-14 da me-15 tomebsac.
es gamocemebi moicaven TiTqmis yvela im cotad Tu bevrad saintereso masalas, romelic ki
akakis xelidan gamosula. magram, rogorc Cans, zogi ram jer kidev Cvens xelT ar aris da
arqivsacavebSi elis gamomzeurebas. amis dasturia qarTul xelnawerTa institutSi daculi
erTi werili `poloneTs davexmaroT!~ (ix. akakis fondi, 195), romelic dRemde ucnobi iyo
rogorc akakis publicisturi naazrevis mkvlevarTaTvis, ise, cxadia, farTo mkiTxveli
sazogadoebisaTvis.
ZiriTadi saTauris qveS `poloneTs davexmaroT!~ poets miuweria, àkakis mowodeba~,
magram etyoba mizanSewonilad aRar CauTvlia aseTi minaweri da gaduSlia. xelmowera
warmodgenilia saxeliT: akaki. TariRi ucnobia.
Tavisi xasiaTiT da gamiznulobiT es werili mniSvnelovani dokumentia qarTveli da
poloneli xalxis megobruli urTierTobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. yovel striqonSi
gamosWvivis gulisxmiereba da siyvaruli Sopenisa da mickeviCis mSobeli xalxisadmi, romelmac
patara saqarTvelos msgavsad ìstoriul gancdas, tanjvasa da qartexilebs~ gauZlo.
poloneli xalxisadmi, misi literaturisa da kulturisadmi pativiscema araerTxel
daudasturebia Cvens sasiqadulo mamuliSvils akaki wereTels. movigonoT Tudac misi pasuxi
polonelTa milocvaze baqoSi 1908 wlis 21 dekembers gamarTul iubileze: `12 wlisam vigrZen
wyurvili mwerlobisa. gaCnda CemSi raRac Zala, romelic mimwevda win wminda idealisaken. es
gamomRviZebeli Zala Camidga jadosanma da es jadosani iyo Tqveni sayvareli mwerali
mickeviCi. amis gamo me pativiscemiT vigonebdi ara marto didebul mwerals, aramed im xalxsac,
romelmac is aRzarda. me didad moxaruli var, rom Cems iubiles milocavs am xalxis
warmomadgeneli da mickeviCis Tayvanismcemeli~ (gaz. `Cveni xma~, 1909, 1).
eWvi ar aris, rom swored poloneli xalxisadmi keTilganwyobilebam daawerina akakis
winamdebare `mowodebac~, magram gasarkvevia ra iyo uSualo mizezi imisa, rom man mowodebiT
mimarTa qarTvel sazogadorebas, moiTxova ara marto moraluri, aramed materialuri
daxmarebis aRmoCena poloneTisaTvis; an rodis iyo poloneTi ùkanasknel gansacdelSi
CarCenili~, rodis esaWiroeboda mas aseTi daxmareba da, Tu esaWiroeboda, realurad ra
gakeTda am mimarTulebiT. dasmuli kiTxvebis amoxsna saSualebas mogvcems, imave dros,
daaxloebiT mainc gaviTvaliswinoT aRniSnuli werilis daweris droc.
rogorc cnobilia, 1863 wlis dasawyisSi ajanyebam moicva TiTqmis mTeli poloneTi. es
iyo grandiozuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, gamowveuli mefis mTavrobis
Sovinisturi politikiT. miuxedavad Tavganwiruli brZolisa, poloneli xalxis ajanyeba
sastiki marcxiT damTavrda.
poloneTis 1863 wlis ajanyebas udides SefasebaTa talRa mohyva. aleqsandr gerceni
`kolokolSi~ Riad amaTraxebda carizms, nikolai CerniSevski ar malavda simpatiebs poloneli
xalxisadmi, xolo `miwa da Tavisufleba~-s organizaciam gamouSva sagangebo furceli `rusi
oficrebisa da jariskacebisadmi~, romelSic mouwodebda maT iaraRi SemoebrunebinaT mefis
TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg. garda amisa peterburgSi, moskovsa da ruseTis sxva did
qalaqebSi farulad xdeboda fuladi saxsrebis Segroveba poloneli patriotebis
dasaxmareblad, igzavneboda iaraRi (amis Sesaxeb ix. . . , 1861-1917. ., 1956 .
. 39).
bolo xanebamde cnobili iyo erTaderTi qarTuli masala, kerZod p. nakaSiZis `samgzavro
werilebi~, romelic daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis JurnalSi `saqarTvelos moambe~ (t. II, 1863 w., 45)
Salva ratiani
61
da romelSiac laparakia poloneTis ajanyebaze. avtori TviT iyo momswre im dReebisa. man
sakuTari TvaliT naxa poloneli xalxis Tavganwiruli SemarTeba. samwuxarod, `samgzavrio
werilebi~-s mxolod erTi nawili daibeWda. danarCeni gamouqveynebeli darCa Jurnalis
daxurvis gamo. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom p. nakaSiZis `samgzavro werilebi~ `saqarTvelos
moambis~ daxurvis erT-erTi mizezic Seiqmna. magram amjerad sainteresoa TviT faqti,
romelic aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom mowinave qarTveli inteligencia da misi lideri ilia
WavWavaZe solidarobas ucxadebda poloneTs. Tumca konkretulad jer kidev ar Canda
qarTveli sazogadoebis wvlili poloneli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
warmatebisaTvis brZolaSi. am sakiTxs nawilobriv naTeli mohfina gasul wels doc. i.
xuciSvilis mier gamoqveynebulma dokumentebma, romelic aRmoCnda odesis saolqo
arqivsacavSi. es gaxlavT novorosiisa da besarabiis general-gubernatoris kancelariis 1863
wlis saidumlo saqme saxelwodebiT: ` ,
~.
am `saidumlo saqmis~ safuZvelze eWvmiutanlad mtkicdeba, rom TbilisSi grovdeboda
fuli da vinme eqim sobolSCikovis meuRlis meSveobiT igzavneboda odesaSi, iqidan ki
poloneTSi centraluri erovnuli revoluciis komitetisaTvis gadasacemad (amis Sesaxeb
dawvrilebiT ix. doc. i. xuciSvilis broSura `saqarTvelo-poloneTis urTierTobis
istoriidan~, Tsu gamomcemloba, 1959 w.).
broSuris avtori samarTlianad askvnis, rom sobolSCikovis meuRles garkveuli kavSiri
hqonda Tbilisis sazogadoebriobasTan, magram misTvis kvlav gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba
uSualod qarTvelebis monawileoba materialuri saxsrebis Segrovebis saqmeSi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi amave pasuxs ar iZleva mikvleuli sabuTi). akaki wereTlis werili ki, Cveni azriT,
amtkicebs, rom poloneli patriotebis dasaxmareblad fulis Segrovebis kampaniaSi aqtiur
monawileobas iRebdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod qarTveli `Tergdaleulebi~ da, maT Soris,
qarTuli poeziis mSveneba akaki wereTeli. unda vivaraudoT, rom akaki wereTels `mowodebis~
daweris azri gauCnda swored am saqmis rwmunebulebTan urTierTSexvedrebis viTarebaSi
moqmedebis sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da misTvis sayovelTao xasiaTis micemis mizniT.
yovelive Tqmuli unda momxdariyo 1863 wlis bolos an 1864 wlis pirvel naxevarSi.
Sesabamisad, akakis werilic, vfiqrobT, amave periodSi Seiqmneboda. magram am mosazrebis
sabuTianobas afermkrTalebs ori garemoeba, romelic ueWvelad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli.
pirveli, rogorc aRvniSneT, werili xelmowerilia saxeliT: akaki. magram saqme is aris,
rom akaki wereTeli Tavis nawerebze marto saxeliT xelis moweras ufro mogvianebiT
daaxloebiT 1871 wlidan iwyebs. rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es Taviseburi winaaRmdegoba? am
sakiTxze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom Cvens xelT aris ara nabeWdi,
sabolood damuSavebuli teqsti, raSiac mkiTxveli TviTon darwmundeba, aramed xelnaweris
Savi piri. gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, rom dasabeWdad gamzadebul teqstSi xelis
mowerac Secvliliyo, magram didi codva arc misi Seucvleloba iqneboda, vinaidan akaki
wereTeli 1864 wlisaTvis sakmaod popularuli pirovneba iyo da hqonda moraluri ufleba,
marto saxeli daesva Tavisi naweris qveS. aqve unda davumatoT isic, rom aseT specifiur
viTarebaSi, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadi da ganmsazRvrelia mainc dokumentis Sinaarsobrivi mxare. e.
i. mTavaria Tu Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT es `mowodeba~ poloneli xalxis istoriis romel
monakvTs Seesityveba.
meore, TariRiT sakiTxs abundovanebs agreTve werilis erTi adgilic. aRniSnavs ra
qarTveli da poloneli xalxis megobruli urTierTobis mizezebs, akaki wers: ès grZnoba
aqamde gulSi ido dafaruli platonikurad da dRes ki, radganac polonelebma saukunoebiTi
mtroba megobrobad gadaaqcies da rogorc slavian /.../, amitom mimarTes ruseTis
mfarvelobas, Cven aRar vfaravT. magram marto platonikuri TanagrZnoba ar kmara, riTime
realuradac unda aRiniSnos, riTac ki SevZloT~. am winadadebas mosdevs uSualo mowodeba
ùkanasknel gansacdelSi CarCenil poloneTisaTvis~ materialuri daxmarebis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: Tu polonelebma ruseTisadmi mtroba megobrobad
Secvales da mas mfarveloba Txoves, maSin raRa ùkanasknel gansacdelze~ unda iyos laparaki?
an romeli `mfarveloba~ igulisxmeba poetis sityvebSi? amis gaSifvra Zneldeba. dasaSvebia,
rom es CanarTi, xazgasma ruseTisa da poloneTis damegobrebaze, erTgvari publicisturi
xerxi, an, Tu gnebavT, gadaxvevac iyos mTavari azris safarad cenzuris TvalSi. aseve SeiZleba,
rom aq sul sxva viTarebasTan gvqondes saqme, vidre Cven vfiqrobT, magram amas, albaT,
Semdgomi dakvirveba gviCvenebs.
sabolood dadasturdeba Tu ara Cvens mier navaraudevi TariRis siswore, gadaWriT ver
vityviT, magram erTi ram ki amTaviTve cxadia: es SesaniSnavi dokumenti axali naTeli Strixia
akakis SemoqmedebaSi. igi gviCvenebs, Tu raoden yuradRebas, siyvarulsa da TanagrZnobas
avlenda qarTveli poeti erovnuli da socialuri tanjvis uRlis qveS moqceuli xalxebisadmi,
raoden masStaburi da momcveli iyo misi xedva. aRniSnuli werili, amave dros, erTi
brwyinvale furcelia qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebisa da polonel-qarTveli
xalxis megobrobis istoriidan.
qvemoT mogvyavs am werilis sruli teqsti yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe:
62
`sneuls ufro TanaugrZnobs misive msgavsi sneuli~ _ gvaswavebs qarTuli poezia da es
ubnoba zed gamoWrilia qarTvelebze da polonelebze. saerTo erTmaneTSi ara aqvsT ra,
sxvadasxva gziT midian istoriulad, erTmaneTis mosazRvreebi ar arian da maS raRa aris
mizezi maTi daaxloebis? is istoriuli gancda, romelic orivem cal-calke gamoscades da
tanjva da qar-texili aitanes! es grZnoba aqamde gulSi iyo dafaruli platonikurad da dRes
ki, radganac polonelebma saukunoebiTi mtroba megobrobad gadaaqcies da rogorc slavian
/.../, amitom mimarTes ruseTis mfarvelobas, Cvenc aRara vfaravT. magram marto platonikuri
TanagrZnoba ara kmara, riTime realuradac unda ainiSnos, riTac ki SevZloT.
marTlac Cven TviTon qarTvelebi iseT mdgomareobaSi varT, bevri ara SegviZlia ra; Cveni
realuri TanagrZnoba mikroskopulad gamoCndeba... rogorc zRvaSi erTi wveTi da qvriv
dedabris wvlili, magram nu daviviwyebT qarTul Tqmulebas: `suliT da guliT moZRvnili
mciredic Seiwirebis~. da mivexmaroT riTac da rogorc SevZloT dRes ukanasknel gansacdelSi
CarCenil poloneTs.

akaki~.

P.S. Salva ratianis es statia 1960 wels daibeWda `literaturul gazeT~-Si, xolo kvlevis
Sedegebi gamoyenebul iqna akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa me-14 tomSi.

naTela Citauri

ilia WavWavaZis ucnobi prozauli Targmanebi da maTi adgili
mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi

Cveni interesi ilia WavWavaZis prozauli Targmanebis mimarT ramdenime faqtorma
ganapiroba. upirvelesi is aris, rom am TargmanTagan bevri sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobia, arsad
gamoqveynebula. iliam, rogorc aRmoCnda, wlebis manZilze Targmna, `droebisa~ da ìveriis~
furclebze gamoaqveyna rusi, frangi, germaneli, espaneli, serbi mwerlebisa da poetebis
nawarmoebebi. amjerad Cven atribuciis Sesaxeb ar visaubrebT, mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom am
TargmanTa iliaseulobis dasamtkiceblad bevri utyuari argumentis motana SegviZlia.
vimedovnebT, rom ilias prozauli Targmanebi aucileblad daibeWdeba mwerlis TxzulebaTa
sruli akademiuri gamocemis octomeulSi.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania, ufro metic, aucilebelia qarTuli literaturis kvleva
teqstis analizis Tanamedrove meTodebis konteqstSi warimarTos. komparativistuli,
interkulturuli kvlevebi gulisxmobs ìm universaluri meTodis realizebas, romelic
zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul literaturul nawarmoebs anu scdeba nacoinaluri
maxasiaTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da
literaturebis integraciis xarisxs maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT~
(ratiani 2006-2007: 8).
TavisTavad sainteresoa ilias Teoriuli Sexedulebani Targmanis sakiTxebze.
ruseTidan dabrunebulma axalgazrda iliam maSin, rodesac jer kidev ar daewyo
praqtikuli moRvaweoba samSobloSi, miagno saWirboroto, aucileblad gadasawyvet sakiTxebs,
bevri maTganis samomavalo perspeqtivebi Teoriul doneze uceb gaiazra. am problemaTa Soris
Targmnis sakiTxic iyo. ilias mosazrebebi gabneulia mis publicistur werilebSi.
gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia swored pirvelive statia: òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Ze
erisTavis kozloviTgan `SeSlis~ Targmanzeda~ (1861). am werilSi iliam gabedulad gamoacxada:
1. romeli avtori da nawarmoebi unda iTargmnos; 2. ratom unda iTargmnos amjerad es
nawarmoebi; 3. rogor unda iTargmnos; 4. vin unda Targmnos.
ilias azriT, mwerlis sazogadoebaSi miReba ar niSnavs imas, rom is talantiania. `CvenSi,
qarTvelebSi, didi mwerlis saxeli aqvs CaxruxaZesa, magram araTu didi, patarac ar brZandeba
is kurTxeuli~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 14). mTargmnelma swored unda gansazRvros saTangmni avtoris
WeSmariti raoba, Sedaros misi niWiereba. amave dros mTargmnelma momenti unda SearCios,
Targmnos is, rasac viTareba moiTxovs. aRniSnul werilSi ilia swored amas sayvedurobs
mTargmnels: `ra saWiroa exla an Cveni literaturisaTvis, an xalxisaTvis sentimentaluri ....
mwerlebis gacnoba. iqneb fiqroben, rom Cveni literatura ar aRzdgeba, Tu ar ganimeora Tavis
ganviTarebaSi warsul droTa sicru da cTomileba~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 16). cnobilia, rom ilia
sentimentalizms miiCnevda Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis Seuferebel, mcdarad
63
literaturul mimarTulebad. amdenad, ilia mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobaSi mkacrad ayanebda
dednis SerCevis sakiTxs.
ilias azriT, mTargmnelma arc is unda daiviwyos, rom `sityva aris pirdapiri
gamomTqmeli sulis mdgomareobisa... Tu kacma ikisra gadmoTargmna, gulmodgined da msgavsad
unda Targmnos~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 19). ra Tqma unda, mTargmneli unda iyos niWieri, unariani,
kargad icodes orive ena: èrTi isa, romlidanac Targmnis da meore isa, romelzedac
Targmnos... unda hqondes gawmendili gemo da ganaTlebuli goneba~ _ werda ilia statiaSi
`sfiridonisa da Tadeozis baasi (WavWavaZe 1991: 87).
rogorc vxedavT, sruliad axalgazrda iliam SeimuSava garkveuli Teoriuli koncefcia
Targmnis Sesaxeb. cxadia, am Sexedulebebs is praqtikuladac ganaxorcielebda.

I. saidan Targmnida?
ilias prozauli Targmanebi Sesrulebulia rusuli teqstebidan. Cans, ilia mudmivad
kiTxulobda, ecnoboda rusul periodikas, wignebs. ` ~, ` ~,
`~... rogorc irkveva, ilias isini Tavadac hqonda gamowerili da saxlSi inaxavda. sulxan
baraTaSvilis `saqarTvelos istoria~ rusulad mwerlis pirad biblioTekaSi aRmoCnda
(qarTuli, iliaseuli Targmani 1863 w. moambis pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynda). dobroliubovis
vrceli statia `mama aleqsandre gavacci da misi Txzuleba~ sacenzuro probebis gamo
`sovremennikSi~ ver daibeWda. 1862 w. daistamba calke wignad. Cans, iliam maSinve Targmna da
`saqarTvelos moambis~ 1863 w. pirvelsave nomerSi gamoaqveyna.
`belinskis azri Svilebis aRzrdazed~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~, 1863 w. me-9, me-10) ar aris
romelime konkretuli nawarmoebis zusti Targmani: teqsti amokrefilia sxvadasxva wyarodan.
kerZod, belinskis recenziebidan hofmanisa da odoevskis Txzulebebis Sesaxeb (daibeWda 1840
w. JurnalSi ` ~).
zogierTi Targmanis wyaros mivakvlieT, zogisas _ vera. or moTxrobas `Svili
moxucebulis hamzasi~ da ùbinao kaci niu-iorkSi~ ar aqvs miTiTebuli originalis avtori.
pirveli maTganis warmomavlobaze garkveuli warmodgena Segviqmna saTauris Semdeg
frCxilebSi moTavsebulma miTiTebam `serbiuli moTxroba~. amis mixedviT SesaZlebeli gaxda
migvekvlia avtoris vinaobisaTvis. is aRmoCnda XIX s. serbi mwerali jura iakSiCi.
rac Seexeba meore moTxrobas, iliaseuli Targmanis wyaro Jurnal ` ~-
s 1877 w. me-12 nomerSi dabeWdili rusuli teqstia. Targmnis bolos miwerili inicialebi . .
aRmoCnda rusi mTargmnelis aleqsi pleSCeevis (1825-1893) fsevdonimi. Cveni azriT, moTxrobis
avtori amerikeli mwerali unda iyos, savaraudod, bret-harti. sxva gasaTvaliswinebeli
realiebis garda, sagulisxmo isicaa, rom pleSCeevma Targmna bret-hartis moTxrobebi, misive
redaqtorobiT calke wignadac dabeWda (1874). maia niniZem Cveni mosazreba ar gaiziara (niniZe
2002: 273-274). moTxrobis avtori Cven mainc bret-harti gvgonia. miT umetes, rom ilias piradi
biblioTekis katalogSi axlaxan mivakvlieT bret hartis TxzulebaTa krebuls rusulad.

II. rogor Targmnida?
ilia cdilobs yvela sityva da saerTod teqsti gasagebi iyos qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
is rusul terminebs uZebnis sazogadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebul xalxur Sesatyviss
(mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs amgvari Targmanebi: _ saxsovari). am mizniT teqsti
Semoklebulia: ilia tovebs an amcirebs imas, rac nawarmoebisaTvis ararsebiTia da rac,
SesaZloa, uintereso iqneboda qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
Txzuleba `belinskis azri Svilebis aRzrdazed~ amokrefilia belinskis recenziebidan.
esaa Tavisufali Targmani swored im gagebiT, rom teqsti Semoklebulia zemoaRniSnuli
principis mixedviT. am Targmnis erT-erT komentarSi ilia wers: àq davtove
gadmouTargmnelad cotaodeni adgili muzikis swavlebis Sesaxeb da amazed baasi, ra unda
ikiTxos bavSvma. radganac Cven, qarTvelebs, aramcTu bavSvebis wasakiTxi, arc araferi
didebisTvis gvaqvs. amis mizeziT varCie im adgilis Targmna, sadac uf. belinski laparakobs
imazed, rogor unda daiweros bavSvebisaTvis wignebi~ (WavWavaZe 1863a: 59).
msgavs komentars vxvdebiT dobroliubovis TxzulebaSic (WavWavaZe 1863b: 102-103). imave
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bastias Txzulebis `mcarvelobis fisqologia~ qarTuli teqstis
SeniSvna.
àris patara wigni... bastiasgan dawerili: ekonomiuri sofizmebi, Tumc mTeli wigni
friad sagangebo ram aris... magram me iqidam amoviRe marto erTi nawili `mcarcvelobis
fsixologia~, romelic ufro metad moedgmis Cvens cxovrebas~ (WavWavaZe 1863g: 61).
teqstis gavrcoba iSviaTia. yovel SemTxvevaSi ase SeiZleba iTqvas CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi wyaroebis gacnobis Semdeg. magaliTad, ebersis romanis iliaseul TargmanSi
rusuli wyarosagan gansxvavebiT vrcladaa moTxrobili gandegilTa wuTisoflisagan
gandgomis mizezebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, `rameTu kaci var~ SesaZloa miviCnioT
`gandegilis~ literaturul wyarod, amitom es ganvrcoba gasagebia da advilad asaxsneli.
iliaseul qarTul teqstebSi meti komentaria: arsebuli gavrcobilia an sulac axalia
darTuli. sqolioSi TiTqmis yvela gaugebari sityvaa axsnili. es gansakuTrebiT publicistur
64
Targmanebs exeba. magaliTad, dobroliubovis Txzulebis `mama aleqsandre gavacci da misi
qadageba~ rusul teqstSi 10-mde SeniSvnaa, iliaseul Targmani _ 80 komentari. ganmartebulia
TiTqmis yvela ucnobi sityva, Sedgenilia pirTa, geografiul saxelTa saZieblebi. komentarebi
Sefardebulia saqarTvelos imdroindel konkretul viTarebasTan, maTi mizania qarTveli
sazogadoebis ukeT informireba, gaTviTcnobiereba. ganmartebani (nacionaluri gvardia,
konstitucia, lozungi, idea, koncefcia, agitacia, respublika, obskuranti) emsaxureboda
imdroindeli qarTuli sinamdvilis ganaxlebis, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
momzadebis Zireul interesebs.
cxadia, bevri sityva-termini pirvelad iliam Semoitana, daamkvidra qarTul enasa da
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi.
ilias Targmanis stilis daniSnulebaa teqsti rac SeiZleba advili gasagebi da axlobeli
gaxados qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. amitomac zogjer komentars cvlis ufro gasagebi,
Tanamedrove komentariT. magaliTad, ebersis romanSi rusuli komentari aseTia: `
~. iliasTan: èxlandeli arli safrangeTis nawili~. XIX saukuneSi q. arli ukve
safrangeTis nawili iyo. iliam aRar daabnia mkiTxveli samxreTi galiis ZiebiT.
qarTul TargmanSi zogjer damatebulia zogadi Sinaarsis komentari an Tundac
komentari qarTuli mwerlobidan. es, cxadia, mTargmnelis ganaTlebasa da erudiciaze
miuTiTebs da kidev erTi argumentia am xelmouwereli Targmanebis iliaseulobis
dasamitkiceblad. TargmanSi `belinskis azri Svilebis aRzrdazed~ laparaki ymawvilebzed,
romlebic `Cinebulad laparakoben francizulsa, RviZls enazed ki ori frazis mikereba an
oris striqonis dawera SeucTomlad ver mouxerxebiaT~. mTargmnelis komentari: ès, Cvenda
samwuxarod, bevrs qarTvelebsac SeexebaT~ (WavWavaZe 1863a: 34).
zogjer ilia komentarSi kritikul azrsac gamoTqvams, samomavlo gegmasac moiazrebs:
sulxan baraTaSvilis TxzulebaSi `saqarTvelos istoria~ gamoTqmul zogierT Sexedulebas,
Cans, ilia ar eTanxmeboda: `yovel pativiscemasTan am Sromisadmi Cven vbedavT vsTqvaT, rom ara
varT Tanaxma avtoris zogierT kritikul Sexedulebazed... Cven imedi gvaqvs Tavis drozed
warmovadginoT Cveni azri ... miT ufro didi siamovnebiT da gabedviT, rom avtors, rogorc
Cven SevityeT, Zlier surs gaigos szvisi azrebi Tavis Txzulebazeda...~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 194-
195).

III. ra Targmna da ratom?
cnobilia: ìlia sazogadod arafers werda garTobisaTvis... misi SemoqmedebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo gamiznulobis sicxade...~ (kiknaZe 1978: 235).
`gamiznulobis sicxade~ ilias prozaul TargmanebTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime
mimarTulebiT vlindeba.
rogorc Cans, ilia yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals ucxouri literaturis ganviTarebis
process. ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, am profess sacnobels xdida qarTveli
mkiTxvelisaTvis, cdilobda misi gazeTi Tu Jurnali msoflio kulturuli procesebis
ganviTarebis `Tvalyurmimdevari~ yofiliyo. `samSoblo qveynis siyvaruli ar unda iyos
mkvdari kmayofileba... samSoblo qveynis siyvaruli unda gamodiodes kacobriobis
siyvarulidan... samSoblo mamulis siyvaruli ar aris isa, rom guliT gindodes naxo, rac
kacobriobas gonebaSi gamouxatavs~, werda ilia werilSi `sfiridonisa da Radeozis baasi~
(WavWavaZe 1991: 106-107).
amitomac prozaulma Targmanebma didi adgili daikava ilias Jurnal-gazeTebSi.
aucilebeli iyo mkiTxvelis mozidvac.
cxadia, did rols TamaSobda ilias miznebi qarTul saliteraturo enasTan
dakavSirebiT. qarTul enas unda hqonoda unari aesaxa evropuli cxovreba, mecnierebis
ganviTarebis procesi. saWiro iyo axali terminologia, axali gamoTqmebi. ena momavali
cxovrebisaTvis moqnili unda yofiliyo. prozauli da gansakuTrebiT ki publicisturi
Targmanebi am miznis ganxorcielebas namdvilad Seuwyobda xels. amdenad iliasaTvis
Targmanis erTi umTavresi daniSnuleba mSobliuri enis ganviTareba da gamdidreba iyo.
ilias, albaT, arc is gamorCeboda mxedvelobidan, rom Targmani xels uwyobs
originaluri mwerlobis Sinaarsis daxvewasa da ganviTarebas, Tematikis gamravalferovnebas.
ra Targmna iliam da ratom? _ am kiTxvebze pasuxs yvelaze ukeT Tavad prozauli
Targmanebis gacnoba-ganxilva mogvcems. vfiqrobT, am konkretul SemTxvevaSic da saerTodac,
Teoriul donezec, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanmxvedri momentebis dafiqsirebas
da warmoCenas (rasakvirvelia, Tuki arsebobs) mwerlis Targmnil da originalur Semoqmedebas
Soris.
ilia, rogorc vTqviT, dainteresda espaneli mwerlis mariano xose de laras (1809-1937
w.w.) SemoqmedebiT, misi satiruli publicistikiT. Targmna da ìveriis~ furclebze dabeWda
laras 3 moTxrobis Targmani: 1. vaqeb, anu: amasac xom ar damiSlian; 2. policia; 3. ra aris
sazogadoeba da sad unda movZebnoT igi (Jurnali ìveria~, 1978 w., 7-8; 9-10).
Cveni azriT, iliam ara mxolod laras aRniSnuli moTxrobebi Targmna, aramed gaecno
mwerlis biografiasac. Jurnal ` ~-s 1877-1878 wlebis nomrebSi, saidanac iliam
65
laras moTxrobebi Targmna, dabeWdilia mixeil vatsonis vrceli gamokvleva: ` _
~. ilia, albaT, gaecnoboda am narkvevs da dainteresdeboda im satirul-publicisturi
nawmreoebebiT, romelTa avtormac Zalian axalgazrdam daaarsda Jurnali `Tanamedrveobis
satiruli maqcia~ (1828 w.) gamosca Jurnali `gulwrfeli molaybe~ (1832 w.) SesavalSi ilias
werda: `vilaparakoT simarTle, aseTia Cveni meTodi~. laram ikisra satirikos-publicistis
mZime tvirTi XIX s. 30-40-iani wlebis espaneTSi.
espanelma mweralma sazogadoebrivi gulgrilobis, gansakuTrebiT aristokratiuli
fenis qarafSutuli cxovrebis mizezad gaunaTlebloba miiCnia. `swavlisadmi
gulgrilobisagan warmoiSoba uvicoba, uvicobisagan _ siZulvili wignisadmi. amas ki Cveni
qveynisaTvis moaqvs `sargebloba~ da `simSvide~ (lara 1956: 145).
gavixsenoT `kacia-adamianis~ ironiuli toni, luarsabis damokidebuleba swavlasTan,
ilias azri kmayofilebaze. espaneli mwerali SeSinebulia irgvliv gamefebuli simSvidiT,
umoqmedobiT, pasiurobiT, cdilobs adamianebs aRuZras ukeTesisaTvis brZolis survili,
Tumca iliasi ar iyos, xandaxan eWvi epareba misi da mSobeli xalxis urTierTobis SesaZlo
perspeqtivaSi: `momismenen? gamigeben ki? iqneba vinme iseTi Cems qveyanaSi, romelic kargad
ganewyoba Cemdami Cemi keTili ganzraxvisa da im aSkara riskis gamo, romelsac me vewevi?~ _
kiTxulobs is moTxrobaSi `Cemi fsevdonimi da Cemi ganzraxvani~ (lara 1956: 121-122).
albaT, am striqonebma mogvagona ilias cnobili frazebi `mgzavris werilebidan~ (1861 w.).
cxadia, iliasaTvis misaRebi iqneboda laras azri periodul gamocemaTa Sesaxeb: `gazeTis
saqmianoba Seufasebelia. kiTxulob mas da igeb, rodis iwyeba Teatri, ra warmodgenaa,
gazeTidan Cans, ra xdeba navaraSi... erTi sityviT, gazeTi _ esaa kacobriobis codnis didi
arqivi~, _ ambobs lara statiaSi àxali gazeTis gmocemis gamo~ (lara 1877: 199).
Cans, iliam laras is moTxrobebi airCia saTargmnad, romelnic ukev gamoxatavdnen misi,
rogorc mwerlisa da moRvawis sazrunavs.
moTxrobaSi `ra aris sazogadoeba da sad unda movZebnoT igi~ lara asabuTebs: `qveyanaSi
ar arsebobs sazogadoeba Tavis namdvili arsiT (arc quCaSi, arc saseirno adgilebSi, TeatrSi,
saydrebSi...). mweralma ver ipova versad namdvili pirovneba: moazrovne, gulwrfeli, saqmiani,
patrioti... ar arsebobs erTiani, dadgromili, ucvleli sazogadoeba, yoveli wre calke
sazogadoebaa ... es ukanaskneli sazogadoeba ki yovelTvis usamarTloa da windauxedavi,
arafris Semwynarebeli da yovelisferis amtani... umizezod apilpildeba da usabuTod sjis...
arc is icis, rad uyvars, arc is icis, rad sZuls... moswons marto gaiZvera, xerxiani, mCxavana,
SuaTana yalibis kaci, aramyvirala, Cumi, niWiT savse kaci ki an daviwyebulia misgan, an
aTvalwunebuli... umadurobiT uxdis samagieros did moRvawesa da kai TvaliT uyurebs mas,
vinc efereba da atyuebs... erTmaneTSi nu aurevT sazogadoebss da STamomavlobas:
STamomavloba sul sxva aris: STamomavloba igia, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis arRvevs xolme
`sazogadoebis~ usamarTlo ganaCensa~ (lara 1879: 134-138).
moTxrobebi `vaqeb, anu: amasTac xom ar damiSlian~ da policia mZafri satiraa cenzuraze,
saxelmwifo moxeleebze...
`mefe dimitri Tavdadebulis~, àCrdilis~ avtorisaTvis saintereso iqneboda XIX s. serbi
mwerlis jura iakSCis moTxroba `Svili moxucebulis hamzasi~. moTxrobis Sesaval nawilSi
dapirispirebulia awmyo (serbia-TurqeTis xelSi) da warsuli (stefane nemaniCis mefobis xana).
Targmnili nawarmoebis Tema patriotulia, Sinaarsi emociuri, personaJebi xalxuri
Semoqmedebidan, folkloruli masalebidanaa moxmobili.
iliam ucxour mwerlobaSi moZebna da qarTvel mkiTxvels gaacno socialuri Tematika,
gaWirvebuli, miusafari, sazogadoebisagan gariyuli kacis fsiqologia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
alfons dodes moTxrobebi, aseve uavtoro ùbinao kaci niu-iorkSi~.
1863 wels iliam Targmna da `saqarTvelos moambis~ me-8 nomerSi dabeWda `sikvdiliT
dasjis gadagdebis saqme da amis Taobazed viqtor hiugos wigni~. am narkvevSi ganxilulia is
dokumentebi, romelTa safuZvelzec uaryofilia adamianis sikvdiliT dasja (dasja arafers
gvaZlevs _ esaa mxolod Teoria. praqtikas sxva Sedegi moaqvs. saWiroa ara dasja, aramed
ganaTleba. dasja _ esaa brbos fsiqologiis qmedeba: xalxs SeuZlia icinos saxrCobelis
garSemo).
aseve: Jurnal ` ~-s im nomerSi (1878 w. 5), saidanac iliam marino xose de
laras aRniSnuli moTxrobebi Targmna, dabeWdilia kidev ramdenime nawarmoebi. erT-erTi
`sasikvdilod msjavrdadebuli kaci~. masSi sainteresod ikveTeba adamianTa Seubralebloba,
sazogadoebrivi gulgriloba.
1879 wels iliam dawera moTxroba `sarCobelazed~...
Zalian sainteresoa georg ebersis romanis "omo sum" da `gandegilis~ urTierTmimarTeba.
Cveni azriT, germaneli mwerlis nawarmoebis iliaseuli Targmani saTauriT `rameTu kaci var~
SesaZloa miviCnioT ilias `gandegilis~ literaturul wyarod.
amis Sesaxeb werilebic gamovaqveyneT (Jurnali `kritika~, 1984 w., 1, gv. 129-142;
`literaturuli Ziebani~, XXII, 2001 w.) es Tvalsazrisi, albaT, imis gamo, rom ilias poemas
raRac Crdili adgeboda, Zneli misaRebi aRmoCnda. igi ar gaiziara q-ma gulnara
kalandariSvilma da nana araxamiam (kalandariSvili 2006: 108). nana araxamiam miiCnia, rom ilia
66
icnobda lermontovis `mwirs~, emil zolas àse mures Secodebas~, floberis `wminda antonias
cdunebas~, xalxur Tqmulebebs ... etyoba did qarTvel mwerals ... erTgvar SemoqmedebiT
gamRizianeblad Sexvda sakuTar CanafiqrTan droiT manZiliT axlos myofi g. ebersis
Txzuleba... (araxamia 2007: 147).
savsebiT sworia is, rom ilia gacnoboda am Temaze Seqmnil sityvakazmuli mwerlobis
nimuSebs. zogadkacobriuli xasiaTis Tematika, ilias msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi sakiTxi
adamianis, konkretul SemTxvevaSi beris sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebis fsiqologiuri
problema _ SesaZloa nebismieri mwerlis interesis sagani nebismier dros gaxdes, magram Cvens
oponentebs is aviwydebaT, rom iliam Targmna ebersis romani. "Homo sum" 1878 wels daiwera,
nawarmoebi im welsve iTargmna rusulad. iliam romani 1878 wels gadmoaqarTula peterburgSi
gamocemuli rusuli wyarodan da nawil-nawil dabeWda ìveriis~ 1878-1879 wlebis nomrebSi.
rac mTavaria, iliaseul Targmans da `gandegils~ saerTo aqvs ara mxolod Tema, idea, aramed
ramdenime epizodi, zogierTi momenti; saerToa am nawarmoebTa gmirebis fsiqologiuri
portretebi, sulieri brZolis suraTebi. calkeul da araiSviaT SemTxvevebSi msgavsi enobrivi
qsovilic (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Cveni werili. Jurnali `kritika~, 1984 w., 1, gv. 129-
142). ase rom, ebersis romans ilias `gandegilisaTvis~ mxolod `SemoqmedebiT gamRizianeblad~
ver CavTvliT, germaneli mwerlis es romani namdvilad SeiZleba miviCnioT `gandegilis~
literaturul wyarod. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, amgvar gavlenebs Tavisi axsna moepoveba da
amiT `gandegils~ araferi akldeba. miT umetes, rom iliam dawera araCveulebrivi poema,
romelic mdidaria da faseuli ara mxolod zogadsakacobrio, msgavsi nawarmoebebisaTvis
saerTo TematikiT, aramed qarTul sinamdvilesTan _ xalxur sityvierebasTan da
eTnografiasTan _ kavSiriT.
gandegilis samyofi myinvarwveris beTlemia. eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, rom
beTlemi ZvelTaganve iTvleboda uwmides adgilad da iq marTlac binadrobda gandegilTa
krebuli. wmindanobis simboloebi (mzis sxivze wignis dayrdnoba da wm. jaWvi) sakmaod
gavrcelebuli yofila saqarTvelos mTianeTis, kerZod, xevis xalxur sityvierebaSi. poemis
SemoqmedebiTi istoria, gr. yifSiZis mogonebani cxaryofs, rom ilias bevri uRvawia poemis
Sesaqmnelad. mas ramdenjerme Seucvlia saTauri. Tavdapirvelad `meudabnoe~ uwodebia
(ebersis romani mogviTxrobs sinas mTaze, udabnoSi mcxovrebi gandegilebis Sesaxeb), Semdeg _
beTlemi, bolos `gandegili~ (es sityva momdinareobs Zveli qarTuli sityvidan `gandgomili~).
sayurdReboa erTic: rogorc grigol yifSiZe gadmogvcems, `gandegilis~ portreti (V
Tavi) ilias poemis dasrulebis Semdeg Caumatebia iona meunargias rCevis Semdeg (SaraZe 1987:
270), xolo sargis caiSvilis azriT, gandegilis garegnobis aRwera ukavSirdeboda Zvel
qarTul literaturul tradicias: `poemaSi simZimis centri gadatanilia sulier
moTxrobebze. gavixsenoT analogiuri stiliT naweri xanZTelis portreti...~ (caiSvili 1982:
2).
`gandegilis~ literaturul wyaroze msjelobisas arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom es
sakiTxebi anu gendegilobis Tema ilias yrmobidanve ainteresebda. gavixsenoT ilias
axalgazrdobisdroindeli ocneba berad Sedgomaze an Tundac mwerlis fragmentuli
Canawerebi, romelTac gamomcemlebma pirobiTad ìrakli~ uwodes da aseve pirobiTad
daaTariRes (SesaZloa, es fragmentebic ebersis romanis Targmnis mere Seiqmna).
maSasadame, dasavleT evropis literaturis gacnobiT miRebuli STabeWdileba, mis
mierve Targmnili ebersis romaniT gamowveuli zemoqmedeba, Tavisi, adreuli interesebi 1879
wlidan 1883 wlamde iliam TandaTan SemoqmedebiT quraSi gadaadno. gavlena man qarTul
literaturul, folklorul tradiciebs, eTnografiul masalas daukavSira da mis mxatvrul
warmosaxvaSi gamoikveTa `gandegilis~ samyaro...
aRniSnuli iliaseuli prozauli Targmanis (georg ebersis `rameTu kaci var~)
`gandegilis~ literaturul wyarod miCneva garkveul gavlenas axdens nawarmoebis
msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis gaazrebaze: kerZod, Cveni azriT, ewinaaRmdegeba nawarmoebSi
raime alegoriuli sqemis moZiebas, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba saqarTvelos cxovrebasTan,
konkretul epoqasTan; ewinaaRmdegeba erTi konkretuli pirovnebis gancdebis gaigivebas
mwerlis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis gulistkivilTan an patriotul suliskveTebasTan. es
literaturuli wyaro adasturebs imas, rom ilia dainteresda zogadi problemiT:
konkretuli pirovnebis, am SemTxvevaSi beris, sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxiT,
cxovrebisagan gandgomili kacis fsiqologiiT, amiT qarTuli mwerloba erTxel kidev moaqcia
evropuli literaturuli problematikis saintereso arealSi. es Zalze mniSvnelovani da
dasafasebelia.
`saqarTvelos moambis~ 1863 wlis pirvelsave nomerSi iliam xelmouwerlad dabeWda
dobroliubovis `mama aleqsandre gavacci da misi qadageba~. rogorc iTqva, es ar aris Targmani
misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amas mowmobs qarTul teqstSi meti komentaric. aRniSnuli
Targmani mniSvnelovani dasturia ilias saTargmn nawarmoebebTan damokidebulebis
gansakuTrebulobisa. mwerals ainteresebs ara mxolod informaciebi, aramed xelidan ar
uSvebs SemTxvevas gaarkvios mkiTxveli im droisaTvis msoflioSi mimdinare social-
politikur viTarebaSi da, rac mTavaria, miexmaros mas swori poziciis arCevaSi.
67
cnobilia ilias interesi italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa da misi
lideris juzepe garibaldis mimarT (1807-1882). erTxan, Turme italiaSi gamgzavrebas da
garibaldis razmSi Caricxvasac ki fiqrobda. ekaterine gabaSvili da iona meunargia
gadmogvcemen, rom ilias kabinetSi hqonda juzepe garibaldis `mSvenieri didi biusti~
(meunargia 1957: 37). dabolos isic cnobilia, rom leqsi `mesmis, mesmis~, romelic 1860 wels
dawera, uZRvna garibaldis (kusraSvili 1987: 382).
mRvdeli gavacci garibaldis Tanamoazre iyo. is qadagebda neapolSi, XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi.
`gavaccis qadagebebSi umTavresi garegani forma ki ar iyo, aramed Sig-mdebareoba imis
qadagebebisa. Sig-mdebareobis arsi kidev imisTana aris, rom imas mouxdeboda yoveli adgili da
yoveli dro~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 94-95).
rogorc Cans, ilia swored am `Sig-mdebareobis arsma~ anu zogadad sasuliero piris
politikur movlenebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxma daainteresa, rac aqtualuria yoveli
droisa da sivrcisaTvis.
TargmanSi aqcentirebulia gavaccis qadagebidan Semdegi sakiTxebi: mSvidobianobis,
erTianobis, Tavisuflebis ideebi, mowodeba ganaTlebisaken, mecnieruli, Rirseuli codnis
Seqmnisaken, mitevebisa da kacTmoyvareobisaken. gavacci gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevs qalTa adgils momaval sazogadoebaSi. Cans, ilias yuradReba miiqcia gavaccis
qadagebis erTma adgilma, romelSic is mimarTavs italiel Jurnalistebs. es epizodi
Targmnilia meti mxatvrulobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, meti emociiT. Jurnalisa da Jurnalistis
`patiosnuri da maRali daniSnulebis~ gavacciseuli qadageba _ ìRvawon mamulis
sasargeblod~, `moiSoron Tavidan yvedreba, ciliswameba, erTmaneTis mtroba. pirdapir
exmianeboda ruseTidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli ilias sulier samyaros. is xom maSin
Jurnalisturi saqmianobisaTvis emzadeboda.
italiis moZraoba garibaldis meTaurobiT ebrZoda burbonebis dinastias. gavaccim
qadagebaSi ganixila aseTi sakiTxi: romeli burbonisti SeiZleba darCes Tanamdebobaze?
rogorc Cans, iliam mniSvnelovnad miiCnia sasuliero piris mier movlenebis Sefasebis saRi
unari, romelic eyrdnoba samarTlianobis princips. gavacci urCevs sazogadoebas, rom man
gamoarkvios Tanamdebobis pirTa moRvaweobis raoba, ar unda daisajos is, visac boroteba
araferi Caudenia da kancelariul doneze mxolod brZanebis aRsruleba evaleboda. gavaccis
azriT, axali mmarTveloba kadrebs unda moufrTxildes. maTi gamocvla kadrebis xalaxali
momzadebis aucileblobas moiTxovs, rasac mohyveba `saqmeebis warmoebis Seyenaba da
daxlarTa~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 124).
qadagebaSi Cans Tavad gavaccis Sexeduleba sarwmunoebaze. konkretulad, gaviccis azri
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra evaleba, risi ufleba aqvs samRvdeloebas amgvar politikur situaciaSi, es
adgilebi TargmanSi gavrcobilia, komentaric metia.
gavaccis azriT, eklesia italiaSi daSorda qristes mcnebebs. is mxarSi amoudga
burbonebis sisastikes, xalxi miatova. samRdeloebis vali iyo, adamianebisaTvis nel-nela
Caegonebina simarTle, miewodebina jansaRi, gonieri azri. sasuliero piri xom ufro
ganaTlebulia, ufro esmis cxovrebis av-kargi. `samRvdeloebam ki gaaborota xalxi da
gadauSva pirdapir revoluciis alSi~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 140). Cans, gavaccis Sexedulebebi
sarwmunoebaze samRvdeloebis poziciaze Tavad misi moRvaweobis safuZveli da amsaxvelia.
rogorc irkveva, gavaccis kicxavdnen imis gamo, rom is sazogadoebas amxelda, samRvdeloebis
umoqmedobas da uzneobas aaSkaravebda. man `Searcxvina samRvdelo da saeklesio kaTedra im
saganzed laparakiT, romelic srulebiT sarwmunoebas ar Seexebao~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 142).
gavacci cdilobda ara marto Tavisi moRvaweobisa da pirovnuli poziciis gamarTlebas,
aramed misaRebi da marTlac jansaRi azris damkvidrebas. is pirdapir da mkacrad uaryofs
samRvdeloebis ùSinaarso da usicocxlo~ yofas, gabedulad, keTilmosurned acxadebs, rom
swored saeklesio piri, mRvdeli unda trialebdes xalxSi, misi arseboba da qmedeba ar unda
iyos daclili yofierebisagan, ar unda iyos ganyenebul dogmatikaze, ararealur, uSinaarso
sqolastikur moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli. `samRvdeloebam ar unda ilaparakos aRmatebul
sagnebzed, mxolod dogmatebzed ... es sruliad ikargeba ubralo msmenelTaTvis imitom, rom
sruliad zed ar erTvis imaT yofa-cxovrebas ... yovel dRe aiReben xolme sagans, cxovrebisagan
wartolvils, laparakoben exlac, rogorc aTasis wlis winaT ilaparakebdnen, cxovrebis axal
saWiroebas ki sruliad pirs arideben ... mxolod locva, marxva, moTmineba, Tavdabloba _ ai,
sayvareli sagani sakaTolike mqadageblisa, xandaxan ki ufro maRal sagnebzed laparakobs.
bolos kinaRam wyevlasac ki wamourevs xolme qorwinebazed, colqmrobazed, romelic imaTgan
miCneulia, rogorc eSmakis macdureba ... exla vikiTxamT: SeiZleba moelodes raime zneobiTs
sargeblobas amgvar swavlisagan, romelnic Tavis Tavs TviTonve arTmevs yovels cxovrebis
azrsa?~ (WavWavaZe 1863b: 142-144).
vfiqrobT, komentari zedmetia imis Sesaxeb, rom es Targmnili nawarmoebi aSkarad
exmianeba ilias msoflmxedvelobriv poziciebs zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
gavixsenoT: am dros, 1863 wels, daiwyo iliam `glaxis naambobis~ wera. am moTxrobis erTi
saintereso personaJi _ mRvdelia, romlis xalxan urTierTobis formebi, sazogadoebasTan
damokidebuleba iliasaTvis ara mxolod misaRebi, aramed, vfiqrobT, idealicaa. mwerali
68
swored sasuliero pirs akisrebs did misias, sxvebze metad avaldebulebs: misi goneba xom mets
miswvda, man meti Seimecna. es codna ki ar unda Caketos individualur `me~-Si, rwmenis
aRmatebiT gamowveul ampartavnebaSi, adamianebamde unda miitanos. ilia wers: `mRvdeli
TiTqos cidam iyo Camosuli, rom kacs qveyanazed aCvenos kacoba ... kaci is aris, romelic
Tavisi gonebis namuSevars xidad gasdebs~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 157). gavixsenoT `gandegili~: poemaSi
mTavari xom pirovnebis, am SemTxvevaSi beris, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sakiTxia.
gavixsenoT, rogor aRiqva gandegilma es cxovreba, adamianebi, rogori suliskveTebiT datova
wuTisofeli da bolos, ratom daiRupa.
ilias azri swored isaa, rom ersac da bersac unda hqondes realuri codna sazogadoebis,
Tanamedroveobis Sesaxeb, sworad unda Seafasos movlenebi, saRad iazrovnos. mxolod amis
Semdeg SesZlebs swori urTierTobis damyarebas sazogadoebasTan, SesZlebs adamianebis
daxmarebas.
ilias Semoqmedebidan aSkaraa: mwerals pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis
Teologiur safuZvlad qristianuli faseulobani miCania, romelTagan mTavaria
ganTavisufleba egoizmisagan, TviTkmayofilebisagan, sulieri ukontaqtobisagan,
ampartavnebisagan, sakuTar `me~-Si Caketilobisagan. ilia swored qristianuli mcnebebis
safuZvelze upirispirdeba ukidures individualizms da amis dasturia ara mxolod
`gandegili~, `glaxis naambobi~, aramed mis mier Targmnili dobroliubovis `mama aleqsandre
gavacci da misi Txzuleba~.

IV

ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli prozauli Targmanebis ganxilvis Semdeg Zalauneburad
gamoikveTeba ramdenime saintereso sakiTxi, romlebic ZiriTadad koncentrirdeba erTi
problemis garSemo. unda vilaparakoT Tu ara gavlenebze? an ra saxis gavlenebze SeiZleba
msjeloba! (ra Tqma unda im SemTxvevebSi, Tuki Targmani qronologiurad win uswrebs
originaluri nawarmoebis Seqmnas) an ras niSnavs gavlena an zemoqmedeba? imas xom ara, rom
Targmani miviCnioT amave Tematikis originaluri nawarmoebis Seqmnis erTaderT mizezad? es
sakiTxebi Zalian rTulia da literaturuli kritikis zogadTeoriul kvlevaTa sferos
ganekuTvneba.
mkvlevarTa azriT, arsebobs pirdapiri gavlena, sesxeba, kontaqturi mibaZva; magram
arsebobs tipologiuri Tanxvedrac, `raTa davamtkicoT erTi mwerlis gavlena meoreze,
aucileblad unda gamovarkvioT Sedis Tu ara pirveli meoris kiTxvis areSi. es xels Seuwyobs
gavigoT, tipologiuri Tanxvedris Sedegia maTi Semoqmedeba Tu pirdapiri kontaqtisa~
(golbergi 1973: 316).
tipologiuri Tanxvedrebi xSiria erTi epoqis sxvadasxva erovnebis mweralTa
SemoqmedebaSi. mizezi martivia: saerToa maTi drosivrculi areali anu qronotopuli
modelebi. situaciaTa msgavseba xSirad ganapirobebs literaturul Tanxvedrebsac.
`literaturuli struqtura mravalmxrivaa dakavSirebuli Tavis epoqasTan... vinaidan
yvela literaturuli struqtura ideur-mxatvruli mTlianobaa ... amitomac TiToeul
maTganSi da maT erTianobaSi igulisxmeba maTi mxatvruli saxis Taviseburebac, maTi
istoriul-socialuri buneba da konkretul-istoriuli Sinaarsi~ (neupokoeva 1976: 128).
sainteresoa imgvari tipologiuri Tanxvedrebi, rodesac Cans movlenebis mimarT ori
Semoqmedis erTnairi damokidebuleba. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa gr. kiknaZis naSromi
`gogoliseburi qarTul literaturaSi~: gogolisa da ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis
msgavsebaze msjelobisas SesaZlebelia ilias nawerebSi vilaparakoT `mxolod gogoliseburs
midgomaze da ara gogolis uSualo msgavsebaze~ (kiknaZe 1957: 200).
magram, ra Tqma unda, mxolod qronotopuli modeli ar aris msgavsebisa da gavlenebis
safuZveli. riT avxsnaT sxvadasxva epoqis, Tundac sxvadasxva social-politikuri wyobis
pirmSo SemoqmedTa tipologiuri Tanxvedrebi?
ori mwerlis, ori nawarmoebis msgavseba, SesaZloa, iyos Sedegi im sulieri naTesaobisa,
romelmac arc dro icis da arc sivrce. Semoqmedni xom adamianebi arian da awuxebT adamianuri
fiqrebi. sulieri naTesaoba zogjer TavisTavad Cndeba maradiulad arsebuli problemebis
gamo. `sulieri naTesaoba maradiulobis im sferoSi dahqris, romlis bilikzec gamudmebiT
miedinebian kacobriobis bedze Cafiqrebuli moazrovneni. didi goeTesi ar iyos, SeiZleba
erTferovnadac mogveCvenos maTi Teoria, magram maradmwvanea xe kacobriobis cxovrebisa da,
amdenad, mxvadasxva eris SvilTa es `Teoria~ sxvadasxva Seferilobas iRebs droisa da
saWiroebis Sesabamisad. swored esaa dialeqtika `cxovrebis xisa~, romlis feradovnebasac
epoqis havasTan erTad ganapirobebs SemoqmedTa Sinagani `me~, fsiqika, koncefcia, kredo,
ganwyobileba~ (goeTes sityvebi motanilia burjanaZis wignidan. burjanaZe 1977: 69).
avtoris Targmnil da originalur nawarmoebebs Soris arsebuli Tanxvedrebi
tipologiur msgavsebaTa gansakuTrebuli da TavisTavad saintereso SemTxvevaa. Cveni azriT,
am dros SesaZloa, amgvari àzrobrivi gza~ warmovidginoT: Semoqmedis mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi
arsebobs saTqmeli, romelic warmoSva epoqis interesebma; drosivrculma areulma, amave dros
69
Tavad mwerlis sulierma samyarom, Semoqmedis unarma, niWierebam, movlenaTa wvdomis
gansakuTrebulobam. mwerali moiZiebs an SemTxveviT poulobs am saTqmels ucxoeli mwerlis
nawarmoebSi. Cndeba survili am saTqmelis mkiTxvelamde mitanisa anu Targmnisa. am SemTxvevaSi
Targmani mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis gagrZelebaa. oRond, albaT, mwerlisaTvis
gaucnobiereblad.
es àzrobrivi gza~ ki, SesaZloa, kvlav gagrZeldes: ucxourma nawarmoebma an sulac
ubralod raime ambavma, miT umetes, Tu Tavadve Targmna nawarmoebi, biZgi misces mwerals axlis
Seqmnisaken. SesaZloa, iyos ara mxolod biZgi, aramed garkveuli gavlenac im doneze, rom es
Targmnili ucxouri nawarmoebi miviCnioT am orginaluri Txzulebis literaturul wyarod.
Rirebul originalur Semoqmedebas amiT araferi daakldeba da arc imas niSanvs, rom es
mwerali am nawarmoebs ar an ver dawerda, es ucxouri Txzuleba rom ar yofiliyo. zogadi
sakiTxebi: brbos fsiqologia Tu sazogadoebrivi gulgriloba, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis sakiTxi da a. S., rogorc iTqva, yoveli namdvili Semoqmedis interesebis sfero
da saTqmelia da amitomac nebismier momentSi SeiZleba mxatvrul nawarmoebad Camoyalibdes
(gavixsenoT `vefxistyaosnis~ damaintrigebeli striqonebi: èse ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad
naTargmanebi, vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi~... kidevac rom aRmoCeniliyo aRmosavlur samyaroSi
raime siuJeti, Tundac zustad msgavsi poemisa, gana raime daakldeboda SoTas ukvdav
qmnilebas?).
bolos da bolos amqveynad yvela da yvelaferi ganicdis gavlenas. erTi SexedviT,
zedapirulad, gavlena garegani faqtoria, sinamdvileSi ki is uRrmes fsiqologiur Sreebs
moicavs anu es sakiTxi fsiqologiuri mecnierebis Zalian saintereso sferoa. am konteqstSi
gavixsenebdiT harold blumis `gavlenis Teorias~, romelsac Cven soso tabucaZis statiiT
gavecaniT (tabucaZe 2007-2008: 11-24).
rogorc am werilSi vkiTxulobT, blumis Teoriaze didi gavlena moaxdines nicSem da
froidma. es bunebrivicaa, radgan Tavad blumis Teoria efuZneba gaucnobierebel fsiqikur
momentebs.
froidis mixedviT, ymawvili baZavs mamas da misi dajabnis survili amoZravebs. e. i. erTsa
da imave dros igi aRfrTovanebulia mamiT da eSuRleba kidec mas.
blumis Teoriis mixedviT, msgavs gaucnobierebel fsiqikur gavlenas ganicdis
Semoqmedic: Semoqmedi, e. w. `gviani poeti~ (blumis terminiT èfebosi~) gakvirvebulia,
aRfrTovanebulia winapriT, magram mieltvis mis gadaWarbebas, Tanac Surs, Tanac eSinia misi
`gavlenisa~. esaa `gavlenis SiSi~. es `SiSi~ Casaxlebulia axal teqstSi, ra Tqma unda,
gauazreblad. am `SiSis~ gamo àxal~ Semoqmeds (èfeboss~) `SemoqmedebiTi ZalSemosvisas~ surs
Tavisi upiratesobis Cveneba, aseve gauazreblad. amas igi cdilobs winamorbedi teqstis
qvecnobierad ùsworo wakiTxviT~, àm usworo wakiTxvis~ sakuTar principebze morgebiT. ase
eufleba efebosi xelovnebas, amiT afarToebs sakuTar warmosaxvas.
aRfrTovaneba, ùsworo wakiTxvac~ ukve gavlenaa. blumis TeoriaSi faseuli Semdegia:
rogorc vxedavT, swored gavlena, ufro zustad `gavlenis SiSi~ ganapirobebs originalobas,
Tumc ki yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs srulqmnilebas. am Teoriis saintereso Sedegia:
Semoqmedis gavlena meoreze araa nakleboriginalobis maniSnebeli. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
gavlenis siRrmeTa Zieba ar daiyvaneba wyaroebsa Tu ideaTa istoriaze. gavlenebi anu rogorc
xSirad uwodebs blumi, `poeturi nairTqma~ aucileblad gulisxmobs Semoqmedis
cxovrebiseuli ciklis Seswavlas, is aucileblad fsiqologiuri faqtoria. `rodesac amgvari
Seswavlis veqtori im konteqstzea mimarTuli, sadac cxovrebis es cikli gaTamaSdeba, maSin
dakvirvebisa da kvlevis areSi eqceva poetTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba, rac froidis ojaxuri
romanis analogiur SemTxvevadac ganixileba da Tanamedrove anu postganmanaTleblobis
epoqis calkeul Tavebadac~ (tabucaZe 2007-2008: 12-13).
Cans, Semoqmedis TviTganxorcielebis rTul gzaze pirveli etapi winaprebiT ara mxolod
gakvirvebaa, aramed maTgan swavla-gavlenacaa. anu: Semoqmedi mxolod winamorbedebTan
integraciiT adgens da poulobs Tavs, TviTdadginebisaken swrafviT ganaxorcielebs
winaparsac. am poeturi gavlenis aRsawerad harold blumi moixseniebs soren kirkegoris
aqsiomas: ìs, vinc Sromobs, sakuTar mamas warmoSobs~.
aRniSnul werilSi ganxilulia Semoqmedis (`Zlieri poetis~) cxovrebiseuli ciklidan
aRebuli eqvsi nabiji, romlebic sruliad sakmarisia imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor gadaixreba
gavlenis Semdeg erTi Semoqmedi meorisagan. es gadaxrebi ukve gansxvavebania, gavlenebis
gaucnobierebeli fsiqologiuri Sedegebia, isini safuZvelia gavlenaTa Semdgomi
originalobisa.
amdenad, rogorc iTqva, blumis Teoria efuZneba gavlenis gaucnobierebel fsiqikur
momentebs. es yvelaferi Zalian saintereso, originaluri, da Cveni azriT, argumentirebulia
rogorc SemoqmedTa sulieri naTesaobis, maT nawarmoebaTa Tanxvedrebis mizezTa
gasaazreblad, aseve adamianis sulieri samyaros uRrmesi, xSirad Zalze dafaruli fenebis
warmosaCenad.
amdenad, zogadad da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ilia WavWavaZis originaluri da
Targmnili nawerebis TanxvedraTa momentebi, piriqiT, faseulia, radgan:
70
1. swored am dros ikveTeba mxatvruli literaturis ZiriTadi saTqmeli,
zogadsakacobrio problemebi, zogjer sruliad damoukidebeli erovnuli, socialuri,
epoqaluri (qronotopuli) Taviseburebebisagan.
2. saSualeba gveZleva, ufro sworad, meti masala grovdeba imisaTvis, rom gavideT viwro
erovnuli CarCoebidan (magaliTad, rogorc iTqva, `gandegilis~ kavSiri georgi ebersis
romanTan garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba poemaSi raime iseTi alegoriuli sqemis moZiebas,
romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba saqarTvelos cxovrebasTan, konkretul epoqasTan,
ewinaaRmdegeba erTi konkretuli pirovnebis gancdebis gaigivebas mwerlis patriotul
suliskveTebasTan). amgvari Tanxvedrebi gvibiZgebs mwerlis Semoqmedeba wavikiTxoT ori _
erovnuli kulturisa da msoflio kulturis konteqstSi.
3. am TanxvedraTa warmoCena qarTul literaturas aqcevs Tanamedrove filologiuri
(komparativistuli, interkulturuli) kvlevebis, msoflio kulturuli procesebis arealSi;
Cveni mwerloba namdvilad gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom misi Tanamedrove meTodebiT kvleva
ar miviCnioT xelovnurad Seqmnil problemad.
4. saintereso momenti isicaa, rom tipologiuri kvleva SemoqmedTa gansxvavebasac
avlens, rac ase mniSvnelovania `Tanxvedrebis~ fonze. es Tanxmedrebi, msgavsebani ufro
mkafiod warmoaCens TiToeuli Semoqmedis individualur azrovnebas. es ìndividumi~ ki
zogadsakacobrio da masStabur movlenad warmoCindeba, misi saTqmeli kidev ufro metad
moiazreba msoflio problemad, zogad sakiTxad.
5. yovelive es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT, Tu ra adgili uWiravs konkretul
mwerals msoflio kulturis did arenaze, `msoflio istoriuli procesebis erTian sistemaSi~
(i. g. neupakoeva) anu ramdenad an saerTod Tu iqceva esa Tu is mwerali mxolod istoriis
kuTvnilebad.
zemoTqmulis dasturia ilia WavWavaZis Targmnili publicistikac, romlis Sesaxeb Cven
sxva statiaSi gveqneba saubari.

damowmebani:

araxamia 2007: araxamia n. ilia WavWavaZis poema `gandegilis~ tipologiur-SedarebiTi
paralelebi msoflio literaturidan. kulturaTSorisi komunikaciebi. 1, Tb.: 2007.
burjanaZe 1977: burjanaZe q. ilia WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmani. Tb.: 1977.
golbergi 1973: . . .
: " . .: 1973.
kalandariSvili 2006: kalandariSvili g. tradicia da Tanamedroveoba axal qarTul
literaturaSi. Tb.: 2006.
kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1978.
kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe gr. metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1957.
kusraSvili 1987: kusraSvili r. SeniSvnebi da komentarebi. i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebebi. t. I, Tb.:
1987.
lara 1877: . . . - " " 7, 1977.
lara 1877: lara m. moTxrobebi. Targmani ilia WavWavaZisa. gaz. ìveria~, 9-10, 1879.
lara 1956: . . . .: 1956.
meunargia 1957: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi. II, Tb.: 1957.
neupokoeva 1976: . .
. .: 1976.
niniZe 2002: niniZe m. ilia WavWavaZis mier naTargmni novelisa da misi ucnobi avtoris Sesaxeb.
literaturuli Ziebani, XXIII, 2002.
ratiani 2006-2007: ratiani i. qarTuli literatura teqtis kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebis
konteqstSi. sjani, 7, 2006-2007.
tabucaZe 2007-2008: tabucaZe s. harold blumis `gavlenis Teoria~. sjani, 8, 2007-2008.
SaraZe 1987: SaraZe g. ilia WavWavaZe, cxovreba, moRvaweoba, Semoqmedeba. wigni I. Tb.: 1987.
caiSvili 1982: caiSvili s. filologiuri etiudebi. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 5,
1982.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, Tb.: 1991.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. II, Tb.: 1988.
WavWavaZe 1863a: ilia WavWavaZis Targmani Txzulebisa `belinskis azri Svilebis aRzrdazed~.
`saqarTvelos moambe~. 10, 1863.
WavWavaZe 1863b: ilia WavWavaZis Targmani dobroliubovis Txzulebisa `mama aleqsandre
gavacci da misi qadageba~. ilias Targmani sulxan baraTaSvilis `saqarTvelos istoriisa~.
WavWavaZe 1863g: ilia WavWavaZis Targmani bastias Txzulebisa `mZarcvelobis fsiqologia~.

Natela Chitauri

71
Ilia Chavchavadzes Unknown Prosaic Translations and Their Role in Writers Works

Summary

Our curiosity about Ilia Chavchavadzes prosaic translations was motivated by the following factors first of all,
many of those translations are unknown to the society and by all means they should be included in the new edition of Ilia
Chavchavadzes writings.
Immediately after returning from Russia, at the age of 24, Ilia Chavchavadze introduced the distinctive translational
theory to the society: 1) which author should be translated. 2) Why it should be translated. 3) How it should be translated.
What was translated by Ilia and why?
In this case we think it would be interesting to make evident the similarities between Ilias original and translated
writings. There is a lot of such kind of similarities. Furthermore, the novel of Georg Ebers Homo Sum can be regarded as
a literary source of the poem Gandegili (The Hermit).
It is interesting whether we should talk about influences or not? What does the influence itself mean? This topic
certainly belongs to theoretical research sphere of literary writings. Many researchers provide interesting ideas and
contentions. Especially impressive is Harold Blooms theory of influence which is based on unconscious psychological
moments of the influence.
We can conclude from the above mentioned that similarities between Ilias original and translated works are valuable for the
following reasons: 1) Exactly at this moment, the main idea of literary writings is reflected. 2) There is more material accumulated for
going out from narrow national limits.
The search of such points makes Georgian literature in the area of modern philological (intercultural, comparativistic)
researches and cultural processes.

Tamar SarabiZe

inicialTa miRma
(grigol orbelianis satrfialo lirika)

poetebs ar sCveviaT grZnobebis dafarva, gansakuTrebiT, romantikosebs, da, rac ar unda
Tqvan,

`namdvili trfoba gina ra sityvaT eZebdes, ver hpovebs,
raTa gamosTqvas Tvis grZnoba da misTvis oxvriT mdumarebs~.
(`gamosalmeba~; orbeliani 1989: 125)

miuxedavad amisa, maT ar axasiaTebT mdumareba; zustad gamoityvian, risi Tqmac surT, da
ar faraven imasac ki, rac `wesiT~ ar unda gamoamJRavnon. Cven ver gavarkvevT, ratom xdeba ase
da ara sxvagvarad. vfiqrobT, yovelive poeziis bunebidan, romantikosis sulieri samyarodan
gamomdinareobs da am mxriv gamonakliss arc grigol orbeliani warmoadgens. piriqiT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, is Tanamedroveebze da Tavis kritikosebzec (radgan isini konkretul
SemTxvevaSi eridebian leqsis adresatis dasaxelebas) ufro Tamamia. grigol orbeliani
daufaravad ambobs, rom adamiani unda mieltvodes siamovnebisa da siyvarulisaken, risTvisac
ZiriTadad axalgazrdobis periodia xelsayreli. sibere aris dro Tvlemisa, gulis
gagrilebisa, sibnelisa, amitomac poeti ocnebobs, mxolod imden xans icocxlos, sanam es
ltolva eqneba, rom sulis xorcTan gayris Jams Tqvas: `TumcaRa vkvdebi, marama sicocxle Cemi
iyo esreT naTel, viTarca mSvenieri ganTiadi gazafxulisa~ /`zamTrisa qari grialebs~/
(orbeliani 1989: 354). siamisaken swrafva ar unda gavigoT, rogorc garToba. grigol
orbelianisaTvis siame siyvarulisgan moyenebul tanjvasac moaqvs. adamianma usiyvarulod ar
unda icxovros! _ ai, ra aris mTavari. poetis es mtkice TvalTaxedva grigol orbelianis
uklebliv yvela nawarmoebSi, TviT usaTauro leqsebSic ki Cans:

`ra unda aqvndes sulsa ukvdavi,
Tu masSi ganhqres kvlav siyvaruli~ (orbeliani 1989: 137);

ìsmine Cemi, he, siyvarulo!
trfobisa cecxli guls ar ganmiqro,
guli surviliT marad damiTro,
da trfobiT mTvrali ar ganmafxizlo!~ (orbeliani 1989: 135).

72
grigol orbelianis satrfialo lirika kidev ufro metad saintereso xdeba
mkiTxvelisaTvis imiT, rom poeti ar Semoifargleba siyvarulis zogadi ganmartebiT an mis
Sesaxeb filosofiuri msjelobiT. satrfialo leqsebis inicialebis qveS yovelTvis cocxali
arsebani igulisxmebian da maTi ricxvi araa arc erTi da arc ori. aris kidev sami, oTxi da,
SeiZleba, xuTic. gana es kargia? _ ikiTxavs mavani. aba, is sjobs, rom ubedobis gamo adamianma
samudamod daixuros, Caiketos gulis karebi da icxovros, rogorc ubedurma? ara, grigol
orbelians, miuxedavad siyvarulSi gancdili ubedobisa, sicocxle da siyvaruli swyuria
mudam:
ùsixarulod,
usiyvarulod
ra sanatrel ars simravle dReTa?
maS ram gvaxaros,
ram gvanugeSos,
an Wmunvis cremli vina mogvxocos,
Tu siyvaruli,
ze-gardmo madli,
RvTisa kurTxevad ar mogvevlinos!~
/`sadRegrZelo~/ (orbeliani 1989: 155).

cnobilia, rom yvelaze metad Zlieri grZnoba grigol orbelians nino WavWavaZisadmi
hqonda; hqonda, sanam nino griboedovze gaTxovdeboda, hqonda qvrivi ninosadmic, hqonda
maSinac ki, roca paralelurad poetis guli sxvaze gadaerTveboda da sxvas miiCnevda satrfod,
hqonda maSinac (ubedobis gancdis saxiT), roca nino ukve wasuli iyo am qveynidan. ninosadmi
miZRvnil leqsebSi arsad Cans xorcieli siyvarulis gamomxatveli Tamami frazebi, isini
gamoirCeva satrfosadmi ufaqizesi damokidebulebiT, krZalviT, mzadyofniT _ nebismier
SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi gaiRos satrfosTvis da poetis udidesi tanjvis realuri warmosaxiT,
magaliTad:

`mravalgzis vfucav giviwyo, da vhqmnaca neba gonebis;
magram rom gxedav, gonebis rCeva sruliad ar mesmis ...
guli xelmwifebs da ufro uZlieresad Sen getrfis,
da gulis monad Seqmnili gonebac Senda mohfrinvis~.
/`n...dmi~/ (orbeliani 1989: 117).

poeti imisTvisac ki mzadaa, rom

`nacvlad Sensa me vikvneso, Senis Wmunvisa miRebiT~.
/`mtiral n...s...~/ (orbeliani 1989: 116).

es leqsebi 1829-1830 wlebSia dawerili. gadis kidev xuTi weli da poetis SemoqmedebaSi
kvlav Cndeba iniciali `n~, amjerad daqvrivebili ninosadmi miZRvnili. trfoba ufro
gamyarebuli da ganmtkicebulia tanjviT:

`vhscan, tanjviT ara gamqrala guls Sina trfoba namdvili,
Tvara aqamdis simwaris SemaSroboda me cremli!
tanjva ars mzrdeli trfobisa, dambervel eSyis cecxlisa.
tanjva ars vali da msxverpli uzomo siyvarulisa~.
/`n...~/ (orbeliani 1989: 146)

dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mZafr gancdebs poeti ninosadmi amJRavnebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mis cxovrebaSi am wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxva satrfoebic Cndebian.
ninosadmi gamoxatuli grZnoba imdenad nazia, gawmendili satrfos yovelgvari fizikuri
warmosaxvisgan, rom SeuZlebelia sxva qalisadmi gamovlenil grZnobaSi agerios. amitom
veTanxmebiT akaki gawerelias mosazrebas, rom `saRamo gamosalmebisa~ masSi gamoxatuli Rrma
grZnobebis gamo nino WavWavaZesTan gamoTxovebas warmoadgens _ àm lirikul piesaSi
SeuZlebelia nagulisxmevi iyos sofio orbeliani, radgan didi xniT gaTxovil qals igi
satrfos ver uwodebda, xolo poetis Rrma emociuri TrTolva, am leqsSi gadmocemuli,
opermanis meuRles sruliad ar Seefereba. `saRamo gamosalmebisa~ ki agviwers gr. orbelianis
gamoTxovebas sayvarel arsebasTan, romlis winaSe igi Rrma grZnobebiT aris anTebuli ... aseTi
faqizi, guldakodilis grZnobiTa da yovlismimtevebeli toniT gr. orbeliani marto nino
griboedovze werda~,_ wers akaki gawerelia (orbeliani 1989: 66). Cveni azriT, ninosadmi unda
iyos miZRvnili 1840 wels dawerili `vinca gnaxos~ da 1851 wels dawerili `mogonebac~.
ninos gaTxovebis Semdeg grigol orbelianma Tavisi akvanSi daniSnuli satrfo gaixsena
da masze scada gancdebis gadatana. sofiosadmi gamoxatuli grZnobebi wrfelia da Zlieri,
ufro sworad, poets unda, rom es ase iyos. xangrZlivi uiRblo siyvarulis Semdeg grigol
orbelians aRelvebs sofios TanagrZnoba, ganSorebis dros mis Rawvze SeniSnuli cremli:

73
`margalit-cremlni cremlTa hsdevs niSnad Wmunvisa Sens RawvTze...
satrfov! gSordebi da sityva ver mipovnia saTqmelad~.
/`gamosalmeba~/ (orbeliani 1989: 125).

grigol orbeliani Tavis dumils WeSmarit gancdas miawers da siyvarulis mudmivobis
garantad sulierad Zlier adamians miiCvevs. misi TqmiT, ùZlurT gulT trfoba~ miagavs
mTidan daqanebul wyaros, romelic velze gaSlisas TandaTan uZlurdeba; mxolod `kldovan
guls~ ver Semusravs siZnele, amitomac poeti mzadaa, vidre mzis Suqs umzers, sicocxlis
ukanasknel wuTamde etrfialos mas, Tavis satrfos. leqsSi ar Cans konkretuli urTierToba,
aq ufro metad mtkicebaa imisa, rom Tavad poeti sulierad Zlieri iqneba, rom misi grZnoba ar
miemsgavseba ùZlurT gulT trfobas~. sxva leqsSi ki, romelic sofiosadmia miZRvnili, poeti
satrfos garegnobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da Tumca ambobs, rom satrfo xan siamiT avsebs
da xan cremls afrqvevinebs, leqsi mainc msubuqadaa naTqvami, masSi ar Cans tanjviT
gamowveuli cremlis frqveva, riTac aRsavsea nino WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es leqsi _ `s~ _ peterburgSi 1832 wlis oqtomberSia dawerili, sofiosTan
gamoTxovebis Semdeg, amave welsaa dawerili ninosadmi miZRvnili leqsic _ `dResa amas
siyvarulman sofelsa aRmogacena...~ leqsSi kvlav Cndeba is simware, romelic poets am qalis
siyvarulma moutana, da survili am grZnobidan TavdauRwevlobisa:

`Sengan kodili, mwared glax guli, kvalad surviliT
Senve gmonebdes,
Tavisuflebas Sors ganagebdes da tyveobasa Tvissa
hxarobdes~ (orbeliani 1989: 131).

sofio orbelians kidev erT leqss uZRvnis ukve gadasaxlebaSi myofi poeti. leqsSi
kvlav satrfos silamaze warmoCndeba da am silamazis dauflebis survili:

`vinc dasunosa
Tma ladanasa,
daudevnelad brol mkerdze gaSlils;
anu Seexos
Sens wels kiparozs,
siyvarulisa sartyeliT movlils,
sicocxle misi
viTa maisi
netarebiTa ahyvavdes axlad~.
/`so...or...~/ (orbeliani 1989: 152).

leqsSi isic kargad Cans, rom poets eWvi ar epareba satrfos erTgulebaSi _ `zogjer
grisxavde Cemdamo erTguls~. amave wels grigol orbeliani swerda salome WavWavaZes: àx! Cemi
sofiko sad aris, netav vaxsovar Tu SarSandels TovlsaviT arRa vmyofob imisTvis. _ beds
uyureT, me var dasavleTs, is aRmosavleTs, rodisRa unda SeviyarneT!~ radgan nino Tavisad
arasdros eguleboda, grigol orbeliani sofioze amyarebda imeds, magram arc sofiom
gaumarTla. is ar daeloda saqmros dabrunebas da rus moxele nikoloz bezaks gahyva colad,
30-ian wlebSi kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelariis mmarTvels, xolo 40-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi _ saqarTvelo-imereTis saxazino palatis Tavmjdomares. `vapireb saqarTveloSi
wasvlas, magram sofio gamiTxovda, bezakma SeirTo, romelic aris praviteli kancelariisa~, _
swers 1836 wlis 1 oqtombers grigol orbeliani imereTis ukanasknel dedofal mariams, _ `rai
vhyo? mec vanugeSeb Tavsa Cemsa miT, rom ara marto me var am sofelSi motyuebuli~ (meunargia
1941: 63). sofios am saqcieliT gamowveuli didi gulistkivili arc poetis mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi Cans. samagierod, sofios trfobis periodSivea peterburgSi dawerili grigol
orbelianis araCveulebrivi leqsi `Rame~, romelzedac akaki gawerelia wers:` `Rame~
iracionaluri xilvis Semcveli lirikuli leqsia da misi msgavsi ram ar moiZebneba qarTvel
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi. poetis sasiyvarulo kodeqsis Tanaxmad satrfos siSore
sruliad ar anelebs siyvarulis grZnobis intensivobas, igi zogjer Tvalxilul zmanebasa da
sulTa TanaziarobaSi gadadis~ (orbeliani 1989: 38). Cven vfiqrobT, rom leqsSi araferia
iracionaluri. aq sulieri da xorcieli trfobis realuri suraTia daxatuli da mkveTrad
warmoCndeba xorcieli siyvaruliT miRebuli Tavdaviwyeba, gnebavT _ aRmafrena. grigol
orbeliani sxvaTagan, qarTvel romantikosTagan, gansxvavebiT Tamamad aRwers am siamovnebas:

`Cven orTa hazrni, TviT sulni erTad SeerTdnen,
SeduRdnen,
da sitkboebis zRvas Sina grZnobiT damTvralni
STaeflnen!
gulT Zgera arRa gvesmoda, vercaRas Tvalni
xedvidnen,
uenod qmnilni, ugonod ganvediT ama sofliT Cven!..
74
sada viyaviT maSina, romelsa sasurvel mxares?
cnoba gvekarga wams, mara samoTxe iyo wami es!..
hfrinvidnen Jamni da Cven ki maT frena ara gvsmenies:
esreT goneba maradis trfobis als aRuxocies.
mTovare, aSikT mowame, siamovnebiT dagvmzerda!~
/`Rame~/ (orbeliani 1989: 126).

marTalia, leqsSi azrTa da sulTa SeduRabebazea saubari, magram aSkarad igulisxmeba
xorcieli sitkboebac, rasac adasturebs SegrZnebis organoebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba _
gulze, Tvalebze, enaze; konkretuli peizaJi _ mTvare, niavi, bulbuli, vardis buCqi da
siamovnebis droSi gansazRvruloba:

`maSin vhscan, Jamni samoTxis rom ama sofels arian,
magram, ax, Jamni mis tkbilni esred maliad rad hrbian?
gulisa survilT dacxromas rom ar srulebiT gvaclian?
es ars sawuxar, rom bolo TviT sixarulsac hqonian~.
/`Rame~/ (orbeliani 1989: 127).

leqsi tipobrivi nimuSia poeturi, ulamazesi erotizmisa, roca xorcieli siyvarulis
drosac mxolod da mxolod grZnobebi da SegrZnebebi warmoCndeba, ar aris daviwyebuli sulTa
erToba da Tanamoazreoba. es sakmaod Tamami nabijia qarTuli leqsisa. azrTa wyobiTa da
stiliT igi aRmosavluri poeziis gavlenis da evropulisaken swrafvis zomierebis sinTezia.
aseTive siTamame da stiluri msgavseba (da ara leqsikuri) warmoCndeba muxambazebSic, qalaqis
yaraCoRelTa cxovrebisa da leqsikis amsaxvel nawarmoebebSi da rac ar unda vamtkicoT, rom
es leqsebi yaraCoRelis piriTaa naTqvami da poeti-bulbuli aseTi trfobis Soridan
Semxedvarea, maTSi pirvel rigSi mainc èSxis~ moTayvane poeti da misi realisturi survili
warmoCndeba:

`mag vardis nacvlad masune vards, SenT RawvTze
gaSlils,
da maSin gina sixaruliT Sevsvam TviT sikvdils!
raT minda Rvino, Tu ver getyvi: getrfi mTvral
eSxiT!
nu masmev Rvinos, uRvinod var mTvral Senis eSxiT!~
/`muxambazi~/ (orbeliani 1989 : 117).

grigol orbelians moswonda yaraCoRelTa cxovreba, maTi yofa, yaraCoRelebTan
megobrobda da maTTan erTad dros atarebda. SesaZlebelia mas Tavisi socialuri mdgomareoba
yovelTvis axsovda, magram yaraCoRelebTan ver imegobrebda maTTvis Tavisi mdgomareobis
SexsenebiTa da win wamoweviT. grigol orbelianis leqsebSi Cven verc im `dardimandul
qedmaRlobasa~ da ironias vxedavT, romelsac igi TiTqos, kritikosTa azriT, Tavisi am tipis
leqsebis personaJTa mimarT iCenda (ix. a. gawerelia, krebuli `saRamo gamosalmebisa, gv. 60).
poeti mxolod da mxolod realisturad axasiaTebda maT, gamohyavda ise, rogorc
sinamdvileSi iyvnen. arc imaSi veTanxmebiT poetis Tanamedroveebs, rom muxambazebis SeqmniT
TiTqos man bazris kilo Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi. cnobilia, rom grigol orbelianis am
Janris nawarmoebebma ilia WavWavaZis didi mowoneba daimsaxura. man zogierTi muxambazi
zepiradac icoda da sajarod kiTxulobda.
sulierebasTan Serwymuli fizikuri mSvenierebis xotba da am mSvenierebis dauflebis
survili ixateba graf opermanis, gorSi mdgom grenaderTa polkis ufrosis, meuRlisadmi
miZRvnil leqsSi. grigol orbelianis grafinia opermanisadmi am Tavisebur da Tavisufal
trfobas leqsebis mTeli cikli miuZRvna poetma daviT maRraZem. grigol orbeliani grafinias
warmogvidgens umanko da wrfel, wminda gulis adamianad da mas `sikeTiT sruls~ uwodebs,
magram es xels ar uSlis poets, inatros:

`neta vis misces
bedman mxvedri es,
rom gadaSlides mag gvelTa-mcvelTa,
da zed dakvdomiT,
sul amoxdomiT
vardT dagekonos RawvTze gaSlilTa?~
/àlbomSi Rr(afinia) op(ermanisas)~/ (orbeliani 1989: 154).

Zneli araa davinaxoT, rom am leqsSi poetis Zlieri gancdis natamalic aRar aris,
seriozuli grZnobis gamomxatveli saxeebidan da gamoTqmebidan mxolod mcirediRaa
darCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom leqsi 1840 wels gorSia dawerili. amave periodSi da isev gorSi
iqmneba meore leqsic _ `vinca gnaxos~, romelSic ukve mkveTrad Cans gancdis siRrme:

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`Tu mogSordes, cremliT gZebnos, da ra gpovos man
gaRmerTos~;
`SenTan mis dRe brwyinvalebdes, uSenoda daebnelos!~
(orbeliani 1989: 156).

Znelia mtkiceba, Tu vis miuZRvna poetma es meore leqsi, magram swored grZnobis
gamoxatvis siRrmis gamo mis adresatad nino WavWavaZes miiCneven.
nino WavWavaZe, sofio orbeliani, grafinia opermanisa, kidev erTi qalbatoni, `Ramis~
personaJi. arc amiT amoiwureba grigol orbelianis satrfoTa ricxvi. mis SemoqmedebaSi
gvxvdeba kidev erTi iniciali _ `m...~. `m~-sadmi miZRvnil leqsSi `gaSmagebuli siyvarulis
Zalaa~ gamoxatuli. vin aris es `m~, romelsac kritikosebi ucnobad moixsenieben da romelsac,
grigol orbelianis sityvebiT, TayvanismcemelTa gundi farvanasaebr evleba, TviTonac surs
yvela Tayvanismcemels mSvenieri eCvenos, siamovnebiT ismens maT qebas da isinic, Semcdarni,
xaroben imediT. poeti erTgvari wuxiliT aRniSnavs, rom TviTonac maT Sorisaa da Tanac eWvi
uRrRnis guls, radgan satrfo arc sityviT da arc SexedviT ar TanaugrZnobs, arc ki icis, Tu
trfobis ra Zlieri ali egzneba gulSi, rogor itanjeba. poets aRar rCeba sxva gamosavali,
mxolod Soridan umzers satrfos da ecineba:

`SoriT vzivar, SoriT gimzer, Semognatri da mecinis!~
/`m...dmi~/ (orbeliani 1989: 119).

am strofis variantuli saxesxvaobaa Semdegi:

`dacinebiT vumzer rayifT, romelTagan arRa meSiSvis~.
(orbeliani 1989: 418).

ratom ar eSinia poets im Tayvanismcemlebis, romlebic satrfos Tavs dastrialeben an,
sxva variantis mixedviT, satrfosgan Sors myofs ratom ecineba Tavis Tavze?! iqneb imitom,
rom kargad icis, amaoa rogorc rayifTa cda, aseve _ misi.
gvxvdeba Tu ara kidev sadme iniciali `m~ grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi da vis
miiCneven mis adresatad kritikosebi? ra Tqma unda, gvxvdeba. yvelas gvaxsendeba poetis
prozauli eskizi `n.e.m.~. inicialebSi `n~ da è~ igulisxmebian aleqsandre WavWavaZis qalebi _
nino da ekaterine, xolo `m~ SesaZlebelia iyos, an ivane erisTavis asuli manana, daviT
orbelianis meuRle, an qaixosro orbelianis asuli _ maiko, TviT poetis axlo naTesavi.
solomon xuciSvili, romelmac 1947 wels meored gamoaqveyna es teqsti, fiqrobs, rom mesame
pirad unda vigulisxmoT ara manana orbeliani, aramed maiko orbeliani: `pirveli ori sruliad
Seefereba nawarmoebSi mocemul daxasiaTebas, mesame ki im dros ukve daqalebuli da Svilis
patroni manana orbeliani ar unda iyos, aramed maiko _ qaixosro orbelianis asuli,
aleqsandre WavWavaZis asulTa toli da megobari~ (xuciSvili 1947: 92). mkvlevris am
mosazrebas ar iziarebs akaki gawerelia. is Tvlis, `rom epistolaruli prozis es nimuSi
megobruli siyvarulis apoTeozs Seicavs da is garemoeba, rom manana orbeliani ukve
daojaxebuli iyo, mniSvnelobas moklebulia. miT umetes, Tu gavixsenebT, rom manana am dros
mxolod 23 wlis qalia, maSin teqstSi mocemuli daxasiaTeba Seufereblad ar mogveCveneba. da
gana nino WavWavaZec am dros ukve aramc Tu `daqalebuli~, aramed daqvrivebulic ar iyo?
Tanac, rogorc cnobilia, a. WavWavaZis qalebTan da gr. orbelianTan swored manana iyo
gansakuTrebiT daaxloebuli~ (orbeliani 1989: 485).
swored es axlobloba gvaZlevs safuZvels, rom eskizSi mesame personaJad manana
orbeliani vigulisxmoT; aseve vifiqroT, xom ar aris manana inicialiT aRniSnuli leqsis _
`m...dmi~ _ adresatic. Tu tradiciuli gagebiT prozaul eskizSi `m~ inicialis miRma manana
orbeliani igulisxmeba, leqsis adresatis dasaxelebisagan kritikosebi Tavs ikaveben da mas
`vinme m-d~ moixsenieben. ratom? ratom ar moxda Tavidanve manana orbelianis amocnoba im qalis
saxeSi, romelsac farvanasaebs exveva TayvanismcemelTa gundi da es faqti mas siamovnebas
hgvris; rasac verafriT ver vityviT maiko orbelianze misi moridebuli xasiaTisa da
karCaketili cxovrebis gamo. saqme isaa, rom grigol orbelianis grZnobaTa warmoCena
mananasadmi kritikosebs mainc uxerxulad miaCndaT. pirvel gamocemaSi, 1862 wlis martis
`ciskarSi~ leqsi inicialis da TariRis gareSe daibeWda, mxolod Semdgom gamocemebSi mieTiTa
inicialica da TariRic, rogorc es avtografSia. am erTgvari moridebis safuZveli mananas
meuRle _ `sovetniki~ daviT orbeliani _ unda iyos, grigolis axlo megobari. Semonaxulia
daviT orbelianis mier 1829 wlis seqtemberSi grigol orbelianisadmi miwerili baraTi,
romlis gagzavnidan did xans ar gauvlia, rom daviTi gardaicvala da mananas dautova sami
mcirewlovani Svili: ivane, taso da aleqsandre. grigol orbelianma aseTi leqsiT gamoiglova
megobari:

òr gvamTa trfoba
WeSmariti ar ars am soflad;
76
maS ar Rirs trfoba
rom sicocxle SevwiroT msxverplad;
Sen xar he daviT!
ama hazris dasamtkiceblad
trfobiT damiwdi _
da visTvis xar mosagoneblad?
maxsovs viT glejdnen,
oxvra, kvnesa glax Sensa gulsa
maxsovs da vstiri
megobarsa, udrod gamqralsa~.
/`daviT orbelianze~, 1830 w./ (orbeliani 1989: 118).

rogorc leqsidan irkveva, grigol orbeliani mowme yofila daviTis siyvarulisa
mananasadmi da radgan sikvdilma am òrTa gvamT trfoba~ ase udrood mospo, poeti
pesimisturad svams kiTxvas _ Rirda ki es trfoba sicocxlis Sesawirad, sicocxlis fasad?
poeti siyvaruls asaxelebs megobris sikvdilis mizezad.
qmris saflavTan mananas aRqma daudia, aRar gavTxovdebio, rac Seasrula kidec. manana
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da drostarebis (kargi gagebiT) moyvaruli qali iyo. arc erTi
Tavyruloba ar xdeboda mis gareSe. mananas literaturul salonSi ikiTxeboda axali
nawarmoebebi, iqve xdeboda maTi Sefaseba, recenzireba. zogierTi avtori specialurad
agzavnida salonSi Tavis nawarmoebs sarecenziod. mananac dros ar iSurebda da dawvrilebiT
atyobinebda avtorebs, rogor Seafasa maRali gemovnebis sazogadoebam konkretuli
nawarmoebi, piradad Tavis azrsac gamoTqvamda. manana xSirad avalebda kidec Semoqmedebs ama
Tu im ucxouri nawarmoebis qarTulad Targmnas; xan sTxovda, xanac aZalebda davalebis
Sesrulebas da Tanac saCuqars _ Tavisi xeliT Sekeril qisebs _ pirdeboda. magaliTad,
grigol orbelians sTxovda puSkinis `ruslan da ludmilas~ Targmans, rac ar aris cnobili,
Seasrula Tu ara poetma. dimitri yifians Seqspiris tragedia `romeo da julieta~ mananas
dakveTiT uTargnia (erT-erTi, ucnobi xeliT Sesrulebuli, xelnaweris Tavfurcelze
warwerilia: `rusulidgan kneina manana orbelianisaTvis qarTulsa enazed gardmoRebuli
yifianis mier tfiliss aprilis dResa welsa ~ (jologua 2002: 161). manana iyo 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis monawilec, magram Tavisi diplomatiuri aRiarebisa da qcevis wyalobiT
dausjelad gadarCa. mananas uSualo monawileobiT daibada qarTuli Teatrisa da qarTuli
Jurnalis daarsebis idea da ganxorcielda misi uSualo CareviT. pirvel speqtaklSi, romelic
qarTul scenaze daidga, giorgi erisTavis `gayraSi~, manana mosamsaxure qalis _ yardaSverdis
_ rols TamaSobda. voroncovTan gamarTul sadilebze manana yovelTvis grafis gverdiT
ijda. voroncovma moidoma (Tu ratom, amis analizi amjerad Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens),
qarTveli qalebisaTvis evropuli cxovrebis wesi eswavlebina da isini yirimSi gagzavna. ra
Tqma unda, `gamgzavrebul qalTa maraqaSi iyo mananac~ (balaxaSvili 1941: 40). am qalbatons
bevri Sestrfoda uimedod, qarTvelebic da ucxoelebic. is siamovnebiT iRebda maT trfobas,
magram grZnobas grZnobiTve ar pasuxobda.
rogorc leqsidan `m...dmi~ vigebT, TayvanismcemlebSi grigol orbelianic eria. amas
grigol orbelianisadmi daviT yorRanaSvilis werilebic adasturebs. 1831 wlis 25 ivniss
Tbilisidan Sors myof grigol orbelians megobari atyobinebs: `nuravis nu etyvi, Sen
momikvde, Tu tyuils geubnebode. manana gavican, sul Senzed laparakobs. guSinwin qarTlSi
wavida, anu wasvenda. ax! misi loyebis da Savi kabis Wirime, gacnoba rogor iyo, imas aRar mogwer,
vai Tu aq vinmes moswero da Tavi momWra, ra ginda, me imisi Tma gamogigzavno dReisworamde~
(balaxaSvili 1941: 10).
werilidan Cans, rom megobari dainteresebulia mananaTi grigolis gamo, amitomac
atyobinebs mis Sesaxeb yovelives; isic kargad Cans, rom grigolisaTvis mananas Tma reliqviad
qceula da amitom cdilobs yorRanaSvili misTvis am Zvirfasi ganZis mopovebas. aseTi survili
_ Tmis mopovebisa da Senaxvis _ adamians SeiZleba gauCndes satrfos da araviTar SemTxvevaSi
megobris mimarT. imave wlis 5 noembers daviT yorRanaSvili swers grigols: `Seni manana
sofelSia, ager Camova da mival nardis saTamaSod~ (balaxaSvili 1941: 11) kuTvnilebiTi
nacvalsaxeli `Seni~ amjeradac, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, grigolis siyvarulze unda
migvaniSnebdes mananasadmi da ara megobrobaze (Tumca igive nacvalsaxeli megobarzec xSirad
iTqmeba). erT-erT werilSi daviT yorRanaSvili dawvrilebiT uyveba grigols WavWavaZeebis
ojaxSi mananasTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, maT saubars grigolze. mananas uTqvams, rom grigols
wigni unda mivweroo. daviT yorRanaSvili aRniSnavs, rom meore dRes sagangebod mivida
WavWavaZeebTan, iliko Seagzavna mananasTan, rom misi wina dRiT naTqvami Seemowmebina, magram
manana Sin ar dauxvda. am werilebSi SeuZlebelia ar davinaxoT is didi interesi, romelsac
daviT yorRanaSvili iCens mananasadmi, rac gamowveulia megobris _ grigol orbelianis _
daxmarebis surviliT, rom mas dawvrilebiT Seatyobinos yovelive: `mananam Tqva. zaqaTalaSi
vwerdi wignebsao grigols da isic kargs xumrobis wignebsa mwerdao _ mec uTxari, rom Tqvens
wignebs me vSinjavdi meTqi, grigoli rom SeSaze wavidoda meTqi, maSin viparavdi da
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vkiTxulobdi, iman miTxra, rom me imisTana saidumlo ara mimiweria rao, kidev sxva laparaki
iyo, imas ki ver getyvi, mere getyvi~ (balaxaSvili 1941: 11).
daviT yorRanaSvils sCvevia ambis dawvrilebiTi gadmocema, magram saTqmelis bolomde
ar Tqma, rac wesiT gamaRizianebeli unda yofiliyo Seyvarebuli kacisTvis, magram megobris
weris es manera, rogorc Cans, grigol orbelianis kidev ufro did interess iwvevda. igi
mouTmenlad elodeboda daviT yorRanaSvilis werilebs, rasac misadmi miZRvnili patara
leqsic mowmobs:

`Seni wigni ise matkbobs, maxarebs,
viT yizilbaSs yalioni da halva.
vambob _ neta bedi rodis maRirsebs,
rom Sens grigols, Cemo daviT, exilva~.
/tula. 1831 w. 26 seqtemberi/ (orbeliani 1989: 119).

erTi periodi mananasa da grigols Soris urTierToba kinaRam gafuWebula zaqaria
orbelianis wyalobiT, romelic mananas grigolTan gagzavnil werilebs kiTxulobda. amis
Sesaxeb manana atyobinebs grigols: `danaSaulzed Tavs davdeb rom didi xania SenTvis wigni ar
momiweria, magram me maqvs mizezi. zaqarias dagabezReb sul imisi danaSauli aris, ramdensac
wigns mogwer da mivcem imas SenTan gamosagzavnaT SeuZlebeli aris rom ar gaxsnas; mec Savfice
aras dros aRar mivwer meTqi~ (balaxaSvili 1941 : 12). mananasa da grigolis mimowera kvlav
aRdga, magram Semdgom manana erideboda iseTi rameebis miweras, rasac misi `gacema~ SeeZlo.
cnobilia, rom manana atarebda mZime vercxlis beWeds warweriT:

ùdroT mzis dasvliT mabnela
sofelman anazdeulad~ (droeba 1875: 105).

beWdis warweriT da misi patroniT moxibluli grigol orbeliani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
sTxovda mananas, es beWedi misTvis eCuqebina. qvrivi mas uwyinari uariT pasuxobda. sabolood
beWedi mainc Tavisi Svilis _ ivanes _ maswavleblisTvis uboZebia mananas. etyoba, es embavi
imdenad mniSvnelovnad iqna miCneuli, rom yaflan orbelianma grigols auwya, xolo Semdeg
Tavad mananam scada aRSfoTebuli Tayvanismcemlis dawynareba sanugeSo baraTiT: `Cemi beWedi
ivanes ostats miveci. nu damemdurebi Senma gazrdam Sen ufro kargs beWeds gamogigzavni Tu
male ar moxval aq. netavi Seni naxva meRirsos Torem beWdisa advilia, saZageli yaflan, vici
rogorc mogwerda... 1835 w. 28 oqtomberi~ (balaxaSvili 194 : 22).
manana iseTi qali iyo, bunebiT politikosi, romelsac advilad SeeZlo moferebiT,
tkbili sityviT adamianisaTvis wyenis ganqarveba, daviwyeba, agreTve Tayvaniscemisa da
trfobis megobrul urTierTobaSi gadatana, rac moaxerxa kidec, rogorc sxvebTan, aseve
grigol orbelianTan damokidebulebaSic. maT Soris urTierToba mtkice megobrobis gziT
warimarTa. epistolaruli memkvidreobidan Cans, rom isini xSirad scildebodnen oficialuri
baraTisa da mokiTxvis sazRvrebs da eoxunjebodnen, exumrebodnen erTmaneTs. manana grigols
dawvrilebiT uambobda ojaxisa da salonis ambebs, swerda Tavis Svilebze, swavlaSi maT
warmatebebze; grigoli Soridan anugeSebda da amxnevebda mas. Semonaxulia grigol orbelianis
werili mananasadmi mananas mazlis, luarsab orbelianis, gardacvalebis gamo misasamZimreblad
gamogzavnili. grigoli dinjad, didaqtikuri toniT arigebs mas, mwuxarebas ar ahyves da
SvilebisaTvis izrunos, dedis vals Seaxsenebs. xandaxan manana Cveuli medidurobiT Seutevda
xolme kidec grigols da daadanaSaulebda arasamarTliani azris gamo. ai, magaliTad, grigol
orbelianma, etyoba _ qalebisagan kvlav ganwirulma, vilnodan miswera zaqaria orbelians:
àrca erTi dedakaci mrTels qveyanaze ara Rirs, rom naxevar neki moiWras misTvis~
(balaxaSvili 1941: 22). zaqariam werilis Sinaarsi sxvebsac gaacno, rac maSin Cveulebrivi ambavi
iyo. manana gamoesarCla qalebs da grigol orbelians upasuxa: `ra ambavia rom Tqven ara xdiT
qals RirsaT sikeTisa da siyvarulisa, erTi bewvic ar unda dahkargos kacma dedakacisaTvis.
raT, raT amcirebT ase uwyaloT. TqvenTvis xom ara uwyeninebiaT ra da raT brZandebiT agre
cudis azriT qalebzed, mikvirs Tqvengan~ (balaxaSvili 1941: 23).
grigol orbeliani qalebze cudi azris arasodes yofila, amas mowmobs misi satrfialo
lirika, qalebze nawyeni ki, ra Tqma unda, iqneboda. saukeTeso ojaxiSvili, saqarTvelos mefis
STamomavali, ruseTis armies generali da umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri ver eRirsa pirad
bednierebas. siyvarulis gamoxatvaSi metad Tamami, qarTul poeziaSi siyvarulis grZnobis
uaRresad realisturad warmomCeni, usiyvarulod daberda, satrfoTa saxelebi ki ukvdavyo
Tavisi poeziiT.

damowmebani:

balaxaSvili 1941: balaxaSvili i. manana orbeliani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `saq. ssrsaxelmw. lit.
muzeumi~, 1941.
droeba 1875: gaz. `droeba~. 105, 1875.
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meunargia 1941: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi. I. Tb.: 1941.
orbeliani 1989: orbeliani gr. saRamo gamosalmebisa. krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1989.
xuciSvili 1947: xuciSvili s. gr. orbelianis prozauli Txzulebebi. goris saxelmwifo
pedinstitutis Sromebi, II, 1947.
jologua 2002: jologua T. dimitri yifiani (1830_1860 wlebi). Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2002.

Tamar Sharabidze

Beyond the Initials
(from Grigol Orbelianis Lyric Poetry)

Summary

Grigol Orbelianis lyric poetry is of particular interest for the readers due to the fact that the titles of the poems are
represented as initials and beyond them are implied concrete and, at the same time, different people. According to the
compositions, these personages are qualitatively unlike each other and the poets approach towards each of them is also
different. Most profound and strong feelings Grigol Orbeliani expresses to Nino Chavchavadze. This feeling continued
throughout the poets life: it started before Nino Chavchavadze married Griboedov, revived after Nino became a widow, it
existed even when the poet periodically had other love affairs, and in our opinion, it existed after Ninos death as a disastrous
feeling. The poems devoted to Nino are distinguished by the tenderest attitude to beloved, reverence, readiness to sacrifice
himself for the sake of his sweetheart whatever happened to her, and poets real imagination of the greatest torment; we fail
to come across the phrases expressing free fleshly love.
The verses devoted to Sopio Orbeliani are given in a more light tone and strong torment caused by love which is vivid
in the poems devoted to Nino Chavchavadze, are absent. Here the poet is focused more on the appearance of his beloved and
the longing to possess this physical beauty is expressed; also there is evidence that poets feelings would be permanent.
In the verses devoted to the countess Orbeliani, there is just a little left from expressions and images expressing strong
feelings. The poem Night is a typical specimen of poetic eroticism when during fleshly love only feelings and sensations are
displayed and the unity of souls and their identity are not forgotten. This poem was written in Saint Petersburg and its
addressee is unknown. Stylistic similarity expressed with similar boldness is found in the verses of mukhambazi type too.
In Grigol Orbelianis lyric poetry one more initial - M is found, the addressee of which is also considered
unknown by literary critics. According to the personages described in it and letters sent to the poet by David Koganashvili,
we have established that this verse is addressed to Manana Orbeliani among whose admirers was also Grigol Orbeliani and
because of hopeless love he loved his sweetheart from the distance.
Manana by nature was a woman-politician. She could easily dispel the hurted people with careless sweet word; forget
as well as transition of love and admiration into friendly relations which she managed well both with others and in relation to
Grigol Orbeliani. Their interrelations developed on friendly terms.
From epistolary heritage it is evident that they often went beyond official card and greetings, and made fun of each
other and joke. Grigol Orbeliani has only one amorous verse devoted to Manana; the initial M is not found in his verses
any more.
By means of expressing feelings and artistic images in the works of art, it becomes possible to have a clear view of
poets private life; at the same time, utterly diverse perception of love.

saba-firuz metreveli

ilia da qarTuli Teatri

ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc qarTuli Teatris patronisa da Wirisuflis, Rvawli kargadaa
Seswavlili da Sefasebuli. mis damokidebulebas qarTuli Teatris mimarT Cveni gamokvleva
ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoaCens:
1. ilia WavWavaZis Teatraluri moRvaweoba (reJisori, msaxiobi da deklamatori);
2. ilias esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi, zogadad, Teatrisa da, kerZod, msaxiobis
xelovnebis Sesaxeb;
3. ilia _ Teatraluri kritikosi.
Cveni mizania erTian sistemaSi iqnes gaazrebuli, danaxuli, Sefasebuli da dafasebuli
ilia WavWavaZis Teatraluri moRvaweoba, gamoikveTos is umTavresi, romelic, misi azriT,
qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis upirvelesi misiaa _ zneobis, eTikis, keTilSobilebis,
adamianobis, patiosnebis, mamulisa da moyvasis siyvaruli, qarTuli enis siwmindis dacva!
mTlianobaSi warmovadgenT ilias Teatralur moRvaweobas, mis samsaxiobo Tu reJisorul
79
Ziebebs, mis Teatralur mrwamssa da esTetikas. es ki xels Seuwyobs ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebisa
da Semoqmedebis erTiani procesis aRqmas, misi pirovnebis mravalmxrivobisa da mravalsaxeobis
warmoCenas.
SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom ilia iyo ganuxorcielebeli reJisori da msaxiobi, mas
sisxlSi hqonda gamjdari Teatris, scenis siyvaruli da es iyo biZgi imisa, rom misi
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi Tavad mogvevlina reJisoris ampluaSi.
1859 wlis zafxulSi, peterburgidan Camosuli ilia dgams cocxal suraTebs uiliam
Seqspiris `mefe liridan~, lirs TviTon TamaSobs. saRamom didi warmatebiT Caiara. p.
umikaSvilis gadmocemiT, cocxal suraTebs Tbilisis sazogadoeba interesiT miawyda da didad
kmayofilic darCa (maxaraZe 1989: 141); (maxaraZe 1939: 21); (WeliZe 1963: 58). amis Sesaxeb ufro
vrcel cnobas gvawvdis ioseb griSaSvili:
`1859 wels, 22 wlis Wabuki ilia, avadmyofobis gamo droebiT Tavs anebebs swavlas,
peterburgidan miemgzavreba Tbiliss da ramdenime Tves Tavis samSobloSi atarebs... mas Tan
Camohyva surneli zangi msaxiobis, olirjis, gastrolebisa, romlis mefe lirzedac 1858 wels
mTeli peterburgi laparakobda. biografebis cnobiT, im xanebSi Tbilisis yofili pirveli
gimnaziis darbazSi, sadac erT dros g. erisTavma pirveli qarTuli warmodgena gamarTa, ilias
daudgams cocxali suraTebi Seqspiris `mefe liridan~. am cocxal suraTebSi monawileoba
miuRia Tbilisis warCinebuli ojaxis wevrebs, maT Soris al. WavWavaZis Svilebs _ sofiosa da
daviTs, mefe liri Tavad ilia yofila. es iyo pirveli cocxali suraTebis dadgma
saqarTveloSi~ (griSaSvili 1952: 262-263).
cocxali suraTebis warmodgena Teatraluri xelovnebis specifikuri sanaxaobaa,
romelic arsebobda revoluciamdel TeatrSi da, romelsac Tanamedrove Teatri aRar
mimarTavs. es iyo sanaxaoba, romelic plastikurad gamoxatavda adamianTa cxovrebis erT
romelime moments. cocxali suraTi utyvi, uZravi da xanmokle iyo (ufro vrclad ix. uruSaZe
1967: 49-50).
ioseb griSaSvilis zemoT moyvanili cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom ilias ukavSirdeba cocxali
suraTebis pirveli dadgma saqarTveloSi sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. CvenSi cocxali suraTis
gamarTvis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba ekuTvnis m. TumaniSvils: àm saRamos WeSmariti sitkboeba
ganvicade aqauri Teatris scenaze cocxali suraTebis naxviT, romlebic dasdga xelovnebis
gamoCenilma mcodnem Tavadma gagarinma~ (xelTubneli 1937: 116). es Canaweri daTariRebulia
1849 wlis 20 martiT da aTi wliT uswrebs griSaSviliseul cnobas, Tumca ilia WavWavaZe,
gagarinis Semdeg, cocxali suraTebis erT-erTi pirveli damdgmeli reJisoria qarTul
TeatrSi. igi am tipis xelovnebis saTaveebTan dgas da, faqtobrivad, amzadebs qarTul scenas
SemdgomSi ase cnobili cocxal suraTebad warmodgenili `vefxistyaosnisaTvis~.
sruliad gamorCeuli Rvawli miuZRvis mas `mefe liris~ qarTul TeatrSi dadgmis
saqmeSi. 1879 wlidan, qarTuli profesiuli Teatris aRdgenis pirveli dRidanve, ilia iwyebs
fiqrs `mefe liris~ scenur xorcSesxmaze. am piesis pirveli scenuri versiis Seqmnis saqmeSi man
CarTo m. gurieli, m. bebuTaSvili, d. yifiani, iv. maCabeli, akaki da sxvebi. ìlia uSualod
xelmZRvanelobda `liris~ scenaze ganxorcielebis process, masTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
wydeboda nebismieri umniSvnelo detalic ki~ (CxartiSvili 2007: 24). `mudmivi scenis~ 4 wliani
istoriis manZilze ukve ganxorcilebulia Seqspiris `venecieli vaWari~ da `hamleti~.
erovnuli interesebisaTvis brZolis saSualebaTa rkalSi Seqspiri Tavidanve moeqca. am mxriv
kidev erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo 1883 wels `mefe liris~ scenaze gacocxleba.
Targmanis dasrulebis Semdeg, jer kidev `mudmivi scenis~ daarsebamde, `mefe liris~
dadgmis survili gamoTqves mamia gurielma, daviT erisTavma da nino orbelianma, magram maTs
Canafiqrs win aRudga ilia WavWavaZe, radgan igi fiqrobda, rom aseTi rTuli nawarmoebis
ganxorcielebas gansakuTrebuli momzadeba sWirdeboda. amasTanave, `mefe liri~ unda
gamxdariyo aRdgenili qarTuli Teatris perspeqtivis ganmsazRvreli. `lirs~ maqimalurad
unda gamoekveTa axalbeda qarTvel artistTa SemoqmedebiTi potencia.
kote yifianis cnobiT, ilias moundomebia liris did scenaze dadgma ise, rom rolebi
unda SeesrulebinaT mxolod mwerlebs: Tavad ilias, ivane maCabels, mamia guriels, nino
orbelians, daviT erisTavs, dimitri yifiansa da sxvebs, magram warmodgena mweralTa
monawileorbiT ar Semdgara (griSaSvili 1952: 271).
cnobilia, rom liris rolis ganxorcieleba iliam dimitri yifians SesTavaza, magram
yifianma Tavad moiTxova liris rolis Targmna. igi 1879 wlis oqtomberSi qviSxeTidan i.
WavWavaZes werils swers: `Sroma gagiweviaT didi, niWi gamogiCndaT SesaniSnavi, erTi Secdomaa,
mxolod erTi: kilo _ Seqspiris TxzulebebSi, romlebic karga Zvelia, leqsic bevri ipoveba
daZvelebuli, rasac didi xania aRar xmaroben, magram kilo aris sasaubro. Tqven ufro
samwignobro kilos gahyolixarT. mSveniereba aris Tqveni Targmani, _ es yovlad ueWvelia, _
magram am kilozed arsad ulaparakiaT, arsad laparakoben... Tu maincdamainc gnebavT, liri me
warmovadgino, _ neba momeciT, es roli me vTargmno Cemeburad~ (arqivi 1951: VIII-XIV). (d.
yifianis aseTi survili araa SemTxveviTi, radgan Seqspiris piesis pirveli qarTuli Targmani
swored mas ekuTvnis: 1841 wels frangulidan Targmna `romeo da julieta).
80
ra Tqma unda, amas ilia ar daeTanxma. amis Semdeg liris rolis pirveli Semsruleblis
SerCevis mizniT gamoacxada konkursi. romelic ilias saxlSi Catarda. Jiuris SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen: ilia WavWavaZe, rafiel erisTavi, ivane maCabeli, mixeil bebuTaSvili, al. halbi
(Tbilisis rusuli Teatris xelmZRvanelis mama). konkursantebs `mefe liris~ III moqmedebis me-3
suraTi _ wyevlis scena _ mxatvrulad unda waekiTxaT. ilias TanadgomiTa da surviliT,
liris rolis Semsruleblad dimitri yifianis vaJi, kote, SearCies. Tavad kote yifiani ki
liris rolze daniSvnis istorias ase igonebs: ìliam, 1879 wlis giorgobisTveSi damibara Tavis
saxlSi da miTxra, rom Sen unda ikisro mefe liris rolis Seswavlao. Sen Segnebuli kaci xar da
moamzade roli ise, rogorc gesmis, nura kritikosis Txzulebas, nura recezias lirzed nu
waikiTxav, Torem agereva gza da kvali, TviTon SeniT unda Seqmna liris xasiaTi da merwmune,
ukeTesad gamogiva~ (yifiani 1964: 27). dimitri yifianma ki Svils urCia: àiRe wignebi, gars
Semoiwyve da rac sadme weria rolis xasiaTze, sxvadasxva artistebis Sexedulebaze yoveli
recenzia da kritika gadaikiTxe, rom Sen TviTon SegeZlos Seqmna liris xasiaTi~ (yifiani 1909:
7).
maSindel TeatrSi speqtaklis dadgmas maqsimum or kviras andomebdnen, `liris~ premiera
ki konkursis Sedegis gamocxadebidan oTxi wlis Semdeg gaimarTa. qarTveli inteligencia didi
interesiT eloda `mefe lirs~ scenaze, miT ufro, rom premiera asi repeticiis Semdeg Sedga
(zogierTi cnobiT, 60 repeticiis Semdeg). speqtakli Cavarda, mwvave iyo kritikac. mainc ra
faqtorebma ganapioba `mefe liris~ marcxi scenaze? vfiqrobT, masSi Tavi iCina yvela im
problemam, rac im periodis qarTul Teatrs hqonda. komediuri planis msaxiobebma ver
dasZlies SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, maT ver SesZles SeeqmnaT tragikuli da dramatuli saxeebi.
Seqspiris dramebisaTvis saWiro iyo didi temperamentis da diapazonis mqone tragikosi
msaxiobebi, romelTa naklebobas qarTuli Teatri im periodSi Zlier ganicdida (CxartiSvili
2007). garda amisa, msaxiobebma ver daZlies gmirTa xasiaTebi da teqsti ver gaiTavises,
speqtaklis warmatebas xels uSlida reJisor m. bebuTaSvilis `reJisoruli partitura~, rac,
ZiriTadad, piesis araswor montaJSi gamovlinda. (igi inaxeba Teatris, musikisa da kinos
saxelmwifo muzeumSi), sareJisoro ekzempliarSi aRniSnulia mTeli rigi gamotovebuli
mniSvnelovani adgilebi, ramac dramaturgiuli logika daarRvia (ufro vrclad ix.:
CxartiSvili 2007; gugunava 1964; daviTaia 1975); Tumca ilias mizani, qarTuli Teatris scenaze
exila `namdvili Seqspiri~, gvian, magram mainc asrulda. `pirvelma Seqspirulma cdebma axali
SemoqmedebiTi sivrceebis gaxsnes Teatris winaSe, axali amocanebi dausaxes mas~ (uruSaZe 1986:
57). amis saTaveebTanac ilia WavWavaZe idga.

* * *
ilia iyo ganuxorcielebeli msaxiobi ori sabuTi arsebobs imis saCveneblad, rom i.
WavWavaZes hqonda dauokebeli wyurvili scenaze TamaSisa, pirveli: cocxal suraTebad
warmodgenil `mefe lirSi~ igi Tavad ganasaxierebda lirs da meore, gr. yifSiZis TqmiT, mas
Semdeg, roca moewyo `mefe liris~ sajarod kiTxva, 1874 wels, ilias imave wlebSi scenaze
uTamaSia am piesaSi da Seusrulebia kentis roli (griSaSvili 1952: 269). sainteresoa isic, rom
iv. maCabelTan erTad dawyebuli `mefe liris~ Targmnis periodSi, maSin, roca cocxal
suraTebad ukve warmodgenili da naTamaSebi hqonda liri, siciliT aRuTqva vanos: Sens
Targmnil lirs pirvelad me viTamaSebo (WeliZe 1963: 58).
calke unda aRiniSnos ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mkiTxvelis, mxatvruli kiTxvis ostatis
moRvaweoba. igi am mxrivac saetapo mniSvnelobis Semoqmedebas gvTavazobs. ruseTidan
CamosvlisTanave ilia awyobs `mefe liris~ sajarod kiTxvas. gazeTi `droeba~ werda: `Cven
daveswariT `mefe liris~ kiTxvas da marTali unda vTqvaT, Targmani swored samagaliToa~
(droeba 1874). ilias gansakuTrebiT uyvarda Turme `mefe liris~ ori epizodis wakiTxva:
martod darCenili liris monologisa (ìzuzune da iqrole~) da kordelias sityva mamisadmi.
1874 wlis 18 aprils mas quTaisSic waukiTxavs `mefe liris~ nawyvetebi (droeba 1874).
ìlias dinji xma hqonda da marjvena xelis malimal maRla aweva uyvarda Turme, roca
saliteraturo saRamoebze gamodioda, qarTvelebi jer kidev ar iyvnen SeCveulni sajarod
kiTxvas. ilia kiTxvis kulturas xels uwyobda Tavisi moxdenili deklamaciiT da qarTul
kazmul mwerlobas popularizacias uqmnida (griSaSvili 1952: 273).
ilias gansakuTrebiT uyvarda n. baraTaSvilisa da grigol orbelianis leqsebis kiTxva.
misi deklamacia iyo bunebrivi da STambeWdavi (griSaSvili 1952: 271).
artur laistis gadmocemiT, ilia rom laparakobda, cecxli da gataceba TandaTan
emateboda.
mansvetaSvilis TqmiT, ilia kargi mkiTxveli iyo, Tumca xma cota moyruo hqondao.
ìlias didi xma ar hqonda, arc Zalian mJReri, magram mkafio, mkveTri da naTlad
gasagoni. ar icoda kiloSekidebiT laparaki, xmis akankaleba, arc xelebis waramara savsavi.
masSi iyo artistuloba da ara Teatraloba~ _ igonebs i. elefTeriZe (griSaSvili 1952: 277).
roca iliam `glaxis naambobi~ waukiTxa `droebis~ redaqciis TanamSromlebs, imdenad
didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, rom kote mesxi igonebs: àseTi tkbili, Zlieri, mkafio qarTuli
kiTxva an sityva jer ar msmenoda~ (griSaSvili 1952: 272).
81
1889 wlis 25 marts wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis sasargeblod gamarTul
literaturul saRamoze ilias waukiTxavs giorgis sikvdilis scena òTaraanT qvrividan~.
iakob gogebaSvili ìveriaSi~ (i. somnaZis fsevdonimiT) werda: `saqme i. WavWavaZeze midga. igi
gamovida dinjad, gaSala kaTedraze rveuli da daiwyo kiTxva. iseTi siCume Camovarda, rom
darbazSi buzis gafrenas gaigonebda kaci... xma aqvs musikaluri, kilo Sesaferisi, logikuri
xmis awev-daweva rigze mihyavs, gamometyveleba da moZraoba pirisaxisa Seesabameba wakiTxvis
Sinaarssa da sazogadod misi xma mkafiod hxatavs yovel azrsa da grZnobas~ (iveria 1889).
al. yifSiZis mogonebiT, ìliam bevri ilaparaka, magram dasvenebiT, mokled da mkafiod.
an vin gadaurCeba daumonavebel mis gonier laparaks, axdil Subls da mSvenier, wylian
Tvalebs?!~ (mrevliSvili 2006: 16).
calke unda aRiniSnos ilia, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxveli. rusTavelis poema
mTlianad waukiTxavT 1881 wlis Tebervlidan TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgen komisiaSi. Tavmjdomareobda grigol orbeliani. savse
darbazis TandaswrebiT, sinaTlis SuqiT ganaTebuli rusTavelis portretis qveS (mxatvar
mirianaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli) 13 Tebervals ilias waukiTxavs àmbavi rostevan arabTa
mefisa~. aRtacebuli iona meunargia werda: ìlia WavWavaZe, romelic am saRamos kiTxulobda
`vefxistyaosans~, sazogadod kargi mkiTxvelia. imas mSvenieri xma aqvs, mSvenieri gamoTqma,
Cinebuli kilo, mis kiTxvaSi namdvili qarTuli simebis JRera ismis, magram TviTon kiTxvaSi ki
imas xelovneba aklia. raRac gamouTqmel siamovnebas vpoveb me WavWavaZis kiTxvaSi, rodesac is
Tavisi xmis sasiamovno tembriT SemosZaxebs:

`magas nu brZaneb, mefeo, jer vardi ar dagWknobia~

raRac didebuli, raRac grZnobisTvis sasiamovno ram ismis am xmaSi, am eris gulidam
gamosul sityvebis gameorebaSi. magram ra ginda, rom sul gunebiT kiloT, am gulis xmas
misdevs batoni ilia da yvela adgilebs erTi da igive gvarad ambobs~ (droeba~ 1883).
amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli kiTxvis TaviseburebaTa gansazRvrisas misma
Tanamedroveebma daasaxeles Tvisebebi, romlebic iliasTvis, rogorc saukeTeso
mkiTxvelisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. xmis bunebrivi sasiamovno tembri, swori intonacia,
musikaloba, Zlieri emocia, mkafio metyveleba, zomieri Jestikulacia, logika da azris win
wamoweva _ aseTi monacemebi sasurvelia dResac, roca mxatvruli kiTxvis xelovneba ukve
saerTo kriziss ganicdis. ilia WavWavaZe emijneba im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
wamRerebiT, RiRiniT, paTosiT kiTxvas da azrisa da emociis nazavs gvTavazobs. sainteresoa
misi erTi replikac, peterburgidan `liris~ Targmanis Sesaxeb Tavis meuRles swers da
SeniSnavs: `magas kai wakiTxva unda _ roca moval, me TviTon wavikiTxav da naxav, rogori
Targmania~. am frazaSi aris gansazRvruli umTavresi ram kiTxvisas _ swori intonacia `kai
wakiTxva, anu is, rac wasakiTxis mxatvrul Taviseburebasac gagrZnobinebs, azrisa da logikis
Zalasac warmoaCens da avtoris Rirsebasac daganaxvebs~. unda vivaraudoT, rom ilia swored
karg mkiTxvelTa saTaveebTan dgas da mxatvruli kiTxvis cocxal magaliTad gvevlineba.

* * *
ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc qarTuli Teatris mesveurisa da patronis Rvawli
Seufasebelia. Tu giorgi erisTavma aRadgina Zveli qarTuli Teatris Zirebi, iliam ganaaxla
da aayvava am fesvebis rtoTa laSqari- werda i. griSaSvili (griSaSvili 1952: 262).
roca ilia qarTul Teatrs saTaveSi Caudgeba, Tavis garSemo Semoikrebs maSinde
Teatralebs: g. TumaniSvils, d. erisTavs, n. avaliSvils da Camoayalibebs mudmiv dass
qarTvel msaxiobTa koleqtivs. sruliad dauRalavi da uangaro iyo misi Sroma, brZola
qarTuli Teatris fexze wamosayeneblad. man sajaro krebis mowveva ganizraxa da Tavisi
xelmoweriT baraTebi daugzavna im pirebs, romelTa mxardaWerac sWirdeboda, raTa
Seqmniliyo qarTuli Teatri (Tumca yvelam rodi dauWira mxari, Tundac grigol orbelianma,
romelmac maSin zedmetad moumzadeblad miiCnia qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis iliaseuli
mcdeloba-mondomeba (baxtrioni 1922). ilia Tavis werilebSi arwmunebda sazogadoebas, rom
maTi mxardaWeriT Teatri Tavs Seinaxavda, rom `weliwadSi samasi Tumani sul fexze daayenebs
Cvens Teatrs im mxriv mainc, rom dasi eyoleba~ (dawvr. ix. SalutaSvili 1969: 13).
Zalian niSandoblivia ilias werili 1881 wels i. oqromWedliSvilisadmi miwerili: `xom
ici, Teatri ra didi ram aris CvenisTana dacemuli xalxisaTvis. magis meti nacionalobis
niSanwyali jerjerobiT Cven ara gvaqvs-ra! eg adgilia, sadac Cveni ena sajarod ismis da
sajarod moqmedebs~.
ilia TavgamodebiT icavda mudmivi dasis Seqmnis ideas da aRasrula kidec 1881 wels,
radgan misTvis qarTuli Teatri erovnuli TviTSegnebis erT _ erTi taZari iyo. (igi
dramatuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare gaxda, Tavmjdomaris amxanagi _ akaki wereTeli,
xazinadari _ m. TumaniSvili, mdivani _ k. yifiani). gamgeobam marTlac muxlCauxrelad
ibrZola 1879 wels Seqmnili qarTuli mudmivi dasisTvis saWiro pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. amis
dasturia Tundac is, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo wvrilmani, rom ilia bileTebsac ki
82
avrcelebda: àqeT veci, iqic veci da, rogorc iyo, ZaliT Tu nebiT abonenti daurige...
usaxsrobas mainc ar eSvela... codvaa, momakvdinebeli codvaa, rom uRonobiT da uilajobiT
Cveni Teatri gauqmdes (WavWavaZe 1955: 25-26).
rogori ucxoa es Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic or nawiladaa
gayofili: erTni, mdidarni, bileTis fuls ver imeteben da, meoreni, uqonelni _ ufulobis
gamo sxedan mosawvevebis molodinSi.
ilia cdilobda qarTuli Teatri erovnuli TviTSegnebis erT-erTi mZlavri kera
gamxdariyo. garda amisa, man qarTul Teatrs Seuqmna mebrZoli xelovnebis tradicia (kiknaZe
1975: 40). rogorc SeniSnulia, zogadad, ilias Teatris erovnuli mniSvenloba ori planiT
warmoudgeboda, rogorc:
a) erTiani qarTuli enis damkvidrebis saqme;
b) zneobis ganmaspetakebeli, xalxis mwvrTneli da gamzrdeli.
igi werda: ,,qarTuli Teatri qarTvelTaTvis bevris sikeTis momaswavebelia... Teatri
bevrs SemTxvevaSi marto xelovnebis msaxuri ar aris. adgili, dro da garemoeba mas zogjer
sxva samsaxursac kisrad sdebs da am mxriT Teatri daufasebeli ram aris da Cven ar viciT sxva
misebr uebari saSualeba, romelic egre gamarjvebulad, saswrafod da pirdapir moqmedebdes
adamianis ukeTesTa grZnobaTa gamofxizlebasa da moZraobazed (WavWavaZe 1991: 241-242)
ilia scenas iseT skolad Tvlida, romelic suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis qcevasa da
gonebas. swored Teatris is adgili, romelic ùkeTes mxares adamianisas fexs aadgmevinebs...
Tu es Zvirfasi Tviseba, rogorc xalxis wvrTna da zrda, scenas CamovacileT, igi mikitanxanad
gadaiqceva da maSin sjobs warwymdes, vidre sufevdes... Cven scenas or Rvawls vTxovT: pirveli,
rom marTla ganmwmendeli iyos Cvenis cxovrebisa, Cvenis Wkuisa da gulis ganmanaTlebeli da
mwvrTneli da meore _ igi unda iqnas im adgilad, sadac Cveni ena fexzed unda wamodges mTelis
Tavis mSvenebiTa da simdidriT (SamelaSvili 1986: 66).
im periodis TeatrSi scenidan ismoda aqanei-maqanei, biWi vceme, faitani damiZaxe da sxva
_ wers v. kiknaZe _ amitom TeatrSi enis siwmindis dacva damokidebuli iyo dramaturgebsa da
msaxiobebze. isini valdebulni iyvnen ebrZolaT erTiani saliteraturo enis SenarCunebisa da
ganmtkicebisaTvis, ganedevnaT rusicizmebi, quCuri, bazarxanuli kilokavebi, xalxSi
daenergaT `saamuri qarTuli sityvis mixra-moxra~, cocxali darbaisluri ena (kiknaZe 1975: 39).
`scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis gamzrdeli unda iyos, sulisa da gulis amamaRlebeli~.
amitom ilia scenas skolad Tvlida, werda kidec: `scena igive Skolaa, romelic cxovelis
suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuas~ (1879 wlis Tebervlis `Sinauri mimoxilvidan~).
iliam dramaturgia da Teatri gadaaqcia zneobis, eTikis, patriotizmis, mamulis uangaro
siyvarulis namdvil skolad, sadac qarTveli xalxi, sazogadoeba ismenda simarTlis, sikeTis,
siyvarulisa da gmirobisaTvis, samSoblos TavganwirvisTvis mowodebas (Sdr. varTagava 1958:
20).
Teatri adamianobis, patiosnebis, kacadkacobis uwmindes taZrad miaCndaT, amitomac ilia
winaaRmdegi iyo imisa, rom qarTul scenaze daedgaT `gulisa da enis gamryvneli~ piesebi.
magaliTad, i. lazariSvilis `mtarvali~ mas yalb istoriul dramad, myvirala patiotizmad
miaCnda. ilias azriT, es piesa grZnobaTa WeSmarit gzaze dayenebas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed
grZnobaTa wawymedas, gayalbebas, dabrmavebas~ (SalutaSvili 1986: 65).
iliam qarTul Teatrs friad mniSvnelovani politikuri brZolis amocana daakisra. i.
griSaSvilis TqmiT, scena unda gadaqceuliyo erovnuli kulturisa da TviTmyofobis
mgznebare tribunad... iliam, akakisTan erTad, qarTul Teatrs brwyinvale SemoqmedebiTi
tradiciebi Seuqmna, ganaviTara misi realisturi gza da scena xalxs dauaxlova (griSaSvili
1952: 299).
ilia WavWavaZes kargad esmoda, rom Teatris safuZveli dramaturgiaa, amitom igi
seriozulad fiqrobda sarepertuaro politikis Sesaxeb: `Teatri marTla Teatri unda iyos, e.
i. kerZo pirTa masxrad asagdebi ki ara, aramed sazogado Wirisa da lxinis Tvalwin
wamomayenebeli. amisTvis saWiroa rigiani repertuari~ (Sinauri mimoxilva, 1881 weli) an `Cveni
Teatris erTi didi nakli is aris, rom saTeatro Txzulebani ara gvaqvs, rom Cveni sakuTari,
Cven mier qmnili, Cvenis cxovrebidam amoRebuli Txzulebani ara gvaqvs~ (SalutaSvili 1986: 87).
maSindel repertuarSi didi adgili farsebsa da vodevilebs eWira, amitom igi moiTxovda
repertuaris gadaxedvasa da daxvewas: ,,saWiroa sul sxva repertuari iqonios Cvenma Teatrma,
sul sxva safuZveli da mimarTuleba mieces exlandels mis moqmedebas (WavWavaZe 1991: 243).
aRsaniSnavia ramdenime faqtori: jer erTi, iliam gailaSqra uideo, uxamsi piesebis
Targmnisa da qarTuli enis damaxinjebis winaaRmdeg da, meorec, miznad daisaxa erovnuli
dramaturgiisTvis Seewyo xeli. man gazeT `droebis~ saxeliT konkursic ki gamoacxada
saukeTeso qarTul piesaze, ìveriaSi~ gaaZliera piesebis beWdva, sul raRac 2-3 wlis
ganmavlobaSi dabeWda a. cagarelis `maTiko~, d. erisTavis `samSoblo~, a. yazbegis `qeTevan
wamebuli~, r. erisTavis àdvokatebi~.
Zalian sainteresoa m. safarovas erTi cnoba: ìmxanad qarTuli piesa ise ar
gaWaWandeboda, rom ilias ar waekiTxa, ar Seesworebina, rogorc enobrivad, ise Sinaarsis
mxriv~ (kiknaZe 1975: 30). maSindel repertuarSi didi adgili farsebsa da vodevilebs eWira.
83
ilia moiTxovda repertuaris gadaxedvasa da daxvewas, dramaturgebisagan ki _ met
seriozulobasa da propesionalizms, socialur JReradobas, `gulis sagrZnobels~.
kategoriulad uaryofda e. w. gasarTob dramaturgias da amitomac akritikebda ase mZafrad
zogierT ideurad da mxatvrulad sust piesas, Tavis werilebSi msjelobda piesis specifikis
Sesaxeb. igi a. cagarelis `qarTvlis dedas~ statikurobis gamo iwunebda, gaugebrad, adamianis
bunebisaTvis ucxo movlenad miaCnda gmirebis dayofa àbsoluturad dadebiT da uaryofiT~
saxeebad.
ilia Tavis werilSi àxali dramebis gamo~ saubrobs istoriul piesaze. dramis cnebis
sakiTxze, Janrze da sxva. faqtobrivad, man Camoayaliba dramis Teoriis umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxebi (Sdr. kiknaZe 1975: 35). a. TavzaraSvilis azriT, dramis specifikur niSans ilia xedavs
situaciebisa da moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebis iseT ganviTarebaSi, rodesac isini, organuli
aucileblobis gamo, TavisTavad da ara avtoris karnaxiT, ìSlebian da ixsnebian~ moqmedebaSi.
e. i. ilias azriT, drama warmoadgens moqmedebas, romelic warmoiSva garemoebebisa da
xasiaTebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, warmoiSoba TavisTavad, bunebrivi aucileblobis
gamo (TavzaraSvili 1970: 50-51).
ilias survili iyo, qarTul Teatrs eCvenebina Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba, yofa, av-
kargi amqveyniuri arsebobisa: `samarTlianad natruloben bevrni Cvenganni, rom qarTulma
scenam rac SeiZleba xSirad gagvitaros Tvalwin Cveni cxovrebis xati da am xatSi
gagvixorcielos azri da sagani ase Tu ise momavali wuTisoflisa~. garda amisa, misi azriT,
aucilebeli iyo imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom sazRvargareTis mwerlobis klasikur
memkvidreobas qarTveli mayurebeli Teatris saSualebiTac gaecnoboda: `saWiroa Cvenma
sazogadoebam, Teatris SemweobiT, ucxo qveynebis cxovrebac gaicnos, klasikur mwerlobis
maRali azrebic Seityos (WavWavaZe 1991: 245).
Tavis werilebSi ilia Seexo msaxiobis xelovnebis iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa:
gardasaxva, ritmi, `meore plani~, adamianis `SigniTi buneba~, msaxiobis temperamenti, mimika,
metyvelebis kultura, grimi da a.S.
ilia dabejiTebiT moiTxovda msaxiobis xelovnebis zedmiwevniT dauflebas, gemovnebis
daxvewas (mako safarovs sabenefisod SerCeuli piesa dauwuna `b-n safarovisas ver movuwonebT
gemovnebas (WavWavaZe 1991: 295), metyvelebis, plastikis srulyofas, gancdis siwrfelesa da
siRrmes, àdamianis gulis Zgeris~ gadmocemas (SalutaSvili 1986: 66). msaxiobis TamaSi unda
iyos `gamomsaxveli gulis moZraobisa, amiT igi moiTxovda rolis gancdas, oRond ara mxolod
gancdis doneze, aramed inteleqtisa da profesionalizmis gaTvaliswinebiT (Sdr.
TavzaraSvili 1970: 53).
Teatralur xelovnebaSi v. nemiroviC-danCenkos mier damkvidrebuli terminia e. w. `meore
plani~. ilia erTgan wers: `kacma uTqmeli saguleblad gahxados mayureblisTvis~ _ es aris
swored zemoT xsenebuli `meore plani~. werilSi `b-ni gamyreliZe svimon leoniZis rolSi ~
iliam gadaWra maSindeli kamaTi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli skolis _ gancdis Tu warmosaxvis
msaxiobia WeSmariti Semoqmedi. n. gurabaniZis azriT, amave werilSi igi ìZleva realisturi
aqtioruli xelovnebis mTel programas~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 33).
ilia bevrs saubrobda msaxiobis Sinagani da garegnuli gardasaxvis Sesaxeb: àrtisti
didi mcodne unda iyos adamianis SigniTis bunebisa, imitom rom yovel sityvaSi marto suli da
guli adamianisa metyvelebs da yovels moZraobas sulisas da gulisas Tavis kilo aqvs, Tavis
hangi, Tavisi musika~, amiT, faqtobrivad, igi msaxiobisgan rolis dasrulebul analizs
moiTxovda (Sdr. jiblaZe 1966: 624).
garda amisa, ilia kategoriulad iTxovda profesionalizmsa da ara mxolod niWierebas:
,,marto bunebiTi niWi sakmao ar aris... meti codna, gamocdileba, xelovneba, gonebis
ganviTareba, xelmZRvaneloba unda, artists Tu ar unaxavs, Wignebidan mainc unda hqondes
Seswavlili sxva cxovreba, Cveuleba... TiTqos artisti martoraRac zegardamo STagonebiT
yvelaferis TamaSobas SeZlebso, es, rasakvirvelia, didi Secdomaa (WavWavaZe 1991:246).
Tavis werilebSi ilia exeba, agreTve, mxatvrulobisa da tipobrivobis, koleqtiurobisa
da ansamblurobis, Teatraluri kritikisa da metyvelebis sakiTxebs. igi didad afasebda
msaxiobis `saxiT metyvelebas~, moiTxovda rolis Rrma fsiqologiur damuSavebas `Wkvianur,
grZnobier, umetnaklebo aRsrulebas rolisas~ da, rac mTavaria, tipis Seqmna miaCnda msaxiobis
SemoqmedebiTi TviTmyofadobis, TavisTavadobis damamtkiceblad: ,,tipi yvelasa hgavs
zogadad da arc erTsa calke. amitomac tipad gardaqmnili saxe gecnobaT kidec da arc
gecnobaT erTsa da imave dros(WavWavaZe 1991: 289)
iliam kargad icoda, rom metyvelebis kulturis gareSe msaxiobis xelovnebas fasi
daekargeboda: àrtistisTvis diqcia, sityvebis mkafiod da srulad gamoTqma erTi umTavresi
RirsebaTagania~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 259). sityvisa da frazis mkafiod, gasagebad gamoTqmis garda,
igi moiTxovda `sityvis siTbosa da sitkbos~. rogor unda esmodes adamians kiTxvis specifika,
rom aseTi moTxovna gauCndes! ilia ilaSqrebda gazepirebuli metyvelebis winaaRmdeg, ar
moswonda a. cagarelis metyvelebaSi waborZikeba, sityvebis Caylapva, arc v. abaSiZisa da m.
safarovas sxapasxupiT laparaki. misTvis erTob mniSvnelovani iyo `qarTuli
marTlsityviereba~. scenaze gacocxlebul nawarmoebebSi mTavaria `sityvis Tqmis kilos
84
povna~. es aris intonaciis sakiTxi ase mniSvnelovani yovel drosa da epoqaSi: ,, rolis codna
marto sityvebis gazepireba ki ar aris, eg TuTiyuSsac SeuZlian. saqme sityvis Tqmis kilos
povnaa. yovels frazaSi Suaguli sityva unda usaTuod ipovos artistma da yovels xanaSi
Suaguli fraza (WavWavaZe 1991: 350). ilia Tavgamodebuli damcvelia TeatrSi azrisa da
grZnobis sinTezisa.kargad wakiTxvac misTvis iseT xelovnebas gulisxmobs, roca grZnoba,
emocia xels ar uSlis azrsa da logikas, esaa umTavresi dResac mxatvruli kiTxvis dros _
azrovneba da fsiqologizmi: ,,kargad wakiTxuli sityva erTi aTad aZlierebs azrsac,
grZnobasac, radgan erTsac da meoresac metismetad amSvenierebs da amkobs, acxovelebs da
aferadebs... marto Sewyobils, Seferebuls xmas adamianisas anu, uked vsTqvaT, wakiTxvas
SeuZlian gauwios sityvas igi samsaxuri, rom saidumlo gamoTqmuli bgera, bgera da moZraoba
gulisa gamometyveldes da mTqmelisagan msmenels gadaeces savsed da unaklulod (WavWavaZe
1991: 482-483).
msaxiobi unda eridos uadgilo pauzebs, rasac ilia `dumils~ eZaxis. mas ainteresebda
isic ki, riT aris dakavSirebuli metyveleba musikasTan, ra rols asrulebs musika enaSi.
`garkveulwilad am sakiTxs exeba werilSi `qarTuli xalxuri musika~. mas mohyavs lesingis
`laokoonidan~ sityvebi: `musika aris utyvi poezia da poezia metyveli musikaao~ (SamelaSvili
1986: 71).
leqsis kiTxva bevr sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. ilia wers: `leqsebis kiTxvas scenidam
sazogadod didi xelovneba da gamocdileba unda. artistma leqsTa-wyobisa da kiTxvis wesi
unda icodes... mSvenivrad, mkafiod, garkveviT, riTmis dacviT~... sainteresoa misi dakvirveba
imis Sesaxebac, rom àdamianis sityva TavisTavad xSirad uRonoa sulisa da gulis moZraobis
gamosaTqmelad da rac bunebiTad aklia sityvas, is kilom, xmam, Tqmis musikam unda
SuamTavros, Seavsos~. sruliad moulodneli iyo CvenTvis isic, rom ilia yuradRebas
amaxvilebs sunTqvis sworad aRebis aucileblobazec ki: ,,grZelis sityvisa da frazis
saTqmelad saWiroa kacma suli, e. i. haeri imodena Caibrunos , rom mTels frazas gawvdes da
eyos gamosaTqmelad. uamisod, gindaT Tu ar gindaT, xma ualago alagas gawydeba da fraza
waxdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 298). rogorc Cans, mas Tavad kargad hqonda Seswavlili metyvelebis
kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Torem ise warmoudgenelia aseT siRrmeebs
Caswvdomoda. sxvaTa Soris, Tavadac SeniSnavs, roca sunTqvis problemis Sesaxeb saubrobs: àm
saganzed mTeli swavlaa da am swavlas daswavla unda (WavWavaZe 1991: 298). amiT, faqtobrivad,
ilia ayenebs metyvelebis kulturis swavlebis, am tipis skolis arsebobis aucileblobas, rac
SemdegSi akaki faRavas studiaSi da, bolos, Teatralur institutSi maliko mrevliSvilis
ZalisxmeviT damkvidrda.
sruliad axali etapi iyo qarTuli TeatrisaTvis akakis `Tamar cbieris~ dadgma, rogorc
leqsad dawerili piesisa, radganac msaxiobebs am sirTulisTvis unda gaerTvaT Tavi. ilia
wers; ,,leqsebis kiTxvas scenidam sazogadod didi xelovneba da gamocdileba unda. artistma
leqsTa wyobisa da kiTxvis wesi unda icodes, rom leqsis Tqmis wesi da rigi TamaSobas SeurCios
da Seuwonos (WavWavaZe 1991: 339), ilias genialurma kalamma isic gansazRvra, rom am tipis
piesaSi ori ram aris mTavari ,,leqss feri ar ekargeboda da leqsis kiTxvac TamaSobas ar
uSlida (WavWavaZe 1991: 339). rogor unda esmodes adamians Teatris ena da rogor unda
grZnobdes igi TamaSis specifikas, rom aseT daskvnamde mivides. ilias xom specialuri
Teatraluri ganaTleba ar hqonia!

* * *
ilia Tavis werilebSi didi gulistkiviliT saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aRar dadis
mayurebeli TeatrSi: `nuTu Cven qarTul sazogadoebas cnobismoyvareoba srulad daexSo~
(WavWavaZe 1991: 236) _ svams SekiTxvas da iwyebs mizezebis Zebnas. umTavresia, zogadad,
gulgriloba Teatris mimarT, esTeTikuri moTxovnilebis dabali done. gulistkiviliT wers:
,,Cveni e. w. maRali sazogadoeba rogorRac hTakilobs qarTuls Teatrs da metismetad
gulgrilad eqceva... Cvens Teatrs marto Raribi xalxi inaxavs, marto e. w. mdabio xalxi,
romelic am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc bevrs sxvaSi, ufro gulSematkivaria, ufro mgrZnobiarea
(WavWavaZe 1991: 242). ilias ar darCenia SeumCneveli umniSvnelo wvrilmanic ki, romelsac,
SesaZloa, xeli SeeSala am problemis gadawyvetaSi. maT Soris, ,,TviTon fasebi TeatrSi
SesvlisaTvis ufro Semcirebul iqnas; bolo xanebSi metad aWianureben antraqtebs; Tumca
imasac aRniSnavda, rom bolo dros Zalian bevri ram sasikeTod Seicvala, mag., `darbazi
Teatrisa ufro faqizad da TvalTa sasiamovnod iyureba, vidre uwin, scenis mowyobiloba da
morTuloba lazaTiania, artistebi scenazed kargad da marTebulad icvamen~ (WavWavaZe
1991:241) da, miuxedavad amisa, Zlierni ama qveynisani mainc ver iclian TeatrisaTvis,
qarTvelTa gulgrilobiT SeSfoTebuli ilia wers: `bevri gaocebuli ikiTxeba; roca Cveni
Teatri ase gamokeTda, ras unda mieweros imaTi TeatrSi aryofnao? imaTs marTlada
,,arayofnas da sxvas arafers~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 242). es sityvebi gansakuTrebulad JRers dRes...
aqve yuradReba unda mivaqcioT erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romlis Sesaxebac ilias
gamZafrebuli reaqcia hqonda. saqme exeba mayureblis damokidebulebas komediisa da
tragediisadmi: àr viciT ra sabuTiT da amboben ki: Cvens sazogadoebas sasacilo warmodgenani
85
ufro izidavs, vidre naRvlianni da Camafiqrebelnio. Cven ar gvesmis amisTana laparaki
(WavWavaZe 1991: 311). msgavsi damokidebuleba Zalze damaxasiaTebelia dRevandeli
saqarTvelosTvis. bolo oci welia gaismis gasarTobi da iumoristuli tipis sanaxaobebisaken
mowodeba im motiviT,aqaoda isedac mZime socialuri fonia qveyanaSi da xalxs nuRar
davumZimebT yofaso, amitomac mudmivi taS-fandura ismis estradidanac da Teatridanac.
uxamsi, Savi iumoriT Seimosa sasceno xelovneba, gaufasurda yvelaferi da uesTetiko garemos
msxverplni aRmovCndiT. iliac SeSfoTebulia im tendenciiT, romelic maSin sufevda da
sicilisa da tirilis esTeTikas ase gansazRvravs: ùazro, umizezo sicili lazRandarobaa da
mTeli sami-oTxi saaTi, romelsac Cven TeatrSi vatarebT... mosawyenia da tvinis gamolayebaa...
metismeti Wiria.bevri ram aris qveyanazed sasacilo, magram estetiuri grZnoba yvela sicils
ver Seiwynarebs. sicili Tavis dReSi ar unda gardiqmnes lazRandarobad da tirili kidev
ugemur knavilad (WavWavaZe 1991: 314).

* * *
ilia iyo Teatraluri recenzenti da kritikosi. man mravali qarTveli msaxiobis scenuri
portreti Seqmna (gabunia, safarova, abaSiZe, yifiani, gamyreliZe, svimoniZe...) da amiT
STamomavlobas Semounaxa maTi saxelebi.
ìlias Rrma rwmeniT, Teatraluri kritikosi unda iyos gulwrfeli, sindisieri, uSiSari,
ganviTarebul-ganaTlebuli xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT mecnierebis im dargis kargi mcodne,
romelsac esTetikas uwodeben~ (varTagava 1958: 44).
ilias azriT, recenzents unda SeeZlos speqtaklis swori Sefaseba, av-kargis danaxva da
ara wregadasuli qeba an Zageba. `tyuilad qebulma kacmac ise unda iwyinos, rogorc tyuilad
dawunebulmaca~ werda poeti. igi, rogorc Teatraluri kritikosi, misTvis Cveuli siRrmiTa
da principulobiT ganixilavda Teatris ganviTarebis ZiriTads problemebs. mas kargad esmoda
Semoqmedi adamianis mgrZnobiare bunebisa, amis gamo Sefaruli iumoriT SeniSnavs: `yvelafers
SegindobT avtori, artisti, oRond avtorobas, artistobas ki nu dauwunebT (WavWavaZe 1991:
293)
Tumca misi kalami saTqmels mainc Seuferadeblad da mTeli simarTliT ambobda. Tavis
recenziebSi sasceno xelovnebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT av-kargiT warmoaCina msaxiobTa
Semoqmedeba. rogorc Teatris kritikoss SeumCneveli ar rCeboda msaxiobTa wvrilmani naklic
ki. mag., cagarelis TamaSiT ukmayofilo ilia gulaxdilad werda: `b-ni cagareli... rolebs kiar
TamaSobs, kiTxulobs da iqac ki xSirad waiborZikebs xolme: sityvebi SeeSleba da xan
sruliadac hylapavs... b-ni cagareli grZnobas ver aRviZebs, guls ver SesZravs xolme~
(WavWavaZe 1991: 256-257). ilia sakmaod mwvaved ayenebda zomierebis gancdisa da dacvis
aucileblobas, Jest-mimikis mozomilsa da saTqmelis Sesatyvis gamoyenebas: `b-nma yifianma
metad xSirad da uadgilo adgilas icis xelebisa da TiTebis uTavbolo moZraoba. e. w. mimika
saxsaria mxolod sityviT gamoTqmulis azris Semavsebeli... Tu mimika an sityvieris azris
samatad ar aris xmarebuli, an calkesi da TviTmyofis azris gamosaxatavad, igi
mayureblisaTvis meti bargia da adamians examuSeba, siamovnebas ufrTxobs, ukargavs
(WavWavaZe 1991: 269). aseTive TavdaWerisaken mouwodebda levan ximSiaSvilis rolis
Semsrulebel svimoniZes: `metismeti grexa da pranWva ar uxdeba levan ximSiaSvilis saTamaSos.
klakvna mwuxarebisagan da aqeT-iqiT Tavis xra vaJkacs ar SeSvenis (WavWavaZe 1991: 518).
Tavis werilebSi igi exeba grimis sakiTxsac da SeniSnavs, rom saxis kargad gakeTeba e. i.
rolis Sesaferad da Sesaferadve mokmazuloba didi ram aris TviTon TamaSobis sikeTisaTvis
(WavWavaZe 1991: 260), speqtaklSi partnioris Sesaxeb amboben ormoci wlis maxinji qaliao da
`Cven ki mayureblebi arc ise maxinjs da arc ise xniers vxedavdiT. amisTana SeufereblobaSi,
roca yuri erTs gveubneba da Tvali sxvas hxedavs, mayurebels iluzia ekargeba da, maSasadame,
siamovneba ufuWdeba (WavWavaZe 1991: 260).
ilia ilaSqrebs siyalbis winaaRmdeg da moiTxovs scenur simarTles, met
damajereblobas. mag., imave svimoniZeze wers: `metismetad didi qSena icis scenaze, miTomda
grZnobaTa aforiaqebis niSnad, veraferi niSania da metismetad wamxdenia mayureblis gunebisa
(WavWavaZe 1991: 518). saocrad faqizi da sulis niuansebis wvdomiT mignebuli dakvirvebebi aqvs
msaxiobTa TamaSis Sesaxeb. awyurels mouwona naTamaSevi da ase Seaqo: ìq, sadac sityva swydeba
da srul STabeWdilebas ar gixatavT, saxis moZraoba, gamometyveleba geubnebaT danarCens
(WavWavaZe 1991: 261). Zlieri emocia yovelTvis didi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda, Tumca ilia
zomierebis momxre iyo, radgan didi grZnobis gamoxatvas aqvs Tavisi kriteriumi didi
TavdaWera. sagangebo aqcentebiT aRniSnavs, rom: ,,gabunia-cagarelma erTgvaris xelovnebiT da
niWierebiT gaatara Tavisi roli, arsad arc gadaumetebia, arc ara dauklia ra (WavWavaZe 1991:
291). gamyreliZis metyvelebis kulturiT moxibluli ki siamovnebiT mogviTxrobs; ,,mis
laparakSi TiTqmis yoveli sityva Tavis adgilas iseTis Sesaferis kiloTi iyo Tqmuli, rogorc
ekuTvnoda, auCqarebliv, dinjad, mSvidobianad. molaparakem isTi simxurvale da mniSvneloba
aZlia sityvas, rom ara erTsa da ors mohgvara cremli (WavWavaZe 1991: 557).
ilias werilebSi samduravi gaismis reJisorebis mimarTac. marTalia, am droisaTvis ar
aris Zlieri reJisoruli skola, zogadad, magram misi kalami mainc miswvda maT da tipaJis
86
SerCevisas meti sifrTxilisaken mouwoda: `didi Secdomaa reJisorisagan, rom cotad Tu
bevrad sadramo rols akisreben xolme imisTana artists, romelsac sazogadoebam Tvali
SeaCvia, rogorc komiksa (WavWavaZe 1991: 287).
razec unda werdes, ilias umTavresi amosavali mainc eTika, kacadkacoba da Rirsebis
gamZafrebuli SegrZneba rCeba. msaxiobi mxolod kargad moTamaSe ki ara, saintereso da
maRalzneobrivi pirovneba, didi moqalaqe unda iyos, iliac iseT Teatrze ocnebobs, romelsac
SeuZlia adamianSi yvelaze adamianuris gamoRviZeba, pirovnebad srulqmna. erTgan ase wers;
òRond adamianurma Rirsebam duRabsaviT Sehkras Cveni scena da magars safuZvelzed
daamyaros (WavWavaZe 1991: 410). SesaZloa, Zalze saWiro da aucilebeli iyos romelime
msaxiobi TeatrisTvis, speqtaklisa da rolisaTvis, magram, Tu is zneobrovi da keTilSobili
adamiani ar iqna, sjobs, Teatrma uari Tqvas masze: `niWieri artisti didi ram aris scenisTvis,
magram, Tu sxvafriv yovlad autanelia, isev umisoba sjobia (WavWavaZe 1991: 409). aseTi
Seuvali da ukompromiso iyo ilia, eris zneobis sadarajoze mdgomi, romlis yvela erovnuli
wamowyeba keTilSobilebis niSniT gaxldaT daRdasmuli da aRbeWdili.
ilias, rogorc qarTuli Teatris patronisa da gulSematkivris Rvawls Tavis droze
ikvlevdnen ip. varTagava, g. jiblaZe, i. griSaSvili, a. maxaraZe, a. xaxanaSvili, s. xundaZe, d.
gamezardaSvili, k. meZvelia, a. gaCeCilaZe, m. duduCava, s. xuciSvili, b. nikolaiSvili, a.
TavzaraSvili, n. SalutaSvili, v. kiknaZe, r. SamelaSvili, n. gurabaniZe, l. CxartiSvili da
sxvebi. Cven maTs ganzogadebasa da mTlianobaSi warmodgenas SevecadeT, raTa kidev erTxel
migvedevnebina Tvali ilias Teatraluri moRvaweobis, misi samsaxiobo Tu reJisoruli
Ziebanis, misi Teatraluri mrwamsisa da esTetikisaTvis, rom warmogveCina is, Tu rogor
uyvarda qarvel adamians Teatri, romelic yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda yvelaze erovnuls,
mSveniersa da amaRlebuls.

Ddamowmebani:

arqivi 1951: d. yifianis arqivi. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb.: 1951.
baxtrioni 1922: baxtrioni. 21, Tb.: 1922.
griSaSvili 1952: griSaSvili i. literaturuli narkvevebi. Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1952.
gugunava 1964: gugunava l. Seqspiri saqarTveloSi. ,,qarTuli Seqspiriana~. t. 2, Tb.: 1964.
daviTaia 1975: daviTaia e. kote yifiani. Tb.: 1975.
droeba 1874: gaz. droeba. 420, Tb.: 1874.
droeba1883: gaz. `droeba~. 36, Tb.: 1883.
varTagava 1958: varTagava ip. ilia WavWavaZe Teatraluri kritikosi xelovneba, Tb.: 1958.
TavzaraSvili 1970: TavzaraSvili a. msaxiobis Semoqmedebis specifikis ganxilva i. WavWavaZis
esTetikis Suqz., Teatraluri institutis Sromebi, t. II, Tb.: 1970.
iveria 1889: gaz. iveria. 76, Tb.: 1889.
kiknaZe 1975: kiknaZe v. sivrce Teatrisa. saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoeba, Tb.: 1975.
maxaraZe 1939: maxaraZe a. literaturuli Sekreba-saRamoebi saqarTveloSi. XIX s-is II naxevari.
gamomcemloba sablitgami, Tb.: 1939.
maxaraZe 1989: maxaraZe a. i. WavWavaZis cxovreba Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb.:
1989.
mrevliSvili 2006: mrevliSvili m. mxatvruli kiTxvis xelovneba. kentavri, Tb.: 2006.
uruSaZe 1967: uruSaZe n. vefxistyaosani da qarTuli sasceno xelovneba. literatura da
xelovneba, Tb.: 1967.
uruSaZe 1986: uruSaZe p. Seqspiri da aRdgenili qarTuli Teatris SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi.
Teatraluri moambe, Tb.: 1986.
yifiani 1909: yifiani k. Cemi artistuli Tavgadasavali. Jurnali ,,faskunji~, 14, Tb.: 1909.
yifiani 1964: yifiani k. mogonebebi, werilebi. Tb.: 1964.
SalutaSvili 1969: SalutaSvili n. ilia WavWavaZis ucnobi werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb. gamomc.
xelovneba, Tb.: 1969.
SalutaSvili 1986: SalutaSvili n. i. WavWavaZe Teatris Sesaxeb. J. Teatraluri moambe, 1, Tb.:
1986.
SamelaSvili 1986: SamelaSvili r. ilia WavWavaZe da sasceno metyvelebis sakiTxebi. J.
Teatraluri moambe, 3, Tb.: 1986.
CxartiSvili 2007: CxartiSvili l. mefe liris scenuri interpretaciis pirveli cdebi qarTul
TeatrSi. saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani, 3, Tb.: 2007.
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZei. Teatris Sesaxeb. xelovneba, Tb., 1955.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. tomi V, kritika, mecniereba, Tb.: 1991.
WeliZe 1963: WeliZe v. cxovreba ivane maCablisa. Tb.: 1963.
xelTubneli 1937: xelTubneli m. saliteraturo sazogadoebrivi warsulidan. Tb.: 1937.
jiblaZe 1966: jiblaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. ganaTleba, Tb.: 1966.

Saba-Piruz Metreveli
87

Ilia Chavchavadze and Georgian Theatre

Summary

Our research represents Ilias attitude towards Georgian Theatre in several aspects:
Ilia Chavchavadzes theatrical activities (he as a director, an actor and a declamatory);
Ilias aesthetical viewpoint about theatre in general and acting art - in particular;
Ilia as a theatrical critic;
Ilia regarded Georgian Theater as one of the temples of self-consciousness. In his letters he refers to such theatrical
problems as repertory politics, actors skill, standard of speech, contemporary original dramatic composition and etc. Il.
Chavchavadzes activities are completely realized, evaluated and appraised in the work. The main is put forward love of
plural morals, plural ethics, nobility, humanism, honesty, patriotism and defence of Georgian Language purity! Such attitude
generates creativeness of life new reality for Georgian Theatre.
Presented Ilias theatrical merit gives us an opportunity to follow writers life, creative works and show variety and
diversity of his personality.
88
XX saukunis mwerloba

inga milorava

sikvdili esTetikuri fenomeni

modernistuli prozis mxatvrul-esTetikur Rirebulebad Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs
sinamdvilis transformaciis sxvadsxva gza da Sedegad miRbuli gansxvavebuli formebi.
`pirveli xateba~ wminda mxatvrulobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT mxatvrul qsovilSi
transformirdeba, rogorc zmaneba, sizmari, xilva, legenda, zRapari, radgan modernistuli
prozis msoflmxedvelobrivi da mxatvrul-esTetikuri safuZveli cxovrebis zmanebad,
iluziad da miRmuti realobis anareklad gaazrebaa. bunebrivia, dgeba am miRmuri samyaros ara
marto SegrZnebis, intuiciuri wvdomis, aramed masTan SeerTebis gamosaxvis aucileblobisa da
ori samyaros kavSiris formebis mxatvruli gardasaxvis sakiTxi. kavSiris erT-erTi mTavari
formaa sikvdili. sikvdili yofierebis, arsebobis iluziidan Tavdaxsnis saSualebadaa
warmodgenili. igi sicocxlisgan sicocxlisgan `gamoRviZebaa~, xorcis borkilebidan
Tavdaxsnili suli gadahyavs misTvis namvdil da bunebriv samyofelSi _ sasufevelSi. zogadad
aseTia modernistuli asaxvis da gamosaxvis koncefciis es erTi aspeqti, vnaxoT rogor
airekla igi qarTulma modernistulma moTxrobam.
modernistuli azrovneba, rogorc evropuli, qristianuli kulturis wiaRSi
warmoqmnili movlena, iTvaliswinebs da, miuxedavad faseuloba Zireuli gadafasebisa,
garkveulwilad eyrdnoba kidec qristianul dogmebs, magram Tvalsawieris gafarToebis
Sedegad mas imdeni religiur-filosofiuri Senakadi gauCnda, rom verasgziT SeinarCunebda
mtkice, uxinjo rwmenas. mxatvruli gaazrebis procesze sxvadasxva filosofiur-religiuri
debulebebis zegavlena upirveles yovlisa RvTaebrivi samyaros, tradiciuli sqemis mixedviT
mowyobili saiqios arseboba-araarsebobis sakiTxSi gamoixata. igi XX saukunis rwmenaSeryeuli
adamianis skepsisiT, mtkice sayrdenis uqonlobis mtkivneuli gancdiT, gaqrobis, ararsebobis
SiSiTaa Seferili _ `Tu ginda jvars ecvi, saSveli ar aris, ar aris, ar aris!~ (galaktion
tabiZe). magram modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivia mxolod daeWveba da ara raimes,
Tundac, `saiqios~ sapirispirod sruli gaqrobis, ararsebobis rwmena. swored es orWofoba,
gaorebaa misi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, sakuTari gamocdilebis, cdis, praqtikis da Semowmebis
TvalsaCino Sedegebis gareSe mas arc saiqios, RvTis sauflos garkveuli formiT arsebobis
mtkiceba SeuZlia da arc misi sruli uaryofa. am SemTxvevaSi igi ufro grZnobas da survils
eyrdnoba. umTavresi aq ara racionaluri, aramed grZnobad-intuitiuri aRqmaa: intuiciis,
xilvis, SegrZnebis doneze mocemuli miRmuri samyaros arsebobis survili da cxvorebis
iluzorulobis SegrZneba aSkarad da reliefurad ikveTeba modernistul xelovnebaSi. am
urTulesi mxatvrul-filosofiur-religiuri problemis sabolood gadaWras da
srulyofilad gamosaxvas mxolod mwerloba da isic misi erTi Janri _ moTxroba, ra Tqma
unda, verafriT itvirTavda, magram intensiuri mcdeloba XX saukunis I naxevris qarTul
mwerlobaSi, gansakutrebiT ki mis wminda modernistul nakadSi, naTlad Cans.
qristianobis safuZveli jer kidev ganmanaTleblobam Searyia. azrovnebis saboloo
modernizacias ki biZgi nicSes RmerTis gareSe darCenili samyaros gaazrebam misca. magram
modernizacia ar gautolda srul urwmunoebas, uRmerTobas, religiuri grznoba ucvleli
darCa, moxda mxolod misi ganaxleba, filosofiasTan ganzaveba (sioren kirjegori, rudolf
Staineri)/ modernistul azrovnebaSi erTmaneTs Seerwya RmerTis gaqrobis, TvalTaxedvis
aridan dakargvis Semdeg sicarielis gancda, RmerTis Zieba (d. mereJkovski, v. rozanovi, n.
berdiaevi, s. bulgakovi) da RmerTTan sakuTari mimarTebis garkvevis survili (vl. soloviovi).
filosofiur-religiuri Sexedulebebis mxatvrulad transformirebisas wina planze iwevs
intuicia da gaaqtivebuli poeturi mgrZnobeloba, metafizikuri samyaros mistiuri wvdoma
asociaciebSi, aluziebSi, parabolebSi, reminiscenciebsa da pirobiT mxatvrul saxeebSi isxams
xorcs. miuxedavad skepsisisa, modernistuli nawarmoebis `SidaqveyanaSi~ maradiuli xmebi
ismis. igrZnoba miRmuri `pirveli xatebis~ arseboba. xolo uSualod teqstSi `nivTebi
aiTvisebian, rogorc niSnebi gamouTqmelis~ (qarTuli ... 1986: 147). miRmuri da xorcieli
samyaroebis urRvevi kavSiris gamosaxvisas gansakuTrebuli mnisVneloba eniWeba sikvdils,
rogorc esTetikur fenomens.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, modernistul mwerlobas mainc ar gaaCnda religiuri Tu
filosofiuri problemebis arc sabolood gansjis, arc raime kategoriuli daskvnis
gamotanis survili Tu pretenzia. misTvis mTavari iyo garkveuli mignebebis, intuiciasa da
gamocdilebaze aRmocenebuli uSualo, xarisi SegrZnebebis mxatvruli transformacia da
esTetizeba, filosofiuri idea asrulebda sayrdenis, mxatvruli qsovilebis, teqstualuri
komunikaciebis xerxemlis funqcias. urTulesi problema, rogoricaa amqveyniur da imqveyniur
samyaroTa, cxadisa da zamnebis urTierTmimarTeba da maTi SemakavSirebeli rgoli _ sikvdili
89
esTetikurad gamoisaxeba da poeturi gancdis aqtivizaciiT, zusti mxatvruli saxeebidan
mZafri emociis aRZvriT aRwevs mizans.
rogorc moTxorbis anazilidan Cans, sikvdils aq ramdenime mniSvnelovani funqcia
ekisreba:
a) sikvdili _ tragikuli, magram mSvenieri movlena;
b) sikvdili, rogorc sulTa samudamo kavSiris aRdgenis saSualeba;
g) sikvdili _ miRma samyaroSi gadasvlis saSualeba;
d) sikvdili _ gausaZlisi cxovrebisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba.
es funqciebi msWvalaven erTmaneTs da mxolod maTi mTlianobaSi danaxvis, perspeqtivaSi
ganWvretis SemTxvevaSi xdeba TvalsaCino nawarmoebis mxatvruli mizandasaxuloba da
esTetikuri Rirebuleba.
niko lorTqifaniZis moTxroba `cxovreba salomikasi~ ar aris wminda modernistuli
nawarmoebi. TematikiT _ `patara adamiani~ _ igi neorealisaturi moTxrobis rkals
miekuTvneba, magram gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT bevri ram akavSirebs asaxvis
modernisturl sistemasTan (es bunebrivia, radgan neorelizmma SeiTvisa, gaiTvalsiwina,
SerCeviT gamoiyena kidec da Taviseburad gaiazra modernistuli mxatvruli xerxebi da
saxeebi). upirveles yovlisa, TvalSisacemia moZraobis traeqtoriis _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi
sakomikas cxovrebis gza _ spiraluroba, gameorebadoba, mxolod axal doneze. `dReni
salomikas cxovrebisa sakvirvelis kanonierebiT misdeven erTmaneTs. swored maSin, roca imedi
ebadeboda, axla movisvene, netari Tu ara, sanugeSo wamebi damidgebao, raRacagvarad
Setrialdeboda bedisa Carxi da wlobiT da TveobiT wvalebaSi SeZenili mxolod imedi
ukeTesis momavlisa, wlobiT da TveobiT warsulis tkbilad mogonebiT Tavdeboda. bedisweriT
gapirobebuli gza miemarTeba centrisken, romelic aTvlis wertilacaa da bolo punqtic. esaa
sikvdili. suraTebi salomikas cxovrebidan isea SerCeuli, rom TiToeul suraTs aqvs
qveteqsti, faruli azri, romlis garandva da mzis sinaTleze gamotana ar aris mwerlis mizani.
xelovneba, mwerloba eyrdnoba naxevatonebs da Suq-Crdilis TamaSs. maTgan aRZruli emocia
gansazRvravs nawarmoebis azrsa da esTetikur Rirebulebas da ara Savisa da TeTris martivi da
sworxazovani dapirispireba. adamianis Sesaxeb xazgasmulad daumusvebeli informaciis
CaweriT iqmneba Sesabamisi ganwyobileba.
informaciis am nakadsi mniSvnelobas iZens nebismieri mciredi cvlileba, moZRaoba,
gadaadgileba (salomika gadadis batonisas, iqidan patara qalbatonis meuRlis mamulSi,
bolos ki Tavisi xnieri qmris saxlSi). suraTebi erT-ori StrixiTaa moxazuli da TiTqos
nislSia gaxveuli, magram swored qveteqstebi, naxevartonebi da Suq-Crdilis TamaSi (Sdr.
alber marke) abaTilebs detalebis saerTo daumuSaveblobiT Seqmnil bundovanebas da
gamokveTs saTqmels. iqmneba erTiani, obieqturi STabeWdileba, magram spiralis bolo
wertilidan, centrTan, sikvdilTan miaxloebisas mwerali veRar inarCunebs gulgril
distancias da sakuTari gaSiSvlebuli grZnobiT erTveba Txrobis nakadSi. lirikuli plani
garkveulwilad ganmartavs STabeWdilebebis mware da mZime Sinaars.
vasil barnovi sicocxlis, sinaTlis, siyvarulis da siTbos mexotbea da sanam sikvdilis,
rogorc arsis mTlianobis aRdgenis erTaderTi saSualebis pozitiur koncefcias
SeimuSavebda da masac RvTis mier samarTlianobis, siyvarulis da mSvenierebis principze
agebul harmoniul samyaroSi miuCenda kuTvnil adgils. sikvdils uaryofiTad aRiqvamda. mis
adreul moTxrobebSi sikvdili jer kidev Semzaravi da saSiSia, borotebad da usamarTlobad
aRiqmeba. erTmaneTis moyvarul adamianebs ganaSorebs da Tanac samudamod (`mrude msxali~,
`daewafa surviliT~, `saflavis qvaze~). moTxroba `saflavis qvaze~ siuJetiTa da ganwobilebiT
exmianeba galaktion tabiZis `mesaflaves~. siyvaruli da sixaruli mxolod sicocxelSia.
sasaflaoze, sikvdilis saufloSi ibadeba axali siyvaruli. sikvdili mxolod ganSoreba,
daviwyeba da araraobaa. `mec Cveulebisamebr gamovedi sasaflaoze, magram vxedam, araraoba
sufevs aq. Cven kidev raRaca gveguleba miwaSi, magram roca ki aq amoval, yovelTvis cxadada
vgrznob araraobas~ (barnovi, 1961: 93). magram mwerals ar ganuviTarebia es xazi. man sikvdili
gaiazra, rogorc tragikuli, magram mSvenieri movlena, maradiuli siyvarulis,
`zesTasofelSi~ jufT sulTa kavSiris ganmtkicebis saSualeba. moTxroba `tkbili duduki~ am
debulebis naTeli dadasturebaa misi esTetikuri da eTikuri idealebis Taviseburi sistema
mtkice TvalsaCino da gasagebia. filosofiuri doqtrina saxeTa da xasiaTTa SxamebiT Seqmnil
gamWvirvale mxatvruli qsovilis siRrmeSi devs. mixakos da qeTaTos _ erTiani srulyofili
arsis gaxleCili nawilebis SeerTeba amqveynad SeuZlebeli gamxdara, magram sikvdili aRadgens
harmonias. mas jufTi sulebi gadahyavs im samyaroSi, sadac maT erTobas aRaraferi SeuSlis
xels. yoveli axali gansxeuleba xanmokle da warmavalia, xorci kvdeba da qreba, magram
ukvdavia suli, man ar icis arc dro da arc sivrce. ukvdavi sulebi erTdebian maradiul
siyvarulSi da mieaxlebian RmerTs siyvaruls.
`sikvdils ar ZaluZs ganaSoros moyvarulT guli. gana siyvaruli iseve saukuno ar aris
da dausrulebeli, rogorc Semoqmedi saxieri, romeli TviT aris siyvaruli samaradiso
(barnovi 1916: 201) siyvaruli RmerTia, Seyvarebuli suli, v. barnovis Tanaxmad, TavisTavSi
atarebs samyaros Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis pirvelmizezis _ RvTaebis nawils, RvTaebriv
90
marcvals, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Rvivdeba da aRmocendeba mxolod sikvdilis
Semdeg, codvaTagan ganwmenda da sasufevelSi gansvenebac am Zalismosilebas ukavSirdeba.
Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia sikvdili, romelsac aseTi zeciur netarebamde mihyavs adamianebi,
aRiqmebodes da gamosaxebodes, rogorc ubedureba an boroteba. glova mxolod inerciaa v.
barnovis moTxrobaSi erTmaneTs Seerwya sikvdilis pozitiuri gageba da misi esTetikurad
gamosaxvis principi. mwerali musikis hangiT, dudukis tkbili xmiT `rTavs~ da amSvenierebs
sikvdils. sikvdilis esTetizebis principi naTlad gamovlinda niko lorTqifaniZis
moTxrobaSi `patara kacic~. mwerali aq ukve aRar svams kiTxvas: ras umzadebs saiqio grigolas
an aris ki saiqio? am neorealisturi moTxrobis modernistuli xerxebiT daxatul finalSi
xdeba TviT sikvdilis esTetizeba. motxrobaSi mxatvrulad tranmsformirebulia gamokveTili
socialuri movlena _ did samyaroSi Cakarguli patara kacis ubadruki sicocxle. mTelma
cxovrebam uazrod gairbina, sicocxle isaxurma, uintereso samsaxurma Seiwova.
magram sikvdili modis rogorc rafinirebuli silamaze. sikvdils grigola mSvenieri
sagnebiT da lamazi adamianebiT garSemortymuli xvdeba. sikvdili misTvis mxolod Sveba da
usaxuri sicocxlis xundebisagan Tavdaxsnis saSualebaa. amitom xvdeba igi mas aseTi
sixaruliT. amaze Sors grigola veRar midis, ver grZnobs miRma samyaros, magram sikvdilis
mSvenierebas ki srulad aRiqvams. ubadruki, uferuli wvrili moxele SeigrZnobs mtanjveli
sicocxlisgan momavali gamoRviZebis, amaRlebis da maradiuli netarebis moaxloebas da
egebeba mas RimiliT, yvavilebiT, sasmelebiT, gverdiT hyavs bavsvi _ mSvenieri, umanko arseba,
mxolod sikvdilis win gaamJRavna man dafaruli siyvarulsi ambavi. mxiaruli da lamazi
stumrebi axvevian gars momakvdav grigolas, ukraven, mRerian da am naTel, mSvenier,
surnelovan garemoSi modis sikvdili _ Sveba. mwerali ufro Sorsac midis, mSvenierebis,
xelovnebis erT-erT mSoblad sikvdili miaCnia. `xelovneba Svilia qariSxlis, SimSilis,
siyvarulis pirveli wamis, sikvdilis da uTvalavi simdidris!~ (lorTqifaniZe 1958: 149). niko
lorTqifaniZes, RviZ Svils saukunisas, romelmac warmosTqva saSineli fraza _ `RmerTi
mokvda!~, ara aqvs mtkice da grakveuli religiuri kredo, romelic pasuxs gascemda kiTxvas,
ras umzadebs adamianas saiqio, verc miRma samyaros agebulebasa da Sinaarss mohfenda naTels,
magram mas rCeba sikvdilis rogorc xsnis, Svebis SegrZneba, aqedan aRZruli emocia da
procesis esTetizebulad gamosaxva. niko lorTqifaniZe ver gadmoscems miRma samyaros naTel
suraTs, vasil barnovis msgavs mwyobr sistemas, magram impresionistis funjis erTi mosmiT
Seqmnili sikvdilis eqspresiuli, dinamiuri, paradoqsulad naTeli, mSvenieri xati
ganzogadebis, msjelobis gagrZelebis da sakuTari daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva.
niko lorTqifaniZis da vasil barnovis modernistul rkalSi moqceul moTxrobebsa da
calkeul pasaJebSi SeerTda sikvdilis pozitiuri Sinaarsi da misi esTetikurad asaxvisa da
gamosaxvis principi. gamosaxvis modernistul xerxebs Tavisuflad iyenebs leo qiaCelic. misi
azrovnebis wesia modernistuli. masTan miniSnebac aRaraa jufTi sulTa SeerTebaze, naTel,
siyvaruliT gabrwyinebul sasufevelze. misi miRmuri samyaro arakonkretuli, bundovani da
idumalia.
magram moqufruli, muqi ferebisa da formaTa simkacris miuxedavad leo qiaCelis
sikvdilis xati mainc mSvenieria. mwerali mas esTetikur fenomenad gaiazrebs. moTxrobaSi
`Tavadis qali maia~ gamovlinda sikvdilis ZiriTadi funqcia: autaneli cxovrebisagan, codviT
damZimebuli sxeulisagan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba. sikvdili am SemTxvevaSi sruli
TviTuaryofa, TviTmkvlelobaa, magram masTan miaxloebis procesi uaRresad esTetikuradaa
gamosaxuli. ubeduri, sasomixdili, tanjuli qalis TviTmkvlelobis mxatvruli
interpretacia qmnis mSvenierebis gancdas. leo qiaCeli vasil barnovis gzas ar mihyveba da
sikvdils ar ukavSirebs raime konkretuli sakravis tkbil xmas, magram melodias aq zRvis
xmauri Caenacvla. maia midis lurj zRvasTan, romleic zmanebasaviT Rrma da usazRvroa.
ferweruli peizaJi qmnis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas.
rogorc Cans, leo qiaCelis warmosaxvaSi zRvam mtkiced daimkvidra adgili, rogorc
sikvdilis esTetikurma simbolurma saxem. àdmasgir kibulanSi~ kidev ufro feradovani
suraTi iqmneba. zRvis lurj mTrTolav sxeuls daemata mTvaris vercxlis diskos aTinaTebi.
imavdroulad mTvare gaazrebulia rogorc qalRmerTi dali, rac idumalebis SegrZnebas
badebs da mistiur elfers aniWebs moqmedebas. `mTvarem pasuxad uceb oqros dalalebi
gadmoSala da dalis saxe miiRo. mere dairxa, mowyda da Zirs daeSva almasgiris pirdapir,
sakvirvelad axlos (qiaCeli 1985: 288) dalad gardaqmnili mTvaris dalalebs Tan mohyveba
idumali saocreba, romelic aerTebs miwas da zecas da es aris zRva. `... Tvalwin gaugebari
sakvirveleba gadaeSala. _ haerisa da wylis usazRvroeba erTmaneTSi areuliyo da usaxeobas
qveyniereba CaenTqa. is iyo zRva inguris SesarTavTan. (qiaCeli 1985: 289) zRvam STanTqa mTeli
qveyana. dalis oqros Tmebi uerTdeba cisa da zRvis silurjes da vercxlisfers. am idumal
samyaroSi Tavisullad dasrialeben aCrdilebi, zmanebani da modis sikvdili, almasgiris Sveba.
`win acialebuli zRvis siRrmeSi man marTla dainaxa mTvaris Suqmfeni saxe, romelic
Titqos zedapirisken moiswrafoda. (es girvegilas mfarveli dali iyo, romelic amas win
zecidan Zirs daeSva, sadRac axlos, oqros TmebSi Tvalgaxiluli, momRimari givergila gaexvia
da alersiT gulSi Caxutebuli ufskrulidan amohyavda.
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_ givergil! _ araadamianuri gaxarebiT SesZaxa almasgirma, mZime tani aimCata, haerSi
SemarTuli xelebis didroni, kauWa TiTebi molandebuli Svilisken gaaSvira, wyali Seapo da
zRvaSi SeiWra.
magram mas zRva ar ugrZvnia.
da arc sikvdili ugrZvnia sikvdilis win, radganac Tvalgaxelili Svilis momRimari saxe
TvalTagan ar moSorebia (qiaCeli 1985: 289).
almasgir kibulanis sikvdili zRvasaviT mSvenieria, Svebis momgvreli da miRma
realobaSui gardacvlili Svilis sulTan SeerTebis SesaZleblobaze miniSnebasac
Seicavs.`haki aZbaSi~ modernistuli prozis tendenciebi ukve sakmaod ganeitralebulia da
mxolod SigadaSig, mxatvrulsi qsovilis wminda teqnikuri damuSavebis doneze gamokrTis.
Sesabamisad, sikvdilic aRaraa imdenad esTetikuri movlena, magram zRvis, rogorc sikvdilis
simboluri saxe inarCunebs Tavis mxatvrul mizandasaxulobas. jer erTi, TviT zRvaa cocxali,
qmediTi `personaJi~. zRvidan modis safrTxe _ gemi. zRva aireklavs moaxloebul tragikul
movlenebs da uSaulodac erTveba moqmedebis gaSlaSi. igi xels uwyobs movlenaTa Soris
faruli kavSiris gabmas. zRva erTmaneTTan aerTebs sxvadasxva suraTebs (gemis moaxloeba;
prezidiumis gaerTianebuli sxdoma; daxvedrisaTvis mzadeba, ujuSis portreti; gemis
Semosvla qalaqSi; kuzma-mrisxanes portreti; vaska-piratis mkvleloba; ujuSis Zebna; haki
aZbas Tavganwirva; gemi gaSlil zRvaSi; ujuSis da hakis sikvdili) da sxvadasxva personaJebis
damaxasiaTebel musikalur Temebs (kuzma-mrisxanes mgrgvinavi, mWeqare Tema; vaska-piratis
`skomoroxuli~ melodia; ujuS emxas mJReri, keTilSobiluri, aristokratuli qedmaRlobiTa
da TavSekavebulobiT dafaruli mRelvarebiT savse Tema, romlis Taviseburi eqo, melodikuri
TvalsazrisiT bevrad ufro gamrtivebuli variaciaa haki aZbas Tema, romelic sikvdilis
mJRri akoprdiT bolovdeba, samson davanaZis Semparavi melodia; keTilSobil qalTa sevdiani,
moaxloebuli safrTxis SegrZnebiT odnav SemRvreuli, magra saTnoebiT, siamayiTa da sinaziT
aRsavse Tema da a.S.) Sedegad miiReba erTiani, kompoziticiurad Sekruli suraTi, romlis
polifoniuroba erTferovani zRvis fonze TvalSisacemi ar aris, magram angariSgasawevia.
SemaerTebeli substanciis garda zRvas kdiev erTi funqcia aqvs _ igi simboloa karsmomdgari
pirquSi, sastiki epoqisa, romelic walekavs mSvid da wynar cxovrebas. peizaJi aireklavs
momaval cvlilebebs.
stiqiis mrisxaneba aireklavs adamianTa samyaros mRelvarebas. sul male talRebis
nacvlad namdvil yumbarebs dauSenen am napirebs, namdvili tankebi gadavlen ieriSze. zRvaSi
ganivTda momavali qaosi, moTxrobis CarCoSi igi asrulebs yovlisSTanmTqmeli sikvdilis
funqcias, erTdroulad aris tragikuli momavlis xatic da awmyoSi datrialebuli tragikuli
movlenebis asparezic. man unda STanTqas gardasuli epoqis naSTebi _ ganwiruli adamianebi,
maTi urTierTobebi, grZnobebi, wes-Cveulebani. ujuS emxa axal samyaroSi ver oiarsebebs, arc
aZleven uflebas ganagrZos arseboba. zRvas miaqvs bolSevikebisagan daxvretili axalgazrda
aristokratis, amayi da sastiki, vefxviviT moqnili da Seupovari Tavadis sicocxle. haki
aZbasTvis ZuZumtis erTguleba cxovrebis sazrisia, masTan ganSoreba ki _ sicocxelsTan
ganSorebis tolfasi. `haki aZbaSi~ ar aris, yovel SemTxvevaSi arsad Cans, miRma samyaros
anarekli, arc sikvdilia gaazrebuli absolutur WeSmaritebasTan an mSvenierebasTan
SeerTebis bolo safexurad. igi rCeba miwier CarCoebSi. mas arc gansakuTebulad esTetikuri
garegnuli saxe aqvs, ar aris `morTuli~, gamSvenierebuli arc musikiT, arc uxvi ferebiT, arc
Zvirfasi Tvlebis cimcimiT, arc natifi da moxdenili saxeebiTa da sxeulebiT. haki aZbas
zRvaSi gadavardnis scena eqspresiulad, magram zedmiwevniT sadad da ubralodaa `dadgmuli~.
rogorc gamocnda, mSvenieri ki ara, maxinji adamianebic ki axvevia sikvdilis win haki
aZbas gars. suraTs zedmiwevniT martivi kompozicia aqvs: pirquSi gemi, mezRvaurebi da
yovlismomcveli zRva, magram TviT movlenis arsia mSvenier. kuzma-mrisxanes TvalsazrisiT
haki aZbas sikvdili simdable da simaxinjea.
`_ sul erTia, es mona adamianad mainc ar gamodgeboda...
naRvliani xmiT warmoTqva kuzmam da mokle, magram bejiTi nabijiT Tavisi kabinetisaken
gaemarTa~ (qiaCeli 1985: 347).
modernistuli mwerlobis safuZvelTa safuZveli gamogoneba, fantaziaa, Txzvis
procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba arc motivs eniWeba da arc siuJets. modernistuli asaxvis
da gamosaxvis koncefciis esTetikuri universalizmi upirveles yovlisa samoqmedo garemos
poetizirebaSi gamovlinda. poetur mxatvrul qsovilSi sikvdili siyvaruls uTanabdrdeba,
erosis da Tanatosis urTierTmimarTeba naTlad gamokveTa soso siguam wignSi `konstantine
gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura~, siyvarulis da sikvdilis ganuyofeli kavSiri yvelaze
srulyofilad vasil barnovma gaiazra da, rac mTavaria, TvalsaCinod gamosaxa _ siyvaruli
sikvdilzed mwvavi~ aerTebs sulebs, maradiulobaSi aduRabebs siyvaruliT anTebuli erTi
arsis gayofil nawilebs. barnoviseul samyaros models es ori ganuyofeli movlena udevs
safuZvlad. konstantine gamsaxurdiac aigivebs am movlenebs, radgan `visac odesme siyvaruli
gamoucdia, mas ugemnia Tavad sikvdili~. mis msoflmxedvelobaSi airekla nicSes debuleba,
rom siyvaruli da sikvdili samyaros gaCemis dRidan emTxveva erTmaneTs. es arqauli kavSiri
gamosWvivis moTxrobis arc Tu ise farTo dro-sivrcul lokalSi. `qalis rZeSi~ erTmaneTs
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gadaewna erosi da Tanatosi da sabolood, movlena warmosdga ara rogorc boroteba,
borotmoqmedeba, aramed garkveuli faruli kaeSnebiT gapirobebuli moqmedebis wminda
esTetikuri modeli, aq nadirobis dros Tavgadaxdenili faTeraki ki ar aris mniSvnelovani,
arc òidiposis kompleqsis~ mxatvruli transformaciaa TviTmizani, aramed gamovlena
ekzistenciisa (kirkegoria: Tamaz vardaniZis ekzistencia gamosaxulia empiriuli qmedebis
saburveliT Seburuli da adasturebs princips, rom arseboba adamianis gaucnobierebeli
Sinagani `yofierenaa~, xolo empiriuli samyaro ar aris namdvili, ekzistencia, rogorc
arsebobis SesaZlebloba TviT adamianis mier ganisazRvreba, upirvelesad misi surviliT,
magram aqvs Tavisi fesvebic raRac idumal transcendenciaSi (iaspersi). ekzistencia ar
Seicnoba, aramed `gmonaTdeba~ an `gamosWvivis~ `kritikul momentebSi~: ataraqsia, gmiruli
saqcieli, sikvdili. ekzistencializmisaTvis es kategoria iracionalizmisa da zneobirivi
relativizmis safuZveli xdeba. sikvdilSi `gamosWviviS` ekzistencia, romelic Tamaz
vardaniZis WeSmariti `yofierebaa~. erTi SexedviT, mis mier TaTris mokvdineba, xolo Semdeg
TaTris colis gaupatiurebis mcdeloba, qalis rZis gemos gasinjvis suraTi
naturalisturadaa gamosaxuli, magram nawarmoebi aRZravs idumalebis mZafr SegrZnebas,
Zlier STabeWdilebas, emocias. Zneli saTqmelia, ra aris gamosaxuli empiriuli samyaro Tu
sulis SidapeizaJi, mxolod adamianis sulis siRrmeSi Sobili `yofiereba~. iracionalurobis
gancda Zlieria, magram analizisas umTavresi xdeba esTetikuri grZnoba. misi gancdisas aRara
aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, ra aris aq sikvdili _ ekzistenciis `gamonaTeba~, eTnikuri
konfliqti, qvecnobieri impulsiT aRZruli realuri qmedeba Tu sxva ram. mTavaria erosisa da
Tanatosis Sejaxebis da SeerTebis mxatvrul saxeebSi transformirebisgan aRZruli
erStetikuri tkboba. `qalis rZeSi~, ra Tqma unda, ar Cans amaRlebuli, sulierebiT
gajerebuli erosi, romliTac gabrwyinebulia vasil barnovis mxatvruli samyaro, magram
mZafr xorciel ltolvaSi Cans umdablesi, magram mainc siyvarulis gamovlineba, pirveli,
xorcieli safexuri, romelzec mainc Semdeg igeba miwieri siyvarulis koSi. Tamaz vardaniZe am
pirvel safexurze sikvdilidan adis. mas surs mis mier mokluli TaTris coli, magram
SeigrZnobs Tu ara qalis rZes _ dedis rZes _ sicocxlis dasawyisis simbolos gemos,
SeigrZnobs sikvdilsac. man TviTonac ar icis, rom masSi wamiT SeerTda dasawyisi da dasasruli
SegrZneba im mSvenieri, harmoniuli samyarosi, saidanac movida dabadebisas da sadac wava
sikvdilis Semdeg. qalis rZe erTmaneTTan aerTebs sikvdils da sicocxles, sikvdils da
siyvaruls. moqmedeba, konfliqti sxva ganzomilebaSi inacvlebs. sikvdili da siyvaruli, erosi
da Tanatosi sulieri `yofierebis~ gamonaTebas uwyoben xels. moTxrobis tragikuli koliziis
mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri motivacia saSualebas aZlevs mwerals erosi da Tanatosi
gaaerTianos, rogorc `kritikuli momentis~ Semadgeneli nawilebi da gamosaxos erTian
esTetikur fenomenad. Tavdapirvelad Tamaz vardaniZes TiTqos marTlac mxolod
cxovreluri instiqti amoZravebda, magram qalis rZis miRebis Semdeg elviseburi siswrafiT
gabmuli asociaciebis jaWvi misi qvecnobierebidan wamiT amoitacebs im codnas, rac adamians
pirvelsawyisTan, zerealobasTan akavSirebs. mixvedris, mignebis, Secnobis elda cvlis
ganwyobas, Txrobis ritms, amsxvrevs `zekacs~. ambavi zedrouli da zesivrculi xdeba. erTi
SexedviT warmoudgenlad swrafi gardaqmna damajereblobas iZens ara imdenad qvecnmobier
SreebSi CaRrmavebiT, aramed poeturi mgrZnobelobis gaaqtivebiT; moTxrobis qsovilSi
moqceuli ambavi poeziis donemde maRldeba da msjelobis, detaluri damuSavebis gareSec
xdeba mxatvrulad damajerebeli. wina planze iwevs grznoba.
vnebaTaRelva Tavis TavSi imTaviTve moicavs sikvdils. Tomas manma `jadosnuri mTis~
mistiur sivrceSi udroobaSi naTlad gamoxata siyvarulis da sikvdilis erTianoba. isini
warmoSoben da Semdeg avseben erTmaneTs, radgan oriveni mgrZnobiareni arian, sikvdilica da
siyvarulic. yovelnair mZafr grZnobas, vnebas Titqmis yovelTvis Tan sdevs sikvdili, demna
Sengelias `guram baramandiaSi~ ucxo qalisadmi tragikulma ltolvam axalgazrda Tavadi
emuxvari da guram baramandia sikvdils aziara. tavisTavad movlenam TiTqos mwerlis Tvalwin
gaielva da cnoberebaze daileqa, rogorc tragikuli, mZime, mtanjveli, xolo mxatvrul
saxeebSi esTetikurad gamoisaxa. swored am diapazonSi vlindeba modernistuli asaxvis da
gamosaxvis komcefciis Tavisebureba. yvelaze ufro amaRlebuli, ganwmendili erosisa da
Tanatosis erTiani saxe, ra Tqma unda, vasil barnovis modernistuli rkalis moTxrobebSia
mocemuli, magram TavisTavad grZnoba, Tundac ufro miwieri da negatiuric ki (siZulvili k.
gamsaxurdia, `qosa gaxu~) Tavis TavSi Seicavs sikvdilis farul Tesls. mZafri grZnoba
aCqarebs `kritikuli momentis~ dadgomas. grZnobierebis gaZlierebis, vnebis gamwvavebis,
daZabulobis matebasTan erTad sikvdilic ikrebs Zalas. demna Sengelias moTxroba `lafSa~
upirveles yovlisa Tavisi koloritiT iqcevs yuradRbas. samoqmedo garemo naxevartonebSia
gadmocemuli. TiTqmis mxolod eskizur doneze darCenil suraTebSi Seqmnili droisa da
adgilis koloriti gansazRvravs aseTive kolorituli gmiris _ Tengiz facacias xasiaTs, misi
qmedebis farul impulsebs, mxatvrul damajereblobas, esTetikur Rirebulebas da Zlier
emociur gamosxivebas es moqnili, reliefuri da miZravi figura mxolod poetizirebul
garemosTan, fonTan SexamebiT iZens. magram moTxrobis realistur plans _ qalaqis cxovrebal
Tengiz facacias avanturistuli Tavgadasavlebi; misi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis aRsavse,
93
rTuli da SemTxvevobebze damokidebuli xasiaTi _ Tavidanve aqvs Senakadi _ cxenisadmi
dauokebeli swrafva, siyvaruli. pirvel suraTebSi igi SedarebiT sustia, arc imdenad
idumalebiT moculad gamoiyureba da verafriT sjabnis realisturi planis konkretuli
adgilisa da drois koloritis Sesatyvis logikur ganviTarebas. cxenisadmi Tavdauzogavi
siyvarulic am kolorituli, damaxasiaTebeli garemodan gamomdinare nmovlenad aRiqmeba
(samegreloSi odiTganve uyvarT cxeni da arc cxenis wurdobaa ucxo xili) da jer kidev im
simZafrisaa, rac lirikuli plani _ mekubove olifanre canavas nazi qaliSvilis tasiasadmi
siyvaruli, magram Tengizis mRelvare sulisTvis raRac zerealuris macnis, misi miswrafebebis
ganivTebuli dawuruli saxe-simbolos, lagSas, gamoCenasTan erTad mZafri grZnobis Senakadic
ikrebs Zalas, modiddeba, azvirTdeba da sabolood gadakelavs, gadafaravs moTxrobis
realur-avanturistul da lirikul planebs. Tengizi tovebs Tavis bunebriv sacxovriss,
asparezs, tovebs tasias da umZafresi grZnobT dabrmavebuli, sadRac ucxo mxareSi misdevs
cxens siyvaruls _ sikvdils, ucxo qalaqSi man miagno lafSas.
`... (Tengizi _ i. m.) frTxilad, gveliviT uCumrad bagisken gasrialda. lafSas Subli
nazad mofxana. cxenma alersiani xeli igrZno Tu ara, tkbilad axvixvinda da siyvaruliT
gulatokebulma vaJkacma misi Tavi gulSi saTuTad Caixuta.
_ SenTvis movkvdebi, suls SenTvis davlev, _ yurSi alersiT CasCurCula, magram cxenma
Tvi gaiqnia da qeri isev aaxramuna~ (Sengelia 1960: 172).
cxenisadmi siyvarulSi Tengiz facacias sikvdilisaken ltolvaa gacxadebuli.
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom misi satrfo tasia mekubovis qaliSvlia, kuboebis siaxlove,
sikvdilis surneli izidavs mas olifante mekubovis kar-midamosken. Tengizis stumrobisas
olifante kuboSi wevs. ìqve, odis win, fiWvis surneliT gaJRenTilsa da jer gausaRebel
kuboSi wvergaburZgnuli, maderiT mTvrali olifanre grilad iwva, axalgardebs Tvalyurs
iqidan Cumi qirqiliT adevnebda. (Sengelia 1960: 163), Tengizis es ltolva gaucnobierebelia,
magram sikvdilisken miswrafeba qveteqstebSi, SefarviTaa gamosaxuli. mas arc mwerali iusvams
xazs. tasiam ver aRZra Tengiz facaciaSi iseTi mZafri grZnoba, romelic Tavis mxriv
gamoiwvevda sikvdils. aq ver Seikra erosi da Tanatosi, samagierod lafSam itvirTa es
funqcia, Tengizis umZfresi grznoba ekuTvnis cxens. cxeni xdeba TviT sikvdili.
`Cafrebi Tvalis momWrel vaJkacs gamocebulni Sescqerodnen.
zipo Zmadyofils pirSi wasdvdomoda da Cafrebis imediT dedas, col-Svilsa da jigars
aginebda. Tengizi ise iyo gaognebuli, rom ar esmoda es lanZRva-gineba, wamodga, areuli
TvalebiT lurj cas axeda da mere Tvali lurjas Seavlo. uceb xanjali iSiSvla da, sanam
Cafrebi ecemodnen, yelSi gamoisva... Tbili sisxli lorTqo balaxs wiTlad Seesxa.
cxenma tiTqos araferio, kudiT buzi moigeria, mere Tavi maRla aiRo da yelmoRerebuli,
yurdacqvetili Titqos gaocebiT daacqerda sasikvdilod afarTxalebul vaJkacs~ (Sengelia
1960:174).
finalur sikvdilis scenaSi realur planidan mxolod zipo da Cafrebi arian
SemorCenili. cxeni da Tengizi mTlianad sikvdil-sicocxlis wamier orTabrZolaSi Cabmulan.
wamSi igrZnoba maradisoba, miRma samyaros lurji `gamonaTeba~. sikvdilis scena esTetikuria.
Tengizi mSvenieri saxiT warsdgeba sikvdilis pirispir _ ~Cafrebi TvalismomWrel vaJkacs
gaocebulnni Sescqerodnen~. Tengizi Titos aigivebs lurj zecas, lurj cxens da sikvdils
(sikvdilis feri am SemTxvevaSic lurjia). sikvdilSi hpovebs Svebas mZafri vnebebiT daweweili
suli.
grZnobis simZafre, sulieri intensivoba Sobs sikvdils demna Sengeliasa `morduSic~.
`kritikul momentSi~ _ sikvdilSi `gamosWvivis~ ekzistencia, Seicnoba toCi konjarias
arsebobis namdvili saxe, faruli mxare. moruds,, toCi konjarias, mZafrma grZnobam,
gazrilisadmi siyvarulma gadalaxa raluri dro-sivrculi zRvari, waSala myife mijna cxadsa
da zmanebas Soris. toCi konjaria ucnauri, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli kacia (Sdr. tagu _ l.
qiaCeli, jadosani; stefane da Zoko, l. qiaCeli, `stefane~, jvebe _ l. qiaCeli, `codvis
Svilebi~. tagu _ k. gamsaxurdia, `qosa gaxu~; xogais mindia _ k. gamsaxurdia, `xogais mindia~;
Turmani _ b. meliqiSvili, `Turmani~) igi winaprebis bneli, codviani sisxliTaa damZimebuli,
gaorebuli, Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT amRvreuli suli religiur eqtazSi eZiebs sayrdens.
toCi korjaia ZvelTaZveli sastiki religiis qurumTa STamomavalia, Tavadac wilnayaria
miRma, faruli samyaros bnel ZalebTan. masSi farulad ganuwyvetliv ebrZvis boroteba da
sikeTe, sinaTle, sikeTegazrdilis, guramisadmi siyvarulia. toCi gariyulia soflidan, mas
sZuls adamianebi, aravinaa misTvis misandobeli, axlobeli, ar hyavs Svili, magram mis sulSi
SemorCenilia siyvarulis survili, naTeli urTierTobebis moTxovnileba. mas Seswevs mZafri
grznobis warmoqmnis, tarebisa da Senaxvis Sinagani Zala. saqme isaa, raze daixarjeba es mZlavri
grZnobadi energia _ siyvarulze Tu siZulvilze, sikeTeze Tu borotebaze. gazrdilze,
guramze, gadaitana toCi konjariam siyvarulis mTeli dauxarjavi maragi. misTvis mTeli
samyaro guramSia moqceuli da erT wams, keriis _ saritualo sakurTxevelis pirispir martod
darCenilma da sruli TviTmospobis surviliT Sepyrobilma man kinaRam mospo es samyaro _
kinaRam msxverplad Seswira gurami. magram mZfri grZnoba badebs mis sakuTar sikvdils. toCi
konjarias mamasTan mihyavs gurami. mweralma araCveulebrivi eqspresiiT gamosaxa gza,
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romelimac iribad gakveTa, gafxriwa realuri, miwieri safarveli da miRmur samyaroSi gaiwRa,
TeTr cxenosanTan WidilSi koconiviT aelvarda toCis grZnoba. mwerali movlenis dramatizms,
moqmedebis daZabulobas, Sinagan gancdebs uxamebs dinamiur garemos, Weqa-quxils, qariSxlis
Sxulis, qrolvas. es ukve fonic aRaraa, aramed sikvdilTan Serwymuli toCi konjarias
boboqari sulis introspreqtuli suraTi.
mxatvrulad gadamuSavebuli problema moTxrobis Tavidan bolomde uwyvetadaa
gadaWimuli, rogorc sayrdeni xerxemali da rogori esTetikuri saxeebiT, STabeWdilebebiT,
xmebiTa da feradi wertilebiT Sevsebuli ar unda iyos teqsti, rogori fragmentuli,
wyvetili, eqspresiulic ar unda iyos mwerlis stili, gaaqtivebuli poeturi mgrZnobelobis
pirobebSic ki, problema, idea arasodes ikargeba Tvalsawieridan. zmanebisa da cxadis,
WeSmaritad realurisa da irealuris myife miknis saboloodgadalaxvis erTaderTi realuri
saSualeba _ sikvdilic erT-erTi aseTi sayrden problemaTagania, romlis filosofiur-
esTetikur planSi gaazreba da gamosaxva xels uwyobs nawarmoebis sxva Sreebis da doneebis
gaaqtivebas. miniaturisagan gansxvavebiT, sikvdili moTxrobaSi mTlianad verasodes avsebs
samoqmedo sivrces. garkveul SemTxvevebSi igi SeiZleba marTlac erTaderTi da ZiriTadi
sayrdeni iyos, magram moTxrobis siuJeturi qarga iTvalsiwinebs Ziritad TemasTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli iseTi variaciebis, ganStoebebis da Senakadebis arsebobas, romlebic qmnian
moTxrobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel zomier mravalplanianobas, ramdenime aucilebel Sres, arc
Tu ise mravalricxovan, magram StambeWdav xaisaTTa urTierTgadajaWvul konstruqciebs.
romanSi, gansakuTrebiT ki modernistul romanSi SeiZleba ramdenime sayrdeni, erTmaneTTan
SeerTebuli problemuri `Zelebisagan~ agebuli, romanis cocxali sxeulis SigniT moqceuli
mTeli ConCxic ki daiZerwos Tavisi uTvalavi ganStoebebiT, erTmaneTTan sustad
dakavSirebuli suraTebiT da planebiT (k, gamsaxurdia, `dionisos Rimili~; d. Sengelia
`sanavardo~; gr. robaqiZe `gvelis perangi~). es movlena qmnis modernistuli romanis
ekleqturobasa da farTo emociur diapazons. moTxroba aseT masStaburobasa da problemaTa,
ideaTa Tu TemaTa siuxves ver iguebs da sqematurobis, konspeqturobis safrTxe daemuqreba.
miwieris da miRmuris SemaerTebeli rgolis _ sikvdilis _ modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani problemis mxatvruli damuSavebis procesSi naTlad gamovlinda moTxrobis,
rogorc Sualeduri zomieri formisaTvis organuli asaxvisa da gamosaxvis esTetikuri kredo
da misgan àmozrdili~ grafikuli monaxazi;
a) saxeebiT sakmaod mdidari, magram gadautvirTavi mxatvruli qsovili, romelic
ramdenime erTmaneTTan mtkiced dakavSirebul, zog SemTxvevaSi ki urTierTgamsWvalav plans
moicavs;
b) misi bsayrdeni mtkice problemuri xerxemali (calke sikvdili an erTad: sikvdili _
siyvaruli; sikvdili-siyvaruli-RmerTi; mZafri grZnoba _ sikvdili da a.S.)
g) siuJetis ganviTarebisa da nawarmoebis Sidasivrcis esTetizebisTvaTvis aucilebeli
ganStoebebi, Senakadebi, motivebi da mxatvruli samkaulebi, romlebic qmnian cocxal qsovils
(qvecnobieri impulsebi; lirikuli nakadi; miTosuri Sreebi; zekaci; demoni; sevda,
melanqolia, martoobal sxvadasxva sivrculi modelebis mkacrad gansazRvruli mxatvruli
mizandasaxuloba; bgera, xmauri, musika; feri da a.S.). maTi meSveobiT igeba
urTierTgamsWvalavi saSualo moculobis planebi, romlebic warmoaCenen nawarmoebis mTlian
saxes da ZiriTdi ideis, problemis gaazrebas, mkveTrad gamoyofoas da esTetizebulad
gamosaxvas emsaxurebian.
aqve gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli modernistuli moTxroba ar asaxavs da
gamosaxavs im s i k v di li s i n s ti q ts , romelmac mogvianebiT, XX s-is 50-iani wlebisaTvis
didi mnisvneloba moipova dasavlut mwerlobaSi. alber kamiu werda: àse mouxdaT
SeeTvisebinaT im epoqaSi cxovrebis xelovneba, romelsac msoflio katastrofa walekviT
emuqreba, raTa aRorZindnen da Seupovari brZola gaumarTon sikvdilis instiqts, Cvens
istoriaSi batonkacurad rom mokalaTebula~ (kamiu 1996:12) am terminiT _ s i k v di li s
i n s ti q ti z. froidi destruqciulobisaken ltolvas aRniSnavda da swored mas miawerda
adamianTa mier Cadenil agresiul, damangrevel qmedebaTa umetes nawils, qarTul
modernistul (an modernistulTan ufro axlo mdgom neorelistur) moTxrobaSi sikvdili,
gansakuTrebiT TviTuaryofa da TviTmospoba garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba cxovrebis
absurdulobis, amaoebis SegrZnebas, magram gamoricxavs agresias da destruqcias. sikvdili
gamoisaxeba rogorc esTetikuri movlena, romelic Slis zRvars zmanebasa da cxads Soris,
xazs usvams cxovrebis iluzorulobas. kalderoniseiuli formula `cxovreba sizmaria~
mxolod misi sigizmondosaTvis ar aris Svebis momtani. modernistulma azrovnebam mTlianad
miiRo igi, sikvdili ki gamoRviZebad CaTvala, bunebrivia, rom uazro sizmrisgan gamofxizleba
sasiamovno, Svebis momgvreli movlenaa da warmosaxvaSi Sobil mxatvrul saxeebSic
esTetikurad gamoisaxeba. sikvdilis, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenis, Secnoba intuiciiT xdeba
xdeba da mxolod misi mTliani saxis grZnobad-emociuri ganWvretis Semdeg iwyeba misi
mxatvrul saxeebSi gacocxleba, radgan `sijiute da naTelxilva privilegiuri mayureblebi
arian am araadamianuri TamaSebisaTvis, sadac absurdi, imedi da sikvdili epaeqrebian
erTmaneTs, gonebas ukve ZaluZs gaanalizos am erTsa da imav dros umartivesi da natifi
95
cekvis figurebi da mere mihyos xeli maT daxasiaTebasa da gacocxlebas.~ (kamiu 1996: 14) Tu am
TvalesazrisiT mivudgebiT, qarTulma modernistulma azrovnebam sakmaod adre (XX saukunis I
naxevari) gaanaliza am ùmartivesi da natifi cekvis figurebi~ da maT daxasiaTebas da
gacocxlebasac mihyo xeli. absurdis, imedis da sikvdilis Widilisa da rokvis scenaSi man
intuiciis karnaxiT airCia da wina planze gadmoswia sikvdili, magram gaiazra da gamosaxa ara
s i k v di li s i n s ti q ti , Tavisi absurdulobiT, agresiulobiT da faruli simaxinjiT,
aramed s i k v di li s faruli a z ri da m S v e n i e re b a !

damowmebani:

barnovi 1916: barnovi v. sevdis sagubari. saliteraturo krebuli `grdemli~. 1916.
barnovi 1961: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. II, Tb.: 1961.
kamiu 1996: kamiu a. sizifes miTi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1996.
lorTqifaniZe 1958: lorTqifaniZe n. Txzulebani. t. I, Tb.: 1958.
qarTuli... 1986: qarTuli literaturuli esse. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.
qiaCeli 1985: qiaCeli l. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t. II, Tb.: 1985.
Sengelia 1960: Sengelia d. Txzulebani. Tb: t. II, 1960.

Inga Milorava

Death The Aesthetical Phenomenon

Summary

The modernistic artistic works contain some images which show the aesthetical essence of the death. The death has
some functions in the Georgian story: a) tragical, but beautiful occurrence; b) the death, as means for restoring eternal
connection of souls; c) the quite right way to other world; d) the mode of only salvation from earthly life.
The analysis of V. Barnovs, L. Kiachelis, K. Gamsaxurdias, D. Shengelias short stories leads us to the conclusion,
that the basis of modern style are different aspects of life, including the most important event-the death. V. Barnov created
the positive conception of the death. He came step by step to the aesthetical conception of the death. Consideration of the
question gives some results: a) we can see the beautiful artistic text, which contains some intercommunicated plans. b) The
strong problematic backbone, (the death separately or the write: death-love; death love- God; the strong sense death and
etc.)

lali avaliani

mixeil javaxiSvili dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan

Tavadaznauroba mokvda, iqneb sulis
aristokratia mainc gadarCes.
m. javaxiSvili

mwerlebis ubedobiT, faTerakebiTa Tu xifaTiani tanjuli cxovrebiT veravis
gaakvirveb: gavixsenoT Tundac `dawyevlili poetebis~ franguli fenomeni; fransua viionis,
qristofer marlos, edgar pos, artur rembos, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, aleqsandre yazbegis,
egnate ninoSvilis, terenti granelis, tician tabiZis, lado asaTianis, guram rCeuliSvilis da
sxvaTa mravalTa xvedri, _ rom aRaraferi vTqvaT TviTmkvlel mwerlebze ( Tomas Catertoni,
Jerar de nervali, virjinia vulfi, akutagava riunoske, esenini, maiakovski, marina cvetaeva,
paolo iaSvili, galaktioni...) zemoxsenebul mweralTa beds esadageba mixeil javaxiSvilis
`cxovrebis dramac~: siymawvileSi bedisweram arnaxuli gansacdeli mouvlina, _ dedisa da dis
umowyalo amoxocva, dardisagan maleve gardacvlili mama; mogvianebiT, _ cixe, gadasaxleba,
devna, moraluri terori... 1937 wels rkali Seikra: did mwerals ulmobeli wamebiT amohxades
suli.
meores mxriT, igi iyo bednieri da iRbliani, ojaxSic da SemoqmedebaSic. mravlismetyvel
samwerlo debiuts da erovnul-revoluciuri moRvaweobis gamo devnas, mravalwliani dumilis
Semdeg, _ Caenacvla erTob nayofieri, warmatebuli literaturuli saqmianoba ukve
gasabWoebul saqarTveloSi. mudamdRe akritikebdnen, Tumca mwerlobaSi maradiul
nonkonformistad da disidentad darCa. amasTan, paradoqsia, rom komunisturi
96
totalitarizmis mZlavrobis Jams, sxva mweralTagan gansxvavebiT, mixeil javaxiSvils
rekorduli raodenobis wignebi (maT Soris TxzulebaTa oTxtomeulic) hqonda gamocemuli
(javaxiSvili... 1989: 32-49). amas, albaT, saxelmwifo gamomcemlobaTa materialuri
dainteresebis garda, mwerlis, _ namdvili evropelis, _ TviTdisciplinasa da mowesrigebul
yofasac unda vumadlodeT.
mixeil javaxiSvils, rogorc mwerals, 1937 welsac gaumarTla, radgan Sinaurebma arqivis
didi nawili SeinarCunes; ufrosma qaliSvilma qeTevan javaxiSvilma mamis xsovnas, misi
literaturuli memkvidreobis kvlevisa da gamocemis saqmes, gadauWarbeblad, mTeli
sicocxle Sealia. masve ekuTvnis vrceli biografiul-dokumenturi Txzuleba `mixeil
javaxiSvilis cxovreba~. qeTevan javaxiSvilis didi misia misi gardacvalebis Semdeg misma
vaJma, aw gansvenebulma ramaz SiSniaSvilma itvirTa. es tradicia dRemde grZeldeba mwerlis
umcrosi qaliSvilis rusudanis da mixeil javaxiSvilis SviliSvilebis ZalisxmeviT. swored
maTi da qarTuli literaturis muzeumis erToblivi Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegia krebuli
`lelvari~ (Tb., 2005 w.).

***
`lelvari~ _ mravalferovani da mravalmxrivi interesis aRmZvreli krebulia.
formalurad is mixeil javaxiSvilis dabadebidan 125 wlisTavs eZRvneba, faqtobrivad ki,
gacxadebaa imisa, `ras ityvis STamomavloba~ XX saukunis erT-erT usaCinoes mweralze. Cveni
bedkrulobis da, nawilobriv, bedovlaTobis ambavia, rom didma qarTulma mwerlobam rusul
jebirs ver gadaabija.
krebulis sulisCamdgmeli, Semdgenel-redaqtori, eqspresiuli winaTqmisa da boloTqmis
avtori, mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis didi moamage, 1980 wlidan _
weraqvisa da sionis erT-erTi amaRorZinebeli, poeti, mkvlevari, giorgi leoniZis saxelobis
qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis direqtori iza orjonikiZea.
krebuli sinTezuri xasiaTisaa: masSi warmodgenilia mixeil javaxiSvilis `cxovrebis
drama~, avtobiografia, memuarebi, gamokvlevebi, mwerlis piradi mimowera, muzeumebisa Tu
SiSroebis samsaxuris saarqivo dokumentebi, Zveli Tu axali iSviaTi fotoebi; mwerlis
bavSvobis geografiuli areali da genealogia, mis sicocxleSive gamocemul wignTa garekanebi
da mxatvroba, axlad moZiebuli piradi nivTebis, xelnawerTa fotoilustraciebi da sxv.
uwinaresad, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mivapyrob mdidrulad ilustrirebuli wignis
garekans: saxelwodebas _ `lelvari~ (mTa, romlis Ziras, sofel weraqvSi daibada mwerali) da
mixeil javaxiSvilis ucnaurze ucnaur, ekleqtikur portrets (soso gabaSvili, 1925 w.),
egrerigad rom exmaureba Cvens Tanamedroveobasac.
Zalze sayuradReboa nona kupreiSvilis vizualuri masaliT gamyarebuli gamokvleva
`soso gabaSvili mixeil javaxiSvilis mxatvari-interpretatori~. manve moiZia sruliad
axalgazrda (17 wlis!) soso gabaSvilis zemoxsenebuli unikaluri portreti.
ioseb (soso) gabaSvili (1908-1971 ww.) _ fermweri, grafikosi, Teatraluri mxatvari,
wignebis ilutsratori, _ romelsac xatva Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi iakob
nikolaZem daawyebina, 1925-30 wlebSi samxatvro akademiaSi swavlobda, g. gabaSvilis, i.
Sarlemanis da e. lanseres xelmZRvanelobiT; iyo samxatvro akademiis profesori (1936
wlidan).
nona kupreiSvilis mier gamowvlilviT aris gaanalizebuli axalgazrda mxatvris
SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri mixeil javaxiSvilTan, pirvel rigSi ki misi `Tamami kompozicia~ _
mwerlis portreti: ìgi ... qaoturi da saSiSi drois dinamikaSi moqceuli xelovanis, rogorc
saetapo figuris, mxatvruli interpretaciac gaxlavT. naxati sakmaod rTuli, kolaJuri
principiTaa agebuli. kompoziciis centrSi m. javaxiSvilis portretia moTavsebuli,
romelSic Savi feri sWarbobs. Savi aq, absoluturi sisavsis gadmomcemia. amave dros igi TeTri
feris analogad unda miviCnioT, rasac qurTukis sayeloze mibneuli gvirilac adasturebs.
vinaidan saqme m. javaxiSvilis (savsebiT metyvel suls) exeba, yvavili (iseve rogorc
aRmosavlur religiebSi) sulieri srulyofis, sulieri cxovrebis ayvavebis simbolod
aRiqmeba.
... odesRac feradovani, amJamad ki dangreuli samyaros namsxvrevebia naxatis siRrmidan
amozrdil sxvadasxva plastebSi gabneuli narinjisferi patara rombebi da samkuTxedebi...
mwerlis zurgsukan areklili kiTxvis niSani, rogorc Cans, aq warmosaxul energo-simbolur
konteqstSi gaurkvevlobis, dabneulobis gancdis gamZafrebas emsaxureba. SemTxveviTi ar unda
iyos arc cirkis Senobis (warweriT ` -~) aqcentireba. igi uTuod sacirko sanaxaobad
qceuli cxovrebis axal stilze unda migvaniSnebdes... gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia ucnaurad
garinduli Tu Casafrebuli demonis (marTlac rom, apokalifsuri mxecis) Tavi... kidev erTi
grafikuli niSani, nacnobi kabalistika _ `21~... saqarTvelos gasabWoebis TariRs da am
TariRTan dakavSirebul did marcxsa da mwuxarebas gvaxsenebs~... (kupreiSvili 2005: 309-310).
aq vwyvet citirebas, Tumca SemdegSic aranakleb saintereso mignebebia gadmocemuli.
SeiZleba vivaraudo kubizmisa da konstruqtivizmis (rac im drois saqarTveloSic iyo
gavrcelebuli) zegavlena axalgazrda mxatvarze (Tumc igi didi realistis gigo gabaSvilis
97
ZmisSvili gaxldaT); isic saTqmelia, rom marTlac sagangebod aqcentirebul cirkis Senobas
`-~ ki ara (iqneb koreqturac iyos), garkveviT aweria `. ~... es is `Zmebi tantebia~,
romelTa saxeli 1924 wels tician tabiZis ùJmur kviraSi~ Cndeba:

... kote marjaniSvili,
sandro axmeteli,
Salva dadiani
da uSangi CxeiZe
zian tantebis cirkSi _
kula gldanelis iubileze... (tabiZe 1966: 150).

soso gabaSvils ekuTvnis agreTve `jayos xiznebis~ II gamocemis (1926 w.) garekanis Zalze
efeqturi mxatvroba: ori sazareli Sav-wiTeli aymuvlebuli ZaRli. avtori saqmis codniT
mimoixilavs naxatis simbolikas, ZaRlis saxismetyvelebas qristianul kulturaSi,
galaktionTan, `jayos xiznebSic~ (`ZaRlis leSi~ _ Teimurazisagan SezizRebuli cxovreba).
sityva gamigrZelda, magram gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mwerlis gabaSviliseuli portreti
pirvelad swored `lelvarSi~ gamoqveynda, xolo saxelovani mwerlisa da Wabuki mxatvris
`tandemma~ jayoizmi axali simbolikiT datvirTa.

* * *
krebulSi pirvelad qveyndeba zogierTi iSviaTi fotosuraTi saojaxo arqividan Tu
literaturis muzeumidan, mixeil javaxiSvilis STamomavalTa fotoebi, mirian kilaZis mier
sagangebod `lelvarisaTvis~ damzadebuli reproduqciebi, dRevandeli weraqvisa da sionis,
mwerlis muzeumis, misi nivTebis, xelnawerebis fotoebi da sxv.
2005 wlis agvistoTi daTariRebul erT fotoze aRbeWdilni arian amagdari
literaturaTmcodne cisana genZexaZe, rusudan javaxiSvili da muzeumis direqtoris
moadgile Tea TvalavaZe `lelvarze~ muSaobis procesSi.
garda imisa, rom wlebis manZilze ikvlevs mixeil javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebas, cisana
genZexaZes ekuTvnis `mixeil javaxiSvilis anotirebuli bibliografia~ (qeTevan javaxiSvilTan
erTad, Tb., 1989 w.), agreTve, mixeil javaxiSvilis ùbis wignakidan~, 1924-35 ww. (marine
SiSniaSvilTan erTad momzadebuli unikaluri wigni, Tb., 2005 w.); `lelvarSi~ Sesulia
gamokrebili adgilebi mwerlis ubis wignakebidan.
krebulSi cisana genZexaZe warmodgenilia agreTve gamokvleviT _ `pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis problema m. javaxiSvilis adreul moTxrobebSi~.
avtori, sruliad marTebulad, `patara adamianis~ Temis prioritetulobis uwinares,
pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da TviTrealizaciis problemas uRrmavdeba: `pirovnebis
TviTrealizaciis, gnebavT, misi gadarCenis, ganviTarebisa da srulyofis upirvelesi piroba
TviT sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebriv institutTa srulyofaa; SeuZlebelia ibrZolo eris
TavisuflebisaTvis, Tu pirovnebis, rogorc n. berdiaevi ganmartavs, `subieqturi ufleba~
daucvelia, Tuki arsebobs xelisSemSleli obieqturi pirobebi nebismieri adamianis
Tavisuflebis nebisa da survilTa harmoniuli SeTavsebisaTvis~ (genZexaZe 2005: 336).
literaturis istorikosis miukerZoebeli xedvis wyalobiT, cisana genZexaZes kargad
moexseneba, ra warmoudgeneli braldebebis samizne iyo mixeil javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba 20-30-
ian wlebSi; isic, rom reabilitaciis Semdgom mxolod `naxevarsimarTle~ iyo nebadarTuli.
mkvlevari saqmis codniT, sxartad ayalibebs mwerlis memkvidreobis Seswavlis ueWvel
progress da sagangebod mianiSnebs axali Taobis Rvawlze: ìs faqti, rom m. javaxiSvilis
Semoqmedeba ara fragmentuli mignebebis, erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebuli asociaciuri
motivaciebis, aramed Rrmad gaazrebuli filosofiur-esTetikuri problemebis, gamWoli
Temebisa da interesebis, arqetipuli saxe-simboloebis maRalmxatvruli transformaciis
Sedegia, qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi ukanasknel periodSi warmoebuli mniSvnelovani
samecniero kvlevebis (T. doiaSvili, T. vasaZe, l. wiqariSvili) Sedegad dadasturda. swored am
mTlianobis warmoCenam gaxada SesaZlebeli m. javaxiSvilis ara mxolod rogorc didi mwerlis,
aramed rogorc didi moazrovnis mxatvruli samyaros Sinagan kanonzomierebaTa aRmoCena~
(genZexaZe 2005: 338).
cisana genZexaZis optimizmi nawilobriv gasaziarebelia, Tumca, Cvenda savalalod da
samarcxvinod, dRemde ar arsebobs mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis amsaxveli
srulyofili monografia.

* * *
`lelvarSi~ dastambul naSromTagan sagangebod minda gamovyo lela wiqariSvilis
SesaniSnavi gamokvleva `mixeil javaxiSvilis `givi Saduris~ saxismetyvelebisaTvis~. avtors,
mravalmxriv erudiciasTan erTad, didad waadga gamZafrebuli alRo da qveteqstebSi wvdomis
Cinebuli unari.
`givi Saduri~ iwereboda sami urTulesi wlis (1926, 1927, 1928 ww.) manZilze, rogorc Cans,
_ Znelad, wvalebiT, Tavdapirvelad _ danawevrebiT: moTxrobebis saxiT; mxolod 1928 wels
98
gamTlianda. SesaZloa amiTac aixsnas romanis garkveuli qaoturoba da mkveTri kompoziciis
uqonloba.
1924-1927 wlebis ubis wignakis Canawerebi TiTqos Segvamzadebs didi fiqrisa da tanjvis,
TviTgvemisa Tu imedgacruebis fasad Seqmnili am urTulesi romanis aRsaqmelad
(gaviTvaliswinoT avtopsiis xerxi, rac mwerals romanis `Tanamonawiled~ xdis):
`revolucia grZeldeba da aravin ar icis rodis gaTavdeba...
bnel Rames mamadaviTis sasaflaoze avedi. landi momeCvena. ilia WavWavaZe
gacocxlebuliyo. wamomyva. saqarTvelo davatare. yvelaferi naxa. mesaubra. veRar gauZlo _
viRupebiTo _ da isev saflavSi Cavida...
ise davdivar Cems dedaqalaqSi, rogorc sasaflaodan dabrunebuli qvrivi...
dekadansi iq aris, sadac mTeli qucmacdeba da qucmaci _ nawili mTlianobs...
dRevandel epoqas suli ara aqvs, da Tu aqvs, mZulvarebaa misi saxeli~...
àrifionis~ Seqmnis siwrfeliTa da saukeTeso survilebiT nakarnaxevi, magram
donkixoturi mcdeloba xom imTaviTve ìdeuri~ marcxisaTvis iyo ganwiruli (romanis gmiris
darad).
avtori gadmogvcems romanisa da àrifionis~ erTgvar paralelizms: `givi Saduri~
korporacia àrifionis~ Tanamoasakea (1926-1927 ww.) `givi Saduris~ teqstSi ...mixeil
javaxiSvils sakuTari Tavic Semohyavs~ `megobrebo, Tavi mogabezreT... kidev SegxvdebiT da
giambobT. baton mixeilsac masala miecema, ai, axlac gaikra xeli ubis wignakze, Camwers,
viRupebi~. esaa TviTironia, Sexumreba sakuTar TavTan da TanamokalmeebTan, romlebTanac
imxanad mixeil javaxiSvils akavSirebda axali literaturuli gaerTianebis mesveuroba,
Tumca, am salaRobo intonaciebis miRma romanSi mweralma gaamJRavna epoqis drama _ RvTis
safarvelis axda.
aRniSnuli motivi vlindeba, rogorc dasanani da samwuxaro realoba: `qriste RmerTi
caSi afrinda, ymawvilebo, nuRar eliT, aRar dagvibrundeba. afrinda da Tavisi mZime jvari
Cven, ubralo kacunebs dagvitova~ (wiqariSvili 2005: 283-284).
mkvlevris azriT, TviTironiis matarebelia ara mxolod avtopsia, aramed, givi Saduris
monologebSi klasikosTa fragmentebis citireba Tu `gadmowera~. avtors zogjer lamis
deteqtivis gumani da geSi dasWirvebia sxvadasxva drois teqstebis (bibliidan _
dostoevskimde) aluziaTa amosacnobad, klasikuri Tu Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis
citacia-parodirebis amosaxsnelad...
gamokvlevaSi gaSifrulia mravali saxe-simbolo, uaRresad zustia saxelebis (gvarebis)
semantika; skrupulozurad aris warmoCenili gamWoli motivebi Tu siuJeturi rkalebi.
misaRebia avtoriseuli mcdeloba `qucmacebis~ (ix. ubis wignakidan) gamTlianebisa: `saxeTa da
motivTa urTierTgadadinebis, erTgvari ganwvalulobis miuxedavad, nawarmoebis
problematika erTian Canafiqrs efuZneba. `givi Saduri~ asaxavs eris gadarCenis gzebis Ziebas
sabWouri usaxurobisa da teroris pirobebSi, miwa-samSoblos, rogorc uzenaesi faseulobis
movla-patronobisa da dacvis ideas~...
ùRmerTod~ darCenili samSoblos qufr suraTs kidev ufro amZafrebs sulierebisagan
daclili miwa _ sasaflao, romelsac ìseTive usaxuroba da umadloba elis, rogorc
cocxalTa samyofels: wesis ageba da panaSvidebi gauqmda, anu uaryofilia nakurTx miwaSi
gansveneba. RmerTi miwis wiaRidanac ganidevneba~ (wiqariSvili 2005: 285-286).
mogexsenebaT, rom mixeil javaxiSvili filigranuli ostatobiT uxamebda erTmaneTs
empiriuls da gamonagons, rogorc yvela didi mwerali, isic xSirad iyenebda cxovrebiseul
`nedl~ masalas. safiqrebelia, rom e. w. sasaflaos epizodebi terenti granelis pirovnebiT da
SemoqmedebiT iyos STagonebuli: am droisaTvis terenti graneli ukve `Tbilisuri legendaa~,
sasaflaos xSiri stumari, ucnob micvalebulTa ukanasknel gzaze gamcilebeli, avtori
wignebisa, _ `panaSvidebi~ (1920 w.), `sulidan saflavebi~ (1922 w.), èmento mori~ (1924 w.) da sxv.
mZafri uimedoba, totaluri uRmerToba, romelic msWvalavs `givi Sadurs~, absolutis
rangSi mainc ar aris ayvanili. statiis avtori saxarebis aluziebis moxmobiT, rTuli saxe-
simboloebis amoxsniT Tu gvar-saxelTa semantikuri fesvebis moZiebiT, _ warmoaCens mwerlis
kredos (ilias gza, _ rwmena, zneoba, siyvaruli, mamulis msaxureba, Sroma...).
lela wiqariSvilis ganmartebiT, `samSoblos erTguleba da upirobo msaxureba `givi
Saduris~ arifTa da TviT almanax àrifionis~ devizia. miwa-samSoblo, deda _ wiaRi, Tundac
`fexmosxletili~, SebRaluli da gaTelili (maradi TaveliZe), uzenaesi faseuloba, sulis
Tasidan misi dapureba (àrifionis~ emblema: wignze Semodgmuli Tavi da masze Semomsxdari
xoxbebi;) `mgosan-misanTa~, `Wabuk~ mweralTa upirvelesi sazrunavia. am gzaze cocxldeba mamis
arqetipi (ilia) da aRdgeba paternaluri misia~ (wiqariSvili 2005: 289).

* * *
erT saJurnalo werilSi, cxadia, ar moxerxdeba `lelvaris~ yvela publikaciis analizi;
amitom ramdenime maTganis mokle mimoxilvas davjerdebi.
saintereso sakiTxebia aRZruli maia yanCaSvilis naSromSi `codosa~ da `gangebis eTikis~
koncefcia mixeil javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi~: marTebulia `codvisa~ da fatalizmis
99
dakavSireba mwerlis ojaxur tragediasTan, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba SiSveli
naturalizmisa da sisastikis elferis arseboba mixeil javaxiSvilTan. `codvisa~ da `gangebis~
motivebi met-naklebad TiTqmis yvela TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba. maia yanCaSvils monografiuli
sisavsis pretenzia ar aqvs, igi mxolod ramdenime nawarmoebiT ifargleba, es ki ramdenadme
afermkrTalebs mis daskvnebs (yanCaSvili 2005: 363-370).
lia wereTeli statiaSi `wiTeli gveleSapi brolis koSks mihxvevia~, mizandasaxulad,
literaturis istorikosis sidinjiT ikvlevs `qalis tvirTTan~ dakavSirebul peripetiebs:
SemoqmedebiT process, partiuli meTvalyureebisa da TviT stalinis interess am romanisadmi,
daumsaxurebel kritikas, srul gaugebrobas da insinuaciebs, zogjer bezRobisa da dasmenis
elferic rom aqvs.
mkvlevari gamoavlens romanis Sefarul Canafiqrs, rasac bevri araferi aqvs saerTo
avtoris mierve deklarirebul mizanTan (ix. mixeil javaxiSvilis werili sabWoTa Cinosan
TaTaraSvilisadmi); migvaniSnebs zurab gurgeniZis (romlis prototipi stalinia) saxis
groteskulobaze; ojaxis simrTelisa da naTesauri kavSirebis rRvevis tendenciaze (`Tu
erTobis namdvili wevri xar da mSobelma gza gadagiRoba, arc is unda daindo da mosisxlesaviT
moiSoro~). bunebrivia, rom paralelisaTvis avtorma `saxelganTqmuli~ leqsi moixmo, Tumca
kargi iqneboda, ar `Caesworebina~:

`me movklav dedas da mamas,
Tu revolucia momTxovs amas~.
(wereTeli 2005: 354).

RmerTmani, ar Rirda am `SedevrisaTvis~ (àlbaT, gaxsovT fridon narouSvilis
gaxmaurebuli leqsi, brma fanatizmis gamomxatveli~... wereTeli 2005: 353) Tavis Sewuxeba, miT
umetes, rom is narouSvils ki ara, kale feodosiSvils ekuTvnis:

àr gagikvirdes dRes es cvlileba,
ar gagikvirdes, nu metyvi jalaTs,
me mamas movklav, davaxrCob dedas,
revoluciam Tu ki mibrZana!~ (feodosiSvili 1926: 13).

eka cxadaZe `jansaRi velurobis~ ganwirulobaSi~ `TeTr sayelosa~ da grigol robaqiZis
èngadis~ paralelizmze miuTiTebs, Tumca mkvlevris daskvnas _ `Zalian sainteresoa ori
didi qarTveli mwerlis Tvalsazrisis didad gansxvavebuli saSualebiTa da maneriT
gamoTqmuli erTianoba~ (cxadaZe 2005: 315) _ meti sabuTianoba esaWiroeba: masalisadmi
mimarTeba, mizandasaxulobaTa nairgvaroba èrTianobas~ safuZvels gvarianad uryevs. Tundac
is faqti, rom sworfroba mixeil javaxiSvils `prozaulad~ daumiwebia, xolo grigol robaqiZe
èrTaderTi qarTveli mweralia, romelic Cawvda sworfruli urTierTobis ekzistencialur
siRrmes~ (zurab kiknaZe), mravlismTqmelia. sasurveli iyo vaJa-fSavelas werilis gaxsenebac
amis Taobaze (vaJa-fSavela 1964: 99-101).
maia Ziguas naSromSi ìnteligenciis problema mixeil javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi~
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia wamoWrili, miT umetes Rirssacnobi, rom, Cemi azriT, saqarTvelos
uaxles istoriaSi inteligencia gantevebis maradiuli vacia da am problemas dRemde ar
daukargavs aqtualuroba. sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb imis Taobaze, rom XX saukunis bolo
ocwleulSi zogma mkvlevarma, maxvilgonivrulad da garkveuli warmatebiTac ganaxorciela
Teimuraz xevisTavis `reabilitacia~; vityvi mxolod, rom statiis avtors uTuod evaleboda
gansxvavebuli poziciis gaTvaliswineba.
maia Zigua miiCnevs, rom `mwerali Teimurazze aranakleb itanjeba, ganicdis, swuxs da am
wuxils sibralulic Tan axlavs, magram am sibraluls araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs
TanagrZnobasTan. mwerals ebraleba, magram ar TanaugrZnobs _ es niuansi friad
mniSvnelovania!~ (Zigua 2005: 322-323).
mainc zRvargadasulad mimaCnia, cota ar iyos, sworxazovani damokidebuleba
Teimurazisa Tu elizbaris mimarT. am ìnertul da cxovrebiT moyirWebul~ personaJebSi
mweralma, Tundac mcire ùlufiT~, _ xom sakuTari Tavic `Seuria~. sxvagvarad is verc
iqneboda didi mwerali.
mimaCnia, rom ambivalenturoba, radikaluri gadaxrebis gareSe, erTaderTi gasaRebia
inteligenti personaJebis SefasebisaTvis. mixeil javaxiSvili ZiriTadad mainc
inteligenciaze wers, igi TviT aris am inteligenciis suli sulTagani da xorci xorcTagani.
avsuli da avxorci jayo, _ moZaladis gansaxiereba, _ adamiania, magram is Zaladobis bestiuri
manqanis simbolodac aRiqmeba. gamoxdeba xani da 1937 weli sxvagvarad warmogviCens
aRzevebuli Zaladobis Zalmosilebas.
ubis wignakidan: `wiTlebis mizania yvelani erTmaneTs SeaZulon da TavisTavic
SeaZulebinon (antisqristes ocnebac es aris)~ _ amis damweri gana vinmes SegvaZulebda Tu ar
antiqristes?)
100
Teimuraz xevisTavi rom ùremSi Sebmuli pepelaa~ (ubis wignakidan) da mis mimarT
mkiTxvelis sulSi aRZruli ambivalenturi grZnobebi (Secodeba-siyvaruli _ zizRi-
Seurigebloba) ar aris gasakviri.

* * *
dasasrulisaTvis Semovinaxe Temur doiaSvilis vrceli statia, romelic uTuod
gamowvlilviT unda ganvixiloT.
Temur doiaSvilis `kritikuli diptiqis~ (`mixeil javaxiSvili da fsiqoanalizi~)
pirveli nakveTi òqros kbilis~ gamo~ 1969 wliT TariRdeba, meore, èrTi isteriis istoria~,
_ 2005 wliT. miuxedavad amisa, naSromi TiTqmis Tanabari interesiT ikiTxeba. kritikosis
msjelobis kvalobaze, ueWvelad gvesaxeba fsiqoanalitikuri TvalTaxedvis arseboba òqros
kbilsa~ da `TeTr kurdRelSi~. 36 wlis winandel statiaSi zogi kritikosis mosazrebaTa
ukomentarod citireba, albaT mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT aris nakarnaxevi, magram Cveni
Tvalsawieridan erTgvarad odiozuria. òqros kbili~, erTob tragikuli da sevdiani
moTxroba, cota ar iyos, _ melodramatulic, _ maSin sruliad axalgazrda kritikosis mier
froidistuli koncefciis misadagebiT, _ axali, moulodneli StrixebiT warmogvidgeba.
avtoris oponentis 2005 wels gamoTqmul mosazrebas (`...arada, froidi aq arafer SuaSia~)
Tundac imitom ver gaviziareb, rom Tomas bavSvobasa da axalgazrdobaSi gancdili seqsualuri
`marcxis~ ambebi Zaldautaneblad Tavsdeba fsiqoanalitikuri ànamnezis~ CarCoSi.
`tabuaxsnili~ dRevandeloba verc bavSvobaSi daTrgunul Tomasa da verc ukurnebeli
seniT Sepyrobil vnebaaSlil Tamros (Sdr. Tundac Tomas manis `jadosnuri mTis~ pacientTa
seqsualur miswrafebebs) ànomalur~ pirovnebebad ver miiCnevs. orive maTgans aqvs realuri
mizezi, ris gamoc swored amgvarad iqcevian da ara sxvagvarad. marTebulia mosazreba, rom `m.
javaxiSvilis mier daxatul siyvarulSi igrZnoba erTgvari sinTezi tradiciulisa da im
siaxlisa, romelic epoqam moitana~... (doiaSvili 2005: 372). isic saTqmelia, rom moTxrobis
finali (an: xorcieli da sulieri ltolvis simbiozi) froidistuli koncefciis
sawinaaRmdegod ufro gamodgeba da ara dasturad.
sxva saqmea `TeTri kurdReli~. èrTi isteriis istoria~ mixeil javaxiSvilis erT-erTi
saukeTeso moTxrobis aseve saukeTeso analizad mesaxeba.
cnobili faqtia, rom didi mwerlis zogi moTxroba sxvaTa naambobis (p. iaSvili, s.
SanSiaSvili, S. dadiani, s. yifiani) safuZvelzea Seqmnili, magram mxolod `TeTr kurdRels~
aqvs sagangebo miZRvna _ `profesor mixeil asaTians, romlis naambobma damawerina es
moTxroba~.
Temur doiaSvili marTebulad askvnis, rom avtorma Tavi daizRvia, radgan `gamoricxuli
ar iyo, rom vulgarizatorebs `kurdReli~ realizmisa da misi principebisagan gandgomad
SeefasebinaT, rac arcTu mcire xifaTs uqadda xelisuflebis TvalSi isedac arasaimedo
reputaciis mqone mwerals. aseT viTarebaSi mixeil asaTianis samecniero avtoritets, rogorc
Cans, damcavis, faris funqcia ekisreboda: mwerali realur faqts da aRiarebuli swavlulis
klinikur praqtikas eyrdnoboda~ (doiaSvili 2005: 383).
gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebisaTvis (mkiTxvelis dasakvalianebladac) upriani iyo
òqros kbilisa~ da `TeTri kurdRlis~ pirvel publikaciaTa TariRis miTiTeba: òqros
kbili~, 1925 w., `mnaTobi~, 8-9; `TeTri kurdReli~, 1927 w., `mnaTobi~, 1.
es is droa, roca bolSevikebma Sewyvites `Tavis mokatuneba~ (akaki baqraZe), rac 1924 wlis
SeTqmulebis ulmobeli CaxSobiT `dagvirgvinda~; roca mixeil javaxiSvilma amjerad ukve
sabWoTa cixis `siameni~ igema; roca arnaxulad gaavda proletaruli kritika da represiebi
Cveulebrivi saqme gaxda.
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom avtoris mier kvlav uTariRod dasaxelebuli mixeil
asaTianis wigni `fsiqonevrozebi~, romelSic aRwerilia sidonias prototipis anamnezi, 1932
wels gamoqveynda; cxadia, 1927 wels dastambuli `TeTri kurdRlis~ wyarod es wigni ver
gamodgeboda. yovelive zemoTqmuli TariRebis ugulebelyofis Sedegia da mxolod es gvaqvs
sasayveduro, Torem kritikosis naTqvami, _ `kurdRelSi~ iseTi sizustea isteriuli
fsiqozisa da fsiqoanalitikuri seansebis aRweraSi, rac mxolod `naambobiT~, zepiri
informaciiT Znelad Tu miiRweva. amitom savaraudo iyo, rom mixeil javaxiSvils xelT hqonda
ambis werilobiTi versiac, romelic mTxrobelisagan unda mieRo~ (doiaSvili 2005: 402) _
gamoricxavs anaqronizmis braldebas.
es `versia~, SesaZloa, romelime rusul samecniero JurnalSic yofiliyo
gamoqveynebuli, radgan sidonias moskoveli prototipis avadmyofobis Canaweri 1912 wels
ganekuTvneba. meores mxriT, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom `werilobiTi versiis~ gareSe,
froidiT friad dainteresebul mwerals eqimis naambobi sakuTari gumanisa Tu intuiciis
wyalobiT, srulyofilad gadmoeca.
kritikoss gamorCa erTi TvalsaCino `wvrilmani~: sidonias eqimis advilad amosacnobi
`Caqaragmebuli~ saxeli da gvari: fridon doraSvili _ fr-o-i-d-i.
101
klinikuri suraTisa da mxatvruli gamonagonis paralelizmi, erTianoba Tu sxvaoba,
Temur doiaSvilis mier skrupulozurad aris motivirebuli. avtoriseuli gansja, saocrad
STambeWdavi da safuZvliani, Cemi azriT, fsiqolog-fsiqiatrebisaTvisac sainteresoa.
Temur doiaSvilis gamokvlevis konteqstSi uTuod Rirssacnobi iqneboda 30-iani wlebis
diskusiis erTi kritikuli gamoxdoma, romelSic mixeil javaxiSvils fsiqoanalizis
ucodinarobaSi dasdes brali: àvtori ar icnobs fsiqo-nevrozs, rogorc movlenas da arc
tipis fsiqologiur siRrmes... dostoevski swerda epilefsiaze, cvaigi pederastiaze swers,
magram maT ician anomaliis saidumloeba. javaxiSvilma ki xsenebuli moTxrobis weris dros ar
icoda fsiqo-nevrozis saidumloeba~ (javaxiSvili 1991: 260).
rogorc Cans, `TeTri kurdReli~ fsiqiatrTa sazogadoebisaTvis mudam yuradRebis
sagani iyo. ukve Rrmad moxucebuli avlipi zurabiSvilis TxovniT, qeTevan javaxiSvils misi
karnaxiT Cauweria mosazrebani mixeil javaxiSvilze (80-iani wlebis damdegs): `mixeil asaTiani
megobrul damokidebulebaSi iyo mixeilTan da Tavis droze uambo erT-erTi avadmyofis
Sesaxeb (moskovSi iyo es ambavi), romelic isteriuli fsiqoziT Sepyrobili iyo. am siuJetze
mweralma Cven Cinebuli moTxroba dagvitova. es aris `TeTri kurdReli~. dRes baton mixeil
javaxiSvilisagan fsiqopaTologiaSi SemorCa termini: Smagi suli da civi sisxli. amgvarad,
isteriuli pirovnebis fsiqikaSi, ai, am fenomens, didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs~
(javaxiSvili 1991: 262).
igive CanawerSi fsiqiatri saubrobda mixeil javaxiSvilis `genialur fsiqologizmze~ da
mas dostoevskis adarebda. cnobisaTvis: dostoevskis Semoqmedeba `froidist~
literaturaTmcodneTaTvis namdvili oqros sabado aRmoCnda...
maRal poligrafiul doneze gamocemuli, 424-gverdiani farToformatiani krebuli
`lelvari~, arakomerciuli, mecenatebis mier dafinansebuli gamocemaa (mTeli tiraJi
usasyidlod darigda). mas, mixeil javaxiSvilis ojaxisa da literaturis muzeumis
TanamSromlebis, agreTve, gamokvlevaTa avtorebis garda, mravalma adamianma dasdo amagi.
iza orjonikiZe `boloTqmaSi~ samadlobel grZel nusxas aqveynebs; Cven ki isRa
dagvrCenia, uRrmesi madloba movaxsenoT yvela im pirovnebas, romelsac wvlili miuZRvis
`lelvaris~ gamocemaSi, uwinares yovlisa ki, ara marto SesaniSnav poets, aramed Cinebul
organizators _ iza orjonikiZes.
mixeil javaxiSvilis akademiuri mravaltomeulis gamocema momavlis saqmea. es didi misia
literaturaTmcodneTa yvela Taobis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Tu Sesruldeba. saqarTvelos
prestiJs saerTaSoriso kulturul sivrceSi erTob waadgeboda XX saukunis klasikosebis, maT
Soris mixeil javaxiSvilis xelaxali Targmna (Tavis droze, zogi Txzuleba gamoqveynda
rusul, frangul, Turqul enebze) ZiriTadad evropul enebze, rac jerjerobiT, ocnebis
sferos ganekuTvneba.

damowmebani:

doiaSvili 2005: doiaSvili T. mixeil javaxiSvili da fsiqoanalizi. kritikuli diptiqi.
krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba `literaturis
matiane~, 2005.
genZexaZe 2005: genZexaZe c. pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problema m. javaxiSvilis adreul
moTxrobebSi. krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba
`literaturis matiane~, 2005.
vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSafela. fSaveli dedakacis mdgomareoba da ideali fSauris poeziis
gamoxatulebiT. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. IX. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1964.
kupreiSvili 2005: kupreiSvili n. soso gabaSvili mixeil javaxiSvilis mxatvari _
interpretatori. krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.:qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis
gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005.
tabiZe 1966: tabiZe t. uJmuri kvira. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. 1. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`literatura da xelovneba~, 1966.
feodosiSvili 1926: feodosiSvili k. qalaqis baRSi. J. `mercxali~, 4, 1926.
qse 1977: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 2 mTavari samecniero redaqcia. Tb.: 1977.
yanCaSvili 2005: yanCaSvili m. `codosa~ da `gangebis eTikis~ koncefcia mixeil javaxiSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi. krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba
`literaturis matiane~, 2005.
cxadaZe 2005: cxadaZe e. `jansaRi velurobis~ ganwiruloba. krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli
literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005.
Zigua 2005: Zigua m. inteligenciis problema mixeil javaxiSvilis romanebSi. krebuli
`lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~,
2005.
wereTeli 2005: wereTeli l. `wiTeli gveleSapi brolis koSks mohxvevia~. krebuli `lelvari~.
Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005.
102
wiqariSvili 2005: wiqariSvili l. mixeil javaxiSvilis `givi Saduris~ saxismetyvelebisaTvis.
krebuli `lelvari~. Tb.: qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba `literaturis
matiane~, 2005.
javaxiSvili 1991: javaxiSvili q. mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovreba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1991.
javaxiSvili... 1989: javaxiSvili q. genZexaZe e. mixeil javaxiSvili. anotirebuli
bibliografia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1989.

Lali Avaliani

Mikheil Javakhishvili from Today's Viewpoint

Summary

It is nearly impossible to find an analogue to Javakhishvilis tragic life in the history of Georgian literature: Robbers
killed his mother and sister, and his father died shortly afterwards. After the annexation of Tsarist Georgia the young writer
was arrested and sent to Soviet prison. The Communists persecuted and criticized him. In 1937 he was arrested, tortured and
shot dead. It is a paradox that in the 20-30s Javakhishvili, a dissident and nonconformist had already managed to publish a
vast number of books and had gained fame. Some of his novels were translated into Russian, French and Turkish languages.
From 1937 his books were banned. He remained censored until the late 50s, when it became possible to publish and
research his works. Still, there does not exist a complete monograph about him. This gap is partially filled by a collection
Lelvari (Tbilisi, 2005), its authors display Javakhishvilis writings from different angles. Researchers represent M.
Javakhishvili in the aspect of our contemporaries (L. Tsikarishvili, T. Doiashvili, N. Kupreishvili and others).
Translating Javakhishvilis novels in European languages would be of great assistance for the integration of Georgian
culture in European area. It is vitally important to publish new and complete academic books of authors novels, implemented
with the help of literary critics of all generations.

manana kvataia

èvropis udidesi pirovneba~ grigol robaqiZis TvalTaxedviT

am ubralo warmomavlobis kacma sakuTari miTosi Tavadve Seqmna. evropaSi gasul
saukuneSi sabediswerod gaJRerda mor fati-T Sepyrobili italielTa ambiciuri beladis,
benito musolinis saxeli. faSizmis am erT-erTi mamamTavris triumfaluri aRmasvla 1922 wlis
25 oqtombris Semdeg daiwyo, roca is samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad qveynis premer-
ministri gaxda. musolinis zeoba oc welze metxans grZeldeboda. 1923 wels is evropaSi
cnobili pirovneba gaxda, 1926 wlis Semdeg ki msoflioSi gavrcelda legenda yovlisSemZle,
brZen duCeze, romlis kulti italiuri faSizmis yvelaze STambeWdavi gamoxatuleba iyo.
zekacis nicSeseuli ideiT STagonebuli da Tavadac zekacobis mosurne musolinis
Sesaxeb irealur, hipertrofirebul miTs gulmodgined qmnidnen misi axloblebi, partiuli
Tanamoazreni, Jurnalistebi.. isini mas aristoteles, kantis, Toma aqvinelis gverdiT
ayenebdnen, ganumeorebel geniad Tvlidnen, romelic TviT danteze, miqelanjeloze,
vaSingtonze, linkolnze, napoleonze maRla idga. qarizmatuli lideris biografias skolebSi
aswavlidnen, qveyana misi portretebiT iyo mofenili. musolinis egzaltirebuli, energiuli
sajaro gamosvlebi milionebs aRafrTovanebda.. da mainc, diqtatoris es arnaxuli triumfi
katastrofiT damTavrda: ìs, rac musolinis egoizmisaTvis kargi iyo, italiisaTvis
damRupveli aRmoCnda~ (smiti 1995: 152).
swored amgvar, erTi SexedviT legendarul, sinamdvileSi ki winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
pirovnebaze 1939 wels wigni dabeWda emigraciaSi myofma grigol robaqiZem da amiT, iseve, 1938
wels germanul enaze adolf hitleris gamoqveynebiT, man SemoqmedebiTi da moqalaqeobrivi
riskic gaswia. marTlac, am gabedulebam mis Semdgom cxovrebas sabediswero daRi daasva.
grigol robaqiZe germaniaSi istoriis erT-erT yvelaze daZabul monakveTSi aRmoCnda.
mwerals urTules kataklizmaTa epicentrSi mouxda cxovreba da, bunebrivia, misi
SemoqmedebiTi interesis arealSi moeqcnen 1930-40-iani wlebis msoflios miTiuri
saWeTmpyrobelni: stalini, hitleri, musolini. am diqtatorTa gr. robaqiZiseul galereaSi
pirveli portreti sabWoeTis belads ekuTvnis. 1932 wels germanul enaze gamoqveynebul
`Caklul sulSi~ Setanili `stalinis horoskopi~ mkiTxvelis Sokirebas iwvevda (is mciredi
saxecvlilebiT mweralma eses saxiT Seitana krebulSi `demoni da miTosi~ (iena, 1935 w.)
saTauriT `stalini, viTarca arimanuli Zalmosileba~). nodar kakabaZe wers: `rogorc
103
Satobriani Tavs napoleonis metafizikur mowinaaRmdeged grZnobda, iseve esmoda Tavisi
daniSnuleba robaqiZes juRaSvilis mimarT, romlis waruSleli portreti dagvixata man wignSi
`Cakluli suli~ (kakabaZe 1992: 223).
evropaSi ukve aRiarebuli mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi talantiT Cans, germaniis umaRlesi
wreebic dainteresdnen. savaraudoa, rom adolf hitlerisa da musolinis dawera gr.
robaqiZes swored maT daukveTes (aseT SemTxvevaSi mas piradi arCevanis ufleba arc eqneboda).
amis safuZvels gvaZlevs misi axlo nacnobis, germaneli nikolaus zombartis mogonebebis erTi
fragmenti: mwerlis am wigns (igulisxmeba adolf hitleri m.k.) moulodneli, CvenTvis ki
arasasurveli warmateba hqonda. giobelsma es wigni Seitana partiis mier rekomendebul wignTa
siaSi. gaiyida wignis asi-aTasobiT egzemplari. gavigeT, rom giobelsma ucxo mwerali
propagandis saministroSi miiwvia da axla robaqiZe darCa aRtacebuli iozef giobelsis didi
TvalebiT. ufro metic, man miiRo davaleba msgavsi wigni musolinize daewera, rac man
Seasrula kidec. robaqiZes romSi audiencia gaumarTes, omis dros kvireebis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobda kaprize, italiis mTavrobis xarjze. aq man dawera musolinize wigni. musolini
yofila `mzis kaci~ (Sonnenmensch). es wignic Sevida partiis bibliografiaSi. robaqiZe amiT
welSi gaimarTa~ (kakabaZe 1992: 227).
am skandaluri wignebis gamoqveynebiT grigol robaqiZem bewvis xidze gaiara, Tumca isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom igi ar yofila faSistTa beladebis brma panegirikosi, arc maTi `sagmiro
saqmeebiT~ aRfrTovanebula sxvaTa msgavsad, rom araferi vTqvaT maT hipertrofirebul,
ukidegano, amazrzen qeba-didebaze, rac araerT sxva avtorTan gvxvdeba. mweralma sxva gza
airCia: miznad daisaxa SemoqmedebiTad, introspeciulad gamoekvlia am qarizmatuli
liderebis pirovnuli arsi, Cawvdomoda maT sulier samyaros, eCvenebina maTi biografiis Tu
moRvaweobis mTavari Strixebi, warmoeCina maTi Sinagani, mistikuri xati. daskvnebis gamotanis
SesaZlebloba xSir SemTxvevaSi man Tavad mkiTxvels dautova. sakuTari pozicia, namdvili
saTqmeli gr. robaqiZem simboluri, metaforuli, filosofiuri Tu miTologiuri saxeebiTa da
paralelebiT SeniRba, romelTa wvdoma oden momzadebul, erudirebul, elitarul mkiTxvels
Tu SeeZlo. aq kidev erTi garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: es wignebi meore msoflio omamde
Seiqmna. am dros winaswar aravis SeeZlo ganeWvrita faSistebisa da mis mamamTavarTa `saqmeni
sagmironi~.
italielTa aRiarebul winamZRolze yvelasaTvis misaRebi wignis dawera robaqiZisaTvis
albaT arc ise ioli iqneboda, radgan Tavis qveyanaSi musolini faqtobrivad RmerTTan iyo
gaTanabrebuli, romlis qurumebad da morCilebad sxva faSisturi liderebi iTvlebodnen
(smiti 1995: 148). mis irgvliv uamravi panegirikuli teqsti iqmneboda. 1925 wels margerita
sarfatma inglisurad gamosca beladis biografia, romelic 1926 wels italiaSic daubeWdavT
da msoflios mraval enaze uTargmniaT. ufro òficialuri~ versia Jurnalist jorjo pinis
wigni iyo, romlis paTosze misi Semdegi sityvebic metyvelebs: `roca duCe sityviT gamodis,
mTeli msoflio SiSiTa da aRtacebiT irindeba~. ufro aRiarebuli yofila Tavad musolinis
àvtobiografia~, sadac Sedioda sxvadasxva piris mier masze dawerili masalebi, romlebic
beladis Zmas, arnaldos, luiji barcinis daxmarebiT Seugrovebia. Cans, grigol robaqiZis
`musolini~ am wignebsac emyareba, Tumca avtori maT pirdapir ar asaxelebs.
marTalia, musolini irwmuneboda, rom misTvis sul erTi iyo, ras werdnen masze
ucxoeTSi, sinamdvileSi is presaSi mis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul masalebs saguldagulod
akontrolebda. `duCesTan Sexvedris Semdeg yoveli adamiani amtkicebda, rom is evropis
udidesi pirovnebaa~ (smiti 1995: 149), _ amgvari iyo duCes panegirikosTa paTosi..
ver vityviT, rom `musolini~ gr. robaqiZis saukeTeso TxzulebaTagania. is mwerlis sxva
teqstebisagan rogorc kompoziciurad, ise stilurad gamoirCeva. misi didi nawili italiaSi
mogzaurobis uSualo STabeWdilebebs asaxavs da qveynis bunebisa da saucxoo sanaxebis
mxatvrul aRweras eZRvneba. cxovel interess iwvevs Txzulebis is monakveTi, romelic miTiur
atlantidas exeba. gvinda SevniSnoT, rom evropaSi emigrirebis Semdeg gr. robaqiZes
ganumtkicda rwmena qarTvelTa atlantur warmomavlobaze. misi es varaudi msoflio
samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mosazrebebs emyareboda. arsebobs cnoba, rom 1930-ian
wlebSi mas am miTiur qveyanaze romanic ki dauweria, romelsac berlinis literaturul
wreebSi kiTxulobda.
`musolinis~ teqstSi CarTulia miTologiuri Tu filosofiuri wiaRsvlebi, uSualodaa
dafiqsirebuli Tavad avtoris imdroindeli gancdebi da ganwyobilebani. ra Tqma unda,
Txzulebis ZiriTadi nawili mTavari gmiris saxis kvlevasa da warmoCenas eZRvneba, risTvisac,
rogorc Cans, gr. robaqiZes didZali masala Seugrovebia da gadaumuSavebia. mwerali
kompleqsurad swavlobs musolinis saxes, misi srulyofili warmoCenisaTvis saguldagulod
iazrebs yovel arsebiT detals. m. baxtini wers: `nawarmoebis yoveli momenti gveZleva,
rogorc avtoris reaqcia masze, romelic moicavs rogorc sagans, ise gmiris reaqcias masze.. am
azriT avtori xazs usvams Tavisi gmiris yovel wvrilmans, mis yovel Strixs, misi cxovrebis
yovel moments, mis yovel qmedebas, mis azrebs, grZnobebs~ (baxtini 1986: 9). mkvlevari amas
avtoris totalur reaqcias uwodebs. gmirisadmi amgvari midgoma axasiaTebs am SemTxvevaSi gr.
robaqiZesac.
104
`musolinis~ pirvel Tavs `deda italia~ hqvia da is cota ucnaurad iwyeba: kunZul
kaprize saharis udabnodan movardnili saSineli qari _ siroko daTareSobs `yoveli
suldgmuli uTanaziaro mousvenrobas Seupyria. cxovelebi jiqur Cerdebian adgilze, mere ki,
TiTqos muqariT izmorebian da amTqnareben: maTi ynosva aSkarad awydeba raRacas, rac am
ynosvas, Tavis mxriv, muqaras uTvlis. TviT foTlebic ki ocnebebSi CaZirulan da ise
uCveulod TrTian, TiTqos zed mJava moupkurebiaT da CanasaxSive CauklavTo. dabneuli
adamianebi erTmaneTs nazad Sehyureben da yoveli mzera meore adamianis mzeraSi SiSiT
airekleba. usaxuri Cans Taursamyaros cincxali sxivisagan ganZarculi kunZuli. qari
sunTqvas aZnelebs. sevda mipyrobs da vgrZnob, rogor damZimebuli maqvs guli~ (robaqiZe 2006:
34).
rogorc vxedavT, `musolinis~ dasawyisi sakmaod mZime STabeWdilebas axdens. am
striqonebSi, SesaZloa, im dros msoflios damuqrebuli mixakisferi Wiris moaxloebuli
safrTxis mwerliseuli alegoriuli aRqmac igulisxmebodes, razec, bunebrivia, TxzulebaSi
is pirdapir ver miuTiTebda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am wignSi avtori musolinis pirovnebas sakmaod Tavisuflad da
gabedulad epyroba. igi ar erideba misi rogorc Zlieri, ise susti mxareebis warmoCenas.
robaqiZe exeba momavali beladis dabadebas, bavSvobis wlebs, mis garegnobasa da Tvisebebs,
Tumca arafers ambobs duCes ìstoriul damsaxurebebze~, `msoflio misiaze~ da a.S. mwerali ar
Ralatobs Tavis SemoqmedebiT mrwamss. misTvis `lenini, stalini, hitleri, musolini ufro
miTologiuri personaJebi iyvnen, vidre meoce saukunis realuri adamianebi~ (baqraZe 2004:
178).
ufro metic, vfiqrobT, am TxzulebaSi musolinis Sesaxeb arsebuli miTis
desakralizebac ki xdeba, roca mwerali Zlevamosili beladis arc Tu saamayo Tvisebebze
Cerdeba. kerZod, daxSuli sivrcis mimarT miseuli SiSi erTgvar ironiasac ki iwvevs. wignSi
CarTulia fragmenti margerita sarfatis mogonebidan, sadac gadmocemulia musolinis
aforiaqeba milanis baRis Caketvis gamo. metic, amave mizeziT is Turme samxedro brZanebas
arRvevda da sangarSi, an TavSesafarSi ar Sedioda, arc kaprize yofila legendaruli mRvimis
mosanaxuleblad, gvirabSi matareblis Sesvlisas mas saxe eRuSeboda. ès aris uhaerod
sikvdilis SiSi; Tandayolili SiSi mziurniSneuli adamianisa~, _ uTiTebs mwerali da am fobias
misi TerTmetgzis patimrobiT xsnis.
Txzulebis teqstSi Setanilia aseve arc mTlad sasaxelo epizodi beladis cxovrebidan:
is Zalze SeuSinebia naCuqar faraonis mumias, radgan gazeTebidan Seutyvia, rom tutanhamonis
mumiis aRmomCeni lordi romeliRac mwers sasikvdilod daukbenia. amgvari detalebi
musolinis realur adamianur saxes aCvenebda. amave dros, `musolini~ mTavari gmiris
zeadamianuri amtanobisa da gamZleobis magaliTebsac warmoadgens.. vfiqrobT, amgvari
fragmentebiT mwerali xazs usvams mis winaaRmdegobriv, radikalurad polarizebul bunebas,
raSic is safrTxesac xedavs, Tumca amaze miniSneba teqstSi xSirad simboloTa meSveobiT xdeba.
àdamianis pirovnebas verc Seqmni da verc warsulSi daabruneb. burusiTaa moculi, Tu
rogor `Seiqmna~ igi RvTiuri Taurxatebisagan. SeiZleboda mxolod gvecada da gamogvekvlia,
rogor ìSva~ igi sivrcesa da droSi~, _ wers gr. robaqiZe da musolinis adamianuri mxareebis
kvlevas misi dabadebidan iwyebs. aq mas Tavad gmiris sityvebi axsendeba: Cemi dabadebisas `mze
lomis niSanSi ukve rva dRis Sesuli iyoo~. Tavis mxriv, mzisa da lomis planetarul-runuli
niSani gmiris siZlierisa da pirovnuli Strixebis ganmsazRvrelic gamxdara. mzis simbolika
heroikul sawyiss ganasaxierebs, lomis saxeSi ki personificirebulia mzis cxovelmyofeli
Zala, simamace, Seupovroba, triumfi, magram, amave dros, mas sisastike da mZvinvarebac
axasiaTebs. masSi gaerTianebulia Seqmnisa da ngrevis misteria (enciklopedia 2006: 125)
momavali beladi mdinare pos vrcel dablobSi, alpebs, adriatikasa da apeninebs Soris
mdebare romaniaSi movlenia am qveyanas, iq, sadac vulkanuri niadagi adamians amoucnobi
mSfoTvarebiT amagnitebs. `niadagi noyieria, magram aq dauokebeli adamianebi cxovroben~, _
uTqvams kardinalis erT-erT legats. es Tvisebebic Warbad axasiaTebda mWedlis ojaxSi
dabadebul èlviTSepyrobil~ duCes. robaqiZe mis mkacr, gauxarel bavSvobasac ixsenebs:
patara biWi mamas samWedloSi unda daxmareboda, Tanac ise, rom ufleba ar hqonda, Tvalebi
cecxlis naperwklebisagan daecva. am dros patara benito mWedlis saxelosnoSi foladiviT
iwrToboda, nel-nela Tavadac rkinis Tvisebebs iZenda, _ dasZens mwerali.
Tavisive mogonebebis mixedviT, musolini mousvenari da onavari bavSvi yofila, saxlSi
TavgaCexilic xSirad dabrunebula, `magram SurisZiebac mSvenivrad SemeZlo. momTabaris
instinqti mqonda, dilidan saRamomde mdinaris napirze davrbodi, xils viparavdi da Citis
budeebs vanadgurebdi~, _ werda mogvianebiT duCe.. gr. robaqiZes es fragmentic Setania Tavis
TxzulebaSi, riTac musolinis gamZleobas, moxetiale, daundobel, SurismaZiebel bunebasac
usvams xazs.
mamasTan benitos damokidebulebis saCveneblad wignSi CarTulia masTan erTad
surnelovani Rvinis momzadebis lirikuli suraTi, saidanac Cans, rom winaparTa tradiciebs
mas mama aziarebda. Zma, arnaldo, benitosaTvis sikeTis gansaxiereba yofila. is 1931 wels
gardacvlila, rac duCes Zalze ganucdia (Zmis xsovnisadmi mas wignic miuZRvnia). gr. robaqiZe
105
mkiTxvels acnobs idumalebiT mocul jovanas, axalgazrda benitos megobar moxuc, grZneul
qals, warsulis awmyoSi gamoxmobis saidumlos rom flobda.
lakonurad, magram eqspresiulad gadmoscems grigol robaqiZe musolinis garegnul
Strixebs (am Tavs `qvaSiSobili~ hqvia). qarizmatuli beladi mwerals `graalis mcvelnis~ gmirs
axsenebs. orive maTgani mas mindorze uCveulod mSvidad dagdebul meteoris namsxvrevs
agonebs, romelSic cecxli mTlianad ukvalod Camqrala, Tumca yovel wams SesaZloa, qvis Savi
namsxvrevi uecrad kvlav cecxlis enebad ainTos. duCes sxva garegnuli detalebic misi
gmirisas emTxveva: uzarmazari muqi Tvalebi rvaliviT elavs, bind-bundSi maT muqcisferic
ereva. TvalebSi sevdaa, maSin, rodesac tuCis kuTxeebi mxneobas gamoxatavs. garegnulad
TiTqos mSralia, magram, saxeze Rimili Tu efineba, misi gulis sirbilesac grZnob (vfiqrobT,
musolinis pirovnuli dualizmi aqac ikveTeba). `miuxedavad amisa, iseTi grZnoba gqonda, es-
esaa cecxls amoafrqvevso; sadac ar unda gamoCeniliyo, yvelgan saxifaTo daZabulobis vels
qmnida, da es veli Tavad misTvisac da garSemomyofTaTvisac saSiSi xdeboda~. amgvari iyo
`graalis mcvelnis~ gmiri, imave STabeWdilebas axdenda mweralze musolini. ar SeiZleba ar
gagvaocos robaqiZis gabedulebam: am kuSti kacidan momdinare safrTxeze is pirdapir
mianiSnebs.
musolinis fotosuraTebis Tvalierebisas mwerals kvlav Tavisive romanis
zemoxsenebuli gmiri axsendeba. ìgive mSfoTvareba simSvidis qveS, cecxlovan mgznebarebasTan
gajerebuli igive pirquSoba, sawvav masalad gamoyenebuli igive cxeli da mSrali nivTiereba
da, iseTive saxifaTo velis Seqmna sakuTari Tavis garSemo~. masSi araa oden `graalis mcvelnis~
robaqiZiseuli gmiris sevda, amis nacvlad misi tuCis kuTxeebSi brZolis Jini ikveTeba.
mwerali diqtatoris sxva Tvisebebsac xatovnad gamokveTs: `mzera mwvel sxivad qceula
da TiTqos materialurad ganWolavs sagnebs; ase ggonia, Tavisi Zlieri ybebiT rkinasac ki
gakvnetso. es kaci xifaTs TiTqos ande-gumaniT grZnobs; diax, igi im safrTxesac ki SeigrZnobs,
rodesac, Tavdasxmis dros, mowinaaRmdegis mosaxrCobad Semzadebuli, Tavdapirvel, albaT
mxolod idumal survils ayolili, cdilobs mis kiserze sikvdilis qamandi gamosdos. ra aris
es, cidan Camovardnili demoni?~ vfiqrobT, am striqonebis gabeduleba yovelgvar zRvars
scildeba.
gmirze sruli STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad mwerals dokumenturi kinematografiuli
kadrebic dauTvalierebia (es masala mayurebelze dResac Sokismomgvrel zegavlenas axdens).
kviris qronikaSi warmodgenili duCe mas tomis belads agonebs, es-esaa brZola rom moigo.
`msubuqad da laRad daabijebs da mis siarulSi niSan-kvali ar igrZnoba elementebis
`mTlianobis Sinagani Semkvrivebisa~. mwerlis dakvirvebiT, es kaci amqveyniur yofas
sicocxliT avsebs da masSi sixaruli Semoaqvs: nacnobebs gaciskrovnebuli saxiT esalmeba,
dardimandulad iRimeba da adamianTa gulebs inadirebs. `misi xelis CamorTmeva saCuqars hgavs;
moZraobs mkveTrad da swrafad, magram ara gamalebiT, da am dros TiTqos naperwklebs yris~.
mwerals diqtatori sferul elvas agonebs, romelic, `vidre mas afeTqebis Zala ar ganmuxtavs,
oTaxSi wreebs uvlis da aramiwierad moTeTro-moiisfro Suqs asxivebs. musolinis saxeze
naperwklebs tkaca-tkuci gaudiT diunebze areklili mzis sxivebis msgavsad, da am
naperwklebis nakvalevi filmSi gansakuTrebiT xiluli xdeba. uyureb duCes da anazdad
heraklites sityvebi gaxsendeba: èlva marTavs samyaros~-o. am wuTSi adamiani mbrZaneblis
winaSe dgas~.
aq mwerali elvis niSnis simbolikas ixsenebs. zevsi kibeles Weqa-quxilis dros
ukavSirdeba. ratom? _ iqneb imitom, rom man elva Svas? elvis dartyma robaqiZisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli movlenaa. is bevr adamians sakuTar Tavzec gamoucdia, Tumca Sedegi
sxvadasxvaa: `zogs igi sasikvdilod dascems xolme, zogic, SemTxvevisa da mtkice
TviTdisciplinis wyalobiT, uZlebs am dartymas; da misTvis, vinc amas gadaurCeba, elva
uCveulo Zalad gadaiqceva~. gr robaqiZes moyavs magaliTi dostoevskisa, romelic sikvdiliT
dasjis win Seiwyales. `sikvdilis wamTan Sexebam ki SemoqmedebiTad aRazeva igi~, _ SeniSnavs
mwerali. msgavsi SegrZneba aqvs robaqiZes musolinisTan mimarTebaSi: mas rom uyureb, ggonia,
man sakuTar Tavze gamoscada elvis es gamanadgurebeli dartymao. elvadakruli axla
elviTSepyrobilad iqca da elva, dapirispirebul ZalTa Tanxvedris es wertili, mwerlis
azriT, misi stiqionia. swored amis Sedegi unda iyos duCes arsebis uCveulo polarizeba, _
Tvlis igi. simboloTa enciklopediis mixedviT, elva RvTaebrivi amoZaxilia, mowiwebasa da
SiSs rom badebs. es ambivalenturi simbolo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis mqone vertikals
ganasaxierebs, is ìTavsebda Seqmnasac da ganadgurebis polarul sawyisebs~ (enciklopedia
2007: 149).
vfiqrobT, mravlismTqmelia Txzulebis is monakveTi, romelic buknaoWebiT musolinis
gatacebas gadmogvcems. maT diqtatori yovelwliurad, gansazRvrul dros, erT-erTi xidis
TaRebqveS webowasmuli wkepliT Tavadve iWerda, Semdeg erTi bartyi saxlSi mihyavda,
sawolTan, patara skamze svamda da, RamRamobiT gaRviZebuls, frinvelis mrgvali, yviTeli
Tvalebis xilva amSvidebda: ès Tvalebi momCerebodnen da mdarajobdnen~, _ werda is.
mwerali ganmartavs, rom am patara bus xalxi xan sibrZnis, xanac ubedurebis simbolod
miiCnevs (Tavad robaqiZes is palimfsestsac agonebs). RamiT, martodmartod svlisas, bus
106
kivilis uecari gagonebisas `SenTvis dro da sivrce aRar arsebobs.. swored maSin dgeba is
wuTi, rodesac sakuTari sulis Wvretas iwyeb~. magram, `Tu bus Zaxils gafrTxilebad ar
Seismen, maSasadame, ubedurebasTan Sexvedras eltvi~. gr. robaqiZisaTvis mniSvnelovania isic,
rom bu Ramis wyvdiadSi Cabudebuli virTxaa, romelic erTdroulad realursac ganasaxierebs
da moCvenebiTsac. yvelasaTvis axlobelicaa da Soreulic, idumalic da borotic. is, rogorc
simbolo, cxovrebis ritmSi im mofarfate cezuras qmnis, rodesac ori
urTierTdapirispirebuli nakadi jer gamoeyofa erTmaneTs, mere ki kvlav aRadgens
wonasworobas da isev SeuerTdeba. mwerlis miTiTebiT, am cezuris Sesaxeb yvelaze ukeT Zvelma
egviptelebma icodnen, romlebic virTxas wminda cxovelad Tvlidnen. isini hyvarebia
musolinis, romelic Tavadac gamudmebiT idga or dapirispirebul mxares Soris da simSvidis
SenarCunebas cdilobda. TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `misi arseba miiltvoda arsebobis damcavi
cezurisken da es ukanaskneli bu-virTxis saxiT SeumCnevlad moevlineboda xolme.
`mdarajobeno~, _ es sityva qvecnobieris mravlismTqmel fsiqogramas warmoadgens~, _ ase
xsnis bu-virTxiT musolinis gatacebis enigmas gr. robaqiZe.
simboloTa enciklopediis mixedviT, bu gonierebis, gamWriaxobisa da gonierebis
simboloa, meore mxriv, is sikvdils, sicives, pasiurobas ganasaxierebs. virTxis simbolika
umetes SemTxvevaSi asocirebulia miwisqveSeTTan, avadmyofobasTan, sikvdilTan,
uwmindurebasTan, Tumca samxreTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi mas wminda cxoveladac Tvlian.
busa da virTxis simboloebic ambivalenturia. ambivalenturi bunebisa iyo musolinic.
wignis im TavSi, romelsac `dadiT~ aRbeWdili kaci~ hqvia, gr. robaqiZe arabul
gamonaTqvams ixsenebs: `Tu cecxls sawvavs ar Caumateb, igi Tavis TavSi STainTqmevao~ da
dasZens: àravis ise ar sWirdeba sakuTari Sinagani cecxlis gaRviveba, rogorc mziT
xeldasmul adamians, amitomac igi gamudmebiT da mizandasaxulad unda cdilobdes, cecxls
sawvavi ar moaklos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi cecxlis wyarosa da sawvavs Soris Seiqmneba
vakuumi, romelic, SeiZleba, bevrad ufro Semmusvreli gamodges, vidre Sinagani Semkvriveba~.
es ki TviTdaferflvis tolfasia. gr. robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, musolini qvecnobierad
cdilobs, Tavidan aicilos es safrTxe da sakuTari qmediTobisaTvis saWiro sawvavs
gamudmebiT cvlis. amiT xsnis mwerali faSistebis lideris mravalmxriv saqmianobas: es
adamiani mxolod saxelmwifo moRvawe araa. is violinoze improvizaciebs asrulebs, dramebs,
novelebs, kritikul werilebsa da mogonebebs wers, motocikletsac awyobs da manqanasac
marTavs, rogorc diplomirebul mfrinavs, uamravi frena aqvs Sesrulebuli, vaJTan erTad
Txilamurebzec dadis, kargi mofarikavea, SuadRisas cxeniTac jiriTobs, salaSqrod mTebsac
ewveva xolme.. mwerali Tvlis, rom saqmianobis amgvari mravalmxrivi monacvleoba mis
pirovnul Sinagan, TvaliTuxilav orTabrZolas sawvaviT amaragebs.
`mousvenroba simSvidis miRma~, _ am Tvisebasac xedavs robaqiZe musolinis arsebaSi da
SeniSnavs, rom rac ufro mets moZraobs igi, miT ufro mSvidia. ès aris ucvlelad darCena imis
SuagulSi, sadac arsebobs Rirseba; magram adamianebi am SuagulSi iSviaTad hgieben~, _ ambobs
Cinuri sibrZne. aq mwerals pol valeri axsendeba, romelmac Tavis erT-erT leqsSi gamoZerwil
suraT-xats àtomis dumili~ uwoda, rac atomis birTvSi im simSvidis arsebobas gvauwyebs,
romelic, SesaZloa, qartexilisTvis emzadeba. robaqiZis azriT, SuagulSi ucvlelad darCena
adamians RvTiurobis xarisxSi aRavlens da simtkices aniWebs. uZvelesi gadmocemebis Tanaxmad,
iulius evola am movlenas `dads~ uwodebso (aq mwerals axsendeba qarTuli warCinebuli gvari
dadiani=dadiT Sepyrobils). ras unda niSnavdes es sakraluri sityva? robaqiZis SeniSvniT, mas
cixe-simagresTan akavSirebdnen, magram, SesaZlebelia, `dad~ Tavdapirvelad `magars~,
`mtkices~ niSnavda.
`musolinis~ mixedviT, `dad~ duCes mefuri Tvisebaa. mis asaxsnelad robaqiZes moaqvs
goeTes mier ekermanisaTvis napoleonis Sesaxeb naTqvami sityvebi: misi siZliere imaSia, rom is
yovel wams erTi da igive rCebao. msgavsi simtkice (`dad~) Turme wmindanebs axasiaTebs.
TxzulebaSi damowmebulia erTi Tqmuleba musolinize: TiTqos mas duelamde cota xniT adre
da duelis cota xnis Semdeg Tanabrad mimdinare guliscema hqonda (mwerali amas dadisagan
momaval Zlierebad miiCnevs).
`dadis~ enigmis asaxsnelad grigol robaqiZe mimarTavs Cinuri wignis òqros yvavilis
saidumlos~ sibrZnes: `wei-wu-wei~-s (=qmedebaSi araqmedeba, anu keTeba keTebis gareSe). amas,
misi miTiTebiT, uZravi centris arseboba ganapirobebs. mwerali ganmartavs: qmedebaSi
araqmedeba niSnavs: wamier qmedebas (saqmianobas) sakuTari Tavis ara mTlad gasacemad, ufro
metad, masSi ukan, sakuTar TaursawyisTan Sesazrdelad. musolinis cxovrebis sinkope
Semoqmeds am `wei-wu-wei~-s axsenebs: igi mudam ise moqmedebs, TiTqos Sinaganad raRac
usasrulod gadaSlil usasrulo centrs aRviZebdes, gancdili cxovreba ki mas
maradiulobaSi srulad dabrunebul drois xangrZlivobad esaxeba. es daskvna gr. robaqiZes
duCes naazrevis analizis Sedegad gamoaqvs. `me adamianebs maradisobis TvalsazrisiT
vuyureb~, _ wers musolini da sakuTar Tavs sub spesie aeterni moiazrebs. am monumenturi
Tvisebis safuZvels mwerali mis atlantur fesvebs ukavSirebs.
Sesabamisad, TavSi, romelsac àtlantididan monaberi sio~ hqvia, gr. robaqiZe mkiTxvels
axsenebs platonis saocar monaTxrobs miTiur atlantidaze, romlis taZars oqrosa da
107
spilenZis madnis gansakuTrebuli feri amSvenebda. misi mefeebi, `libiis Sida zRvis
qveynebidan moyolebuli, egvipteze, evropaze da tirenizec~ batonobdnen. mwerlis
informaciiT, atlantis okeanis siRrmeSi upoviaT ucnobi liTonisagan Camosxmuli dafa
àtlantidis kanonTa sjuli~, romelzec rvaqimiani jvaria amotyifruli, mecnierebis mier
amokiTxuli saocari warwera ki gvamcnobs: `RvTis Ze adamianebisaTvis mokvdao~. gana es
RmerTis Tavganwirulobaze ar migvaniSnebs? _ kiTxulobs mwerali. sayuradReboa misi azri:
`platons surs dafarulad migvaniSnos imaze, rom adamiani ori Sesaqmes meboZirze dgas:
sakuTriv adamianurisa da RvTaebrivisa; am kveTis arseboba adamians yovel wuTs unda
axsovdes.. rodesac atlantidis mcxovreblebma adamianurs mianiWes upiratesoba, maT arsebaSi
am zRvrul kveTs safrTxe daemuqra: maT dakarges arsebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis unari da
gadagvardnen~.
atlantTa STamomavlad aRiqvams mwerali RvTaebriv miqelanjelos, romelic TiTqos
aTaswleulebis win gauCinarebuli am ucxo sivrcidan kvlav moevlina am qveyanas. swored am
atlantiduri niSniT gamoirCeva musolini, _ SeniSnavs gr. robaqiZe. amgvari recefcia
SemTxveviTi ar aris.
cnobilia, rom faSistebma TavianTi rasiuli mistika Seqmnes da sakuTar agresiul
miznebs dauqvemdebares. maT gamoiyenes Teosofiuri moZRvreba Svidi maradiuli rasis (an
epoqis) Sesaxeb, romelTagan adamianis warmosaxva mxolod sams wvdeba: lemurelebis,
atlantebis da arielebisas (es rudolf Staineris `kaSis qronikebSic~gvxvdeba). faSistebi am
mistikur samyaroSi TavianT sulier winaprebs eZebdnen, iqedanve moelodnen `didi mogvis~
gamocxadebas. cnobil mkvlevars, mixeil kveselavas moyavs rauSningis sityvebi: àrsebiTad
yovel germanels cali fexi atlantidaSi udgas. iq eZebs igi ukeTes beds da memkvidreobas. es
germanuli orgvaroba, TviTgayofis unari _ icxovros realur samyaroSi da, amas garda,
darCes warmosaxul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans hitleris pirovnebaSi` (kveselava
1991: 184). rogorc vxedavT, atlantida faSistebis miTiuri, aRTqmuli qveyanac iyo.
Svidi maradiuli rasis Teoriis mixedviT, mesame rasis, lemurelebis, Semdeg atlantebis
epoqa damdgara. arsebobs varaudi, rom odesRac evropasa da amerikas Soris okeanis nacvlad
uZvelesi civilizaciis qveyana, atlantida arsebobda, romelic 10 aTasi wlis win okeanem
STanTqa. xolo atlantebi, lemurelTa msgavsad, Tanamedrove adamianebisagan rogorc
fizikurad, ise sulierad Zalze gansxvavdebodnen (atlantidis gamocanas kacobrioba mravali
saukunis manZilze ikvlevda. am miTiuri qveynis savaraudo adgilmdebareobis gamoc azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba iyo).
grigol robaqiZe am CaZiruli kunZulis ukanasknel sunTqvas tirenis zRvis sanapiroze,
mzis gamWvirvale nislSi SeigrZnobs. aq uzenaesi Zalaufleba atlasis, anu RmerTis pirmSos,
modgmas ekuTvnoda.
atlantidelTa arsis SemecnebisaTvsis mwerali platonis naazrevs aanalizebs da
daaskvnis, rom atlanturi niSniTaa aRbeWdili musolinic. amis dasturad mas moyavs erT
epizodi misi cxovrebidan, roca man erT nacnob qals mis ojaxSi Ramis gaTevaze uari uTxra da
Ria cis qveS, eklesiis qvis kibeze Tavmidebulma daiZina. `me jariskaci varo~, _ uTqvams mas.
robaqiZe aq im sifrifana wyalgamyofis SegrZnebis unars xedavs, romlis gadabijebis ufleba
adamians arasodes aqvs. mwerali Tvlis, rom am saqcieliT musolini Tavis atlantidur jiSsac
ufrTxildeba. amave dros, man icis, rom Zalaufleba Zalaa, magram isic uwyis, sad gadis am
Zalis zRvari.
duCes mbrZaneblad warmodgenisas gr. robaqiZes axsendeba qarTuli sityva `xelmwife~. is
Tvlis, rom mas, mzeosan da lomiviT kacs, mwife xeli aqvs: es is xelia, roms rom ganaaxlebs da
aaRorZinebs. `romi Cveni miTosia~, _ uTqvams musolinis. am maradiul qalaqTan diqtators
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonia. `mas ocnebad hqonda aeSenebina `musolinis romi~,
sruliad axali ier-saxis qalaqi, rac imperatorTa da papTa Taviseburi gamowveva iyo. mas
surda daeCrdila yvelaferi, rac bolo oriaTasi wlis manZilze iyoSeqmnili~ (smiti 1995: 162).
am gegmis mixedviT, dedaqalaqi didi metropolia unda gamxdariyo, mosaxleoba orjer unda
gazrdiliyo, gafarToebuliyo misi sazRvrebi. diqtators surda daengria `dacemis periodis~
Senobebi da isini imperiis Sesaferi STambeWdavi nagebobebiT Seecvala, raTa istoriaSi
Sesuliyo rogorc `didi xuroTmoZRvris~, ise `didi damangrevlis~ saxeliT. musolini male
mimxvdara, rom mis amgvar ocnebebs axdena ar ewera.
Tzxulebis teqstidan Cans, rom grigol robaqiZes romSic umogzauria. àq warsuli
kvlav ganagrZobs sicocxles~, _ wers igi. mwerali ixsenebs, rom maradiuli qalaqis
saxelrqmeuli niSani arwivia, romelsac mzesTan gansakuTrebuli kavSiri aqvs. arwivis mzera
mzesaa mijaWvuli, is Ria TvalebiT ucqeris mnaTobs. romauli gadmocemis mixdviT, sikvdilis
Semdeg keisarTa sulebi arwivis saxiT evlinebian am qveyanas. `Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, arwivs
orsaxovani saxismetyveleba aqvs: erTi mxriv, is simboloa siamayis, qedmaRlobisa da
TviTdajerebulobis, xolo meore mxriv ki _ miwaze danarcxebisa da gaqrobis~ (enciklopedia
2006: 23). antikur romSi is keisrebisa da maTi Zlevamosili legionebis simbolo iyo. zecaSi
arwivi igivea, rac lomi miwaze. mas agreTve hqonia ìupiteriseuli~ unari mexis tyorcniT
yovelive uwminduris ganadgurebisa.
108
aqve gaazrebulia romis meore simbolo _ mgeli. am cxovelis brma, SiSveli da
Tavawyvetili Zala arsebiTad cecxlis Zalis Sesagvania. mgeli borotebis, Zalmomreobis,
demonur ZalTa simbolocaa, Tumca antikur epoqaSi is mxedrul simamacesa da Tavdadebasac
ganasaxierebda. `mglis miTologiuri simbolos kavSiri qvena samyarosTan, bneleTTan,
mkvdarTa sauflosTan gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoixata skandinaviur miTSi, romelSic
giganturi mgeli _ ferniri, qaosis simbolo, gadaylapavs mzes, rac qveynis dasasruls
moaswavebs~ (enciklopedia 2006: 138). am legendis gamoZaxili robaqiZis TxzulebaSic gvxvdeba.
mwerali Tvlis, rom maradiuli qalaqis niSania: saSual arwivisa da mglisa. ar gamovricxavT,
rom is musolinis pirovnul niSnadac igulisxmebodes, Tumca amaze teqstSi pirdapir araferia
naTqvami.
arwivi da mgeli _ daWimuli mSvildis es ori lari, romSi Tavad bedisweram amotvifra,
_ xatovnad wers mwerali, xolo `musolini, _ es Tavad daWimuli mSvildi, _ atlantidis
mbrZanebelTa msgavsad, ostaturad warmarTavs dapirispirebulTa mdinarebas. igi Tavisi
`dadiT~ mTlianad mSvildis SuagulSi dgeba, Zalian bevrs da Zalian cotas Soris, ise, rom
orive Tanabrad iWimeba, natyorcni isari ki kvlav axerxebs dapirispirebulTa gaerTianebas,
rodesac Sexvedrisas isini TanaxmovnebaSi moyavs. mwerali am TvisebaSic musolinis
atlanturi arsebis gamovlenas xedavs.
musolinis sulieri portretis srulyofisaTvis grigol robaqiZes Txzulebis
dasasruls misi erTi gamonaTqvamic moyavs. diqtators kerZo saubarSi uTqvams: ìnda
sakuTari nebisyofis ZaliT, viTarca lomis brWvalebiT, am droebaSi ornati amovtvifro: ai,
ase!~ m frazis komentirebisas gr. robaqiZe erTgvari ironiiT SeniSnavs: ès ormarcvliani
àse~, mokle pauzis Semdeg, vulkanis napralidan aRmomxdar sunTqvasaviT gaismis da, marTlac
warmoidgen, rogor Caasobs lomi brWyalebs Tavis nadavls~. es marTlac STabmeWdavi detalia!
dRes naklebad sakamaToa, sabolood rogori ornati amoatvifra musolinim Tavis
droebas, arc isaa sadavo, iyo Tu ara is èvropis udidesi adamiani~. didebis SaravandediT
dabrmavebuli yovlisSemZle romaeli diqtatori maSin albaT naklebad warmoidgenda, rom
istoria missa da misi Tanamedrove `zekacebis~ miTs ase daundoblad daamsxvrevda.
diqtatorebze kargad dawerili Txzulebebi interesiT ikiTxeba. Zalauflebis
anatomiis mxatvruli kvleva momavali SesaZlo safrTxeebis prevenciacaa, radgan yvela drois
mbrZaneblebsa da beladebs mravali saerTo Strixi aqvT. amgvar Txzulebebs miekuTvneba
grigol robaqiZis `musolini~, romelSic avtori warmoadgens jer kidev didebis mwvervalze
myofi qarizmatuli lideris Sinagan xats, kompleqsurad, SemoqmedebiTad swavlobs mis
pirovnebas, aCvenebs mis rTul, winaaRmdegobriv bunebas da, miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni
imdroindeli koniunqturisagan mTlad Tavisufali araa, masSi is saSiSroebac ikveTeba, rasac
faSizmis erT-erTi mamamTavari uqadda kacobriobas. vfiqrobT, sxva drosa da viTarebaSi
musolinis mwerliseuli Sefaseba kidev ufro mZafri da yovlismomcveli iqneboda.

damowmebani:

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t.2. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.
baxtini 1986: baxtini m. sityvieri xelovnebis esTetika. moskovi: ìskustvo~, 1986. rusul
enaze.
enciklopedia 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. w.1.
Tb.: `bakmi~, 2006.
enciklopedia 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. w.2.
Tb.: `bakmi~, 2007.
kakabaZe 1992: kakabaZe n. grigol robaqiZis germanuli portreti. J. literatura da xelovneba,
5-6. Tb.: 1992.
kveselava 1991: kveselava m. asergasis dR., n.2. Tb.: kooperatiuli firma `didostati~, 1991.
robaqiZe 2006: robaqiZe gr. musolini (germanuli enidan Targmna nana gogolaSvilma). J.
qarTuli mwerloba, 18-19. Tb.: 2006..
smiti 1995: denis mek smiti. musolini. moskovi: ìnter-daijest~, 1995. rusul enaze.

Manana Kvataia

An Eminent Personality of Europe from Grigol Robakidzes Viewpoint

Summary

The present paper deals with Georgian writer (lived as an migr in Germany since 1931) Grigol Robakidzes
scandalous book Mussolini which was ordered and published in Jena in 1939. In spite of this, the writer is not represented
as a blind panegyric of one of the fascist leaders who was even hypocritically called an eminent personality of Europe by
his contemporaries. The author of the paper states that G.Robakidzes purpose was to study creatively, introspectively the
personal essence of this charismatic leader, to reveal his positive or negative traits, though what the writer really wants to say
109
in the novel is often hidden beyond symbolic, mythological or philosophical parallels. A conclusion is made up that
G.Robakidzes Mussolini is also of particular interest because it represents multifaceted inner nature of the Italian dictator
still being at the top of his fame to a contemporary reader, shows his complex contradictory character, and at the same time,
indicates disguised threat which is to be expected proceeding from his personal traits. In this respect, Robakidzes
Mussoloni gives warning to a reader because such profound research of dictators personality is also a kind of prevention
against threats coming from all despots.

zoia cxadaia

qarTuli poeziis ironiul-parodiuli Senakadi
(tariel Wanturia, vaxtang javaxaZe)

70-iani wlebis poezia Tematurad mravalferovani, saxeobrivad _ metyveli, xatovani
iyo, magram `dRis wesrigSi~ mainc idga problma, rom ukve àse wera ar SeiZleba~. Seqmnil
RirebulebaTa fonze iqmneboda ganmeorebis saSiSroeba, ganaxlebisa da novaciisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo `yoveldRiurobis erTferovnebaSi mTvlemare `mSvenierebis~ ... (doiaSvili
1987: 98) realizeba axal TemebSi, yofierebis xilva axal, araordinalur fokusSi. gardavlili
iyo winare warsuli _ mZime sulieri Tu fizikuri tanjviT gajerebuli xana: sagangebo
heroikis, paTetikis, maRal registrSi ayvanili ritorikis (alag, mainc _ saocrad mSvTenieri
poeziis naTeli, `savse qarTuli patiosnebiT~, niWierebiT)... 60-iani wlebis Taobam ki
postgalaktioniseuli poeturi sivrcis sareanimacio cdebi warmatebulad gaiara... da mainc
_ amave Taobis ori TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi, t. Wanturia da v. javaxaZe, ukmarisobis
grZnobiT ityvian:

ToTxmetmarcvliani mwuxareba...
aTmarcvliani Rimili.
magram yvelaferi es
Cveni poeziis warsulia.
mSurs Tavisufali leqsis!
mSurs Tavisufali leqsis!
Tu ram kacs ocneba hqonia,
igi ocnebebis asulia.
(t. Wanturia, `Sairi Tavisufali leqsis Sesaxeb~)

an: rogorc karnizi uaryo ritma,
Cvenc
ise
unda
uarvyoT
riTma.
(t. Wanturia, `megobar poets~ _ laRobiT~)

meore poeti:

damSvidebuli damxvda cxovreba,
ukve eZinaT mZime iarebs,
saxelganTqmulma didma brZolebma
qveynad uCemod gadaiares.
(v. javaxaZe)

gadavlili `didi brZolebisadmi~ pativis migeba ki mis darad da mis kvaldakval svlas ki
ar gulisxmobda, aramed sakuTar arsSi CaRrmavebas ise, rogorc arasdros, yofierebis
cnobadi Tu Seucnobeli sirTuliT da sisastikiT Secbunebuli da nirwamxdari Tanamedrove
adamianis marTali sulis amoxmianebas, magram TavisTavad esec araxali iyo, Tu mas stiluri
novacia ar daamSvenebda. ironia, rogorc erTgvari amosavali imisgan, rasac cxovrebis
absurduloba hqvia, aZlebinebs adamians sicocxleSi Tu sikvdilis pirispir _ brZolaSi,
garjaSi, pragmatul yofaSi Tu SemoqmedebiTi wvis Jams. ironiul-parodiuli nakadi, romelic
axal poetur talRad SemoiWra 60-ianelTa poeziaSi, t. Wanturiasa da v. javaxaZis poeziis
mdinarebisTvis principul da sasicocxlo wyarod iqca. ìroniul-parodiuli
msoflSegrZnebis esTetikam qarTul poeziaSi (tariel Wanturia, vaxtang javaxaZe), qarTul
110
TeatrSi (robert sturua) TiTqos erTdroulad moikida fexi da winaT Tu meCveneboda, rom es
iyo mxolod protestis forma arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg, nawilobriv vcdebodi, radgan
ironiul-parodiuli esTetika iyo protestic, im umTavresTan erTad, rasac cxovrebis
absurduloba hqvia da romelic politkur sazRvrebs ar eqvemdebareba~ (alxaziSvili 2003: 3).
am ori poetis Semoqmedebam axali sicocxliT Seavso saukunis bolo aTwleulebis
qarTuli poezia. TamaS-TamaS, sicil-RimilSi (TiTqos mxolod...) tkivilebiT danaRmuli
fiqrebi Cades da mkiTxvelis neba gaxades, rodis, sad da visTvis rogor ifeTqebs es tkivili.
vin mkiTxveli iqneba da vin _ mxolod `gadamkiTxveli~... ìroniul-parodiuli~ stili
saSualebas aZlevs maT, iolad daZlion samyaros usier sirTuleSi Cakargvis SiSi Tu garSemo
arsebuli yofiTi nonsensebi, amaoTa amaoeba da yvelaferi, rac gaCenis dRidan ar asvenebs
mokvdavs. ironia, rogorc saukeTeso gamosavali, maTTvis (am ori poetisTvis) SemoqmedebiT
ìaraRad~ iqca).
`yvelaze gabedulad da yvelaze didi riskiT qarTuli poetikis gadasaxaliseblad dRes
tariel Wanturia iRvwiso~, _ ityvis g. asaTiani da mas ironiul-analitikuri stilis
damamakvidreblad miiCnevs. sagulisxmoa kritikosis mier imis aRniSvnac, rom `poeti, romelic
guSin (ramdenime wlis win) Seuwynarebeli sisatikiT ekveTa tradiciuli `poeturobis~
xelmyofT (guram petriaSvili), dRes TviTon qvas qvaze ar tovebs am `poeturobidan~.
kritikoss mxedvelobaSi aqvs t. Wanturias 70-iani wlebis ori bolo krebuli `dawyvetili
serpantini~ àuwyobeli gitarebi~. marTalia, g. asaTians am mxriv pioneris rolSi gamohyavs t.
Wanturia, ar uaryofs mis arCeul maneras da im droisaTvis amgvar leqss qarTuli poeziisTvis
gamarTlebulad da kanonzomierad miiCnevs, magram yovelive amas poetis SemoqmedebaSi
mcdelobis doneze ayenebs. misi daskvniT, am `mcdelobis~ nawili pozitiuria, nawili ki
àntipoeziad~ gamoiyureba (asaTiani 1985). kritikosi amaSi ar gulisxmobs sazogadod
àntipoeziis~ uaryofas. igi am mxriv skeptikuria t. Wanturias poeturi Ziebisadmi da Tavis
ùlmobelobas~ poetis niWierebisadmi Rrma pativiscemas miawers.
yovelive es uTuod imaze migvaniSnebs, Tu ramdenad maSokirebeli da moulodneli iyo
tariel Wanturias gzidan gadaxvevis efeqti kritikisaTvis. marTebuli daskvnebis gakeTebas
drois distancia dasWirda. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, gavlili wlebis poeturi
gamocdilebiT 70-iani wlebidan dRemde, t. Wanturias lirika ironiul-parodiuli stilis
mniSvnelovan gamovlinebad rCeba da amarTlebs Cinebuli kritikosisa da Semfaseblis _ guram
asaTianis zogad-Teoriul daskvnas àntipoeziis~ Sesaxeb, rom mas, antipoezias, amarTlebs
tradiciuli poeturi uaryofis gziT axali poeturi faseulobis Seqmna. es faseuloba Seiqmna
t. Wanturias poeziis saxiT. dRes ukve SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mxolod stereotipebis daZlevis
mizanmimarTuli survili ar yofila poetis cdebis warmmarTveli, umTavresi mainc is Sinagani
impulsi iyo uTuod, rac mis naturaSi ido sisxlxorceulad. poeti, romelic xSirad arafers
erideba, `vardis~ da `Sardis~ gariTmvasac `bedavs~ da a. S. da a. S... sabolood mainc is poetia,
romelTanac TiTqmis àrc erTi striqoni cremlis gareSe! arc erTi wveTi cremli _
sixarulis gamo! mxolod sevda! mxolod sinanuli: awmyosTvis, warsulisTvis, momavlisTvis~...
sevdiTa da wuxiliT, RimiliT, ironiiT, parodiiT... sevdiani Rimilis poetia igi, an piriqiT _
Rimiliani sevdis.
àuwyobeli gitarebis~ mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom raRac, marTlac auwyobel, daSlil
fiqrebTan eqneba saqme... ra Tqma unda, saTauris simbolikaSic es devs, rom poetis saTqmeli
tkbili, mware ironia, sevda da usevdobaa, pirze momdgari, gulSi ver Cateuli sityvaa, TiTqos
mouxelTebeli, sagangebo zrunvas moklebuli gaqcevia kalmis monasms... magram faqtia da
imTaviTve naTeli, rom amiT araferi akldebaT, ufro _ piriqiT: gaunebivrebelni, pirveli
STabeWdilebiT _ maSokirebelnic; Zalze Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri, yovelwamieri,
yvelasmieri fiqris da gancdis ureveransod SemoTavazebaa, mwarea, magram realobaa da isic,
ùflis fuTaSi gamokruli~, wers (CurCulebs, rogorc Tavad ambobs) leqsebs. mkiTxvelisTvis
SeiZleba sulac ar hgavdes CurCuls es leqsebi, magram is WeSmaritad fiqris da mxolod
fiqris nayofia. fiqrs ki, ragind `xmamaRalic~ ar unda iyos, mainc CurCuli uxdeba da poetis
nebaa daarqmevs am process: àmovardnil mewyers~ (t. tabiZe), `CurCuls~ (t. Wanturia),
`tanjvis xelovnebas~ (t. xaranauli) Tu sxv. misTvis mTavaria am fiqris Sedegi: `rad minda
Crdili sakuTari, o, RmerTo, Tuki sakuTar CrdilqveS... wamowolac ar SeiZleba~ (`lomi
galiaSi~, galaktionis mimbaZvelebs). ironiul-parodirebuli xedviT araerTi mware fiqri
aiSleba, magram ise, TiTqos sxvaTa Soris, sityvasTan TamaSiT (Tu ukidegano samyaros
maradisobis arsSi Cakarguli Tanamedrove adamianis qvecnobieri SiSiT?) _ sikvdil-
sicocxlis Tema sxvadasxva aspeqtSi da sxvadasxva situaciaSi isaxeba. `kargia Cai, qarTuli Cai.
cudia fiqri, sikvdilze fiqri. zuzuni Calis. aCexil Calis! Txa balaxs kiknis. kurdRelic
kikns (`gzaSi~).
aq marto sikvdili ar aris cudi ganwyobis aRmZvreli... aranaklebia `zuzuni Calis~,
suraTis simsubuqisaTvis: `Txa balaxs kiknis. kurdRelic kiknis~, xan ki: `WriWinasaviT iyo
sikvdili _ mimaluli sadRac kunWulSi da didi cacxvis dabzarul qerqSi ismoda misi
momqancveli da gulis gamawvrilebeli WriWini. TviTon ki arsad Canda~ (`Wrrr...Wrrr).
saTauris simbolika rogorc smeniT, ise vizualuradac warmoaCens sikvdilis habituss.
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`galaktioni TixaSi~ sikvdilis aRqmas ufro aiolebs. Tixa, rogorc garda-cvalebuli (garda-
cvlilebuli) sicocxlis maradiuli simbolo: `vaqeb Tixas _ mxolod Tixas, _ Tu ar Tixam,
maSin viRam! saflavSiac, aqac, iqac _ Segvinaxos unda Tixam!~ xan ki _ `cxovreba auqcionia~,
sadac `paolo sityvas... usaTuod sikvdili ambobs~...
leqsi `salaRobo~, saTauri-ironiuli, im simZimilis mosaxsnelad, romelsac
`samocdaaTi miloiardi micvalebuliT damZimebuli dedamiwis~ brunvaze, codva-madliT
damZimebuli planetis brunvaze fiqrs midevnebuli poeti da mkiTxveli ganicdian. dasabamidan
aqamde mkvdreTiT aRdgomisaken poetis mowodeba viTom salaRoboa, paradoqsulic, magram
mTlianobaSi sacnauri da Cveulebrivic ki... àdeqiT fexze! me gpatiJebT isev! Tavidan! me
yovel Tqvengans vapatie danaSauli! adeqiT-meTqi! da aavseT isev, Tavidan! qalaqi! daba` sra!
sasaxle! cixe! auli! Cemo biWebo! gogoebo! Cemo bavSvebo! damRaleT isev, gamabrazeT Tqeni
xmauriT! grenaderebo! raindebo! koxta paJebo! Tqvenc, Tqvenc mkvlelebsac, gepatiaT
danaSauli!~...
sikvdil-sicocxlis ironiul-parodiuli gaazrebaa poetis araerT leqsSi, yvelgan
axali niuansiT da StrixiT (`sikvdili~, `yvaviloba~, `winaprebi~, àxirebuli koleqcioneri~,
`procesiaze~, `paolo iaSvili~ da sxv.). oTxstriqonian leqsSi `qarTuli zmnis bunebisaTvis,
dawerili didi mecnieris gasaRimeblad~ sikvdilis Tema salaRobod, TamaSad warmoCndeba:
`panTeoni, batono, gadasarevi gaqvT RvTiT` Tqven ra genaRvlebaT, ra! modeqiT da kvdiT da
kvdiT!~...
t. Wanturia, kritikos T. doiaSvilTan dialogSi `jeri axla poetebzea~, aRniSnavs:
`poezia maradisobis Znel gzaze mimavali martoxela kacis sagzalia, riTma ki _ misi mudmivi
Tanamgzavri.
`Zirs riTma!~ , xSirad maqvs piradad me aseTi ganwyoba, magram aseve xSirad meufleba sxva
ganwyobileba: `gaumarjos riTmas~. amitomac vwer xan riTmian, xan uriTmo leqsebs...
imis damtkiceba, rom riTmas araviTari principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs, SiSveli
deklaraciiT ar moxerxdeba. es rom daamtkico, amisTvis, sul cota, ori ram aris saWiro: an
Tavad unda gagaCndes brwyinvale riTmebi da mxolod amis Semdeg laparakobde riTmaze
agdebulad, an arada, saerTod unda Tqva uari riTmaze da moaxerxo uriTmodac poezia iyos
Seni naxelavi~. t. Wanturia orive SemTxvevaSi Cinebuli Semsrulebelia. samarTliani iyo misi
SeniSvna kritikis misamarTiT: `me mxolod imitom ar vixseniebi verlibristebSi, rom
sxvagvaradac vwer~... (doiaSvili 1987: 105).
t. Wanturias mravali uriTmo leqsi (davarqmevT mas Tavisufal leqss Tu verlibrs)
poeziaa, romelsac mtkiceba ar sWirdeba. ramdenimestriqoniani uriTmo leqsi `manZili~
TiTqos erTi cxovrebis dramatizebuli wignia.

ra Sors hqoniaT sasaflao! _ buzRunebda Sorebeli.
ra male moveliT, Cemo gogo, Sens samudamo
samyofelTan!
moTqvamda deda.
`visTvis Sorsaa, visTvis axlos~ _ fiqrobda biWi.

isev nacnobi sevda amsofliuri realobiT, Zunwi da tevadi StrixebiT... gamosavali _
isev mware ironia. àryian boTliT win mrisxaned gadavudeqi soflis Saraze Camovlil sevdas:
_ iaraRi dayare, briyvo!~ (usaTauro).
ironiuli Rimilis momgvrelia sevda leqsSi `xevsureTi 76~, sevda raRac didi
danakargis gamo (galaktionis `sxva xalxis ismis aq Jriamulis~ asociaciiT): àq sxva xalxi
cxovrobda, sxva sisxlis da gorisa. axla gordas iSovi paCka~ `filip morisad~ (iqneb,
Tanamedrove lelT Runias sawuxari?..)~.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis mtkivneuli Tema, 70-iani wlebisaTvis jer kidev
tabudadebuli (`vera da vera~... usaTauro), ironiul-analitikuri xedva parodirebuli
emociebiT: àltruistis bloknotidan~, `telefoni~, `perifrazi~, èpitafia absurdis
Temaze~, `guli spirtian qilaSi~, `trans-saocnebo liandagebi~ da sxv. _ es aris zogadi
suraTi t. Wanturias 70-iani wlebis poeziisa.
miuxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobisa da usafuZvlo kritikisa, igi bolomde erTguli
darCa erTxel arCeuli gzisa. am principebis erTgulebas Sinaganad Semzadebuli,
sisxlxorceuli moTxovnileba da araordinaruli poeturi natura ganapirobebda. sityvisa da
riTmis ostaturad mflobeli, stiluri mravalferovnebiT da arastandartuli,-
araSablonuri tropuli metyvelebis srulyofiT qmnis axal poetur intonacias. igi ara
mxolod pirvelia, rogorc ironiul-parodiuli nakadis Semoqmedi, aramed misi srulmqmnelia.
mis mier dawyebuli RirebulebaTa `ngrevis~ procesi sruliad àxlis aSenebiT~ gasrulda
(poetis mTeli Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
poeziis e. w. `yofiTi reformis~ ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovania v. javaxaZis wvlili.
`saiT ar unda wavide vici, da vici, saiT unda wavide~ ,- werda poeti, magram mTavari mainc is
iyo, rogor wavidoda am arCeuli gzisken. misi leqsebi imTaviTve gamoirCeoda mniSvnelovani
Tu umniSvnelo yofiTi detalebisadmi gansakuTrebuli mimarTebiT, gansxvavebuli
112
damokidebulebiT, wrfeli grZnobiT da `simarTlesaviT wminda sinaTliT~. mTavari misTvis
gamoTqmis stili da intonaciaa _ ufro TxrobiTi, magram udavod poeturi, originaluri,
gadamwyveti funqcia masTan sityvas akisria.
Semoqmedebis pirveli aTwleuli Ziebis wlebi iyo poetisTvis sakmaod miRweviani,
saidanac kargad gamoikveTa ufro warmatebuli momavali. WeSmaritad poeturi cxovreba
TavisTavad gulisxmobs marad Ziebis gzaze yofnas, mudmivi Ziebis wyurviliT bolomde
aRuvsebel survils. vaxtang javaxaZe 70-ian wlebSi ramdenime poeturi krebulis avtoria:
`meSvide~ (1974), ànabeWdi~ (1975), `marti, aprili, maisi~ (1977), `weroebis samkuTxedi/ (1978),
`Sedareba~ (1980).
sityvebiT TamaSi, rogorc ironiul-parodiuli xerxi yofiTi movlenebisa da faqtebis
gadmosacemad, gansakuTrebulad iCens Tavs krebulebSi `weroebis samkuTxedi~ da `Sedareba~.
`TamaSis~ wesiT poeti axal sicocxles aniWebs misTvis umTavress, sityvas. igi warmatebulad
aRwevs mizans. v. javaxaZe, rogorc Tavad ambobs, ùkiduresad aucilebeli sityvebis~
momxmarebeli poetia, SeuZlia, ganaaxlos `wisqvilis qvasaviT gacveTili sityva~. misTvis
xSiria sityvebis ganmeoreba, mravaljeradi da mravali niuansiT gamoyeneba, Sedegad _
leqsikis ekonomiuroba, usaTauro leqsi `tyeSi amodi, balaxo~ ocdaoTxsityviania. aqedan 10
sityvaa ZiriTadi (damxmare Tu srulmniSvnelovania), danarCeni ganmeorebaa. aseve usaTauro
`sadac Semxvdeba quTaisis matarebeli~ ormocdaoTxi sityvisagan Sedgeba, maTgan 11 sityvaa
ZiriTadi, danarCenebi ganmeorebaa, arsebiTi saxelebi meordeba sxvadasxva brunvebSi, zmnebi
icvleba drois kategoriiT. xSiria frazebis ganmeorebac (galaktionisadmi miZRvnili
ùsaTauro~, `marto ar xar~, òri megobari erTmaneTs Sordeba~ da sxv.). yvelaferi es xdeba
aucileblobis grZnobiT, paTetikis da xelovnurobis gareSe, analitikuri xedviT,
ukomentaro faqtebiT, romelic TavisTavad mraval tkivilian da damafiqrebel komentars
moicavs.
vaxtang javaxaZis poeturi TamaSis erT-erTi eqsperimentuli da sayvareli xerxia
agreTve `cifrebiT TamaSi~ _ es gansakuTrebiT gamoarCevs mis leqsebs. TamaSis Sedegi
efeqturi da STambeWdavia. leqsSi `gaCenis dRidan~ figurirebs cifrebi erTeulidan _
miliardamde... `xalxi iCqaris aTasobiT zRvamde da mzeze, zRvasTan sxva xalxi ixmaurebs asi
wlis Semdeg, aTi aTasi edaveba dardebs da sevdebs aTi aTasi ar iqneba asi wlis Semdeg. modis
paradze milioni brZeni da SeTe, sxvebi gaSlian bairaRebs asi wlis Semdeg~... usaTauro leqsSi
`cxraassamocdaTxuTmetSi~ cifrebiT iqmneba konkretuli drois Rirssaxsovari xati _
welTaRricxva, weliwadi, Tve, ricxvi, saRamo... konkretika figuralurad viwrovdeba, msgavsi
SemTxvevebi xSiria v. javaxaZis am wlebis leqsebSi. `TamaSis~ xelovneba organulad warmarTavs
poetis samyaros. es misi xelweraa, vizualurad TvalSisacemi, smenisTvis _ efeqturi da, rac
mTavaria, es cifrebi moicaven azrobriv datvirTvas (xsovnas, tkivils, warmavlobis gancdas,
sicocxlis absurdulobis SegrZnebas). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa m7 Rm1 (mSvidi
RmerTi). cifrebis am principiT gamoyeneba udevs safuZvlad mTel leqss.
m. javaxaZis eqsperimentuli Ziebani gamoCnda `figurul leqsebSic~. `grafikuli lirika~
poetis 1980 wels gamocemuli leqsebis krebulis erT-erTi ciklia. leqsSi `Sesavali~
naTqvamia: `me leqss ar vwer, me leqss vxatav~. ase ìxateba~ grafikul leqsebSi
àvtoportreti~ (saocrad miaxloebuli realur xats), `piramida~, `samkuTxedi~, `raketa~,
àRmarTi da daRmarTi~, `Sadrevani~, `qar-wvima~, `mdinare~, `xidi~, `safexurebi~ da szv. aq
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sityvebiT TamaSs, romelic umetesad ostaturi
daxvewilobiT gamoirCeva. grafikuli forma gansazRvravs Temas, Temas ki _ sityva.
v. javaxaZe, qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi, 70-ian wlebSive Sefasda, rogorc qarTvel
poetTa Soris erTi pirvelTagani, vinc Tanamedroveoebis urTulesi problemebi poeziad
aqcia. àtomisa da neilonis saukuneSi~ roca àdamiani SeumCnevlad gaxda uxeSi~, ocnebisa da
romantikisTvis adgili aRar rCeba cisqveSeTSi: `TandaTan kargavs moTminebis unars iobi,
Zalain xSirad edaveba tyuili marTals, gulgrilad cxovrobs ufro mkacri kacobrioba,
mRebavi _ Rebavs, mxatvari xatavs~.
Tumca, am gulgrilobis zRvaric irRveva da maradiuli kiTxvac ar asvenebs adamians: `ra
iqneba asi wlis Semdeg?.. erTi maTganic ar iqneba... sxvebi gaSlian bairaRebs asi wlis Semdeg!..
asea `gaCenis dRidan dawyebuli dRevandel dRemde~... teqnikuri revoluciis novaciebma kidev
ufro gaamkacres adamianis meocnebe samyaro, ufro TvalnaTliv warmoCnda `wuTisoflis
korida~. poeti ki am `koridaze~ bediswerasTan da yofierebasTan SeWidebuli Cveulebrivi
adamiania, Cveulebrivi adamianuri sevdiT, tkiviliT, met-naklebi rwmeniT, gamZleobis niWiT...
v. javaxaZes, rogorc poets, SeuZlia Caufiqrdes yovelives balaxis Rerodan varskvlavian
camde. moaqcios is poeziis orbitaSi, sityvebis TamaSiT, ironiul-parodiuli saSualebebiT
warmosaxos yofiTi suraTebi, detalebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi misi leqsis arqiteqtura mwyobri da
momxibvlelia, garegnuli efeqti _ udavo, magram kidev ufro mimzidveli interieri, teqstSi
qve-qve Cadebuli fiqrebi, TiTqos meorexarisxovani, faqtiurad ki umTavresi. `frTxilad!
xaraCoebze bevri gadaiCexa, fexakrebiT iare, vidre kargad dacxrebi, Sen arc eifeli xar, Sen
arc arsakiZe xar, Rrublis pedestalebze dganan Seni taZrebi... Sens qaRaldebs mixede, Sen
dabzarul fragmentebs... magram wvims da WalaSi kvnesis biWo gogia, modernistul alizSi
113
Camalulan velebi, tiktikebs da tiktikebs wvimis tavtologia da ezoSi qva-RorRi yria,
rogorc verlibri (`saxls aSenebs poeti~).
ironias amZafrebs eifelis, arsakiZis, pedetsalis, `modernistuli alizis~ da sxv.
saxelTa, sityvaTa, sintagmaTa aRniSvna.
urbanistuli garemo, mSobliuri qalaqi, vaxtang javaxaZisTvis adgilis dedaa _ misi
samyaros nawilia da ara sulisSemxuTveli geografiuli sivrce qvis kedlebiT, saidanac
gaqcevis survilma gansakuTrebiT moicva 70-iani da Semdgomi aTwleulis qarTuli poezia...
misTvis aq yvelaferi axlobelia _ avtomobilis solo da qoro~, `samoqalaqo transportis
paradi~, `disonansiviT Caivlis xolme kinostudiis nacnobi etli, zogjer saxarZro razmis
sirena mTel simfonias dausvams wertils. xolo Wadrebis bani da krini qveda sarTulebs
amSvidebs mxolod, me ki Tbilisis miwis donidan zustad meeqvse sarTulze vcxovrob~.
mware ironiaa mTel teqstSi, rameTu miwis donidan meeqvse sarTulze cxovreba ar niSnavs
simSvides. ufro metic, ar arsebobs miuwvdomeli simaRle fiqrisTvis. igi, sadac ar unda iyos,
iq mounaxavs guls poets. `guls mominaxavs, gamomafxizlebs da sindisiviT mawuxebs didxans
moulodnelad damuxruWebul manqanis mier dasmuli kiTxva~...
fiqrs poetis leqsebSi xSirad kiTxvebi mo.yveba. kiTxvebi yvelgan da yvelafris gamo _
Sin, gareT, quCaSi, konkretul droSi da konkretul garemoSi Tu warmosaxvebSi... kiTxvebi
cnobismoyvare adamianis _ ratom, rogor, risTvis, rodemde... kiTxvebi mimarTuli awmyodan _
warsulisaken, momavlisaken. kiTxvebi dialogSi, sakuTar TavTan, zogjer ufalTan,
gansakuTrebuli kiTxva `ratom?~ amave saxelwodebis leqsSi (minaweriT _ hematologiisa da
sisxlis gadasxmis institutSi). es kiTxvebi Zalze mtkivneulia da Semzaravi, Tanac _ upasuxo.
ironia da sityvebiT TamaSi rom poetisTvis ubralo eqsperimenti da TavSesaqcevi ar aris, am
leqsSic kargad Cans. suliT xorcamde SeZruli adamianis wuxilia mTeli teqsti. `RmerTo, / Sen
rom RmerTi iyo, / amaT aq ra undaT maSin? / eseni rom aq arian, / Sen rogor xar, / RmerTo,
RmerTo? / saTvalavi agrevia / pirvelis da meTormetis. / ori kviris gazafxuli, / TiTqos
gareT darCa bavSvi, / dgeba fexis wverebze da / iWyiteba fanjaraSi~...
sityvebis gaTamaSebaSi am saSineli senis erT-erTi mizezis (atomis) qaragmac devs:

sityvasityviT vimeoreb
am xuTniSna sityvas (ratom?).
wveTwveTobiT Sevagrove,
marcval-marcval.
atom-atom.
(ratom?) ori xmovani da
sami Tanxmovani (ratom?).
vekiTxebi ainStains,
vekiTxebi baton platons
da rusTavels vekiTxebi:
ratom? (ratom?).
ratom? (ratom?).

v. javaxaZis am wlebis leqsebSi TandaTan matulobs fiqri da gansja, matulobs tkivili,
magram poets mainc erTgvari ukmayofilebis grZnoba ar tovebs, radgan, misi warmodgeniT, àr
iTargmneba tkivili~ ise, rogorc tkiva, Tumca, amaSi SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT poets, radgan
misi poezia adamianims tkivilis `Targmania~ _ zusti da gulwrfeli, gulSiCamwvdomi.

damowmebani:

alxaziSvili 2003: alxaziSvili g. sivrce Rimilsa da crmels Soris. gaz. `Cveni mwerloba~, 26.
II. 2003.
asaTiani 1985: asaTiani g. dinozavris nakvalevze siaruli akrZalulia. wignidan: ukeTes
droTaTvis. Tb.: 1985.
doiaSvili 1987: doiaSvili T. guSin, dRes, xval. Tb.: 1987.

Zoia Tskhadaia

Ironic-Parodic Stream of Georgian Poetry
(Tariel Chanturia, Vakhtang Javakhadze)

Summary

Ironic-parodic stream appeared in the works of Georgian poets from the sixties of the twentieth century. It became the
principle style for Tariel Chanturias and Vakhtang Javakhadzes lyrics. They consider irony as a protest against absurd.
Tariel Chanturia is the first as the instilling of ironic-parodic style, while this style was not strange for Georgian poetry in
general.
114
Despite the numerous contradiction and groundless criticism, Tariel Chanturia stayed devoted to the way he had
chosen once and for all. Devotedness of those principles was caused by the internally prepared, extraordinary poetic
character. The skilful manager of a word and a rhythm; by means of variety of style and with non-standard, unique
tropological completing of speech, he creates the new poetic intonation.
The contribution made by Vakhtang Javakhadze in realization of the so called reality reform of poetry is very
essential. His poems, from then on, were preferable in particular connection with significant or insignificant lifestyle details
and by different attitude to them. Playing by words as the ironic-parodic technique for saying lifestyle developments and
truth is the most important characteristic of Vakhtang Javakhadze poetry and one of his poetic playing experimental and
much loved method is figure playing, figure poems (graphic lyrics).

lali daTaSvili

`Ze Secdomili~ da `samoseli pirveli~

guram doCanaSvili saTauriTve migvniSnebs, rom misi romani `samoseli pirveli~ `Ze
Secdomilis igavs~ (luka 15, 11-32) efuZneba. amiT avtori romans qristianul safuZvels
ayrdnobs da kidev erTxel miaxedebs mkiTxvels bibliuri swavlebisaken.
`Ze Secdomilis~ (anu ùZRebi Svilis~) igavs yvela droisa da xalxis udides monaTxrobs
uwodeben, radgan es, marTlac, erT-erT umniSvnelovanesi igavi mTeli kacobriobisa da
macxovris, Tu TiToeuli adamianisa da uflis urTierTdamokidebulebis paradigmaa.
pirvelqmnili codvidan moyolebuli adamiani (anu vinc adams `daatarebs~ sakuTari suliT) _
uZRebi Svili, mamisagan ganmdgari da dakarguli, Tavisi saxlis, sulisa Tu samoTxis gzis
ZiebaSia.
`Ze Secdomili~ ramdenime umniSvnelovanes aspeqts Seicavs: mamisa da Svilis, adamianisa
da sawuTros, uflisa da kacis, Zmebis urTierTobis Temebi; gamoRviZebis, sakuTari Tavis
`mogeba-gacnobierebis~, sinanulisa da siyvarulis, dakargulis moZiebiT aRZruli sixarulis
motivebi; samoseli pirvelis, beWdis, xamlis, `Wamebuli zvarakis~ simboluri saxeebi. amdenad,
farToa speqtri, rasac igavi sTavazobs mwerals.
Cveni mizani `samoseli pirvelisa~ da `Ze Secdomilis~ urTierTmimarTebis Cvenebaa.
guram doCanaSvili TiTqmis mTel igavs (nawil-nawil) imowmebs romanis Sesabamis
adgilebSi: saxlidan wasvlisas domeniko Tavisi paradigmis _ umcrosi Zis sityvebiT
mimarTavs mamas: `mamao, momec me, romeli mxudebis nawili samkvidrebelisai~ (doCanaSvili 1990:
104); rodesac dabrunebaze fiqrobs, mwerali isev luka maxareblis teqstiT gadmoscems
personaJis gancdas: `rom aRvdge da warvide mamisa Cemisa da vhrqua mas: mamao, vcode cad
mimarT da winaSe Sensa da arRara var me Rirs wodebad Zed Senda, aramed myav me viTarca erTi
muSakTagani~ (doCanaSvili 1990: 688).
romanis persnaJic igavis mamis msgavsad sul gascqeris Svilis gzas, Seuwyvetlad
elodeba, imedovnebs, rom odesme daubrundeba dakarguli Ze, Soridanve mohkravs Tvals
muxlebze damdgars da garbis Svilis Sesaxvedrad, zurgze efereba mis win daCoqils.
gulisSemZvrelad gadmoscems mwerali mamis gancdas: `yvrimalebdaberili~ rom garbis
`Sebralebuli~ Svilisken:
`domenikosken garboda mama da mis morkalul _ nekneb, xerxemalamoburcul zurgze
davarda, exveoda da efereboda, gazintlul Tmaze nazad da xarbad usvamda gril, xeSeS
TiTebs, Zalian gamxdar, sifrifana, sacodav mxrebze eamboreboda mas~ (doCanaSvili 1990: 694).
romanis mamac ar amTavrebinebs domenikos msaxurad miRebis Txovnas da misi samoseli
pirveliT Semosvas brZanebs.
gvegve, Tavisi paradigmis _ igavis ufrosi Zmis _ msgavsad, eWviTa da SuriT ambobs:
`magan SeWama sacxovrebeli Seni meZavTa Tana~.
igavis iseTi umniSvnelovanesi motivebi, rogorebicaa: `Tavsa Tvissa mogeba~ da
dakargulis dabrunebiT aRZruli sixaruli _ mTeli romanis qveteqstia, Tumca `samosel
pirvelSi~ ar gvxvdeba Wamebuli zvarakis dakvlis, beWdisa da xamlis SvilisTvis gadacemis
epizodebi. igavis finaluri nawilis teqstsac ar imowmebs mwerali.
mamisa da Svilis urTierTobis Tema, Svilisagan damoukideblobis mopovebis survili,
mama-batonis mfarvelobisa da zegavlenisagan ganTavisuflebis motivi samyarosaviT Zvelia.
iseve, rogorc Zvelia mamisa (da, Sesabamisad, mamaRmerTis) siyvaruli Zisadmi.
pirvelad adami ganudga mamas, roca moisurva damoukideblad garkveuliyo keTil-
borotis labirinTebSi, cxovrebis `mecnierebaSi~ da mSvid, idiliur yofas dabrkolebebTan
Widili, tkivili da daZabuloba arCia. domeniko _ axali adamic tovebs maRalsoflis idilias
da cxovrebasTan dasapirispireblad midis. sawuTros gacnobasa da misi `gamocanebis amoxsnas~
115
cdilobs Tavadac ltolvilad gadaqceuli ltolvilis gzas imeorebs: `mamis wiaRSi~ mSvid da
ubiwo arsebobas damoukideblobas, problemebis Tavisi mrwamsis Sesabamisad gadawyvetas
arCevs, raTa gaxdes `mecnieri keTilisa da borotisa~. amiT kidev erTxel imeorebs adamis
Secdomas, Sordeba samoTxis netarebas, Tavis sakuTari sisxliTa da ofliT gatanas cdilobs.
`Ze Secdomilis~ igavi dakargulis, Secdomilis, warwymedilis moZiebis motivs
agvirgvinebs lukas saxarebaSi. dakarguli cxvrisa da dakarguli draqmis ambavi dakarguli Zis
Temad gadaizrdeba. oRond, Tu cxvars Tavisi gulubryvilobiTa da umecrebiT ebneva gza da
Sordeba faras, draqmas ki dedakaci kargavs, sxvaTa daudevrobis gamoa igi mosaZiebeli, Ze
sruliad gaazrebulad tovebs mamis saxls, TviTonve gansazRvravs sakuTar bedsa Tu ubedobas.
cxvari da draqma msxsverplni arian, Ze _ codvilia. amitom mas mama ar eZebs, mxolod elodeba.
saxlsac damoukideblad unda miagnos, Zeobis pativis sakuTari nebiT uarmyofelma TviTonve
unda moiZios dakarguli, moaxerxos mamis saxlisken gzis gakvleva.
mama ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zis survils. aZlevs Tavis wils da uSvebs saxlidan. wm. mamebis
swavlebiT, imaSi ucnauri araferia, mama Svilebs qonebas rom unawilebs, Tumca wasvlaSi xels
imitom ar uSlis Zes, rom brZnulad ganWvrets, mxolod gansacdelsa da martoobaSi
ganiswavleba misi vaJi, `gamoixurveba, rogorc oqro - brZmedSi~, solomon brZenis swavlebis
Tanaxmad.
romanis mamac amave mizniT uSvebs umcros Zes, Tumca mwerali Caamatebs originalur
detals _ mamis brZanebiT koWli yma silas gaawnavs domenikos. es erTgvari protestia mamis
mxridan Svilis wasvlisa da mamis siTbos, misi tkivilis arad Cagdebis gamo. mama uyurebs am
scenas. amiT guram doCanaSvili amZafrebs personaJis molodins, gviCvenebs, rom mama im wamidan
elis Svils, rogorc ki saxlis zRurbls gadaabija, im wamidan SesTxovs ufals Zis Sin
mSvidobiT dabrunebas.
mwerali unarCunebs Tavis personaJs im did siyvaruls, rac igavis mamas umcrosi Zisadmi
gaaCnia da rac simbolurad uflis saocar siyvaruls gulisxmobs kacobriobis mimarT, mis
yovlismimteveblobas da dakarguli Zis maradiul lodins.
mamis siTbo da siyvaruli imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom Sotlandieli profesori
uiliam barkli (+1978w.) aRniSnavs: ès aris mosiyvarule mamis igavi~ da ara _ `Ze Secdomilis~,
radgan mamis siyvarulze ufro bevria naTqvami, vidre Svilis codvebze~ (barkli 1984: 230).
romanis mamas gulze lodad hkidia dakarguli Zis dardi, rogorc erTi glexi ambobs mis
Sesaxeb.
yovelwliurad aRniSnaven gazafxulis dResaswauls, romelic RamisTeviT sruldeba da
simbolurad aRdgomas mianiSnebs. mama am dResaswaulze elodeba adamianebs, elodeba imediT,
rom maT Soris domenikoc gamoCndeba, domeniko _ mkvdreTiT aRmdgari, gamoRviZebuli,
rogorc gazafxuli, aRdgoma an mkvdreTiT aRmdgari macxovris mier jojoxeTidan gamoxsnili
kacobrioba.
mama sofels moivlis, martod darCenili. yvelafers naxavs, anTebuli kvariT dadis (es
kvari imedad gvesaxeba, gzis maCveneblad, romelic bnelSi momavalT gzas gaakvlevinebs da
Tanac macxovris sityvebs gvaxsenebs `naTeli igi bnelsa Sina Cans da bneli igi mas ver ewia~).
Semdeg ki lodze mdgomare moelis xalxs da amowmebs, xom aravin daakldaT, yvela Tu dabrunda.
Cveni azriT, romanis es epizodi simbolur qveteqsts Seicavs. es lodi `lodi sakiduris~
asociacias qmnis, xolo, radgan mamas molodinis qva awevs gulze, simbolurad macxovris
lodini igulisxmeba, lodini da imedi, rom kacobrioba gamoswordeba da yovlismimtevebeli,
ukidegano siyvaruliT savse uflisken waremarTeba. es molodinic igaviseulia. uwmidesi da
unetaresi ilia meore brZanebs: `rogorc es mama unaxavda Tavis Secdomil Zes samosel
pirvels, beWedsa da zvaraks da mis Sin dabrunebas elodeboda, aseve elodeba ufali yoveli
adamianis da, saerTod, mTeli kacobriobis dabrunebas masTan~ (igavni 2004: 36).
mxolod mamis wiaRSi maRldeba domeniko da mamis sityvebiT, misi xelisa da gulis
siTboTi swvdeba sicocxlis saidumlos _ dedamiwas siyvaruli atrialebs: siyvaruli
moyvasisa da siyvaruli uflisa.
igavisa da romanis umTavresi Tema, cxadia, Ze Secdomilis wuTisoflis tyveobaSi
aRmoCena da kvlav mamis saxlSi dabrunebaa.
sawuTro mamis mzrunvelobisa da mfarvelobis gareSe iolad uswordeba da anadgurebs
adamians. mudam saWiroa mama, romelic gansacdelisgan dagixsnis. amitomacaa, rom romanSi
ltolvili erT tandakorZil xes mamas eZaxis, radgan igi zRvis moqcevisa Tu qariSxlisagan
icavs. domenikosac mudam sWirdeba mama, koWli yma, mamobili Tu mamobilis Zma, rom muxanaT
wuTisofelsa da gaiZvera admaianebs gadaurCes. umamod tkivilisa da gaxrwnilebis morevSi
inTqmeba, magram mamis fasi rom gaigos, swored amitomac scildeba mas, Soridan ukeT Cans mamis
saxlis samoTxiseuli atmosfero.
maRalsoflidan, anu sasufevlis idiliuri, mSvidi da netari yofidan, qveviT eSveba
domeniko. cxovreba Semparavia: jer lamaz-qalaqi uRebs kars, rom sikeTe-borotebis
dapirispireba aSkarad ar gamoCndes, Semdeg `nacrisferi da gluvi~ qalaqi kamora, Semdeg ki _
kanudosi: dacema, gadagvareba, codva, tkivili sdevs Tan ufskrulisken mimaval domenikos...
116
`sikeTe Tu xarT, iq, im qalaqSi ra gaZlebinebT?!~ _ sulSexuTuli ekiTxeba domeniko
miCinios. ukve esmis Tavisi Secdoma, ukve yvelaferi gaazrebuli aqvs, magram miCinios mrisxane
toniT naTqvami, rom erTi drahkani mainc unda daetovebina eqvsi aTasidan, rac maRal sofelSi
dabrunebis uflebas miscemda, Tavs axrevinebs, mZime xvedrTan Seguebas aiZulebs.
maRalsofeli, rac samoTxis, zesTasoflis asociacias qmnis, àrvis mixvdes usasyidlod,
uvaWrelad.~ xolo misi nebiT uarmyofeli miwier mwvires _ saRores iRebs. amitom rogorc Ze
Secdomili, domenikoc Rorebis momvleli xdeba, ebrauli kanonis mixedviT, yvelaze ukadrisi
saqmiT irCens Tavs. talaxSi amosvrili domeniko ufksrulis fskerzea... SimSili da tkivili
aiZulebs, gamofxizldes.
domenikos gamoRviZeba sakuTar xorcTan, sxeulebriv midrekilebebTan dapirispirebiT
iwyeba. Rorebis movla da `rqis~ saWmeli sakuTari Tavis, codvisa da codvaze dafuZnebuli
samyaros zizRs uRvivebs mas. mwerali ostaturad gviCvenebs, rom mis personaJs SimSili ukve
imdenad aRar awuxebs, ramdenadac sulis tkivili. amitom èSma lmobierdeba~, ibrZvis, rom
xelidan ar dausxltes msxverpli. cxel, xorcian saWmels axvedrebs daRlil-daqancul,
saRoreSi dabrunebul domenikos. surs acdunos, erTi jami saWmliT moisyidos. Tumca am
vnebasTan dapirispireba yvelaze ufro metad aZlierebs domenikos da soflis gzasac
miagnebinebs. saocari ostatobiT asrulebs da dramatizmiT tvirTavs mwerali romanis am
pasaJs: `da mis droebiT, mcire patronsac, Zunws, xarbs, wuwuraqs, ra Wiri etaka, ra iyo, ra
moeCvena mainc. bolo dros Sin, saRoreSi mobrunebuls, cxel kerZs, xorcians, uxvedrebda. da
spilenZis jami nakelian soxaneze ki ido, magram mainc duRda, mZimed TuxTuxebda da
damatyvevebel, rkinis ablabudasaviT suns gamoscemda. aJrialebda domenikos, moikunteboda,
nerwyvi sdioda, aZagZagebda, magram icoda, kerZis SeTqvlefa da _ soflad asvlaze fiqri
moSordeboda; da ama fiqris asarideblad Tumc zamTar-zafxul Tavs iwamebda, aiq asvlaze
mtanjvel ocnebas mainc, mainc rom eloliaveboda, am avazakurad aorTqlebul kerZzeRa
mixvda... raRac sxva iyo maRalsoflad, iseTi raRac, saWmelze vmetad rom ezideboda~
(doCanaSvili 1990: 688)...
gaZlierda, ganibrZno domeniko da `moego Tavsa Tvissa~, Tavisi paradigmis msgavsad, Sin
dabruneba gadawyvita. `Tavsa Tvissa mogeba~, wm. mamebis ganmartebiT, upirveles yovlisa,
rwmenis dabrunebas, ufalTan dakarguli erTobis kvlav aRdgenas gulisxmobs (radgan
sakuTari `mes~ gacnobiereba qristianisTvis aucilebel aspeqtad ufalTan damokidebulebas
moiazrebs).
aqedan iwyeba aRmarTi _ sulieri aRdgoma da aRmasvla, metad mZime gza zesTasoflisken.
midis domeniko da grZnobs didi gvelis gayinul Tvalebs, Soriaxlos rom misdevs da
uTvalTvalebs. `kefaze gvelis mzera ewvis domenikos~. man icis, rom sakuTar TavSi unda
dasZlios `monacrisro gvelis gayinuli Tvali da sxeulSi darweuli susxi,~ anu unda
gandevnos eSma sakuTari sulidan.
sinanuli da codvis siZulvili sulisa da gonebis mwvires Camoacilebs domenikos da igi
gazafxulis dResaswaulze (anu aRdgomas) brundeba sofelSi, mkvdari cocxldeba aRdgomis
madliT, dakarguli Ze mamis saxlis gzas poulobs, sinanuliT ganwmendili àRdgeba da
aRemarTeba~, mamis saxls ibrunebs, Tumca grZnobs, rom raRac aklia, sasufevlis netarebas ver
swvdeba, raRacas elis misgan mamac.
domeniko wvalobs, codvilobs, miwisgan adamianis gamoZerwvas cdilobs, magram araferi
gamosdis, xelebs isvris mxolod. mwerali amiT migvaniSnebs, rogor cdilobs domeniko
sakuTari Tavis Secnoba-gadakeTebas, sauflo saqmis gameorebas, usaxuri qmnilebis daxvewas.
wm. mamebis swavlebiT, rodesac adamiani miwas amuSavebs, sakuTar Tavs ixvews da iumjobesebs,
radgan miwisganaa Seqmnili. Tumca Tixis qmnilebisTvis sulis STaberva mxolod ufals ZaluZs.
xelmocarul domenikos SiSi ipyrobs, SiSiT ususurqmnils samyaro `gadaylapvas~ upirebs,
mamis Sewevna rom ara. domenikos amaRleba mwerlis mier macxovris wm. sisxlis miRebasa da mamis
xelis siTbos ukavSirdeba. òriod ylupi wyalgareuli wiTeli Rvino frTxilad Seasves...
SvebiT gminavda sabralo mgzavri~... macxovris wm. sisxlTan ziarebis saidumlos aRsrulebas
mohyva codvebisgan ganwmenda, `maTi cecxlSi dawva,~ `zurgiTac cecxli miaqvs~ domenikos,
dastiris ana-marias, Tavis namdvil siyvaruls, da mxarze mamis Tbili xelis Sexeba miaxvedrebs,
rom eSmas xrikebis SiSi ki ara, uflisa da kacis urTierTsiyvaruli marTavs samyaros. es is
didi WeSmaritebaa, is maradiuli sibrZnea, romlamdec unda amaRldes nawamebi, sawuTrosgan
nacemi mgzavri. is ameTvistoa, mkerdze Camokidebuli rom unda ataros da am erT patara,
xelTuqmnel qvas yvela lodze meti wona aqvs. es kacobriobis cxovrebis umTavresi arsis
wvdomaa, `balRamnarev Taflad rom acxia domenikos tuCze~. es aris is macxovnebeli sibrZne,
riTac sasufevlis netareba unda daimkvidros kacobriobam, rac unda dagvirgvindes
dakargulis, Secdomilis, warwymedilis povnisa da sasufevelSi dabrunebis sixaruliT.
amitom swavleba `nu geSinia~ icvleba swavlebiT `giyvardes~. es is sibrZnea, romelsac jer
ltolvili iRebs mamisgan nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, sanTelze xelgamTbari, bolos ki _
domeniko. SiSi mamis (mama uflis) siyvaruliT unda daiZlios da mamisganac siyvarulis Rirsi
gaxdes Ze _ esaa sawuTroSi gzis gakvlevis, sasufevlis mopovebis saidumlo.
117
`Ze Secdomilis igavSi~ sagulisxmoa Zmobis Temac: ufrosi Zma eWvianobs umcrosze.
SeniSnulia, rom ufros Zmas arc mama uyvars da arc umcrosi Zma. igi mamas movaleobis moxdis
mizniT emsaxureba da ara _ siyvaruliT. xolo Sin dabrunebul, mkvdreTiT aRmdgar mrwems ki
ar moixseniebs, rogorc `Zmai Cemi~, aramed _ `Zei ese Seni~. igi Zmas meZavobaSi adanaSaulebs,
Tumca manamde igavSi am codvis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami (zogadad aRniSnulia, rom uZRebi
Svili uwmindurad cxovrobda).
igavis mama cdilobs, Zmebs Soris siyvarulis gaRvivebas Seuwyos xeli. igi locavs ufros
Svils, vidre rames etyvis. Semdeg ki xazs usvams maT Zmobas. misi sityvebi `Zmai ese Seni~ Zmis
siyvarulis, ufrosis umcrosisadmi movaleobis, misi mfarvelobis mowodebaa. mama didi
siyvaruliT epyroba ufros vaJsac.
gvegvesa da domenikos saxeebi kaenisa da abelis, esavisa da iakobis asociacias aRZravs.
gvegve kaeniviT miwaTmoqmedia, Zma ar uyvars da eWvianobs mama-uflis àbelTan~
(domenikosTan) gansakuTrebiT keTili damokidebulebis gamo.
gvegve esaviviT usulo, mZimed moazrovne adamiania, isic erTi jami SeWamandisTvis cvlis
Zeobisa da ufrosi Svilobis pativs, araferi aRelvebs, Tu maZRaria. mwerali ramdenime
StrixiT xatavs gvegves _ TiTqmis usulo, sxeulebriv adamians. rodesac vecnobiT, koWl
msaxurs saxeSi miaTxleSs karebs da `patroni dedas~ aginebs sisxlis mobanvis msurvels,
bodiSis moxdis nacvlad. Semdeg ki ltolvilis Sefareba aRizianebs, mamas ganikiTxavs: `raRa
miWirs! erTi muqTamWameliT meti gveyoleba~, almuri moedeba, `magram uceb Caiferfla _
gamaZRari iyo~, _ SeniSnavs mwerali.
Zmebis urTierTobis asaxvisas guram doCanaSvili saxarebiseul igavs misdevs, Tumca
zogierT detals Tavisi interpretaciiT gvawvdis. SeiniSneba mamis mkacri damokidebuleba
gvegvesadmi, TiTqos arc uyvars igi. bzari mama-Svilis siyvarulSi maSin Cndeba, roca
upatrono ZaRls klavs gvegve. am ugulo arsebas muSaobas usjis mama da miuxedavad imisa, rom,
misive SeniSvnisamebr, Toxnisa Tu mkis dros wlebis manZilze uamravi moZraoba gaakeTa, magram
mainc ver gamoisyida mamis TvalSi is erTi moZraoba, uzarmazari lodi rom aswia da ZaRls Tavi
gauWeWya. amiT g. doCanaSvili igavis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs. Slis ufrosi Zmis
saxes da misi sulis uxeS xveulebs warmoaCens, romlebic saxarebis mkiTxvelis TvalSi akninebs
mas.
gvegves imitom sZuls domeniko, rom mamam misgan Seityo ZaRlis mokvlis ambavi, Tanac
gvegve sul muSaobda, domeniko ki CrdilSi iwva da ar icoda, dro rogor moekla.
mamas mzera umkacrdeba gvegves sityvebis gagonebisas umcrosi Zmis mier fulis meZavebSi
daxarjvis Sesaxeb da pasuxis Rirsadac ar miiCnevs ufros vaJs.
romanSi isic ar Cans, rom mama cdilobdes gvegvesa da domenikos daaxloebas, gvegve
zedmetad `miwis kacia~, is ver gaugebs `zecis kacebs~. rogorc Cans, amitomac miiCnevs mama
zedmetad, fizikuri jafis garda, sxva raimec aswavlos da raRac sxvagvari formiTac
aRzardos gvegve.
iseve, rogorc luka maxarebliseul igavSi, `samosel pirvelSic~ ar Cans dedis saxe,
rogorc saxareba gviCvenebs mamaSviluri urTierTobis arss _ erT-erT konkretul aspeqts,
aseve wers g. doCanaSvilic.
mwerali gansakuTrebul originalobas samoseli pirvelis mxatvrul saxesTan
mimarTebiT iCens. igavSi mxolod erTxelaa samoseli pirveli naxsenebi, rogorc Secdomilis
Zeobis pativis aRmdgeneli da mamis mzrunvelbis dasturi. garda am funqciebisa, mravalmxriv
`tvirTavs~ g. doCanaSvili samosels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoseli pirveli romanis mTavari
gmiria.
bibliis mixedviT, SesaZloa gamoiyos sami tipis samoseli: samoseli pirveli, tyavisa da
sulieri.
samoseli pirveli, anu naTlis samoseli, ubiwoebis dasturia. misiT Semosilia kaci
pirvelqmnil codvamde, codviT dacemis Semdeg am samosels kargavs, mis nacvlad ki `Seimosavs~
SiSsa da sircxvils. `samoslis dakargviT adami da eva RmerTTan mamaSviluri siaxlovis
gancdas kargaven, SiSvldebian, radgan aRar aisaxeba maTi xateba RmerTTan~ (leqsikoni 1998:
707). domenikoc kargavs am samosels, sakuTari nebiT yidis mas, amiT adamze met codvas Cadis.
adams samoseli SemoeZarcva codvis gamo, Tumca amis Sesaxeb man arc ki icoda. adamma SeWama
akrZaluli nayofi, domenikom ki uari Tqva samoselze.
tyavis samoseli, anu, pirobiTad, samoseli meore, ufalma misca adamsa da evas _
ganSiSvlebulebsa da dacemulebs. àgrZnes, rameTu SiSvel iyvnen... da uqmna RmerTman adams da
colsa missa samoselni tyavisani da Sehmosna maT~ (dab. 3, 7...21).
roca ufali adamsa da evas tyavis samosliT mosavs, àmiT ormagi SinaarsiT tvirTavs
samoss. tyavis samoseli adasturebs dacemuli adamianis Rirsebebs da dakarguli xateba-
msgavsebis kvlav dabrunebis SesaZleblobas~ (leqsikoni 1998: 707).
ramdenadac samoseli da sazrdeli adamianuri yofierebis umTavresi aucileblobaa,
Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, sauflo kurTxeva gulisxmobs dapurebulobasa da Semosilobas (ix.
Ses. 28, 20), xolo RvTis risxva _ SimSilsa da siSiSvles (ix. II sj. 28, 48). egviptidan gamosvlisa
da udabnoSi ormocwliani siarulisas samoseli ar SemohklebiaT ebraelebs. wm. mamaTa
118
swavlebiT, ufali mosavda maT da amiT akurTxebda aRTqmuli qveynisken msvlelobis
aucileblobas.
`samoseli icavs adamianis sxeuls im ZalTagan, romelTac SeuZliaT misi qaosSi
dabruneba, saidanac gamoiyvana ufalma samyarouli wesrigis Seqmnisas. amitom ar SeiZleba
siSiSvlis gamoCena~ (leqsikoni 1998: 708). gaSiSvlebul noes miafares misma Svilebma (Ses. 9, 20-
24), zRvaSi gadaxta petre, rom ufals misi siSiSvle ar daenaxa (ioane 21, 7), xolo jvarcmisas
macxovris Seuracxyofa imiTac gamoxates, rom TiTqmis gaaSiSvles igi.
`Semosva dakarguli samoTxiseuli netarebis kvlav dabrunebas gulisxmobs~(leqsikoni
1998: 707), markoz maxarebeli sagangebod gamokveTs, rom Radarineli sneuli, macxovris
wyalobiT, `Semosili da gonieria~; iakob mociquli gvaswavlis, rom sulisTvis samargebloa,
roca sxvas vaWmevT da vacmevT (iak. 3, 15-16), Tanac es adamianis `sazogadoebis wevrad qcevisa
da macxovrisTvis mibaZvis gamoxatulebaa~ (leqsikoni 1998: 708).
`tyavis samoseli~ sxva funqciiTac gamoiyeneba, magram Cven mxolod imas gamovyofT, rac
igavSi da, Sesabamisad, romanSi ikiTxeba.
sulieri samoseli, anu mesame samoseli, samoseli pirvelis kvlav dabrunebas niSnavs. is
kacma Tavisi keTilSobilebiTa da RvTisTvis saTno cxovrebiT unda moipovos. am sulieri
samoslis brwyinvaleba acxonebs mas da, Tu iqneba `saqorwine~, mxolod maSin daimkvidrebs caTa
sasufevels.
macxovarma feriscvalebisas samosis ganspetakebiT (`samoseli misi iqmna spetak, viTarca
naTeli~ _ maTe 17, 2) migvaniSna, rom cxoneba SesaZlebelia ganwmendiTa da sulieri
feriscvalebiT.
sulieri samoseli naTlisRebis madliT qristes Semosvas gulisxmobs (gal. 3, 27), es aris
`xati zecisaganisai~ (I kor. 15, 49), romelic unda movipovoT Zveli, anu codviT dacemuli kacis
mokvdinebiTa da axali, `RmrTisa mier dabadebuli~ kacis SemosviT (efes. 4, 24). es aris
maradiuli samoseli `zeciT gamo, romeli-igi Se-Tu-vimosoT, arRara SiSvel vipovneT~ (2 kor.
5, 2-3). am samoslis Sesamosad unda moviSoroT saqmeni bnelisani~ (prom. 13, 12) da vicxovroT
`simarTliTa da siwmidiTa WeSmaritebisaiTa~ (efes. 4. 24).
uflis swavlebiT, sasufevels damkvidrebulni maTi spetaki samosliT icnobian (gamocx.
3, 4-5), wmindanTa dass spetaki samosliT ixilavs ioane RvTismetyveli (gamocx. 7, 9-15), èlvare
samosliT~ arian Semosilni angelozebic (luka 24, 4).
guram doCanaSvili romanSi siuJetis ganviTarebis umTavres xazs domenikosa da
samoseli pirvelis urTierTmimarTebas ayrdnobs.
domenikos saxlidan wasvla, misi qoneba samoslis gayidvas, misTvis Zvirfasi Tvlebis
Camoclas efuZneba. mis saxlSi dabrunebas mamis mier samoslis dabruneba mosdevs, xolo
sulieri axalSoba, ganwmenda, `gamoxurveba~ samoslis cecxlSi dawviT gamoixateba. amis Semdeg
ki, ukve mesamed, domeniko mamisagan iRebs axal `samosels~ _ sityvas.
samoseli domenikos sulier mdgomareobas, mis Rirsebas, mamasTan myofobis uflebas
ukavSirdeba. `samoseli pirveli~ spetaki da ciuria, meore _ qvebdaclili, gayiduli,
domenikos gauxeSebas, wuTisofliT Sesvarul, covebiT damZimebul, uwmindur yofas
gulisxmobs, xolo samoslis mesamed boZeba _ macxovris kvlav mopovebas da masTan dakarguli
erTobis aRdgenas.
òrjer giboZe samoseli pirveli, domeniko, _ Tqva mamam, dinjad Camoscqeroda, _ da
mesamedac giwyalobeb _ me mogcem sityvas Sen, domeniko~.
meore samoseli, anu `tyavis~, `pativayrili~ (ramdenadac qvebis CamocliT gaubralovda)
domenikos gatlanqebuli sulis analogia. misi dawviT personaJi sulier feriscvalebasa da
ganspetakebas cdilobs, `Semosili~ SiSi da sircxvili unda Camoicilos.
gazafxulis dResaswauls didi koconis danTeba mosdevs, romelSic adamianebi Tavisi
samosis monaWrebs yrian. àse ambobdnen, TiTqos isini, amsoflelebi, didi xnis winaT cidan
Camovidnen da winaprebi iq darCnen da tansacmlis naglejs aqauri ambebi sxeulidan Sehyvebao,
ase egonaT, ase ambobdnen da sxeulis siTboSeyolili naglejis kvamlic xom maRla adioda,
caSi, da caddarCenilebs maTi ambavic viTom kvamlad auvidodaT, ase ambobdnen, sjerodaT ase
da ganaTebuli cisken mifarfatebda ambavi.~
domeniko `cecxliT ganwmendili~ wvavs samosels, caSi darCenil suls ugzavnis Tavisi
cxovrebis grZel ambavs, xalxi ki àm ucxod amaRlebul, aRzevebul seirs TvaldaxuWuli
Sescqeris~. wvavs domeniko Tavis codvebs, sulic ewvis, magram mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebia, rom
didi ganwmenda sxvanairad SeuZlebelia, Tvinier amisa ki, domeniko ver `moegeba Tavsa Tvissa~.
igi sabolood mxolod koconTan gamofxizldeba koconis iqiT mdgomare, daZabuli, Svilisgan
raRacis momlodine mamis Semxedvare...
`wamoimarTa samoseli pirveli... Suagul cecxlSi idga, ekida da nela iferfleboda. es
suraTi nawarmoebis kulminacia _ mkiTxvels jvarcmul macxovars warmoadgeninebs da Cvens
Tvalwin iwvis samoseli tkiviliT, saSineli tkiviliT iseve, rogorc macxovris kacobrivi
sxeuli kvdeboda jvarze...
iwvis samoseli, TviTon iRebs domenikos codvebs, sakuTari tanjviT aTavisuflebs
ganvlilisa Tu ukve Cadenilisgan, magram rCeba xvalindeli dRe, didi momavali. aCrdilTa
119
tyeSi garbis domeniko, eSinia, radgan axali, WeSmariti sayrdeni sWirdeba mermisisTvis. es
sayrdeni kacTaTvis uflis rwmena, misi swavlebaa. mamis Tbili xelis Sexeba amSvidebs bedSav
mgzavrs da mis damoZRvrasac ismens:
`kargad icode, domeniko, samoseli pirvelia sityva~.
amas mamis kurTxeva-darigeba mosdevs: `bevri yma Tumca ki geyoleba, Sen mainc yvelas mona
iqnebi... gawamdebi da gaixareb... ubednieresi ubeduri iqnebi... da datanjuli~ (gvaxsendeba vaJa-
fSavelas sityvebi: `mxolod maSin var bednier, roca var Sewuxebuli~_ Cemi vedreba).
domeniko irwmunebs, rom `dedamiwas siyvaruli atrialebs~. ase SeaerTebs mwerali
saxarebiseul cnobil swavlebebs: ufalia sityva da ufalia siyvaruli. beCavi mgzavric
maRldeba, radgan ìRebs~ RmerTs, rogorc siyvarulsa da pirveliTganve arsebul sityvas _
WeSmarit samosel pirvels. es sityva usasrulo, maradiuli ambavia, romelic mudam iwyeba da
arasodes mTavrdeba, igi maradiulia, rogorc TviT ufali an rogorc samoTxis mdinare...
maradiulia mamisa da Zis urTierTobis Temac. amitom mwerali igavs paralelurad xan
Zvel qarTulad imowmebs, xan _ axal qarTulad, ganmeorebadobis warmosaCenad.
mudam iyo da mudam iqneba kacis eSmasTan dapirispirebac. am wuTisofelSi mcxovrebi
yvela am mtrobas SeeCexeba. es winaaRmdegobac samyarosaviT Zvelia, amitom usaxelod tovebs
mwerali moZalade eSmas da personaJis ukidures dacemas ase gadmoscems: ìman ki domeniko
Rorebis mwyemsad waravlina~. mkiTxvelisTvis cxadia, rom ìman~ _ dacemul angelozs
moiazrebs, ubedurebaTa Tavsa da Tavs.
guram doCanaSvili ostaturad asrulebs romans. maradiulobis, ganmeorebadobis
STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze finaluri fraza: `nuTu yovelive, _ gaifiqra domenikom,
maradiuli mdinaris piras ijda, _ nuTu yovelive es?..~ (doCanaSvili 1990: 718).
mkiTxveli kidev erTxel xedavs dacemul adams, moboriales samyaroul labirinTebSi,
uZRebi kacobriobis kidev erT Svils... samyaros meufed Seqmnils _ domenikos (`sityvebidan
dominus, dominion da domen~ _ ase xsnis TviT mwerali am saxels), anu xelisufals, sakuTari
nebiTve am samyaros tyved gardaqmnils...
da Cvenc guram doCanaSvilTan erTad vkiTxulobT: `nuTu yovelive, nuTu yovelive es...?~

damowmebani:

doCanaSvili 1990: doCanaSvili g. samoseli pirveli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1990.
igavni 2004: igavni uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesni _ 2. Tb.: gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 2004.
barkli 1984: barkli u. lukas saxarebis ganmarteba. edinburgi: bsb, 1984 (rusul enaze).
leqsikoni 1998: bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni. kievi-moskovi: gamomcemloba
`kairosi~, 1998 (rusul enaze).

Lali Datashvili

Tempted Son~ and Clothing the First~

Summary

Guram Dochanashvili points out with the help of the title that Clothing the First~ is based on the fable Tempted
Son~. Domenic is tempted son who willingly abandons his fathers house. He is later trying to come back and restore the
honour of being a son - in other words tries to wear pure clothing.
Dominics awakening begins with the feeling of love towards his father. This love gives him power to draw devil out
of his soul and convince that love is basic on the earth.
According to the Bible we know three types of clothing. The first, leather clothing_ Adam before temptation. The
second - tempted Adam and the third is Adams return to paradise.
In the novel Domenic also gets clothing from his father three times. This clothing expresses a spiritual condition of
Domenic. The first clothing is Domenics childish purity. The second clothing, stripped with precious stones, sold is a sinful
Domenic. Only after burning this clothing and after confessing his own sins father gives him the third clothing, the word - a
symbol of trust and Lord.

soso sigua

vin iyo `hollrait~?

120
hollraitis xelmoweriT qarTul presaSi ramdenime essea dabeWdili:
1. `napoleoni da hindenburgi~, `jariskaci~, 1917, 27 agvisto.
2. `xalxuri simRerebisaTvis (Zuku loluas koncentebis gamo)~, `saxalxo saqme~, 1917, 1
seqtemberi.
3. `daupatiJebeli voriagebi~, `xalxis megobari~, 1918, 18 ivlisi.
vfiqrob, hollrait aris konstantine gamsaxurdias kidev erTi, aqamde ucnobi
fsevdonimi, romelsac mimarTa maSin, roca àbaSispirels~ gamoeTxova.
1. `saxalxo saqme~ da `xalxis megobari~, iyo socialist-federalisturi partiis
gazeTebi.
konstantine gamsaxurdia am partiis wevri iyo da TanamSromlobda `jariskacSic~ (mag.,
ìaraRs miaSureT~, 1918, 4 Tebervali, Sdr. i. griSaSvili, fsevdonimebis leqsikoni, Tb., 1987,
gv. 41).
Jurnal `jariskacis~ redaqcia mesame nomerSi (1917 w.) ganmartavda, rom pirvel nomerSi
dabeWdili mimarTva `qarTveli jariskacebisadmi~ ekuTvnoda ara k. abaSispirels, aramed _ k.
abaSiZes, romelic megobrobda k. gamsaxurdiasTan (daxvrites 1937 wels).
ase rom, mwerlis saxeli Tavidanve daukavSirda am gamocemas.
2. `napoleoni da hindenburgi~ dawerilia analogiebisa da paralelebis xerxiT,
romelTac axlavs mwerlis specifikuri leqsika da gamoTqmebi _ `korsikeli geniosi~, `rasa~,
`berliner tageblati~, èrosiviT trabaxa~, `germaneliviT marTali~.
am esseSi avtori asaxelebs hindenburgis 30 metrian Zegls, romelSic erTi lursmnis
CarWoba aTasobiT marka Rirebula.
es saxe meordeba `dionisos RimilSi~:
`hindenburgis uSvelebeli, dalursmuli xis Zegli raRac zRaprul baybay mdevs
magonebs~ (gamsaxurdia 1961: 844).
esse dawerilia germanuli enis mcodnis mier, germaniisadmi siyvaruliT, magram avtori
ganadidebs napoleons, romelsac k. gamsaxurdia udides movlenad miiCnevda.
avtori erTmaneTs adarebs napoleonsa da hindenburgs, romelic asrulebs frangebis
imperatoris danaqadebs, yazax rusTa urdoebi da maTi TeTri mefe unda gavanadgurovoo.
feldmarSali paul fon hindenburgi pirvel msoflio omSi iyo jer aRmosavleTis
frontis mTavarsardali, Semdeg genStabis ufrosi (mogvianebiT _ germaniis prezidenti).
es is droa, roca germania da misi mokavSireebi TiTqos amarcxebdnen antantas,
faqtiurad mTel msoflios.
erTi uzustoba: hindenburgi, romlis saxeli omamde arc avtors smenoda, 1917 wels iyo
ara 55, aramed _ 70 wlisa.
3. axla gadavxedoT esses _ `xalxuri simRerebisaTvis ~, romlis epigrafi aRebulia fr.
nicSes `zaratustradan~:
`simReriT, galobiT da cekviT adideT Tqven Tqveni RvTaeba~.
k. gamsaxurdiam ramdenime wlis Semdeg esseebi dawera filimon qoriZesa da vano
sarajiSvilzec. erT-erT maTganSi gaimeora adre damowmebuli zaratustras sityvebi:
`simReriT, cekviT da musikiT adideT Tqven Tqveni RmerTi~.
naxsenebia odiseic _ mwerlis erT-erTi gataceba, romelsac mohyveba xolme zRvis
motivi (Sdr. _ mogzaurobis dRiuri `romSi~, Jurn. `cisartyela~, 1920, 7).
4. rogorc sxva essebSi, aqac axsenebs 1871 wels, roca safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omSi
nibelungebis hangebs zarbaznebze naklebi mniSvneloba rodi hqonda.
rogorc vxedavT, avtori aris socialist-federalisti, germanofili, germanuli enis
mcodne, Zlier da gansakuTrebul pirovnebaTa madidebeli. magram aSkaraa kolxuri
warmomavlobac:
1. avtori kargad icnobs megruli garemos kolorits, kilosa da sevdas. magram
afxazurSic erkveva.
amitom urCevs momRerals, imReros àyS~ _ `saomari himni afxazebisa~ (gavixsenoT
afxazuri èrgeaSva~ `mTvaris motacebaSi~).
rogorc viciT, k. gamsaxurdias bebia dedis xaziT afxazi iyo _ jaramxan maani (Sdr. _
afxaz TaraS emxvaris bebia jaramxani).
2. `daupatiJebeli voriagebi~ dabeWdilia quTaisSi gamomaval gazeT `xalxis megobarSi~.
k. gamsaxurdia am periodSi (1918 wlis ivlisi) imyofeboda quTaissa da WiaTuraSi, sadac
cxovrobda misi meuRle rebeka vaSaZe.
3. `daupatiJebeli voriagebis~ antirusuli paTosi Seesabameba k. gamsaxurdias
nacionalistur pozicias. magram TiTqos gaugebaria `napoleonsa da hindenburgSi~ d.
mereJkovskis moxsenieba. magram, jer erTi, mereJkovskis azris uaryofa aris es esse, meore
mwerali erTi TviT adre miuTiTebda mereJkovskis statiaze _ `ruseTi da evropa~, romelic
1916 wlis oqtomberSi daubeWdavs `merkiur de franss~ (gamsaxurdia 1917).
ras niSnavs Tavad fsevdonimi `hollrait~?
121
`hollrait~ germanuli abreviaturaa _ `ll(er)~, Reit(er) da niSnavs `jojoxeTis
mxedars~, e. i. igulisxmeba apokalipsi, romlis `mwvane cxeni~ gasdevda mwerlis prozas
siWabukidan siberemde.
SeiZleba `hollrait~ gvegonos inglisuri `ll right~ (sakmarisia, yvelaferi rigzea),
romelic analogiurad warmoiTqmis, magram ar Seefereba teqstebis semantikas, germanofilur
suliskveTebas da gansxvavebuladac iwereba.
ase rom, `hollrait~ aris konstantine gamsaxurdia, iseve rogorc qaroni, heqtori da
zigfridi, k. kavkasieli da kolxosi.

damowmebani:

gamsaxurdia 1917: gamsaxurdia k. `spilenZis mxedari~ gansacdelSia. `saxalxo furceli~, 15
ivlisi, Tb.: 1917.
gamsaxurdia 1961: gamsaxurdia k. rvatomeuli. V, Tb.: 1961.

Soso Sigua

Who is `hollrait~?

Summary

Under the pseudonym of `hollrait~ (Holrayath) there were published a number of political and literary
essays in Georgian press of 1917-1918s.
Comparing various materials, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia was identified as an author of above essays.
Holrayath represents a German abbreviation of Holl(er) Reit (er) and its meaning is Raider of Hell, and implies
apocalypse, green horse of which parallels whole prose of the writer.

122
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi

maia jaliaSvili

TxrobiTi diskursis aspeqtebi

(jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobis àntonio da daviTis~ mixedviT)

jemal qarCxaZis proza mravalferovania TxrobiTi diskursis TvalsazrisiT. XX
saukunis qarTul literaturaSi gamorCeulia misi stili, rasac swored Txrobis garkveuli
manera qmnis. mis monaTxrobSi ostaturad sinTezirdeba istoriuli Tu gamogonili ambebi.
avtoris sainteresod mignebuli niRbebi mkiTxvels moTxrobili ambebis SuagulSi moaqceven
da fiqciuri TamaSebis aqtiur monawiled aqceven.
mwerali, arsebiTad, literaturul miTebs gadaaTamaSebs am moTxrobaSic, àntonio da
daviTis~ saxelwodebiT. moTxrobaSi gamoikveTeba TxrobiTi diskursis sami ZiriTadi plani.
erTs warmarTavs barTolomeo _ mTavari mTxrobeli, meores _ antonio, mesames _ daviTi.
moTxrobis samoqmedo areali zeistoriulia. avtoris CanafiqriT, aRwerili drama nebismier
dro-sivrcul arealSi, nebismier scenaze SeiZleba gadamaSdes. ufro metic, es pirobiTi dro
_ sivrcea, radgan, realurad, warmoCenilia mogzauroba sulis labirinTebSi. adamianuri
vneba-gancdani materializebulia, xorcSesxmulia, rom Txrobam mimzidveloba ar dakargos.
mwerali iyenebs klasikuri yaidis TxrobiT strategiebs, magram Taviseburi,
ganumeorebeli elferiT mosavs. maT Soris, SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. sada, magram saintereso
siuJeti; 2. ucxoelis TvaliT aRwerili saqarTvelos zne-Cveulebani; 3. zomierad CarTuli
deteqtiuri elementebi, romlebic amaRleben mkiTxvelis molodinis daZabulobis xarisxs; 4.
maradiulad aqtualuri religiuri Tematika_sulisa da xorcis Widili; 5. sxarti,
`sokrateseuli~ dialogebi, romelTac, erTi mxriv, axali Tvalsazrisis Seqmna da, meore mxriv,
ambis ganviTareba mosdevs. 6. bunebrivad, araTvalSisacemad moxmobili tropebi, upirvelesad:
metaforebi, Sedarebebi, epiTetebi; 7. laRi, gaSlili, eqspresiuli, msubuqi Txroba. 8.
inteleqtualizmis niSniT aRbeWdili msjelobani.
Txrobis tonis misacemad umniSvnelovanesia saTauris SerCeva da misi esTetika. jemal
qarCxaZis saTaurebi yovelTvis konceptualuria, ara ganwyobilebisa Tu zedapiruli
emociurobis, aramed moTxrobis konteqstis Rrma Sinagani arsis gamomxatveli. àntonio da
daviTi~ imgvar saTaurTa rigs ganekuTvnebian, romlebic samyaroul wonaaRmdegobebs
warmoaCenen. es aris sinaTlisa da sibnelis, sikeTisa da borotebis, codva-madlisa da sxva am
rigis movlenebis dapirispireba. Tumca, saTauri ormagad aris kodirebuli. erTi mxriv, zemoT
naTqvami Sinaarsia Cadebuli, meore mxriv, es aris winaaRmdegobriv ZalTa Serwyma-
sinTezirebis procesis amsaxveli, e.i. borotebis sikeTed gardaqmna xdeba garkveuli
msxverplSewirvis gziT.
moTxrobaSi antoniosa da daviTis `xmebi~ absoluturad gansxvavdeba. SeiZleba Tu ara
maTi morigeba da ra gziT? es ainteresebs mwerals da mkiTxvelsac sibnelis sinaTled
gardaqmnis Tavisebur mxatvrul versias sTavazobs. moTxrobis rTuli religiur-
filosofiuri problematika naTlad da gamWvirvaled miewodeba mkiTxvels. rogor axerxebs
amas mwerali? mas teqsti kargad mofiqrebuli struqturiT aqvs Seqmnili, sadac yovel
detals, zedapirulsa Tu siRrmiseuls, Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili. jemal qrCxaZe fiqrobda,
rom SemoqmedebiT procesSi orive sawyisi monawileobda, cnobieric da aracnobieric. misi
azriT, xelovneba didi sulieri rxevis Sua welSi iyo, iq, sadac religia da filosofia
erTmaneTSi gadadis: `sruli harmonia _ polusebis wonasworoba da dozebis Tanafardoba _
centrSia da piradad me swored es mgonia SemoqmedisTvis saukeTeso adgili~ (qarCxaZe 2000b: 1).
mwerali intuiciisa da alRos wyalobiT SesaniSnavad axerxebs am òqros Sualedis~ moZebnas da
qmnis Txrobis mwyobr sistemas. TviTon mwerali imasac ar malavda, rom masSi cnobieri
Warbobda aracnobiers, Tumca niWisa da ostatobis wyalobiT xelovnurobis kvali miTxrobas
ar atyvia.
mniSvnelovania moTxrobis dasawyisi, Tu vis an ras gvacnobs mwerali, ra mxatvrul
informacias gvawvdis imisTvis, rom Semdgomi movlenebi arsebiTad gaviazroT. mixeil
javaxiSvili werilSi: `rogor vmuSaob~ wers: `yvelaze ufro Zneli moTxrobis dawyebaa.
dasawyisi mTel moTxrobas aZlevs ritms, kolorits, stils. undilad dawyebuli ambavi
undiladve wava. Znelia SemdegSi cecxlis gaRviveba. stilisa da ritmis Secvla Znelic aris da
saxifaToc, amitom me didxans veZeb xolme dasawyiss. rusebi amboben, mozvers erTbaSad stace
xeli rqebSio. mec kargaxans vutrialeb mozvers da roca dros vixelTeb, vcdilob ucbad
davwvde rqebSi da aRar movaduno. dasasruli siZnelis mxriv dasawyiss ar Camouvardeba.
advili ar aris ukanaskneli wertilis dasma. es lursmani yvelaze ufro Rrmad unda iqnes
123
CarWobili. avtori yvela mkiTxvelze ufro ulmobeli da Jiniani mkiTxvelia da amitom is
TviTonve unda iyos dasasruliT kmayofili~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 183).
am TvalsazrisiT, àntonio da daviTis~ dasawyisica da dasasrulic ostaturadaa
Seqmnili. daswyisSive iqmneba garkveuli stili da ritmi, romelic Semdeg variaciulad
viTardeba, mowodebuli mxatvruli informaciis Sesabamisad. mTavarma mTxrobelma erTi
gulisSemZvreli ambavi daasrula da axla meoresTvis, mesamesTvis da a.S. usasrulo
TxrobisTvisaa mzad, radgan es ambebi misi cxovrebaa, TviTonaa Tanamonawile am dramatuli
movlenebisa. amgvari tipis monaTxrobisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze Sesaferisi mogzaurobis Janri
iqneboda da mwerals alRom arc amjerad uRalata. mTavari mTxrobeli mogzauria. mwerali
icavs am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel wes-kanonebs. dawvrilebiT, detalurad ixsenebs nanax-
gagonils, oRond, ra Tqma unda, saambobel masalas sagangebod arCevs. ambebis jaWvi emociurad
da azrobrivad mwyobri logikiTaa warmodgenili. drois struqturuli modeli klasikuria,
yovelive es mkiTxvelisgan aranair Zalisxmevas ar moiTxovs, rom CaerTos mwerlisagan
inspirirebul fiqris mdinarebaSi.
jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi, ra Tqma unda, aris gadaZaxili mogzaurobis Janris cnobil
literaturulsa Tu filosofiur-religiur teqstebTan, magram diskursis stili savsebiT
realisturia, Tumca, albaT, iyo cduneba da Tematikac iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom mwerals
erTgvari distancia Seeqmna mkiTxvelTan, modernistuli an postmodernistuli TxrobiTi
diskursis elementebi Semoetana (amgvari ram SeimCneva ara mxolod jemal qarCxaZis, aramed XX
saukunis meore naxevris, gansakuTrebiT, 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis qarTvel mweralTa
SemoqmedebaSi). mweralma Zveli, tradiciuli, gamocdili gza airCia, raTa gaeiolebina
mkiTxvelis identifikacia personaJebTan. rTuli, egzistenciuri sakiTxebi ki zemoT naxsenebi
`sokratiseuli~ dialoguri formiT SedarebiT iolad aRsaqmeli gaxada. niSandoblivi
aRmoCnda is, rom mwerals Turme gansakuTrebiT hyvarebia platonis kiTxva. `vinc mogzaurobis
wignsa wers, ueWvelad unda gaiTvaliswinos adamianTa nairnairi midrekileba da Wreli
gemovneba... mogzaurobis wigni ise unda daiweros, ra jurisa da yaidis kacmac ar unda
gadaSalos, raRac hpovos Sig saintereso-an sgulisxmo, an TavSesaqcevi. me swored am wesis
dacvas vcdilob... dRes antoniosa da daviTis ambavs aRvwer da vinc waikiTxavs, Tu iseve
danaRvliandeba da Cafiqrdeba, rogorc wuxel Cemi stumrebi danaRvliandnen da Cafiqrdnen,
es imis niSani iqneba, rom saqmisTvis Tavi rigianad gamirTvia~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 242). amgvari
TxrobiTi diskursi iliaseulia, an misas hgavs. `kacia-adamianSi~ rom wers: `me minda, rom
mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imitom, rom Camafiqrebelia.
Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda-ra da arc mdomebia~
(WavWavaZe 1985: 276)
umberto eko literaturuli nawarmoebis wakiTxvas adarebs garkveul TamaSSi
monawileobas, romelic mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs, rom gaiazros movlenaTa usasrulo
mravalferovneba, romelic moxda, xdeba an moxdeba realur samyaroSi. `literaturuli
teqstis kiTxvisas Cven gavurbivarT uxerxulobasa da SiSs, romelic maSin gveufleba xolme,
roca vcdilobT raRac WeSmariti vTqvaT garesamyaros Sesaxeb. swored amaSi mdgomareobs
literaturis manugeSebeli funqcia. swored amitom yvebian adamianebi istoriebs da yvebodnen
mudam, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli dRemde~, _ ase axasiaTebs narativis zemoqmedebas
umberto eko Tavis wignSi `gaseirneba literaturul tyeebSi~ (xarbedia 2008: 199)
yuradRebas iqcevs, ra Tqma unda, mTavari mTxrobelis, barTolomeos diskursi.
mWevrmetvelebis beWdiT aRbeWdili, Tanve ornamentulobas moklebuli. mWevrmetyvelebas
azrovnebis farTo diapazoni, gansjis siRrme, movlenebis miseuli originaluri aRqmisa da
analizis unari ganapirobebs. barTolomeos mravali qveyana mouvlia, mravali enac Seuswavlia.
asakSi Sesuli ki ganmartoebula da nanaxis aRsawerad momzadebula. mis saxlSi imdeni oTaxia,
ramdeni qveyanac mouvlia. `TiTo oTaxi TiTo ucxo qveyanas ganasaxierebs, iqaur wesszea
mowyobili da iqauri nivTebiTaa morTuli~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 241)
mravalqveyanaSemovlil personaJebs kargad icnobs mkiTxveli. barTolomeo hgavs da
gansxvavdeba kidevac maTgan. mas kalami ar gaurbis ucxo qveynebSi nanax-gagonilis
dawvrilebiT aRweraze, rac savsebiT mosalodneli da bunebrivi iqneboda, aramed ainteresebs
erTi ambavi, Tanac kolxeTSi, saqarTveloSi momxdari. mwerali barTolomeos swored
saqarTveloSi amogzaurebs da am gziT, ucxos TvaliT, xatavs qarTvelTa zne_Cveulebes. arc
amgvari xerxia literaturisTvis ucxo, magram jemal qarCxaZe axerxebs, aravis miebaZos da
iyos Taviseburi.
mwerali mTavar mTxrobel-mogzaurs Tavidanve moupovebs mkiTxvelis keTilganwyobas.
marTalia, is pirvel pirSi hyveba ambavs, magram sakuTari Tavis gansjisas ar aris narcisuli da
yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe warmoaCens naklsa da Rirsebas. ratom wers mogzaurobis wigns?
pirvel rigSi, mas ar unda, codna-gamocdileba sxvaTaTvis gauziarebeli darCes, saxeli da
dideba ki arad miaCnia: `wignis dawera mxolod movaleobaa, radgan adrec mwamda da axlac mwams,
Tu kacma rame codna SeiZina, igi vinmes unda dautovos, Tan Tu waiRo, codvad CaeTvleba da im
qveynad moekiTxeba~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 241)
124
mwerals kargad moexseneba, ra Zala aqvs ucxos Tvals, mSobliuris ucxoseul Sefasebas,
amitomac mTavar mTxrobelad swored ucxos irCevs, italiuri JReradobis saxeliT. Tumca mis
qveyanas ar akonkretebs, mianiSnebs evropaze. ratom? upirvelesad, albaT, imitom, rom CvenSi
kargad arian cnobili italieli mogzaurebi: qristefore kasteli, arqanjelo lamberti,
iosafat barbaro, jovani ario anjiolelo, jakobo gastaldi, avitabile pietro, romelTac
saqarTvelo marTlac aRweres TavianT wignebSi da, meorec, ucxoelis miukerZoebeli TvaliT
danaxuli qarTvelTa zneobis Rirseba-naklovanebaTa Sefaseba ufro umtkivneulod
aRsaqmeli, damafiqrebeli da sagulisxmo iqneboda.
qarTvelTa zneobis Sesaxeb araerT qarTvelsa Tu ucxoel mwerlebs, mogzaurebsa Tu
mecnierebs dauweriaT. qarCxaZiseuli Sefasebebi gagvaxsenebs im diskusias, romelic guram
asaTianis wignis `saTaveebis~ gamoqveynebas mohyva. maSin akaki baqraZe `mkvaxe SeZaxiliT~
gamoexmaura da sayuradRebo daskvnebi SemogvTavaza. jemal qarCxaZis mogzaurs jer kidev
manamde moewoneba da Seuyvardeba saqarTvelo, sanam iq wava. misi azriT, qarTul saxelebs
`tkbili da sevdiani surneli asdiT~. saqarTveloSi wamosvlamde barTolomeom im oriode
qarTvelis gacnoba gadawyvita, mis qveyanaSi rom gadaxvewiliyvnen. mwerlisTvis es `gacnoba~
saSualebaa, TanamoZmeTa Rirseba-nakli dagvanaxvos. qarTvelebs maRali Tanamdebobebi
uWiravT, magram sakuTari warmomavlobis gamxelas ufrTxian, eSiniaT Tanamdeboba ar
dakargon. am TvalsazrisiT, ufro gulRia aRmoCnda mekubove, romelmac enac ki Seaswavla
barTolomeos. sagulisxmoa, rom es kaci sul saqarTveloSi dabrunebaze laparakobs da
ocnebobs, samSoblos gaxsenebaze cremlebsac aRvarRvarebs, magram dabrunebas mainc ver
àxerxebs~. saqarTveloSi Camosuli barTolomeo yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTvelTa
Tvaltanadobaze, qalebis silamazeze, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis angelozur mSvenier saxeebze.
SeuniSnavi ar darCeba qarTvelTa xelmokleoba. TvalSi moxvdeba is, rom aq ucxoelebs raRac
gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT uyureben. erTi ucxoelis azrs met fass sdeben, vidre asi
Tavisianisas, Tundac asive brZeni da saqmeSi kargad Caxeduli iyos. rac yvelaze saocrad
miaCnia, is aris, rom qarTvelni amgvarad swored iseT sakiTxebSi iqcevian, rac maT aSkarad
ukeT ician. barTolomeom isic SeamCnia, rom aq gansacvifreblad mRerian da ise arian
gawafuli meleqseobaSi, mgoni TviT homerossac tols ar daudebeno. qarTveli mTavari
barTolomeos TanamemamuleTa gautanlobaze gulaxdilad uyveba: `SiSianobam siZulvili
moitana Tan, gautanlebi da daundoblebi gavxdiT, Zma ar viciT da naTesavi, yoveli kaci imas
fiqrobs, oRond me gadavrCe da Tund qva qvaze nu darCenilao... erTmaneTsa vWamT~ (qarCxaZe
1987a: 272). sagulisxmoa misi es dakvirvebac: àm xalxSi raRac gaugebar Zalas erT muStSi
uWiravs iseTi sapirispiro Tvisebebi, rogoricaa Ralati da Tavdadeba, siZulvili da
siyvaruli, laCroba da simamace, boroteba da sikeTe~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 247).
mwerali, ra Tqma unda, Tanamedroveobas exmianeba. sxvadasxva dialogSi is daufaravad
saubrobda saqarTvelos krizisul `zneobriv ekologiaze~: `Cveni ganTqmuli patriotizmi
farsad iqca, Cveni cnobili Tavmomwoneoba-TvalTmaqcobad, Cveni momxiblavi
artistizmi_takimasxrobad, Cveni Rirseuli siamaye baqiaobad. Cven kvlav mivadeqiT
provincializmis Waobs, saidanac mecxramete saukunis titanuri mecadineobis wyalobiT
amovediT. Cvenma crumxatvrulobam, crupaTetikam, cruerovnulobam, crupublicistikam,
crumoralma Cvenve wagvleka~ (qarCxaZe 1987b: 3). es citata Tavisi tonalobiTa da ritorikiT
Zalian hgavs barTolomeos diskurss, ase rom es personaJi mwerlis alter egoa.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa moTxrobis erTi detali. sofelSi, romelTa mcxovrebni
avazak daviTs SiSiT monurad emorCilebian, ar mRerian, arada, qarTvelebs simRera uyvarT
Wirsa da lxinSi, maS ra xdeba? risTvis dasWirda TxrobaSi amgvari detalis Semotana avtors.
ai, aq gamoCnda misi originaluroba. misi azriT, `danaSaulis grZnoba lodiviT awvaT da
sindisi qenjnidaT. es xalxi yvelgan da yovelTvis mReris, damarcxebulic mReris, mSier-
mwyurvalic mReris, SiSvel-titvelic mReris, obol-oxeric mReris, sikvdilmisjilic ki
mReris. mxolod is ver mReris, visac sindisi sufTa ara aqvs~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 293) magram
rodesac tyuili xma gavrcelda daviTis sikvdilisa da sofelma Sveba igrZno, simRerac maSinve
gaisma.
moTxrobaSi, aRwerili movlenebis Sesabamisad, gabneulia barTolomeos dakvirvebani.
igi ara mxolod qveynis zne-CveulebebiT interesdeba, aramed upirvelesad adamianis sulis
bneli xveulebiT: àdamianis arsebobis Rrma fenebSi, rogorc faruli wyaroebi miwis gulSi,
isea Cabudebuli imedis amouwuravi maragi, romelic imiTac hgavs miwisqveSa wyaroebs, rom
aravin icis, rodis sad gaiCens sadinars da rodis sad amoxeTqavs gvalvisagan gadaxrukul
udabnoSi~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 318). miuxedavad imisa, rom barTolemeos da, upiratesad, antonios
gansjani inteleqtualizmiT aris aRbeWdili, es aranairad ar anelebs Txrobis saocrad
dinamiur ritms, imitom, rom mwerlis ena nebismier Temaze saubrisas cxadi da gamWvirvalea. is
Tavis personaJebs mkiTxvelis winaSe ar akeklucebs codniTa Tu gamocdilebiT, piriqiT,
cdilobs, sisadave da sinaTle ar moaklos nebismier epizods. amitomac SeiZleba visaubroT
jemal qarCxazis prozis gansakuTrbul ritmze, romelic am moTxrobaSic STambeWdavia da mas
yoveli mxatvruli komponentis auxsneli erToblioba qmnis.
125
dasawyisSive mwerali miaTiTebs Tavis mierve Seqmnil literaturul miTze. es aris
mistifikacia wignisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTisa. es imitom, rom mxolod moTxrobis dro-
sivrceSi arsebobs da upirvelesad damajereblobis xarisxis gazrdis funqcia akisria.
dokumentalobis iluzia mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelis gulisyuris dasapyrobad. es aris viTom
nawyveti mTavari mTxrobelis mier dawerili wignidan, romelsac hqvia: ìstoriebi da
zneCveulebani, anu aRwera qveynebisa, romlebic RvTis SewevniT mSvidobianad moiara
mogzaurma da vaWarma barTolomeo d anitim, moTxrobili xsenebuli danitis mier
dawvrilebiT da Seulamazeblad~.
es SeiZleba, simbolurad mianiSnebdes jemal qarCxaZis mTel Semoqmedebaze, romlis
gacnobis da mTlianad wakiTxva-Secnobis wadili mkiTxvels swored am nawyvetis wakiTxvam unda
gauCinos. es aris erTi ambavi im uamrav sxva ambavTagan, romlebic mis SemoqmedebaSia gabneuli.
sxvagan sxva personaJebi da sxva dro-sivrculi garemo iqneba, magram mTxrobeli iqneba igive,
oRond sxva saxeliT. mTavaria, rom asaxvis manera igive iqneba, iqac nanax-gagonils Sexvdeba
mkiTxveli da mwerals mindobili aRaraferSi daeWvdeba. es daueWvebloba aucilebelia
imisTvis, rom mkiTxvelma gulSi daimarxos da daicvas xSirad sakamaTod an abuCad agdebuli
zneobrivi Rirebulebebi: àmqveynad codvils ise ar devnian, rogorc ucodvels~ (qarCxaZe
1987a: 367)
jemal qarCxaZe rogorc mTxrobeli, Cans TviTonve tkbeba monayoliT, e. i. moswons, rom
hyveba, rogorc markesi werda, icxovro, raTa mohyve. es misTvisac mniSvnelovania, magram, amave
dros, mudmivad axsovs, rom mwerloba adamians unda Seewios. am TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli
literatura adamianuri sulis gadamrCenis, misi mxsnelis rolSi gamodis. aq TiTqos,
marTlac, ikveTeba literaturisa da religiis gzebi, magram mwerals arasodes Ralatobs
alRo, zomierebis grZnoba, àxsovs~ Tavisi vinaoba da ar irgebs mqadageblis rols. folkneri
werda: `mwerlobis daniSnulebaa, Seewios adamians, guli gaumagros, kvlavac moagonebdes
simamaces, patiosnebas, imeds, siamayes, TanagrZnobas, lmobierebas, Tavganwirvas... mwrlis xma
usargeblod ar unda ixarjebodes, sayrdenad, burjad unda edges adamians, SeeSvelos da
gaaZlebinos~ (folkneri 1999: 17)
jemal qarCxaZis xma am moTxrobaSi, marTlac, fuWad ar ixarjeba da mwerali moTxrobili
ambebiT adamians moagonebs yovelive imas, risTvisac Tavganwirva Rirs, Caagonebs simamaces:
`sicocxle imad ar Rirs, misi gulisTvis kaci SiSs monad gauxde~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 337)
moTxrobaSi xSirad Cndeboda saSiSroeba didaqtikuri tonis momZlavrebisa, romelsac
SeeZlo sisadave da simsubuqe, mxatvruloba daeCrdila, magram mwerali iolad gadalaxavda am
barierebs, Tanac ise, rom msxverplad ar mihqonda sworedac rom mqadagebluri intonaciebiT
savse monologebi. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis antonioze, romelmac ara gonebis, aramed gulis
ZaliT da uCinaris (RmerTi igulisxmeba, ra Tqma unda) avazaki daviTis `moqceva~ gadawyvita.
magaliTad: `ggonia, rom Tu Sens sacodav SiSs zemodan sxvaTa sicocxle daayare, sxvaTa
tanjvaSi, sxvaTa cremlebSi, sxvaTa SeuracxyofaSi, sxvaTa ubedurebaSi gaaxvie, raki veRar
dainaxav, Tavsac moityueb, viTom aRarc arsebobs. magram Seni mcdeloba mxolod Sens
ususurobas adasturebs. Sen xom araferi iseTi ar Cagidenia, rasac SegiZlia simamace uwodo!
Sen xom mxolod imas Cagravdi, imas Zarcvavdi da imas klavdi, visi daCagvrac, visi gaZarcvac da
visi mokvlac advili iyo!... Senze ufro Zliers rom gadaeyaro, xom maSinve samalavs dauwyeb
Zebnas! Seni SiSi cocxalia!~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 336). `me Cemi bunebiT moralisti var da amas
araferi eSvelebao~, _ ambobs mwerali erT dialogSi da imasac dasZens, ro xelovnebas
aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba ara aqvs, ase rom yofiliyo, kacobriobas marto servantesic
eyofodao. igi aRiarebs xelovnebis humanisturobas. roca mkiTxveli karg nawarmoebs
kiTxulobs, mas kaTarzisis SegrZneba uCndeba da mis sulSi samudamod aRibeWdeba zneobrivi
Rirebulebebi.
moTxrobaSi amgvari `humanisturi misiis~ aRmsrulebeli antonioa. igi Tavidanve
ganmartobuli, Caketili, idumali pirovnebis STabeWdilebas axdens. mTxrobeli mis
labirinTul bunebaSi TandaTan gzas migvikvalavs da nel-nela xsnis misi dumilisa da
uRimilobis farul motivebs. saintereso adgilia SerCeuli barTolomeosa da antonios
Sesaxvedrad da gasacnobad. es aris gemi, (erTgvari Caketili sivrce), romelic gaSlil (Ria
sivrceSi) zRvaSi micuravs. es foni kargad warmoaCens personaJTa gulis Widils,
gansakuTrebiT antoniosas, romelic swored xomaldiviT ebrZvis cxovrebis talRebs da
cdilobs individualurobis SenarCunebas. swored aqedan ibadeba misi protesti saeklesio
dogmebis mimarT. mas swams saxarebiseuli codnisa, magram eWvi epareba zogierTi ritualis
RirebulebaSi, am TvalsazrisiT, is meamboxe luTers waagavs, papis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuls.
antonios eSmakeulad miiCneven da inkvizicias gadascemen. jemal qarCxaZes miaCnda, rom
`swored pirovnuli Tavisuflebaa mTeli, xolo erovnuli Tavisufleba-nawili da amis
argumentad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom Tavisufali adamiani RvTis nebaa. pirovnuli Tavisuflebaa
is sxivi, romliTac adamiani RmerTs SeigrZnobs~ (qarCxaZe 1987b: 4). moTxrobaSi gmiris
cxovrebis yoveli epizodi imgvaradaa SerCeuli, rom maqsimaluri dramatizmiT warmoCndes
sulisa da xorcis Widili. antonio axlobelTa daxmarebiT gadaurCeba dasjas, magram sindisi
stanjavs, radgan misi sami megobari CamoaxrCes. amitomac, rodesac kvlav dadgeba imgvarive
126
safrTxis winaSe da axla mis mier `moqceuli~ daviTi daupirebs gadarCenas, misjil sawamlavs
dalevs da amgvarad gamoisyidis adre Cadenil Secdomas.
mwerali antoniosa da daviTis saxiT erTmaneTs or did Zalas Seaxvedrebs, oRond erTi
sikeTea, meore boroteba. kvlavac gadaTamaSdeba paradigmad qceuli `borotsa sZlia
keTilman~, oRond odnav gansxvavebulad. boroti ar kvdeba, is sikeTed iqceva da sinaTlis
samsaxurSi dgeba. es metyvelebs mwerlis humanizmze, rom mas sjeroda dacemuli adamianis
aRdgenisa da swored am rwmenas gamoxatavda am moTxrobiTac.
am moTxrobis TxrobiTi diskursis Taviseburebaa aforistuli gamonaTqvamebi.
sentenciebiT gajerebulia, sazogadod, qarCxaZis proza, es misi TxrobiTi diskursis erTi
aspeqtia. es metyvelebs mwerlis sxart gonebaze, romelsac SeeZlo gacveTilsa da Sablonur
azrebs miRma raRac originalurisTvis miegno da aseve mosxletilad, aforistuli formiT
SeeTavazebina mkiTxvelisTvis.
sentenciebiT gajerebulia, sazogadod, qarCxaZis proza, es misi TxrobiTi diskursis
erTi aspeqtia. es metyvelebs mwerlis sxart gonebaze, romelsac SeeZlo gacveTilsa da
Sablonur azrebs miRma raRac originalurisTvis miegno da aseve mosxletilad, aforistuli
formiT SeeTavazebina mkiTxvelisTvis. mag. `kaci kacs mxolod imitom sWris yels, rom eSinia~,
`borotebas boroti kacic iseve Tvlis usamarTlobad, rogorc keTili~, `laCari da boroti
erTi da igivea~, `Tandayolili SiSi sikvdilis SiSia da vinc SiSs batonad gaixdis, mas yvelaze
mosafrTxilebeli amqveynad Tavisi sicocxle hgonia~, `siZulvili ufro advilia, vidre
siyvaruli~. `politika uangarobasa da wminda kacTmoyvareobas ar cnobs~, `saxelmwifosTvis
mTavaria sakuTari sargebloba~, `sanam borotebas siZulvili ar ganelebia, manam sikeTe
cocxalia~, `qveyana maSin iRupeba, roca iq tanjvis unari aRaravis SerCeba~, `simarTlec iseve
moiTxovs sisxls, rogorc usamarTloba~, àvisa da kargis garCeva advilia, arCevaa Zneli~,
ìmis mixedviT, gulSi ra gvidevs, ufali sjis, marTlmsajuleba ki imis mixedviT sjis, Tu ras
CavdivarT~.
moTxrobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
`sokrateseuli~ stilis dialogebi. rodesac, dialogSi monawile erTi mxare, antonio
cdilobs meore mxaris-daviTis ganviTarebas da amas axerxebs msubuqi sityva_pasuxiT.
`moswavle~ nabij-nabij ikvalavs swor gzas, moZRvari mas WeSmaritebis mignebaSi exmareba
gonebamaxviluri kiTxvebiT. es dialogi imdenad eqspresiuli da STambeWdavia. masSi
SesaniSnavad ixateba antonios Wkua-gonebis siRrme, imavdroulad, TandaTan, misda uneburad,
ibzareba da imsxvreva daviTis Tvadajerebuloba, romelsac Tan mihyveba, qedmaRloba,
ampartavnoba da am juris sxva vnebani, misi sulis safrTxed rom qceulan. daviTi dacinviT
ekiTxeba antonios, miTxari, suli ra adgilas maqvso. antonio kiTxviT upasuxebs, saxeli xom
gaqvs, miTxari ra adgilas, iqneb maCvenoo? vici, risi Tqmac gindao, daviTma. maSin isic
gecodineba, codna ra adgilas gaqvso. siTamames giqebo, daviTma. magram is aRar ici, siTamame
ra adgilas maqvso. aseTi gonebamaxvilobiT dajabna antoniom daviTis qedmaRluri ugunureba
da urwmunoeba, Tumca, es mxolod saubriT. antoniosa da daviTis meored Sexvedrisas am Temaze
dialogi isev gagrZelda, amjerad daviTis iniciativiT:
`_ codna ra adgilas maqvs?
_ gonebaSi, _ wynarad miugo antoniom.
_ goneba?
_ sulSi.
_ suli?
_ RmerTSi.
_ RmerTi sadRaa?
_ RmerTia yvelaferi, rac aris da rac ar aris~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 340)
antoniom Tavisi simamaciT daviTis ndoba moipova da Semdeg ki SeZlo am avazakis sulieri
gardaqmna da Sin dabrunebul ùZReb Svilad aqcia~. adamianis sikeTisken moqcevis rwmeniTaa es
moTxroba gaJRenTili.
mwerali kontrastebs xSirad iyenebs, gansakuTrebiT personaJTa xorcieli da sulieri
portretebis xatvisas. is ar gamoedevneba tradiciul saxe-niSnebs, romelTac garkveuli
mniSvnelobebi aqvT da xels uwyoben erT romelime interpretacias. magaliTad, daviTi
momnusxvelad lamazia, gamorCeulad jiSiannakvTiani (silamaziT `vefxistyaosnis~
personaJebs hgavs), TeTr cxenze zis, erTi SexedviT wminda giorgis gvaxsenebs, sinamdvileSi
misi antipodia. wminda giorgis saxe bunebrivad Cndeba, radgan religiuri Tematika
moTxrobaSi mZlavri da warmmarTvelia. Tumca, sadRac mainc ukrTis mkiTxvels imedi, rom
raRac wminda giorgiseuli mainc bJutavs am avazakSi. mwerali, barTolomeos niRabs
amofarebuli, sagangebod qmnis, ra Tqma unda, am molodins da amgvarad ambavs met
eqspresiulobas aniWebs.
TxrobiTi diskursis nairgvarobas, ra Tqma unda, Tematika Tavis daRs asvams. amjeradac,
Sesaferis-Sesabamisia mTxrobelis toni da personaJTa saubris faruli Tu zedapiruli
modulaciebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CarTuli ambebi, romelic droSi CaRmavebis gziTaa
warmoCenili.
127
mwerali safiqrelad irCevs Temas: ra gancdas warmoSobs patieba, oRond ar mpatiebelSi,
aramed masSi, visac apaties. es SedarebiT naklebad damuSavebuli Temaa da amitomac
sagulisxmoa mwerliseuli gansjani. saerTod, qarCxaZis fiqri mudmivad siRrmisken
miemarTeba da yovelTvis filosofiurad ganzogaddeba. asea am moTxrobaSic.
TxrobiTi diskursis Taviseburebas qmnian peizaJebi, romlebic sagangebod ar aris
aqcentirebuli, magram zusti da xatovani StrixebiT moxatulni iqceven mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas. mag. `mze jer ufskrulidan ar amosuliyo, magram Tvali ukve gaxelili hqonda. ca
Zalian mowiTalo iyo da miwa cota mowiTalo~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 330) aq sisadave da xatovaneba
zomierad aris Serwymuli, arc erTi ar gadaswonis da iqmneba zedmiwevniT cocxali gancda
gaTenebisa, sufTa haeriT iJRinTeba yovelive. bunebis am `sisufTaves~ ki mohyveba antoniosa
da daviTis Sexvedra da saubari, romelic iwvevs daviTis ganwmendas, mis kaTarziss. aseve,
sainteresoa Sedarebebi, romlebic gamoirCevian sisadaviTa da bunebriobiT. magaliTad,
eklesiaSi moulodnelad gamoCenil daviTze ambobs: `qamandis bolo Suagul eklesiaSi
marjvena xeliT eWira mxedars, romelic sparsul miniaturaze gamosaxul naxats hgavda~.
yuradRebas iqcevs erTi vrceli Sedareba, rodesac daviTis saxeze aRbeWdil grZnobaTa
cvalebadobaze wers, Sesadareblad moixmobs xaliCas, romelzedac mayureblis mzeris
Sesabamisad gamoikveTeba es Tu is feri.
sainteresa erTi amgvari vizualur efeqtze gaTvlili detali. mwerals unda
warmoaCinos SeSinebuli mRvdeli. amas amgvarad axerxebs: `xeli, romelSic zeaRmarTuli jvari
eWira, ise ucaxcaxebda, rom ramdenime xeli da ramdenime jvari moCanda~ (qarCxaZe 1987a: 302).
TxrobiTi diskursis saintereso saxea moTxrobaSi CarTuli erTi ambis ori
personaJiseuli monaTxrobis versia. ramdenime adamianis mier sxvadasxvagvarad moyolili
erTi ambis warmatebuli nimuSia akutagava riunoskes ùsier tyeSi~. magram amjerad ori
personaJi erTsa da imave ambavs hyveba dinamikaSi. e.i. Tan ambavi viTardeba. Cven ar vismenT
erTi ambis or gansxvavebul versias, aramed gansxvavebuli emociebiT, grZnobiTa da gansjiT
aRqmul erT ambavs gvTavazoben. mwerali am monakveTSi daviTsa da antonios moaTxrobinebs
maTive Sexvedris ambavs. amgvari, calke gamoyofili miniSnebebiT: `daviTma Tqva~, àntoniom
Tqva~ da amas imeorebs. am gameorebul `Tqmas~ raRac didi Zala dahyveba Tan. orives naTqvami
TiTqos maTive sisxliT aris dabeWdili da ueWvelia.
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rogor Semohyavs calkeuli personaJi, maTi sxeulisa Tu sulis
romel niauansebs gamokveTs. sagulisxmoa, rom moTxrobis yvela personaJi, mTavarica da
meorexarisxovanic, saxierad gamoikveTeba.
ase rom, am moTxrobaSi SesaniSnavad warmoCnda jemal qarCxaZis, rogorc mTxrobelis
ostatoba. igi tradiciul, klasikur xerxebs individualizmis niSniT aRbeWdavs da qmnis
Txrobis feradovan palitras. zustad moZebnili Txrobis ritmis wyalobiT ki mkiTxvels
atyvevebs da waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs.

damowmebani:

folkneri 1999: folkneri. gulis Widili sakuTar TavTan (saubrebi). Tb.: gamomcemloba
`lomisi~, 1999.
qarCxaZe 1987a: qarCxaZe j. antonio da daviTi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,1987.
qarCxaZe 2000b: qarCxaZe j. zneobis ekologia (fragmentebi dialogebidan). J. àrili~, 16,
Tb.: 2000.
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t.4. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1985.
xarbedia 2008: xarbedia m. naratologia. literaturis Teoria. Tb.: literaturis
institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.
javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili m. werilebi. t. VI. Tb.: gamomcemloba `saWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1980.

Maia Jaliashvili
Aspects of Narration
(according to the story by Jemal Karchkhadze Antonio and David)

Summary

The Prose of Jemal Karchkhadze is diverse from narrative point of view. His style of narration makes particularly
different manners and is very distinguished in the XX century Georgian literature. In his stories one can notice a skillful
synthesis of historical and invented facts. The reader is immediately influenced by the facts and becomes an active member
of Fiction plays.
In the story the author replays literary myths by the name. He emphasizes three plans of narration. One is done by a
main narrator - Bartlomeo, the second-by Antonio and the third by David.
128
The area of narration is super historical. Drama described by the author can be performed in any area and time and
at any stage. This relating time is a space, as in reality traveling is shown as the maze of soul. Personal passion, feelings are
materialized, in order to make narration much more attractive.
Writer uses classical strategies of narration and gives it extraordinary colors. Among them are: 1. simple, plain but
very interesting plot. 2. Georgian habits and customs described from the view point of a foreigner. 3. Detective elements that
increase the level of expectation of readers. 4. Eternal and actual religious themes of struggling soul and corporal feelings.
5. Laconic Socrates~ like dialogues which are followed by new ideas and development of events. 6. Naturally given tropes
such as: metaphor, comparable elements, epithet. 7. Expressive, light narration. 8. Discussion full of intellectuality.

129
miTosi. rituali. simbolo

nestan ratiani

astronomia, astrologia Tu miTologia

`vefxistyaosanSi~ aris erTi strofi, romelic mecnierTa mier astrologiiT aris
axsnili. vgulisxmob im pasaJs, rodesac tarieli nestans gaaTavisuflebs qajeTidan da maTi
sanatreli Sexvedra rusTvels Sedarebuli aqvs muSTarisa da zualis SeyrasTan:

èxveodes erTmanerTsa, akoces da cremlni Rvarnes;
amas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes~.
(rusTveli 2003: 1429)

Tuki am ori mnaTobis saxelebs CavanacvlebT romaul an berZnul saxelebs, gamova, rom
nestanisa da tarielis Sexvedra zevsis/iupiterisa da kronosis/saturnis Sexvedris msgavsi
iyo. minda, aqve aRvniSno, rom maT, vinc kargad icnobs antikur miTologias, es strofi srul
gaugebrobaSi Caagdebs. zevsi aris kronosis meeqvse vaJiSvili da man daamxo mamis Zalaufleba,
ris Semdegac Tavad gabatonda. zevsma mravalwliani omis Sedegad damarcxebuli mamamisi
samudamod gamoamwyvdia ukuneT sibneleSi. Sesabamisad, miTologiidan gamomdinare, iseTi Jami,
rodesac zevsi da kronosi Seiyrebian araTu ar damdgara, aramed romc dadges, es ar iqneba
saukeTeso xana da aranairad ar SeiZleba misi sixarulTan da bednierebasTan dakavSireba.
erTaderTi, rac maTma xelmeore Sexvedram SeiZleba moitanos, esaa udidesi ubedureba. amas
gveubneba miTologia. nuTu rusTvelma, romelmac araCveulebrivad icis antikuri
filosofiac da literaturac, SeiZleba aseTi seriozuli, me vityodi, miutevebelic ki,
Secdoma dauSvas? ra Tqma unda, warmoudgenelia. maS, davsvaT ase sakiTxi: saerTod icnobs ki
rusTveli miTologias? saidan SeiZleba imis kategoriuli mtkiceba, rom rusTveli araTu
flobs miTologiur codnas, aramed miutevebel Secdomebsac ar uSvebs? amisaTvis ganvixiloT
is ramdenime strofi, sadac yvelaze metad sWirdeba avtors miTologiis codna. esaa
avTandilis locva mnaTobTa mimarT. am strofebs araerTi mkvlevari ganixilavs. v. nozaZe
Tavis fundamentur naSromSi maT astrologiur axsnas uZebnis. Cemi azriT, es garkveulwilad
simarTles Seesabameba. magram mxolod garkveulwilad, radgan avTandilis locvaSi
astrologiis garda miTologiis kvalic ikiTxeba. Sevecdebi, Tanmimdevrulad ganvixilo is
strofebi, sadac am kvalis danaxva SeiZleba.

mze _ heliosi

àha, mzeo, geajebi Sen, umZlesTa mZleTa mZlesa,
vin mdabalTa gaamaRleb, mefobasa miscem svesa,
me nu gamyri sayvarelsa, nu Semicvli Ramed dResa!~
(rusTveli 2003: 966)

mzes berZnul enaze heliosi hqvia, aseve iwodeba misi RvTaebac. ucnauria, rom iseve,
rogorc Zvel aRTqmaSi (Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, ufali mzes, rogorc dRis ganmgebel did
mnaTobs meoTxe dRes qmnis; xolo naTelsa da bnels, Sesabamisad, dResa da Rames, ufali
pirvelive dRes qmnis), berZnul miTologiaSic erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia da etapobrivad
xdeba wyvdiadis, Ramis, dRis, sinaTlis warmoSoba. hesiodes mixedviT, mze da sxva mnaTobebi
mxolod mogvianebiT Cndebian. gansxvavebiT bnelisa da naTlisagan, romelTa gaCenac qaosidan
xdeba, ciur mnaTobebs hyavT ded-mama.

qaosi
\/
/ \
uranosi (zeca) gea (dedamiwa)

\/ tartarosi (bneli ufskruli)
(titanebi, kiklopebi, hekatonxeirebi) erosi (siyvaruli)

erebosi (wyvdiadi) niqsi (Rame)
| |
efirosi (naTeli) hemera (dRe)

titani hiperioni Teia
130
\/
heliosi (mze), selene (mTvare), eosi (ganTiadi)

mas Semdeg, rac qaosidan, e. i. uwesrigobidan, naTeli da bneli Cndeba, zeca/uranosi da
dedamiwa/gea SeuRldebian da Soben Svilebs, romelTa Soris arian Zlevamosili titanebi.
titanebic, Tavis mxriv, mravldebian da Soben mdinareebs, mnaTobebs. swored titan
hiperionisa da Teias vaJiSvili iyo heliosi. okeanis aRmosavleT napiridan adis zecaze
oTxraSSebmuli etliT yovlismcodne heliosi. gasxivosnebul RmerTs moelvare tanisamosi
acvia, misi gvirgvinic brwyinavs da anaTebs. gadaivlis cis TaRs da okeanis dasavleT napirs
miadgeba mze, dRe miiwureba da Rames dauTmobs adgils. helioss selene Secvlis
varskvlavebTan erTad.
moseirne helioss veravin gamoaparebs rames, verc mokvdavi adamianebi da verc ukvdavi
yovlisSemZle RmerTebi. ai, erT aseT ambavs gviambobs didi berZeni mwerali homerosi Tavis
poemaSi òdisea~: camrgvalze gadavlisas heliosma mWedeli RmerTis _ koWli hefestos
saxlSi Seixeda. hefesto Sin ar iyo, xolo misi ulamazesi da yvelasTvis sasurveli coli
afrodite omis RmerT aresTan dros atarebda. alersSi garTulebma verc ki SeniSnes, rogor
Secba heliosi. misi wyalobiT, imave dRes yvelaferi gaigo hefestom, jer ganrisxda, magram
maleve moToka vnebebi da erTi xriki moigona. Tavis samWedloSi uxilavi Zafebisgan bawrebi
gaakeTa, bade moqsova, Sin miitana, Weridan CamouSva ablabudas msgavsad da moRalate colis
sarecelsac gars Semoavlo. meore dRes ki, viTom udardelad da auRelveblad, saxli
saswrafod datova. omis RmerTi aresi isev estumra umSvenieres qalRmerT afrodites. maSin,
rodesac satrfoni sarecelze miwvnen, Weridan bade CamoeSva da sayvarlebi SeboWa.
Sercxvenil afroditesa da aress Tavs waadga mWedeli RmerTi, Tan sxva RvTaebanic moeyvana
(homerosi 1979: 8. 266 366). ase aswavla Wkua koWlma, magram gonierma hefestom axovan da Zlier
aress, xolo danarCenebma is iswavles, rom helioss veravin verafers gamoaparebs, heliosi is
RmerTia, romelsac Seyvarebulebis daSorebac ki SeuZlia, sayvarlebis gayra da maTTvis dRis
Ramed gadaqceva Zalian iolad aRsasrulebeli saqmea. ase rom, Cemi azriT, am strofSi
SesaniSnavad aris areklili rusTvelis mier miTologiis (romelic calke saxiT ar arsebobda
da asaxulia Zvel berZnul literaturaSi) safuZvliani codna.

zuali _ saturni kronosi

`mo, zualo, momimate cremli cremlsa, Wiri Wirsa,
guli Savad SemiRebe, sibnelesa mimec xSirsa,
Semomyare kaeSani, tvirTi mZime, viTa virsa,
mas uTxar, Tu: nu gaswirav, Senia da SenTvis tirsa~.

romSi kronoss saturns eZaxdnen. RmerTTa berZnuli panTeonis sastiki meufe kronosi
RmerTebis meore Taobas ekuTvnoda. misi mSoblebi gea da uranosi iyvnen, xolo Zmebi _
calTvala bumberazi kiklopebi da saSineli Sesaxedaobis asxela hekatonxeirebi. uranoss
ezizReboda sakuTari maxinji Svilebi, asxela goliaTebi da amis gamo dedamiwis siRrmeebSi
gamoamwyvdia. itanjeboda gea, kvnesoda da gminavda, ra veRar gauZlo tkivils, daxmarebisTvis
Svilebs mimarTa. mxolod kronosma gabeda, aiRo celi, mamas aso moakveTa; kastrirebis Sedegad
gayo zeca miwisgan da Tavad gabatonda.

uranosi (zeca) gea (dedamiwa)

\/

titanebi, calTvala kiklopebi, asxela hekatonxeirebi

Ramis RvTaeba niqsma kronosis dasasjelad Soba Tanatosi (sikvdili), erisi
(ganxeTqileba), apate (tyuili), kera (ganadgureba), hipnosi (Zili), nemesisi (SurisZieba) da sxva
mravali sastiki RmerTi, romelTac ubedureba, Wiri da varami, Savbneli xvedri moutanes
samyaros, kronosi rom marTavda.
kronosma colad rea moiyvana da Svilebic SeeZina. bunebrivia, rom memkvidreebisgan
imaves eloda, rac Tavad damarTa mamas, amitomac, gaCndeboda Tu ara erTi, cols ar endoboda
da TviTonve ylapavda bavSvebs. ase gadaylapa xuTi Svili. meeqvse Svili zevsi iyo. dedas Cvili
Seebrala da pataras nacvlad kronoss CvrebSi gaxveuli mogrZo qva gadaaylapa.

titani kronosi rea

\/

hestia, demetre, hera, hadesi, poseidoni, zevsi
131

motyuebuli kronosis Zalaufleba ki mravali wlis Semdeg daamxo davaJkacebulma
zevsma. man gaaTavisufla gadaylapuli da-Zma da samyaro maTTan erTad dainawila. mesame,
zevsis Taobis RmerTebi, igive olimpoelebi, rameTu maT samyofeli olimposis mTaze daides,
Zalian didxans, usasrulod didxans marTavdnen yvelafers. xolo meore Tobis RmerTebi
SeboWes da tartarosis ukuneT sibneleSi gamoamwyvdies. ai, aseTi Savi bedi ergo kronoss,
miwisqveSeTis Sav da usinaTlo garemoSi gamoketilisTvis yvelaferi samudamod dasrulda.
swored am Savxvedriani kronosis, igive saturnis saxeli, daarqves romaelebma planeta zuals.
Cemi azriT, am strofSi Cans miTologiis kargi codna, radgan realurad planeta zuali
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro kaSkaSa mnaTobia da rom ara miTologia, maSin sruliad gaugebari
iqneba, Tu ratom uwodebs rusTveli zuals sibnelis momcems, ratom ukavSirebs mas Sav fers da
ratom axsenebs masTan mimarTebaSi cremls, umZimes tvirT kaeSansa da Wirs. am strofis
miTologiuri axsnis Semdeg savsebiT gasagebia, rom zuals igive kronoss, romelic zevsis mier
misi Zalauflebis damxobis Semdeg gamoketilia ukuneT sibneleSi, veRaraferi gaaxarebs,
Sesabamisad masTan asocirdeba araTu cremli da umZimesi kaeSani, aramed Wirs damatebuli
Wiric.

muSTari _ iupiteri _ zevsi

`he, muSTaro, geajebi Sen, marTalsa brWesa RmrTulsa,
mo da uyav samarTali, gaebrWobis guli gulsa;
nu amrudeb umarTlessa, nu waiwymed amiT sulsa!
marTali var, gamikiTxe! rad mawyluleb misTvis wylulsa?~

olimposis mTazea berZnuli panTeonis mesame Taobis RvTaebis zevsis samyofeli. zevss
romaelebi iupiters uwodebdnen. olimposis mTaze arc wvimaa, arc Tovli, sul mudam naTeli,
xalisiani zafxulia. oqros sasaxleSi oqros taxtze dabrZanebuli uzenaesi uZleveli amayi
RmerTi samarTlianad marTavs yvelas da yvelafers. mas emorCilebian daundobeli ukvdavnic
da bedsSeguebuli mokvdavnic. olimposis sambrZaneblodan ganagebs kacobriobas didebuli
mexTampyrobeli zevsi, aqedan uwesebs adamianebs wesrigs da uboZebs kanonebs. mis xelTaa
sikeTec da borotebac, sasjelic da jildoc; zevsis taxtTan Temisi dgas, igi darajobs da
icavs wesrigsa da dawesebul kanonebs, iwvevs krebebze RmerTebs, raTa maT adamianTa bedi
gadawyviton. Temisi mokvdavTa samsjavroebsac eswreba. masTanaa samarTlianobis qalRmerTi
dikec. veranair usamarTlobas ver itans mudam simarTlis damcveli RvTaeba, rogorc ki
ukanonobas ixilavs maSinve zevss miutans ambavs da erTad wyveten, rogor dasajon
kanonierebis damrRvevni. sasaxlis karibWesTan ori WurWeli dgas, erTidan Tavis rCeulebs
asaCuqrebs RvTaeba, meoredan ki saZulvel adamianebs ugzavnis aTasgvar Wirsa da ubedurebas.
vai mas, visac gaunawyendeba boboqari zevsi! mis mrisxanebas verc veravin aRudgeba win da verc
veravin gadaurCeba. yvela, ukvdavic da mokvdavic zevsisgan moelis samarTals. zevss
mimarTavs aTena, rodesac mas odisevsis daxmareba surs, radgan icis, rom odisevsze
ganawyenebuli mZleTamZle poseidoni ver aRudgeba win zevsis samarTlian gadawyvetilebas
(homerosi 1979: 1. 45 62.). aseve zevsis samarTlianobis imedi aqvs hefestos, rodesac
afrodites gamoiWers aresTan Ralatis dros (id. 8. 318 319). zevsis samarTliani
gadawyvetilebis Sedegi iyo sami ulamazesi qalRmerTis gagzavna parisTan. heras, aTenas da
afrodites beds ver gadawyvetda RmerTebs Soris yvelaze ufro samarTlian RvTaebad
aRiarebuli zevsi, radgan Tuki hera misi meuRle iyo, aTena da afrodite mas qaliSvilebad
ergebodnen. aba, rogor unda mieRo aseT dros samarTliani gadawyvetileba uzenaess?
nebismieri pasuxi mikerZoebuli iqneboda. amitomac brZnuli iyo mis mier RvTaebebis gagzavna
mokvdavTan. samarTliani iyo zevsis miRebuli gadawyvetileba, mokvdav pariss gaekeTebina
arCevani da eTqva, vin iyo qalRmerTT Soris ulamazesi. pariss xom arcerT maTganTan ar hqonda
aranairi naTesauri kavSiri, gansxvavebiT yvela ukvdavisagan
.
ai, ase samarTlianad ganagebs samyaros zevsi, igive iupiteri, romlis saxelic uwodes
romaelebma planeta muSTars. bunebrivia, rom rusTvelis mier gamoyenebuli epiTetebi am
mnaTobis mimarT poetis araCveulebriv miTologiur codnas asaxavs.

marixi _ marsi _ aresi

`modi, marixo, uwyalod damWer laxvriTa SeniTa,
Se-ca-mRebe da Semsvare wiTlad sisxlisa deniTa,
mas uTxres Cemni patiJni, mas gaagonen eniTa,
ragvar gasrulvar, Sen ici, guli aRaras lxeniT-a~.
(rusTveli 2003: 069).

am miTis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT visaubreb statiis im nawilSi, sadac afrodites Sesaxeb miTebs Sevexebi.
132

zevsisa da heras Svilia omis Seuwyalebeli RmerTi aresi, romaelTaTvis marsi. ara, ar
uyvars vaJi mamas, radgan ulmobelia da daundobelia sisxlisRvris moyvaruli aresi. mxolod
brZola, daRvrili wiTeli sisxli axarebs dauRalav RmerTs. Seusveneblad daZrwis elvare
samosiT mosili, veeberTela fariT xelSi omis velze iaraRis JRarunis, saomari yiJinisa da
daWrilTa gulismomakvdinebeli kvnesis qveS. mas mxarSi vaJiSvilebi udganan, deimosi da
fobosi. deimosic da fobosic SiSsa da Zrwolas Tesaven mebrZolebSi. aresi ki xarobs,
ganurCevlad xocavs adamianebs, ar asxvavebs samarTlianT usamarTloTagan, arc vaJkacebsa da
gabedulebs afasebs didad. verc garegnobiT moxiblavs mebrZoli da verc Wkua-gonebiT. ar
ecodeba arc colSviliani, arc uwveruli Wabuki, arc dediserTa da arc nabolara. misTvis
sulerTia, Tuki moindomebs, arcerTs ar ascdeba sastiki xvedri.
Tumca daumarcxebeli aravinaa. hoda, aresis damarcxebac ki SeiZleba, Tuki amas brZeni
aTena palasi moiwadinebs. muzaradiani qalRmerTi SubiTa da fariT xelSi gamoCndeba xolme
yvelaze sastiki Setakebisas. mis guls SiSi ar ekareba, surs, rom rCeuli gmirebi gadaarCinos.
berZenma brma mgosanma homerosma iliada-Si gviambo, rogor daWra aTenas sayvarelma
mebrZolma diomedem troas kedlebTan spilenZis SubiT Tavad omis RmerTi. Semzaravi iyo
aresis yvirili; yvela gaognebuli SeCerda, troelica da berZenic; aTasi meomari ieriSze rom
gadava da sabrZolo yiJinas dascems, iseTi xmiT azanzarebda garemos daWrili RvTaeba.
dasisxlianebuli gaexvia RrubelSi da saCivlelad mamas eaxla. Tumc ar dasaja aTena zevsma,
radgan ar uyvarda sisxlsmowyurebuli da usamarTlo Svili aresi.
aseTia aresi, igive marsi, romlis saxelic uwodes romaelebma yvelaze wiTel planeta
marixs, radgan, albaT, sisxlisferi mnaTobi omsa da brZolebs, sisastikesa da daundoblobas
agonebda maT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am strofSi, planeta marsis realuri feridan
gamomdinare, rusTveli mxolod astronomiul codnas eyrdnoba, magram mis mier pirvelive
striqonSi laxvriT umowyalod daWris gaxseneba udavod mis mier miTebis SesaniSnav codnas
areklavs.

aspirozi _ venera _ afrodite

`modi, aspiroz, marge ra, man damwva cecxlTa dagiTa,
vin margalitsa gareSe moscavs Zowisa bagiTa;
vin daaSveneb keklucTa daSvenebiTa magiTa,
visme, glax, Cemebr daagdeb, gahxdi cnobiTa SmagiTa~.
(rusTveli 2003: 970).

is qalRmerTi, romelsac berZnebi afrodites uwodebdnen, romaelebisTvis venera/venusi
iyo. yvelaze lamaz RvTaebas siamovnebiT Zerwavdnen moqandakeebi, xotbas asxamdnen poetebi.
garegnuli mSvenierebiT srulyofili iyo Zowisbagiani afrodite, magram erTguli ar iyo
koWli meuRlis, mWedeli RmerTis hefestosi; qalRmerTi ver itanda, rodesac siyvaruls vinme
uaryofda da sastikad sjida am grZnobis ugulvebelmyofT. afrodites unari hqonda
gaeSmagebina, Wkuidan gadaeyvana manmade gonieri da saR azrze myofi adamiani. amis magaliTia
miTi, romelic narcisis/narkisosis ambavs mogviTxrobs. narkisosi, romelmac uari uTxra
nimfa eqos siyvarulze afroditem Wkuidan gadaiyvana da tbis zedapirze areklili sakuTari
anarekli uimedod Seayvara.
magram gansxvavebuli iyo qalRmerTis damokidebuleba maT mimarT, vinc mas
eTayvaneboda, mis mier moniWebul grZnobas ar gaurboda, bolomde uZRvnida Tavs siyvaruls.
aseT adamianebs afrodite guluxvad asaCuqrebda (gaixsene moqandake pigmalioni, romelmac
Tavisi namuSevari, galateas qandakeba Seiyvara, magram afroditem daafasa xelovanis misdami
Tayvaniscema da skulptura gaacocxla).
yvelaze saintereso mainc is ambavia, Tu rogor aRiares qalRmerTi afrodite RvTaebaTa
Soris ulamazesad: Tetisisa da pelevsis qorwilSi (Tetisi wylis nimfa iyo, amitom mis
qorwils RmerTebic eswrebodnen) SuRlisa da qiSpobis qalRmerTi erisi ar miuwveviaT.
ganawyenebulma uxilavma erisma ukvdavebs Soris ganxeTqilebis Camogdeba gadawyvita; oqros
vaSlze amotvifra ùmSvenieress~ da im sufraze Seagora, romelsac monadime RmerTebi
usxdnen. samma ulamazesma qalRmerTma isurva, am vaSlis mflobeli gamxdariyo, amitomac maT
Soris qiSpoba daiwyo. erTmaneTs es sami qalRmerTi ecileboda _ hera, aTena da afrodite.
uzenaesi zevsi qalRmerTTa davaSi ver Caereoda, radgan erTi maTgani misi meuRle, meore ki
misi qaliSvili iyo. amitomac, dava Cveulebrivi mokvdavis gadasawyveti Seiqna. sami mSvenieri
qalRmerTisTvis `ganaCeni~ erTma mwyemsma biWma, parisma, gamoitana. parisi sinamdvileSi troas
ufliswuli iyo. misma mSoblebma Svili dabadebisTanave moiSores, radgan, namisnevis Tanaxmad,
igi gaxdeboda troas daqcevis mizezi. erT keTil uSvilo mwyemss Seecoda gadagdebuli Cvili
da saxlSi waiyvana. gaizarda biWuna, silamaze da gambedaoba ar aklda mas. magram ra icoda
parisma, rom erT Cveulebriv dRes Seicvleboda misi bedi, rom asruldeboda namisnevi da igi
gaxdeboda troas daqcevis mizezi.
133
parisis samsjavroze gamarjveba afrodites ergo, radgan siyvarulis qalRmerTma
mwyemss yvelaze lamazi qalis colad moyvanaSi daxmareba aRuTqva. Sesabamisad, oqros vaSlis
mflobeladac afrodite gamocxadda. swored es vaSli iqca sami qalRmerTis ganxeTqilebis
mizezad. misi "wyalobiT" gaCaRda berZenTa aTwliani sisxlisRvra troas dasapyrobad, Tumca
ki, omis uSualo sababi afrodites dapirebiT Segulianebuli parisis mier motacebuli
mSvenieri elenes motaceba gaxda.
ai, es ambavi uZRoda win afrodites ulamazes qalRmerTad aRiarebas, kekluci
qalRmerTisas, romlis romauli saxeli venusi/venera daarqves planeta aspirozs. rusTvelis
mier planetis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyenebuli yvela sityva SesaniSnavad asaxavs avtoris Rrma
miTologiur codnas. miuxedavad imisa, rom araa moTxrobili arc narkisosis da arc
pigmalionis miTi, meoTxe striqoni aSkarad afrodites iseT maxasiaTeblebze miuTiTebs,
romlebic am miTebidan gamomdinareobs. am striqonis axsna da Sesabamisad masSi asaxuli azris
gaSifvra mxoloddamxolod miTologiidan aris SesaZlebeli. Tuki pirveli sami striqonis
wakiTxvisas SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom rusTveli maTSi astrologias da astronomias
mimarTavs, planetis maxasiaTeblad motanili sityvebi ki oden am planetis realur sikaSkaSesa
da mSvenierebaze miuTiTebs, bolo striqonSi aRwerili Tviseba _ aspirozis anu afrodites
unari gonieri Smagad gadaaqcios _ udavod miTebidanaa aRebuli.

otaridi _ merkuri _ hermesi

òtarido, Sengan kide arvis migavs saqme sxvasa:
mze mabrunebs, ar gamiSvebs, Semiyris da mimcems wvasa;
daje werad WirTa CemTa, melnad mogcem cremlTa tbasa,
kalmad gikveT gawlobilsa tansa Cemsa, viTa Tmasa~.
(rusTveli 2003: 971).

merkuri hermesis romauli saxelia. zevsisa da nimfa maias Svils vaWarTa da mogzaurTa
mfarvelad miiCneven, Tumca igi fsiqopomposic anu sulebis saiqioSi gamcilebelic iyo. e ski
imas niSnavs, rom hermesi marto sicocxleSi ki ar uwevda megzurobas adamianebs,
gardacvalebis Semdegac miuZRoda maT sulebs saiqiosken. RmerTTa Sikriks frTiani sandlebi
hqonda da joxiT xelSi uswrafesad gadaadgildeboda erTi adgilidan meorisken. berZnebi
gzebsa da gzajvaredinebze, saxlis SesasvlelebTan aRmarTavdnen e. w. hermebs, qvis svetebs,
romlis Tavzec hermesis Tavi iyo gamokveTili.
hermesi qurdebsac uwevda Semweobas, radgan TviTonac Sepyrobili iyo am mankieri
TvisebiT. sul patara iyo, rodesac sarweveladan gadmoZvra, dedas gamoepara da Zlevamosili
RmerTis apolonis naxiridan Zroxebi moipara. cbier qurds arcTu ise male miagnes, aba, vin
warmoidgenda, rom danaSauli sarwevelaSi miamitad Cawolili bavSvis Cadenili iyo.
hermesi sakmaod gaqnili da moxerxebuli iyo, mas saukeTesod SeeZlo sityvis ageba,
amitomac did pativs scems mWevrmetyvelebs da oratorTa mfarveladac iTvleba. man ara
marto sazomebi da cifrebi gamoigona, aramed pirveli anbanic Seqmna da adamianebs aswavla,
rogor unda esargeblaT.
hermesis romauli saxeli merkuri, RmerTis, romelsac Tayvans scemen oratorebic,
aTletebic da qurdebic, uwodes planeta otarids. Tanac es planeta xan mzis marjvniv da xanac
marcxniv Cans, rodesac mzes win moeqceva, mzisgan daCrdiluli da daRonebulia, Sesabamisad,
CvenTvisac uxilavi xdeba, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi ise kiafobs, rom yvelaze ufro kaSkaSa
siriussac ar Camouvardeba. ai, aseTia otaridi, hermesiviT moxerxebuli da ucnauri.
bunebrivia, rom am strofSi, rogorc g. TevzaZem SeniSna, Zalian kargad Cans rusTvelis mier
astronomiis araCveulebrivi codna; magram amasTan erTad, rogorc v. nozaZe SeniSnavs, poets
astrologiuri codnis niuansebic aqvs gamoyenebuli. maS, sadaa aq miTologiis codna? Cemi
azriT, miTologia udevs safuZvlad otaridis unars, dajdes, SeTxzas werili da Sesabamisad
hermesis umTavresi funqcia Seasrulos. hermesis umTavresi funqcia ki Sikrikobaa. homerosis
mixedviT, hermesia is erTaderTi RmerTi, romelic Tanaxmaa mariliani, unayofo zRvebi
gadalaxos. aseve mas aZleven RmerTebi davalebas, adamianebs ukvdavTa survilebis Sesaxeb
informacia miawodos. amitomac, bunebrivad mimaCnia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ am strofSi, sxva
danarCenTan erTad, miTologiuri codnac aris areklili.
otarids rusTveli sxvaganac axsenebs. 973-e strofSi, rodesac avTandili Svid mnaTobs
daimowmebs, otarids adgils miuCens muSTaris win.
1
Tuki gaviziarebT g. TevzaZis Sexedulebas
da davuSvebT, rom avTandilis mnaTobebisadmi mimarTva drois iseT monakveTs warmogvidgens,
rodesac caze yvela planeta Cans, vedrebis damTavrebis Semdeg aseTi suraTi unda gadaiSalos:
mzis amosvlamde merkuri, iupiteri da saturni yvelaze mkrTalad gamoiyureba, e. i. bndebian,

1
àha, mmowmoben varskvlavni, Svidnive memowmebian:
mze, otaridi, muSTari da zual CemTvis bndebian,
mTvare, aspiroz, marixi movlen da mowmad myvebian,
mas gaagonnen, ranica cecxlni uSretni mdebian~.
134
xolo mTvare, venera da marsi aRmosavleTiT jer kidev Zlierad kiafoben, xolo dabnedili
planetebis cidan gaqrobis Semdeg, TeTr caze win wamoiwevs, TiTqos mogviaxlovdeba martod
darCenili sami planeta, axlos movlen da mowmed dadgebian. e. i. aq saxeze gvaqvs astronomiis
araCveulebrivi codna. amavdroulad sainteresoa, rom astrologiaSi mze, iupiteri da
saturni dRis planetebis erT jgufadaa warmodgenili, xolo mTvare, venera da marsi Ramis
planetebis meore jgufad. merkuri igive hermesi, rogorc miTologiaSi cnobili Sikriki, xan
erT jgufs miekuTvneba da xanac meores. rusTvelTan igi pirvelSia moTavsebuli. amis axsna ki,
SesaZloa, isev miTologiaSi veZeboT, radgan Svili (hermesi/merkuri/otaridi), miT umetes,
Tuki igi mstovris funqciiTaa aRWurvili, mamis (zevsi/iupiteri/muSTari) siaxloves unda
yofiliyo. zevsi im miTebSi, sadac Sikrikis funqciiT aRWurvavs hermess, masTan axlosaa,
hermesi gverdidan ar Sordeba mamas. maSinve, rogorc ki zevsi hermesis umTavres funqcias
saWiroebs, hermesi masTan Cndeba, radgan iqve axlosa aqvs miCenili adgili. ase rom, am
strofebSi kargadaa asaxuli ara marto astronomiuli da astrologiuri, aramed
miTologiuri codnac.

mTvare _ selene

`mo, mTvareo, Semibrale, vilevi da Senebr vmWldebi,
mze gamavsebs, mzeve gamlevs, zogjer vsxvdebi, zogjer vwvldebi,
mas uamben sjani Cemni, ra mWirs anu ragvar vbndebi,
midi, uTxar, nu gamwiravs, misi var da misTvis vkvdebi~.
(rusTveli 2003: 972).

rodesac am strofs wavikiTxavT, pirveli, rac TavSi azrad mogviva, esaa rusTvelis mier
mTvaris astronomiuli daxasiaTeba misi umTavresi Tvisebis mixedviT: mTvare xom ileva da
ivseba, Sesabamisad msxvildeba da wvrildeba. TiTqos ra kavSiri unda hqondes am strofSi
gadmocemul azrs miTologiasTan; magram man, vinc kargad icis miTologia, rac antikuri
literaturis codnas gulisxmobs, mixvdeba, rom mTvaris moxmoba Seyvarebulis mier swored
mTvaris miTologiuri funqciis codnidan gamomdinareobs. mTvaris anu selenes Sesaxeb Zalian
cota miTia SemorCenili. erT-erTi miTi, romelic mas ukavSirdeba, mis uiRblo da gauxarel
siyvarulze gviambobs: selenes endimioni uyvars da xarebSebmuli etliT caze gadavlis Semdeg
masTan Cadis qalRmerTi mRvimeSi. mis satrfos maradiuli ZiliT dasZinebia, amitomac aris
mTvare mudmivad mowyenili, amitomac aris misgan gamonadeni Suqi ase mkrTalad mokiafe. diax,
TiTqos araferia saerTo am miTsa da zemoT moxmobil strofs Soris. magram, Tuki gavixsenebT
berZnul literaturas, Tuki gavixsenebT im ambebs, sadac siyvarulis mkurnalni, siyvarulis
grZnobis gamomwvevi jadosanni mimarTaven TavianT unarebs, vnaxavT, rom maTi saqmianoba
mTvaris damorCilebas, mTvaris gagzavnas satrfosTan ukavSirdeba. medeac, rodesac
iasonisTvis balaxs agrovebda, mTvares mimarTavda, mTvares uSvebda endimionTan, raTa mas
sibneleSi daekrifa sasurveli mcenareebi. mTvarea medeas Semwe, iseve rogorc yvela im
jadosnis, romlebic siyvarulis gamomwvev wamals amzadeben. jadosnebis msgavsad
jadoqrebsac SeuZliaT mTvaris damorCileba da misi zecidan Camoyvana. amdenad, SesaZloa, rom
am strofSi miTologiis (romelic Zveli berZnuli literaturis ganuyofeli nawilia) codna
iyos dafiqsirebuli, Tumca vimeoreb, rom aq astronomiuli kuTxiT ganxilva ufro
damajerebelia, vidre sxva ram.
amdenad, ramdenadac vxedavT, miTologiis codna `vefxistyaosnis~ avtorisTvis iseTive
Cveulebrivi ramaa, rogorc sxva uzarmazari informaciis floba. da, ra Tqma unda, amaSi
araferia gasakviri. gasakviri da ucnauri is ufro iqneboda, miTologiis mcodnes miutevebeli
Secdoma rom daeSva da iseTi ram daewera, rac mkiTxvels sagonebelSi Caagdebda. magram,
strofSi, sadac rusTveli nestanisa da tarielis Sexvedras muSTarisa da zualis, e. i. zevsisa
da kronosis Seyras adarebs, miTologia ugulebelyofilia da mxolod astrologiuri codna
Cans. am strofSi aRniSnuli movlena, ori miTologiurad sawinaaRmdego personaJis Sexvedra,
Tumca astronomiulad ori didi planetis Seyra, astrologiurad ubednieresi Jamis dadgomas
moaswavebda. im moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, romelic mogvebma SesaniSnavad uwyodnen da romlis
nawilobrivi gadamuSavebac moaxdina ptolemaiosma, muSTarisa da zualis Tanxvedra Tevzebis
zodiaqoSi iudeaSi uZleveli mefis, brZeni winaswarmetyvelis an Zlevamosili vaWris
dabadebas moaswavebda. bunebrivia, rom es ambavi rusTvelma icoda da misTvis es codna imaze
meti iyo, vidre miTologiis codna. iesos dabadeba ori zemoT xsenebuli mnaTobis Seyrisas
imaze didi movlena iyo da mniSvnelobiT imdenad aWarbebda miTologiur cTomilebas, rom
miTologiis araCveulebrivma mcodne poetma ignorireba moaxdina am codnis da sxva, kidev
ufro mniSvnelovani codna daayena wina planze.

damowmebani:

TevzaZe 1990: TevzaZe g. vefxistyaosnis kosmogonia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1990.
nozaZe 2005: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis varskvlavTmetyveleba. santiago-Tbilisi: 2005.
135
rusTveli 2003: rusTveli S. vefxistyaosani. Tb.: saskolo gamocema. n. naTaZis komentarebiT,
ganmartebebiT da literaturuli garCeviT. 2003.
xinTibiZe 1975: xinTibiZe e. msoflmxedvelobiTi problemebi vefxistyaosanSi. Tb.:
homerosi 1979: homerosi: odisea. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.

Nestan Ratiani

Astronomy, Astrology or Mythology

Summary

The passage in Rustaveli`s The Knight in the Panther`s Skin describes the meeting of Nestan and Tariel after many
years of separation. The happiest moment in the lives of the main characters is compared with the meeting of two planets
Jupiter and Saturn. If Rustaveli had known some ancient Mythology, he would have been able to understand that the happiest
moment in the life cannot be compared with this mythological event. Is it a mistake in the poem or does Rustaveli know the
Greek mythology?
In the following article I try to research the popular passage - the prayer of Avtandil to the planets and to understand
whether the author was familiar with the Greek mythology or not. Many Georgian scholars had paid their attention to this
prayer and they have mentioned that it is quite clear that from this passage one can see Rustaveli`s great knowledge of
astronomy. Viktor Nozadze outlines that this passage is also based on the knowledge of astrology. The scholars do not pay an
adequate attention to the aspects of mythology in the text. It is true that Rustaveli never mentions the proper names from the
ancient Greek mythology. But an accurate research of the following passage shows us that Rustaveli had a detailed
knowledge of mythology as well as the knowledge of astronomy and astrology.

goCa kuWuxiZe

gamogonili personaJis genezisisaTvis

Cveni mizania, gavarkvioT, rogor icvleboda adamianis cnobiereba, rogor emzadeboda
imisaTvis, rom realobaSi ararsebuli, gamogonili gmiri Seeqmna da, rogorc mkiTxvels, mieRo
igi.
cnobierebis ganviTarebis adreul etapebze adamianisaTvis sruliad realur
personebad aRiqmebian zevsic da aTinac, viSnuc da kriSnac, da, Sors rom ar wavideT, Tund, _
kviria, kopala, dali (zogi sulier saufloSi cxovrobs, zogs amqveynad ucxovria, zogis
samyofeli suleTSicaa da amsofladac)... Tu davukvirdebiT miTebs, SevamCnevT, rom swored
amgvarad aris aRqmuli yvela miTiuri personaJi.
ganviTarebis procesis is etapi, romelzedac aq vsaubrobT (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs yvela
personis realurobaSi darwmunebuloba), garkveulwilad antikur literaturaSic grZeldeba
(SemdgomSi sityva àntikurSi~ mkvlevarTa mier drois mxolod konkretul CarCoebSi moqceul
periods ar vigulisxmebT, _ cnobierebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi adreuli etapi gveqneba
mxedvelobaSi; saerTod, Sesaswavli da gamosayofia cnobierebis ganviTarebis etapebi, es
istoria, ramdenadac viciT, etapebad diferencirebuli da saxeldebuli ar aris). calkeul
epoqebsa da qveynebze ar gveqneba saubari, zogadad gvainteresebs, Tu rogori unda gaxdes
cnobiereba, rom gamogonili personaJis miReba SeZlos, ganviTarebis ra etapi, cnobierebis ra
Taviseburebebia amisaTvis saWiro. ama Tu im epoqis qveyanasTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas
saWiro iqneba ganisazRvros, ganviTarebis ra etapze imyofeboda literaturisa da
folkloris Semqmneli da mimRebi, ra Taviseburebebma ganapiroba werilobiT literaturasa
da folklorSi gamogonili personaJis aRmoceneba. adamianis cnobiereba viTardeba da mas
Tavisi istoria unda hqondes.
cxadia, es ganviTareba msoflios yvela regionSi erTnairi ar aris, _ ama Tu im regionSi
sxvadasxva periodSi aRwevs igi ganviTarebis erT-erT dones; erTi regionis literatura
zemoqmedebs meoreze da imis gamo, rom meore Sinaganad ukve mzad aris axlis misaRebad,
zegavlenas axdens masze. zogjer romelsame qveyanaSi saerTod ar aris ganviTarebuli
literaturuli Semoqmedeba, magram, sxva qveynis kulturul zegavlenaTa Tu sxva mizezTa
gamo, es qveyana mainc advilad aviTarebs im periodis miRwevebs, romelic sxva regionSi
cnobierebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad viTardeboda. Cven calkeul qveynebsa da periodebze ar
vsaubrobT, mxolod imis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, Tu daaxloebiT ra doneze unda iyos miRweuli
adamianis cnobiereba, rom gamogonili, ararsebulad miCneuli personaJis miReba SeZlos.
136
cnobierebis ganviTarebis adreuli periodebi mTxrobelisagan iTxovda, rom am
ukanasknels naTelmxilveluri niWis meoxebiT zustad daenaxvebina msmenelisa da
mkiTxvelisaTvis odesRac mcxovrebi ama Tu im pirovnebisa Tu sulieri samyaros mkvidri
romelime sulis saxe. umetes SemTxvevaSi miiCneoda, rom, rac ufro didi iyo poeti, miT ufro
naTlad gvixatavda erT dros mcxovrebi adamianis pirovnebas; xolo, Tu sustad iTvleboda
poeti, mwerali, maSin, rogorc amas antikuri (am sityvas amjerad Cveuli gagebiT vxmarobT)
adamianis cnobierebaze dakvirveba gvafiqrebinebs, mkiTxveli da msmeneli miiCnevda, rom
mTxrobeli ara WeSmariti muzebis, aramed, macduri sulebis zegavlenaSi iyo moqceuli da
aRwerda ara im pirovnebas, visi aRwerac hqonda miznad dasaxuli, aramed, _ sul sxvas.
xsenebul da gacilebiT adreul periodebSi did poets evaleba, rom ararsebuli persona
ki ar gamoigonos, aramed, Rirseulad Seaqos, ganadidos gmiri, brwyinvaled aRweros qalis
mSveniereba; didma poetma unda gamokveTos aRsaweris Rirsebani, moxerxebulad SearCios
sityvebi, swored amaSia Semoqmedis sidiade (roca Zveli berZnebi TavianT simpoziebze
erTmaneTs xvdebian, yvelam icis, rom ama Tu im gmirisaTvis xotbis Sesxmisas ararsebul
adamianze ki ar aris laparaki, aramed, realurad arsebuls aqeben, epaeqrebian erTmaneTs, vin
ukeT Seaqebs gmirs...); miCneulia, rom WeSmariti muzebis msaxuri mTxrobeli sicruis metyveli
ar unda gaxdes, macduri sulis zegavlenaSi ar unda Cavardes, macduri suli ar unda
warmoesaxos, _ is, vinc, magaliTad, odisevsad an herakled moeCveneba poets... mas WeSmariti
naTelmxilveloba moeTxoveba da, Tu marTla didia, maSin naTlad unda warmoidginos, romeli
sulebi arseboben suleTSi; fizikurad brmac rom iyos, sulierad did naTelmxilvels unda
ZaluZdes, gviambos, Tu rogoria qalRmerTi aTina, sulieri mzeriT unda dainaxos, Tu rogori
iyo odisevsi, misi penelopas erTguli da momTmeni saxe unda warmoaCinos.
man arc ambavi ar unda moyves tyuili, _ utyuari faqtebi unda gadmogvces, gvamcnos,
rom erT dros troaSi elene mSvenieris gamo omi gaimarTa, tyuili ar unda gviTxras. avtors
SeuZlia Taviseburi formiT gadmosces momxdaris Sinaarsi, siuJeti; ambis gadmocemisas
SeuZlia, rom zogjer alegorias mimarTos, _ Txrobis am TaviseburebaSi vlindeba
literaturuli Txzvis faqti; sxvadasxvagvarad moTxrobili siuJeti, ambavi, mkiTxvelisa da
msmenelisagan aseve aRiqmeba ara gamogonil, aramed, _ realurad momxdaris Tavisebur
asaxvad...
poeti sustia da macdur sulTa zegavlenis qveS aris, Tu, magaliTad, qalRmerTi aTinas
saxe sworad ver dainaxa, Tu, vTqvaT, qalRmerT aTinas nacvlad, romelime macduri suli
warmoudga im qveyanidan da aTinad ki miaCnevina Tavi; sustia poeti, Tu sulieri samyarodan
erTdros namdvilad momxdaris suraTebi ar warmoudga Tvalwin, Tu odisevsis nacvlad sxva
adamianis suli daxata da ar moyva is ambavi, rac odisevss marTla gardaxda.
amrigad, aris periodebi, roca msmenels da mkiTxvels arc ki SeuZlia imisi warmodgena,
rom avtorma SeiZleba romelime ararsebuli gmiris pirovnuli saxe Seqmnas; romc ganacxados
mTxrobelma, rom ama Tu im gmiris saxe Tavisi fantaziiT daxata, Semqmnelis namoqmedarSi mainc
romeliRac araamqveyniuri sulis, RvTaebis zegavlenis faqts dainaxaven, _ miiCneven, rom
romelime imqveyniurma sulma daaxatvina mxatvars Tavi, mis gmirs mainc realurad arsebul
sulad aRiqvamen; yvela personaJs realur sulad aRiqvamen... `frankenSteini~ antikur
periodSi rom daeweraT, fizikur nawilTa am ucnaur konglomeratSi sulieri samyarodan
gamosxeulebul iseT suls dainaxavdnen, romelic ucnaur sxeuls, kargad Tu cudad, magram
mainc, _ moergo, antikur periodSi frankenSteini ar dasvamda SekiTxvas _ `vin var me?~ _ mas
ecodineboda, rom sulia, _ adamianis mier Sekowiwebul sxeulSi Casaxlebuli, sulieri
samyarodan mosuli...
zemoT Txzvis faqtze daviwyeT saubari... mTxrobels Txzvis saSualeba alegoriis
gamoyenebisas aqvs (Txzva xdeba maSinac, roca, pirobiTad Tu vityviT, `samoZRvro alegorias~,
anu _ igavs wers mwerali. igavis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari). mTxrobelis mier
alegoriuli formiT moTxrobili ambavi im realobad aRiqmeba, romelic alegoriuli
aspeqtidan aRiwereba. mag. poets surs gviTxras, rom adamiani zeamaRlebis, Teozisis dros,
frTxilad unda iyos, ar unda zeaRvides imaze ufro maRla, vidre es ZaluZs (Cven
qristianobamdel periodze gvaqvs saubari, _ qristianoba adamians saSualebas aZlevs Tavad
mama RmerTamde amaRldes), Torem SeiZleba misma pirovnulobam Jamieri katastrofa
ganicados; e. i. Zveli faseulobebis erTbaSad daTmobisas da axal, zeadamianur
faseulobebTan ziarebisas, sulieri cvlilebisas, adamianSi SesaZloa iseTi Zlieri
pirovnuli metamorfoza moxdes, rom axal faseulobebSi veRar gaerkves da Zvelic aRar
SerCes xelT, am dros SesaZloa degradirdes da katastrofa daemarTos mis suls,
pirovnulobas. davuSvaT, da vfiqrobT, rom, swored amis Tqma surda poets, roca moyva ambavi
faetonis Sesaxeb, romelmac mamas, _ helioss (ovidiusTan _ febuss... am SemTxvevaSi
heliosisa da apolon-febusis saxe gaigivebulia, _ ovidiusi 1980: 63-71) cecxlis raSebSi
Sebmuli cecxlovani etli sTxova, roca caSi aiWra, etlis marTva ki veRar SeZlo da miwisaken
gadmoeqana. ovidiusi gviambobs am ambavs alegoriulad (`metamorfozebSi~ xom swored sulier
cvlilebebzea alegoriulad laparaki, adamianis sulis istoriaa moyolili...) da mkiTxveli
monaTxrobSi realur ambavs xedavs, icis, Tu ra daemarTa erT pirovnebas _ faetons; amgvarma
137
mkiTxvelma icis, rom es personaJi, faetoni, erT dros realurad arsebuli pirovnebaa,
romelic sulierad cisaken, mzisken miiwevda, magram ise erTbaSad eziara axal, zeadamianur
faseulobebs, rom maRalsulierad darCena veRar SeZlo da Zveli pirovnulobac dauzianda,
anu, vityviT sxvagvarad, fsiqikurad Seeqmna realuri problemebi. ovidiusTan am ambavs,
SeiZleba, alegoriulad moTxrobili davarqvaT, magram, vinc pirvelad mohyva miTiuri
formiT, misTvis, SesaZloa, gadmocemis amgvari stili araCveulebrivs arafersac ar Seicavda
da igi, ubralod, yveboda ambavs ise, rogorc xedavda; misTvis, SesaZloa, es iyo ambis
Cveulebrivi gamosaxva. ovidiusis dros da masze gacilebiT adre ki ukve mkveTrad ganirCeva
erTmaneTisagan gadmocemis formebi, ovidiusisaTvis erTmaneTSi yovelTvis mkveTrad
ganirCeva saTqmeli da saTqmelis gadmocemis alegoriuli forma. miTis Sinaarsi
sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleboda aReqva msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvels, _ cnobilia aseTi miTi, _ zevss
Tavi stkivdeba da Semdeg misi Tavidan qalRmerTi aTina ibadeba; erTs SeiZleboda es ambavi
metad ucnaur, magram RmerTTa samyarosaTvis misaReb Cveulebriv movlenad aReqva; meores
SeiZleba alegoriul formebSi gadmocemuli ufro yofiTi movlena daenaxa momxdarSi, _
naxevrad ganRmrTobil adamians _ zevss SeeZina asuli, romelic did sibrZnesTan aziara;
mesame, ambis aseve alegoriulad aRmqmeli, albaT, naTqvams ise gaigebda, rom didi sibrZne
tkiviliT ibadeba, rom amis Tqma undaT aTinas dabadebis faqtis amgvarad gadmocemiT...
miTi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleboda gagebuliyo; miTis momTxrobels hqonda saSualeba
alegoriiT (anu, zogjer, ubralod, _ azrovnebis aseTi wesis meSveobiT) gadmoeca saTqmeli
(zevsic da aTinac ramdenime simbolos gamosaxatavad SeiZleba gamoiyenos mTxrobelma) da
sxvadasxva saTqmelis gamoxatvisas mas isic SeeZlo, rom axleburi siuJetiT, axali
alegoriuli ambis gamogonebiT gadmoeca saTqmeli; magaliTad, faetoni, ara etlis marTvis
mosurne, aramed, _ cecxlovan raSze amxedrebulad daexata... magram, rogori siuJetic ar
unda Seeqmna mTxrobels, mTavari saTqmeli ucvleli darCeboda, pirovneba ki, visac is
aRwerda, gamogonilad, ararsebulad araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneboda aRqmuli.
zemoT qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebi da gmirebi vaxseneT da amjerad qarTul
samyaroze gadmovitanT sityvas.
Tu raime iwereboda CvenSi qarTul an sxva enebze, anda, Tu raime Tqmuleba vrceldeboda
zepirad, yvelaferi, albaT, aseve realur pirovnebebze moTxrobilad aRiqmeboda. amirani Tu
promeTe, SesaZloa, araerTi msmenelisa Tu mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi aRqmuli yofiliyo
pirovnebad, romelic simSvidis naklebobisa da mouTmenlobis gamo sulieri Tavisuflebis
Rirsi ver xdeba... Taviseburad SeiZleba aReqvaT abesalomisa da eTeris miTi (arsebobs
sarwmuno mosazreba, rom èTeriani~ miTosuri warmomavlobis zRaparia; ix. dondua 1932: 175-
176; xuxunaiSvili 1998: 37- 43; zRaparSi miTosuri genezisis niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. WeliZe 2008: 12-
15...), _ eTerisaken abesalomis swrafvaSi, SesaZloa, daenaxaT sulis swrafva eTerul
samyaroSi gansxeulebisa (zviad gamsaxurdia)... Znelia sruli dazustebiT iTqvas, ra Sinagani
miTosuri sazrisi ikiTxeba xsenebul siuJetebSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, es xels ar gviSlis
miviCnioT, rom eTerica da abesalomic, amiranic, erT dros realurad arsebul, cocxal
pirovnebebad aRiqmebodnen. rogorc zemoT iTqva, realur pirovnebebad iyvnen aRqmulni
mzeqalica da mzeWabukic, kviriaca da kopalec, amqveynad mcxovrebica da suleTis mkvidric.
berZnul simpoziebze, nadimebze, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, aqebdnen gmirebs; maTSi
monawileobdnen filosofosebi, sinamdvilis xilvis unaris mqone, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
jansaRi sulis mqone poetebi, romelnic tyuilis gavlenaSi ar eqceodnen. safiqrebelia, rom
es iyo erTgvari rituali, erTgvari (ara _ klasikuri) misteria, _ RvTaebriv sferoebTan
ziarebas am nadimebze warmoTqmuli leqsisa da musikis saSualebiT cdilobdnen. SemdgomSi am
nadimebma Tavisi namdvili mniSvneloba dakarga; rogorc cnobilia, garkveul periodSi
simpoziebis tradicias uaryofiTad uyurebda bevri (simpoziebisadmi uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. wereTeli 1993: 115-130); Tu miviCnevT, rom qarTuli nadimi
berZnuli simpoziis msgavsi Sekrebis tradiciidan iRebs saTaves, rom es nadimi ubralod
garToba ki ara, aramed, simpoziis msgavsi is movlena gaxldaT, sadac yvela monawiles
konkretulad gansazRvruli movaleoba hqonda dakisrebuli, maSin safiqrebelia, rom
qarTvelTa RvTaebebsa da gmirebs am nadimebzec aqebdnen... Tu miviCnevT, rom RvTaebisa Tu
gmiris namdvili saxis utyuarad daxatvis SemZled (ise, rom aRsaweri RvTaebisa Tu gmiris
nacvlad romeliRac sxva, ucxo suli ar daxatuliyo mTqmelis mier) mxolod Zlieri sulis
mqone pirovneba aRiqmeboda, maSin isic unda vifiqroT, rom romeliRac periodebsa da
regionebSi poetis saqmianoba naTelmxilvelisa Tu erTgvari qurumobis saqmianobasTanac iyo
mimsgavsebuli.
poetma SeiZleba iseT sulze daweros, romelsac manamde arc icnobda xalxi da romelic
suleTis aqamde ucnob mkvidrad miiCneva, maSin axali miTiuri gmiri ibadeba xalxSi. Cans, axali
RvTaebac, faqtiurad, ase Semodioda xalxis cnobierebaSi (qurumis winaSe misi warmocxadebis
Semdeg), _ RvTaeba, romlisTvisac Semdeg SesaZlo iyo kerpic daedgaT, Tu qurumebi
darwmundebodnen, rom keTili Zala iyo maT winaSe warmocxadebuli (borot Zalasac udgamdnen
kerps gamiznulad...).
138
amrigad, vfiqrobT, adreul periodebSi, arsebobs adamianis cnobierebis iseTi
mdgomareoba, roca igi saerTod ver aRiqvams gamogonil personaJs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ama
Tu im regionsa da periodSi cnobierebis ganviTarebis done, Cans, orive SesaZleblobas uSvebs.
Tu korinaze vimsjelebT, unda iTqvas, _ gadaWriT ver vityviT, korina realuri pirovnebaa
Tu gamogonili (arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom es gamogonili saxea; _ am sakiTxebze ix. oviduisi
1987: 29), magram ovidiuss personaJis gamogoneba Tavisuflad xelewifeba. korinasTan
dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, _ cnobilia, rom ovidiusi TviTon cdilobda daerwmunebina romis
xelisufleba, rom is, rasac aRwerda, sinamdvile ar iyo (Tumc, gamogonils mainc ar hgavs
korina... albaT, mainc dasazustebelia, ras amtkicebda ovidiusi, _ korina aris gamogonili,
Tu _ is, rasac korinaze werda?).
sanam adamianis cnobiereba gamogonil personaJs (am sityvis dRevandeli gagebiT, e. i.
roca daxatuli piri ara imqveynidan gamocxadebul sulad, an sadme mcxovreb realur
adamianad, aramed, _ sinamdvileSi ararsebulad aRiqmeba) Seeguebodes, miuxedavad imisa, rom,
vimeoreb, adamianis cnobiereba sxvadasxva drosa da regionSi sxvadasxvagvarad viTardeba, Tu
mTavar yuradRebas cnobierebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad xazze gadavitanT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ganviTarebis erT-erT adreul etapze adamianis cnobierebaSi dabadebuli yvela gmiri realur
personad aRiqmeba. adamianis cnobierebis ganviTarebis saerTo xazze dakvirveba swored aseTi
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
cnobierebis ganviTarebis erT-erT etapze mwerals udgeba xana, roca igi gmiris
gamogonebas iwyebs, _ mwerali qmnis igavis gmirs. igavis gmirs ara aqvs individualizmi,
cocxali, pirovnuli saxe, is jer mxolod alegoriaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, _ realurad
arsebulis pretenzia ar gaaCnia (igavisa da miTis gmirTa urTierTSedarebis Sesaxeb ix. _
losevi 1999: 235-256). msmenelTa dasamoZRvrad igavur Janrs mimarTaven, cxadia, viciT, rom
TviT ieso iyenebda adamianTa dasamoZRvrad igavs.
momxdari daaxloebiT amgvarad warmomidgeba, _ viTardeba igavi, moZRvravs adamianebs.
erTi igavi sxvadasxva xalxSi Sedis, Taviseburad transformirdeba. igavi aadvilebs xalxis
damoZRvras, konkretuli magaliTi unda gamougono adamians imis asaxsnelad, rom mas, vinc Seni
mSvelelia, morieliviT ar unda ukbino... rom RmerTi, yvela im adamians, vinc moinaniebs,
Tanabrad daajildovebs, Tund, zogierTebi mogvianebiT mixvdnen, rom saWiroa monanieba,
RmerTTan misvla... igavis gmirebi damoukidebeli pirovnuli cxovrebiT ar cxovroben, isini
ar arian `sulCadgmulni~, mxolod sxvaTa ganmasaxierebeli alegoriebi arian, magram, rogorc
qvemoT vnaxavT, isini gamogonili personaJis Sesaqmnelad mSvenier saSualebas warmoadgenen,
vnaxavT, rom es aris erTgvari `sxeulebi~, romlebSic mwerlis fantazia SemdgomSi personebs
`Caasaxlebs~.
qristiani mwerali adreuli qristianobis periodSic da yovelTvis isev realur
adamianebze wers, _ saeklesio mwerali arasodes ar dawers gamogonil gmirze, _ aRwers im
pirovnebas, visac an TviTon icnobda, an viszec sarwmuno adamianTagan Tu werilobiT
wyaroTagan smenia; RvTismSomelze an angelozebze rom werdes, maSinac pirovnuli sulis
dasaxatavad aucileblad sarwmunod miCneul zepir gadmocemas mimarTavs, an _ werilobiT
wyaros; Tu didi beria, maSin mis mier gamocxadebiT dawerilsac endobian, magram
gamocxadebisas aRwerili RvTismSobeli, an angelozi, an wmidani aucileblad unda
Seesabamebodes im pirovnul ikonografias, romelsac icnobs eklesia; saeklesio mwerali isev
realurad arsebulT aRwers, gamogonil gmirs igi ar icnobs; SesaZloa, zogs Znelad
dasajerebeli moeCvenos, magram gamogonilad miCneul gmirs ver vipoviT TviT apokrifSic,
radgan apokrific gadmocemas eyrdnoba; Tumc, SeiZleboda mieCniaT, rom apokrifis dawerisas
ama Tu im personaJis pirovnulma saxem araswori cvlileba ganicada; aseTi personaJis
pirovnuli saxe eklesiisaTvis, cxadia, ar iqneboda misaRebi.
davubrundeT igavis Janrs. viTardeba igi, ibadebian igavis axal-axali gmirebi, xalxSi
yvebian igavebs, axseneben mis gmirebs...
da mova is dro, roca romeliRac mTxrobeli ise moyveba igavs, rom misi gmiri piradul
niSan-wyals gamoavlens, erTi konkretuli adamianis saxes SeiZens, personad iqceva, personaJad
Camoyalibdeba. xalxi ismens igavs, igavis gmiris mcire istoriasa Tu Tavgadasavals... da
zogjer imdenad moswons igavis usicocxlo, alegoriuli gmiris esa Tu is saqcieli, rom ukve
siyvaruls grZnobs misdami, unda, rom ufro cocxlad, ufro naTlad ixilos misi saxe da,
SesaZloa, zogs esec daujerebeli eCvenos, magram, _ am SemTxvevaSi swored siyvaruli xdeba
igavis gmiris `gacocxlebis~ sawindari. warmovidginoT amgvari ram: xalxSi icnoben igavis
gmirs, romelmac gaWirvebaSi myofs gverdi ar auara... anda ician igavi uZRebi Svilisa,
romelmac mama miatova, bevri wvaleba naxa da bolos mixvda, rom mamasTan dabruneba iyo
saWiro... xalxis warmodgebaSi arsebobs sqematuri saxe mamisagan wamosuli da ubedurebaTa
naxvis Semdeg masTan dabrunebuli Svilisa, _ saxe Svilis uzomod moyvaruli mamisa. igavis
mcodnem SeiZleba gmirSi, romelmac gaWirvebuli ar miatova, romelime konkretuli adamiani
warmoidginos, _ is, vinc Zalian uyvars da ambavi ise moyves, rom gmirSi swored is konkretuli
suli warmosaxos; igavis mcodnem mamisagan martod darCenil SvilSi, saerTod, adamiani, iqneb
sakuTari Tavic dainaxos; da man SeiZleba es ambavi ise moyves, rom sakuTari `suli Cados~,
139
sakuTari suli daxatos Txrobisas, SeiZleba sxva konkretuli adamianis suli daixatos miseul
TxrobaSi; mas, saerTod, mamisagan mowyvetili adamianis siyvaruli, masSi danaxuli romelime
konkretuli adamianis mimarT siyvaruli, misdami TanagrZnobis unari aalaparakebs; SesaZloa,
im adamianis adgilas warmoidginos Tavi, vinc bednierebisa da ukvdavebis mamiseul saxlSi
brundeba, anda romelic sikeTes ukeTebs gaWirvebuls; zogjer im gaWirvebulis adgilas
warmoidgens Tavs,zogjerac Seecdeba imgvar situaciaSi warmoidginos Tavi, romelSic
boroti kaci moeqca, igi suls Caudgams gmirs da igavis gmiris sqematuri saxe sicocxles,
pirovnulobas, personalurobas SeiZens, persona gaxdeba... mTxrobelma SeiZleba ara erTi
konkretuli, aramed, _ ramdenime adamiani warmoidginos ama Tu im gmiris adgilas, sxvadasxva
adamianis niSan-Tvisebebi miaweros im gmirs, Seecdeba gaagebinos msmenels, Tu rogori
SeiZleba iyos adamiani.
da maSin msmenelisaTvis gasagebi gaxdeba, rom mTxrobeli aq erT romelime realurad
arsebul sulze ki ar saubrobs, _ aramed, adamianis zogadi Tvisebebis daxatvas cdilobs, im
qveynidan gamoxmobil sulze ki ara, arc igavis upirovno saxeze, aramed, sinamdvileSi
ararsebul adamianze laparakobs. msmeneli nel-nela mieCveva, rom uyurebs sulier portrets
iseTi adamianisa, romelic fantaziiT aris Seqmnili, romelic ar arsebobs arc amqveynad da
arc suleTSi.
zemoT saxarebiseul igavebze vlaparakobdiT, _ magaliTebi pirobiTi iyo, _ Cven Zalian
kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom igavis gmiri gacilebiT adreul periodebSi idgams suls,
vidre aq warmodgenil magaliTebSi iyo naCvenebi; Tumc, es `sulCadgma~ Semdgomac grZeldeba.
magaliTad, rembrandtis suraTze im igavis gmirTa sqematur, zogad saxeebs, romlebic
bibliaSia gadmocemuli (laparakia ùZRebi Svilis dabrunebaze~), konkretuloba,
individualoba aqvs SeZenili... Cven kargad unda gaviazroT erTi garemoeba, _ adamianis
cnobierebaSi Zalian didi cvlileba unda momxdariyo, sanam SeZlebda adamiani, rom
gamogonili personaJi mieRo. Zvelma mistma iqneb gamogonili personaJi mTxrobelTan
imqveynidan gamocxadebul sulad warmoidginos, magram msmeneli, romlis yuradRebac mxolod
mistiur msoflaRqmas aRar emorCileba da yvelaferSi amqveyniursa Tu imqveyniur realobas
aRar xedavs, ukve imgvari msoflaRqmis mqonea, rac saSualebas aZlevs, gaacnobierebinos, rom
mTxrobelis mier aRwerili personaJi sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da igi mTxrobelis
warmosaxvam, misma fantaziam dabada. cnobierebis imgvari mdgomareoba, roca samyaroseuli
movlenebis miRma pirovnul sicocxles aRar xedaven, karg safuZvels qmnis imisaTvis, rom
gamogonilad aRqmulma personaJma dabadeba daiwyos.
hagiografiuli literaturis epoqaze gadavitanT msjelobas, _ SemdgomSi amgvari
fantaziis Sedegs mezRapreoba daerqmeva da hagiografiuli mwerlobis SemqmnelTa da,
saerTod, `marTlis Tqmis~ principis erTgulTa mier arcTu did literaturad iqneba
miCneuli. adamiani Seegueba iseT personaJs, romelsac realurad arsebulis `pretenzia ar
gaaCnia~, rac, vimeorebT, adreuli cnobierebisaTvis, vfiqrobT, rom, sruliad gaugebari iyo,
da literaturaSi ase daibadeba fantaziis mier warmoqmnili gmiri... tyuilis Tqma uzneobad
rom ar iqnas xalxSi aRqmuli, amas, albaT, Tavisi Zlieri gamamarTlebeli mizezi unda hqonoda;
msmenelma icis, rom adamianisadmi TanagrZnobiTa da, saerTod, siyvaruliT aris Seqmnili
sinamdvileSi ararsebuli, _ gamogonili personaJis saxe da, albaT, esec aris erT-erTi
mizezi, rom nel-nela egueba mas...
rogorc es savsebiT marTebulad aris miCneuli, zRapris personaJis Camoyalibebas
miTiuri gmiri udebs saTaves (v. propi...), cxadia, es marTlac asea; miTiuri personaJi uyvars
adamians, TanaugrZnobs mas, yveba masze Taviseburad da, Cans, pirvelwyarosagan ufrodaufro
gansxvavebuli saxe ase iqmneba xalxSi, nel-nela yalibdeba aseTi saxe, da xSir SemTxvevaSi
realur adamianad aRar aRiqmeba aseTi gmiri... miTiuri gmiri met-naklebad gansxvavebul
pirovnulobas iZens, gansxvavebul garemoSi xvdeba da iwyeba misi gazRapruleba... am sakiTxs
qvemoTac mivubrundebiT...
oRond, Cven arc igavis gmiris `roli~ ar unda daviviwyoT, _ Cveni azriT, gamogonili
personaJis erT-erTi winasaxe igavis gmirSic aris sagulisxmebeli; zRaparSi SeiZleba
amovicnoT ara mxolod miTiuri, aramed, _ iseTi personaJi, romelic aSkarad igavuri
warmoiSobisaa; zRapar `sizmaras~ personaJis saxe aSkarad bibliuri iosebisagan momdinareobs
(kuWuxiZe 2002: 55); SesaZloa, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, miTebidan arian gadmosulni abesalom da
eTeri, sxvani da sxvani... magram, vTqvaT, saxe iseTi personaJisa, rogorica aris matyuara mela,
genezisiT, SesaZloa, ufro igavTan iyos dakavSirebuli; sainteresoa isic, _ igav-arakis
personaJebi zRaparSi igavidan Sesuli, odesRac sqematuri, xolo Semdeg, _ personis
saxemiRebuli gmirebi xom ar arian? (cxadia, igavi da igav-araki imiT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan, rom, pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, meoreSi personaJebi, individualobis,
personalobis met niSans avlenen) am sakiTxebze aRar gavagrZelebT msjelobas, _ amjerad
ZiriTad yuradRebas im garemoebaze vamaxvilebT, rom, rogorc iTqva, cnobierebis istoriaSi
unda gamoikveTos erTi etapi, _ etapi, roca cnobiereba egueba imgvari personaJis arsebobas,
romelsac ararealurad aRiqvams, rom es safexuri cnobierebis ganviTarebisa ama Tu im xalxis
cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva periodSi dgeba. aqve unda iTqvas, _ gamogonili personaJi, pirvelad,
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albaT, mainc zRaparSi ibadeba, _ qarTul literaturaSi `mezRapreobad~, albaT, SemTxveviT
ar iqna saxeldebuli iseTi ambavi, romelic sinamdvileSi ar momxdara, romelSic sinamdvileSi
ararsebul adamianzea laparaki; zemoT iTqva da axlac gavimeorebT: _ warmarTul epoqaSi da
Semdgomac zogierTi misti Tu mistiuri ganwyobilebebis mqone adamiani gamogonil personaJs,
SesaZloa, im realur sulad warmoidgenda, romelic mTxrobels sulieri samyarodan ecxadeba
da sakuTar Tavs aRawerinebs, magram, radgan SemdgomSi amgvari mistiuri aRqmis
ganwyobilebebi xalxSi dasustda, xalxSi fantaziiT Seqmnilis miRma realur suli veRar
dainaxes; mistiuri ganwyobilebis Sesusteba ki erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxda, ramac
gamogonili personaJis dabadebas Seuwyo xeli. mistiuri aRqmis Sesustebis Semdeg miTiuri
personaJi sulier samyaroSi realurad mcxovreb personad ki aRar warmodga, sinamdvileSi
ararsebul personad iqna aRqmuli. es ukve gazRaprulebuli yofili miTiuri personaJia. aqve
unda iTqvas, _ miTiuri personaJebi ar unda avurioT religiur rwmenaSi, zebunebriv Zalebsa
Tu wmidanebSi, _ mistiuri msoflaRqmis Sesustebis miuxedavad, cnobierebam Semoinaxa adgili
rwmenisaTvis, adamians aRar eCveneba sicocxle samyaroseul movlenebSi, magram swams, an unda,
rom swamdes imisi arseboba, rasac ver xedavs...
gamogonili personaJis dabadebaSi, vfiqrobT, warmarTul misteriebsac Seaqvs Tavisi
wili. gavixsenoT dionisuri msvlelobebi an, Tundac, _ qarTuli `berikaoba~; `berikaobaSi~
monawile yvela `msaxiobi~ romelime personaJs ganasaxierebs, _ saxelmwifo moxeles, yaens...
Cans, umetes SemTxvevaSi igi ansaxierebs ara romelime konkretul moxeles (Tumc, albaT, asec
xdeba), aramed, qmnis romeliRac axal saxes; warmarTobis droindeli mistis msgavsi
cnobierebis mqone adamiani am dros uTuod ityvis, rom msaxiobis arsebaSi sulieri samyarodan
Semodis romeliRac suli, romelic nawilobriv ipyrobs msaxiobs da romeliRac sxva
pirovnebas gamoaxatvinebs am qveyanaSi; suleTidan Semosuli suli Rebulobs ama Tu im saxes,
rasac `msaxiobis~ meSveobiT am qveyanaSi warmoaCens...
Zalze adreul epoqaSi, _ maSin, roca misteria Tavis daniSnulebas asrulebda, Cans,
xdeboda ise, rom misteriis monawile adamiani misteriisas Tavis individualobas kargavda da
ama Tu im sulTan (zogjer niRbis daxmarebiT) Serwymulad, erTgvar mediumad iyo xalxis
cnobierebaSi aRqmuli; miCneuli iyo, rom Serwymisas adamiani icvleboda, RvTaebrivi xdeboda,
misi saSualebiT warmarTul naxevarRmerTs xedavdnen warmarTebi am samyaroSi... Semdgom da
Semdgom periodebSi ki, da es umeteswilad ara klasikur misteriebSi, aramed, swored _
mogviano periodis msvlelobebSi xdeba (es SesaZloa iyos dionisuris msgavsi, _ xSir
SemTxvevaSi _ orgiuli msvlelobebi), mistiuri ganwyobileba sustdeba; Tavad dionisur
misterias didi metamorfoza unda hqondes gancdili; safiqrebelia, rom dasawyisSi isic ufro
klasikuri misteria iyo, _ adamiani RvTaebriv sixalises erwymoda... mogvianebiT am misteriaSi
ufro TamaSismieri, isic unda iTqvs, rom, ufro metad arawmida suliereba SeiWra... mogviano
periodis misteriebs, rogorc Cans, ufro is ganasxvavebs Zvel misteriaTagan, rom `msaxiobi~
bolomde ki ar erwymis ama Tu im suls, uSualod ki ar gamohyavs romelime suli am qveyanaSi,
aramed, am sulis STagonebiT, misi zegavleniT axal saxes qmnis romeliRac personaJisa, ase
aRiqvams mis mier Seqmnil personaJs mayurebeli... misteriebze saubars aRar gavagrZelebT,
aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom, Cveni azriT, gamogonili personaJis dabadebaSi misteriebsac Seaqvs
Tavisi wvlili.
mTxrobeli aRwers gamogonil personaJs, rac dro gadis, miT met Tavisuflebas aZlevs
fantazias, ufro da ufro eCveva msmeneli am warmosaxul, sinamdvileSi ararsebul gmirebs,
ufro da ufro naTlad xedavs mTxrobeli Tu mwerali aseT gmirs, mis sulsa da saxes, igonebs,
Tu ra SeiZleboda gardaxdenoda mas Tavs, TviTonac realurebad eCveneba Tavisi gmirebi. Tu
mogviano periodSi mistiuri unaris mqoned miCneul adamians hkiTxaven, ra xdeba am dros
Semoqmedi kacis sulSi, igi ityvis, rom Semoqmeds muza exmareba muSaobaSi, rom mis winaSe
imqveynidan warmomdgaria romelime muza, an angelozi, romelsac mTxrobeli ama Tu im saxes
aRebinebs da ise amoqmedebs, rogorc Tavad unda; aseT avtorze, Cveulebriv, amboben, rom
sakuTarma gmirebma da fantaziam ise gaitaces, rom TviTonve awerineben, rac surT.
aq isic unda iTqvas, rom gamogonili personaJi, zRaparTan SedarebiT, mwerlobaSi ufro
gamokveTilia rogorc individi, persona.
cnobilia, rom qarTul literaturaSi sakmao xans upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs `marTlis
Tqma~ da `mezRapreoba~ (kekeliZe 1981: 16-19), rusTvelsac `mezRapreobis~ gamo sdebda brals
antoni àmaod daSvromaSi~ (TvaraZe 1997: 154-155). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dakvirvebebs, romelic
`farnavazianze~ msjelobisas revaz baramiZem gamoTqva (baramiZe 1991), Tu, vTqvaT, `vaxtangis
cxovreba~ XI s-Si ki ar Seiqmna, aramed, mweralma adreuli periodis Zegli gamoiyena, rogorc
es, vTqvaT, `moqceva qarTlisa~-s SemTxvevaSi moxda, maSin qarTul literaturaSi e. w. saero
mwerlobis aRmoceneba XI s-ze gacilebiT adrea savaraudo; maSin varaudad SeiZleba isic
davuSvaT, rom qarTul mwerlobaSi gamogonili personaJi XI s-ze gacilebiT adrec Cndeba,
magram, radgan damadasturebeli faqtebi ar gvaqvs, metis Tqma jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba; Tu
qarTuli armazianoba e. w. mwignobrul religiebs miekuTvneboda (kuWuxiZe 2001: 67-68), aqedan
gamomdinare, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom qarTvelTa religiur gmirebze ara mxolod zepirad,
aramed, _ werilobiTac inaxeboda ambebi, rac faqtiurad qristianobamdeli qarTuli
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mwerlobis arsebobas niSnavs, es mwerloba berZnul-romaul da sxva kulturul samyaroebTan
mWidro urTierTobaSi iarsebebda; am SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom arsebobda
miTebi, Canawerebi am gmirTa Sesaxeb, magram arsebobda Tu ara qarTul mwerlobaSi am dros
gamogonili personaJi, jerjerobiT bevrs verafers vityviT...
e. w. saero mwerlobis warmoSobas pavle ingoroyva, rogorc viciT, qristianobamdeli
qarTuli saliteraturo tradiciebis aRdgeniT xsnida; niko mari, ZiriTadad, _ sparsuli
literaturis zegavlenis faqtiT. albaT, sakamaTo ufro is aris, romeli tradiciis
elementebi gamoCnda Warbad; qarTvelebs miTebi, miTiur personaJebTan dakavSirebuli
istoriebi rom sakmaod eqnebodaT, es, albaT, saeWvo ar aris; SemdgomSi, roca cnobierebaSi
mistiuri Wvretis SesustebasTan erTad miTiuri personaJebis gazRapruleba moxda da Zveli
miTebi mxolod zRaprebis saxiTRa SemorCa, es zRaprebi zegavlenas uTuod moaxdenda
renesansis drois qarTul mwerlobasa da poeziaze; sanam werilobiTi saxiT arsebuli qarTuli
miTebi ar aris aRmoCenili, _ iseTebi, romlebic gvafiqrebinebda, rom maT uSualo zegavlena
moaxdines qarTuli saero mwerlobis aRmocenebaze, mxolod amgvarad SegviZlia vimsjeloT
Zveli qarTuli literaturuli tradiciebis aRdgenaze (literaturaSi miTosuri samyaros
asaxvis faqtebis Sesaxeb ix. _ xvedeliani 2007); qarTul saero mwerlobas, cxadia, Tavis
Tanamedrove sparsul literaturasTanac hqonda kavSiri da Taviseburad, e. i. ara mistiurad,
aramed, `zRaprulad~ aRqmul antikur samyarosTanac (`vefxistyaosans~ Tanadroul sparsul
samyarosTanac aqvs saerTo, momdevno drois danteseulTanac da gacilebiT adreul _
homerosiseulTanac... magram es mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaro absoluturad TavisTavadia)...
qarTul saero mwerlobaze zRaprad gardaqmnili qarTuli miTosic iqoniebda gavlenas, _
aramiTosuri warmoSobis zRaparic; es, albaT, sakamaTo arc unda iyos... sxva sakiTxebis
Seswavla aranakleb mniSvnelovania: _ jerjerobiT Znelia iseTi meTodis monaxva, rac imaze
migvaniSnebda, aSkarad miTiuri warmoSobis zRapari (mag. àmirani~, àbesalom da eTeri~)
warmarTul epoqaSi werilobiTi saxiT arsebobda, Tu zepiri gziT vrceldeboda, isic ar aris
advili dasadgeni, Tu daaxloebiT mainc rodis da saidan moxda qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi imisi
daSveba, rom adamianebi SeiZleba werdnen an yvebodnen sinamdvileSi ararsebuli personaJebis
Sesaxeb, am sakiTxebis dadgena mxolod kompleqsurad, sxva kulturebTan mimarTebaSi
Seswavlisas iqneba SesaZlebeli... am yoveliveze cnobierebis ganviTarebaze dakvirvebam unda
migvaniSnos; am etapze erTis Tqma SeiZleba, _ qarTul zRaparSi aSkarad arsebobs miTosidan
momdinare gamogonili, zRapruli personaJi da saero mwerlobaze isic axdens zegavlenas
(amirani _ amirandarejaniani) da sxvadasxva drois qveynebis kulturac. niko. marisa da pavle
ingoroyvas Teoriebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
korneli kekeliZes kargad aqvs warmoCenili is wvlili, rac qarTuli saero mwerlobis
CamoyalibebaSi saeklesio mwerlobis ganviTarebam Seitana (kekeliZe 1981: 5-25). misi aRniSvniT,
_ `saero literaturas amzadebda Sinaarsobrivad uZvelesi agiografia, romliTac ase
mdidaria pirveli periodis mwerloba, rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri. agiografiulma
beletristikam qarTveli mkiTxveli sazogadoeba miiyvana saero mxatvruli `romanis~
salaromde (kekeliZe 1981: 10). korneli kekeliZe wers, rom is mkiTxveli, romelic icnobda
wmida mxedrebis: giorgi Zlevamosilis, Teodorite stratilatis, andria stratiotisa da
sxvaTa Tavgadasavals, àdvilad mokidebda xels amirandarejanisebur sadevgmiro
moTxrobebs~; vinc icnobda àgiografiuli beletristikidan wmida mavras, iustinas,
febronias, marinas, Teodoras, pelagias, mariam megviptels, taisia megviptels, evdokias,
meore mariams (Zmiswuls abraamisa), margarita antioqelsa da sxv., ar eucxoebaT saero
mxatvruli literaturis mijnuroba~ (kekeliZe 1981: 10).
hagiografia marTlac axdens zegavlenas saerod wodebul mwerlobaze, `wmida grigol
xancTelis cxovrebaSi~ marTlac aSkarad Cans saero mwerlobis motivebi (Tu konkretulad
romelia es motivebi, ix. _ kekeliZe 1981: 11-12); Tu qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, mefeTa da
gmirTa `cxovrebani~, XI s-mde marTlac iwereboda, hagiografiaze saero mwerlobis zegavlena
gacilebiT adre dawyebula... hagiografias marTlac Seaqvs saerod wodebuli qarTuli
mwerlobis aRmocenebaSi wvlili; magram saeklesio mwerlobaSi gamogonilad miCneuli
personaJi ar Cans (`sibrZne balahvarisa~-s personaJebic realur adamianebad arian aRqmulni),
amitom saero mwerlobaSi gamogonili personaJis gaCena ufro Zveli qarTuli Tu araqarTuli
miTis axleburad gadaazrebis, anu _ gazRaprulebis, qarTuli zRapris, an Zveli da
imdroindeli araqarTul literaturis gavleniT unda aixsnas; am periodebSi miTiuri
personaJis gazRapruleba da igavis gmiris personificirebac SesaZloa isev xdebodes (qarTul
saero mwerlobaze zRaprisa da mwerlobis sxvadasxva dargis gavlena rom Zlieria, es
aRniSnuli aqvs korneli kekeliZes, _ kekeliZe 1981: 8-14 da sxva)... hagiografiulma mwerlobam
saerTo zegavlena marTlac moaxdina saero mwerlebze, maT azrovnebaze, ganwyobilebaze da
saero mwerlobis aRmocenebaSi misi roli marTlac didia, oRond, gamogonili personaJis
aRmocenebaSi hagiografias naklebad unda miuZRodes wvlili... saerod wodebuli mwerloba
mxolod hagiografiidan ar amozrdila da, rogorc zemoTac gamoCnda, arc korneli kekeliZes
miuCnevia ase... vfiqrobT, n. maris, k. kekeliZisa da p. ingoroyvas Teoriebi erTmaneTs ar
upirispirdeba, _ saero mwerlobis aRmocenebaSi samive faqtorma Seasrula Tavisi
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gansazRvruli roli... Tavad hagiografiaSi saero motivebis gaCenis ZiriTadi mizezi,
SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod ganviTarebis Sinagani moTxovnilebebia.
nu gadavitanT sityvas mxolod qarTul literaturaze... davubrundeT zemore naTqvams,
_ gamogonili, realurad ararsebulad aRqmuli personaJi ara mxolod uSualod miTebidan,
aramed, vfiqrobT, _ igavidan da, aseve, _ misteriebidan unda iyos Sesuli zRaprul Janrsa da
mwerlobaSi; aRorZinebis xanaSi Taviseburi saxiT viTardeba es personaJi, drois Sesabamis
saxes Rebulobs da viTardeba Semdgom da Semdgom periodebSi... adamiani eCveva iseTi
personaJis arsebobas, romlis ararealurobaSi eWvic ar epareba, rac, vfiqrobT, sruliad
warmoudgeneli iqneboda uZvelesi misteriebis dros mcxovrebi adamianisaTvis, _ igi verc
warmoidgenda, rom SeiZleba wera iseT personaJze, vinc sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs. rogorc
zemoTac iTqva, im dros poets SeiZleba daabralon is, rom arasworad aRwera esa Tu is
personaJi, rom macduri sulis zegavlenaSi moeqca da aRwera ara marTla is persona, vis
daxatvasac apirebda, aramed, _ sul sxva, magram mas veravin daadanaSaulebs imaSi, rom aRwera
iseTi suli, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, Cven am SemTxvevaSi
kategoriulobisagan Tavs SevikavebT, magram, vfiqrobT, ar aris gamoricxuli, dadges dro,
roca romelime morwmune mkiTxveli, realurad arsebul sulebad aRiqvams yvela im personaJs,
viszec ki raime iwereba, _ warmoidgens, rom mwerali (`mediumi~) romelime araamqveyniur suls
Tu muzas xatavs, _ mas, vinc ama Tu im gmiris saxiT warmoesaxa mwerals, vinc Tavad cdilobs
`mwerali-mediumis~ saSualebiT suleTidan romelime konkretuli saxiT warmodges am fizikur
qveyanaSi, aseTi xedva SeiZleba hqondes iseT morwmune mkiTxvels, romelic yvelafris miRma,
yvelaferSi sicocxles xedavs. msgavsi adamianebi (dRes amgvari movlena ufro erTgvar miamit
mkiTxvelebSi Cans) Cvens droSiac gvxvdebian xolme, _ albaT, zogs Sexvedria iseTi mkiTxveli,
visac TinaTini Tu avTandili `Cvens wmidanebad~, _ realurad arsebul adamianebad hyavs
warmodgenili. zemoT ukve warmoCnda da formulirebulad axla vityviT, _ roca samyaroSi
yvelgan da yvelaferSi, yvelafris miRma, sulier movlenas xedavdnen, swored maSin
aRiqmeboda literaturis gmiri realur sulad, swored es aris ZiriTadi mizezi, rom
cnobierebis istoriis adreul etapze adamians sinamdvileSi ararsebuli personaJis
warmodgena arc ki SeeZlo. cxadia, es ar exeba mxolod literaturis gmirs, _ realuri sulis
gamoxatulebad, saxed, xatad xedavdnen qandakebas, suraTs... maT Soris xom warmarTTa
RmerTebic iyvnen. cnobierebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze adamiani cocxlad arsebulad
aRiqvamda mTel samyaros; roca bunebis yvela movlenaSi sicocxlis gamoxatvas xedavdnen,
roca mcenareebSic Tavisebur xasiaTs Wvretdnen da sulier samyaroSi am mcenareTa sulTan
SeeZloT laparaki, maSin mwerlisa Tu poetis, mxatvris mier aRweril personaJsac realobad
aRiqvamdnen. Tuki adamiani momavalSi samyaroseul movlenebis miRma gonis qmedebas, gonismier
sicocxles, dainaxavs, swored maSin SeiZleba, rom mwerali sulieri samyaros erTgvar
`mediumsac~ ki daemsgavsos...
maSasadame, iyo dro, roca adamians gamogonili persoJasis aRqmac ki ar SeeZlo;
SemdgomSi ki dgeba cnobierebis ganviTarebis is etapebi, roca samyaroseuli movlenebi, Tavad
samyaro, aramorwmunisa da morwmunis mierac umetes SemTxvevaSi pirovnulad cocxalad aRar
aRiqmeba, am periodSi adamians aRar sjera, rom zRvis Relva sulier samyaroSi mcxovrebi
romeliRac sulis Relvas niSnavs, rac fizikur samyaroSi amgvari saxiT, _ zRvis boboqrobaSi
vlindeba; zRvis miRma aRarc poseidoni elandebaT da arc mexis WeqaSi ar eCvenebaT zevsis
mrisxaneba (samyaros amgvarad xedva mxolod poetur aRqmad gaiazreba), _ aRar aris is epoqa,
roca cnobierebis istoriis adreul etapze zevsica da poseidonic, yvela suli, romelsac
adamiani warmoidgenda da zepiri Tu werilobiTi TxrobiT, qandakebiTa Tu naxatiT
gansaxovnebulad gvixatavda, realurad arsebulad iyo aRqmuli; cnobierebis ganviTarebis
momdevno etapze, rac sxvadasxva xalxis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva periodSi dgeba
(da, rogorc zemoTac gamoCnda, am periodebis diferencireba aris saWiro), samyaroseul
movlenebSi pirovnul sicocxles veRar xedaven... cnobierebis ganviTarebis erT etapze
pirovnulad aracocxalad aRiqmeba samyaro, samyaroseuli sagnebis miRma maTi arsebobis
safuZveli _ pirovnuli sicocxle aRar moCans, iqmneba axali konkretuli saxe, miRmiurobis
veraRqmis gamo am saxeSi realur suls veRar xedaven da xalxis cnobierebaSi gamogonili
personaJi ase iwyebs dabadebas.
komparativistulad Tu SeviswavliT msoflios xalxTa Semoqmedebas, davrwmundebiT,
rom cnobiereba unda yofiliyo yvelgan Secvlili, rom aseTi gmiris dabadebis SesaZlebloba
damdgariyo; cnobierebis aramzaobis SemTxvevaSi amgvar personaJs vercerTi xalxis
Semoqmedeba ver miiRebda, aseTi personaJi erTi xalxis Semoqmedebidan meoreSi meqanikurad
versad ver gadavidoda.
rogorc iTqva, momavalSi sakvlevi is aris, Tu romel xalxsa Tu regionSi rodis Seiqmna
aseTi gmiris miRebis SesaZlebloba. manamde ki unda Camoyalibdes cnobierebis istoria da
gamoiyos misi ZiriTadi calkeuli etapebi.
gamogonili personaJis, kerZod, _ zRapris gmiris genezisis kvlevisas, vfiqrobT,
yuradRebas imsaxurebs igavisa da misteriebis roli. zRapris gmiris genezisi, miTebis garda,
igavsa da misteriebSic aris saZebneli.
143
zRapris genezisSi igavisa da misteriebis rolis warmoCenis garda, winamdebare statia
cnobierebis ganviTarebis istoriaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas isaxavs erT-erT miznad.

damowmebani:

baramiZe 1992: baramiZe r. `farnavazman Zlierhyo qveyana Tvisi~. Tb.: 1992.
gamsaxurdia 1990: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba~. Tb.: 1990.
dondua 1932: . . , . - , II, 1932.
TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi, Tb., 1997.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.: 1981.
kuWuxiZe 2001: kuWuxiZe g. armazianoba _ mwignobruli religia? _ kriteriumi, # 4, 2001.
kuWuxiZe 2002: kuWuxiZe g. `bibliuri iosebi da `sizmaras~ zRapari~. J. religia, # 1-2-3, Tb.:
2002.
losevi 1999: . . .: 1999.
ovidiusi 1980: publius ovidius nazoni. metamorfozebi. laTinuridan Targmnes: n. Tb.:
melaSvilma, n. toniam, i. garayaniZem; redaqcia, Sesavali werili da komentarebi akaki uruSaZisa.
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. 1980
ovidiusi 1987: publius ovidius nazoni. trfobani. laTinuridan Targmna, Sesavali werili,
SeniSvnebi da saxelTa saZiebeli daurTo manana RaribaSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1987.
WeliZe 2008: WeliZe g. qarTuli miTopoezia. Tb.: 2008.
xvedeliani 2007: xvedeliani T. `vefxistyaosnis~ miTosur-folkloruli samyaro. Tb.: 2007.
xuxunaiSvili 1998: xuxunaiSvili-wiklauri m. èTerianis~ miTosuri Zirebis Seswavlis
sakiTxisaTvis. _ literaturuli Ziebani, XIX, Tb.: 1998.
wereTeli 1993: . . . .: 1993.

Gocha Kuchukhidze

For Genesis of Invented Character

Summary

In the work it is learnt how human consciousness had been changing, how its world perception had been developing,
if it could be possible to create a non-existed character in the artificial literature.
In the early epoch human could perceive the character of myth as a real. In one concrete period of the consciousness
development (in history of different people this period comes in different time) a human doesnt perceive the character of
myth as a real, which becomes the preliminary condition of creating fairytale character. Its the period where behind the
physical appearance (inundation, drought, any physical phenomenon. . .) they cant see the activity of alive souls and these
souls cant be considered as real. In human consciousness there should have happened a sudden change, that caused the
acceptance of non-existed character.
In the genesis of fairytale the allegory did its bit. The concrete character mustnt be visible in the hero of classic
allegory, human fantasy settled the concrete soul in this schematic feature, which became one of the pre-conditions of
arising the fairytale.
In the article there is put forward an opinion that in arising the fairytale character the heathen mysteries did its bit. . .
In the science there exist viewpoints that Georgian secular (non-parish) writing originated from Georgian
hagiography. All characters of hagiographic writings are perceived as really existing (the same way is perceived the character
of apocrypha genre), so, despite historical writing, the fairytale, also old myths and literature, cultural relations with
neighboring countries made its great bit in arising Georgian secular writing. Arising the Georgian secular writing, creating
secular motives in it assisted as it is considered in the science, but as far as Georgian secular writing (certainly, we dont
consider historical writing) mainly is inhabited with invented characters, hagiography cant be considered as the main
source of secular writing.
In the article there is set a question that in future we should try differentiation, when the conditions arose in human
consciousness which assisted creating invented character.

elene gogiaSvili

qarTuli miTosur-zRapruli motivebis paralelebi
Zvelegviptur ori Zmis zRaparSi

144
Zvelegvipturi zRapari ori Zmis Sesaxeb zRapris uZvelesi, srulad SemorCenili
Canaweria msoflioSi. ori Zmis zRapari 1852 wels aRmoaCines. ieratikuli xelnaweri ekuTvnis
Zveli welTaRricxvis me-13 saukunes (me-19 dinastiis periodi) da mecnierTa wreSi apyrus d'
rbiney-is saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. am zRaparma maSinve gamoiwvia daintereseba
folkloristikasa da religiis istoriaSi.
Zvelegvipturi zRapari ori Zmis Sesaxeb miTi-zRapris klasikuri magaliTia, romelsac
qarTul zRaprebSi paraleli eZebneba araerTi motivis saxiT. garda amisa, Zvelegvipturi
teqsti imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom garkveul mimarTebaSia im zRaprebTan, romlebSic
qristianuli religiis gavlena igrZnoba.
iyo ori Zma anupu da bata. ufrosi anupu coliani iyo da umcrosi Zma bata SviliviT
hyavda. bata dRisiT saqonels aZovebda, saRamos ki Zmasa da rZals vaxSams umzadebda. erTxel
Zmebi yanaSi muSaobdnen. anupum bata Sin gagzavna Teslis mosatanad. rZals TvalSi mouvida
axalgazrda, lamazi mazli da TavisTan darCena sTxova. batam uari uTxra, tvirTi aiRo da
yanaSi dabrunda. RamiT anupus colma ambavi daaxvedra, Senma Zmam Seuracxyofa momayenao.
anupum dana aiRo da boslis karis ukan Causafrda Zmas. batam saqoneli moreka. is iyo boselSi
unda Sehyoloda jogs, rom ori Zroxa ukan gamovida da gaafrTxila, Zma mokvlas gipirebso.
batam tomara daagdo da gaiqca. anupu daedevna.
batam Svela SesTxova simarTlis RmerT ra-xoraxtis. ra-xoraxtis brZanebiT Zmebs Soris
niangebiT savse mdinare gaCnda. bata mdinareze gadavida da Zmas gamosZaxa: Sen arc momismine,
ise gamomekide mosaklavad. amis mere SenTan veRar vicxovreb, kedris velze waval. mere
uambo, rac moxda sinamdvileSi, aso moikveTa da wyalSi Caagdo. anupum mwared inana, magram
gvianRa iyo. batam uTxra: wadi, TviTon mwyemse jogi. Cemi Txovna mxolod es aris, rom
gansacdelis dros damexmaro. guls amoviWri da kedris yvavilis kenweroSi Sevinaxav. Tu
kedars moWrian da guli gadmovardeba, modi Cemi gulis sapovnelad. ar Sedrke, Svidi welic
rom gavides ZebnaSi. guls rom ipovi, wylian TasSi Cade. me gavcocxldebi da Surs viZieb. Cems
gansacdels maSin gaigeb, roca jamidan ludi gadmogeRvreba.
anupu Sin dabrunda, coli mokla da Zmis glova daiwyo. bata ki kedris velze darCa,
amoiWra guli da kedris xis kenweroSi dado. Tavs nadirobiT irCenda, aiSena sasaxle da colis
SerTva moisurva. ra-xoraxtim RmerT xnums sTxova, batasTvis qali Seeqmna. RmerTma xnum
Seqmna qali. bata daqorwinda.
erTxel batas coli zRvis napirze seirnobda. zRvas qali moewona da dasaWerad swvda,
magram qali sasaxleSi gaiqca. zRvam sTxova kedars, rom qalis mopovebaSi daxmareboda. kedris
xem qalis ramdenime Reri Tma zRvaze gaitaca. zRvam Tma egvipteSi gariya. oqros Tma faraons
miutanes. faraonma Tmis patronis colad SerTva moindoma da mis mosataceblad jari
gagzavna. batam faraonis gagzavnili xalxi daxoca. maSin faraonma grZneul qals mimarTa,
romelmac motyuebiT wamoiyvana batas coli.
batas colma faraons qmris saidumlo gaumxila: Tu kedars moWridnen, bata mokvdeboda.
faraonma maSinve moaWrevina kedris xe, romlis kenweroSic batas guli ido. bata maSinve
mokvda. im dros anupu xel-pirs ibanda. roca ludiT savse jami miawodes, ludi gadmoiRvara.
anupu Zmis saSvelad gaeSura. bata usulod egdo. anupum misi gulis Zebna daiwyo. oTxi wlis
Semdeg ipova muxudos marvlisodenad dapataravebuli. anupum marcvali wylian jamSi Cado,
guli wyliT gaiJRinTa da bata gacocxlda. batam Zmas uTxra: me xarad gadaviqcevi. Sen
zurgze Semajeqi da mzis amosvlamde mivalT iq, sadac Cemi colia. Suri unda viZio.
bata iqca lamaz xarad. anupum xari faraons miuyvana. faraonma didi msxverplSewirva
moawyo sasaxleSi xaris sapativsacemod. xari sasaxleSi darCa. erTxel xari faraonis colTan
mivida da uTxra: Semomxede, cocxali var, Seni qmari bata. qals SeeSinda da faraons sTxova,
xari daeklaT da misi gul-RviZli mierTmiaT. xari marTlac dakles. misi sisxlis wveTebi
WiSkarTan daeca da orive mxares lamazi xeebi amovida. faraonis coli am xeebis CrdilSi
isvenebda xolme. erTxelac xem uTxra: me bata var da cocxali var. faraonis colma am xeebis
moWra ubrZana msaxurebs. xe moWres, magram erTi burbuSela qals pirSi Seufrinda. qalma
gadaylapa Tu ara, daorsulda. gavida xani da Soba vaJi faraonis memkvidre.
roca faraoni gardaicvala, taxtze bata avida. man moiwvia didebulebi da yvelas uambo
Tavisi Tavgadasavali. mere moiyvana Tavisi Zma anupu da gamoacxada Tavis memkvidred. batam
ocdaaT wels imefa, mis mere qveyanas anupu marTavda (Zveli aRmosavleTis... 1973).
tompsonis saZieblis mixedviT ori Zmis zRapari Seicavs calkeul motivebsa (K2111, B211,
D672, E710, T11.4.1, K2213.4, E761.6.4, E30, E670, E607.2) da motivTa kompleqsebs. motivTa mTeli
rigi sxvadasxva identuri xazebiT metnakleb Sesatyvisebs pouloben xalxur zRaprebSi. es
exeba gansakuTrebiT zRapris sam tips: AaTh 870 C* (dedinacvlisa da geris romani), AaTh 302 B
(gmiris sicocxle damokidebulia raime nivTze), AaTh 318 (orguli coli).
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba erTmaneTs eTanxmeboda imis Sesaxeb, rom zRapari ramdenime
xalxuri gadmocemis literaturuli gadamuSavebis Sedegi iyo. adre mxolod calkeul
motivebs eqceoda yuradReba, mkafio siuJetur paralelebze ki pirvelad 1878 wels miuTiTa e.
koskenma (horaleki 1979: 938). 1930 wels karl fon sidovma scada ramdenime variantis
safuZvelze ori Zmis zRapris ori ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilis indoevropuli
145
warmomavlobis dasabuTeba. marTlac, TvalSi mosaxvedria, rom zRapris umTavresi komponenti
TiTqmis mTel evropaSia (gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi) gavrcelebuli.
calkeuli motivebis paralelebis sakiTxi safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili
folkloristul samecniero literaturaSi, dawyebuli iosebis ambidan da damTavrebuli
panCatantras igaviT, sadac maimuns Tavisi guli batas guliviT xis kenweroze aqvs
Senaxuli (horaleki 1979: 926-939). induri zRapris mokle Sinaarsi Semdegia:
erTxel maimuni niangs bananiT gaumaspinZlda da nayofi colTanac gaatana. niangis cols
banani Zalian moewona da gaifiqra, maimuni Tu aseT tkbil nayofs miirTmevs, misi guli kidev
ufro gemrieli iqnebao da qmars maimunis gulis motana mosTxova. niangma maimuni Sin dapatiJa.
maimuni zurgze Seajda da gahyva. Sua wyalSi rom iyvnen, niangma gadaixarxara: ra kargad
gagacure, Seni nebiT momdev SesaWmelado. maimuns jer SeeSinda, magram uecrad TavSi gauelva:
mxolod sulelebs ukvirT, roca sakuTari WkuiT rames moaxerxeben, niangic albaT aseTi
suleliao da gamosavalic ipova. ratom adre ar miTxari, rasac apirebdi, _ uTxra maimunma
niangs, _ guli bananis xis kenweroze davtove, ar damisveldes-meTqi. gulis gareSe ki Cems
SeWmas ra gemo eqneba. unda davbrundeT, guls wamoviReb da Sens cols ise vestumrebio.
niangma maSinve daujera da xmeleTze gadasva. maimuni swrafad acocda xeze da gadmosZaxa: Tu
maimunis gulis SeWma ginda, jer uTavo maimuni ipoveo. kargi, waval da movZebnio, _ Tqva
niangma da wavida. dResac ase eZebs uTavo maimuns (induri... 1970: 35-36).
Tanamedrove evropul zRaparmcodneobaSi damtkicebulad iTvleba, rom Zvelegvipturi
zRapari jadosnuria da warmoadgens sami sxvadasxva siuJetis literaturulad gadamuSavebis
Sedegs. ar gamoiricxeba sxva zRaparTa tipebis gavlena da meoradi miTologizaciac (horaleki
1979: 926-939).
sxvadasxva gamokvlevis mixedviT, am zRapris miTosuri safuZvelia osirisis misteriebi,
xolo gmirebis saxelebis miRma RvTaebebis determinativebia (rubinSteini 1991: 164).
v. m. vinkentievma originalidan Targmnil teqsts daurTo vrceli gamokvleva, romelSic
ganixila zRapris stilistikuri da Sinaarsobrivi konstruqcia, mTavari da meorexarisxovani
personaJebi maTi RvTaebrivi prototipebiT, zRapris uZvelesi warmoSoba da mogviano
gavlenebi, folklorul-miTologiuri paralelebi: samyaros xe, sikvdilis niSnebi, ukvdavebis
wyali, bedTan damokidebuleba da sxva (vinkentievi 1917).
qarTul folkloristikaSi iosebis batasTan tipologiur msgavsebas da aseve Soreul
asociaciebs TamuzTan, osirisTan da gilgameSTan vrclad ganixilavs r. CxeiZe monografiaSi
ìosebis bibliuri moTxroba (CxeiZe 1993: 61-91).
imis miuxedavad, rom mTavari personaJebi yovelgvari zRapruli saburvelis gareSe
warmoadgenen Zvelegviptur RvTaebebs _ batas da anubiss, teqsti ar aris mxolod miTosuri.
literaturuli formiT warmodgena miTosur ambavs didad azaralebs (malinovski 1954: 101).
ori Zma ukve gazRaprebulia. Zvelegvipturi teqsti Tavisuflad Tavsdeba jadosnuri
zRapris v. propiseul SvidpersonaJian sqemaSi.

Zvelegvipturi òri Zmis zRapris~ struqtura

v. propis mixedviT, jadosnuri zRapari SeiZleba ewodos yovelgvar moTxrobas, romelic
raRacis naklebobiT an zianis miyenebiT iwyeba da mTavrdeba qorwinebiT an problemis
gadawyvetiT. v. propma zRaparmcodneobaSi SemoiRo termini funqcia, romelic mis naSromSi
personaJis moqmedebas aRniSnavs (propi 1984: 33).
v. propis sqemis mixedviT ori Zmis zRaparSi yvela personaJia crugmiris garda:
1) gmiri _ bata. funqciebi: saxlidan wasvla, mCuqeblis moTxovnaze reaqcia da qorwili;
2) antagonistebi _ rZali, Zma, batas coli, faraoni. funqciebi: devna, brZolis sxva
formebi (veragoba);
3) Semwe _ anupu. funqcia: gmiris transformacia;
4) mCuqebeli _ Zroxa. funqcia: jadosnuri saSualebis gadacema (rCeva);
5) gamgzavni _ anupu. funqcia: gagzavna (devna);
6) mefis asuli _ batas coli. funqcia: qorwili.

Zvelegvipturi òri Zmis zRapris~ motivebi

ori Zmis zRapris motivebidan msoflios xalxTa zRaprebSi, maT Soris qarTulSic,
yvelaze xSirad sami motivi gvxvdeba.

1) kontaqturi magia _ Zmebi daSorebamde niSans utoveben erTmaneTs, ris mixedviTac
erT-erTma unda Seityos, ra SeemTxva meores da saSvelad gaeSuros.
zRaprebSi am motivs germaneli zRaparmcodne leander pecoldti magias ukavSirebs da
aerTianebs dafaruli Zalebisadmi rwmenasTan, rom adamiani da buneba arsebiTad safuZvelSi
identurni arian da bunebaSi yvelaferi yvelafers ukavSirdeba (pecoldti 1982: 28). karl
146
iustus obenaueri amgvari zRaprebisTvis iyenebs termins simboluri zRapari _
Symbolmrchen (obenaueri 1959).
Zvelegviptur zRaparSi batas sicocxlis simbolo misi gulia. qarTul zRaprebSi gmiris
sicocxle sxva simboloebiT aris gamoxatuli.
rodesac bata iRupeba kedris moWris da gulis dakargvis Semdeg, anupus Tasis
napirebidan ludi iRvreba da Rvino imRvreva. ufrosi Zma midis umcrosis mosaZebnad,
poulobs mis guls da acocxlebs. qarTul zRaprebSi igive motivi _ Zmebis SeTanxmeba bevrgan
gvxvdeba.
Zvelegviptur zRaparSi umcrosi Zma bata ufross eubneba: ubedureba Tu SememTxveva,
gaigeb, roca luds mogawvdian da uceb Tasidan gadmoiRvreba. maSin ki ar daayovno! (Zveli
aRmosavleTis... 1973: 56).
qarTul zRaprebSi kontaqturi magia Zmebs (Zmadnaficebs) Soris Semdegnairad aris
gamoxatuli:
me Tu rame gamiWirda, pirs rom daiban, xelze sisxlad geqceva wyalio _ ori Zma
(umikaSvili 1964: 65-66);
`rodesac rame gagiWirdes, riTi gavigovo? imiTi gaigebo, _ ufrosma uTxra, _ roma, Tu
gamiWirdes rame, eg Cveni wyaro sisxlaT maiqceso~ _ `Taviglejia~ (umikaSvili 1964: 139);
xeze darWobil danas piri uJangdeba _ ori Zma (Ciqovani 1956: 210-211);
jayvis piri sisxlisfrad iqceva _ xristagani da belTagani gmirebis zRapari (danelia
1991: 69);
Zmis sikvdilis mere meore Zmas neka TiTi gauSvdeba _ ori Zmakaci (Ciqovani 1952: 84);
erTi Zma naxavs, rom rZis saragi sul sisxlad qceula _ ori Zma (cindeliani 1991: 45);
rodesac es alvis xe gadaiqceso, icodeTo, roma maSin movkvdebio _ devis sanaxevro
(umikaSvili 1964: 144);
mividnen erT jvaredin gzaze, dadges erTi jami wyliT samsei. _ me am gzaze waval da Sen
amaze, sami dRi Semdega movnaxoT eg wyali, Tu sisxliT iyves samse, erTi CvenTagani
mkvdari iqnebao _ ori oboli (Rlonti 1948: 154);
gameemSvidonen erTmaneT, aiRes da beWdebi gacvales. erTma Tqva: _ Tu Sen gagiWirdeba,
es beWedi ise mamiWers, ro sisxl gamomadens, Tu me gamiWirdeba, Sen magiWers da sisxl
gamogadenso _ gedar-gelmazi (Rlonti 1948: 158);
_ exla es klde gadavabrunoT Cvenao, amis Zirs SevinaxoT Cveni danebi da Tav-Tavis
amxanagobaze wavideTo. Tvis Tavze moideT da vnaxoT Cveni danebi. visac uWirdes saqme,
imas sisxli ar gamouvides xorcielSi, gamouvides rZe... uxeiros amxanagebi mividen
mTazeda, aswives qvasa da gadaabrunes. Tavisi danebi amaiRes, daiWires xelSia, gameedina
im amxanagebs rZe sisxlis magivrad. maSin Tqves: _ Cvens Zmad ganafics saqme uWirso _
uxeiro (gigineiSvili 1961: 75-76).
rostoms amave dros naTqvami hqonda tarielisTvis, Tu gaWirvebaSi Cavvardi, diliT
muWaze wyals ro daisxam, sisxlad geqceso, da amiT gavigebT erTmaneTis avad yofnasao.
tarielma diliT ro wyali daisxa, eqca sisxlaT. mixvda, ro rostomis saqme cudad iyo da
gaeSura qajeTisayen (sfsc arqivi 2516 z/8).
qarTuli zRaprebis garda amgvari motivi (Weridan wveTis Camovardna) gvxvdeba
serbul, rusul da Turqmenul zRaprebSic (iugoslaviuri... 1974, rusuli... 1982,
Turqmenuli... 1975). Cveulebriv, am motivis gamoZaxilia zRapris bolos gacocxlebuli Zmis
eWvi (Cems colTan xom ar iweqio) da mSveleli Zmis fici, rac Zvelegvipturi zRapris
TviTkastraciis epizods mogvagonebs:
ara, arafers borots Cems gulSi ar gauvliao, _ uTxra Zmam, _ aio, isars avisvrio da
razedac damecema, is iqneba Sens colTan mikarebulio. aisrola isari da daeca fexis
cerze da moswyvita _ ori Zma (umikaSvili 1964: 67);
Tu rame Sen dedakacs Sexebodes, es tyvia swored iq dameceso da momklaso. Seisrola
tyvia da Camovarda da neka TiTSi daeca da moawyvita _ ori Zmakaci (Ciqovani 1952:
85).

2) gmiris metamorfozuli cikli: adamiani _ cxoveli _ mcenare _ adamiani.
rogorc wesi, amgvari gardasaxva mdedrobiTi sqesis personaJebis Tvisebaa qarTul
zRaprebSi. qarTuli masalis mixedviT, es metamorfoza ZiriTadad qalisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
bata iqceva xarad. xars daklaven. sisxlis ori wveTidan faraonis sasaxlis karibWesTan
amoizrdeba ori didi xe. xeebs Wrian. batas cols pirSi burbuSela Caufrindeba, dafexmZimdeba
da Sobs faraonis memkvidres _ kvlav batas.
qarTul zRaprebSi cxra Zma da bayayi (umikaSvili 1964: 67-69), xelmwifis Svili da
lerwami (umikaSvili 1964: 97-102), sawyali kaci da misi Svili (Ciqovani 1952: 19-27), lerwmis
147
qali (Ciqovani 1956: 1-9), gerisa da dedinacvlisa (umikaSvili 1964: 109-115) mzeTunaxavi
wyalSi Cagdebisas Tevzad iqceva, Tevzis fxidan _ alvis xed, alvis xis nafotidan ki qalad.
indur zRaparSi arwivebis Svili mTavar gmir qals, surias wyalSi agdeben; iq oqrosfer
yvavilad iSleba, yvavils wvaven da mis adgilas mangos xe amodis. mangos nayofi doqSi vardeba
da kvlav Tavis pirvandel saxes ubrundeba (induri... 1974, 136-142).
bulgarul zRaparSi vercxlis iremi mTavar gmirs Tevzi gadaylapavs da napirze
amoagdebs, sadac jer xvlikad iqceva, mere _ qurana cxenad. cxens moklaven, magram mis wina
kbils moaxle miwaSi Caflavs da amodis xe. xis nafoti vardeba wyalSi, gadaiqceva oqros ixvad
da bolos isev kacad (bulgaruli... 1975: 116-122).
erT Cexur zRaparSi wyalSi Cagdebuli qali ixvad da mere isev qalad iqceva (Cexuri...
1969: 264-274).
batas meore sikvdilis Semdeg aRdgoma xelaxla dabadebiT xorcieldeba. igi
axalSobilad evlineba qveyanas.
zRapris personaJi qali ar ibadeba xelaxla imitom, rom is TviTon atarebs Tavis
bunebaSi xelaxla warmoqmnis unars. igi Tavad Sobs Svils, romelic mas gaacocxlebs. es
iseTive msgavseba unda iyos batas kvlav dabadebasTan, rogorc zRapris metamorfoza (Tevzi
_ alvis xe _ qali) batas metamorfozebTan (xari _ xe _ bata).

3) oqrosTmiani qalis motaceba.
batas colis Tmis bululs zRva egvipteSi gariyavs. faraoni grZneuli qalis meSveobiT
moatacebinebs batas cols, bata ki misive colis muxTlobiT iRupeba _ kedars moWrian da mis
guls gadaagdeben.
qarTul zRaprebSi useina da bairama (umikaSvili 1964: 69-74), saswaulmomqmedi perangi
(Ciqovani 1956: 62-70), da-Zmis ambavi (Ciqovani 1956: 305-321) ubedureba moaqvs mzeTunaxavis
perangs, romelsac Citi (an yvavi) moitacebs. qals itaceben, gmirs klaven. megrul zRaparSi
xristagani da belTagani gmirebis zRapari (danelia 1991: 57-93) perangis nacvlad oqros Tmis
Reria.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom is zRaprebi, romlebSic zemoT ganxiluli motivebi gvxvdeba,
siuJeturad mxolod es motivebi aqvT saerTo Zvelegviptur zRaparTan. ori Zmis zRapari
struqturulad iseve gamoiyureba, rogorc yvela jadosnuri zRapari.

Zvelegvipturi òri Zmis zRapris~ qristianuli interpretacia

xalxur jadosnur zRaparTa umravlesoba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg aris
dafiqsirebuli evropaSi da Tanac ara uadres me-16 saukunisa, bunebrivia, maTze Zlier
msoflmxedvelobriv gavlenas iqoniebda qristianuli religia. ori Zmis Zvelegvipturi
zRapari unikaluria im mxriv, rom qristianobaze adrindelia da amave dros jadosnuri
zRaprebis gverdiT dgas imave struqturiTa da motivebiT. yvela jadosnuri zRapris msgavsad
iwyeba vnebiT da saSualedo funqciebis gavliT mTavrdeba gamefebiT.
imis miuxedavad, rom ori Zmis zRaparSi Zvelegvipturi RvTaebebi monawileoben, mTavari
gmiris saxeSi is elementebic SeiniSneba, rac Semdgom qristianul religiaSi gacxadda.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia mTavari gmiris damokidebuleba bedTan, sruliad
gaazrebuli da gacnobierebuli, rogorc saxarebiseuli iyavn neba Seni. bata araTu ar uwevs
beds winaaRmdegobas, piriqiT, exmareba aRsrulebaSi sikvdilis saidumlos Rrma wvdomiT.
vinkentievis interpretaciiT, xelmeore sikvdilis Semdeg is (bata _ e. g.) warsdgeba wminda
kuros, RvTaebrivi xis, yrma ufliswulis da miwieri RmerTis _ faraonis saxiT, romelic
ocdaaTwlovani zeobis mere cad aRevlineba. batam es icis da Tavis cols Tavisi gulis
saidumlos umxels, rom man ufro kargad umuxTlos, elaparakeba xarisa da ori xis piriT, rom
misi qmaria _ imave mizniT, da winaswar afrTxilebs Zmas, ra unda gaakeTos mis
gasacocxleblad, roca mokvdeba (vinkentievi 1917: 74).
qarTul zRaprebSi gvxvdeba motivi, sadac gmiri saidumlos gaTqvams da gaqvavdeba. isic
batasaviT ibarebs, ra sWirdeba gasacocxleblad (xSirad mzis pirisnabani), magram jadosnuri
zRapris gmiri iZulebiT gaTqvams saidumlos, batas moqmedeba ki ufro axlos dgas
saxarebasTan: maSin hrqua maT ieso: Sewuxebul ars suli Cemi vidre sikudilmde; daadgeriT
aqa da iRviZebdiT Cem Tana. da warvida mcired da davarda pirsa zeda Tvissa, ilocvida da
ityoda: mamao Cemo, ukueTu SesaZlebel ars, Tanawarmxedin Cemgan sasumeli ese; xolo ara
viTar me mnebavs, aramed viTarca Sen (maTe 26, 38-39); aha, esera moaxlebul ars Jami, da Ze
kacisai miecemis xelTa codvilTasa (maTe 25, 45).
samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs miniSnebebi Zvelegvipturi religiis monoTeistur
xasiaTze, magaliTad, faraon exnatonis himns 103-e fsalmuns adareben (eliade 1978: 107).
bedTan damokidebulebiT Zvelegvipturi zRapari ufro hgavs qristianizebuls, vidre
TviT qristian xalxTa zRaprebi. ori Zmis zRapari imdenad esadageba jadosnuri zRapris
formas, ramdenadac arsebobs kavSiri qristianobamdel da qristianul simbolikebs Soris.

148
bibliuri iosebi, bata da zRapris umcrosi Zma

iosebis ambis zogierTi epizodis mimarTebas Zvelegviptur ori Zmis zRaparTan maSinve
miaqcies yuradReba mkvlevrebma, rogorc ki misi Seswavla daiwyo XIX saukuneSi. msoflio
literaturasa da folklorSi fotifaris colis siuJetis uamravi gadamuSaveba arsebobs,
isini zogjer Zalian arian dacilebuli pirvelwyaros, magram genetikuri jaWvis aRdgena mainc
xerxdeba.
m. CaCava varaudobs, rom iusuf da zelixas siuJetis gavleniT aris Seqmnili qarTuli
zRapari sizmara (CaCava 1980). arsebobs agreTve gansxvavebuli mosazreba r. CxeiZisa, rom
sizmaras arc iusuf da zelixasTan da arc bibliur qronikasTan araferi aqvs saerTo garda
zogadi msgavsebisa da rom es zRapari damoukidebeli warmoSobisaa (CxeiZe 1993).
qarTul zRaprebSi iosebis identuri personaJi ar Cans, magram gvaqvs iribi siuJeturi
paralelebi. Zmebs Soris msgavsi urTierTdamokidebuleba uamrav zRaparSi iCens Tavs. rogorc
wesi, ufrosi Zmebis Ralati umcrosis mimarT yvela sami Zmis zRapars axasiaTebs. Zmebs SurT
umcrosis warmateba. imisaTvis, rom TviTon moiwonon Tavi mamis winaSe, iTviseben mis
monapovars da ulmoblad gawiraven.
jadosnur zRaprebSi mamis gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli umcrosi vaJis mimarT ar
fiqsirdeba iosebisgan gansxvavebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zRapris dasawyisSi (zogjer umcross
abuCadac igdeben). Zmebis Suri imiTia gamowveuli, rom TviTon ver moipoves is, rac maTma
umcrosma Zmam moipova im gzis fasad, romelic manve airCia.
bibliuri iosebisa da zRapris gmiris rCeuloba imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rom
iosebi Tavidanve rCeulia, umcrosi Zma ki Tavisi saqcieliT daimsaxurebs mamis siyvaruls da
samefo taxts. is TviTon miaRwevs imas, rom rCeuli gaxdes.
gansxvavdeba ZmebTan urTierTobis momentebi finalur epizodebSi. zog zRaparSi gmiri
miutevebs Tavis Zmebs danaSauls, zog zRaparSi ki sjis. jadosnur zRaprebSi es motivi
cvalebadia. zogjer ufros Zmebs mama-xelmwife gamoutans ganaCens, zogjer xalxi
asamarTlebs da qveynidan aZevebs da sxv. qarTul zRaprebSi iseve, rogorc evropulSi da
aRmosavlurSi, daaxloebiT erTnairi viTarebaa. ufro xSiria ufrosi Zmebis dasja, vidre
patieba.
yvela zRaparSi ucvleli epizodi, romelic zRapris mTavar gmirs iosebTan aaxloebs,
Zmebis mtroba da winaswarmetyveluri sizmaria, magram es ori motivi erTsa da imave zRaparSi,
Cemi masalis mixedviT, arasodes gvxvdeba. Tundac ase yofiliyo, iosebTan SedarebisTvis
sakmarisi mainc ar iqneboda. zRapris gmiris bibliur iosebTan dakavSireba im SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba, Tu religiur moments gaviTvaliswinebT.
ioane oqropiri iosebis Sesaxeb wers, rom is gulmodgined asrulebs im sibrZnes, rac
axal aRTqmaSia gacxadebuli (ioane oqropiri: 695). rac qristem uqadaga mociqulebs:
`giyuardeT mterni Tquenni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa da ulocevdiT maT, romelni
gmZlavroben Tquen da gdevniden Tquen~ (maTe 5, 44) _ es da amaze ufro metic gaakeTa iosebma.
man ara marto udidesi siyvaruli gamoamJRavna maT mimarT, vinc mzad iyo mis mosaklavad,
aramed saerTodac cdilobda daerwmunebina isini, rom maT araviTari codva ar miuZRodaT misi
mimarT. "xolo aw nu sZrwiT, _ eubneba Zmebs iosebi, _ nuca ficxel-giCs Tquen, rameTu
momyideT me aqa, rameTu cxorebisa TquenisaTvis momavlina me RmerTman winaSe Tquensa" _
Sesaqmisai XV, 5 (wignni... 1989).
iosebi qristes gamoxatavs tipologiurad. SuasaukuneebSi, dabadebis komentarebSi
iosebis cxovreba xSirad qristes cxovrebazea gadatanili. iosebis cxovrebis magaliTze
naCvenebi iyo iesos amqveyniuri cxovrebis arsebiTi movlenebi. es sakiTxi safuZvlianad aris
ganxiluli manfred derpmanis naSromSi ìosebis istoriis gaazreba da asaxva SuasaukuneebSi~
(derpmani 1974). egzegesam qristes gankaceba tipologiurad samoselSi dainaxa, romelic
iosebma mamisgan miiRo. qristem kacobriobis samoseli RvTaebriobas Semoavlo (Christus hat mit
dem Kleid der Menschlichkeit die Gttlichkeit umkleidet). roca es moxda, samyaro ukve asakovani iyo,
iseve, rogorc iakobs SeeZina Svili moxucebulobaSi. iakobis siyvaruls iosebis mimarT
adareben uflis siyvaruls gankacebuli Zis mimarT. siyvarulis sapirispirod dgas siZulvili,
romelic Suridan warmoiSva. iosebis Zmebi ganasaxiereben iudevelebs, romelTa siZulvilic
qristeze gadavida. maT ar surT dajereba, rom qristeSi srul iqmna mesiis Zala, rogorc es
iosebis sizmarSi winaswar gacxadda. qristes dideba xdeba erTi mxriv mariamisgan, iosebisgan
da Tormeti mociqulisgan, meore mxriv ki wmindanebisgan, eklesiisgan da kacobriobisgan.
Tayvans scemen agreTve mefes, eklesias da qristianobas. gamonaklisia iudaizmi, romlis
ganrisxeba prefigurirdeba iakobiT, iosebs rom sizmris gamo kicxavs. roca mama iosebs Zmebis
sameTvalyureod gagzavnis, egzegesas es davaleba esmis, rogorc qristes inkarnacia, romelic
Tavisi RvTaebrivi mamisagan kacobriobas mxsnelad moevlina. iosebis damyoli buneba srul
iqmna jvarcmaSi. rogorc iosebma moZebna Tavisi Zmebi, asevea gansazRvruli qristes
moRvaweoba RvTis eris mudmivi ZebniT. rogorc Zmebs surT iosebis mokvla, aseve gegmaven
ebraelebi qristes sikvdiliT dasjas.
149
jvarcmaze sikvdili egzegesam tipologiurad dainaxa kvarTis SemoZarcvaSi, radgan
qriste sikvdiliT ixdis adamianur samosels, romliTac misi RvTaebrivi buneba iyo Semosili.
RvTaebrioba ar SeiZleba moklul iqnas iseve, rogorc ar mokvda iosebi, aramed WaSi Cavarda,
rac isev da isev qristes mier jojoxeTis moxilvad aris danaxuli. damSrali Wa imaze
mianiSnebs, rom ukvdavebis wylis saTave damSralia. rogorc Txa icleba sisxlisgan, isea
qriste kacobriobisTvis Sewiruli zvarakad. iosebis gayidva, rac tipologiurad qristes
gacemas ukavSirdeba, gadainacvlebs egviptis movlenebSi, romlebic qristes mxsnelobaSia
moazrebuli. fotifaris coli iudaizms ganasaxierebs, kvarTis dafleTa moazrebulia kvlav
da kvlav jvarcmad, tyveoba ki sikvdilad, romelsac daTrgunavs qriste. iosebis aRzeveba, misi
zrunva egvipteze da Zmebis mimarT mimtevebloba aCvenebs, rogor amaRldeba qriste aRdgomis
Semdeg, rogor awynarebs sulier SimSils da unawilebs madls maT, visac misi swams.
zRapris gmiris cxovreba erTgvarad iosebis Tavgadasavalsac mogvagonebs, magram
iosebisgan gansxvavebiT, zRapris umcrosi Zma Zmebs sastik ganaCens gamoutans. es zRapris
kanonzomierebaa, roca usamarTlobas amxileben (àra ars dafaruli, romeli ara gamoCndes da
arca saidumloi, romeli ara gamocxadnes~, maTe 10, 26) da borotebas sjian (`nu hgonebT,
viTarmed moved me mifenad mSvidobisa, aramed maxvilisa~, maTe 10, 34). paralelis gavleba
SeiZleba TezevsTan da heraklesTan _ `Tezevsi herakles hbaZavda. herakle Tavis mters imiTve
uswordeboda, ra sasjelsac mas umzadebdnen... Tezevsic heraklesaviT sjida borotmoqmedT;
rogorc Zaladobasac iyenebdnen sxvebze, iseTive Zaladobas iCenda maTdami da borotmoqmedni
TavianTi usamarTlo saqcielis sazRaurad samarTlian sasjels Rebulobdnen~ (plutarqe
1975: 30).
Suasaukuneebis egzegetikosebis mier iosebis gayidva gaazrebulia qristes gacemad,
kvarTis dafleTa _ jvarcmad, tyveoba _ sikvdilad, romelic daTrguna qristem da iosebis
aRzeveba _ amaRlebad. amasve emTxveva zRapris umcrosi Zmis Tavgadasavali, misi ambis
Tanmimdevroba. zRapari amgvari interpretaciis saSualebasac gvaZlevs: ufrosi Zmebis mier
umcrosis gawirva jvarcmaa, qvesknelis gamovla da gveleSapis damarcxeba _ sikvdilis
daTrgunva, Sin dabruneba _ aRdgoma, mamisagan gvirgvinis dadgma da gamefeba _ cad amaRleba.
zRapris gmiris cxovrebis gza Tavisi yvela etapiT esadageba bibliuri iosebis, Zvelegvipturi
zRapris gmiris batas cxovrebas da aseve asocirdeba qristes jvarcma-aRdgomasTan.

daskvna

qristianuli datvirTva advilad SeiZleba miiRos im teqstma, romelic jadosnuri
zRapris struqturazea agebuli. aseTi miTi ufro gazRaprebuli miTia rogorc
Zvelegvipturi ori Zmis zRapari. miTosuri ambavi, romelic jadosnuri zRapris sqemas
irgebs, Tavis TavSi atarebs ukve im marcvals, rac qristianul religiaSi poulobs Sesatyviss.
yvela zemoTdamowmebuli xalxuri teqsti, romlebsac saerTo motivebi aqvs
Zvelegviptur ori Zmis zRaparTan, tipobrivad jadosnuri zRaprebia, maT struqturaze
miTosuri elementebi cvlilebas ver axdenen, ar cvlian zRapris tradiciul dasasruls da
gmirebic ara bedisweris, aramed sakuTari ZaliT moqmedeben. ori Zmis zRapris gmiri garda
imisa, rom Zvelegvipturi RmerTia, Tavis saxeSi Seicavs im elementebs, rac qristianul
religiasTanac axlos dgas. Tu am teqsts jadosnur zRaprad miviCnevT, bata Tavisi
TvisebebiT, ra Tqma unda, mainc miTosur gmirad darCeba, magram misi funqciebi aseve
yovelmxriv Seesabameba zRapris gmirisas.

damowmebani:

bulgaruli... 1975: bulgaruli zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.
gigineiSvili... 1961: gigineiSvili i., Tofuria v., qavTaraZe i. qarTuli dialeqtologia. I. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `Tsu gamomcemloba~, 1961.
danelia 1991: danelia k. (red.). qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. II. megruli teqstebi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `Tsu gamomcemloba~, 1991.
derpmani 1974: Derpmann M. Die Josephgeschichte. Auffassung und Darstellung im Mittelalter. Dsseldorf:
Kastellaun, 1974.
eliade 1978: Eliade M. Geschichte der religisen Ideen. Bd. 1. Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien: Herder, 1978.
vinkentievi 1917: . . - . .: 1917.
Turqmenuli... 1975: Turqmenuli zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1975.
ioane oqropiri 1993:
. . . II.
. 1993.
induri... 1970: induri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1970.
iugoslaviuri... 1974: iugoslaviuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1974.
malinovski 1954: Malinowski B. Magic, Science and Religion and other Essays. New York: Garden City, 1954.
obenaueri 1959: Obenauer K. J. Das Mrchen. Frankfurt am Main, 1959.
150
pecoldti 1982: Petzoldt L. Mrchen und Magie. Zur Phnomenologie und Funktion magischer Elemente im
Mrchen. In: Jahrbuch fr Volksliedforschung. Festschrift fr Ltz Rhrich zum 60. Geburtstag. Herausgegeben von Rolf
Wilhelm Brednich und Jrgen Dittmar. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1982.
plutarqe 1975: plutarqe. rCeuli biografiebi. Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1975.
propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo mariam
karbelaSvilma. Tb.: gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1984.
rubinSteini... 1991: . . . . . I. .:
, 1991.
rusuli... 1982: . .: , 1982.
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. III. Tb.: gamomcemloba literatura da
xelovneba, 1964.
Rlonti 1948: Rlonti a. qarTluri zRaprebi da legendebi. Tb,: gamomcemloba sabWoTa
mwerali, 1948.
CaCava 1980: CaCava m. iusuf da zelixas qarTuli xalxuri versia. krebuli folklori da
literatura (qarTuli folklori, X). Tb.: mecniereba, 1980.
Cexuri... 1969: Cexuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1969.
Ciqovani 1952: Ciqovani m. (red.). xalxuri sityviereba. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1952.
Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m. (red.). xalxuri sityviereba. V. Tb.: gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1956.
CxeiZe 1993: CxeiZe r. iosebis bibliuri moTxroba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1993.
cindeliani 1991: cindeliani u. (red.). svanuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1991.
Zveli aRmosavleTis... 1973: . .: , 1973.
wignni... 1989: wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani (Sesaqmnisai. gamoslvaTai). b. gigineiSvilisa da c.
kikviZis red. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1989.
horaleki 1979: Horalek K. Brdermrchen. Das gyptische Brdermrchen. In: Enzyklopdie des Mrchens, Bd.
2. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1979.

SemoklebaTa axsna

AaTh: Aarne, A., Thompson, St.: The Types of the Folktale. A Classification and Bibliography. Second Revizion,
Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1961.
sfsc arqivi: saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris arqivi.

Elene Gogiashvili

The Parallels of Georgian Mythical and Fairytale Motifs in the Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers

Summary

The Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers is the oldest complete survived fairytale dated back to the 13
th
Century BC, the
epoch of the 19
th
dynasty. The Papyrus has often been perceived as a folk tale and has been interpreted as such. However,
because of its setting in divine and royal sphere, folklorists doubted that the text can be called an early folk tale.
The Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers is a classical example of the mixed genre of the myth and the magic tale. It
includes some motifs which are common in the Georgian magic tales too. On the other hand the Egyptian tale is remarkable
because it shows some paradigms characteristic for those folk tales which are strongly influenced by the Christian religion.
According to the Types of the Folktale by Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, the Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers
includes several motifs and motif-complexes: K 2111, B 211, D 672, E 710, T 11. 4. 1, K 2213.4, E 761-6-4, E 30, E 670, E
607-2. The essential similarities between the Egyptian Two Brothers motifs and the motifs of folk tales are demonstrated in
the following types:
AaTh 870 C* Stepmother falls in love with her Stepson;
AaTh 302 B Hero with life dependent of his sword. A neighboring king covets the heros wife and sends an old
woman to secure her for him. The emissary steals the sword, burns it, and escapes with the wife. The heros
friend discovers what has happened, recovers the sword, restores it to its original condition, resuscitates the hero,
and rescues the wife.
AaTh 318 The faithless wife. The hero marries the princess but she falls in love with another man. She deceives
her husband into giving up his magic weapons and plots against his life.
Various types of Georgian traditional stories include mythical motifs but there is a question of the interaction between
myths and fairytales: when do the mythic motifs influence the plot of magic tales and when are they completely dependent
upon the structure of the magic tales. In Georgian folk literature there exist numerous examples which demonstrate that the
plot of the fairy tale is based upon myth, but the myth has not been transformed into a fairytale. Characteristics common to
both magic tale and mythic-epic heroes are an amazing birth and the possession of some supernatural power. However there
is an important difference between magic tale and mythic-epic heroes. A mythic hero cannot fight against fate (or can only
fight in vain), but a magic tale hero has the freedom of decision and with it, he can determine his own fate. At the same time,
his behaviour meets completely the demands of the Christian ethic.
151
Each Georgian folktale that contains the motifs of the Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers is a usual magic tale.
Moreover, each story that follows the structure of the magic tale, can be interpreted from the perspective of the Christian
religion, although the structure itself comes from a pre-Christian period. This fact suggests that the ideas revealed in the
Christian religion exist as germ within the fairytale structure.

rusudan ColoyaSvili

fuZegaormagebuli sityvebi zRaprul eposSi

fuZegaormagebuli sityvebi zRaprul eposSi ZiriTadad misi personaJebis sakuTari
saxelebia. amgvari saxelebiT iwodebian:
a) jadosnuri zRaprebis gmirebi, romlebic araCveulebrivi, aramiwieri
SesaZleblobebiT gamoirCevian. magaliTad: ananas gvari aqvs prasisa da kamis sartyeli artyia;
`daibara mTidan irmebi ananam, dawvela, Caasxa qvabSi, Cajda Sin TviTon, duRs rZe da ibaneba Sig
anana~ (razikaSvili 1951: 114); TiTistaris xmarebac mxolod gamorCeulT xelewifebaT, maT
Soris aris ananac: `dajda maRla sarTulze, aitana tari da dauwyo abreSums rTva. uceb
kviristavi gadmouvarda, moiWra ananam cxviri, Caagzavna da amoatanina kviristavi da cxviri
isev moiba~ (razikaSvili 1951: 115). sxva mxrivac Cans ananas gamorCeuloba. man SesZaxa:

mzeo _ dedav, mamav _ mTvarev,
varskvlavebo _ Cemo Zmebo?
CamouSviT oqros skami,
aRar aris xelmwifeo!

gaaTava Tu ara es sityvebi, gaixsna ca da iqidan CamoeSva oqros skami. adga xelmwifis
Svili da moexvia ananas... gaxdnen coli da qmari da dasxdnen oqros skamze~ (razikaSvili 1951:
116).
gamorCeulia zRaparSi isris-masris-sandlis qalic, romelic xan oqros Tevzad iqceva,
xan xed da bolos isev ibrunebs Tavis pirvandel saxes. is Zalian Zneli mosapovebelia _
Tvalmiuwvdomel koSkSi zis da mamamiss misi xelis mTxovnilebis TavebiT galavani augia
(canava 1994b: 206-210). araCveulebrivia nanulic: mis `saTxovnelad bevri wasula, magram ukan
aravin dabrunebula~ (cindeliani 1975: 49); vaJs uTxra ZiZam: `_...ezoSi rom Sexval, meserze
Camocmul kacis Tavebs dainaxav... rogorc ki WiSkars gadaabijeb, maSinve noxebs dagigeben. Sen
is joxiT ganze gaswie da miwaze gaiare... oqros skams dagidgamen, Sen ki adeqi da xis savarZelSi
Cajeqi. sufras rom gagiSlian, SuaSi Cagisvamen da bangs mogarTmeven. Sen ki viTom svam, adeqi da
Cumad sakinZeSi Caisxi. mere samjer zars darekaven. Sen maSinve ukan gadavardi. amasobaSi
mzeTunaxavi nanuli Seni Tavis mosaWrelad makratels aiRebs... rogorc ki mzeTunaxavi
mogiaxlovdeba, im wuTSi wamoxti, makrateli waarTvi... Tu amas gaakeTeb, mzuTunaxavi nanuli
Seni iqneba, Tu arada, arao~ (cindeliani 1975: 49). `debi iyvnen lali da varskvlava. lalma
moayvanina dalaqi, nekSi sisxli gamoaSvebina, wyliT savse oqros TasSi Tormeti wveTi Caagdo
lalis Tvlebad gadaiqca~ (virsalaZe 1958: 147). erT mzeTunaxavs dida hqvia (virsalaZe 1958a:
249), sxvas _ sulasaxari (cindeliani 1975: 65); dRisiT bayays, RamiT qalad qceuls ki _ lalo:
ìmisTana mSvenieri iyo, rom, rodesac gaixdida da gamovidoda bayayis tyavidan, maSin imisTana
sinaTle da brwyinvaleba mzesac ara hqonda (virsalaZe 1958a: 282). `vaJi foladisa iyo...
saxelad SamSiaTi daarqves~ (cindeliani 1975: 82). àmiranianis~ erT-erT variantSi TviT
amirani moixsenieba gaormagebuli fuZis mqone saxeliT. magaliTad: gveleSapma amirani rom
galaylapa àmiranis Subs Zalian ewyinaT da xmamaRla uyvirodnen zRvaSi: amirano-Tamirmulo,
amirel-Tamirel, amiran-Tamiran, Ceqmidan dana amoiReo~ (oniani 2006: 437). am miTSive gvxvdeba
camcumic (oniani 2006: 434). sxva variantis mixedviT `xelmwife ivas hyavda sami vaJi: visip,
badri da Calam-kalam (oniani 2006: 402). sxvagan ki erTi devi meore devs eubneba: àmirani Sen
gyavs damaluli da damibrune, Torem madls vficav Sav Rames dagayenebo (oniani 2006: 440). aseve
aramiwieri arsebaa baybaydevi _ miTosuri àmiranianisa~ da zRapris mTavari gmiris metoqe:
ùkvdavebis wyals batonobda baybaydevi~ (canava 1994a: 196); àmiran, devi baybayi Casaubroben
mtrulada~ (razikaSvili 1951: 354). devis saxelebia agreTve qerqua da kiko (canava 1994a: 97).
kiko umcros Zmasac hqvia (canava 1994a: 196). xevsurul poeziaSi ki devis saxelebad gvxvdeba:
baWiWauri, bewiwuri (SaniZe 1931: 226-227).
gaormagebuli fuZis mqone saxelebiT iwodebian agreTve qarTuli jadosnuri zRaprebis
mTavari gmirebi: wiwola mefe, romelic iqve kikoladac ixsenieba (f. arq. q. 171, gv. 52), boxoxuna
(f. arq. 290), barbaxana (s. XXIVa, gv. 141-142), vaxvaxa (f.arq.k. 42, gv. 176), gigo Ronieri (Ciqovani
1952. 261); anania (lxcs arqivi, f. 171; aR. 1, saq. 67, gv. 2), CaquCa (Ciqovani 1952), nanaT monadire,
152
boWoWina (alaviZe 1951: 69), gvxvdeba JuJuna mefec (TayaiSvili 1918: 41), yirimyizis ufliswuli
(kartozia 1995).
xSiria aseve msgavsi fuZeebis mqone sakuTari saxelebi: koroia da boroia ( 155),
gvelWabuki da mzeWabuki (virsalaZe 1958a: 196), beJani da maniJa (canava 1991: 261), xristagani da
belTagani (canava 1991: 57). `mgelma da-Zma cixe-koSkSi Seiyvana, monaTla,saxelad vaJs mama-
murza daarqva, qals dede-dedofali~ (cindeliani 1975: 75); ehei, vahai da RvamiCa (canava
1994a: 78). leCxumSi SemorCenili Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs mama-Svil JivJiasa da vaJinas
gmirobaze, romlebmac mokles wyals dapatronebuli gveleSapi, magram TviTonac daixocnen
misi SxamiT (sixaruliZe 2006: 194).
b) fuZegaorebuli saxelebiT iwodebian novelisturi zRaprebis gmirebi: lamazi
fofodia (Rlonti 1948: 221), xaxuta (qeTelauri 1977: 319), WinWraqa (virsalaZe 1958a: 381; f.
arq. q. 86, gv. 10), WanWraqela (f. arq. q. 110, gv. 226), WinWraxa (razikaSvili 1951: 94).
g) gaormagebuli fuZis mqone saxelebi hqviaT gardamavali tipis zRaprebis mTavar
gmirebs: kokroWina (f. arq. 285, gv. 235), kukruWi (f. arq. k. 34, gv. 450), kukruWina kola (f. arq. k.
1, gv. 272), gogniWi (f. arq. k. 65, gv. 225), WiWia (canava 1991: 340), rax-rax (f. arq. 194, III, gv. 118),
Cax-Cax (f. arq. k. 42, gv. 132), rak-rak (gaCeCilaZe 1876: 173), rixi-rixis (f. arq. k. 65, gv. 252),
araxraxe (Tsu f.a. 2589, gv. 1), CaqCaqeTis (f. arq. 458), uCinmaCineTis (virsalaZe 1958a: 210)
xelmwifeebi. am tipis zRaprebSi kargad Cans, rom isini etliT, urmiT, faetoniT
gadaadgildebodnen da maTi saxelebic am transportiT moZraobis xmabaZviTi sityvebia.
magaliTad, `keisarma moayvanina oqros faetoni, Cajda da wavida~ (msxalaZe 1973: 97).
`CaqCaqeTis xelmwife qalsa gTxovso... imaze Zlieri xelmwife dedamiwis zurgze ar ariso~.
`daiWires ori faetoni da wavidnen. erTi guda nacari waiRo meliam. erT faetonSi melia
Cajda, meore faetonSi _ mewisqvile. midian axla dasavleTis xelmwifesTan. ro miatanes
dasavleTis saxenwifosa, daayena buriayi am nacrisa am meliam... CaqCaqeTis xenwife modis Tavis
jariTao da aba rogori mtveri ahdis gzasao!~
didi mtveri da korianteli gmiris da misi transportis uswrafesobaze mianiSnebs. amave
tipis sxva zRaparSic `meliam da mere nacarqeqiam dainaxes Tu ara keisris ezoSi Sekrebili
xalxi, gudebs piri moxsnes da nacris korianteli daayenes. keisarma es rom dainaxa, Tqva: _
axla ki namdvilad movida siZe Tavisi mayrebiTo~ (cindeliani 1975: 33). an kidev: `gamovarda
meliko, wamoiyvana CaxCax xelmwife, movidnen im mTasTan, sadac nacari eyara da iqaurioba
aamtvera. aqedan xelmwifem Sexeda da Cemi siZe urigo kaci ar unda iyoso!~ (f. arq. 23087).
gmiris uswrafesoba mis gamorCeulobaze metyvelebs. nacarqeqiamac xom nacris
amtverebiT daumtkica devs Tavisi gansakuTrebuloba, rac im momentSi mis uswrafesobaSi
gamoixata. TviT nacarqeqias saxelSic gaormagebuli fuZe Cans, rac aseve mis
araCveulebrivobaze miuTiTebs.
zRaparSi epizodur rolSi gvxvdeba qeqevez keisari (f. arq. 644; cindeliani 1975: 91),
romelsac mzeTunaxavi qali hyavs; agreTve _ xusxus xelmwife (razikaSvili 1951: 41). aseve Cax-
Cax mefis gogo unda SerTos meliam mewisqviles (f. arq. k. 185). sxvagan miuSva elTuqvarma `mSia-
mSia~. isic miadga saWmels da ise Sesansla, rom erTi namcecic ar datova. axla `mwyuria-
mwyuria~ moiyvana (cindeliani 1975: 112). ganuzomlad bevris Wama Tu sma aseve gmiris
araCveulebrivobaze metyvelebs.
xSirad msgavsi fuZis mqone saxelebi hqviaT jadosnuri zRaprebis mTavar gmirebs,
romlebic an Zmebi arian, an Zmobilebi da zRaparSi igive ritmuli intonacia SeaqvT, rac
gaormagebuli fuZis mqone saxelebs. am saxelTa msgavsi fuZeebi dRes CvenTvis zogjer
gaugebaria, magaliTad: xristagan da belTagan tarielebi, dedibi da badidi (canava 1994a: 187),
ehei, vahai da RvamiCa, ajami jilagari da jiuSTi jinuari (canava 1994a: 140). `Zmoba Sehfices
erTmaneTs da gaswia oTxivem erTad: yabaTurma, qvabaTurma, yvelbaTurma da SeSabaTurma~
(cindeliani 1975: 58), mzeTunaxavis xelis mTxovnels rTul SekiTxvas aZlevdnen: `miTxari,
gulambara da sulambara vin ariano?~ xelmwifis Svilma ìcoda ki rom gulambara da sulambara
yvavilebs erqvaT, magram is ki Tavis dReSi ar gaegona, Tu es saxelebi adamiansac erqmeoda~.
maTi ambis gasagebad zRapris gmiri `bebers gadaajda zurgze. beberi afrinda maRla da mere
erTi Tvalis daxamxamebaze qvesknels Caafrina~. asevea iasamanisa da giulisamanis SemTxvevaSi
(f. arq. q. 86, gv. 58). zogjer es msgavs fuZiani saxelebi CvenTvis kargad nacnobi sakuTari
saxelebia: Sav-Teimurazi, mze-Teimurazi, mTvare-Teimurazi (canava 1994b: 83); ivane saRamosi,
ivane SuaRamisa, ivane ciskari (Ciqovani 1938: 98); cnobili qurdebi arian uCa da guCa (canva
1994a: 178). `cxra Tvis Semdeg mieca dedofals qali msgavsi mzisa da saxelad uwoda mzeqala.
cxensac eyola kvici da uwoda mzevarda (Rlonti 1986: 69). msgavsi fuZis mqone saxelebiT
amiranianSic gvxvdebian epizoduri personaJebi:

àmiran gvale-gvalesa, muxlad gaqeben malesa.
ambrni, umbrni da arabni cxens Sesxdebian Cqaresa,
maledve mogewevian, oms gagiweven cxaresa~.

d) fuZegaormagebuli saxelebiT ixseniebian jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmirebis qomagi
arsebebi, rogorebic arian: xasan-xusana adamianis msgavsni, romlebic devebis Svilebi arian
153
(canava 1994b: 113), kvikvilaSi ucnauri cxoveli, romelic tbaSi cxovrobs da asrulebs
mzeTunaxavis brZanebebs zRvis gaRmidan mas taxs mohgvris, gmirs batonis mamasTan saiqioSi
gahyveba da a. S. (canava 1994a: 117). aseve qomagi ZaRlebi: asal-masalebi (virsalaZe 1958a: 109) da
asara-basara (f. arq. k. 9, gv. 157-161), haram-hurum giSera (canava 1994a: 64), uraura mozvrebi
(aRniaSvili 1979: 24) da sxva.
mas Semdeg rac jadosnuri zRapris qomag arsebebs mTavari gmiris metamorfozul
saxesxvaobebad gaviazrebT, gamova, rom es saxelebic mTavari gmiris sakuTari saxelebia.
swored es fuZegaorkecebuli sakuTari saxelebi mateben sakralur datvirTvas zRapruli
eposis mTavar gmirs, romlebic genetikurad RvTaebrivi warmoSobisani arian.
qarTuli eTnografiuli samyarosTvisac ar aris ucxo RvTaebaTa Tu angelozTa
saxelebad gaormagebuli fuZis mqone sityvebi. magaliTad, qalRvTaebaa didi deda nana;
barbolika-barbalika igive barbalea, romelsac sirielebic qarTvelebisa da somxebis
analogiurad mosavlis mfarvelobas SesTxovdnen. qarTvelebTan barbales buneba sxvadasxva
funqciis matarebelia: svaneTSi nayofierebis mfarvelad gvevlineba (v. bardaveliZe); qarTlSi
_ bavSvTa mfarvelis funqciis Semsruleblad, is batonebis mamidaa. aq misi funqciebi
gafarToebulia _ mas nayofierebasa da bavSvebis mfarvelobas SesTxovdnen (jalabaZe 1986:
214). mesxeT-javaxeTSi gvalvis dros ikribebodnen qalebi da bavSvebi, dadiodnen da kari-kar
mRerodnen:

`barbalik ekele,
Sale-Sapik haqele~ (jalabaZe 1986: 214).

ojaxis mfarveli angelozi zestafonis raionis masalebis mixedviT aris kakaCia
(programa 2007: 40); `Txebs patronobda tyis kaci _ kibil saCeCelai~ (msxalaZe 1973: 93);
samonadireo miTosuri personaJi ki oCokoCia. am tipis saxelebi saerTod damaxasiaTebulia
eTnografiuli samyarosTvis: Zveli ritualia Wiakokonoba, agreTve _ kiru-karu (kvirtia
1973); mesxeT-javaxeTSi dadasturebulia lazarobis saxeli koti-koti (jalabaZe 1986: 214),
romelic d. janeliZes warmarTuli ritualis naSTad miaCnia (janeliZe 1948: 91); samegreloSi
gvxvdeba ritualebi: WeWeToba (canava 1990: 98) da kvirikoba (canava 1990: 101); samegreloSive
gvalvis salocavi iyo _ ZiZava (canava 1990: 101). saaxalwlo ritualis aucilebeli atributia
CiCilaki (surgulaZe 1974: 53); lazuri saferxulo cekvaa lititi (Tandilava 1974: 233); aseve
cekvaa gandagana; sakulto SeWamandi iyo _ korkoti, fafa (bregaZe 1969); Zeobis dros aWaraSi
Sesasrulebeli saferxulo simRerebia: `nai-nai~, `nanaina~ (msxalaZe 1965: 85); svanuri
sagalobelia lile, romelic Suamdinarul kults ukavSirdeba, msgavsad svanurSi SemorCenili
SamaS-isa (mibCuani 1988: 201-205); qarTuli xalxuri TamaSobebia: bora-bora, lelo, Sara-Sara,
kukumaluloba, Wita-kuku; melakorkotaoba, ZiZgi-ZiZgi mamala, borbala (SerazadaSvili 1965:
5-116); niSxa-niSxa (zandukeli 1975: 53); berikaobis ritualis wamyvani personaJia kekela;
demonologiuri ki _ svanuri qalbabari _ kudiani dedaberi anu rokapi (lekiaSvili 1976).
zRaprebSi Cveulebrivi sagnebic sakralur elfers iZens fuZis gaorkecebisa, Tu msgavsi
fuZis mqone sityvebis Tavmoyrisas. magaliTad: `_rogor Sen da Seni Zeo? _ Culas me da Calas
_ Zeo~ (razikaSvili 1951: 256); `_ ra aris Seni saWmelio? _ batono, RvTis wyalobiT kut-
matio~ (razikaSvili 1951: 268). asevea: uCinmaCinis qudi Tu samSeneblo xelsawyo umarT-
samarTi (virsalaZe 1958a: 264). an kidev: `gmiri gadajda TeTr cxvarze da gaswia qvecas: bebris
bani bambiani! bebris bani bambiani! da gmiris bebris bambian banze daeca~ (razikaSvili 1951: 278).
amgvar gameorebebs da aliteraciis nimuSebs vxvdebiT èTerianSi~:

`gavixdi qamxa-atlassa,
Cavicvam bamba-bumbasa~ (razikaSvili 1951: 216).

`me baniban dageZebdi,
Sen baRCis bolos geZina~ (razikaSvili 1951: 217).

miTumetes asea, roca es sagnebi fuZegaormagebuli gaugebari sityvebiT aris
gadmocemuli. magaliTad: `_ra aris Seni sagebio? _ fiCvi, fiC-maCio. _ sad aris Seni sagebi
dori-doSaki?~ (razikaSvili 1951: 268); `sabateSi me da Cemi Ze, fanti-funti qveS gviZevso!~
(razikaSvili 1951: 227); an `Cala-fuCeCio~ (Rlonti 1986: 52); `kaka-babas ar aklebdnen, sul gars
evlebodnen~ (virsalaZe 1958a: 87); sxvagan deda-Svils èrTi fili-filTaqvis meti qveyanaze
araferi ebadaT~ (cindeliani 1979: 79).
borbaliviT moZraobis simboloa zRaparSi gorgali, romelic ìm~ qveynisaken mimavali
gzis maCvenebelia: èrTi gorgali misca: _ ai am gorgals mihyevi da mzeTunaxavi nanulis
saxlTan migiyvans~ (cindeliani 1975: 49).
fuZegaormagebuli sityvebi zRapris dasawyisisa da dasasrulis formulebSic gvxvdeba.
es is formulebia, romlebmac uZvelesi zRapris poeturi saxe SeinarCunes da meti arqaikis
matareblebi arian. magaliTad zRapris dasawyisia:

154
`Tqma iyos da gagoneba,
gorgolaWis gagoreba~.

es fuZegaorkecebuli sityvac sagnis daniSnulebaze miuTiTebs, rac moZraobaSi
mdgomareobs. zRapar `gaucinari xelmwifis~ dasawyisi aseTia:

`yamar-yamareli,
yamar-yazieli,
diasamiZe, savarsamiZe,
Tavptyeli abaiZe.
alux-maluxi,
didi zamTari,
asi tyuili,
erTi marTali.
(f. arq. q. 110, gv. 71-73. mTqmeli g. arjevaniZe).

imave leqsiT iwyeba zRapari `kurka kaci~ (f. arq. q. 125, gv. 32-38; mTqmeli o. g. xorbalaZe)
aseve iwyeba o. g. xorbalaZis naTqvami sxva zRaparic (f. arq. q. 125, gv. 39-44).
iSviaTad magram mainc siuJetis ganviTarebisas gvxvdeba CarTuli leqsebi aliteraciis
nimuSebiT:

`dao, dao ZuZuZaRlo,
nu mitireb wulsa yrmasa~ (Rlonti 1986: 22).

aseve Cans sityvis gameoreba da msgavsi fuZis mqone sityvebi sxva SemTxvevaSic:

`stviro, stviro,
rasa tiro?
me dedaSeni vSavdebi
Sen Cemi Svili brZandebi~ (Rlonti 1986: 23).

zRapris dasasrulis formulebSi gacilebiT xSiria fuZegaormagebuli sityvebis
xmareba:

ài elasa, melasa,
Wiqa mekida yelasa~ (virsalaZe 1958: 54);

àli _ arTali, mali marTali~.

an kidev: àinTari _ bainTari,
wyeuli iyos fulis yanTari.
gamgonem gasZlos asi zamTari,
rogorc ar miTqvams yvela marTali~ (Rlonti 1964).

fuZegaormagebuli da msgavsi fuZeebis mqone sakuTari Tu sazogado saxelebi, zRapris
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis formulebSi fuZegaormagebuli sityvebis xmareba, calkeuli
motivebis, Temebisa Tu siuJetebis gameorebebTan erTad mudmivi aqtiurobis _ moZraobis,
moqmedebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa zRaparSi, rac sabolo jamSi sicocxles, cxovrebas,
maradiulobas esadageba. yovelive es mimarTulia umoZraobis _ sikvdilis, gardacvalebis,
moWrili Tavebis, gaqvavebis, gaSeSebis, Zilis winaaRmdeg.
xalxuri sityvierebis nawarmoebTa, kerZod zRapris dinamizmiT gamsWvaluli ritmis
CamoyalibebaSi amgvar gameorebebs, gaorkecebul da msgavsi fuZis mqone sityvebs
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. ritmi ki umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria nawarmoebisaTvis,
rameTu is, rogorc misteriul sibrZneTa adeptebi Tvlidnen, samyaroSi arsebuli yvelaze
Zlieri moqmedi Zalaa, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianis Sinagan grZnobebze (surgulaZe 2000:
36). gaormagebuli fuZis mqone es sityvebi CvenTvis umetesad gaugebaria, rac xels uwyobs
teqstis bundovanebas. es ki gamorCeul ritmTan erTad zrdis zRapris sakralur da magiur
funqcias.

damowmebani

alaviZe 1951: alaviZe m. leCxumuri zepirsityviereba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1951.
aRniaSvili 1979: aRniaSvili (Semkrebi). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~, 1979.
bregaZe 1969: bregaZe n. miwaTmoqmedeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1969.
155
gaCeCilaZe 1976: gaCeCilaZe amb. (Semkrebi). qarTuli zepirsityviereba. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1976.
virsalaZe 1958a: virsalaZe e. (Semdgeneli). rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `saxelgami~, 1958.
virsalaZe 1958b: virsalaZe e. (Semdgeneli). qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, mTiuleT-
gudamayari. Tb.: saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1958.
zandukeli 1975: zandukeli f. niSxa-niSxa. qarTuli folklori. V, Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1975.
Tandilava 1974: Tandilava z. lititi. qarTuli folklori. IV, Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1974.
TayaiSvili 1918: TayaiSvili eq. (redaqtori). xalxuri sityviereba, zRaprebi. II, tfilisi:
saqarTvelos saistorio da eTnografiuli sazogadoeba, 1918.
Tsufa _ iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi.
kartozia 1995: filologiuri Ziebani. moZRvnili g. kartozias 60 wlisTavisadmi. Tb.: 1995.
kvirtia 1973: kvirtia m. kiru-karu. gaz. `naperwkali~, 29 marti, 1973.
lekiaSvili 1976: lekiaSvili a. svanuri qalbabaris bunebisaTvis. iv. javaxiSvilisadmi
miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1976.
mibCuani 1988: mibCuani T. svaneTSi SemorCenili Zveli Suamdinaruli kulturis sakiTxisaTvis.
a. gorkis sax. afxazeTis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, VI, 1988.
msxalaZe 1965: msxalaZe a. Zeobis leqs-simRerebi. J. literaturuli aWara~, 5, 1965.
msxalaZe 1973: msxalaZe a. (redaqtori). qarTuli (aWaruli) zRaprebi. baTumi: gamomcemloba
`sabWoTa aWara~, 1973.
oniani 2006: oniani o. kulturuli gmiris problema qarTul folklorSi. I, Tb.: 2006.
programa 2007: moswavleTa 61-e respublikuri saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi konferenciis
programa. Tb.: 2007.
razikaSvili 1951: razikaSvili T. (Semkrebi). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. I, Tb.: saqarTvelos
ssr ganaTlebis saministros sabavSvo da axalgazrdobis literaturis saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1951.
sixaruliZe 2006: sixaruliZe q. kavkasiuri miTologia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `kavkasiuri saxli~,
2006.
surgulaZe 1974: surgulaZe i. CiCilaki. J. Zeglis megobari, 6, 1974.
surgulaZe 2000: surgulaZe mz. SelocvaTa ritmuli modelebi. J. amirani, kavkasiologiis
saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi institutis moambe, 2, Tbilisi-monreali:
2000.
f. arq. _ SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloris ganyofilebis
arqivi.
qeTelauri 1977: qeTelauri s. (Semdgeneli). iyo da ara iyo ra. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,
1977.
Rlonti 1964: Rlonti al. (Semdgeneli). xalxuri sibrZne. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,
1964.
Rlonti 1986: Rlonti al. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1986.
SaniZe 1931: SaniZe ak. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri poezia. xevsuruli. Tb.: saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba, 1931.
SerazadaSvili 1965: SerazadaSvili z. laxti, qarTuli xalxuri TamaSoba. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~, 1965.
Ciqovani 1938: Ciqovani m. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba. 1938.
canava 1990: canava a. qarTuli folkloris sakiTxebi (megruli masalebis mixedviT). Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1990.
canava 1991: canava a. (Semdgeneli). megruli teqstebi (qarTuli TargmaniT). II, Semdgenlebi
canava a., danelia k. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1991.
canava 1994a: canava a. (Semdgeneli). megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1994.
canava 1994b: canava a. (Semdgeneli). miwa Tavisas moiTxovs. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi da
miTebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 1994.
cindeliani 1975: cindeliani u. (Semdgeneli). svanuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,
1975.
jalabaZe 1986: jalabaZe g. memindvreobis kultura aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.
janeliZe 1948: janeliZe d. qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`saxelgami~, 1948.


Double-Stem Words in Fairy Tales

156
Summary

Double-stem and similar-stem personal and common nouns, usage of double-stem words in the formulae at the
beginning and prologue of fairy tales, together with the specific motives, themes and plots symbolize eternal action and
movement in fairy tales, what in its turn reflects the eternity of life and existence and opposes the immobility, slumber and
death.
Such reiterations, double-stem and similar-stem words are of the utmost importance for creating the rhythm inspired
by the fairy tale dynamism. Double-stem words are in most cases rather difficult for us to understand and cause the
vagueness of the texts. This latter together with the extraordinary rhythm intensifies the magic and sacral function of fairy
tales.

Tamar doliZe

ritualebSi SemorCenili magiuri elementebi

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis xalxTa uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi, religiur-
sanaxaobrivi ritualebi sakmaod mravalferovania da gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. maT
gaaCniaT Sesrulebis sakuTari tradiciebi, specifikuri foni da kavSiri bunebis ama Tu im
movlenasTan.
iyo dro, roca sazRvari ar arsebobda yofa-cxovrebasa da religias Soris, cxovrebasa
da kulturas Soris. es iyo erTiani, ganuyofeli universumi, sadac nebismieri ritualuri
qmedeba xalxis sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad miiCneoda.
saerTod, kulturis mravalgvari definicia arsebobs. zogadad asec SeiZleba iTqvas:
kultura aris istoriulad Camoyalibebuli elementebis mdgradi sistema. masSi wamyvan rols
TamaSobs enis erTianoba, sulieri wyoba, xalxSi gabatonebuli wes-Cveulebebi. rodesac am
dalagebul sistemaSi ucxo qveynis kulturis elementebi xvdeba, isini aucileblad
gadamuSavdebian mocemuli sistemis principebisa da moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.
Tu evropaSi `kulturis~ gageba etimologiurad miwis damuSavebas, kultivirebas
ukavSirdeba, Soreul aRmosavleTSi es sityva sxeulis morTva-SemkobasTan aris gaigivebuli.
magaliTad, Zvel Cinur enaSi sityva `kultura~_`veni~ `tatuirebisagan~ momdinareobs, razec
metyvelebs ieroglif `ven-~is uZvelesi piktografiuli moxazuloba, romelic mkerdze
tatuirebul adamians gamosaxavs (czi iuani 1955: 34). SemdgomSi am sityvas (`ven~) axali
mniSvnelobebi (feri, daxvewiloba, silamaze, literatura da, sabolood, kultura) daemata.
Cinelebi kulturaSi, uwinaresad, adamianis sxeulisa da gonebis mier Seqmnil eTikur da
esTetikur elements xedavdnen.
tradiciis mniSvnelobis gageba-gaazreba TanamedroveobasTan konteqstSi unda
ganixilebodes, vinaidan uaxles xanas mowyvetili tradicia kargavs Tavisuflebas, kvdeba da
TandaTanobiT daviwyebas eZleva.
unda aRiniSnos, rom bolomde garkveuli ar aris kavSiri xalxur rwmenasa da
pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul magiur ritualebs Soris. zogi tradicia ki axal
wes-CveulebasTan Serwymuli saxeSecvlili magiaa, romelsac, arc Tu ise iSviaTad, didi
socialuri erTeuli asrulebs.
rig argumentebze dayrdnobiT CvenTvis saintereso iyo sxvadasxva xalxisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli msgavsi religiuri motivebis da aspeqtebis warmoCena.
magiiT Sezavebuli ritualebi xSirad sityvis, melodiis da eqstazuri Jestebis
erTobliobas warmoadgenda. magaliTad, indielebis tradiciuli sazafxulo ritualis
nawilia `gvelebis cekva~. mis Sesasruleblad daWeril gvelebs ramdenime dRe amyofeben
`kivaSi~ (Senoba, sadac religiuri ceremoniebi da uxucesTa krebebi imarTeba). bolo dRes
indieli mamakacebi piriT gvelebs daatareben, Tan cekvaven da grZeli bumbulebiT ahipnozeben
maT. aRsaniSnavia, ros es rituali cekva wvimis gamosaTxovad sruldeba (namuSevrebi 1989: 68).
uxsenebelTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi ritualia aRwerili k. gamsaxurdias `mTvaris
motacebaSi~: `taia Selia gvelis mgeSavia. gvels Seulocavs, gaTvalavs da jibeSi Caisvams.
mocekvave xalxSi gaereva, cxvirsaxocis sanacvlod gvels daagdebs miwaze da ise rokavs,
rogorc sujunis wminda giorgis mona. taias loginqveS dReniadag wevs àngelozT-batoni~,
rmelic mordus islis saxlis mfarveli geniaa~ (sigua 1990: 101).
gvelis Sesaloc teqstebSi magiuri datvirTva sityvebzec modioda (cnobisaTvis:
mamakacis sakuTari saxeli laSa - indoeTSi gvel-RmerTebs hrqmeviaT).
zogierTi dabali miTologiuri personaJis (qaji, Winka, ali, eSmaki) mavneblobis
SezRudvas aseve magiuri locvebiT cdilobdnen. eSmakisagan Tavdacvis mizniT Savtariani
daniT Wridnen naxSirs, karze amagrebdnen nals an gaxvretil qvas.
157
`warmarTuli ritualebi imeoreben miTiur SemTxvevebs, anu `gadmoaqvT~ moqmedeba
sivrceSi, romelic im moqmedebam gamoiwvia. ritualis mizani iyo an raRacisaTvis xelis
Sewyoba, an raRacis destruqcia, dangreva. magiuri ritualebi, romelTac Cvens dromde
moaRwies da romelTa dRes ganxorcielebas win aRaraferi daudgeba, orive am funqcias
atareben (TevzaZe 1998: 140).
axlo warsulSi Tanamedrove iaponuri sazogadoeba atomuri centris Senobis saZirkvlis
gaTxrisas Sesrulebuli miwis dawynarebis, daSoSminebis uZvelesi magiuri ritualis mowme
gaxda (ienaga 1972: 27).
aseTi ceremoniebi iaponuri erovnuli religiis (sintoizmi) uxsovari drois
gamoZaxilia.
calke msjelobis Temaa zogierTi qritianuli saeklesio wes-Cveulebisa da warmarTuli
religiis urTierTkavSiri. religiuri Tematikis Semcveli warmodgenebis mxatvruli
gamosaxva pirvel qristianebs ekrZalebodaT. Tavis daxvewil asketizms axalma religiam
warmarTuli xanis grZnobad-gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi miusadaga. ase, magaliTad, magiuria
jvrisweris ceremoniis dasasruls analois (saqadageblis) irgvliv nefe-patarZlis samjer
Semotareba, beWdebis samjer gacvla. jvrisweris dasawyisSi anTebuli sanTlebiT samjer
jvaris dawera ebraelebs, xolo mogvianebiT warmarT romaelebsac hqoniaT wesad, magiuri
qmedebis kompleqsia agreTve naTlobis dros Tmis moWra da embazSi Cagdeba, eSmakis gandevna da
a.S.
`sami~ warmarTul xanaSi jadosnuri Zalis iyo. qarTvelebis rwmeniT, nayofierebis
sulebi ZiriTadad sam nawilad jgufdeboda: erTni mfarvelobdnen pirutyvs, meoreni - cxvars,
mesameni - naTesebs. maT ricxvSi iyvnen agreTve mSobiarobis, dedobis mfarvelebi. `xevsureTSi
dedamTili patarZals marjvena xels dauWers da keris garSemo samjer waRma Semoatarebs~
(makalaTia 1935: 12). am magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom erTi da imave moqmedebis samjer
SesrulebiT (gameorebiT) adamiani erTgvarad `dazRveulia~ yovelgvari ubedurebisgan.
heraklites gamouTqvams mosazreba, rom `dafaruli harmonia aSkaraze ufro Zlieria~. am
sityvebze dayrdnobiT iqneb ufro TvalnaTeli gaxdes religiur wes-CveulebaTa miRma
arsebuli magiuri elementebis STambeWdavi Zala. xSirad xalxi Tayvans scemda SiSismomgvrel,
pirquS RmerTebs, romlebsac adamiani ZrwoliT uyurebda da usityvod emorCileboda.
rogorc r. ColoyaSvili SeniSnavs, `rwmena, romlis msaxurebiTac iyo gaJRenTli
uZvelesi adamianis cxovreba, asazrdoebda mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebsac. sulerTia, ra saxiT
vlindeboda es: mxatvroba iyo, plastika Tu sityviereba. SemdgomSi ki es qmnileba Tavisi
magiuri ZaliT Tavis Semqmnelze axdenda dadebiT zemoqmedebas (ColoyaSvili 2004: 13).
i. javaxiSvili wers: ùeWvelia, xalxur mexsierebasa da zepirsityvaobas uZvelesi xanis
zne-Cveulebani, msoflmxedveloba da rwmena, zRaprebi da Tqmulebani, locva-savedreblebiT
warsaTqmelebi da warmarTuli xanis simRera-leqsebi Semonaxuli aqvs, magram Tu werilobiTi
Zeglebic - ki drois gavlenis siduxWires ver gadaurCa, warmoudgenelia, rom zepirsityvaobis
saxiT dacul gadmocemasa da teqsts saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Cvenamde ucvlelad moeRwia da
sxvadasxva drois da wris SenaerTi, adgilebis araerTi feniT ar iyos aWrelebul-Secvlili
(javaxiSvili 1950: 171).
sazogadoebis Semadgeneli Taobebi icvlebian, Sesabamisad kulturaTa monacvleobac
gardauvalia. magram uZvelesi tradiciebi gagrZelebas hpoveben uaxlesi epoqebis kulturul
memkvidreobaSi.
zepiri Semoqmdebis tradiciebs Zalze Rrmad hqondaT fesvebi gadgmuli Zveli
aRmosavleTis qveynebSic. ase, magaliTad, mTeli Zveli iranulenovani literatura arsebiTad
zepiri literatura iyo. avestis teqstis Zveli nawilebi SemsrulebelTa TaobebSi gadadioda
albaT 1000-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre ar moxda misi saboloo Cawera (gordeziani 1993:
68).
ueWvelia, rom arqauli plastika ucvleli saxiT Cvenamde ver moaRwevda. cekva
gamomsaxvelobiT xelovnebebsa da poezias Soris dgas, vinaidan yovel maTganTan aqvs Sexebis
wertili. plutarqe Tvlida, rom ferwera da cekva uSualo kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, vidre
ferwera da poezia. droTa ganmavlobaSi esa Tu is cekva garkveuli ideis matarebeli iyo,
mogvianebiT maT mxolod mxatvruli samkaulis funqcia daekisra, Tumca zogierT regionSi
SenarCunebuli aqvs miTologiuri azrovnebis kvali. `gavixsenoT `zemyrelosa~ da `liles~ is
orgiastuli Sesruleba, rodesac xalxi sxeuliT loculobda~ (kotetiSvili 1967: 306).
aqve unda vTqvaT, rom qarTul cekvebSi yovel gamomsaxvelobiT Jests Tavisi datvirTva
aqvs. magaliTad, `wreebi, romlebic ase damaxasiaTebelia svanurisaTvis, srulebiTac araa
warmarTuli xasiaTis. es niSnavs, rom qarTvelebi dReniadag dedaboZis irgvliv trialebdnen.
guruli ferxuli omidan dabrunebuli vaJkacebis gmirobebs asaxavs. magaliTad, erTmaneTis
mxrebze Sedgoma cixis aRebis imitaciaa. mocekvave rom fexis TiTs moavlebs win, iqadneba, xeli
rom ar mqondes, ai, amiT gamovSli Caxmaxs da gesvrio. buqnebiT amboben, rom CaCoqilsac
SemiZlia Seni morevao da a.S. saerTod gurul ferxulSi mamakacis biologiuri organizmia
wamyvani. miiCneva, rom igi adamianTa modgmis gamravlebis Tavi da Tavia. amitomaa, rom dRemde
am cekvas warmosadegi, brge vaJkacebi asruleben (sdasu 2005: 8).
158
Zvel droSi, yvelaferi, rasac odnavi Sexeba mainc hqonda ganayofierebasa da
dabadebasTan, marTebuli da misaRebi iyo. mogvianebiT maT uxamsi erotikuli funqcia da
gasarTobi xasiaTi SeiTvises.
gansxvavebuli totemis memkvidre uZveles tomebs gansxvavebuli cekvebi da simRerebi
hqondaT. ùZvelesi adamiani ucxo tomis warmomadgenels ekiTxeboda, Sen ras cekvavo, rom
gaego, romeli tomis warmomadgeneli iyo. Seniani iyo is, vinc Seni totemis Svili iyo, vinc misi
cekva da simRera icoda (ColoyaSvili 2004: 13).
erT-erT qarTul zRaparSi (èSmaki melas zRapari~) muxa (sakulto mniSvnelobis xe)
TviTon moiTxovs gogonebisagan mis irgvliv ritualuri cekvis Sesrulebas, romlis
damTavrebis Semdegac gascems saTxovars (ColoyaSviki 2004: 21).
xSir SemTxvevaSi magiuri cekvebi axal wes-Cveulebebs Seerwya da an saxe icvala an
saerTod gaqra.
magiuri moqmedebebi sruldeboda amindis Secvlis mizniTac. magaliTad, Zvelad
samegreloSi gvalviT Sewuxebuli mosaxleoba yoveldRe wyalSi dgamda yvelaze pativsacemi
wmindanis qandakebas. es rituali kokispiruli wvimis mosvlamde grZeldeboda (frezeri 1986:
79).
aWaraSi cnobili iyo wylis moxvnis wesi, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobda: qalebi
Seebmebodnen uRelSi da iwyebdnen guTnis tarebas mdinareSi, ise, rom guTanic da TviTonac
dasvelebuliyvnen (abakelia... 1991: 98).
es TiTqosda yovelgvar azrs moklebuli qmedeba sinamdvileSi Rrma fesvebis mqone
sakraluri mniSvnelobis magiuri ritualia.
sakulto mniSvnelobis iyo Zveli germanelebis religiaSi muxa. is, SesaZloa Weqa-quxilis
RvTaebis donaris an turanisadmi iyo miZRvnili.
rogorc viciT, dionises kultisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebi iyo yurZnis
mtevnebiT morTuli vazis lerwi. sainteresoa agreTve dionise - xeebis RmerTi. ase, magaliTad,
beotielebi am RmerTs xSirad gamosaxavdnen ubralo vertikaluri boZis saxiT, romelsac
moxuruli hqonda labada, xolo Tavis magivrad wverebiani niRabi da foTlebiani ylortebi
hqonda mimagrebuli.
aqve gavixsenoT erTi qarTuli tradicia: eliobis (20 ivlisi) wina dRiT dasavleT
saqarTveloSi moWridnen lukumxas, gaakeTebdnen maRal sars, aaWrelebdnen daniT alag-alag
kanis moWriT. am sars TavSi jvars ukeTebdnen da Semoaxvednen eklis rgols, zed dahkidebdnen
patara qvebs. amgvarad gakeTebul jvars papajvars uwodebdnen. papajvars daasobdnen yovel
ezoSi TvalsaCino adgilas, agreTve yanaSi Sua adgilas. patar-patara papajvars bavSvebic
ikeTebdnen saxlisa da saxlis win TiTqosda kudianebis sawinaaRmdegod (guruli... 1938: 25).
analogiisaTvis gavixsenoT agreTve saye-nakrZal miwaSi CarWobili CamoTlili sari am
adgilis Seuvalobis aRsaniSnavad. `rava gaCerebulxar sayesaviT~, àvdgebi _ sayes miZaxis,
davjdebi - samyars miZaxis~... (àvi dedamTilis~ leqsidan) (guruli... 1938: 58).

damowmebani:
abakelia... 1991: abakelia n., alaverdaSvili q., RambaSiZe n. qarTul xalxur dReobaTa
kalendari. Tb.: 1991.
gordeziani 1993: gordeziani r. qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema. Tb.: 1993.
leqsikonebi 1938: guruli, zemoimeruli da leCxumuri leqsikonebi. Tb.: 1938.
TevzaZe 1998: TevzaZe g. paradigma da urCxuli. saliteraturo, religiur-filosofiuri da
sazogadoebrivi Jurnali àfra~, V, Tb.: 1998.
ienaga 1972: , , ., 1972.
kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb.: 1967.
makalaTia 1935: makalaTia s. xevsureTi. tf.: 1935.
namuSevrebi 1989: `, , ~, XIX XX
, 1989, .
sdasu 2005: `sdasu~, dekemberi, interviu j. WkuaselTan. 2005.
sigua 1990: sigua s. k. gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura. Tb.: 1990.
frezeri 1986: . . .: 1986.
ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul
eposSi. Tb.: 2004.
czi iuani 1955: ` ~, , 1955.
javaxiSvili 1950: javaxiSvili i. qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali. wigni I, Tb.: 1950.

Tamar Dolidze

Magic Elements Preserved in Rituals

Summary
159

The oldest faith notion, religious rituals of the peoples from different countries of the world are quite varied and differ
from each other.
Understanding and comprehending the importance of tradition in the context with contemporaneity must be
examined, as the tradition alienated from the recent epoch losses the freedom, dies and is gradually consigned to oblivion.
It should be noted that the connection between the peoples faith and magic rituals inculcated in the primitive society
has not been completely found out. Some traditions are a modified magic conjugated with new ceremonies, which is ordinary
realized by a large social unit.
Based on a whole number of arguments it was interesting for us to distinguish different typical religious motives and
aspects.
Interconnection of some Christian church ceremonies and directed religion is a theme for a definite discussion.
The society constituent generations have been varying and correspondingly the culture alteration is unavoidable. But
the oldest traditions find their continuation in the cultural heritage of the newest epochs.

160
poetikuri kvlevani

Tamar barbaqaZe

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis presaSi

b) `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyobis sakiTxebi

`rusTvelis poeturi saidumlo maRali da dabali Sairebis cvalebadoba _ gamocanad
rCeba dRemde~, _ aRniSnavda qarTuli leqsis cnobili mkvlevari grigol abaSiZe (abaSiZe 1937:
54), romelic erT-erTi pirveli dainteresda am problemiT. panteleimon beraZemac gamoaqveyna
werili `Sairisa~ da `grZeli Sairis~ (anu `maRali~ da `dabali~ Sairis) gamoyenebis
kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb `vefxistyaosanSi~. rogorc cnobilia, pant. beraZe moiTxovda
aRdgenas mamuka baraTaSviliseuli terminebisa: `Sairisa~ da`grZeli Sairisa~ (dabali da
maRali Sairis nacvlad) da aRniSnavda, rom maTi meSveobiT poemaSi gadmocemulia
ganwyobilebaTa monacvleoba (beraZe 1936: 310. aseve fiqrobda vuk. beriZe, romelic pant.
beraZisagan gansxvavebiT, maRal Sairs `Cqar Sairs~ uwodebda, xolo dabal Sairs _ `nel Sairs~
(beriZe 1938: 196).
amave kuTxiT ganixila dabali da maRali Sairis monacvleoba dim. slivniakma, romelmac
1985 wels moxseneba waikiTxa leqsmcodneobis seminarze: `vefxistyaosnis~ metruli da
naratiuli struqtura~. dim slivniakma aRniSna, rom poemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia e. w.
bimetruli kompozicia, romelic emyareba dabali da maRali Sairis monacvleobas. es moxseneba
Semdeg Jurn. `macneSi~ (slivniaki 1985) gamoqveynda da mis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT visaubreT
naSromis TavSi: `leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi 80-iani wlebis presaSi. vefxistyaosnis leqswyoba~.
amjerad mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom 90-iani wlebis presaSi kvlav igrZnoba interesi,
`vefxistyaosnis~ Sairis kvlevisa metrisa da semantikis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT.
`dabali Sairidan maRalze gadasvlis xelovneba vefxistyaosanSi~, _ aseTia gaz. `kalmasobaSi~
gamoqveynebuli ak. xinTibiZis werilis saTauri (xinTibiZe 1998). mkvlevari saanalizod iRebs
`vefxistyaosnis~ 568-569-e strofebs (ak. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis 1966 wlis gamocemis
mixedviT), sadac dabal Sairs maRali mosdevs da am ori strofis urTierTSedarebis
safuZvelze daaskvnis: Sinaarsobrivad maRali Sairi mWidro kavSirSia dabalTan, magram
musikalurad (ritmi, riTma, aliteracia) mas upirispirdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom amgvari
opozicia avtors SemTxveviT faqtad ki ara, poemisaTvis niSandobliv movlenad miaCnia, ufro
metic: zogan amgvarad dawyvilebuli strofebi saxeobrivadac upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.
avtori aqve saubrobs: dabal SairSi arsebul gadatanaze, SidariTmebze, romlebic
dabalsSenacvlebul maRal SairSi 52-s aRwevs, xolo maRalrusTveluridan dabalze
gadasvlisas mxolod 4-jer iCens Tavs; `vefxistyaosanSi~ enaSi ori, urTierTisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavebul metyvelebis stils (metaforulsa da sasaubros), aforizmebs, romlebic
mxatvruli saxis cnebaSi Sedis, ak. xinTibiZe sasaubro metyvelebis principze agebulad
miiCnevs.
mkvlevaris azriT, dabalsSenacvlebuli maRali Sairi Sinaarsobrivad maszea
damokidebuli. gadasvlas mkacrad organizebuli xasiaTi aqvs: maRali Sairis pirveli
striqoni dabali Sairis bolo striqonis dazustebas, ganvrcobas, ganmartebas warmoadgens;
SairTa es opozicia srulyofilad warmogviCens personaJTa xasiaTebs, situaciebs da,
ramdenadac bolomde auxsnelia, miT ufro sainteresoa da mimzidveli.
`vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi sadavo strofis dadgenisas mkvlevarebi araerTxel
mimarTaven versifikaciul parametrebs. ase aRsdga zogierTi strofi `vefxistyaosnisa~,
rodesac riTma gasworda, an metrul gadaxvevad miCneul striqonSi, faqtobrivad, mcdari
deklamaciis niadagze damkvidrebuli obieqturi tempidan subieqturi gadaxvevis Sedegad iyo
warmoSobili. xSirad cezuris gauTvaliswinebloba miaCnia r. beriZes striqonis damaxinjebis
umTavres mizezad. jer kidev 1988 wels Seexo am mxriv igi sadavo striqons. `Sevxeden, davhkrTi
elvasa RawvTa mzeebr naTelTasa~. amjerad ki gaz. `kalmasobaSi~ (1998, 11-15) gamoqveynebul
vrcel werilSi `didi cezuris intonaciuri Zaldataneba~, r. beriZe exeba poemis striqonSi:
`miTxres, Tu: xaro ymawvili, brZenni miT gkadrebT glax eniT~, sityva `brZennis~
umarTebulobas da miaCnia, rom didi, anu mTavari, medianuri cezuris fonze, marTebulia,
aRdges am adgilis invariantuli wakiTxva: brZeni, romelic tariels ukavSirdeba (beriZe 1988).
msazRvrelsazRvrulis postpoziciuri wyobiT amgvarad warmogvidgens zemoTaRniSnul
taeps:

werili II. I werili ix. `literaturuli Ziebani~, 2007, XXVIII, gv. 219-232.
161

`miTxres, Tu: `xaro ymawvili // brZenni, miT gkadrebT glax eniT~.

savsebiT sworad aRniSnavs mkvlevari, rom poemaSi metruli normiT, ritmul-sintaqsuri
pauza Tanxvdeba did cezuras rva marcvlis Semdeg: mag. `taiWi miuqs meransa // miefinebis mze
velad~, magram rogorc ak. gawerelia SeniSnavs, zogjer ceziura sintaqsurad damTavrebul
wevrebs Soris ki ar aris moqceuli, aramed igi ìntonaciuri Zaldatanebis rols asrulebs~,
Tumca am SemTvevas ak. gawerlia kanonzomier movlenad Tvlis da striqonis zadad ar aRiqvams.
rogorc cnobilia, `vefxistyaosnis~ intonacias sagangebod Seexo jer kidev 30-ian
wlebSi ak. gawerelia, rodesac man 1931 wlis 19 dekembers mweralTa sasaxleSi waikiTxa
moxseneba `vefxistyaosnis~ poetikis sakiTxebze. misi azriT, poema xotbiTi Janris
elementebisa da siuJaturi konstruqciis sinTezs warmoadgens, amis gamo intonaciur
gadaxvevebs masSi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia. 1937 wels Jurn. `mnaTobSi~ gamoqveynebul
werilSi ak. gawereliam sagangebod ganixila `vefxistyaosnis~ stilur TaviseburebaTagan
intonacia (gawerelia 1937).
r. beriZis zemoaRniSnul werilSi yuradRebas iqcevs cezuris sakiTxi. cezuris
diferencireba cezurad da mcire cezurad qarTuli leqsisaTvis, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia.
rogorc cnobilia, `vefxistyaosnis~ metris kvlevisas g. wereTeli gamohyofs
`mTavarcezuras~ da `mcire cezuras~, rasac igi `potencialur pauzas~ uwodebs. v. briusovi
cezuraze saubars `didi~ da `mcire~ cezurebis analiziT iwyebs.
dRes qarTul leqsmcodneobaSi damkvidrebulia terminebi: `mTavarcezura~ da `mcire
cezura~ (ak. gawerelia, g. wereTeli, ak. xinTibiZe), daikarga TviT termini `cezura~, romelic
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi mohyveboda poetikas.
vfiqrobT, termini `cezura~ unda darCes ara mxolod rogorc am cnebis zogadi
aRmniSvneli, aramed, amave dros, rogorc konkretuli termini. iqneb umjobesi iyos, terminis
`didi cezuris~ nacvlad aRvadginoT termini `cezura~, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, `didi
cezurisa~ da `mcire cezuris~ xmarebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba TviT termini `cezura~. rac
Seexeba `didi cezuris intonaciur Zaldatanebas~, migvaCnia, rom amgvari movlena XX s. qarTul
wyobilsityvaobaSi Zalian xSiria, Tanac yovelgvari sazomiT Sesrulebul striqonebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, `vefxistyaosanSi~ aris erTaderTi ocmarcvliani, e. w. fistikauri
strofi, romelsac mkvlevarTa umravlesoba (vaxtang VI, al. baramiZe, b. darCia da sxv.),
rusTveliseulad miiCnevs; Tumca arcTu mcirea im mkvlevarTa ricxvi, romlebic am strofs
CanarTad Tvlian (al. sarajiSvili, ak. SaniZe, g. leoniZe, al. WinWarauli da sxv.).
poemis calkeul gadamwerlebs, gamomcemlebsa da mkvlevarT (mamuka TavaqaraSvili,
sargis kakabaZe, konst. WiWinaZe, mixako wereTeli, vuk. beriZe, r. fircxalaiSvili da sxv.)
miaCniaT, rom poemis es strofi Tavdapirvelad 16 marcvliani unda yofiliyo.
ak. xinTibiZis werilis òcmarcvliani strofi vefxistyaosanSi?!~ mizania, gaarkvios, rom
poemis erTaderTi ocmarcvliani strofi ar aris rusTveliseuli da ra gziT unda
moxvedriliyo igi poemis xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi (xinTibiZe 1998).
avtori emxroba im mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs, romelTac umarTebulod miaCniaT am
strofis poemidan gaZeveba, oRond gasarkvevia, rogori formiT unda darCes igi
`vefxistyaosanSi~ _ SairiT Tu fistikauriT? saintereso msjelobis Semdeg mkvlevari
daaskvnis, rom gansaxilveli strofi 16-marcvlianis gadakeTebis Sedegi unda iyos da igi arc
avtoriseulia da arc gadamwerliseuli (xinTibiZe 1998). ak. xinTibiZe aqve gvTavazobs
sruliad axal mosazrebas mis Sesaxeb: es am strofze Seqmnili ciciSvilebis ZvelisZveli
sagvareulo simRera unda iyos, romelic poemis 16-marcvliani strofis ocmarcvlianad
gadakeTebis gziT aris miRebuli. avtoris azriT, rusTveliseuli 16-marcvliani Sairis 20-
marcvlianad gadakeTeba ara romelime interpolatoris, aramed simReris hangis meSveobiT
unda momxdariyo. cicianT momRerlebs poemis am adgilas Sairis teqsti unda daxvedrodaT.
Sairi unda eqciaT fistikaurad.
fistikauris adgilas, mkvlevaris azriT, Tavdapirvelad dabali Sairi unda yofiliyo,
radgan misi kentmarcvliani muxlebi (53/53) ritmuli struqturiT axlos aris, aseve,
kentmarcvliani muxlebiT Sedgenil fistikaurTan (55/55). aqve ak. xinTibiZe beWdavs Sairis
savaraudo strofs:

asi aTasi wiTeli, pir-mzeman, tanad saroman
samasi stavra atlasi, uxvman da miumcTaroman
samoci lal-iagundi, ferad marT miumxdaroman, _ /
/ ferad ar maTgan sauaro, _ man.
(b. darCias gasworeba)
kaci gagzavna vazirTan es yvela misTvis aro man.

fistikauris arsebobis faqts jer kidev 80-ian wlebSi saintereso interpretacia misca
apolon silagaZem, romlis azriTac, `Tamariani~ warmoadgens CaxruxaZis epoqisaTvis cnobili
qarTuli sazomebisa da gariTmTvis sistemebis qrestomaTiasac. kerZod, aq dadasturebulia
162
samive arsebuli sazomi fistikauri, maRali Sairi da dabali Sairi. ap. silagaZis varaudiT, XII
s. saero poeziaSi arsebobda norma, romelic gulisxmobda erTi nawarmoebis farglebSi yvela
ukve arsebuli sazomisa da formis realizebas.
ap. silagaZis azriT, poemaSi fistikauris erTdaerTi strofis SetaniT rusTaveli
imdroindeli qarTuli metruli repertuaris srul realizebas axdens. SidariTma àTasi-
atlasi~ gariTmvis saxeobaze miniSnebaa (silagaZe 1984: 135).
Teimuraz doiaSvili ki aRniSnavs: `me aralogikuri mgonia azri, rom fistikauri
`vefxistyaosanSi~ gviandel interpolacias warmoadgens. gana gabedavda interpolatori
versifikaciuli cvlileba (!) Seetana poemaSi?! xolo Tu es strofi rusTveluria, misi
arsebobis yvelaze ufro damajerebel argumentacias apolon silagaZe gvawvdis...~ (doiaSvili
2003: 98).

g) myari saleqso formebis poetika

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoria gamdidrda
aRmosavluri da evropuli myari saleqso formebis Taobaze dawerili gamokvlevebiT.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, arabistis, leqsmcodnis
apolon silagaZis naSromi `sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi~,
romelic 1997 wels daistamba. gamokvlevaSi ganxilulia Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poeziis is
formebi, romelTac, rogorc wesi, prozaulad miiCneven. gamovlenilia maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mwyobri Sinagani ritmuli organizacia, romelic specifikuria, kerZod _ ara
aqvs reproduqciis unari.
mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poezia formaTa saocari
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. p. ingoroyvas gamoTvliT, marto e. w. `marcvledisaTvis~
arsebobs 1200-ze meti forma, romelTagan galobaTa Zlispirni 893-s gvaZlevs, stiqaranTa
Zlispirini 324-s.
ap. silagaZis azriT, leqsmcodneobis, zogadad _ poetikis TvalsazrisiT, problemas
warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, `prozaul~ formebSi Sinagani ritmuli organizaciis gamovlena da
Sesabamisi meqanizmis aRdgena, meore mxriv `saleqso~ formebis raobis dadgena da maTi
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna erTi garkveuli formaluri kriteriumis safuZvelze.
ap. silagaZem jer kidev XX s. 70-ani wlebis damlevs, TiTqmis 30 wlis winaT, gansazRvra,
saleqso formaTa tipologiuri kvalifikacia (Tu ra adgili ukavia ama Tu im saxeobas formaTa
erTobliobaSi) da funcqionaluri daxasiaTebac (Tu ra adgili ukavia ama Tu im formas
literaturul procesebSi, sabolood _ literaturis istoriaSi. mkvlevari askvnis, rom
leqsis doneze `semantikuri funqcia SeiZleba mJRavndebodes versifikaciul
transformaciaTa da ganaxlebaTa mimarTebaSi literaturul movlenebTan, rodesac
versifikaciuli siaxle SeiZleba, gamoxatavdes literaturul siaxles, an misi siganali iyos~
(silagaZe 1977: 92-94).
ap. silagaZe ganixilavs ioane sabanisZis (VIII s.) àbos martvilobis~ finals `qeba wmidisa
mowamisa habosi~ da ioane mtbevaris (X s.) `galobani wmidisa basilisani~ teqsts, romelTa
analizis safuZvelze daaskvnis: 1) ritmuli struqtura vlindeba mxolod konkretulad
mocemul teqstSi da ganekuTvneba mxolod mocemul konkretul teqsts es aris mTavari,
specifikuri niSani amgvari ritmuli organizaciisa; 2) garda amisa, misi arsebobisaTvis sami
niSnis qonaa saWiro: a) elementTa sistema (sia), b) realizaciis sintagmaturi wesebi; g)
struqturis zogadi Sinagani principi; SeiZleba aseTi formulirebac: pirveli ori niSani
aucilebelia, magram mesamis gareSe ritmul poetur struqturaze laparaki, mkacri midgomiT,
ar SeiZleba (silagaZe 1997: 26).
ap. silagaZis mier ganxilul zemoxsenebul or nimuSs, mecnierTa azriT, ara aqvs
araviTari kavSiri leqsTwyobis sistemasTan: maT, kerZod, ar gaaCniaT da arc SeiZleba hqondeT
reproduqciisunarianobis Tviseba, rac leqsTwyobis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia.
aseTi tipis nimuSebSi gamovlenili Sinagani ritmuli principi aris mxolod mocemuli
nawarmoebis principi; es ar aris sistemis principi.
apolon silagaZis daskvniT, amgvar teqstebSi qarTuli leqswyobis sawyisi safexuris
Zieba gamoiricxeba, radgan isini ar Seesabamebiane leqswyobis, rogorc sistepmis, kanonebs
(silagaZe 1997: 27).
XX s. 90-iani wlebis qarTuli leqscmodneobisaTvis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia, agreTve, ap.
silagaZis gamokvleva: ùnikaluri arabuli saleqso formis Sesaxeb~ (1992).
naSromi eZRvneba naklebad cnobil arabul saleqso formas _ bands. kerZod, misi
ritmuli struqturis gansazRvras, saTanado sistemuri analizis safuZvelze.
mkvlevari gvacnobs, rom erayuli bandi ucnobi iyo ara marto evropuli
orientalistikisaTvis, aramed mTeli arabuli filologiisaTvisac erayulis gamoklebiT;
Tumca bandi aranakleb sainteresoa, iseT popular formebTan erTad, rogorebic aris:
muvaSSahi da zajali.
163
bandi me-17 s. eraySi Seiqmna da religiuri TematikiT ganisazRvra muhammadisa da misi
saxleulis xotba unda gamoexata. mkvlevari imowmebs XX s. damdegis erayeli poetis az-zahakis
gansazRvras: `bandi aris Sualeduri rgoli leqssa da prozas Soris~ da eyrdnoba naziq al-
malaiqas mosazrebas, rom bandi aris leqsi da ZiriTadi faqtori am gancxadebisaTvis aris
riTma.
qarTveli mecnieri ganixilavs erayeli kolegebis argumentacias bandis saleqso formis
Taobaze da misi konkretuli nimuSebis gamowvlilviTi analizis safuZvelze daaskvnis: erTi
mxriv, bandSi kodirebulia unikaluri orplaniani struqtura, romelic ar aris ganmeorebadi
funqcionaluri mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT. meore mxriv, bandis struqturaSi realizebulia
oTxi mniSvnelovani struqturuli wesi, romelTagan sami mTlianad realizebulia
modernizebul leqswyobaSi. ganaxlebuli leqswyobis damuSavebisas eraySi, XX s. 40-iani wlebis
dasasrulidan, bandi, faqtiurad, emTxveva axali leqswyobis nimuSebs (silagaZe 1992: 29).
1990 wels daistamba nineli TargamaZis wigni: `sparsuli da qarTuli myari saleqso
formebi~. naSromSi versifikaciis Tanamedrove miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT monografiulad
aris Seswavlili myari saleqso formebi: sparsuli musammaTi, qarTuli muxambazi, sparsuli da
qarTuli musTazadebi. gaanalizebulia myari saleqso formebis ZiriTadi prosodiuli
niSnebi: invariantuli prosodiuli sidideebi, variaciebis warmomqmneli faqtorebi da
variantebi. aRniSnuli saleqso formebs Soris gamovlenilia msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli
prosodiuli monacemebi da daZebnilia saerTo niSnebi sxva monaTesave saleqso formebTan.
n. TargamaZis daskvniT: Tanamedrove versifikaciis monacemebiT, sparsul musammaTebSi
invariantuli prosodiuli sididea strofebSi karedTa raodenobis mkacri kanonizeba.
variaciebis warmomqmneli faqtorebia: riTmis ganlageba da refreni. riTmis samgvari
ganlageba da rfreni musammaTis yvela saxeobaSi gvaZlevs eqvs variaciul saxesxvaobas.
XVIII-XIX s.s. qarTul xelnawerebSi muxambazad dasaTaurebuli leqsebidan muxambazis
saleqso forma gamoiyofa leqsSi riTmis a ba ca... ganlagebis mixedviT strofebSi karedTa
raodenobis miuxedavad. qarTuli muxambazis saleqso formis ZiriTadi prosodiuli
monacemebia: invariantuli prosodiuli sidide _ leqsSi riTmis ganlageba a ba ca...
kanonzomierebiT.
variaciebis gamomwvevi faqtoria refreni. muxambazis saleqso formebi dawerilia aTi,
TerTmeti da ToTxmetmarcvliani karediT, es ukanaskneli ki yovelTvis simetriuli ritmuli
dayofisaa (7/7).
muxambazis saleqso formaSi prosodiuli siWarbis movlenaa leqsis xuTstrofianoba.
qarTuli muxambazi da sparsuli muxammasi gansxvavebuli saleqso formebia
gansxvavebuli invariantuli prosodiuli sidideebis gamo.
qarTuli muxambazis saleqso forma emsgavseba sparsul Razelis musammaTebs...
qarTuli muxambazi da musTazadi (musTazadi-muxambazi) gansxvavebuli saleqso formebia
(TargamaZe 1990: 79-80).
nineli TargamaZis naSromis 17-punqtiani daskvnis bolo muxli amgvaria: `qarTul
poeziaSi muxambazisa da musTazadis (musTazadi-muxambazi) saleqso formebi sparsuli
Razelis musammaTebisa da maTi musTazadebis gavleniT warmoqmnili, magram maTgan
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli saleqso formebia~ (TargamaZe 1990: 81).
1998 wlis 18 dekembers Tamar barbaqaZem sadisertacio naSromiT `soneti qarTul
mwerlobaSi~ moipova filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxi.
mkvlevaris azriT, qarTuli leqsis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze gavrcelebul myar
saleqso formaTagan soneti dRes yvelaze popularulia. myari saleqso formis kompoziciuri
struqtura winaswar gansazRvrulia da misi strofika, riTma da sazomic kanonizebulia,
magram cnobilia isic, rom yoveli konkretuli eris mwerlobaSi ucxouri myari saleqso forma
yalibdeba mocemuli enis prosodiisa da leqswyobis tradiciuli kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sonetis Teoriisa da istoriis problemebs qarTul mwerlobaSi mecnierma 90-iani wlebis
periodikaSi ramdenime werili da gamokvleva miuZRvna.
`sonetebis gvirgvinis~ Taobaze T. barbaqaZe aRniSnavs, rom XX s. 80-90-iani wlebis
qarTul mwerlobaSi maTi simravle `gvafiqrebinebs: gaizarda interesi poeturi teqsnikis
dauflebis mimarT, amasTanave, tragizmis gamoxatvis marjve formad qarTvelma poetebma
`sonetebis gvirgvini~ miiCnies~ (barbaqaZe 1997: 7-8).
mkvlevarma sagangebod Seiswavla am evropuli myari saleqso formis istoria XX s. 40-90-
iani wlebis qarTul poeziaSi; mimoixila am myari saleqso formis ganviTarebis erTi
mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac erovnul mwerlobaSi socialisturi realizmis literaturuli
meTodis gabatonebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala poetebis damokidebuleba saleqso formebisadmi.
maSin, rodesac formis mimarT gamoCenili sul mcire yuradRebac ki `formalizmad~
inaTleboda da xSirad isjeboda kidec, periodikaSic naklebad Cndeboda myari saleqso
formebi. poeziis ZiriTad amocanad im dros samoqalaqo motivebis gamoxatva iqca, rac
SeiZleba sada, ubralo, xalxis farTo masebisaTvis gasagebi eniT.
miuxedavad amisa, 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul poeziaSi mainc gvxvdeba sonetebi. T.
barbaqaZe ganixilavs gr. abaSiZis, i. noneSvilis, m. abulaZis, x. vardoSvilis, T. Cxenkelis, m.
164
lebaniZis, j. injias, mix. qvliviZis, z. gamsaxurdias, m. kostavas, o. WeliZis, t. meburiSvilis, S.
forCxiZisa da sxvaTa sonetebs (barbaqaZe 1998: 30-38).
Cveni azriT, XIX s. 90-ian wlebSi myari saleqso formebisadmi qarTvel poetTa da
mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gamaxvileba dakavSirebulia qarTuli poeziis ganaxlebisa da
msoflio poeziasTan misi organuli erTianobis dacvis survilTan. 60-70-ian wlebSi
verlibriT gatacebuli qarTveli poetebi, moulodnelad, myari saleqso formebisaken
mobrundnen, es erTgvari krizisis mauwyebelic iyo da `mesame gzis~ Ziebis survilic.

damowmebani:

abaSiZe 1937: abaSiZe gr. Sairis garSemo. Jurn. `Cveni Taoba~, 8, 1937.
barbaqaZe 1997: barbaqaZe T. `sonetebis gvirgvini~ XX s. qarTul poeziaSi. Jurn. `macne~, 1-4,
1997.
barbaqaZe 1998: barbaqaZe T. soneti XX s. 40-90-iani wlebis qarTul poeziaSi. Jurn. `macne~, 1,
1998.
beraZe 1936: beraZe p. dabali Sairis bunebisaTvis. Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 3, 1936.
beriZe 1938: beriZe vuk. SoTas portretisaTvis. enimkis moambe, III, 1938.
beriZe 1988: beriZe r. poeturi licencia Tu enobrivi norma. kr. `rusTavis CiraRdnebi~. 1988.
beriZe 1998: beriZe r. didi cezuris intonaciuri Zaldataneba. gaz. `kalmasoba~, 11-15, 1998.
gawerelia 1937: gawerelia ak. rusTavelis poetikis sakiTxebi. Jurn. `mnaTobi~, 12, 1937.
doiaSvili 2003: doiaSvili T. sistema _ procesi _ norma. kr. `sjani~, IV, Tb.: 2003.
silagaZe 1984: silagaZe ap. poetikuri Teoriis tradiciebis Sesaxeb Zvel saqarTveloSi. kr.
`WaSniki~. 1984.
TargamaZe 1990: TargamaZe n. sparsuli da qarTuli myari saleqso formebi. Tb.' gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1990.
silagaZe 1997: silagaZe ap. sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb.:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997.
silagaZe 1992: silagaZe ap. unikaluri arabuli saleqso formis Sesaxeb. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`siurprizi~, 1992.
silagaZe 1977: . .
, . . . . , .: 1977.
slivniaki 1985: slivniaki d. dabali da maRali Sairis dapirispirebis funqciisaTvis
`vefxistyaosanSi~. `macne~, 4, 1985.
xinTibiZe 1998: xinTibiZe ak. dabali Sairidan maRalze gadasvlis xelovneba `vefxistyaosanSi~.
gaz. `kalmasoba~, 2, 1998.
xinTibiZe 1998: xinTibiZe ak. ocmarcvliani strofi `vefxistyaosanSi~. Jurn. `mnaTobi~, 5-6,
1998.

Tamar Barbakadze

Some Problems about Versification in Periodics of 90-ies of 20th Century

(Summary)

First part of the article (subchapters: A; B) is published in the Collection of "Literaturuli Dziebani" ("Literary
Researches "), 28th, 2007. Now last two subchapters are being published.
In subchapter: G) Some problems of versification of the Vepkhistkaosani ("The Knight in the Panthers Skin")
show that in the given period researches were provided in three directions: establish the regulatory of the alternation of the
high and low verses; elucidate the role of the caesura in the line of "Vepkhistkaosani"; to learn a secret of 20-syllable strophe
(so called "Phistikauri").
The alternation of the high and low verses remains one of the secretes of versification of "Vepkhistkaosani", which
passed interchange of the sentiments in the Poem. In 1990s there was expressed an opinion (Akaki Khintibidze) that high
verse with its musicality (rhyme, rhythm, alliteration) opposes low verse. Internal rhyme, transfer, style of metaphoric and
verbal speech subordinate to the regulatory of alternation of high and low verses. Oppose of verses is also introducing the
temper of characters.
This subchapter also analyses the role of the caesura during the research of intonation and metre (R. beridze, A.
Khintibidze). The fact of not that foreseeing of caesura is often a reason of disfiguring the lines of the poem. Right here is
examined the correctness of the new opinion about unique 20-syllable strophe, so called "Phistikauri", of
"Vephkhistkaosani". A. Khintibidze was concerned that strophe written by the 16-syllable verse later was altered by the 20-
syllable strophe for the sake of the song's rhythm.
Last subchapter: "D) Poetry of the traditional poetic forms" reveals that in 90s of 20th century Georgian versification
was enriched with new researches about oriental and European traditional poetic forms. Researches of A. Silagadze, N.
Targamadze, T. Barbakadze, and others about oriental and European traditional poetic forms, such as Bandi, Mukhambazi,
Sonnet, etc. are analyzed in this subchapter.
165
In this article there is expressed an opinion that high attention of the Georgian poets and researchers to the traditional
poetic forms in 90s of 20th century was conditioned by the wish to renovate Georgian poetry and to protect unity with the
world poetry.
It is a Fact that in 60s-70s Georgian poets, who were charmed by free verse (verse libre) suddenly turned to the
traditional poetic forms. It was the indicator of the start of the crisis and at the same time the wish to find "third way".

qeTevan elaSvili

erotizmis diapazoni qarTul sityvaSi

qarTuli sityvis masStabi da diapazoni, misi filosofiur-ezoTeriuli plasti Tu
emociur-warmosaxviTi buneba ratomRac `daCrdilulia~, anda egeb sagangebod tabuirebuli
mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT _ esaa sityvis erotiuli aspeqti... bunebrivia, es araerT
Tavsatexs gviCens. friad sainteresoa imis dadgena, Tu ram ganapiroba am saxis `semantikuri
vakuumis~ warmoSoba qarTul eTnofsiqologiaSi da rogor aisaxa es Cvens mwerlobaSi.
grZnobis fenomeni, sityvaSi gacxadebuli, saocar eqspresias iZens da sityvieri xatis
meSveobiT distanciuri tkbobisa Tu Trobis emociur efeqts badebs. amitomac
gansakuTrebuli sisaTuTe da sifaqizea saWiro sulieri gaSiSvlebis Jams, rom es amoTqma ar
iqces banalur `sityvaTa TamaSad~... miT ufro sariskoa, roca martooden xorcieli siSiSvlis
asaxvis tendencias miiCneven erotizmis umTavres winarexatad da aviwydebaT, rom erotizmi,
upirveles yovlisa, grZnobadi speqtris Tavisufali gamomsaxvelobiTa da miniSnebebiT unda
iyos mowodebuli. Zalzed rTulia am SegrZnebaTa asociaciuri gacxadeba sityvaSi ise, rom
uxamsobis nakadi ar SemoiWras... es sacalfexo bilikia da yvela eTnokulturaSi gansxvavebuli
saxiTaa warmodgenili.
saqarTveloSi, erTi SexedviT, tabuirebulia es Tematika (rogorc winare, aseve
qristianuli cnobierebis WrilSi) da Sesatyvisad ar xdeba qarTuli sityvis definiciac am
mimarTulebiT. arada, swored erotizmis siRrmiseuli gaazreba daedo safuZvlad renesanss _
adamianuri anu miwieri qmedebanis `mSvenieri TvaliT~ aRqma... `klasikuri epoqis
filosofosebTan erosi ganasaxierebda adamianur swrafvas sikeTis Secnobisa da RvTaebrivi
mSvenierebisadmi~ (kiknaZe... 2003: 20) renesansuli azrovneba CvenSi gacilebiT adre aRmocenda,
vidre mTels evropaSi, oRond qarTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, miwieri vnebani gacilebiT
SefarviT amoiTqmeboda _ `surviliT TmobiTa~ Tu `sulisTqmis daokebiT~, magram emociaTa am
WrilSi mainc gamokrTeba xolme gareSe TvalTagan dafaruli Zalzed intimuri gancdebiT...
oRond qarTuli sityvis Sinaganma bunebam ver igua erotizmis Sesatyvisi leqsika _ anu ar
Seqmna am nakadis metyveli sistema da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad aqcentirebuli erotiuli
mwerloba.
miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli sityvis `gamsityvelobiTi Zalis madli da Tvinier Sinagani
buneba~ (sulxan-sabaseuli ganmartebis perifrazi) SegrZnebaTa am emociur piksac
afiqrebinebs da Sesabamisad asaxavs kidec. erotizmis sityvieri diapazoni qarTul
mwerlobaSicaa saZiebeli, oRond es nakadi araa imgvarad TvalSisacemi, rogorc esaa
gansxvavebul eTnokulturul tradiciebSi: `Tavad romauli komedia, iseve, rogorc
sazogadod literatura da saxviTi xelovneba, qmnis erotiuli kulturis im sawyis Sres,
romelzedac Semdgom aRorZinebis xanis `grZnobadi~ Sedevrebi Seiqmneba miniSnebebiTa da
simboloTa mdidari mwkriviT. Tavis mxriv, bokaCos `dekameronis~ `xalisiani erotizmis~
tradicias agrZelebs fransua rables `gargantiua pantagriuveli~ _ sicocxlis mZafri da
jansaRi aRqmiT, rusos àRsareba~... yovlive is, rac saboloo jamSi, ganapirobebs daxvewili
erotiuli plastis arsebobas.
msgavsi plasti islamur kulturaSic arsebobs, amas àTas erTi Ramis~ zRaprebic
mowmoben; is miniaturebic, romlebic mogolTa islamuri dinastiis dros iqmneboda indoeTSi;
is grZnobadi Srec, romelic sufizmSi arsebobs da romelic esoden xatovnad aisaxa
Suasaukunovan sparsul poeziaSi.
Tavisi daxvewili erotiuli kultura hqonda iaponiasac; sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac
gamorCeuli literaturuli niWiT dajilodebuli sefe-qalebis sei-senagonisa an murasaki
sikibus intimuri lirizmiT gamsWvaluli dRiurebi, sikubusave prozauli Sedevri _ romanis
àmbavi mefiswul genZisa~ harunobisa Tu utamaros natifi grafikis gabeduli mizanscenebi
swored imitom ar gexamuSebaT, rom Tavad iaponur mentalobaSi ar aris evropelTaTvis Cveuli
`tabu~... uxamsobas gamoricxavs saukunovani iaponuri tradicia èrotizmis esTetikisa~
(abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: 72).
qarTuli mwerlobis uZvelesi tradiciis miuxedavad, nayofierebis sawesCveulebo
ritualebma ar aRmoacenes is kulturul-esTetikuri plasti, romelic friad metyvel da
166
daxvewil erotiul nakads warmoSobda qarTuli literaturis wiaRSi. TumcaRa, mTeli rigi
paradoqsebi SeimCreva: sakmaod Zneli warmosadgenia, rom swored sasuliero mwerlobis
ZeglSi fiqsirdeba grZnobis saocari siRrme da imavdroulad udidesi tragizmiT... ar
meguleba emociurad imaze ufro tevadi da gamomsaxveli sabediswero gancda, rogoricaa aSot
kurapalatis mier amoTqmuli _ `netar mas kacssa,- romelic cocxal arRar ars~ (Zeglebi 1963
237), anda umSvenieresi sefeqalis e. w. `siZvis diacis~ aRsareba _ `ver Tavisufleba
siyvarulze~... da grZnobis sabediswero zeoba TviT mefe-mijnurze...
renesansuli cnobierebis arqetipi SeimCneva swored am hagiografiul ZeglSi (`grigol
xanZTelis cxovreba~), romelic ukve daxvewili da srulyofili saxiT gvevlineba
`vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac `grZnobis zneobis~ poetur-filosofiuri interpretiaciebia
zogadadamianuri tendenciebiT nasazrdoebi.
sruliad gansxvavebuli Strixebi ikveTeba qarTuli mTis poeziaSi, romelic Tamam
impulsebzea aRmocenebuli _ TviTmyofadia da Tavisufali. mTis JReradobaSi bunebrivi da
arauxamsi, magram baris mkvidrTaTvis sruliad gaugebari, warmoudgeneli da, rac mTavaria,
amoucnobia uZvelesi wesCveulobani _ `wawloba~ Tu `sworfroba~ (mixeil javaxiSvilTan da
grigol robaqiZesTan Sesatyvisi mxatvruli metamorfiziT mowodebuli...) àrc is yofila
SemTxveviTi, rom orive mwerali Tanabrad iyo dainteresebuli sworfrobis CveulebiT. orives
undoda amoecno, Tu ra iyo es ucnauri Cveuleba. `sastiki, saamuri mavne sworfroba-wawloba
_ uzenaeri Zmuri siyvarulis mkacri adaTi _ dResac ar vici, veluri Tu zekacuri, RvTiuri
Tu satanuri (`TeTri sayelo~). rasac `TeTri sayelos~ elizbari ganicdis zustad imasve
ganicdis grigol robaqiZis èngadis~ giorgi valuevi~ (baqraZe 1999: 105). am uCveulo
qmedebas gareSeTaTvis _ ìq dabla~ martooden erotiuli elferi dahkravT da
dakarguli aqvT Tavisi pirvandeli _ siRrmiseuli gaazreba; mamakacuri znis erTgvari
gamocda Tu tkbili tanjva _ `survilT Tmobis~ daokebiT. am dagmanul impulsTa metyveli
amosunTqvaa swored kafiebSi gacxadebuli, magram isic sagulisxmoa, rom am SegrZnebis swori
aRqmisaTvis mTis mizanscenebia gasaTvaliswinebeli (kotetiSvili 2006).
TumcaRa amgvari xedva erTgvarad atrofirebuli iyo sazogadod qarTul
eTnofsiqologiaSi da amitomac qarTuli mwerlobis wiaRSi ar ganviTarda èrotizmis
esTetika~. magram erTgvarad SeniRbuli, aragamomwvevad TvalSisacemi saxiT, mainc gamokrTa
swored Zvel mwerlobaSi aRmosavluri bangnarevi, meditaciur poeziis zeobis Jams da
qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi evropuli impulsis mcired SemoWrisas, _ da savsebiT
bunebrivia, rom es iyo XVIII saukune da kerZod ki, daxvewili xiblis mqone poetis _ besikis
poezia. oRond, am literaturul sivrceSi erotiuli asociacias da Zlier impulss qmnis
TiToeuli bgeris saocari xmovaneba da sityvaTa imgvari TanaSezrda Tu plastika, rom Cndeba
metyveli, vizualuri gancda da gaqvs SegrZneba, rom TiTqos Cvens erovnul samosSi
saguldagulod dagmanuli qarTveli qalis natifi sxeuli aRmosavluri rokviT uzadod
irweva da tydeba... da amitomac es cecxlovani gzneba da absoluturad zusti emociuri
aqcenti saocrad daxvewil erotiul elfers sZens besikis mTel poezias da erTgvarad
aqarwylebs Cems mier zemoTqmul mosazrebas _ qarTul cnobierebaSi èrotizmis esTetikis~
ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aq uTuod gasaTvliswinebelia misi boboqari, magram imavdroulad
saocrad romantiuli piradi peripetiebic...

`tano tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo!
zilfo-kavebi, momklavebo, ver sakarebo!
warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo!
Zowlal-bageo, damdageo, sulT wamarebo!
piro mTvareo, momigone, mzisa darebo!~
(`tano tatano~, besiki, Tb., 1948,
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 12)

anda `me Seni mgone, Wirs Semkone, damwvi mal alo,
zilfo naSalo, SemaSalo, mkvlelo dalalo...
(`me Seni mgone~, besiki, Tb., 1948,
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 20)

`ra guli davage Senad sareblad,
muniTgan vards mifer miTam arebiT~.
(`ra guli davage Senad sareblad~,
besiki, Tb., 1948, gamomcemloba
`sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 28)

besiks sul sxva yaidaze, erTi SexedviT, aratradiciul qarTul leqswyobaze aqvs
awyobili aramarto TiToeuli sityva, aramed bgerac ki da amiT aRwevs SegrZnebaTa
srulyofas. albaT, amitomac swyalobdnen agre rigad Cveni `cisferyanwelebi~ mas. besiks isini
Tavis didwinaprad miiCnevdnen da Tanamedrove simbolur JReradobasac swored mis leqsebs
miawerdnen (literaturuli gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT) sakmaod pretenziuli Cveni
167
simbolistebi _ `besikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebso~ _ werda ticiani... am
maradiulma tabuirebam Tavisi damRa daamCnia qarTuli sityvis bunebriv diapazons,
erTgvarad Caketa kidec. ès daemCna Sesabamisi leqsikis simwiresac, rac esoden arTulebs
xolme Sesabamisi samecniero Tu mxatvruli literaturis Targmans, sadac an wminda
samedicino terminologias mimarTaven an Jargons. saukunovani tabuireba erotiuli
Tematikisa, raRa Tqma unda, daemCna Cvens mwerlobasac, sadac mixeil javaxiSvilis garda, Cveni
saukunis dasawyisamde faqtobrivad veravin gabeda Sexeboda am erTob sarisko sakiTxs. Tavis
mxriv, erotiuli kulturis simwirem ganapiroba Sinagani atrofirebuli cenzuris
oficiozuri cenzuriT Senacvleba da rodesac es òficiozi~ moiSala, Cven sruliad
dezorientirebulni aRmovCndiT, rac esoden savalalod daemCna qarTul èrotiul prozas~
(oriode gamonaklisi ar cvlis saerTo suraTs)~. (abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: 72).
da dasasrul, kidev erTi, _ Tavad erotiuli kultura ar warmoSobs saCoTiro da
uxerxuli situaciebs, amas ganapirobebs im SemoqmedTa daintereseba am TematikiT, romelTac
RalatobT taqti an saerTod ar gaaCniaT Sinagani kultura, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iWreba
uxamsobis nakadi da amitomac araerTgvanovani azri Cndeba sazogadoebaSic.

damowmebani:

abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli
enciklopedia. gamomcemloba `bakmi~, II, Tb.: 2007.
baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. Tb.: `lomisi~, 1999.
besiki 1948: besiki. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb.: 1948.
kiknaZe... 2003: kiknaZe z., n. tonia. saymawvilo miTologiuri enciklopedia. I, bondo
macaberiZis gamomcemloba, Tb.: 2003.
kotetiSvili 2006: kotetiSvili v. moukreafvni (qarTuli skabrezuli folkloris nimuSebi).
Tb.: `diogene~, 2006.
Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I (V-X ss.), il abulaZis
(redaqtorobiT), `mecniereba~, Tb.: 1963.

Ketevan Elashvili

The Range of Eroticism in Georgian Literature

Summary

For some reason the scope and range of Georgian literature, its philosophical and esoteric layer or emotional and
expressional nature seems to be shaded or, maybe intently tabooed only in one direction - it is the erotic aspect of a
word Naturally, this situation causes a real puzzlement. It is extremely interesting to establish what fact conditioned the
origin of such semantic vacuum in Georgian thinking and how it is reflected in Georgian literature. We should take into
account that repressive background existed in this layer in Georgian literature for today often creates embarrassing and
delicate situation. These tendencies are traced in the so-called contemporary erotic prose written in a great deal with the
mixture of authors epatage and the absence of complexes.
It is due to this fact, namely that this time the comprehension of Georgian literature, i.e. new perception has been
performed in this context, because according to the classic epoch philosophers, Eros was personified with human aspiration
for knowledge of good and divine beauty.
Therefore it is quite impossible to link the notion of eroticism only with the name of Mikhail Javakhishvili. It is
difficult to imagine his archetypes (sometimes in transformed and veiled form) not to be fixed in Georgian literature.

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba
1. epiTeti jadosnur zRaparSi

epiTeti poeturi metyvelebis is erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelsac
didi xania ikvleven. al. veselovski epiTetTa pirvel tipad gamoyofda tavtologiur
epiTetebs, xolo meore tipSi aerTianebda ganmartebiT epiTetebs, romelTa safuZvelSi ido an
`saganSi arsebiTad miCneuli~ niSani, an is niSani, romelic sagans `praqtikuli mizniT da
168
idealuri srulyofilebis mimarTebiT axasiaTebda~ (veselovski 1940:76). faqtobrivad, dResac
sagnis arsebiT niSans gamoyofen mkvlevarebi epiTetis gansazRvrisas.
epiTetTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba sityvis `Sinagani formis~, anu sityvis Sinaarsis
sakiTxi. a. potebnia Tvlida, rom sityvas ori Sinaarsi gaaCnda: erTi obieqturi, romelic
sityvis etimologiur mniSvnelobas utoldeba, meore _ subieqturi, romelic aerTianebs
mravalnair pirad asociacias, dakavSirebuls ama Tu im sityasTan. sityvis Sinagani forma
warmoadgens àzris Sinaarsis mimarTebas cnobierebasTan: igi gviCvenebs, rogor warmoidgens
adamiani Tavis sakuTar azrs. poeziaSi Sinagani forma aris xasiaTis centri, erTi im
niSanTagani, romelic yvela danarCenze win aris wamoweuli~ (potebnia 1976: 115). mecnierma am
ganmartebiT Camoayaliba epiTetisadmi midgomis principi.
folklorul teqstebSi epiTeti poeturi saxeobriobis Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanesi
saSualebaa. miuxedavad epiTetTa saerTofolkloruli sakuTrebisa, rac arc maT xmarebasa da
arc gavrcelebas ar zRudavs, gansxvavebulia maTdmi mimarTeba poeziasa da prozaSi.. lirikul
poezias, rogorc Janrs, saerTofolklorulis paralelurad, epiTetebis Tavisi sakuTari
maragi gaaCnia. lirikas epiTetebis gamoiyeneba gmirTa grZnobebisa da ganwyobilebaTa
gadmosacemad sWirdeba, romelic viTarebaTa cvlis mixedviT xSirad icvleba. Sesabamisad,
epiTetTa mravalferovnebaze leqsSi ufro zrunaven. zRapari ki upiratesad konfliqtis, anu
moqmedebis ganviTarebas adevnebs Tvals, misi gmirebi erTi statikuri mocemulobiT
warmodgebian da raki xasiaTebi ar viTardeba, mezRapreebic epiTetebs lirikisagan
gansxvavebiT naklebad mimarTaven. rogorc wesi, zRaparSic epiTetad sityvas mis Sinaarsze
dasmuli aqcenti aqcevs.
jadosnur zRaparSi, sazRapro eposis ZiriTadi saxeSi, saukuneebis manZilze
Camoyalibda poeturi saxeobriobis mTeli sistema. zRapris ideur-esTetikuri safuZveli
emyareba xalxis cxovrebasa da masze warmodgenebis erTgvarobas. swored es erTgvaroba
ganapirobebs zRapris stilis garkveul tipobriobasac. jadosnuri zRapris Janruli
specifikiT aris gansazRvruli mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba da masTan dakavSirebuli
Txrobis ritmi, tempi, toni, intonacia da gamomsaxvelobis sxva saSualebebi.
cnobilia is sirTuleebi, romlebic adamianis zepiri metyvelebis winaSe dgas azris
Sesatyvisi gamoxatulebis povnisa da misi gamoyenebis, azris naTlad da zustad gadmocemis
procesSi (kiknaZe 1957: 137). erTi SexedviT, zRapris zepiri gadmocema mTqmels saerTod
zepiri metyvelebisaTvis Cveuli dabrkolebebis winaSe unda ayenebdes, magram warmatebul
Txrobas folklorSi, da gansakuTrebiT zRaparSi, xels uwyobs gadmosacemi masalis
tradiciuloba, misi safuZvliani codna. imasac aqvs mniSvneloba, rom, Cveulebriv, mTqmeli is
pirovneba xdeba, romelsac sityva uWris. garda amisa, mezRapris saqmianobas win uZRvis
fsiqologiuri Semzadebis periodi. man winaswar icis, ra unda mogviTxros Tavisi
repertuaridan. da, Tumca zRapris Tqmis cocxal tradicias mudam Tan axlavs improvizacia,
es ar aris absoluturad Tavisufali Txzva. mezRapres am dros CarCoebi zRudavs, radgan igi
mogviTxrobs garkveuli tipis zRapars, anu am tipis tradiciuli siuJetisTvis aucilebel
kompoziciur nawilebs abams (rasakvirvelia, ara meqanikurad) erTmaneTTan.
jadosnuri zRapris mxatvrul sistemaSi enobrivi gamosaxvis saSualebebs Soris
epiTetze yvelaze meti datvirTva modis. gvxvdeba rogorc mudmivi epiTetebi, aseve
individualuri gansazRvrebebi. mudmiv epiTetebSi, rogorc tradiciulad damkvidrebul
mxatvrul gansazRvrebebSi, garesamyarosa Tu romelime kerZo sagnis daxasiaTebisas igrZnoba
mezRapreTa mier maTi erTgvarad aRqmis tendencia. am dros zedsarTavi saxeli mTlianad aris
Serwymuli arsebiT saxelTan da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aRarc ki gvawvdis axal codnas
sagnis Sesaxeb. triali mindori, mwvane veli, usieri tye, mSvenieri baRi, uCinmaCinis qudi,
cismare dRe, kudiani dedaberi, cxraTaviani devi da mravali sxva jadosnuri zRaprisaTvis
yvelaze niSandoblivi epiTetebi arian, romlebic zRapridan zRaparSi meordebian, saerTo
folklorul sakuTrebasac warmoadgenen da konkretul JanrSic aqvT damkvidrebuli adgili.
calke arsebiTi saxelis xmareba xSirad adamians uCens masTan tradiciulad
dakavSirebuli zedsarTavi saxelis asociacias. jadosnur zRaparSi xaliCa `mfrinavis~ garda,
TiTqmis warmoudgenelia, Tumca gvxvdeba. es ki imaze migviTiTebs, rom obieqti Tavisken
izidavs masTan tradiciulad dakavSirebul Sesabamis zedsarTav saxels. b. uspenskis azriT,
aseT SemTxvevebSi angariSi unda gaewios avtoris [Cvens SemTxvevaSi mezRapris _ T.q.]
Tvalsazriss (uspenski 1973: 163)..
qarTuli jadosnuri zRaparis nimuSebSi enis tradiciuli (XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa
da misi maxlobeli drois) mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT davakvirdiT adreul
Canawerebs (umikaSvili 1964 da razikaSvili 1909). dasaxelebul krebulebSi ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia qarTluri, kaxuri da fSauri metyveleba. gairkva, rom qarTveli mezRapreebi
mudmiv epiTetebs iyeneben im SemTxvevebSi, roca surT saganSi SeniSnon raime Tviseba
(mdgomareoba), miapyron msmenelis yuradReba sagans (movlenas).
epiTetebSi aqcentirebulia feri : TeTri wveri, TeTrtara xmali, kudaTeTri xarebi, Savi
kaci (klde, raSi, iaraRi, tanisamosi), wiTeli xari, lurji Tevzi, Wreli frinveli, aTasnairad
ayvavebuli frTosani da sxv.
169
sagnis fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobaa gamoxatuli: xmeli xari, qali
TvalebdaTxrili (suleli, gaalmasebuli), dRisiT mkvdari vaJi, frTamotexili frinveli,
galomebuli devkaci, sisxliani xmali, naisrali miwa, mokrunCxuli beberi, ubadruki berikaci,
gasamzeurebeli fuli da sxv.
asaksa da garegnobazea miniSnebuli: wverze xavsmokidebuli kaci, koWli devi, siberisaken
gabrunebuli col-qmari, qaCali mefandure, jandagi cxvari, gonji qali, kuti moxuci,
saRsalamaTi kaci, samfexa zRvis cxeni da sxv.
sagnis raodenoba, sigrZe-sidide, masalaa aqcentirebuli: Svidnairi tanisamosi, usazomo
Rvino, uricxvi frinveli, cxra jortvirTuli oqro da vercxli, TiTo sini margaliti, erTi
sapalne bamba da erTi sapalne bangi, Tvaluwvdeneli klde, uZiro ufskruli, almasis najaxi
(dana, wyali), sanTlis culi, rkinis yavarjeni (tanisamosi, joxi, palo), vercxlis xonCa, oqros
kunwuli (Tasi), manaTobeli frTis dedal-mamali frinveli, kaba edemyvavilis (mtredis
bumbulis) da sxv.
tradiciis ZaliT, mezRapre Txrobis dasawyisSive mijnavs realur da fantastikur
samyaroebs. amisTvis igi formulebs iSveliebs da msmeneli sazRapro sivrceSi gadahyavs, sadac
gmirs fantastikuri garemo da gasaocari Tavgadasavali elodeba. gmiris moqmedebis droca da
sivrcec pirobiTia: `Zvel droSi erT saxelmwifoSi iyo erTi didebuli xelmwife~, _ eubneba
mTqmeli msmenels da isic dro-sivrcis konkretizacias ar moiTxovs, radgan icis, rom naTqvami
pirobiTia, ambavi ki _ gamonagoni.
gmiris moqmedebis adgilis ganmsazRvreli epiTetebi. Sinidan sxvadasxva mizniT
wamosuli gmiri vidre ucnobi samyaros gzas daadgeba, iseT sivrceSi gadis, romelSic dasabami
eZleva saswaulebriv qmedebebs (propi 1984: 82). am sivrces mezRapreebi sxvadasxva epiTetebiT
moixsenieben: Tvaluwvdeneli mindori, triali veli, uRRani tye, zRvis napiri da sxv. zRapris
gmirs am mniSvnelovan adgilze gadaecema saswaulebrivi sagani an raSi. am procesis aRwerisas
mezRapre epiTetebs iyenebs: trial mindorze erTi xe idga, faskunji budobda... Svilebis
gadarCenisaTvis faskunjma vaJs erTi frTa misca da uTxra: ès frTa daxruke da SenTan
gavCndebio~ an `bevri iara... erT trial mindorzed naxa: erTi saxli dgas da cecxlis Suqi
gamodis. ifiqra, amaRam aq davdgebio. gadaxta raSidan, raSi xeze miaba da Sevida saxlSi. Zlier
gaukvirda, mSvenieri cecxli enTo, TavisiT sami Samfuri mwvadi iwvoda, TiTon trialebda; cal
kuTxeze taxti, dafenili; kedelze erTi xmali, erTi qudi da erTi xelsaxoci ekida~.
aq dasaxelebuli saswaulebrivi sagnebiTa Tu damxmariT SeiaraRebuli gmirisTvis
moqmedebis namdvili asparezi axla iwyeba. mezRapre gviyveba: àma da am qveyanaSi devebs
gatacebuli mzeTunaxavebi hyavT...~ an èrT ucxo mTaSi...~
es adgilebi aucileblad `sxvagan~ aris, sxvaTa samefoa. gmiris sivrceSi ar iZieba is, risi
`naklebobac~ mas awuxebs, an vis daxsnasac avaleben. iq, sxva samyaroSi SeRweva mxolod gmirs
SeuZlia. `gmiris namoqmedaris mniSvneloba fasdeba `sivrciT~, _ wers d. lixaCovi (lixaCovi
1971: 386).
qarTuli tradiciiT, am ucnob, sxva samyaroze yvelaze xSirad mudmivi epiTetiT _ `cxra
mTas iqiT~ _ migviTiTeben. sxva SemTxvevaSi mezRapreebs arc imis miniSneba aviwydebaT, rom
gmiri `gavida sxva saxelmwifoSi~.
qarTul jadosnur zRaparSi `sxva~ samefoze misaTiTeblad ferebiTac apelireben. gmiri,
rogorc wesi, arRvevs micemul akrZalvas. Sav mTaze asulma vaJma dainaxa: èrTi Savi mecxvare
gamovida, Savi kombali uWiravs, Savi nabadi asxia, Savi cxvari hyavs da Savi ZaRlebi~.
wiTel mTaze ukve sxva samefo mdebareobs. mezRapre axla wiTel ferebSi gamowyobil
mecxvaresa da mis atributebze laparakobs, bolos ki TeTri mTa da misi TeTrebSi Cacmuli
mecxvare Cndeba (zR. `mecxvare brma devi da feiqris Segirdi~)..
`sxva~ samefoze gansxvavebul miniSnebas vxvdebiT zRaparSi àlala bedisyvavili~.
dakarguli saqmros saZebnelad wasuli qali sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas Sexvdeba
rkinis, vercxlis da oqros qalebs. sainteresoa maTdami mimarTvac: `vercxlis qalo, vercxlis
koka gidgia, vercxlis wyalze midixar...~ da a.S.
qarTul jadosnur zRaparSi gmiri vaJisa da qalisTvis SemuSavebulia universaluri
(SesaZloa, unikaluric) terminebi mzeWabuki da mzeTunaxavi, romelTa xmareba aRar saWiroebs
araviTar damatebiT ganmartebas.
paralelurad vaJTan dakavSirebiT zRaparSi Cndeba mudmivi epiTetebi: mSvenieri vaJkaci,
mZlavri vaJi da sxv. epiTetTa simciris mizezi isicaa, rom zRaparSi vaJs axasiaTebs ara sityva,
aramed saqme. mTavaria, ras da rogor akeTebs is. amas garda, zRaparSi gmiris
gansakuTrebuloba xazgasmulia misi saswaulebrivad dabadebiT (gavixsenoT sami Zmis _ ivane
saRamos, ivane SuaRamisa da ivane ciskris dabadebisa da monaTlisTanave caSi gafrena). vaJis
swraf zrdaze misaTiTeblad ki epiTetebiT Seqmnilia formulebi, rogoricaa: `sami dRisa sami
wlisas hgavda~ an `dReSi maTraxis toli izrdeboda~ da sxv.
qalis gamorCeulobis aqcentireba aseve tradiciuli formula-frazebiT miiRweva:
qalis `pirisnabani oqroda da vercxlad iqceva~ an `tiris, margalitis cremli ifrqveva,
icinis, surnelovani ia da vardi gadmosdis piridan~ da sxv. qalis mSveniereba mzis
TvalismomWrelobasTan an badri mTvaris sikaSkaSesTan aris Setolebuli. zogjer qalis
170
garegnobis aRweras enacvleba fraza, rom maTi mnaxveli vaJebi `gulwasulebi daecnen
miwaze~ an `xelmwife gaocda qalis elvarebaze~, an `naxes imisi coli da sul Wkuaze
SeiSalnen...~
mravalferovneba ar aklia dedabris garegnobasa da metyvelebas. miTur dedabers (igi
xSirad devTdedadaa saxeldebuli) èrTi kbili caSi hqonda wasuli, meore _ qvecas~. roca
gmiri mas tyeSi saqmeSi garTuls xvdeba, xedavs, rom devTdedabers `ZuZuebi zurgze aqvs
gadagdebuli~. zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svili da devTmefe~ vkiTxulobT: `devTdeda zis...
cxrilis odena Tvalebi uyria, wisqvilis dolabis odena kviristavi uWirams da matyls
arTams~. zRaparSi `dedabris Svili~ devebis deda ase uwyreba gmirebs: `Tqven ra xalxi xarT,
rom Cvens baRSi SemosulxarTo? Cemi Svilebis SiSiT caze frinveli ver gadaivlis, miwaze _
WianWvela, da Tqven xilsac hxilobT, Crdilsac CrdilobT da vaSlsac amtvrevTo?~
miTuri dedabrebi cxovroben bnel ReleSi, kldeTa gamoqvabulebSi. maTi qoxi dgas tyiTa
da miuvali kldeebiT garSemortymul adgilebSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, zRaparSi moqmedi
kudiani dedaberi axlosaa realur borot dedaberTan. misi sacxovrebeli dasaxlebul
punqtSi an mis siaxlovesaa, funqcia ki _ adamianis mtroba.
zRapruli devis siZliere misi Tavebis raodenobiT izomeba. devis Tavebis raodenoba
samidan iwyeba da imis mixedviT matulobs, ras miawers mas mezRapre. Tavebis raodenobaze
mimaniSnebeli epiTeti gamomsaxvelobiTi funqciis garda, personaJis daxasiaTebis amocanasac
asrulebs, miTumetes, roca misi da adamianis brZolis an Sejibris ambavi gadmoicema.
sazogadod, devebTan mimarTebaSi araiSviaTad ixmareba epiTetebi: uzarmazari, uSvelebeli.
devi, rogorc zRaparSi miTidan gadmosuli arseba, cecxlTan aris dakavSirebuli: àsTaviani
devi, rac unda mxiaruli iyos da icinodes, piridan cecxlsa hyris da rom gaanCxldeba, xom
sul cecxli amosdis~. devTxelmwifis simtkicisa da Zlierebis gasaxazad mezRapre mas
rkinasTan akavSirebs. zemoxsenebuli zRapridan vigebT, rom mas `rkinis sami saxli da rkinis
kalo aqvs caSi~. devs verc gemovnebas dauwunebs kaci: moswons mzeTunaxavi qalebi, Tanac
xelmwifis qaliSvilebi an colebi da arc maTi motaceba uWirs. mezRapreebi hiperbola-
litotesis gamoyenebT xataven devis madas: devma èrTi uremi Rvino dedas Semoutana, erTi
uremi samive Zmebsa da erTi uremi TavisTvina~. mokluli devis masiurobaze epiTetiT miniSneba
zRaparSi masTan dapirispirebuli gmiris daxasiaTebis funqciasac asrulebs devis `sisxlis
ru wavida, leSis gora dadga~.
zRaparSi gansakuTrebiT popularulia gmiris damxmare personaJi _ raSi. raSs, anu
`bedaurs cxens, frTebians~ (CubinaSvili 1961: 334) Tavad saxeli gamoyofs sxva cxenebisagan.
amas garda, mas zRaparSi mravali sxva epiTetic miemarTeba. yvelaze metad fasobs gulTmisani
raSi, romelic laparakobs kidevac. zogierTi xelmwifis raSebis bagaSi Cinebuli raSebis
mTeli armiaa. esenia: Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, lurji da sxv. ferisa. Sesaxedaobis garda, aseTi
raSebi frenis unariTac arian dajildoebuli. zRaparSi Cndeba xolme epiTetebi: mfrinavi,
mali, frTosani, niavqris, qaris, merani, qariSxlis, grigalis.
qarTuli zRapris raSebs mezRapreebi miaweren `sificxes, dauokebel temperaments,
fexcecxlobas~ (oqroSiZe 1968: 158)..
sazRapro tradiciis mixedviT, namdvili gmiri yovelTvis icavs TamaSis wess. gmiris
gamocdisas damsaCuqreblis mier TavlaSi cxenis asarCevad SeSvebulma vaJma is cxeni ki ar unda
airCios, romelic `Tvalebidan sul cecxlsa hyris~ an `varskvlavebs eTamaSeba~, aramed
Seuxedavi. mezRapre aseTi epizodis gamarTvisas antiTezis xerxs mimarTavs da roca xatavs
`saZagel banjgvlian~, `gaknaWul~ an `koWl cxenebs~, gviCvenebs, rom sinamdvileSi aseTad
mxolod grZneuli damsaCuqrebeli moaCvenebs maT gmirs, Torem isinic namdvili raSis
TvisebebiT arian dajildoebuli. swored aseT raSebs sWirdebaT unaris
srulad gamosaCenad maTraxis ise Ronivrad dartyma, rom `zurgidan sami wyvili
saqalamne tyavi asZvres~ da gafrindes, èrT gafrenaze cxra mTa gadaiaros~.
qarTveli mezRapreebi raSebis gansakuTrebulobaze miniSnebas epiTetebis ritmul
wyobaSi moqceviT axerxeben. raSi aswavlis gmirs: `sami maTraxi damkar, sami piri tyavi
amZvreba, sami litra marili damayare, gavfofindebi, gavfrindebi...~ vaJs cxraklitulSi
damwyvdeuli raSis adgilsamyofels miaswavlian da Tan arigeben: `raSs zurgzed erTi
mtkaveli obi aqvs mokidebuli. bambis saurveli gadausvi, bambis maTraxi gadahkar, ise
gamoiyvane, Tore dagglejs, cocxals ar gagiSvebso~.
araCveulebrivi niWiT dajildoebuli saswaulebrivi damxmareebi, romelTa saxelebi
moqmedebis Sesabamisad epiTetebiT aris gamarTuli, gmirs rTuli davalebebis SesrulebaSi
exmarebian. eseni arian: beltisylapia, gorisglejia, zRvisxvrepia, qvesknelSi WianWvelebis
momrigebeli, caSi isrebis mtyorcneli, fexebze dolabebiT morbenali. sazRapro siuJetSi
gamoCenili rTuli davalebebi, rogorc wesi, TiToeuli damxmaris SesaZleblobas aris
morgebuli.
amave gziT aris Seqmnili im fantastikuri sagnebis saxelebi _ natvris sufra, mfrinavi
xaliCa, uCimmaCinis qudi _ romelTa xelSi Cagdeba gmiris gamarjvebas uzrunvelyofs.
171
vaJTa gmirobaSi gamocdas emsaxureba epiTetebiT gawyobili saswaulebrivi sagnebis _
ukvdavebis wyali, irmis rZe, taxis xorci, ucxo frinveli, ukvdavebis xelsaxoci,
gamaaxalgazrdavebeli vaSli da sxv. _ mopoveba.
zRapris saTaurebis epiTetebiT gawyobis tradicia msmenelis interesis aRZvris
funqciiT unda iyos gamarTlebuli. saqarTveloSi bevria aseTi gziT Seqmnili saTauri:
ùkvdavebis wylis zRapari~, `zRapari sakvirveli qalisa~, `gveledqceuli mzeTunaxavi~,
`zRapari mindorT qalisa~, `zRapari velis yvavilisa~, ùCinmaCinis qudi~, `gaucinari
xelmwife~, èlene mSvenieris zRapari~, ìsris-masris sandlis qali~, `margalitis cremli~,
èSmakis lagami~, `dRisiT mkvdari~ da sxv.
mudmivi epiTetebis simyare, maTi `gaqvavebuli forma~ sinamdvileSi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT `moCvenebiTia~. mizezi amisa mdgomareobs calkeul mezRapreTa SesaZleblobaSi
_ daukavSiros arsebiT saxelebs sxvadasxva zedsarTavebi. vaJkaci, magaliTad, garda
mSvenierisa, SeiZleba iyos uSiSari, keTili, samarTliani, fexmardi, lomguli, patiosani,
gulTmisani, mZlavri da sxv. am epiTetTagan zogierTi gvxvdeba kidec calkeul mezRapreebTan,
rac uflebas gvaZlevs vilaparakoT ori saxis epiTetebze: mudmivsa da cvalebadze.
Cveulebriv, cvalebadi epiTetebi Cndeba xolme konkretul SemTxvevebSi da xsnis situaciidan
gamomdinare garkveul Temas, dakavSirebuls ama Tu im personaJTan.
SeniSnulia, rom zRapris mudmivi epiTetebi sasimRero folklorSi gavrcelebuli
mudmivi epiTetebis msgavsia (baragi 1972: 25). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amis mizezi isaa, rom es
epiTetebi saerTofolklorul maragSia daunjebuli da zog simReras Sinaarsobrivad udgeba.
zRaparSi ki iseTi `neitraluri mudmivi epiTetebi mkvidrdeba, romlebSic sagnisa Tu movlenis
mxolod zogadi daxasiaTebaa mocemuli, yvelaze ufro tipobrivi niSania gaxazuli~
(vedernikova 1980: 120). sagnis swored es yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, gamoyofili
konkretul situaciaSi, xdeba misTvis saxeobriobis amaRlebisa da Txrobis emociuri
gamomsaxvelobis donis. zrdis wyaro.
mecnierTa Zveli pleada epiTets umniSvnelo funqciis komponentad miiCnevda. sxvani mas
uwodeben mxatvrul samkauls. epiTeti marTlac asrulebs am funqcias, magram amave dros sxva
mniSvnelovani datvirTvac gaaCnia. kerZod, epiTetis gamoyeneba sagans aniWebs axlebur
JReradobas, xdis mas ufro xiluls. b. tomaSevski miiCnevs, rom epiTets ar Semoaqvs iseTi
axali niSani, romelic ar devs sazRvrul sityvaSi. epiTeti mxolod
imeorebs am niSans. amaSia epiTetis, rogorc `poeturi gansazRvrebis~ gansxvaveba
`logikuri~, `terminis moculobis damaviwroebeli~ gansazRvrebisagan (tomaSevski 1927: 33).
epiTetis amocanaa damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebis gamoyofa, calkeuli niSnis pirvel planze
wamoweva masze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT (tomaSevski 1959: 203).
zRapris Tqmisas epiTetis gamoCenis adgilis gansazRvrisTvis mSvenier magaliTs
vxvdebiT ùkvdavebis maZiebeli Wabukis~ xalxur moTxrobaSi: vaJs gzad Sexvdeba yorani,
romelic pirobas iZleva, rom manamde icocxlebs, vidre sklintiT amoavsebs uZiro ufskruls.
am STambeWdavi epiTetiT mezRapre cdilobs Seqmnas Wabukis yoranTan darCenis piroba. am
araordinaruli epiTetis Semotana msmenels udaod uZlierebs emocias. daskvna erTia:
mezRapre mas mimarTavs maSin, roca surs saganSi SeniSnos raime iseTi Tviseba, romelic amJamad
win unda wamoswios (qurdovaniZe 2002: 128)
ama Tu im epizodSi mudmivi epiTetis gamoCenasTan aris dakavSirebuli misi meore
funqcia, romelic `stiluri funqciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili (eleonskaia 1907: 49). misi mizania
gamoavlinos is saerTo ideali, `sazeimo~ plani, romelSic mimdinareobs epiuri Txroba, Tumca
TviT epiTetis roli moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi Zalian umniSvneloa.
individualuri gansazRvreba-epiTeti, mudmivi epiTetisagan gansxvavebiT, warmoadgens
piradi STabeWdilebis Sedegad warmoqmnil mxatvrul gansazRvrebas. aseTi epiTetebis Seqmnis
axsna xerxdeba mxolod zRapris SemqmnelTa SemfaseblobiTi kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mezRapris gmirisadmi damokidebuleba xSirad individualur epiTetebSi vlindeba.
gmiris saxeli _ oqrokaca _ individualuri gansazRvrebaa, romelic migvaniSnebs
mTqmelis misdami damokidebulebaze. igi oqros (kargi) kacia. ùxeiro~, `qaCalmebate~,
àrvicia~ _ epiTeti-zedmeti saxelebia, Serqmeuli gmiris namdvili bunebisa da
SesaZleblobis dafarvis mizniT.
zRapris gmiris individualuri daxasiaTebisaTvis mezRapreebi qmnian gmirTa
saswaulebrivad dabadebis an gansakuTrebuli warmoSobis istoriebs. gmirs hqvia
SavdaTuaSvili _ igi devisa da qalis Svilia. aseTi warmomavlobis vaJis gamorCeulobas
mezRapre nacadi tradiciuli formuliT iwyebs: `vinc wliT izrdeboda, is dRiT izrdeboda~,
romelsac miabams Tavis SeTxzuls: ìseTi ram izrdeba, rom TiTo ymawvils aiyvans da mxaliviT
gaswuravs~; dedabris Svili xelmwifis SvilTan erTad daibada: dedofali Tevzis Wamis Semdeg
daorsulda, dedaberisa _ Tevzis kudisa; lerwmis mzeTunaxavi qali zRvidan gamotanili
lerwmis xidan gamovida; asfurcela as naWrad daWrili vaSlis SeWmis Sedegad gaCnda. mezRapre
amiT zrdis interess maTi Tavgadasavlebisadmi. amave rigisaa epiTetebi: dalaRana, lomkaca,
xuTkunWula, alifolada da sxv.
172
qarTul zRaparSi gvxvdeba tavtologiuri epiTetis nimuSebi: `Ronieri da yoCaRi biWi~,
`mSvenieri lamazi qali~, `guluzari _ metad lamazi, mimzidveli, gamtacebeli~, àvi da aSari
dedinacvali~, `sufTa da faqizi qali~ da sxv.
mezRapres epiTeti xan siuJetSi Seqmnili situaciis Sesabamisad zeaweuli ganwyobilebis
gadmocemaSi exmareba, araiSviaTad epikuri TxrobiTi mokazmisTvis iyenebs. epiTeti mezRapres
xels uwyobs zRapris ideur-esTetikuri Sinaarsis gamoxatvaSi, radgan folkloruli
nawarmoebis enas, gacxadebuls sityvaSi, beletristikis msgavsad, marto azri ki ara aqvs
gadmosacemi, aramed msmenel-mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis moxdenis funqciac akisria.
epiTetTa tradiciuli maragi axal sicocxles iZens, Tumca araaqtiurad. axali
epiTetebis Seqmna ZiriTadad Zvelis xarjze xdeba sagnis sazogado mniSvnelobis ganaxlebis
gziT.

damowmebani:

baragi 1972: .. .
.: , 1972.
eleonskaia 1907: .. .-
, .: , 1907, 1-2.
vedernikova 1980: .. . , .:
, . 4. 1980.
veselovski 1940: .. . ..
. .: , 1940.
kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe gr. metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1957.
lixaCovi 1971: . . . .: , 1971.
oqroSiZe 1968: oqroSiZe T. raSi qarTuli zRaprisa. `mnaTobi~, Tb., 1968, 12.
razikaSvili 1909: xalxuri zRaprebi. Sekrebili Tedo razikaSvilis mier qarTlSi (I w.), kaxeTsa
da fSavSi (II w.), tf.: àmxanagoba~, 1909.
potebnia 1976: .. . .. . .: , 1976.
propi 1984: propi v. i. zRapris morfologia. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1984.
tomaSevski 1927: .. . .: , 1927.
tomaSevski 1959: .. . .: , 1959.
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. III, Tb., `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.
uspenski 1973: ... . .: , 1973.
qurdovaniZe 2002: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli zRapari. Tb.: `merani~, 2002.
CubinaSvili 1961: CubinaSvili n. qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.

Teimuraz Kurdovanidze

Artistic Speech of a Narrator

1. Epithet in a Fairy-tale

Summary

On the bases of the study of epithets in Kartlian, Kakhetian and Pschavian records of the second half of XIX century,
traditional state of fairy-tale speech was shown. In fairy-tales there are found constant epithets of common folklore use, as
well as the individual ones. One uses constant epithets for description of color, physical and emotional state, age, appearance,
amount, size, stuff etc.
A narrator directs attention of listener using epithets (e.g. wide field) to the place of heroes action where he must
find magic means or helper. Search object of the hero in Georgian tale is situated after nine mountains etc. And showing
this places narrator uses epithets: colors (black, white, red) or metals (iron, silver, gold).
To characterize a man and a woman in Georgian fairy-tales narrators use epithets Mzethunakhavi (sungirl) and
Mzechabuki (sunyouth), which do not need additional concretization.
Narrators define old women using epithets created on the basis of details, noticed in her appearance (teeth, breast).
Davi is described by the use of epithets grandiose (with variations) and erruption of fire from the mouth. Rashi (horse) is
characterized by the use of coat, by the ability to fly and for erruption of fire from ayes or play with stars.
The abilities of wonderful helpers are determined by the use of epithets: who swallows rocks, who drinks plenty of
water etc. Epithets are used for the description of magic objects flying carpet, self-laid tablecloth, a cap of invisibility etc.
Narrators use individual epithets, which appeared on the basis of their own impressions and which raise the emotional
level of the narration and reveals the main ideal-aesthetic point of the tale.
Epithets help the narrator to intensify picturesqueness and expressiveness of narration.
173
literaturuli meridianebi

Helen Cooper
Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English, University of Cambridge
Faculty of English

HAMLET AND THE INVENTION OF TRAGEDY

The first thing that should be said about Hamlet is that he is a serial killer. He kills off a higher proportion of
the speaking cast list, either directly with his own hand or indirectly, than any other Shakespearean character,
including Richard III and Macbeth.
To begin with, his victims include the entire Polonius family. He kills Polonius deliberately, though it is true
that he believes him to be someone else at the time; but such an instance of mistaken identity, of killing B when one
had set out with the intention of killing A, is not acceptable as an excuse for murder in a court of law. Laertes he kills
with his own hand, though inadvertently; the text leaves open the opportunity, taken up in many productions, to have
Hamlet engineer the change of swords deliberately as a result of realizing that Laertes is unbated, but he cannot know
that it is poisoned. Ophelias death he causes indirectly, but there can be no question but that he carries total moral
responsibility for it, first showing her affection, then proceeding through public humiliation to private violent abuse,
and finally murdering her father. The earliest surviving text of the play, the First Quarto, has Laertes make the double
accusation of responsibilty for the catastrophes to both Polonius and Ophelia explicit:

Griefe upon griefe, my father murdered,
My sister thus distracted:
Cursed be his soule that wrought this wicked act
.[1]

At no point, however, does Hamlet acknowledge his own role in bringing about her death, nor does he show
any compunction over it. The only apology he feels he owes is to Laertes, and that is more because he forgot
[him]self than because he caused the death of Laertes sister
[2].
Hamlet also engineers the deaths of his two fellow-students, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -- not killing them
with own hands, but he certainly wills and arranges their deaths, without bothering to check, and apparently without
minding, whether or not they are aware of Claudiuss own plot to murder him. Even Horatio is taken aback by
Hamlets casualness over the murder:

Hor. So Guildenstern and Rosencrantz go tot.

Ham. Why, man, they did make love to this employment.
They are not near my conscience. 5.2.7-9

His assertion that they died because they came between the fell incensed points / Of mighty opposites almost
makes it sound as if their murder is something he can be proud of, by reason of having concerns so far above it. And
finally, of course, he kills Claudius, both with his own hand and deliberately: Claudius who is the murderer of his own
father, but also his mothers husband, therefore his own stepfather, and, given that Denmark is an elective monarchy,
the rightful king. Claudius may have popped in between thelection and my hopes (5.2.66), but he has none the less
been duly elected, and so the killing is a full-scale regicide.
Claudiuss own tally of corpses is rather lower. Before the play starts, he has killed old Hamlet, with own hand
and on purpose. He kills the Queen, with his own hand but accidentally: like Hamlet with Polonius, he means to kill
somebody. And he kills Hamlet himself, intentionally but indirectly (in his first failed attempt, by means of the King
of England; in the second, successful, attempt, using Laertes actually to strike the blow). His own tally of corpses in
the play is therefore only half of Hamlets -- three against six.
Macbeth disposes of a mere four characters with speaking parts: Duncan, Banquo, and Lady Macduff and one
of her children. (Young Siward admittedly makes a fifth, but he kills him in fair combat, so he constitutes a rather
different case.) Other bloodshed is spoken of, but, except for whatever a director may do with the Macduff household,
it does not happen in front of our eyes as it does in Hamlet; yet we think of Macbeth as a bloody play, and Hamlet as
an intellectual one. Hamlet himself, notoriously, is the character that people are most likely to identify with, especially
intellectuals, and therefore especially also critics; and since they do the writing about the play, it is easy to get the
sense that almost everyone finds their alter ego in Hamlet I have a smack of Hamlet about me, if I may say so, as
Coleridge put it.
[3]
If he had said instead that he had a smack of Macbeth about him, everyone would have been very
worried indeed. Hamlet, despite his bloody hands, is held to be a man of thought rather than action; Macbeth, despite
his much greater agonizing at least over his initial murder, is regarded as a man of blood. The Laurence Olivier film of
Hamlet goes so far as to describe the play, in its initial voiceover, as the tragedy of a man who could not make up his
mind and who presumably just happened to kill half a dozen people along the way while he was trying to do so.
174
Hamlet must be the most extreme instance of where the action within a play what happens and the
perception of what happens by readers and audience are at odds with each other. (Actors, who have to experience the
pragmatics of the role rather than just the idea of it, are more likely to get it right: one National Theatre actor recently
commented, You cant do Hamlet like you are living it, otherwise you go around killing people.
[4])
It is as if
Shakespeare were creating some giant optical illusion: he draws a mass murderer, and makes us see an indecisive
intellectual. How does he do it? more particularly, why does he do it?
This paper will attempt to offer a possible answer to those questions. The answer I shall put forward suggests
that Hamlet actually creates the modern understanding of tragedy, at least for the whole anglophone tradition that it
marks the moment when tragedy as a literary structure that can be defined and described gives way to the larger idea
of the tragic as, precisely, something that goes beyond definition and description. It is therefore an argument,
ultimately, about the whole English critical tradition, as well as about tragedy; and also an argument about the play as
a work that marks the point of transition from a medieval to a Romantic and post-Romantic understanding of the
individual within the world, and how that can be expressed in literary form.
Why Shakespeare should have written the play in the way he does is not altogether answerable: the question in
that form is in effect asking what was going on in Shakespeares mind, and for that the only evidence we have is the
text of Hamlet itself. We cannot get beyond that to any of Shakespeares more covert thoughts and intentions,
certainly not to any subconscious desires or fears that are not contained in the text and therefore already transformed
and controlled by their dramatic context. And we can no more safely take Hamlet as representing Shakespeares own
mind than we can take Macbeth, or indeed Claudius. To imagine Shakespeare himself drawing Hamlet as a kind of
self-portrait (I have a smack of Hamlet about me myself) is a sentimental fantasy, however seductive a one it may be
not least to us intellectuals and critics. But it is possible to see something of why in relation to the play itself and how
it is written; and most particularly, in the contrast between what the original audience might have been expecting as
against what Shakespeare actually gave them. A reconstruction of the horizon of expectation of a playgoer arriving at
the first performance of Hamlet will, at the very least, show up what Shakespeare is not doing, and so help to define
what he does.
[5]

That paragraph, however, begs a crucial question before one looks at audience expectation: the question of what
text the first performance of Hamlet might have staged. The three texts preserved in the first and second Quartos (Q1
and Q2) and the First Folio (F1) are very different from each other, and give different results in any analysis. Without
wishing to rehearse all the arguments, I would accept the conclusion of the editors of the Oxford Shakespeare that the
Folio text, whether at one or more removes, reflects a theatrical manuscript of 1600-3,
[6]
and can therefore be taken
as the best witness to that first performance; that is accordingly the basis of what follows. If, as seems likely, Q1
represents a memorial version of staged performances, it gives a unique insight into how an actors set of conventional
expectations can override Shakespeares own rather different text. Its explicit emphasis on Hamlets responsibility for
Ophelias death, quoted above on Hamlet as mass murderer is one example of that process in action.
[7]

To return to the playgoers, with their blissful ignorance of textual complications. Foremost among their
expectations would be those raised by the fact that the play is a tragedy. It seems from the start to have announced
itself as such in its title, either as a tragicall historie as in the first two quartos, or as tragedy in the Folio.
Presumably it carried some similar designation for its staged form, but in any case it would have been known as a
tragedy from the earlier dramatization of the story.
We probably believe that we know what a tragedy is, or at least what one looks like; and for most people that
notion would probably be a kind of abstraction or amalgamation of Oedipus Rex and Hamlet. That, however, will not
do for the Elizabethans coming to see Hamlet for the first time: they did not have Hamlet to set their expectations, and
the great majority of them did not have Oedipus either. There is no evidence for its being known outside the
universities at this date in England, and very little evidence for its being known there. If we were in a similar position
to those early playgoers, without access to those key examples of the genre, we would probably fall back on the
definition of tragedy as given in Aristotles Poetics: tragedy as the fall of a moderately good man because of some
fatal flaw. But the Poetics too constituted esoteric knowledge in England at this date. The work had only resurfaced a
century or so earlier, and had not excited much interest before 1549, when the first commentary on it was published, in
Italy; and the Italians indeed then proceeded to give it a lot of attention, with three further Latin commentaries and two
in Italian by 1579. The English did not follow suit. Sidney, who had probably read Castelvetros translation and
commentary, alludes to the Poetics, but we know of few other Englishmen who were familiar with it; certainly it was
not at all easy of access to the theatregoing world or to playwrights without a university education.
[8]
Furthermore, the
concept of the fatal flaw received little stress from anyone in the Renaissance or, it has to be said, from Aristotle
himself. Scaliger, who knows his Aristotle and writes his own Poetics in seven long books, never mentions it;
Castelvetro spends several pages denying that the tragic hero should be moderately good (he prefers villains or
tyrants), and devotes a mere two lines to , which he translates simply as errore
[9]
: the fatal flaw sense of the
word only emerges much later. The speech in Hamlet that looks a bit similar, on the vicious mole of nature (itself
missing from the Folio), has abundant sources and analogues much nearer home, as any modern edition will testify;
and Hamlet himself thinks he is talking about the Danes drinking habits.
[10]
There seems to be no conceivable means
of transmission by which Shakespeare could have known of the fatal flaw definition of the tragic hero. Our own
ideas of Aristotelian tragedy would not have been part of the mental equipment of a typical member of the audience at
the first performance of Hamlet, nor part of Shakespeares.
So if in 1600 such an Elizabethan playgoer had been asked what tragedy meant, and what examples he knew,
what answer might he have given?
175
First, the definitions; and there were several available. Perhaps the least academic of those current at the time
Hamlet was written identifies tragedy as a spectacle of blood: the principle that when the blood flows, the tragedy is
good. Shakespeare had himself written tragedy of that sort, most notably in Titus Andronicus, a revenge tragedy of the
bloodiest variety which is very bloody indeed. The plot, notoriously, includes a heroine who is raped and has her
tongue cut out and her hands cut off by the sons of the villainess; and they in turn are murdered and served to their
mother in a pie -- or rather as a pie, since, as we are informed twice in case we missed it the first time, even their bones
are ground up to make the pastry. Killing the children as an element of revenge and serving them up to the parent was
quite a popular motif: it also occurs in Thyestes, the play of Senecas that seems to have been best known to the
Elizabethans, and in Marstons Antonios Revenge. Hamlet does not, of course, go that far, yet the spectacle of blood
definition fits the play very accurately, both in terms of gore along the way and, most particularly, in the size of the
heap of corpses on stage at the end: there are four of them, those of Claudius, Gertrude, Laertes, and Hamlet himself.
The Q1 redactor makes just this point when he has Horatio call attention to the tragicke spectacle of the bodies.
Titus itself only manages four actual dead bodies in its last scene, though also on stage is Aaron, whose imminent
execution is described in some detail, and also of course the pie so, in a manner of speaking, seven corpses. King
Lear also manages four, if the stage direction is followed that stipulates that the bodies of the evil sisters should be
brought on stage a stage direction that has little point except to underline the spectacle of blood element in this
tragedy too (though Edmunds off-stage death spoils the chance for a still bloodier spectacle). Only one death (Lears
own) actually takes place in front of the audience in the last scene of Lear, whereas all four killings occur on stage in
the last scenes of both Titus and Hamlet. None of Shakespeares other works matches the spectacle of blood offered at
the end of these plays; but the bloodiness of the conclusion is something we would be least likely to mention in
explaining why we think of Hamlet as something like quintessential tragedy. Real tragedy, to us, lies precisely in
what distinguishes Hamlet from Titus Andronicus, not in what they have in common.
One suspects that a good many Elizabethan playgoers measured the tragicness of the tragedies they saw by the
quantity of the blood spilt; but there were less gory definitions around too. One of the best known defines tragedy in
terms of its unhappy ending, making it the antitype of comedy. Comedies begin in trouble, and end in peace;
tragedies begin in calm, and end in tempest that formulation is in fact slightly later, from Thomas Heywoods
Apologie for Actors of 1612 (sig. F1v, translating Donatus), but the idea was familiar enough; it goes back at least 250
years, as far as the Epistle to Can Grande ascribed to Dante, and had been around in England since the early fifteenth
century. Shakespeare had himself written tragedies that conform to that definition too, most obviously in Romeo and
Juliet. This starts in calm to the point where it looks indeed much more as if it is going to be a comedy; indeed the
first three acts of the play could allow it to go either way. It is only at the end of the third act that Fortune, here
presented solely as chance, the stars, with no element of poetic justice or retribution about it, makes things go wrong.
This kind of tragedy is given an early dramatic definition in Locrine:

O fickle fortune, O unstable world,
What else are all things that this globe containes,
But a confused chaos of mishaps?
Wherein as in a glasse we plainly see,
That all our life is but as a Tragedie.
[11]

Hamlet conforms to this definition in so far as it has an unhappy ending, but in other respects it is much more
problematic. It hardly begins in calm: its story is initiated by the sudden death of the previous king, and its first scene
offers one of the jumpiest openings in all Renaissance drama. And whatever happens in Hamlet, chance does not have
very much to do with it, nor, despite our tendency to identify with the hero, do we think of all things that this globe
contains as being tragedies on the Hamlet model. Coleridge did not ascribe a smack of Hamlet to himself on the
grounds that he illustrated a commonplace.
The third major definition of tragedy familiar to Elizabethan playgoers refers not just to the ending but to
structure and content: tragedy as the fall of a great man from the top of Fortunes wheel -- the story of the man who
reaches the peak of earthly prosperity and comes to a miserable end. This may sound rather like Aristotles principle
of the prosperous or great man undone by a fatal flaw, or indeed of Fortunes governing of all things by chance, but
there are key differences from both. In this kind of tragedy of Fortune, the protagonist is great in the most direct
political sense: by rank, not by mind or personality. One can thus measure the tragic fall almost in the literal terms of
height: greatest for an emperor, almost as great for a king. More importantly, the Elizabethan definition says nothing
about the fatal flaw of an essentially good man. The central characters in some Renaissance tragedies, in which
Fortune functions purely as chance, may be completely innocent; but in this kind of tragedy as fall, in which Fortune
takes on a much more retributive role, they are much more commonly very bad. Their badness is indeed the point of
tragedy of this kind, for their falls give direct moral warnings about how kings should act. Sidney, despite his
acquaintance with Aristotle or because of his acquaintance with Castelvetro speaks of tragedy as the genre that
maketh Kinges feare to be Tyrants, and... teacheth vpon how weake foundations guilden roofes are builded; the
Revengers Tragedy comments that heaven likes the tragedy when a lustful prince dies.
[12]
This definition of tragedy
as the retribution visited on a tyrant brings the form much closer to being a tragedy of state than the tragedy of an
individual.
This is the most analysed of the Renaissance definitions, so a brief summary of its history should be given. It
goes back as far as the Consolation of Philosophy of the early-sixth-century writer Boethius, familiar to the
176
Elizabethans both in Latin (the Queen herself produced a translation in the 1590s) and in Chaucers translation. It is
given its formulation in one of the speeches of Philosophy, when she is impersonating how Fortune herself would
describe her own activities: in Chaucers version, What other thynge bywaylen the cryinges of tragedyes but oonly the
dedes of Fortune, that with an unwar strook overturneth the realmes of greet nobleye?
[13]
This is tragedy as tragedy of
state, not of an individual. This definition of Boethiuss dominated medieval ideas of tragedy, but not the least
interesting thing about it is that it makes no mention of the stage it separates the notion of tragedy from the notion of
drama, and opens the way to a whole tradition of narrative tragedies that feed into Elizabethan ideas of the genre in a
very specific way. That process was set in motion in the mid-fourteenth century, when Boccaccio wrote his great
Latin compilation De casibus virorum illustrium, of the falls (or, alternatively and significantly, of exemplary
stories) of great men. This is a collection of non-dramatic tragedies, though he does not use the term tragedy to
describe his own work. They take the form of first-person narratives (told by the ghosts of the people concerned) of
the disasters that befall the great almost all male, and almost all in some way wicked and that hurl them from the
top of Fortunes wheel. Chaucer imitated the form (though without making retribution a necessary element) in the
Monks Tale, with the addition of the generic term and an explanation, since tragedy was not at this date a
recognized English word:

Tragedie is to seyn a certeyn storie...
Of hym that stood in greet prosperitee,
And is yfallen out of heigh degree
Into myserie, and endeth wrecchedly. CT VII.1973-7

Inspired by that, the early-fifteenth-century poet John Lydgate set out to translate Boccaccios De casibus (or at
least, a French translation of it) into English, as the Fall of Princes; and in the mid-1550s, an enterprising publisher hit
on the idea of updating Lydgates work with a new series of tragedies falls of great men from English history, to
bring it more closely up to date. The result was the work entitled The Mirror for Magistrates one of the smash hits
of Elizabeths reign. The first part appeared in 1559, but further supplements appeared every few years over the next
three decades, and further editions for another three decades after that. The first version consisted of a compilation of
verse histories from recent English history, from the time of Richard II through the Wars of the Roses to the advent of
the Tudors. A later supplement added tragedies from the legendary history of Britain, from the coming of Brute to the
Incarnation, and included figures such as Cordelia. The full title of the work offers an effective definition of tragedy
of this type: The Mirror for Magistrates. Wherein may be seen by example of other, with how grievous plagues vices
are punished: and how frail and unstable worldly prosperity is found, even of those whom Fortune seemeth most
highly to favour.
The tragedies of the Mirror may not have been dramatic, but they very soon became so. It has been calculated
that the work provided the plots for at least thirty Elizabethan plays, and it served as the model for many more. If you
asked had asked an Elizabethan in 1580 what tragedies he knew, then the answer might well have been, the Mirror for
Magistrates; if you had asked the same question fifteen years later, perhaps even ten, then the answer would probably
have come in the form of a list of plays but a good number of the plays named might well be based or at least
modelled on the Mirror.
This definition of tragedy as the fall of the great was backed by Seneca, who also tends to stress the retribution
element, not least in that Elizabethan favourite Thyestes. One couplet from that play could indeed almost serve as an
epigraph to Elizabethan tragedy of this kind:

Quem dies vidit veniens superbum
Hunc dies vidit fugiens iacentem.
[14]

It is quoted verbatim by Marlowe in Edward II (IV.vi.53-4), alluded to by a number of other playwrights, and
translated literally by Ben Jonson, as the closing couplet of Sejanus:

For whom the morning saw so great and high,
Thus low and little fore the even doth lie.

The couplet maps the rise and fall of the tragic protagonist onto the movement of the sun, in an image taken up
again and again by Shakespeare and most other Elizabethan tragedians: the tragic fall is imaged as the descent from
midday to night, from summer to winter. It is so commonplace as almost to serve as a defining image for this kind of
tragedy.
Again, Shakespeare himself had written tragedies that conform to this fall-of-princes didactic model, most
notably the plays that appeared in quarto under the titles of The Tragedy of King Richard the Third and The Tragedy
of King Richard the Second. It was the innovation made by the editors of the First Folio, in their decision to create a
distinct category of histories, that has led to Shakespeares own classification of these plays as tragedies being so
often downplayed or overlooked. Three of his five early histories were indeed originally cast as tragedies, if one
accepts the quarto of The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York as representing Henry VI Part 3; and they are
indeed much closer to the Elizabethan idea of tragedy than Hamlet is. They share, for instance, in that rhetoric of the
cycle of the sun in the opening lines of Richard III,
177

Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York,

a statement that invokes by irony the continued turning of the cycle. Richard II falls from the height of his power to a
miserable death to the accompaniment of just such imagery: he had once had a face/That like the sun did make
beholders wink (4.1.281-2); and he envisages his descent into the base court of Flint Castle as a metaphorical fall,

Down, down I come like glistring Phaeton. 3.3.178

Richard III was explicitly a tyrant; Richard II is never described as such in the play, but he certainly represents
seriously flawed kingship. As the Mirror for Magistrates has its ghost of Richard point out,
Woe to him whose will hath wisdoms place.
Macbeth is another tyrant, and Shakespeares play again comes close to fulfilling this Elizabethan definition of
tragedy. We think of it as being less of a quintessential tragedy than Hamlet, largely because Macbeth comes too
close to being evil; but for the first audience of Macbeth, that was precisely the point: tragedy is the genre that maketh
kings fear to be tyrants.
Hamlet has the potential for being this kind of tragedy; but if it were, its title would be the Tragedy of Claudius,
not of Hamlet. As the Tragedy of Claudius, it would have fitted Elizabethan tragic expectations very nicely; as the
tragedy of Hamlet, it does not. Hamlet has no significant political power, for a start at best, he is heir presumptive,
the man who is likely but not certain to be the next king; and his career does not give any clear moral teaching to
anybody, least of all tyrants, because of his lack of any kind of public or political role.
So Shakespeare had already written three different kinds of tragedy that fitted recognized Elizabethan
definitions and models; then he wrote Hamlet, which does not. Whatever is going on in the play, it is clearly
something new; something different enough, and powerful enough, for it to have changed our own notions of tragedy
sufficiently to make Hamlet the archetype in our minds.
The most useful starting-point for understanding what that was is this idea of tragedy as fall: the fall of a great
man off Fortunes wheel. That definition locates tragedy in the event, in what happens to you. In Richard II, however,
Shakespeare doubles that movement with something else: with what happens in the mind of the tragic protagonist.
Richard is great in the sense of being politically powerful at the start of the play; he becomes great as a dramatic
protagonist -- as what we would recognize as a tragic hero -- in proportion as he loses that outward power. His
political fall is paralleled by his rise within the play. To the Elizabethans, Richard is tragic because he falls; to us, it is
his capacity for mental and emotional growth that makes him so, his capacity for suffering that increases as his
outward power falls away.
Hamlet takes this same process a large step further. His fall in any political sense is not an issue here (though it
is of course still important that things dont work out, that Hamlet should die): tragic action is now decisively relocated
in the mind of the hero, and it is precisely that interiority that makes him so centrally a tragic hero in our own eyes.
The interiority can indeed be brought out even more unequivocally in modern media than on the Elizabethan stage:
film and television versions regularly present the soliloquies as voice-overs, words spoken not in any sense aloud for
the audience to overhear, but within the mind. Even in a stage production and presumably in Elizabethan
productions as in modern ones Hamlet is likely to spend much of the play downstage, in closer communication with
the audience than the other actors even if he is not directly addressing them. Many productions will thus tend to have
the action going on literally in the background, behind the prince, as if the events were secondary to the currents of his
own mind. It is this phenomenon that Tom Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead exploits so brilliantly,
when it turns the action inside out, to put Hamlet himself in the background an effect that is seriously disorienting
precisely because we take the opposite phenomenon for granted. It isnt just the story that is inverted; it is like having
your mind turned inisde out too. We know very little about how the Elizabethans staged Hamlet; but it is at least
possible that the actor would have come forward on the great apron stage of the Globe, inviting association with the
audience, while the court action proceeded further back. The existence of the reconstructed Globe may help to
illuminate such stage practices. But however it is done, the first court scene isolates Hamlet sharply: socially, because
he is dressed in black, a misfit, not playing the polite games prescribed by etiquette; and theatrically, in his first
soliloquy, when he is left alone on stage to reveal the inside of his mind.
If you were to play the psychoanalysts word-association game in which you are given one word and instantly
have to produce the next word that comes to mind, then I would guess that the word Hamlet might elicit ghost as a
first response, but the second might well be soliloquy. Soliloquies do of course have a long history in drama before
Shakespeare, right back to the earliest layers of Greek drama with its single character and a chorus; and they also had a
well-established function, most commonly to inform the audience about the action of the play as well as about the
speaker. Richard IIIs opening soliloquy at once tells you the action so far, what you need to know to understand what
happens next; informs you as to the nature of Richard himself, that he is determined to prove a villain; and outlines
the action to come, in the shape of a list of those who stand in the way of his ambition to take the crown. A more
sophisticated use of the soliloquy is for speaking thoughts aloud, thoughts intended as private rather than being
designed for the benefit of the audience: this is the kind that Shakespeare gives to Brutus as he wonders whether to kill
Caesar. Here it is a moral, largely intellectual debate a soliloquy almost in the technical, academic sense, of a
soliloquium, a debate with ones self rather than with an opponent.
[15]
178
Hamlets first soliloquy, however, is about his feelings, not about the action of the play, nor representing
structured thought; or at least it is set up that way:

O that this too too solid flesh would melt. 1.2.129

It does contain information that we have not been given by any other source; but its facts are framed within
passionate feeling

But two months dead nay not so much, not two 1.2.138

so that we get the sense of individual response, of the inside of Hamlets mind, as the foremost thing, while the
information being conveyed about the appalling speed of his mothers remarriage again gets mentally upstaged, just as
the activities of the court are likely to have been literally upstaged in the earlier part of the scene. In this play, the
inside of the protagonists mind consistently takes precedence over outward event; and that shift is clearly marked in
the shift in the function of the first soliloquy, from telling the direct giving of information, this is what has
happened, or even this is what I think to showing, the display of a mind on edge that expresses itself not in the
traditional fashion of formal exposition but in broken syntax and exclamations. The information it conveys is enclosed
and coloured by the intensity of the speakers response to it: Heaven and earth, / Must I remember? And so the
information the facts that initiate the action of the play come to us as already deeply unsettling; we never get them
objectively. We know from the start why Hamlet is so troubled because we never see the reasons for it independently
of the emotional suffering they have caused him.
At the start of this paper I described the optical illusion created by the play that we dont think of Hamlet as a
mass murderer, that we are quite prepared to think of ourselves as having a smack of Hamlet when we wouldnt dream
of having a smack of Macbeth. That, I think, is largely to do with that readjustment of focus: that our view and our
understanding of the action are Hamlets own. This is of course a critical commonplace you cannot see the play at
all without realizing how closely it follows the movement of his mind; but it is not so often observed that Hamlet is a
fallible narrator. This is an effect that should be impossible in drama, where the actions take place in front of our eyes:
they should appear as objective fact, without any possibility of colouring by a partial point of view or an unreliable
narrative voice. But the reception history of Hamlet shows that that is not true even of the actions we do see on stage,
and certainly not of actions that take place offstage. I would guess that most of you who have followed my arguments
so far will also have been making excuses for Hamlet to remove some of the blood from his hands: that Ophelia did
not give him the support he needed (but what did she need from him?); or that Polonius or Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern deserved it (but would we think that of such victims if they were murdered by anyone else?).
Productions may on occasion try to gesture towards such qualifications, but there is no continuing stage tradition that
opposes Hamlets own reading of events.
Hamlet replaces dramatic objectivity precisely with subjectivity, in both senses: of giving a personal angle on
things, taking sides, not offering an impartial study of the facts; and in the more recent critical sense of being based
within the individual mind the premises of the play as Shakespeare writes it lie entirely in what Hamlet calls this
distracted globe, his own head. Almost his very first words mark his difference from earlier tragic protagonists: I am
too much ith sun. It is, of course, a pun on sun and son; but it insists on Hamlets discontent with the position
assigned to him, and so makes an immediate contrast with that image deeply familiar to the first audience of the play,
of the sun as representing the hero at his highest point. The dominant images of this play establish themselves in the
first soliloquy: images of corruption and sickness, for the condition of Denmark and of the world. Such images,
though, are perceptions rather than statements, as Hamlet himself will point out:
This brave oerhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire why, it appears no other thing
to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. 2.2.298-301
What is happening here is a radical recentring of drama inwards; and with that goes the radical recentring of
tragic experience.
The degree to which Shakespeare succeeds in this can be measured by the critical history of the play: by all
those studies that present Hamlet as thinker, as Romantic, as an idealist betrayed by his society; studies that show him
as being every ages icon. It was an editorial decision that triggered such readings, when in 1773 Theobald published
a composite text of the play that first time incorporated material preserved only in the Second Quarto into the Folio
text that had been used as the basis for all earlier editions: material that included the final soliloquy, How all
occasions do inform against me, the one speech in which Hamlet himself accuses himself of delay.[
16]
The rest of the
play does not, however, support a reading of Hamlet as indecisive: he does indeed, as he momentarily believes, kill
Claudius in Act III, in his mothers chamber, within minutes of the play that confirms the kings guilt, but it turns out
to have been the wrong man. And since then, he has been under arrest. The belief in the Hamlet who cannot act
results only from the readers and audiences acceptance of the optical illusion of the play; for the objective unfolding
of events that contradicts such readings does happen too Hamlets unhesitating stabbing of Polonius, his callous
account of dispatching his fellow-students to their deaths, Ophelias madness, the whole trail of blood that he leaves.
And even the soliloquies are not what they seem. The first does give essential information about the plot as
well as revealing Hamlets state of mind. The final one, How all occasions do inform against me, is the passage that
is largely responsible for creating the reading of Hamlet as having the fatal flaw of hesitancy, but its textual status is
nothing like so central: it appears only in Q2, so presumably Shakespeare did not see it as the key passage of the play it
179
has tended to become. Even the most famous of the soliloquies, To be or not to be, is not the great piece of
introverted psychological realism often assumed: that it is so often taken as such is perhaps the biggest optical illusion
of all. Hamlet never says I in it, or uses any form of the first person, until the very end when he sees Ophelia and
stops soliloquizing. Hamlet moreover is a student, a trained intellectual; and this soliloquy is a soliloquy in the precise
technical sense, an argument in which one person takes the parts normally divided between disputants. It is a one-man
debate, moreover, on a specific quaestio, the technical term for the doubtful proposition that constitutes a debate topic;
and the soliloquy is set up precisely as such: To be or not to be: that is the question, the quaestio, the issue for debate.
The formula was, moreover, a familiar one: an understanding of when being and not being are absolute contradictories
and when they are merely contingent is one of the basic steps in all Renaissance logic, whether in the schemes of
Aristotle or Melanchthon or Ramus. So Marlowes Dr Faustus farewell to the whole study of logic epitomised as
, being and not being;
[17]
To be, and not to be, are terms of contradiction which never fall together into one
and the same thing (Hooker, in a casual statement of the obvious in manuscript notes
[18]
); or Melanchthon, the great
Reformation scholar of Hamlets university of Wittenberg, writing a logic textbook that went through forty-six
editions before 1600, and noting that God has set in our minds the principle Quodlibet est, aut non est, and that
resistance to this law is madly to bear arms against Heaven.
[19]
For an actor now, the first line of that famous soliloquy
is a difficult one because it is too well known, and there is a risk that the audience will start singing along. Many in
that first audience would also have recognised it, but for entirely different reasons. The line sets Hamlet up, not as an
individual agonizing over whether to commit suicide, but as the pattern of the intellectual; it spells a rationalizing
detachment from his emotional situation rather than passionate involvement.
The logical modelling continues throughout the speech, with the divisions of the main quaestio: is it nobler to
suffer, or to put an end to suffering? The crucial moment of the argument is framed as a syllogism: death is like sleep;
sleep may bring nightmares; therefore death may bring nightmares -- and therefore may be worse than real waking life.
And when Hamlet lists the evils of real life, once again the key mood is one of rationalizing detachment: they relate
not to his own present state but to broader social injustices that mostly have nothing to do with his own condition -- the
oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, the insolence of office and so on. If disprizd love might be thought
to bring in a personal note, Hamlet himself does not seem to notice.
Hamlet, and Shakespeare, are getting into deep philosophical waters. The age of Shakespeares Hamlet is also
the age of Descartes, who hadnt quite yet said Cogito ergo sum, I think, therefore I am; but it was in any case not a
new proposition St Augustine, for instance, had made the same point on several occasions, it appears in some of the
logic textbooks, and in any case Shakespeare was probably quite capable of thinking it up for himself. The way in
which the initial quaestio is set up, with its opposition of to be and not to be, also implies a Cartesian to think or not to
think: ceasing to be implies a cessation of consciousness. As the soliloquium progresses, however, being and thinking
turn out not to be commensurable after all, for ceasing to be in the sense of living is no guarantee of ceasing to be in
the sense of thinking or feeling. There may be something after death dreams, a continuing consciousness; and so
thinking itself, the condition that according to Descartes and Augustine proves ones being, becomes an agent to
maintain an unwanted existence. One cant opt out of being by suicide; conscience, the pale cast of thought, interposes
between those options of to be or not to be, rendering them not incompatible contradictories but a non-existence of
nightmare consciousness. If the whole play is an optical illusion to suggest the sensitive thinker rather than the cold-
blooded murderer, then its most famous speech is perhaps the greatest optical illusion of all, in that it has fooled
generations of playgoers into thinking they are seeing someones inmost heart when the method, at least, is a textbook
model of scholastic disputation.
But to go back to the original question of this paper: why did Shakespeare write Hamlet like this, with that
extraordinary disjunction between the events of the play and their effect on the audience? Presumably not just to get
the pleasure of a conjuring trick successfully performed. We cant second-guess Shakespeares mind, but the answer
may be in the play itself. If tragedy is to be located inwards, in the mind rather than the world, in response rather than
event, then there needs to be set up a measurable difference between the mind and the world, between response and
event; otherwise the play would come over as simply a tragedy of event, only a rather more thoughtful one than usual -
- as perhaps had already happened with Richard II. An Elizabethan audience, however, expecting a tragedy of event
or a spectacle of blood, would have been much more alert to those aspects of the play than we are: it would have been
its deep subjectivity, which we take for granted, that to them would have been unexpected and startling. They, in fact,
would see both sides of the optical illusion -- both what is really there in terms of action and event and bloodiness,
and the new perspective through which they are invited to view such things. Our own expectations of subjectivity
have tended to blind us to what is really there, to the point where we are not able to see it any more.
I called this paper Hamlet and the Invention of Tragedy. Invention does of course have different meanings
in the Renaissance and now. Now, it is a matter of making things up -- of originality, of creating something that did
not exist before. In Renaissance (and indeed Classical) rhetoric, it is a term that indicates rather some skilful variation
on what is already established: the recasting of a subject or a convention, even of a genre. In Hamlet, I would suggest,
Shakespeare is doing both. He takes the established parameters of tragedy and bends them to new shapes; and he
invents, in the modern sense, a form and definition of tragedy so convincing that it is easy to believe it to be
archetypal, something so deeply representative of human nature and human understanding that it never needed to be
invented at all.

NOTES:

180

1. See sig. H2r of the First Quarto (online, or in Shakespeares Plays in Quarto, ed. Michael J.B. Allen and Kenneth Muir (Berkeley
and Los Angeles: California University Press, 1981, p. 605). The best edition is The First Quarto of Hamlet, ed. Kathleen O. Irace,
New Cambridge Shakespeare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
2. Hamlet goes on to acknowledge that Laertes cause is the portraiture of his own (5.2.78-9), but this must refer to the fact that he killed
Laertes father just as Claudius killed Hamlets; Hamlet has no dead sister to offer as portraiture of Laertes. Unless otherwise
specified, quotations from Hamlet are from the edition by G.R. Hibbard (Oxford, 1987; reprinted in the Worlds Classics series, 1994),
since it is based on the Folio text; for reasons given in the paper, I have avoided using as evidence for my arguments passages that do
not appear in the Folio.
3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Table Talk recorded by Henry Nelson Coleridge ed. Carl Woodring (London and Princeton, NJ, 1990), II.61.
4. National Theatre: unnamed actor quoted in The Independent Magazine issue 347, 13 May 1995, p. 16 (Garry Jenkins et al, Disparate
Dan).
5. My enterprise is therefore rather different from that of Roland Mushat Frye, The Renaissance Hamlet: Issues and Responses in 1600
(Princeton, NJ, 1984), who looks at the contemporary context for individual motifs in the play but not at the larger issues raised by the
nature of the play as a whole.
6. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor, William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion (Oxford, 1987), p. 400.
7. The argument that follows needs to be displaced sideways if, as has alternatively (and vigorously) been argued, Q1 represents the
staged version of the play more closely than the Folio: Q1 would then show even more sharply the contrast between the play written or
adapted to meet the set of audience expectations discussed below, and the fuller conception, represented by the later texts, that breaks
with those expectations. If that were so, the contrast between playgoers expectations and the Q2 text would first have been evident to
readers of Q2 rather than to the theatre audience. For discussion, see Iraces edition. Giorgio Melchiori argues that Q1 represents a
cut-down version of the full text, Hamlet: The Acting Version and the Wiser Sort, in Thomas Clayton (ed.), The Hamlet first
published (Q1: 1603), (Newark, Delaware, 1992), pp. 195-210. Wells and Taylor accept the case for the memorial reconstruction of
the Q1 text, Textual Companion, pp. 398-401. On Q2 as a text for reading, see Lukas Erne, Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
8. See Lane Cooper, The Poetics of Aristotle: Its Meaning and Influence (London, 1923), pp. 99-118 (Italy), 129-35 (Renaissance
England); and Marvin Theodore Herrick, The Poetics of Aristotle in England (New Haven, 1930), pp. 14-33.
9. Julius Caesar Scaliger: Poetices Libri Septem (Lyon: 1561), facsimile intro. August Buck (Stuttgart, 1964), I.vi, viii-xi, xvi (pp. 11, 24-
5); Poetica dAristotele vvlgarizzata et sposta per Ludouico Casteluetro (Vienna, 1570), 146v-167v, esp. 157v.
10. The Olivier film uses the passage as voiceover-cum-epigraph, concluding with the definition of Hamlets vicious mole of nature as
indecision. The fatal flaw definition of the tragedy of Hamlet, like the thinker model, is more popular with academics than actors:
cf. the short review by RS of the actor Michael Penningtons Hamlet: A Users Guide, in the Times Literary Supplement for 22 March
1966, which castigates Pennington for being untroubled by Hamlets apparent lack of a tragic flaw and his ascription to him of
cleverness that is, of acting deliberately rather than accidentally.
11. Locrine (Malone Society Reprints) 2116-20.
12. Sir Philip Sidney, An Apology for Poetry in G. Gregory Smith (ed.), Elizabethan Critical Essays (Oxford, 1904), I.177; Revengers
Tragedy V.iii.47-8 (formerly ascribed to Cyril Tourneur, the play has now been re-ascribed to Christopher Middleton, and can be found
in editions of both playwrights).
13. The Riverside Chaucer, general ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston, 1987; Oxford, 1988), Boece II pr. 2.
14. Thyestes lines 613-4 in vol. 2 of Senecas Tragedies ed. Frank Justus Miller, Loeb Classical Library (London and Cambridge, Mass.,
1961).
15. The term in this sense goes back to St Augustine; for a concise history, see Raymond Williams, On Dramatic Dialogue and
Monologue (particularly in Shakespeare, in his Writing in Society (London, [1983]), pp. 40-50, and, on Hamlet, pp. 57-60.
16. The soliloquy appears in Act 4 scene 4 in composite texts; Hibbards F1-based text provides it in an appendix. For a useful summary
of the effect of the soliloquys incorporation on the critical reception, see John Jones, Shakespeare at Work (Oxford, 1995), pp. 126-35;
and for the Romantic reaction, from both critics and actors (notably Edmund Kean), Critical Responses to Hamlet 1790-1838, ed.
David Farley-Hills (New York, 1996), e.g. pp. 54-9, 61-3 (Coleridge), p. 111 (Hazlitt on Kean).
17. Faustus 1.12, Bid Oncaymaeon farewell, Galen come; see R.W. Dent, Ramist Faustus or Ramist Marlowe?, Neuphilologische
Mitteilungen 73 (1972), 63-74; the formula is widely found in both Latin and Greek logic texts.
18. Dublin Fragments #22, p. 126 in The Folger Library Edition of the Works of Richard Hooker vol 4: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical
Polity: Attack and Response, ed John E. Booty (Cambridge, Mass., 1982) (general ed W Speed Hill, 4 vols 1977-82).
19. Philippi Melanthonis Opera quae supersunt omnia ed Carolus Gottlieb Bretschneider (Corpus Reformatorum XIII, Halis Saxonum,
1846), Erotemata Dialectices II, cols. 585-6: Deus. . . inseruit nostris mentibus hoc principium: Quodlibet est, aut non est. Et pugnare
cum hac divina lege. . .ut si quis furiosus arma coelo inferret. On the number of editions, see Peter Mack, Renaissance Argument:
Valla and Agricola in the Traditions of Rhetoric and Dialectic (Leiden, 1993) p 320, citing W. Risse, Bibliographica Logica I: 1472-
1800 (Hildesheim, 1965). The overlap between the soliloquy and the logic texts has been remarked by e.g. Frye, The Renaissance
Hamlet, p. 188; and by Henry Chadwick in a letter to the TLS, December 1993.

helen kuperi
Suasaukuneebisa da renesansuli inglisuri
literaturis profesori, kembriji,
didi britaneTi

hamleti da tragediis gamogoneba

hamleti Seqspiris erT-erTi yvelaze ùcnauri~ tragediaa. am piesis mTavari personaJi _
daniis princi _ sakuTari xeliT Tu sxvebis meSveobiT xocavs adamianTa imdenad did raodenobas
(poloniusis mTeli ojaxi, klavdiusi, rozenkraci da gildesterni), rom am TvalsazrisiT aWarbebs
Seqspiris sxva personaJebs, maT Soris riCard mesamesa da makbetsac ki. arada ratomRac makbeti
dRemde miCneulia sisxlian piesad, hamleti ki _ inteleqtualurad. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom
Seqspirma Seqmna garkveuli optikuri iluzia _ hamletis saxiT man daxata mkvleli (dRevandeli
gagebiT seriuli mkvlelic ki), mkiTxveli da mayurebeli ki aiZula, masSi gaubedavi inteleqtuali
181
daenaxaT. winamdebare statiis mizania, gaarkvios, rogor SeZlo man Tavisi Canafiqris
ganxorcieleba an, ufro sworad, raSi dasWirda amis gakeTeba?
imTaviTve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hamletiT Seqspirma safuZveli Cauyara tragediis axlebur,
e.w. Tanamedrove gagebas. saqme isaa, rom Seqspiris epoqaSi tragediad miCneuli iyo sisxliani
sanaxaoba da am Janris piesis av-kargic daRvrili sisxlis raodenobiT ganisazRvreboda. Seqspirs
Tavad hqonda dawerili am tipis tragedia, titus andronikusi, romelSic uxvad iyo sisastikiTa da
sisxliT gajerebuli SurisZiebis scenebi. marTalia, hamletSi igi ase Sors ar wasula, rogorc
titusSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, hamletis personaJebisTvis Svilebis xorciT damzadebuli Rvezeli
aravis SeuTavazebia), magram sisxliani sanaxaobis gansazRvreba am piesasac zedmiwevniT miesadageba
Tundac finalur scenaSi ficarnagze garTxmuli oTxi gvamis (klavdiusi, hertruda, laerti,
hamleti) gamo. Seqspiris arc erT sxva tragediaSi (titusis garda) gvamebis aseT simravles scenaze,
miT ufro finalSi, ver vxedavT, Tumca daRvrili sisxli yvelaze naklebad gamogvadgeba imis
gamosarkvevad, ratom miaCniaT hamleti erTgvar kvintesencialur tragediad.
meore definicia, romelic elisabedis xanaSi tragedias hqonda, iyo misi cudi dasasruli, rac
komediis antipodad iyo miCneuli. 1612 wels dawerili Tomas heivudis àpologiaSi
msaxiobebisaTvis~ gansazRvrulia, rom `komediebi iwyeba mRelvared, magram maT bednieri
dasasruli aqvs, tragedia ki, piriqiT, mSvidad iwyeba da mSfoTvared mTavrdeba~. Seqspiris araerTi
tragedia, kerZod, romeo da julieta, savsebiT miesadageba am gansazRvrebas. rac Seexeba hamlets,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas tragikuli dasasruli aqvs, is gacilebiT problematuri piesaa, vidre es
meore definiciis mixedviT aris gansazRvruli: is `mSvidad~ namdvilad ar iwyeba (mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs mefis uecari sikvdili) da piesis pirvelive scena renesansuli dramis dasawyiss mogvagonebs.
mesame mTavari definicia tragediisa, ase maxlobeli elisabedis epoqis TeatralebisTvis,
ukavSirdeba ara imdenad piesis dasasruls, ramdenadac mis struqturasa da Sinaarss: tragediad
moiazreboda Zlevamosili adamianis `vardna~ warmatebis mwvervalidan _ es iyo ambavi kacisa,
romelic, miwieri aRzevebis mwvervalze myofi, savalalod asrulebda sicocxles. amgvari
definicia, ra Tqma unda, sakmao msgavsebas amJRavnebs aristoteles principTan, romlis mixedviTac
yovelmxriv aRzevebuli adamiani iRupeba bedisweris ukuRmarTobiT an bediswera warmarTavs
amqveynad yovelives, maT Soris didebuli adamianebis xvedrsac. Tumca elisabedis epoqis es
definicia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba aristoteles ganmartebidan. aristoteles epoqis
tragediaSi protagonisti aRzevebulia politikuri TvalsazrisiT, vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobiT, da ara pirovnuli TvisebebiT (maT Soris gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT), Tanac
elisabedis xanis tragediaSi fatalur ganadgurebas ganicdian, rogorc wesi, cudi adamianebi,
romelTa uaryofiTi Tvisebebic aris saukeTeso miniSneba swored am tipis (e.w. dacemis)
tragediaze, Sesabamisad maTi savalalo aRsasruli Seicavs garkveul didaqtikur-moralur
miniSnebas, vTqvaT, rogor unda/ar unda moiqces mefe. simbolurad ki pirovnebis tragikuli dacema
dRis Ramed da zafxulis zamTrad SecvliT iyo gamoxatuli. Seqspirmac Tavis piesebSi imemkvidra
rogorc `princis dacemis~ didaqtikuri modeli, iseve zemoT xsenebuli mxatvruli saxe (mefe
riCard II-is mier Zalauflebis dakargva Sedarebulia frTebdamwvari faetonis vardnasTan) da
elisabedis epoqis tragediis amgvari (mesame) definicia gamoiyena riCard III-sa da makbetSi.
hamletic SeiZleboda yofiliyo msgavsi tipis tragedia, oRond misi saxelwodeba iqneboda
`klavdiusis tragedia~ da ara hamletisa. pirvel yovlisa, daviwyoT imiT, rom hamlets ara aqvs
araviTari politikuri Zalaufleba. is hipoTeturi memkvidrea da saeWvoa, rom odesme mefe gaxdes;
misi karierac moralur gakveTilad veravis gamoadgeba, miT ufro romelime tirans, radganac mas
ara aqvs arc sazogadoebrivi da arc politikuri roli.
ase rom, Seqspirma marTlac dawera sami sxvadasxva tipis tragedia, romlebic miesadageba
elisabedis epoqis definiciebsa da modelebs, Semdeg ki dawera hamleti _ maTgan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli piesa. saqme isaa, rom amave avtoris sxva tragediebisgan gansxvavebiT `tragikuli~
lokalizebulia hamletis gonebaSi da ara garemoSi, pasuxebSi da ara movlenaTa mimdinareobaSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hamleti Seqspiris erTaderTi personaJia, romelic warmodgenis
msvlelobisas drois umetes nawils scenis qvemoT, mayurebelTan uSualo siaxloveSi atarebs,
maSinac ki, roca igi uSualod ar mimarTavs mas. miuxedavad amisa, piesis pirvelive scenaSi is eqceva
rogorc socialur (Sav tansacmels atarebs, sakaro etiketiT gansazRvrul politikur TamaSebSi
ar ebmeba), ise Teatralur izolaciaSi (pirveli monologisas igi marto rCeba scenaze, raTa Tavisi
Sinagani fiqrebi da gancdebi gaamJavnos). Tumca hamleti e.w. `mcdari naratoria~. es aris avtoris
mier gamoyenebuli xerxi, romelic, wesiT, dauSvebelia dramaSi, sadac moqmedeba mayureblis
Tvalwin xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom nebismieri moqmedeba piesaSi ise unda iyos aRqmuli, rogorc
obieqturi faqti, yovelgvari subieqturi Selamazebis gareSe, hamletSi yvelaferi irealuria _
isic, rasac mayurebeli scenaze xedavs da isic, rac scenis miRma xdeba (Tundac, klavdiusisa Tu
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mkvleloba an ofelias TviTmkvleloba). am piesaSi dramatuli
obieqturoba Canacvlebulia subieqturobiT _ sagnebi da movlenebi aq Sefasebulia personaluri
kuTxiT, anu es Sefaseba eyrdnoba ara realurad arsebul faqtebs, aramed individis gonebaSi
`dabadebul~ ideebs. aqedan gamomdinare, hamletis monologebi srulebiTac ar aris is, rac erTi
SexedviT Cans. ukanaskneli, yvelaze cnobili monologic ki (yofna-aryofna) namdvilad ar aris
miCneuli introvertirebul fsiqologiur realizmad, rogorc es sayovelTaod miCneulia. is
warmogvidgens hamlets ara pirovnebad, romelic agoniaSia, vinaidan ver gadauwyvetia, Caidinos Tu
ara TviTmkvleloba, aramed erTgvar modelad inteleqtualisa, romelic gamudmebul yoymanSia:
ver gadauwyvetia, ra ufro keTilSobiluri saqcielia: tanjva Tu am tanjvisTvis bolos moReba?
argumentis sakvanZo momenti moqceulia silogizmSi: sikvdili Zilis msgavsia, Zils ki SeuZlia
182
koSmarebis gamowveva, ase rom, es koSmarebi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSic àr dagvanebeben Tavs~ _
Sesabamisad, sikvdili SeiZleba uaresic ki aRmoCndes, vidre realuri, `fxizeli~ cxovreba. amitom
rodesac hamleti CamoTvlis realuri cxovrebis koSmarebs, mTavar tonalobad aq kidev erTxel
gaJRerdeba racionalizebuli gaucxoeba: es koSmarebi ukavSirdeba ara hamletis amJamindel
mdgomareobas, aramed farTo socialur usamarTlobebs, romelTac araferi aqvs saerTo mis
pirovnebasTan.
arada elisabedis epoqis auditoria Seqspirisgan eloda e.w `moqmedebis tragedias~, sisxlian
warmodgenas, Tanac udavoa, rom is advilad SeamCnevda optikuri iluziis orive mxares _ imas,
rasac gulisxmobs terminebi `moqmedeba~, `movlena~ Tu `sisxliani~ da axal rakurss, romelic mas
SesTavazes amgvari ambebis sacqerlad.
ratom hqvia am statias `tragediis gamogoneba~? ra Tqma unda, sityva `gamogonebas~
gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba hqonda renesansis epoqaSi da aqvs axla. dResdReobiT es sityva
aRniSnavs raRac iseTis Seqmnas, rac adre ar arsebobda. renesansis epoqis ritorikaSi ki am terminis
qveS igulisxmeboda ukve arsebulis, ukve Seqmnilis ufro ukeTesi, ufro ostaturi variacia: Temis
an konvenciis, zogjer Janris gadamuSavebac ki. hamletSi, Cemi azriT, Seqspiri erTdroulad orive
gzas irCevs: is sargeblobs tragediis ukve arsebuli parametrebiT da Tavis piesas axal yalibSi
aqcevs, axal formas aniWebs; Tanamedrove gagebiT is Txzavs tragediis formasa da definicias da
Tanac ise damajereblad, rom sulac ar aris Zneli misi arqetipad miCneva; imavdroulad igi ise
siRrmiseulad warmogviCens adamianur bunebasa da mis zraxvebs, rom TiTqos am yovelives
gamogoneba srulebiTac ar iyo saWiro.

rusudan Turnava

mwerali da samyaro
(istoriul-literaturuli orientirebi gaston buaCiZis SemoqmedebaSi)

qarTul-frangul literaturul urTierTobas iSviaTad Tu hyolia iseTi nayofieri
mkvlevari da Semoqmedi, rogoric gaston buaCiZea. naTeli azri da saintereso mignebebi
Tanmimdevrulad gasdevs mis gamokvlevebs, romlebsac msoflio literaturis konteqstSi
gadavyavarT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTveli poetebis Semoqmedebis
SedarebiTi analizi, sadac gamokveTilia maTi adgili msoflio literaturis arealSi. gaston
buaCiZis mier Sesrulebuli Targmanebi udides rols asrulebs qarTul-franguli
kulturuli dialogis ganviTarebaSi.
or nawilad gamocemul wignSi _ `waxnagebi~ (1983, 1986) mkiTxveli Tvals adevnebs frangi
mwerlebis STambeWdav portretebs. aq Rrmad igrZnoba maTi Semoqmedebis arsi da
suliskveTeba.
vxedavT pier de ronsars, gawonasworebuli kompozimciebis didostats, romelic `kvlav
da kvlav siyvarulis meSveobiT uaxlovdeba arsebobis sibrZnes~. `siyvarulis Suqura~ unaTebs
poets saval gzas. `... me avaSenebdi taZars luaris piras da mas daerqmeoda ronsarisa da misi
marionis taZari~, _ ronsaris es taepebi (elegiidan `maris~) gaston buaCiZes aRuZravs fiqrebs
Semoqmedis miswrafebebis Sesaxeb: `Semoqmedi Tavisi bunebiT mSenebelia. faTerakebis miRma mas
Tavisi saocnebo Senoba elandeba: rables _ Telemis saabato, ronsars luarispira taZari,
firosmans _ Tbilisis SuagulSi agebuli ubralo saxli mxatvarTa SexvedrebisaTvis.
TiToeuli ocneba Zvirfasia CvenTvis, maT Soris ronsaris siyvarulis taZari~ (buaCiZe 1986:
54-55).
mkvlevari ganixilavs `poetebis mefis~, Jan koktos mravalmxrivi niWis gamovlinebas
poeziaSi, prozaSi, Teatrsa da ferweraSi. is xazgasmiT miuTiTebs koktos `lirikis naTel,
sicocxlis sixaruliT aRbeWdil xatovanebaze~, rac ufro mkveTrad Cans sevdiani motivebis,
monteniseburi `sikvdilisaTvis mzadebis~ fonze.
aseve Tanmimdevruli analizis safuZvelze Sehyavs gaston buaCiZes mkiTxveli Jak
preveris saocari asociaciebis samyaroSi, romelic konkretul-nivTobriv da antiemfatikur
RerZs eyrdnoba. warmoCenilia preveris uCveulo Sedarebebi, moulodneli epiTetebi,
sityvaTa TamaSi. `sityva, _ wers gaston buaCiZe, _ misi leqsebis gasaRebia; igi ara marto
samSeneblo masalaa, aramed mrCevelic. romelime sityviT gatacebuli poeti jer kidev ver
xedavs im gauTvaliswinebel asociaciebs, romlebsac es sityva gamoiwvevs. mkiTxveli am
asociaciebiT mudam gaocebuli rCeba da iqneb es gaocebaa is ZiriTadi da ganumeorebeli
grZnoba, rasac Cven ganvicdiT preveris leqsebis kiTxvisas~.
gaston buaCiZes miaCnia, rom `Seqspiriseuli tirilis Rirseuli mopasuxe, sxvaze ufro,
rables sicili gaxlavT~. rables komizmis, rogorc mxatvruli xerxis, gaston buaCiZiseuli
analizi lakoniuri da imavdroulad arsebiTi xasiaTisaa: ìcinian goliaTebi da maTi xarxari
183
madiani da gamanadgurebeli qariSxaliviT ganaaxlebs samyaros. diax, rables sicili maRali
sicilia, es sicili ara mxolod inaxavs da ganamtkicebs adamianis Rirsebas, aramed
ganasaxierebs mas~ (buaCiZe 1986: 128).
sagulisxmoa dakvirveba, romelic exeba gargantuas sityvebs pantagruelis mimarT:
`codna Segnebis gareSe mxolod ngrevaa sulisa~. gaston buaCiZe ambobs: `Tuki gavixsenebT, rom
franguli sityva `Segneba~ etimologiurad `codnis Tanmxlebs~ niSnavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
rablem enis wiaRSi mTvlemare WeSmariteba gaacxada~ (buaCiZe 1986: 138).
mkvlevari gviCvenebs agreTve miWdro kavSirs rables Semoqmedebis zogadsakacobrio
xasiaTsa da safrangeTisadmi siyvarulis gamovlinebas Soris peizaJebsa Tu personaJebis
xasiaTebSi.
XX saukunis mwerlebs Soris gamovyofT Jan-pol sartrs, romlis `mwignobrul samyaros~
gaston buaCiZe dawvrilebiT swavlobs. daZabuli mivyvebiT mas àdamianis Sida samyaros
gadamSleli jer arnaxuli mogzaurobis sartriseul gzebze~, romelic mTavrdeba
mravalmniSvnelovani daskvniT: `sartri ngrevis, qmnadobisa da gadafasebis procesSi Cabmul
faseulobaTa, cvalebad da arasaboloo RirebulebaTa moralistia~ (buaCiZe 1986: 146).
statiaSi èvropa saqarTvelos misadgomebTan: istoriul-literaturuli orientirebi~
mniSvnelovan istoriul faqtebze dayrdnobiTaa naCvenebi, Tu rogor eZebda saqarTvelo
mxardamWers erTmorwmune da kulturulad monaTesave evropaSi musulmanuri fanatizmis
winaaRmdeg: XII saukuneSi saqarTvelodan igzavneba Sesawiri parizis RvTismSoblis taZrisTvis
da es aris jvari, romelzedac evno ieso. XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze papi mis qadagebaSi
mouwodebs qarTvelebs, daexmaron jvarosnebs. erTi qarTveli JamTaRmwerlis Tanaxmad
`frankebi da berZnebi, romlebic zRvaze dacuravdnen, xotbas asxamdnen Tamars im sasikeTo
droSi~ (buaCiZe 2000: 111-115).
XIV-XV saukuneebSi 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi wminda miwaze ganlagebul sxvadasxva
monasters, golgoTas da uflis saflavis monasters qarTveli samRvdeloeba ganagebs.
1821 wlidan saqarTveloSi arsebobs safrangeTis sakonsulo; aleqsandre WavWavaZis
ojaxSi iqmneba pirveli evropuli tipis saloni, romlis patroni Targmnis volters, Jan-
batist rusos, lafontens, rasins da viqtor hiugos; XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi akaki Targmnis
molieris `skapenis cuRlutobas~.
me-20 saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi safrangeTis gamoZaxilis erT-erT gamovlinebad
gaston buaCiZe asaxelebs merab mamardaSvilis naSromebs adamianis Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis
sakiTxebze, romelic eyrdnoba rene dekartisa da prustis Sexedulebebs.
gaston buaCiZes bunebriv movlenad miaCnia is faqti, rom dRes ìstoriuli Semobrunebis
momentSi saqarTvelo sakuTar gulsa da gonebaSi araerTgzis aRmoaCens evropas. gana es
gasakviria? rameTu nawili ubrundeba mTels~.
gamokvlevaSi `qarTuli saxe balzakis SemoqmedebaSi~ ganxilulia romani òqrosTvaleba
qaliSvili~ (trilogiis _ `cametTa Tavgadasavali~ mesame wigni), romelSic qarTveli qali
daxatulia rogorc aRmosavluri srulyofili silamazis nimuSi.
rogorc gaton buaCiZe gveubneba, balzakis mier Seqmnili absolutebis mdidar
instrumetze erTi simi Semonaxulia aRmosavluri mistikisTvis. marTalia, `didi frangi
romanisti kargad ar icnobda am qveyanas, magram mainc Seqmna saqarTvelos ganumeorebeli saxe,
rameTu is iyo balzaki~.
mkvlevari mkiTxvels urCevs qarTuli Tema ganixilos balzakis mier absolutis ZiebaTa
konteqstSi, ramdenadac aq absoluturi silamazis Zieba unda vigulisxmoT.
gaston buaCiZis Targmanebi qarTulidan frangulad da piriqiT, didixania iqca rogorc
franguli aseve qarTuli literaturis simdidred: Jiul verni, sartri, rusTaveli, mose
xoneli, qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, sulxan-saba, ilia, akaki, vaJa, galaktioni da a. S.
leqsis prozauli Targmanis momxreebi miuTiTeben, rom poetur TargmanSi saleqso
formas ewireba mxatvruli saxeebi, magram frangi kritikosebis azriT gaston buaCiZem
`vefxistyaosnis~ TargmanSi SeZlo rusTavelis mdidari riTmebis, Teqvsmetmarcvlovani
sazomisa da siuJetis harmoniulad gadmocema, rasac xeli Seuwyo qarTuli da franguli
leqsTwyobis garkveulma siaxlovem.
cnobili frangi qarTvelolgi bernar utie aRniSnavs, rom `gaston buaCiZem katrenebi
gariTma Tanamedrove frangul poeziaSi miRebul riTmaTa saxesxvaobis gaTvaliswinebiT da
Tanac rarig virtuozulad! advili warmosadgenia Tu rogor Sromas moiTxovs aseTi Sedegis
miRweva, magram amaod rodi damSvrala mTargmneli: garda im simdidrisa, romelic Targmans
dedanTan aaxloebs, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes, rom riTma ritmis erTi mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawilia, misi erTgvari _ punqtuacia~ (utie 1979).
vfiqrobT, aseT warmatebas safuZvlad udevs miTargmnelis mier rusTavelis
msoflmxedvelobis gaTaviseba da imavdroulad am filosofiis cxovrebiseuli, praqtikuli
mniSvnelobisadmi Rrma rwmena. gaston buaCiZes sjera, rom adamianebi verafers miaRweven
erTmaneTisaTvis Tavganwirvisa da erTgulebis gareSe, Tu guliT ar irwmuneben rusTavelis
sityvebs: `rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara dakargulia~.
184
`vefxistyaosnis~ Targmanis winasityvaobaSi _ `mziani Rame~ gaston buaCiZe ambobs, rom
siyvarulis gareSe adamiani ikargeba pirutyvuli arsebobis RameSi, magram didi gansacdelis
winaSe mdgar rusTavelis personaJebs ufali siyvarulTan erTad unawilebs platonis,
aristoteles, plotinis, fsevdo dionise areopagelis sibrZnes: `rusTaveli, romelic ar
aSorebs erTmaneTs poezias da sibrZnes, kargi gamgonisaTvis gamoxdis maTi moZRvrebis
kvintesencias~.
gaston buaCiZem rusTavelTan erTad Sua saukuneebisa da XIX saukunis mravali qarTveli
poetis leqsebi aaJRera frangulad.
gansakuTrebulia misi damokidebuleba galaktionisadmi, romlis wvlils qarTuli
leqsis ganaxlebisa da evropul poeziasTan daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT farTod ikvlevs Tavad.
igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im sirTuleebs, rac dakavSirebulia galaktionis musikalurobisa da
mxatvruli saxeebis gadmoRebasTan sxva enaze, gansakuTrebiT im saxeebis, romlebic TviT
sityvebSi vlndeba (`silaJvarde~, `silaSi vardi~, `lodini lodis~, `qari qris~, `davqrivar~).
ucxoelebs miecaT SesaZlebloba, gaston buaCiZis mier kompetenturad da siyvaruliT
Seqmnili galaktionis rCeuli leqsebis franguli TargmanebiT gaecnon da daafason qarTuli
poezia. am krebuls mTargmnelma uwoda `me da Rame~, rasac ase ganmartavs: àm gamocemisaTvis
galaktionis erT-erTi leqsis saTauri avirCieT, radgan niSandoblivi gveCvena poetis
swrafva: eZios naTeli Ramis wiaRSi. poetis, iseve rogorc nebismieri Semoqmedis, idumali
dramis dayvana drois sibnelisa da sisastikesTan misi lirizmis dapirispirebamde gazviadeba
iqneboda, magram gana es lirizmi ar niSnavs adamianurobis damkvidrebas araadamianurobis wil,
siyvarulisa _ siZulvilis wil, anda dRisa _ Ramis sanacvlod?~ (tabiZe 1998: 11).

gaston buaCiZe

biobibliografia

gaston sergos Ze buaCiZe daibada 1935 wlis 21 oqtombers TbilisSi. mamiT qarTvelia,
dediT frangi. wers sam enaze (qarTulad, frangulad, rusulad). ganaTleba miiRo lvovsa
(ukrania) da TbilisSi. 1960-1990 wlebSi franguli da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis
profesoria Tbilisis universitetSi, Semdeg kiTxulobs amave kurss nantis universitetSi
(1991-2000). 1990 wels mieniWa Tbilisis universitetis filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
xarisxi, 1985 wels _ SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxi sorbonis
universitetSi.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs asamde statia da gamokvleva sabWoTa kavSirSi, safrangeTSi,
belgiaSi, italiaSi, luqsemburgsa da germaniaSi.
qarTulad Targmna franguli literaturis nimuSebi (Jiul verni, Jan-pol sartri, alber
kamiu). frangulad Targmna da pirvelad gamoaqveyna qarTuli literaturis `koleqcia~
(gamoqveynda eqvsi dasaxelebis Targmanebi, maT Soris zogierTi Sedis ìuneskos koleqciis~
rCeul nawarmoebebSi).
qvemoT warmodgenilia gaston buaCiZis nawarmoebebis, naSromebisa da mis mier
Sesrulebuli Targmanebis bibliografia.

wignebi qarTul enaze

1. franguli enis saxelmZRvanelo specialuri fakultetis I kursisaTvis. avtorebi: t.
dobrovolskaia, T. niJaraZe, g. buaCiZe. Tb., unt-is gam-ba, 1966, 436 gv.
2. monmartridan mTawmindamde. Tb., xelovneba, 1972, 176 gv.
3. waxnagebi (bodleris, malarmes, vaJa-fSavelas, apolineris, galaktionis, sen-Jon persis,
rusos, Jiul vernis, marsel prustis, romen rolanis Semoqmedeba). Tb., `sabW. saqarTvelo~, 1983, 240
gv.
4. waxnagebi (`rolanis simRera~), fransua viionis, pier/de/ronsaris, alfons de lamartinis,
viqtor hiugos, alfred de miuses, alfred de vinis, fransua kopes, Teofil goties, bodleris, Jan
koktos, Jak preveris, kornelis, rasinis, molieris, ioneskos, rables, miSel fukos, etiamblis
Semoqmedeba). Tb., merani, 1986, 210 gv.
5. qarTul-franguli sasaubro. Seadgina S. Wubabriam. redaqtori g. buaCiZe, rec. T. niJaraZe.
Tb., unt-is gam-ba, 1987, 113 gv.

1. . ., - -, 1972, 242 .
2. . ., , 1981, 216 .
3. . . ., , 1983, 332 .
4. . ., - -, 1989, 256 .

wignebi frangul enaze
185

1. Les Naissances Latentes. Les Couleurs chez Rimbaud. Nantes, Ed. Joca Seria, 1991, 94 pp.
faruli dabadebani. rembos ferebi. nanti, Joka seria, 1991, 94 gv.
2. Oranges, Or des Anges. Apollinaire Face aux Images des Mots. Nantes, Ed. Joca Seria, 1992, 77 pp.
forToxali, angelozTa oqro. apolineri sityvieri saxeebis pirispir. nanti, Joka seria, 1992, 77
gv.
3. La Vie de Marie Brosset. Nantes, Ed. du Petit Vhicule, 1996, 198 pp.
mari broses cxovreba. nanti, peti veikiul, 1996, 198 gv.
4. Des Roses pour Marguerite. Nouvelle. Nantes, Ed. du petit Vhicule, 1999, 43 pp.
vardebi margeritisaTvis. novela. nanti. peti veikiul, 199, 43 gv.
5. Trilogie _ Les Pas dans les Pas.
trilogia kvaldakval.
a) L'Anneau Chiffre (Les Aventures d'Alexandre Dumas en Russie et au Caucase). Paris, Ed. Hermann, 2004, 205
pp.
venzeliani beWedi (aleqsandre diumas Tavgadasavali ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi). parizi, ermani,
2004, 205 gv.
b) Retour en URSS avec Andr Gide (Touches et Retouches). (Et ses Compagnons de Voyage). Paris, Ed. Hermann,
255 pp.
sabWoTa kavSirSi dabruneba andre JidTan erTad (kalmis ramdenime mosmiT) (da misi
Tanamgzavrebi). parizi, ermani, 2005, 225 gv.
c) A paratre: L' As d" Astolphe (Le Marquis de Custine Voyage en Russie).
ibeWdeba: astolfis tuzi (markiz de kiustini mogzaurobs ruseTSi).

eseebi frangul enaze

1. La Rflexion de David Kakabadz sur l' Art, dans: L' Avanguardia Tiflis. Venezia, 1982, pp. 17-31.
daviT kakabaZis fiqrebi xelovnebaxe. wg-Si: avangardizmi TbilisSi. venecia, 1982, gv. 17-31.
2. Introduction au Mythe de Sisyple d' Albert Camus, en langue basque, dans: Albert Camus, Sisyforen Mitoa. Bilbao,
Klasikoak, 1991, pp. 7-24.
alber kamius `sizifes miTis~ Sesavali, baskur enaze. wg-Si: alber kamiu, sizifes miTi. bilbao,
1991, gv. 7-24.
3. Une Image Gorgienne chez Balzac, dans: Voix d' Ouest en Europe. Souffles d' Europe en Ouest. Angers, Presses de l'
Universit d' Angers, 1993. pp. 391-397.
qarTuli saxe balzakis SemoqmedebaSi. wg-Si: dasavleTis xma evropaSi. evropis sunTqva
dasavleTSi, anJeri, anJeris unt-is gam-ba, 1993, gv. 391-397.
4. Pirosmani, Une Vie aux Couleurs de Lgende, dans: Pirosmani. Muse des Beaux Atr de Nantes. Nantes, Ed. MeMo,
1990, pp. 12-31.
firosmani, legendisferi cxovreba. wg-Si: firosmani. nantis xelovnebis muzeumi. nanti, memo,
1999, gv. 12-31.
5. L' Azur ou la Rose dans le Sable, dans: Colloque International de Paris, Acts. Tbilissi, Ed. de l' Universit, 2000, pp. 88-
91.
silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi. wg-Si: parizis saerTaSoriso kolokviumi. aqtebi. Tb., un-tis gam-
ba, 2000, gv. 88-91.
6. L' Europe aux Dtours de la Gorgie Repres d' Histoire et d' Orientations Littraires, dans: Patrimoine Littraire
Europen. Acts du Colloque, Namur, 26, 27 et 28 novembre. Bruxelles, De Boeck- Universit, 2000, pp. 111-115.
evropa saqarTvelos misadgomebTan istoriul-literaturuli orientirebi. wg-Si: evropis
literaturuli memkvidreoba. kolokviumis aqtebi. nanti, 26,27 da 28 noemberi. briuseli, de
boeki _ universiteti, 2000, gv. 111-115.

franguli literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi

1. Jan-pol sartri. sityvebi. Targ. frangulidan kote javriSvilisa da gaston buaCiZisa. _
mnaTobi, 1965, 6, 7, 8.
(Jean-Paul Sartre. Les Mots).
2. Jiul verni.
mogzauroba dedamiwis centrisaken. Tb., nakaduli, 1973. t. 1.
(Jules Verne. Voyage au Centre de la Terre).
3. mimo morina. oqros sawmisis saZebnelad. leqsebi. Tb., merani, 1989.
(Mimmo Morina. A la Recherche de la Toisond' Or).

qarTuli literaturis franguli Targmanebi

1. Nikoloz Baratachvili (traduction des posies en prose). Paris, 1968.
nikoloz baraTaSvili (prozauli Targmani). parizi, 1968.
2. Iachvili P. Les Ballons de Couleur. Revue de Lettres Modernes, 1973.
iaSvili p. feradi quStebi. _ reviu de letr modern, 1973.
3. Vaja-Pchavela. Gogotour er Apchina. Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1974, vol. 32.
186
vaJa-fSavela. gogoTur da afSina. _ bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelologiis Jurnali, parizi, 1974, t.
32.
4. Chota Roustaveli. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre (Prologue). Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1975,
vol. 33.
5. SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani (prologi). _ bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelologiis Jurnali,
parizi, 1975, t. 33.
6. Chota Roustaveli. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre (Extraits). - Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1976,
1977, 1978, vol. 34, 35, 36.
SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani (nawyvetebi). _ bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelolgiis Jurnali,
parizi, 1976, 1977, 1978. t. 34, 35, 36.
7. Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani: La Vrit du Mensonge. Tbilissi, Nakadouli, 1978.
sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb., nakaduli, 1978.
8. Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani: La Vrit du Mensonge. Publications Orientalistes de France, Paris, Unesco, 1984.
sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa. safrangeTis aRmosavluri gamocemebi. parizi,
iunesko, 1984.
9. Le Frre de Cendrillon. Contes Populaires. Publications Orientalistes de France. Paris-Moscou, Radouga, 1988.
nacarqeqia. xalxuri zRaprebi. safrangeTis aRmosavluri gamocemebi. parizi-moskovi, raduga,
1988.
10. Chota Roustaveli. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre. Publications Orientalistes de France. Paris-Moscou, Radouga,
1989.
SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. safrageTis aRmosavluri gamocemebi. parizi-moskovi, raduga,
1989.
11. Vaja-Pchavela. Le Mangeur de Serpent et Autres Pomes. Publications Orientalistes de France. Paris-Moscou, Radouga,
1989.
vaJa-fSavela. gvelis mWameli da sxva poemebi. safrangeTis aRmosavluri gamocemebi . parizi-
moskovi, raduga, 1989.
12. Mos Khonli. Amiran-Darejaniani. Publications Orientalistes de France. Paris-Moscou, Radouga, 1990.
mose xoneli. amiran-darejaniani. safrangeTis aRmosavluri gamocemebi. parizi-moskovi,
raduga, 1990.
13. La Prose Gorgienne des Origines Nos Jours. Paris, L' Esprit des Peninsules Unesco, 1998.
qarTuli proza dasabamidan dRemde. parizi, espri de peninsiul-iunesko, 1998.
14. Galaktion Tabidz. Moi et la Nuit (Posies). Nantes, Ed. du Petit Vhicule, 1998.
galaktion tabiZe. me da Rame (leqsebi). nanti, peti veikiul, 1998.

qarTuli literaturis franguli Targmanebi
koleqciaSi _ èvropis literaturuli memkvidreoba~

1. Tome 4a. Le Moyen Age. De l' Oural l' Atlantique. Bruxelles, De Boeck-Universit, 1993.
a) Chota Roustaveli. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre (Fragments).
b) Mos Khonli. Amiran-Darejaniani (Fragments).
c) Le Martyre de la Sainte Reine Chuchanik.
d) Mikael Modrkili. Iambes.
e) Sarghis Tmogveli. Visramiani (Fragments).
1. tomi 4a. Sua saukuneebi. uralidan atlantis okeanemde. briuseli, de boeki-universiteti, 1993.
a) SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani (frangmentebi).
b) mose xoneli. amiran darejaniani (fragmentebi).
g) wminda dedoflis SuSanikis wameba.
d) miqael modrekili. iambebi.
e) sargis Tmogveli. visramiani (fragmentebi).
2. Tome 8. Avnement de l' Equilibre Europen. 1616-1720. Bruxelles, De Boeck Universit, 1996.
Theimouraz I
er
. Le Martyre de la Reine Kthvane (Fragments).
2. tomi 8. evropuli wonasworobis damkvidreba. 1616-1720. briuseli, de boeki universiteti, 1996.
Teimuraz pirveli. qeTevan dedoflis wameba (nawyvetebi).
3. Tome 9. Les Lumires. de l' Occident l'Orient. 1720-1778. Bruxelles, De Boeck Universit, 1997.
a) Bessik. Pomes.
b) David Gouramichvili. Le Livre de David (Fragments).
3. tomi 9. ganmanaTlebloba. dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. 1720-1778. briuseli. de boeki
universiteti, 1997.
a) besiki. leqsebi.
b) daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani (nawyvetebi).
4. Tome 10. Gestation du Romantisme. 1778-1832. Bruxelles, De Boeck Universit, 1998.
a) Alexandre Tchavtchavadz. Posies.
4. tomi 10. romantizmis warmoSoba. 1778-1832. briuseli, de boeki universiteti, 1998.
a) aleqsandre WavWavaZe. leqsebi.
5. Tome 11a.Renaissances Nationales et Conscience Universelle. 1832-1885. Romantismes Triomphants. Bruxelles, De
Boeck Universit, 1999.
a) Nikoloz Baratachvili. Le Destin de la Gorgie (Fragments).
187
5. tomi 11a. erovnuli renesansi da universaluri Semecneba. 1832-1885. romantizmis triumfi.
briuseli, de boeki-universiteti, 1999.
a) nikoloz baraTaSvili. bedi qarTlisa (nawyvetebi).
6. Tome 11b. Renaissances Nationales et Conscience Universelle. 1832-1885. Romantismes Rflchis. Bruxelles, De
Boeck Universit, 1999.
a) Grigol Orbeliani. Posies.
b) Alezandre Kazbgui. Nouvelles.
6. tomi 11b. erovnuli renesansi da universaluri Semecneba, 1832-1885. ganviTarebuli
romantizmi. briuseli, de boeki-universiteti, 1999.
a) grigol orbeliani. leqsebi.
b) aleqsandre yazbegi. novelebi.
7. Tome 12. Mondialisation de l' Europe, 1885-1992. Bruxelles, De Boeck Universit, 2000.
a) Akaki Tsrteli, Posies. Trois Amours.
b) Vaja-Pchavela. Le Mangeur de Serpent. Le Rcit d'un Chevreuil.
c) Ilia Tchavtchavadz. Posies. Notes d' un Voyageur (Fragments).
7. tomi 12. evropis globalizacia. 1885-19922. briuseli, de boeki-universiteti, 2000.
a) akaki wereTeli. leqsebi, samgvari siyvaruli.
b) vaJa-fSavela. gvelis mWameli. Svlis nukris naambobi.
g) ilia WavWavaZe. leqsebi, mgzavris werilebi (nawyvetebi).
8. Tome 13. Auteurs Europeens du 20
e
Sicle. De la Drle de Paix la Drle de Guerre. 1923-1939. Bruxelles, De Boeck
Universit, 2002.
a) Michel Djavakhichvili. Histoire des Cinq.
8. tomi 13. me-20 saukunis evropeli avtorebi. ucnauri mSvidobidan ucnaur omamde. briuseli, de
boeki-universiteti, 2002.
a) mixeil javaxiSvili. xuTis ambavi.

1. . . , 1956, 22 .
2. . . . , 1959, 8.
3. . " ". ( ). . , 1959, 10.
4. . . , 1962, 31 .

statiebi, narkvevebi da winasityvaobebi frangul enaze

1. Apollinaire en Gorgie. Europe, 1966, 451-451; Bedi Kartlisa, Paris, 1967, vol. 23-24.
apolineri saqarTveloSi. _ erop., 1966, 451-452; bedi qarTlisa, parizi, 1967, q. 23-24.
2. L' Edition Russe d' Apollinaire. Revue de Lettres Modernes, 1970, 249-253.
apolineris rusuli gamocema reviu de letr modern, 1970, 249-253.
3. La Cririque Russe sur Proust. Europe, 1971, 502-503.
rusuli kritika prustis Sesaxeb. _ erop., 1971, 502-503.
4. Le Rire Gorgien de Molire. Europe, 1972, 523-524.
molieris qarTuli sicili. _ erop., 1972, 523-524.
5. La Peinture de Natela Iankochvili. Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1974, vol. 32.
naTela ianqoSvilis ferwera. _ bedi qarTlisa, parizi, 1974, t. 32.
6. La "Chanson de Roland" en Gorgien. - Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1976, vol. 34.
`rolanis simRera~ qarTul enaze. _ bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelologiis Jurnali, parizi, 1976, t.
34.
7. Quelques Posies de Ronsard en Gorgien (A l' Occasion du 450
e
Anniversaire de la Naissance du Pote). Bedi Kartlisa,
Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1977, vol. 35.
ronsaris ramdenime leqsi qarTulad (poetis dabadebis 450 wlisTavis gamo). _ bedi qarTlisa,
qarTvelologiis Jurnali, parizi, 1977, t. 35.
8. La Gorgie dans le Sous Texte: lments du Subconscient dans les Traductions Gorgiennes de Posie Franaise.
Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1978, vol. 36.
saqarTvelo qveteqstSi: qvecnobieris elementebi franguli poeziis qarTul TargmanebSi. _
bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelologiis Jurnali, parizi, 1978, t. 36.
9. "Des Fleurs Potiques" de G. Tabidz. La Dryade, 1978, 12.
g. tabiZis `poeturi yvavilebi~. _ la driad, 1978, 12.
10. Saba le Sage dans: Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani. La Sagesse du Mensonge. Tbilisi, Ganatleba, 1978.
brZeni saba. _ wg-Si: sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb., ganaTleba, 1978.
11. David Kakabadz. Nouvelle Europe, 1979, 26.
daviT kakabaZe. _ nuvel erop, 1979, 26.
12. Lado Goudiachvili. - Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris, 1981, vol. 39.
lado gudiaSvili. _ bedi qarTlisa, qarTvelologiis Jurnali, parizi, 1981, t. 39.
13. Le Frre de Cendrillon (En Guise d' Introduction). dans: Le Frre de Cendrillon. Contes Populaires Gorgiens. Paris-
Moscou, Radouga, 1988.
188
nacarqeqia (Sesavlis nacvlad). _ wg-Si: nacarqeqia. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. parizi-moskovi,
raduga, 1988.
14. La Nuit Ensoleille. dans: Chota Roustaveli. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre. Paris-Moscou, Radouga, 1989.
mziani Rame. _ wg-Si: SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani, moskovi, raduga, 1989.
15. Prface pour la Traduction d' Amiran-Darejaniani de Moss Khonli. dans: Moss Khonli. Amiran-Darejaniani.
Roman de Chevalerie. Paris-Moscou, Radouga, 1990.
winasityvaoba mose xonelis àmiran-darejanianis~ TargmanisaTvis. _ wg-Si: mose xoneli. amiran-
darejaniani. saraindo romani. parizi- moskovi, raduga. 1990.

1. mTargmnelobiTi muSaoba universitetSi (ukrainulad) (v. karadimovTan erTad). za rudiansku
nauku, 1956, 22 ivnisi.
2. kameniaris nawarmoebebi saqarTvelo (ukrainulad). _ vilna ukraina, 1956, 8 agvisto.
3. `simRera eTerze~ (ukrainulad). _ leninska molodeJ, 1957, 8 Tebervali.
4. . , 1958, 8 .
5. . . , 1959, 6.
6. , - . -, ., 1965, . 115.
7. . , 1969, 7.
8. . \ , 1977, 9 10.
9. . , 1985. 1.

statiebi, narkvevebi, winasityvaobebi qarTul enaze

1. progresuli franguli kinoxelovneba. _ sabW. xelovneba, 1960, 3, gv. 49-54.
2. sen-Jon persis poezia. _ mnaTobi, 1961, 6, gv. 136-146.
3. J.-J. ruso qarTul mwerlobaSi. _ mnaTobi, 1962, 6, gv. 123-132.
4. Jan kokto mnaTobi, 1963, 12, gv. 140-150.
5. franguli prozis oTxi nakadi. winasityvaoba. _ wignSi: franguli moTxrobebi. Targm. ir.
qavJaraZisa. Tb., literatura da xelovneba, 1964, gv. 5-20; meore gamocema, Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo,
1979, gv. 5-20.
6. Jak preveris poezia. _ ciskari, 1966, 12, gv. 130-136.
7. adreuli ionesko. _ ciskari, 1968, 6, gv. 116-125.
8. apolineri. _ xomli, 1969, 2, gv. 279-288.
9. franguli Canawerebi. _ mnaTobi, 1969, 5, gv. 163-177; 6, gv. 178-188.
10. Tavisufali adamiani. winasiyvaoba. _ wg-Si: r. rolani. Jan kristofi. Targm. k. qilarjianisa,
Tb., 1970, gv. 5-15.
11. 11.naTela ianqoSvili. winasityvaoba (qarTul, rusul, frangul enebze). _ wg-Si: naTela
ianqoSvili. katalogi. ferwera. grafika, wignis grafika. Tb., 1970 gv. 3-6.
12. bodleris civi mze. _ ciskari, 1971, 4, gv. 145-154.
13. m. prusti elises mindvrebze. _ ciskari, 1971, 8, gv. 150-158.
14. apolineri. winasityvaoba. _ wg-Si: giiom apolineri, leqsebi. Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo, 1972, gv. 5-
24.
15. aTasi sicocxle. winasityvaoba. _ wg-Si: r. rolani. kola bronioni. beTxovenis cxovreba.
miqelanjelos cxovreba. Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo, 1973, gv. 5-22.
16. J. verni miemgzavreba. winasityvaoba. _ wg-Si. J. verni, mogzauroba dedamiwis centrisaken.
Targm. g. buaCiZiCa, Tb., nakaduli, 1973, gv. 5-21.
17. ronsaris ramdenime leqsi qarTulad. Tsu Sromebi, Tb., un-tis gam-ba, 1975, 163, gv. 145-160.
18. vaJa-faSavelas poemis kompozicia (`stumar-maspinZelis~ da `gogoTur da afSinas~ magaliTze).
wg-Si: vaJa-fSavelas xuTio poema, Tb., un-tis gam-ba, 1975, gv. 199-213.
19. daviT kakabaZe. _ sabW. xelovneba, 1975, 10, gv. 10-28; 11, gv. 36-51; 12, gv. 98-111.
20. Suqi sulisa. winasityvaoba. wg-Si: frangi poetebi. Tb., nakaduli, 1977, gv. 5-28.
21. poezia jinsebSi. _ kr-Si: poezia upirveles yovlisa. Tb., merani, 1978, gv. 93-100.
22. firosmani anu irmis ganavardeba. _ droSa 1978, 8, gv. 6; 9, gv. 9-10.
23. saqarTvelo qveteqstSi. qvecnobieris elementebi franguli poeziis qarTul TargmanebSi. _
kr-Si: aracnobieri, 2. Tb.,- un-tis gam-ba, 1978.
24. gzaxsnili Telemi. bolosityvaoba. wg-Si: rable, gargantua. Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo, 1979, gv. 246-
256.
25. TeTri malarme. bolosityvaoba. _ wg-Si: malarme, leqsebi da proza. quTaisi, sabW. saqarTvelo,
1979, gv. 184-217.
26. Tavis qala, samkauli da yvavilebi. _ wg-Si: poezia upirveles yovlisa. Tb., merani, 1980 gv. 92-98.
27. `maRali Wmunva da mdabali sicili~. winasityvaoba. _ wg-Si: franguli drama. pier korneli. Jan
rasini. Jan-batist molieri. Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo 1982, gv. 5-20.
189
28. aprilis dilidan maisis Ramemde. winasityvaoba. _ wg-Si: ronsari. rCeuli leqsebi. Targm. gr.
abaSiZisa. Tb., merani. 1983, gv. 5-16.
29. àrc koconsa vufrTxi, oRond sanamdisa daagznebdnen...~ bolosityvaoba. wg-Si: fransua rable.
pantagrueli. Targm. g. gogiaSvilisa. Tb., sabW. saqarTvelo, 1984, gv. 214-225.
30. etiamblis sabedniero sxvaobani. _ kritika, 1985, 2, gv. 155-174.
31. t. tabiZe da lotreamoni. _ ciskari, 1985, 7, gv. 105-114.
32. xvedri poetad yofnisa. _ wg-Si: galaktionologia _ 2. Tb., galaktionis kvlevis centri, 2003,
gv. 213-218.
33. `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~. wg-Si: galaktionologia _ 3. Tb., galaktionis kvlevis centri,
2004, gv. 244-248.
34. saqarTvelos evropuli orientirebi. _ kriteriumi, 2006, 15, gv. 46-50.
35. qarTuli saxe balzakis romanSi. _ kriteriumi, 2006, 15, gv. 171-177.

damowmebani:

buaCiZe 1983: buaCiZe g. waxnagebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1983.
buaCiZe 1986: buaCiZe g. waxnagebi. Tb.: `merani~, 1986.
buaCiZe 1978: Boatchidz G. La Gorgie dans le sous-texte: lments du subconscient dans les Traductuons
Gorgiennes de Posie Franaise. - Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvlologie, Paris: 1978. vol. 36.
buaCiZe 1991: Boatchidz G. Les Naissances Latentes. Les Couleurs chez Rimbaud. Nantes. ed. Joca Seria, 1991.
buaCiZe 2000: Boatchidz G. L'Europe aux dtours de la Gorgie, dans: Patrimoine littraire europen. Actes du
colloque. Namur. Bruxelles, De Boeck-Universit, 2000.
viviani 1981: Vivian K. Vephkistqaosani: Elements from Eastern and Western Cultures. Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de
Kartvlologie, Paris: 1981, vol. 39.
doiaSvili 1981: doiaSvili T. leqsis evfonia. Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1981.
TvaraZe 2001: TvaraZe r. legenda galaktionis cxovrebisa. Tb.: saqarTvelos macne, 2001.
kenWoSvili 1999: kenWoSvili i. galaktion tabiZis samyaroSi. Tb.: `kabadoni~, 1999.
rusTaveli 1983: Roustaveli Ch. L' Homme la Peau de Lopard. Texte Franais de M. Georges Gvazava. Paris,
ed. la Culture hors Commerce. 1983.
rusTaveli 1989: Roustaveli Ch. Le Chevalier la Peau de Panthre. Publication orientalistes de France. Traduit
du gorgien, prfac et comment par Gaston Bouatchidz. Paris-Moscou, Radouga, 1989.
sigua 2002: sigua s. qarTuli modernizmi. Tb.: `didostati~, 2002.
tabiZe 1978: Tabidz G. Moi et la Nuit (Posies). Nantes, Ed. du Petit Vhicule, 1978.
tadie 1987: Tadi J.-Y. La Critique Littraire au XX sicle. ed. Pierre Belfond. Paris: 1987.
utie 1978: utie b. `vefxistyaosnis~ franguli Targmanebi. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~,
26 maisi, 1978.
WilaZe 1984: WilaZe T. vardis furclobis niSani. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1984.
xinTibiZe 1987: xinTibiZe a. galaktionis poetika. Tb.: 1987.
xinTibiZe 2000: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba. Tb.: 2000.

Rusudan Turnava

Writer and the Universe
(Historical and literary reference points in Gaston Buachidze's works)

Summary

The biobibliography of the famous Georgian writer and translator, the great specialist of Georgian-European literary
relations professor Gaston Buachidz contains the literature of 1956-2006: Scientific works, belles-lettres (novels, short
stories, essays) and translations in Georgian, French and Russian.
The material is arranged chronologically. The biobibliography is preceded by the writer's short biography and a revew
of his creative work's.

190
polemika

eka CikvaiZe

ùbralod qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis CamonaTvali~?

`literaturuli Ziebanis~ II (XXVII) nomeri gvTavazobs merab RaRaniZis statias uaRresad
aqtualur Temaze: ìlia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelo~: erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia~.
m. RaRaniZis dakvirvebebi sainteresoa mkvlevarTaTvis, radgan igi xSirad gansxvavebuli
xedviT warmoaCens sakvlev masalas. uaRresad sainteresoa `ZiebanSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiac,
romelic z. kiknaZis naazrevsac _ ìlias mamuli. saqarTvelo aTaswleulis gasayarze~ _
exmianeba. avtori ilias pirveli biografis _ grigol yifSiZis _ dakvirvebaTa, amave moRvawis
mier ilias SexedulebaTa renanis naazrevTan, `ra aris eri~, Sedarebisa da TviT ilias werilis
_ òsmalos saqarTvelo~ _ analizis safuZvelze sayuradRebo, aratradiciul, Tumca,
sakamaTo daskvnebs gvTavazobs erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli koncefciis Sesaxeb. saubaria
ilias cnobil poziciaze, romelic òsmalos saqarTveloSi~ amgvarad aris formulirebuli:
`yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis
Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulobas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis
Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvar-tomobisa ise ar
SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis Rvawlis
damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi
gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria~ (ilia, òsmalos saqarTvelo~). avtori
savsebiT logikurad askvnis, rom `marTalia, eris darRveul nawilTa Soris mainc yovelTvis
arsebobs makavSirebeli iracionaluri swrafva, magram erTianobis Sesustebuli grZnobis
gasaRviveblad isev aucilebelia, `raTa ifeTqos, iWeqos daZinebulma istoriam~. Semdeg
mkvlevari dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs ilias statiis im monakveTs, romelSic warmoCenilia
samcxe-javaxeTis, anu osmalos saqarTvelos, istoriuli funqcia da Rvawli, rac am mxares
qarTuli cnobierebis, erovnuli tradiciisa da kulturis CamoyalibebaSi utvirTavs. e.i.
ilias werili konceptualurad amTlianebs òsmalos saqarTvelos~ mravalwaxnagovan misias
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis saqmeSi da ar iviwyebs msjelobas politikur,
enobriv, sarwmunoebriv-kulturul aspeqtebze, romelTa erTobliobac qmnis istorias. am
msjelobas mosdevs logikuri daskvna, romelic istoriuli viTarebis analizis Sedegia:
radganac osmalos saqarTvelo moswyda erTian saqarTvelos, pirvel etapze SenarCunebulma
sarwmunoebrivma erTobamac daiwyo daSla. `metad mniSvnelovania, rom aq teqstSi gamoCndeba
Tema istoriuli xsovnisa, rac Taobebs Soris, winaprebTan, tradiciasTan kavSirs ganapirobebs
da rac mexsierebismieri aqtualobis saxiT jer isev arsebobs. am xsovnas ki ueWveli
Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan is erovnuli erTianobis ara marto warsuli sayrdenia, aramed
momavali mTlianobis SesaZlo saZirkvelic~ (m. RaRaniZe). am msjelobis fonze bunebrivad ismis
kiTxva: SeZlebs saxelmwifoebrivad da sarwmunoebrivad daSorebuli eris es ori gayofili
nawili erTmaneTTan xelaxali SeerTebis Semdeg erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlis mopovebas?
ilias pasuxi dadebiTia, radgan dasayrdeni istoriuli erToba, erovnuli cnobierebis
xsovnismieri memkvidreobaa. m. RaRaniZis statiis es pirveli nawili TiTqos argumentirebuli
da logikur msjelobaze agebulia, Tumca avtori TandaTanobiTi msjelobiTa da ilias azris
arasaTanado aqcentebiT warmoCeniT safuZvels umzadebs axal mosazrebas, romelic,
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, gavrcelebul konceptualur triadas: mamuli, ena,
sarwmunoeba _ anacvlebs istoriis erTianobiT. avtori yuradRebis miRma tovebs erT Zalze
faqiz da imTaviTve TvalSisacem mizezs, romelsac ilia msjelobas uqvemdebarebs. es aris is,
rom am SemTxvevaSi ilias pozicias ganapirobebs eris darRveul nawilTa SeerTebis
SesaZlebloba (rasac Tavadac aRniSnavs, Tumca poziciis ganmapirobeblad ar miiCnevs m.
RaRaniZe). amave dros, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCenia, rom ilia, romelic Tavis werilTa Tu
TxzulebaTa enobrivi qsovilis saTqmelTan gamWvirvaled, ideurad dakavSirebas did dros
andomebda, SemTxveviT arc erT maxvils ar dasvamda. Cven ki vkiTxulobT: àrc erToba enisa,
arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvar-tomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan,
rogorc erToba istoriisa~ _ ise ar ar gulisxmobs am momentTa gamoricxvas, mxolod
upiratesTan nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs mas am SemTxvevaSi, radgan ilias msjeloba exeba
qarTveli eris sarwmunoebriv da saxelmwifoebriverTobadarRveul nawils (!). am sakiTxTa
nebsiT Tu uneblie gauTvaliswineblobis gamo msjeloba da daskvna, romelic m. RaRaniZis
Semdgom kiTxvas mosdevs, winaaRmdegobrivi (ilias Semoqmedebis, am konkretuli werilisa da
TviT SemoTavazebuli statiis pirveli nawilis fonze) da aradamajerebelia (cxadia, verc
baton merabsa da verc uaRresad pativcemul z. kiknaZes ver vakadreb, rom daskvnaTa
araTanmimdevruloba aratradiciulad da gansxvavebulad Tqmis an swori, tradiciuli azris
rRvevis Segnebulad survils mivawero, radgan erTi axalbeda mkvlevarebs, xolo meore
191
arakeTilsindisier mecnierebs sCveviaT). kiTxva ase JRers: `SeZlebs Tu ara qarTvelobis
qristiani umravlesoba qarTvelobis im nawilis SeTavsebas, romelic islams aRiarebs?~ pasuxi
ki _ ase: ìlia am erTianobis safuZvels istoriul erTobaSi xedavs da TviT im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tuki erovnuli mTlianoba nawilebad daiSala, xolo es nawilebi moswyda erTmaneTs da maT
Soris aRar arsebobs aRarc saxelmwifoebrivi, aRarc enobrivi, aRarc sarwmunoebrivi erToba,
maSinac ki is duRabi, rac eris TviT am gaxleCil nawilebsac aerTebs, aris istoriis saerTo
grZnoba. xolo Tu am erToblivi istoriuli msvlelobis Jams am nawilebs erTi sarwmunoeba
hqoniaT, es xelSemwyobi safanelia saerTo istoriis gancdisaTvis, magram Semdgomi xanis mier
motanili sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba aramc da aramc ar iqceva xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad
erovnuli erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. amdenad, sarwmunoebrivi erTobis ganmsazRvreli Zala
danaxulia isev istoriuli da ara religiuri Tvalsawieridan~. marTalia, mxolod avtori
kvlav iviwyebs, rom ilia saubrobs sarwmunoebrivad da saxelmwifoebrivad daSlili
qarTvelobis mTlianobis SesaZleblobaze. aq ki jer unda moxdes saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianeba, xolo am gzaze piroba, cxadia, ver iqneba sarwmunoebrivi erTobis miRweva. amave
konteqstSi mas mohyavs imJamindeli patriarqis, kalistrate cincaZis, sityva mcdari
qveteqstiT: àRTqmas vdebT, gabriyvebiT, cdunebiT, mzakvrobiT arc erTi muslimani ar iqneba
gaqristianebuli~, rac mxolod adamianis rwmenis Tavisuflebis gacxadebaa da aramc da aramc
rwmenis rolis daknineba erTiani erovnuli koncefciis SemuSavebaSi (miT umetes, patriarqis,
rwmenis saqmiTa da sityviT am upirvelesi mqadageblis, piriT). amave msjelobas Sedegad is
mohyva, rom m. RaRaniZe ilias sekularuli poziciis adamianad miiCnevs da imowmebs z. kiknaZes,
romelic askvnis, rom religiuri gancda naklebad iyo iliasTvis aqtualuri (!?), `sarwmunoeba
misTvis iyo istoriuli kategoria, rogorc ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtori, magram ara
egzistencialuri momenti adamianTa da eris cxovrebaSi~ (z. kiknaZe). uxerxulad meCveneba
ilias Semoqmedebis moxmoba sapirispiro mosazrebis dasadastureblad (qarTul eklesias ilia
WavWavaZe wmindanis rangSic rom ar aReyvana, es ganacxadi misi poziciis, sul mcire,
damaxinjeba mainc iqneboda da arafriT gansxvavebuli imisgan, rasac komunistebi sCadiodnen
misi misamarTiT). verc imas davdebT ilias bralad, rom misi pozicia cvalebadia da
araTanmimdevruli. misi Semoqmedeba da moRvaweoba cxadad metyvelebs sarwmunoebisa da enis
mniSvnelobaze erovnuli identobis SenarCunebaSi. amis fonze avtori svams uCveulo kiTxvas:
`xom ar upirispirdeba erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli es koncefcia erovnul faseulobaTa
dResdReobiT farTod cnobil im samwevrian nusxas, romelic mweralma Tavis adreul
kritikul gamoxmaurebaSi SesTavaza mkiTxvels?~ ucnauria avtoris daskvnac: ès sameuli mas
araTu ar ganuxilavs, aRarasodes aRarc mihbrunebia mas Tavis mravalricxovan nawerebSi da
miT umetes, arasodes uqcevia is an sakuTar, an eris samoqmedo lozungad~ (m. RaRaniZe am
SemTxvevaSic eTanxmeba baton z. kiknaZes, romelic brZanebs: ès triada sruliad axalgazrda
ilia WavWavaZem mxolod erTxel gaaxmiana da SemdgomSi aRarasodes gaumeorebia~, TumcaRa
TviTonve dasZens, rom ès aris ubralod (?) qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis (!)
CamonaTvali~). mxolod, avtors aviwydeba, rom ilia wers òsmalos saqarTveloze~ (Tavad
saxelic _ osmalos saqarTvelo _ Seicavs problemas, ara marto teritoriul-
saxelmwifoebrivi, aramed sarwmunoebriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiTac), sadac
mTlianoba darRveulia. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aniWebs istoriul maxsovrobas, xolo
triadas imarjvebs, TviT kiknaZisave sityvebiT, qarTvelobis gamaerTianebel faseulobebze
msjelobisas. ilia Tanmimdevrulia da mizans, samoqmedo gegmas, ganxorcielebis saSualebebs
etapobrivad warmoaCens (paralelad SeiZleba gamogvadges ilias mosazreba damoukideblobisa
da avtokefaliis Sesaxeb). erTsac da meoresac ilia brZanebs, orive mosazreba (istoriis
upiratesobisa da triadis funqciis Sesaxeb) iliaseulia. maS, nuTu didi mwerali
winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba an, Tundac, axalgazrdobaSi fiqsirebul pozicias icvlis? Tuki
pasuxi am kiTxvebze imgvaria, rogoric batoni merabis mosazreba, maSin ilias Semoqmedeba
misive publicistikasTan winaaRmdegobaSi yofila da amaze saubari Sors wagviyvanda (misi
Semoqmedeba misive ideaTa xorcSesxmaa, aq ki istoriis rolsac vnaxavT da principsac _
mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba). kiTxvaTa es jaWvi ar daismeboda, Tuki pativcemuli avtori
gaiTvaliswinebda, rom erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori ram: a. ra inarCunebs erovnul
identobas erovnuli erTianobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi da b. Tu erTianoba ar darRveula, ra
amyarebs da ganamtkicebs mas. pasuxi ki Tavad mocemul statiaSia, romelsac, ratomRac,
ugulebelyofs avtori (amave aspeqtiT aixsneba iakob gogebaSvilis mosazrebac, romelsac
sakuTari msjelobisa da XIX sk.-is moRvaweTa Sexedulebebis gansazogadeblad Tu erTian
konteqstSi mosaazreblad moixmobs m. RaRaniZe).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aRar Sevexebi werilis III nawils, sadac gr. yifSiZis
mosazrebis analizis safuZvelze renanis SexedulebaTa iliaseul poziciasTan Tanxvedraa
warmoCenili, radgan mTeli Semdgomi msjeloba zemoxsenebul daskvnas emyareba.

192
recenzia

merab RaRaniZe

Zveli qarTuli hagiografiis axali krebuli

Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literatura, Zeglebi Targmna, gamosacemad
moamzada da sqolioebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem, I, Tbilisi: axali ivironi, 2005,
1152 gv.

eklesiis wiaRSi adridanve gaCenila krebulebi, romlebSic Tavmoyrili iyo qristian
mowameTa da moRvaweTa wamebis an cxovrebis amsaxveli teqstebi. amgvari krebulebi _
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi _ qarTuladac mravalgzis gadmouRiaT an axleburad SeudgeniaT
kidec (magaliTad, sayovelTao eklesiis wmidaTa Soris CaurTavT qarTveli wmidanebic, Tumca
`qarTveli wmidani~ bunebrivia, yovelTvis ar niSnavs warmoSobiT qarTvels da is gulisxmobs
qarTul miwaze anda qarTuli adgilobrivi saeklesio sakrebulos mier gandidebul wmidanebs,
romelic SemdgomSi, ra Tqma unda, sayovelTao eklesiis wmidaTa dass mieTvleboda).
rac Seexeba uSualod qarTvel wmidanTa wamebebs an cxovrebebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad,
qarTul erovnul hagiografiul literaturas ganekuTvneba, am teqstebis gamomijvna da
calkeul krebulebad gaerTianeba gviandel xanaSi ganxorcielda (am swrafvis erT-erTi
gamovlinebaa kaTolikos antoni I-is `martirika~).
axal droSi pirveli amgvari nabeWdi krebuli mixail (gobron) sabininma gamosca 1882
wels, sanqtpeterburgSi, _ `saqarTvelos samoTxis~ saxelwodebiT (Tumca am veeberTela
wignSi, qarTuli hagiografiuli teqstebis garda, sasuliero-saeklesio Sinaarsis sxva
teqstebicaa moTavsebuli). SemdgomSic araerTxel gamoqveynda gansxvavebuli daniSnulebis
mqone da gansxvavebuli mkiTxvelisTvis gamiznuli qarTuli hagiografiis sxvadasxva krebuli:
zogs samecniero gamocemis xasiaTi hqonda, zogs _ saswavlo-pedagogiuri daniSnuleba
gansazRvravda, zogi _ sazogado sakiTxavad iyo Cafiqrebuli da araprofesional mkiTxvels
gulisxmobda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki sazogado daniSnulebis krebulebi, _ sxvadasxva calkeul
gamocemaTa anda wignebis wyebaTa Semadgenel nawilTa saxiT, _ araerTxel dabeWdila,
qarTuli hagiografiis sruli akademiuri gamocema, romelic 1963-1989 wlebSi Sesrulda eqvs
tomad (`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~), dResdReobiT
specialistTaTvisac ki Zneladaa xelmisawvdomi. miT umetes, gasaWirSi imyofebian umaRlesi
saswavleblebis studentebi, visTvisac gamiznuli qrestomaTiebi (Tundac, zogadad, Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobisa, Tundac, kerZod, qarTuli hagiografiuli teqstebisa, romelTa
Seswavla aucilebelia, pirvel yovlisa, filologiuri, magram, ufro farTod, ramdenime
humanitaruli mimarTulebis studentTaTvis), 1940-iani wlebis meore naxevris Semdeg aRar
gamoqveynebula, _ swored maSin gamoica solomon yubaneiSvilis ~Zveli qarTuli
literaturis qrestomaTia~ (tomi I _ 1946; tomi II _ 1949), romelsac CanafiqrSive ekisreboda
rogorc mecnieruli (bevri teqsti dadgenilia xelnawerTa safuZvelze Tavad Semdgenlis
mier), ise pedagogiuri daniSnuleba. magram yvelaze did dabrkolebas mkvlevarTaTvisac,
studentTaTvisac, an Tundac specialistTa Tu araspecialistTaTvis qmnida hagiografiuli
krebulis komentirebuli gamocemis uqonloba, _ imgvari komentarebis TanadarTviT, sadac
axsnili iqneboda teqstis Znelad gasagebi an sakamaTo adgilebi da naCvenebi iqneboda misi
calkeuli monakveTebisa Tu saxeTa da cnebaTa literaturuli, istoriuli, kulturuli,
filosofiur-Teologiuri konteqsti.
amis gamoc da TavisTavadac, bunebrivia, rom bolo xanebSi qarTuli humanitaruli
sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro krebulma _ `Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literatura~,
romelic gamosacemad gaamzada ediSer WeliZem da romlis pirveli tomi moicavs `wmida SuSanik
dedoflis wamebas~, `wmida evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebas~, `wmida grigol xancTelis cxovrebas~,
`wmida serapion zarzmelis cxovrebas~, dabolos, `wmida abo tfilelis wamebas~.
qarTuli hagiografiis am krebulis gansakuTrebuloba da siaxle ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom:
a) teqstebi dadgenilia xelaxla, ese igi, mxedvelobaSia miRebuli xelnawerTa aqamde
gauTvaliswinebeli wakiTxvebi Tu bolodroindel gamocemaTa axali monacemebi; amgvari
samuSao miT umetes mniSvnelovania, raki, rogorc savaraudoa, uaxloes xanebSi araa
mosalodneli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis akademiuri korpusis xelaxali
gamoqveyneba da, Sesabamisad, misi ganaxleba, xolo is arcTu mcirericxovani gasworebani, rac
teqstologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad am ukanaskneli oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi iqna
SemoTavazebuli, xSirad unayofodaa Cakarguli sxvadasxva, gafantul gamocemebSi, radgan am
teqstebis mecnieruli Seswavlisas mkvlevarni, _ bunebrivia, _ isev da isev qarTuli
193
hagiografiis fundamentur eqvstomeuls emyarebian; sxvaTa Soris, ediSer WeliZis mier axlad
gamocemul teqstTagan TvalSisacemi struqturuli siaxlea `wm. grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebis~ tradiciuli versiidan oTxi epistolis gamoyofa da maTi gankerZoebiT dabeWdva
calke teqstebis saxiT;
b) sami teqsti _ wm. SuSanikis, wm. evstaTis da wm. abos wamebani _ wignSi gamoqveynebulia
meorejerac, danarTebis saxiT: variantebisa da damowmebaTa TandarTviT (danarCeni ori
teqsti _ wm. grigolisa da wm. serapionis cxovrebani _ TiTo xelnaweriTaa moRweuli, ris
gamoc variantul sxvaobebs ar Seicavs); gamomcemlis mier Catarebuli es samuSao xels
Seuwyobs da safuZvels gaumagrebs rogorc konkretulad am calkeuli teqstebis, ise
hagiografiuli literaturis momavali akademiuri krebulis teqstologiur momzadebas;
g) yvela teqsti Targmnilia axal qarTulad da dabeWdilia gverdobliv, originaluri
teqstebis gverdiT; Tavad es saqme _ Zveli teqstebis Targmna axal qarTulze, _ ra Tqma unda,
srul mxardaWeras imsaxurebs, radgan ara marto, zogadad, mkiTxvels, ara marto students,
ara marto araspecialist mkvlevars, aramed TviT teqstis sakmarisad mcodne profesionalsac
an uadvilebs teqstis aRqmas, an warmouCens gamomcemliseul wakiTxvas, gagebas, pozicias
(xSirad _ komentarebsa Tu sqolioebSi argumentirebuls); sxvaTa Soris, nebismieri
seriozuli Targmanis samecniero sargeblianobas iribad adasturebs amave wignSi araerTxel
moxmobili esa Tu is monakveTi an cneba `wm. grigol xancTelis cxovrebis~ niko mariseuli
rusuli Targmanidan; amas garda, amTaviTve naTelia, ramdenad uwyobs xels axal qarTulze
Sesrulebuli es Targmanebi qarTuli sulieri tradiciis aRmqmelTa, mcodneTa, damfasebelTa
wris gafarToebas da, Sesabamisad, teqstebis cxovrebis ganaxlebasa da gaxangrZlivebas;
d) teqstebs erTvis vrceli komentari, risi mniSvneloba araviTar xazgasmas ar saWiroebs
(SesaZloa, mkiTxvelis odnavi gakvirveba gamoiwvios, rom komentarebi ganekuTvneba ara
sakuTriv originalur, Zvel qarTul teqsts, aramed Targmans axal qarTulad, Tumca xandaxan
es garemoeba mTargmnelsa da, imavdroulad, komentators saSualebas aZlevs, komentarSi
daasabuTos Targmanisas arCeuli SesaZlebloba). ubralod, kidev erTxel saTqmelia, rom
Zveli Tu axali qarTuli literaturis mkiTxveli Tuki rasme moisaklisebs, upirveles
yovlisa, klasikuri teqstebis komentirebul gamocemebs, _ sxva rom araferi, ise damTavrda
XIX da XX saukuneebi da ise daiwyo XXI saukune, rom aqamde ar arsebobs `vefxistyaosnis~
akademiurad komentirebuli gamocema (Tu ar CavTvliT nodar naTaZiseul saskolo gamocemas,
romelic mowafeebisaTvisaa gankuTvnili)!
bunebrivia, humanitaruli azrovnebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, droTa ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibda da damkvidrda komentirebis mravalgvari meTodi da xerxi. yvela SemTxvevaSi,
mkiTxvelisaTvis upriani iqneba, mecnierulad gamocemul teqsts Tan axldes imgvari
komentari, romelic warmoaCens teqstis literaturul raobas, axsnis mis simbolur-saxeobriv
gamovlinebebs, ganmartavs istoriul realiebs, aRnusxavs wyaroebs, gavlenebsa da
paralelebs. ediSer WeliZem arCia, mkiTxvelisaTvis miewodebina, pirvel yovlisa, teqstis
cnebiT-terminologiuri komentari, romelic stilurad da meTodurad garkveul
gadaZaxilSia missave monografiasTan Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia, I (Tb.,
1996).
amdenad, hagiografiuli krebulis komentatori umTavres yuradRebas miapyrobs
teqstis ama Tu im cneba-koncepts, ganmartavs mas, mimoixilavs mis istorias, azustebs
gamoyenebis vels, eZebs paralelebs bibliur, egzegetikur, liturgikul, homiletikur, sxva
hagiografiul wyaroebSi. am SemTxvevaSi ganmartebaTa mkvidri dasayrdenia patristikuli
memkvidreoba, eklesiis wmida mamaTa teqstebi, xolo damowmebul avtorTa sulieri niadagi,
ramdenime mcire gamonaklisis garda, TiTqmis yovelTvis qristianuli aRmosavleTiTaa
SemosazRvruli. Sesabamisad, komentatoris yuradReba gulgrilia gansasjel sakiTxebze ara
marto qristianuli dasavleTis Camoyalibebul da dadgenil Teologiur poziciaTa mimarT,
aramed imave aRmosavleTis gviandel (an Tanamedrove) Teologiur ZiebaTa mimarTac, _
saeklesio-Teologiuri cxovrebisa da gansjis yvela im nakadis mimarT, rac scildeba wmida
mamaTa qronologiur an saazrovno farglebs. komentators miznad dausaxavs, mkiTxvels
Tvali gaadevnebinos da aCvenos rac SeiZleba meti dadastureba mamaTa moZRvrebidan da, unda
iTqvas, rom sailustracio da paraleluri masala, _ romelsac xSirad ramdenime aTeuli
gverdi uWiravs xolme, _ mavanma, SesaZloa, ara marto STamagoneblad, aramed xandaxan
zeWarbadac ki aRiqvas (komentarebis moculobis warmosadgenad imis Tqmac kmara, rom, vTqvaT,
`wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ oraTeulgverdian teqsts erTvis 230 gverdiani komentari). xSirad
argumenti ukve ramdenime pirveli damowmebidanve aSkaravdeba, magram mainc saWirodaa
miCneuli, naCvenebi iqnes is azrovnebiTi diapazoni, sadac es koncepti Tu koncefcia warmoiSva
da agrZelebda cxovrebas saukuneTa wiaR, _ araerTi Taobis manZilze. komentatoriseuli
amgvari midgomis gamo komentari metad xSir SemTxvevaSi swydeba teqstis gagebisa da
ganmartebis aucileblobas da TavisTavad, damoukidebel mniSvnelobas iZens, _ SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom zogierTi ganmarteba, romelic saRmrTismetyvelo Tu filologiuri kvlevis
xasiaTisaa, calke naSromis saxes flobs. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom wyaroTa da
damowmebaTa es siWarbe masalis TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli: qristianuli aRmosavleTi,
194
qristianuli dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, uaryofs da emijneba eklesiis erTian samoZRvro
avtoritets (magisteriums), (a) romelic gansazRvravs eklesiis moZRvrebas, (b) romelsac
ufleba aqvs aswavlos da ganmartos sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebebi da (g) rac ucdomlobis
niSniTaa aRbeWdili. misgan gansxvavebiT, qristianuli aRmosavleTis umTavresi dogmaturi
sayrdenia mamaTa swavlebisaken orientirebuli gadmocema, Tumca saqme isaa, rom mamaTa
swavlebaSi arcTu iSviaTad Zneli gasamijnia romelime wmida mamis kerZo Tvalsazrisi
zogadeklesiuri, sayovelTao swavlebisagan. swored amis gamo bunebrivi xdeba swrafva
wyaroTa simravlisaken, rac imis saSualebas iZleva, rom ama Tu im sakamaTo anda sabolood
Camouyalibebeli dogmatur-samoZRvro sakiTxis mimarT mopovebuli da dadasturebuli iqnes
saerTo, sazogado xedva, _ imgvari, romelic ufro metadaa miRebuli da gaziarebuli
qristianul aRmosavleTSi, sadac is _ am farTo Tanxmobis safuZvelze _ miCneuli da
aRiarebulia eklesiis swavlebad. sxvaTa Soris, zogierT dogmatikur Tu samoZRvro sakiTxze
erTiani, dadgenili Tvalsazrisis uqonloba ganapirobebs imas, rom qarTuli hagiografiis
krebulis komentatori xandaxan Tavad ikavebs mokamaTis pozicias, ris gamoc komentarebis esa
Tu is monakveTi arcTu iSviaTad iZens polemikur xasiaTsa da homiletikur paToss.
amas garda, komentarebSi xSirad CarTulia filologiuri (Tumca ara imdenad
literaturismcodneobiTi) kvleviTi problematikac, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad aseve didi
adgili eTmoba, _ magaliTad, ramdenadac teqstis cneba-konceptTa umTavresi wyaro mainc
wmida werilia, komentatori _ sxvadasxva ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT _ araerTxel
miapyrobs gamaxvilebul yuradRebas bibliuri wignebis qarTuli Targmanis sadavo sakiTxebs,
am Targmanis warmoSobasa da wyaroebs, gansakuTrebiT, mis mimarTebas bibliis somxur
versiasTan (aRsaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis yoveli bibliuri citata WeliZiseul komentarebSi
ramdenime enazea damowmebuli, maT Soris, Zvel slavuradac).
komentarebi uRrmavdeba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da moculobis araerT sakiTxs, _
imas, rasac teqstis dakvirvebuli wakiTxva da Sinaarsis amokiTxvis survili warmoSobs:
mkiTxveli vrcel konteqstur ganmartebas ipovis, Tu, magaliTad, ras niSnavs `qnari~
(`sulieri qnari~) (gv. 107-116) an `WiWnauxti~ (gv. 129-137), ra bibliur-saRmrTismetyvelo
gageba aqvs àRTqmas~ (gv. 116-125) an `RmrTis msgavsebas~ (gv. 711-760), `zatiks~ (gv. 217-272) an
`gulisxma~/ùgulisxmoebas~ (gv. 182-213), ras gamoxatavs `zecisa sakurTxeveli~ da ragvari
ierarqia sufevs angelozTa dasSi (gv. 876-883), anda ras moaswavebs uflis ganxorcieleba da
naTlisReba-gancxadeba (gv. 368-392). amgvar sakiTxTa wyeba komentarebSi mravalia...
amasTanave, komentatori araerT ufro mcire sakiTxsac ganixilavs, ris magaliTadac
gamodgeba, Tundac, terminologiuri gamijvna `dayudebulsa~ (ese igi ganmartoebuli) da
`Seyenebuls~ (ese igi Caketili) Soris (gv. 93; 97-99); anda komentarSi _ ramdenime SemTxvevaSi
_ warmodgenilia ama Tu im konceptisa Tu saxis mignebuli sawyisi, _ amgvar ZiebaTa erT
nimuSad gamodgeba `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ sakmaod uCveuli fraza: `Sueniereba sikeTisa
Cemisa~, romlis ueWveli wyaro moZiebulia adreuli hagiografiis iseT nimuSSi, rogoricaa
`wm. adrianesa da wm. anatoles wameba~: `nu mixedav Suenierebasa sikeTisa Senisasa~ (gv. 214-215).
aseve, didad sayuradReboa komentatoriseuli liturgikul-istoriuli kvleva: erTgan
vrcladaa Seswavlili grigoliseuli wes-gangebis (`gangeba eklesiisa~) raoba da misi mimarTeba
ierusalemur leqcionarTan~ (gv. 765-808), meoregan komentari Seicavs, faqtobrivad,
mozrdil damoukidebel gamokvlevas, romelic ganixilavs qarTul filologiasa da
liturgikaSi karga xnis manZilze gansasjel-sakamaTod qceul problemas: grigol
xancTeliseul `saweliwdo iadgars~ _ misi raobis, avtorobis, warmoSobisa da Sedgenilobis
sakiTxebs (813-873).
ediSer WeliZiseuli komentarebis wakiTxva ara marto didad argebs adreuli xanis
aRmosavluri qristianuli moZRvrebis CaRrmavebuli Seswavlis msurvels, aramed
mniSvnelovan sulier-inteleqtualur sazrdos miscems yvela im mkiTxvels, romelsac am
sferoSi Tvalsawieris gafarToebis survili eqneba.
komentarebis Tematuri mravalferovnebisa da Tavad am komentarTa moculobis gamo,
maTSi garkvevisa da sasurvel monakveTTa mignebis saWiroebis SemTxvevisaTvis uTuod
umjobesi iqneboda naSroms Tan dahrTvoda an Tematuri saZiebeli, an leqsikoni, an
misaTiTebeli, rac, _ esec saTqmelia, _ am uzarmazari wignis zomas kidev ufro gazrdida.
Tumca gamotexilad unda iTqvas, rom saZieblebis uqonloba metad arTulebs wigniT
sargeblobas.
isev saTqmelia, rom `Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literaturis~ I tomi ueWvelad saWiro
wignia qarTuli literaturis adreuli xanis yvela mkvlevrisa da mkiTxvelisaTvis; amieridan
qarTuli hagiografiis verc erTi Semswavleli gverds veRar auqcevs am krebuls.

195
literaturaTmcodneoba _ 2008

irina nacvliSvili,
manana SamiliSvili

2007 wlis samecniero publikaciaTa mimoxilva

qarTuli literaturis zneobrivi da SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba bevrad scildeba misi
warmomSobi istoriuli drois mijnebs. idealebi, romlebiskenac swrafvas amkvidreben
mkiTxvelis sulsa da cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva epoqaSi Seqmnili literaturuli Zeglebi,
aqtualuria ara mxolod konkretul istoriul konteqstSi, aramed erovnuli Tu
zogadadamianuri msoflxedvis axal, sxva politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturul-
sazogadoebrivi realobis Sesatyvis safexurebzec, vinaidan swored es maradiuli idealebi
warmoadgenen aucilebel sazrdos pirovnuli meobis, mentalobis CamoyalibebisaTvis
nebismier epoqaSi. amitomac qarTuli literaturis kvleva istoriul-filologiuri,
teqstobrivi Tu saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT aqtualuria dResac, roca TiTqos bevri
ram garkveuli da gaazrebulia, magram ufro meti _ jer kidev amosakiTxi da jerovnad
gasacnobierebeli.
daviwyoT Zveli mwerlobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom im periodul gamocemaTa umravlesoba,
romlebSic ibeWdeboda gamokvlevebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb (macne
/els/, Tsu Sromebi, seriiT literaturaTmcodneoba, Tanamedrove da klasikuri qarTuli
mwerloba da sxv.) aRar gamodis, kmayofilebiT SevniSnavT, rom statiebi da publikaciebi,
romlebic warmoaCenen am periodis qarTuli mwerlobis aqtualur problemebs, sakmaod
solidurad aris warmodgenili 2007 wlis beWdur produqciaSi. am TvalsazrisiT Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevarTaTvis da am literaturiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis uTuod
did mniSvnelobas iZens maRali akademiuri donis krebuli _ SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis institutis literaturuli Ziebani. unda SevniSnoT, rom ZiebanTan erTad Zveli
qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebs jerovan yuradRebas uTmobs quTaisis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnali gelaTi, zogierTi sxva perioduli gamocema da specialuri krebuli.
gamoqveynebuli masalebis gacnobam cxadyo, rom agiografiuli mwerloba kvlav rCeba
Zve-li qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa interesis mniSvnelovan sferod. Jurnal gelaTis
me-11 nomerSi gamoqveynebulia goCa kuWuxiZis statia `kaci olariTa naTlisaiTa~, romelSic
gamaxvilebulia yuradReba `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ im epizodze, romelSic Trdat mefis mier
mokluli rifsimesa da misi megobrebis cad aRmaval sulebs egebeba diakoni òlariTa
naTlisaiTa~. agiografiuli teqstisa da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemebze dayrdnobiT
mkvlevari akeTebs daskvnas, rom es diakoni unda iyos pirvelmowame stefane. statiis avtori
gamokveTs, agreTve, `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ im ekalTa simbolur mniSvnelobas, romelTa
Sorisac daimala wminda nino rifsimeanTa devnis dros. sxva mecnierTa gamokvlevebis
gaTvaliswinebiT da `wm. ninos cxovrebis teqstze dakvirvebiT, g.kuWuxiZe aviTarebs
Tvalsazriss, rom eklebi aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi warmarTi xalxis simboloa, anu wminda nino
qristianTa devnisas warmarTebma damales.
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ kidev erT epizodze dakvirvebaa warmodgenili giorgi
alibegaSvilis gamokvlevaSi `bibliuri mTebi `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT~ (I saerTaSoriso
simpoziumis masalebi; eleqtronuli Jurnali litinfo). mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs
sidonias monaTxrobze, romelSic moxsenebulia bibliuri mTebi _ gebali da garizini da mTis
simbolur mniSvnelobaze saubris Semdgom aRniSnavs, rom, epifane kviprelis Tanaxmad, es ori
mTa iosebis Stos kuTvnil teritoriaze mdebareobs, xolo iosebsa da mis Sesatyvis bivrilis
Zvirfas qvas `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ konkretuli paralelebi eZebneba.
epifane kviprelis `TvalTais~ Temas agrZelebs, garkveulwilad, g. alibegaSvilis sxva
statiac _ `kirCxibis Tvlis dasaxeleba wm. epifane kviprelis `TvalTaiSi~ da qarTul da
slavur-rusul bibliaTa TargmanebSi~ (` , ~, XIII). rogorc
saTauridanve Cans, naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia, erTi mxriv, epifane kviprelis `TvalTais~,
meore mxriv ki, qarTul-slavur-rusul bibliaTa Targmanebis monacemebi pirvelmTavris _
aaronis _ Sesamoslis erT-erT Zvirfas qvasTan dakavSirebiT, gamokveTilia ara mxolod
terminologiuri miniSnebani, aramed am qvis mistikur-saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebanic.
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ saintereso aspeqtebs moicavs mariam CxartiSvilis gamokvleva
`Strixebi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis mentaluri portretisaTvis: hie-rotopia
`wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi). rusi mecnieris, aleqsei
lidovis, kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, m. CxartiSvili saubrobs hierotopiaze, rogorc
humanitaruli SemecnebisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovan mignebaze da did rols aniWebs amave
mecnieris mier sivrcul-landSafturi xatis cnebis gamokveTas, rac qristianuli
196
msoflaRqmis specifikis ufro Rrmad wvdomis saSualebas iZleva. gamokvleva warmoadgens
cdas `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ uZveles redaqciaze, sxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiTa da hierotopiuli
kvlevebis ukve dagrovili gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRadginos hierotopiuli proeqti,
romlis safuZvelzec moxda mcxeTis, rogorc axali ierusalimis gaazreba.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisis problemas exeba goCa kuWuxiZis statia `wm. SuSanikis
martvilobis~ arqetipis aRdgenisaTvis~ (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVII). mkvlevari yuradRebas
aqcevs frazas _ `romlisaTvis ese mivwere Tquenda~ da miaCnia, rom amiT iakob xucesi
romeliRac saeklesio pirs mimarTavda. g. kuWuxiZis azriT, iakobis nawarmoebs darTuli unda
hqonoda iseTi Sesavali, romelSic saubari iqneboda SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze bavSvobidan.
statiis avtori ixsenebs, rom sxva pirisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba lukas saxareba, ioane sabanisZis
àbos wameba~ da varaudobs, rom simarTlesTan axlos unda iyos sergi gorgaZe, romelic
miiCnevda, rom `SuSanikis wamebas~ win uZRoda mimowera, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom es SeiZleba ar
iyo klasikuri epistoleebi or pirs Soris, aramed mxolod iseTi Sesavali nawarmoebisa,
romelic erT-erTi saeklesio pirisadmi mimarTvas warmoadgenda.
literaturuli Ziebanis amave tomSi dabeWdilia lali ruxaZis statia `sikvdil-
sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-VIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis
bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saxismetyveleba),romelSic avtori bibliuri da
saRvTismetyvelo teqstobrivi monacemebis safuZvelze cdilobs V-VIII ss. qarTuli
literaturis nimuSebSi soflisa da zesTasoflis ideologiuri da mxatvruli gaazrebis
`saintereso da dasafiqrebeli suraTis~ warmoCenas.
krebulSi bizantinologia saqarTveloSi gamoqveynebulia marina giorgaZis werili
àristides apologiis Temebi qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi~. avtori gamoyofs im
Zeglebs, romlebSic aSkarad iCens Tavs aristides apologiis Temebi da romelTac etyobaT am
apologiis gavlena. rasakvirvelia, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas igi evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobaze~ amaxvilebs.
polemikuri mwerlobis Sesaxeb msjeloba grZeldeba amave krebulis sxva statiaSi _
`Zveli qarTuli dogmatikur-polemikuri mwerloba~, romelSic avtori, maia rafava, gamo-
kveTs ramdenime Zegls, kerZod, èvstaTi mcxeTelis wamebas~, ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebas~,
arsen safarelis `ganyofisaTvis~, agreTve, saubrobs mravalTavebSi warmodgenil naTargm
teqstebze.
kaxa oRaZis statiaSi `habo Tbilelis martvilobis~ erTi literaturuli wyaro~
(Jurnali religia, I) avtori saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli teqstis mTavari
literaturuli wyaro saRmrTo werili da dogmaturi mwerlobaa; aRniSnavs, agreTve, rom
`Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebis~ akademiur gamocemaSi miTiTebuli bibliuri
paralelebi bolo xanebSi Seavso da daazusta e. WeliZem, Tumca am ukanasknel gamocemaSic
srulad ar asaxula àbos wamebis~ teqstSi gamoyenebul bibliur nasesxobaTa `mTeli savseba~.
werilis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs ioane sabanisZis erT `frTosan gamonaTqvamze~,
kerZod, `...ufroisRa sacnobelni ege yurni gulisa da gonebisani ganhmarteniT smenad da
maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa~, paralels avlebs ioane oqropiris naTlisRebis
dResaswaulis sakiTxavis teqstTan da gamoTqvams varauds, rom es sakiTxavi qarTul enaze
unda arsebuliyo ukve VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi.
agiografiuli teqstis, oRond amjerad `wm. gobronis wamebis~ literaturuli wya-ros
sakiTxs exeba ia grigalaSvilis statia `limonari _ `wm. gobronis wamebis~ litera-turuli
wyaro~ (krebuli bizantinologia saqarTveloSi), romelSic avtori konkretuli teqstobrivi
monacemebis safuZvelze varaudobs, rom `keTil saqmeTagan gansrulebul sarwmunoebaze~
msjelobisas stefane mtbevari swored ioane mosxis `limonars~ unda eyrdnobodes.
Sesabamisad, X saukunis saqarTveloSi es Txzuleba cnobili unda yofiliyo.
stefane mtbevaris Txzuleba gaxlavT Tema saba metrevelis statiisac `wm. gobronis
martvilobis~ saxismetyvelebis zogierTi aspeqti~ (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVII). avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs Txzulebis personaJis saxeze, romelic abstraqtuli monumentalizmis
principiTaa gamokveTili, agreTve, teqstSi gamovlenil antimonofizitur tendenciebze,
providencialur Tvalsazrissa da esqatologiur suliskveTebaze. statiaSi sagangebodaa
gaSlili msjeloba `wm. gobronis martvilobis~ arqiteqtonikaze, romelic, avtoris TqmiT,
gansxvavebulia `wamebaTa~ da `cxovrebaTa~ Janris sxva qmnilebaTagan.
I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebSi SegviZlia gavecnoT eliso kalandariSvilis
gamokvlevis _ àsurel mamaTa samqadageblo misia~ _ ZiriTad aspeqtebs. kerZod, avtori
aRniSnavs, rom samonastro cxovrebis dafuZnebisa da aRorZinebis erT-erTi aspeqtia
mqadagebloba; swored asurel mamaTa samqadageblo misiis aRsruleba unda gamxdariyo CvenSi
asketuri idealebis damkvidrebis erT-erTi winapiroba. mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs im
cnobaze, rom `Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, wm. Siom Tavis mowafeebs dautova
saguldagulod aRwerili swavlani /60 Tavi/, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram Tavad
TxzulebaSi CarTulia vrceli qadageba, romelic, statiis avtoris azriT, avTentur teqsts
unda emyarebodes da sainteresoa rogorc istoriuli, ise filologiuri Tval-sazrisiT.
197
àsurel mamaTa cxovrebebis~ mimarTebaze svimon mesvetisa (halaielis) da svimeon
sakvirvelmoqmedis (umcrosis) `cxovrebebTan~ aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba lia wereTlis
statiaSi èse ars naTesavi qarTvelTai~ (asureli mamebis `cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyvelebis
paradigmebi) (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVII), romelSic avtori askvnis, rom asurel mamaTa
`cxovrebani~ ori svimonis _ mesvetisa da sakvirvelmoqmedis _ `cxovrebaTa~ qargas
efuZneba.
ìlarion qarTvelis cxovrebis~ zogierT sakiTxze msjelobs soso maxaraSvili sta-
tiebSi `basili protoasikritis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis~ (krebuli bizantinologia
saqarTveloSi) da `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis metafrasuli redaqcia~ (I saerTaSo-riso
simpoziumis masalebi). pirvel maTganSi avtori mimoixilavs saerTo cnobebsa da mkvlevarTa
daskvnebs basili protoasikritis Sesaxeb, romelsac uniWieres mwerlad miiC-nevs da teqstis
monacemTa safuZvelze gamoaqvs daskvna, rom ìlarion qarTvelis cxov-rebaSi~ Caqsovili
qarTveli eris gamofxizlebis idea basilis meore, e.w. alegoriuli, planiT aqvs gadmocemuli.
meore statiaSi s. maxaraSvili ganixilavs `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis~ metafrasul
redaqcias. misi TvalsazrisiT, Teofile xucesmonazonma, romelmac qarTul enaze gadmoiRo
svimeon loRoTetis metafrasuli korpusis ZiriTadi nawili, gadaametafrasa ilarionis
`cxovrebis~ mokle aTonuri redaqcia. statiis avtoris dakvirvebiT, qarTuli teqstis
gadammetafrasebeli mxatvrul-stilisturad gardaqmnis teqsts, rameTu Sinaarsobriv-
ideologiurad is sruliad gamarTuli iyo. metafasuli teqstis stili paTetikuria,
ena_maRalfardovani, Tumca igrZnoba zomiereba ritorikul-poeturi figurebis xmarebisa
da bibliis citirebisas.
`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ konkretul sakiTxs eZRvneba qeTevan jervaliZis
werili `Zveli da axali aRTqmis RmerTis igiveobis sakiTxi basili zarzmelis `serapion
zarzmelis cxovrebaSi~ (krebuli bizantinologia saqarTveloSi). teqstis monacemebis
safuZvelze avtori akeTebs daskvnas, rom `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs ara
marto saqarTvelos provinciebSi momxdar ambebs, aramed kvalSi misdevs da asaxavs bizantiaSi
mimdinare politikur-religiur, samarTlebriv da literaturul procesebs. amasTanave,
aRniSnuli Txzuleba, misi azriT, xatTayvaniscemis Cinebuli Zeglia, magram aSkara
antipavlikianuri Zeglic aris.
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ gamovlenil erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze msjelobs eka
CikvaiZe statiaSi `preelinofiluri tendenciebi da rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ mixedviT (Jurnali gelaTi, XI), romelSic mkvlevari
svams kiTxvas: xom ar SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom swrafvas ritorika-gramatika-filosofiisadmi
qarTul sinamdvileSi jer kidev VIII-IX saukuneebSi Caeyara safuZveli da am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mizanSewonilad miiCnevs, gairkves, ra iTargmna da daiwera tao-klarjeTSi da
SeiZleba Tu ara im saerTo statikur niSanTa gamoyofa, romlebic tao-klarjeTs, rogorc
saliteraturo skolas, axasiaTebs; analizis Sedegad mkvlevari askvnis, rom verc ganaTlebis
sistemasa da verc akademiis principTa gamiznul winswrebaze Cven ver visaubrebT.
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ monacemebze dayrdnobiTa da tao-klarjeTSi araerT-
gzisi mogzaurobis Sedegad sayuradRebo informacias gvacnobs mamia faRava Jurnal mnaTo-
bis I nomerSi dabeWdil statiaSi `xanZTisa da Satberdis lokalizaciisaTvis~. am sa-kiTxze
sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisis mimoxilvis Semdeg statiis avtori Tavs uflebas aZlevs, rogorc
TviTonve aRniSnavs, aratradiciuli daskvnebi gamoitanos. kerZod, misi dakvirvebiT,
istoriuli xanZTa mermindeli nukas saydaria (da ara forTa), rasac Tegudaris laSqrobis
Sesaxeb JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis cnobebic adasturebs, xolo Zveli Satberdi, savaraudod,
amJamindeli eni rabaTia. avtori cdilobs am ori saydris saxelwodebaTa etimologiasac
Caswvdes.
sazogadod, agiografiuli gansaxovnebis sistemazea gaSlili msjeloba saba metreve-lis
statiaSi àgiografiis ikonografiuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis~ (Jurnali gelaTi, XII).
mkvlevari aanalizebs im umTavres specifikur niSans agiografiuli mwerlobisas, rogori-caa
eikonuri gansaxovneba, ikonografiuli saxismetyveleba, romelic amaRlebulis esTetikas
emyareba. statiaSi warmodgenilia saintereso masala xatisa da agiografiis struqturis
Sesaxeb, agreTve, agiografiuli mwerlobis kvlevis meTodologia, romelic efuZneba
liturgiul-eortalogiur princips, rac gansazRvravs kidec am mwerlobis Taviseburebas.
aqve naCvenebia agiografiuli saxeebis ori mxare _ religiur-mistikuri da mxatvrul-
esTetikuri.
naTargmni agiografiisadmi interesia gamovlenili maia maWavarianis statiaSi `hagiog-
rafiuli paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT~ (literaturuli Ziebani,
XXVIII). avtori saubrobs zogadad bizantiur hagiografiul literaturaze, misi ganviTa- rebis
faqtorebsa da ideur-mxatvruli stilis epoqis Sesabamisad saxecvlaze. statiaSi
dasaxelebulia berZnul literaturaSi gamovlenili sami redaqcia `dimitris wamebisa~,
romlebic warmoadgens rogorc mowamis saxis Camoyalibebis process, aseve, garkveulwilad,
asaxavs berZnuli hagiografiuli literaturis ganviTarebis etapepsac. amisdakvalad, mkvle-
vari asaxelebs im mizezebs, romlebmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba eqvTime mTawmindelis mier
198
dimitris qarTuli ciklis Sesaqmnelad berZnulidan qarTulad `dimitris wamebis~ Suale-
duri (XI s-is) redaqciis gadmoReba. eqvTimesve akuTvnebs mkvlevari `dimitris Sesxmas~,
romelic aqamde miCneuli iyo grigol nazianzelis Txzulebad, xolo mis qarTulad
gadmomRebad saxeldeboda X-XI ss-ebis moRvawe _ daviT tbeli.
statiaSi `dogmatikur-saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebi da saRvTismsaxuro tradiciebi `wm.
barbares wamebaSi~ (bizantinologiis II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi) eka CikvaiZe
yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom aRniSnul `wamebaSi~ CarTulia samebis dog-matis axsna,
misi Tvisebebis, hipostasTa urTierTobisa da qristianuli mrwamsisTvis mniS-vnelovani sxva
cneba-terminebi; aqve ikveTeba is saRvTismetyvelo tradiciebi, romelTac qristianul
eklesiaSi dRemde asruleben. ra Tqma unda, amgvar CanarTebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs dogmaturi
Tu tradiciaTa Sesaxeb gamarTuli polemikis dros.
qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis ucxo enaze Targmanis sakiTxebia ganxiluli
darejan menabdis werilSi `Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi germanul enaze~ (`moqcevai
qarTlisai~ da `ninos cxovreba~) (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII). mkvlevari detalurad
warmoaCens saTaurSi aRniSnuli teqstebis Targmanebis Taviseburebebs, amasTanave, gvacnobs
germanul enaze gamoqveynebul Sesabamis samecniero literaturas. d. menabde sagangebod exeba
g. peCis Targmanebs, n. janeliZis mier gamocemul `ninos cxovrebas~, m. TarxniSvilis, h.
fenrixisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebs.
mniSvnelovan interess amJRavneben mkvlevarni Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kidev erTi
sayuradRebo dargis _ himnografiis _ mimarTac. 2007 wels gamoqveynda lali jRamaias
monografiuli narkvevi _ giorgi mTawmindelis `TTueni~ (seqtemberi), romelsac gamomcemeli
elene metrevelis xsovnas uZRvnis. teqsts erTvis vrceli gamokvleva, saZieblebi, leqsikoni,
reziumeebi rusul da frangul enebze. wigni gamovida Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebis
seriiT (IX t) da warmoadgens himnografiuli krebulis I Tvis _ setembris _ masalis
publikacias XI-XII ss-Ta ramdenime nusxis mixedviT.
krebulSi bizantinologia saqarTveloSi dabeWdilia eqvTime koWlamazaSvilisa da ana
RambaSiZis werili `romanoz melodosis saSobao kondakrionis Zveli qarTuli Targmani~.
avtorTa daskvniT, qarTul himnografiul krebulebSi Setanilia aRniSnuli himnis Sesavali
muxli (proimioni), Tumca yvelgan anonimurad. maTive ganmartebiT romanoz melodosiseul
ramdenime sxva himns Seicavs XII s-Si arsen iyalToelis mier Targmnili SiomRvimuri
xelnaweric sabawminduri tipikonisa. am SemTxvevaSic teqstebi anonimuria.
èklesia gaenaTisa ixarebs dRes CuenTan~ (akoluTia daviT aRmaSeneblisa, Sedgenili
anton kaTalikosis mier) _ aseTia saTauri l. grigolaSvilis statiisa (gelaTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnali, II) romelSic gaanalizebulia anton kaTalikosis naklebad cnobili
sagaloblebi, miZRvnili daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi; xazgasmulia anton kaTalikosis Rvawli
qarTvel wmindanTa, kerZod, daviT aRmaSeneblis gangebis Sedgenasa da xsenebis dRis
dakanonebaSi.
l. grigolaSvilis sxva statiaSi `Suasaukuneobrivi mwerloba da Janris poetikis
sakiTxebi~(I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi) yuradReba maxvildeba sasuliero mwerlobis
JanrTa ierarqiaze, maTi genezisisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebze, am JanrTa poetikis kvlevis
mniSvnelobaze zogadad qarTuli mwerlobis JanrTa problematikis SeswavlaSi.
Jurnal mnaTobis VI nomeri aqveynebs r. siraZis statias ,,enaTa sulieri yofiere-
bisaTvis~ (interteqstualuri gaazrebani: Cernorizec xrabris àsoTaTvis~ da ioane-zosimes
`qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~). mkvlevris azriT, dRemde warmoCenil nebismier sxva
nawarmoebze metad ioane-zosimes `qebai~ SeiZleba SevudaroT bulgareli mwerlis _
Cernorizec xrabris (XI s.) Txzulebas àsoTaTvis~, romelic slavuri damwerlobis war-
moSobas exeba. aqve r. siraZe gvTavazobs aRniSnuli Txzulebis Zvelbulgarulidan
Sesrulebul qarTul Targmans.
qarTuli enis genezisis problemas eZRvneba mariam niniZis statia àxali Tvalsazrisi
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb~ (Jurnali `qarTvelologi~, 14). gamokvlevis avtori
cdilobs qarTuli anbanis grafikuli ganviTarebis sistemuri kvlevis safuZvelze aRadginos
misi Tavdapirveli saxe. m. niniZis mosazrebiT, V s-is qarTul asomTavruls etyoba berZnulis
kvali ara warmomavlobis, aramed sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis doneze.
2007 wlis samecniero publikaciebs Soris didi adgili eTmoba elinizaciisa da
elinofilobis terminologiur Tu meTodologiur sakiTxebs Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. am
mxriv aRsaniSnavia e. xinTibiZis statia èlinofoluri Targmani da elinizaciis periodi Sua
saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi~ (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi), romelSic saubaria
imis Sesaxeb, rom petriwonulad saxeldeba im stilisa, romelic XII s-Si arsen iyalToelisa da
ioane petriwis wreSi iyo damkvidrebuli, TandaTan Sewyda, es stili ZiriTadad gelaTis
literaturul skolas daukavSirda da mTargmnelobiT meTods elinofiluri Targmanis
saxeli daerqva. mkvlevris azriT, es termini kargad asaxavs Targmanis tipsa da meTods, xolo
Tavad elinofiluri mimarTuleba qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi aTonis literaturuli
skoliT iwyeba. e.xinTibiZe gamoTqvams Tvalsazriss, rom umjobesi iqneba, qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobis Sesabamis periods elinizaciis (da ara elinofiluri) periodi vuwodoT.
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garkveulwilad, amave Temas agrZelebs qeTevan bezaraSvili statiaSi èlinofilobis
maxasiaTeblebis ganviTareba qarTul mwerlobaSi da qarTuli saero literaturis
aRmoceneba~ (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi; eleqtronuli Jurnali litinfo).
mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom elinofiluri mimarTuleba Savi mTis literaturul skolaSi Caisaxa
mTeli Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT da asaxavs im drois konstantinopolSi mimdinare saazrovno
procesebs. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli qarTul mwerlobaSi aris efrem mcire, romlis
originalur kolofonebsa da komentarebSi cnebebma èlinuri~ da èlinuroba~ uaryofiTi
Sinaarsi dakarga da ritorikul-filosofiuri stilisa da kargi ganaTlebis aRmniSvneli
gaxda. èlinuri~ enobriv-kulturuli mniSvnelobiT sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli gaxda
gelaTur skolaSi, sadac Savi mTis meTodi axal simaRleze avida.
Tu rogor aisaxa gelaTis saliteraturo skolis tradiciebi qarTuli mwerlobis erT-
erT sayuradRebo teqstSi, amis Sesaxeb msjeloba gaSlilia eka CikvaiZis statiaSi `gelaTis
saliteraturo skolis tradiciebi nikoloz gulaberisZis `sveticxovlis sakiT-xavSi~ (I
saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi). nikoloz gulaberisZe swored gelaTis saliteraturo
skolis moRvawea. samecniero literaturaSi mis saxels `sveticxovlis sakiTxavis~ garda
ukavSireben aTonis mTis ramdenime aRaps, xelnawers, romelic maqsime aRmsareblis Targmanebs
Seicavs da gelaTis katenebiani bibliis nawilia. am TvalsazrisiT kvleva-Ziebam mkvlevari
miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom qronologiurad moulodneli ar aris gulaberisZis moRvaweobis
gadaTariReba, xolo ramdenad erTiania am teqstebis statikuri maxasiaTeblebi, Semdgomi
kvleva gamoaCens.
gelaTuri nusxebis safuZvelze egzegetikur TxzulebaTa stilisa da masTan
dakavSirebuli terminologiis warmoCenis cdaaa n. mrevliSvilis statia ègzegetikur
TxzulebaTa stilisa da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis sakiTxebi (eklesiastes
ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiis mixedviT) (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi). egzegetikur
TxzulebaTa stilis sakiTxebs mkvlevari ganixilavs ZiriTadad eklesiastes ganmartebaTa
gelaTuri versiis safuZvelze, msjelobs egzegetikuri TxzulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
konkretul-stiluri maxasiaTeblebisa da Sesabamisi terminebis Sesaxeb.
XI-XIII ss-ebis egzegetikur TxzulebaTa qarTul Targmanebze saintereso dakvirvebas
gvTavazobs viqtoria juReli statiaSi `Teodorite kvireli qarTul katenebian krebulSi~ (I
saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi). avtori msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom gelaTis katenebiani
bibliis I nawilSi sxva avtorebTan erTad warmodgenilia Teodorite kvirelis oqtatevqis
ganmartebaTa sruli teqsti levitelTagan ruTamde, Targmnili ul-traelinofiluri
zedmiwevnilobiT. agreTve, avtoris TqmiT, efrem mciris mier Targmnili fsalmunTa uZvelesi
katenuri krebulic Seicavs Teodorites fsalmunTa araerT ganmarte-bas. amave krebuls
erTvis XI saukunis xeliT Cawerili fragmenti, romlis avtorad Teodorite kvirelia
miTiTebuli da Seesabameba ambakumis winaswarmetyvelebis ganmartebebs. savaraudod is
gadmowerili unda iyos sxva katenuri krebulidan. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom Teodorite
kvirelis egzegetikuri naSromebi berZnulenovan samyaroSi wminda werilis erT-erT
saukeTeso ganmartebebad miiCneoda. es adgili maT qarTul krebulebSic SenarCunebuli aqvT.
naTargmni egzegetikuri da polemikuri mwerlobis gavlenis Sesaxeb qarTul litera-
turul Zeglebze msjelobs e. xinTibiZe statiaSi `filosofiuri azris procesis ZiriTadi
etapebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi~ (kr.ebuli filosofia da Tanamedroveoba).
avtoris dakvirvebiT, qarTul originalur agiografiaSi sakmaod gvxvdeba saqristiano
filosofiis anu Teologiuri debulebani, Tumca adrindel ZeglebSi is SedarebiT naklebia.
.avtori gamoyofs `SuSanikis wamebaSi~, èvstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~, àbos wamebasa~ da
ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ sakmaod mkafio filosofiuri formulirebiT Camoyalibebul
Teologiur doqtrinebs. sagangebod msjelobs avtori qarTuli filoso-fiuri mwerlobis sam
did warmomadgenelze _ efrem mcireze, arsen iyalToelsa da ioane petriwze. motanili
masalis safuZvelze e. xinTibiZe daskvnis saxiT gvamcnobs, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
filosofia evropuli civilizaciis erTi TavisTavadi ganStoebaa.
Jurnal gelaTis II nomerSi gamoqveynebulia l. wereTlis statia `gelaTi _ karibWe
sasufevlisa~, romelSic avtori daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianis Txrobis mixedviT gadmogvcems
gelaTis mSeneblobis istorias da teqstis monacemebs ganixilavs ara mxolod istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, aramed bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi kuTxiTac. avtori statiaSi saubrobs,
agreTve, samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva varaudze gelaTis saxelwodebis
(gaenaTi) etimologiaze da eTanxmeba n. maxaraZis azrs, rom amis wyaro unda iyos ioseb
flaviusis Txzuleba ìudevelTa omebis Sesaxeb~. es versia, mkvlevris azriT, mefis
karibWesTan damarxvis ierusalimur warmomavlobasac, anu daviT winaswarmetyvelTan mis
`RvTivsulier~ mimarTebasac adasturebs.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriisa da ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zeglisweris~ teqstebze
dakvirvebiT azustebs erT detals _ mRvdelmTavris pativisagan gankveTas _ mzeqala SaniZe
statiaSi èrTi detali ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenilebaTa teqstebSi~ (gelaTi, III). m. SaniZe
ganixilavs aRniSnul teqstebSi gankveTis sinonimur terminologias da aRniSnavs, rom swored
gankveTa iyo am krebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba. mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, ruis-
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urbnisis `Zeglisweris~ teqsti ufro adekvaturad asaxavs viTarebas, vidre daviTis
istorikosisa.
qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia warmoCenili irina
nacvliSvilis statiaSi `JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovani matianis~ bibliuri wyaroebisaTvis~
(literaturuli Ziebani, XXVII), romelSic avtori JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis safuZ-velze
gamokveTs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis specifikas, romlis mi-xedviTac
istoriuli faqtebi religiur Rirebulebas iZenen. miwieri istoria eqvemdebareba gamoxsnis
bibliur istorias da imarTeba transcendentuli CanafiqriT. avtoris TqmiT, miwier istorias
Sua saukuneebSi ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, is sakraluri istoriis anareklia da
sazriss mxolod masSi CarTviT iZens. am TvalsazrisiT i. nacvliSvili imow-mebs àswlovani
matianis~ ramdenime pasaJs, romlebSic avtori konkretuli istoriuli pirisa da mTeli eris
Secodebebs zogadbibliur SecodebebTan akavSirebs da ,amasTanave, am SecodebaTa Sedegebs
bibliur winaswarmetyvelebaTa fonze moiazrebs. istoriis amgvarad mowodebis principi
statiaSi gaazrebulia, rogorc mematianis mcdeloba, saqarTvelos istoria konkretul
epoqaSi maradiulTan kavSirSi warmoadginos da amiT cxadyos misi WeSmariti sazrisi.
2007 wels Zveli qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTaTvis aqtualurad rCeba lite-
raturul urTierTobaTa sakiTxebi, rasac adasturebs sxvadasxva Jurnalsa Tu krebulSi
gamoqveynebuli araerTi gamokvleva.
qarTul-rusuli literaturuli Tu politikuri urTierTobis aspeqtebs ganixilavs
darejan menabde statiebSi `moTxroba dinaraze, rogorc wyaro saqarTvelos RvTismSobli-
sadmi wilxvdomilobis Seesaxeb~ (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi; eleqtronuli
JurnalSi litinfo) da ` . . ~ ( , XIII). pirvel
maTganSi rusuli mwerlobis Zegli `moTxroba dinaraze~, sruliad axleburi kuTxiT aris
Seswavlili da gamovlenilia is saintereso masala, romelsac Zegli gvawvdis saqarTvelos
RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobis sakiTxis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT; xolo meoreSi
warmodgenilia XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze moRvawe mwerlis _ gabriel ratiSvilis _
~mciredi raime moTxroba rossiisa~. es samogzauro Janris Txzuleba saqarTvelosa da
ruseTis imdroindel urTierTobas gvacnobs, gvawvdis mdidar masalas sakuTriv ruseTis
istoriisaTvis da mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom masSi CarTulia aleqsandre I-is manifesti da
masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb Txroba.
qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebis zogierTi detalia mimoxiluli e. xinTibiZis
statiaSi ùaxlesi tendenciebi qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobebis kvlevis
mimarTulebiT~ (krebuli bizantinologia saqarTveloSi). avtori gamoyofs ramdenime Temas.
esenia: qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobebis dasawyisis problema; eqvTime
aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba; elinofiluri Targmani da elinizaciis periodi; petre
iberis biografiis sakiTxi.
rac Seexeba klasikuri da aRorZinebis xanis saero mwerlobas, mis Sesaxeb 2007 wels sul
ramdenime statiaa gamoqveynebuli. naTia sixaruliZe werilSi àmirandarejanianis
kompoziciis Sesaxeb~ (gelaTi, I) ganixilavs àbesalom indoT mefis ambavSi~ amiranis ymis _
savarsamiZis _ sityvebs: àToremetni karni arian patronisa Cemisani da sxuaTa mravalTa
WabukTani~, da gamoTqvams varauds, rom Txzulebis erT-erTma gadamwerma zemoT aRniSnuli
fraza arasworad gaigo da ambavi 12 Tavad gayo. sinamdvileSi mose xoneli 12 kariT albaT
darejanisZis Sesaxeb ulevi ambis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs, TviTon ki mxolod erTi monakveTis
literaturul variants gvTavazobs, romelic, gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod,
statiis avtoris azriT, mkacrad gansazRvruli kompoziciuri erTianobiT xasiaTdeba, rasac
adasturebs nawarmoebis dasawyis-dasasrulis analizic.
Jurnal gelaTis V nomerSi dabeWdilia Tamar lekveiSvilis statia `visramianis~ oliver
uordropiseuli inglisuri Targmanis teqstisaTvis~. avtoris gancxadebiT, igi am statiaSic
agrZelebs aRniSnuli Targmanis al. gvaxariasa da m. Toduuas mier dadgenili `visramianis~
teqstTan Sejerebas da inglisur teqstSi qarTulidan gadayolil uzusto-bebs warmoaCens.
amgvari Sejerebis safuZvelze mkvlevari rekomendacias iZleva konkretul SemTxvevebSi
Seswordes uordropiseuli Targmani.
rubrikiT `qarTuli saero da sakaro literatura~ literaturuli Ziebanis XXVII
nomerSi dabeWdilia maia naWyebias statia ,,moraluri gmiris Zieba qarTuli da evropuli
barokos literaturaSi. statiaSi saubaria Teimuraz I-is `qeTevan dedoflis wamebis~ Sesaxeb,
romelsac statiis avtori paralels uZebnis XVII s-Si espaneTSi Seqnil kalderonis drama
`mtkice ufliswulTan. avtori, amasTanave, saubrobs XVII s-is evropis did dainteresebaze
saqarTveloTi da imaze, rom evropul mxatvrul literaturaSi qarTuli Temis SeWra, pirvel
yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iyo swored qeTevan dedofalTan. statiaSi ganxilulia germaneli
dramaturgis _ andrias grifiusis _ tragedia `qeTevan (katarina) qarTveli anu gautexeli
simtkice~ (1647 w.) da anonimi slovaki, skaliceli iezuitis piesa _ `katerina, qarTveli
dedofali~, romelic 1701 wels daidga. mkvlevari gansazRvravs evropeli avtorebis mier am
Temis arCevis mizezebs yofiTsa Tu mxatvrul-saazrovno konteqstSi, agreTve, msjelobs
Teimurazisa da grifiusis TxzulebaTa esTetikaze.
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gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnalis V nomerSi gamoqveynebulia rusudan canavas
statia `leonis Tavgadasavlis mxatvruli funqciisaTvis `sibrZne sicruisaSi~, romelSic
avtori cdilobs axsnas am Tavgadasavlis mxatvruli funqcia nawarmoebSi. mkvlevris
dakvirvebiT, is, rom leonma finezis qveyanaSi misvlamde gaiara iniciacia, misi Tavga-
dasavlidan kargad Cans. statiaSi avtori saubrobs saerTod xeldasxmis, iniciaciis ritualis
siZveleze, romlis Sesaxeb masalebi Semonaxulia antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi, qarTul
folklorsa da literaturaSic, Tumca leoniviT arc erTi personaJi ar yveba, ra gza gaiara da
rogor eziara srulyofil codnas. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso suraTs iZleva leonis
Sedareba òdiseas~ gmirebTan. mkvlevris daskvniT, leonis ambavSi telemaqia-dis elementebic
aris da odisevsis Tavgadasavlisac.
Cveni mimoxilvis dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, rom Zveli qarTuli mwerloba aqtualobas
inarCunebs Tanamedrove epoqaSic. amis dasturia ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa periodul
gamocema TanamemamuleSi (ibeWdeba londonSi) gamoqveynebuli qeTevan gafrindaSvilis
statiac `Zveli qarTuli mwerloba da dRevandeloba~. masSi Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
Zeglebi (àbos wameba~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, s. s. orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~)
gaanalizebulia erTi konkretuli kuTxiT _ Tu ra mniSvnelobasa da funqcias aniWebs Zveli
qarTuli mwerloba mefeebsa Tu erismTavarT, rogorc xalxis winamZRolebs. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Rirseba droTa manZilze aramcTu uferuldeba, aramed
dRiTidRe aqtualuri xdeba, vinaidan am periodis qarTul mwerlobas yuradRebis miRma ar
dautovebia arc erTi movlena, romelic eris gadarCenas, ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebas,
SemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualur Tu yofiT cxovrebas Seexeboda.
ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom gasul wels qarTuli mecnieruli azri upiratesad ilia
WavWavaZis memkvidreobas dastrialebda Tavs. mwerlis saiubileo, 170-e wlisTavs SoTa
rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti xelxvavianad Sexvda. am TariRTan
dakavSirebiT gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa;
gamoica saiubileo krebuli ilia WavWavaZe _ 170, romelSic naTlad gamovlinda Cveni
Tanadrouli qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis damokidebuleba ilias fenomenisadmi. rogorc
redaqtoris mier krebulis winaTqmaSia gacxadebuli, ilia WavWavaZis pirovnuli Tu
SemoqmedebiTi damsaxurebani mudmivad ganaxlebadi recefciis konteqstSia moqceuli,
Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli gamocemis maxasiaTebelic swored gansxvavebul recefciaTa
Tavmoyraa. mniSvnelovania isic, rom krebuls erTvis mwerlis rCeuli anotirebuli
bibliografia, ase rom, samomavlod is ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb Seqmnil didZal samecniero
literaturaSi gzamkvlevis funqcias itvirTebs.
krebuli ilia WavWavaZis literaturuli portretiT ixsneba. epoqis WrilSi danaxul
ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze Tvalis gadevnebiT statiis avtori, zaza
abzianiZe, mwerlis TanamedroveTa mogonebebiTa da biografiuli pasaJebiT amdidrebs
Txrobas da ise Zerwavs Semoqmedis realistur portrets. daviT werediani statiaSi àra
mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis..~ umarTebulod miiCnevs damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss, TiTqosda,
racionaluroba lirikisaTvis nakli iyos. igi miiCnevs, rom ilia WavWavaZe, misi lirikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli àratkbilxmovnebiT~, gamoxatuli mentaluri tipis Semoqmedia. swored am
kuTxiT aris axsnili ilias leqsis specifika, gadmocemulia poeturi garemo, gavlebulia
paralelebi baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebasTan da a.S.
ilias leqsis _ `bednieri eri~ _ detalur analizs gvTavazobs Teimuraz doiaSvili
gamokvlevaSi `bednieri eri: struqtura da sazrisi~. misi azriT, am leqsis saxiT iliam ànti-
Tamariani~, CaxruxaZis `Tamarianis~ erTgvari parodia Seqmna.
irma ratiani statiaSi ìlia da misi mkiTxveli~ aRniSnavs, rom realisti mwerlebis
kvalobaze iliac `Riad iwvevs dialogSi Tavis mkiTxvels: uyveba, usabuTebs, uxsnis,
ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, anu mouRlelad da Tavdauzogavad esaubreba Tavis ers~.
naSromSi gansazRvrulia ilias oratoruli pragmatikis Taviseburebebi; misi saetapo
mniSvnelobis mqone Txzulebebis analizis fonze gamokveTilia adresatisa da adresantis
urTierTobis specifika.
nona kupreiSvilis gansjisa da dakvirvebis sagani (ìlias banki da sociocentrizmis
deficiti~) pirveli saadgilmamulo bankis istoria gamxdara. avtori ilias swrafvas
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi `TviTmoqmedi qveynis~ damkvidrebisaTvis imdenad seriozulad
miiCnevs, rom misi fizikuri ganadgurebis aucileblobas am miswrafebis CaxSobis mizeziT
xsnis. sainteresoa debuleba, rom ilias mrwamsi qarTuli kulturis ternaruli struqturis,
anu, lotmanis mixedviT, idealis realobaze morgebis gamovlineba iyo.
Tamaz vasaZe statiaSi òrgvari cnobiereba~ ilias prozaSi or urTierTsawinaaRmdego
cnobierebas gamokveTs: `kacia adamianis?!~ àRmosavluri hedonizmis~ models igi
racionalizmze dafuZnebul èvropeistul~ models upirispirebs.
mwerlis publicistikis TaviseburebaTa warmoCenas emsaxureba mariam niniZis werili
`mxatvruli narativi publicistikaSi _ ilias kidev erTi reforma~, romelSic avtori
mxatvruli da publicisturi teqstebis Janrobriv gamovlinebebze da maT urTierTgavlenaze
gvesaubreba.
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2007 wlis samecniero produqcias Seemata ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa akademiuri
gamocemis XI tomi (mariam niniZe, lamara SavguliZe, levan WrelaSvili), romelSic Setanilia
1889-90-ian wlebSi gamoqveynebuli werilebi, romelTa udidesi nawili aqamde ar dabeWdila da
arc TxzulebaTa tomebSi Sesula. momzadda, agreTve, mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri
gamocemis XV tomi (mariam niniZe, nana fruiZe, leila sanaZe), romelSic, oriode gamonaklisis
garda, Setanilia droebasa da iveriaSi xelmouwerlad da fsevdonimebiT gamoqveynebuli is
statiebi, romelTa avtoradac levan WrelaSvilis atribuciuli kvlevebiT ilia WavWavaZe iqna
miCneuli.
erTi koncefciis gaazrebasTan gvaqvs saqme literaturuli Ziebanis 28-e tomSi
dastambul merab RaRaniZis werilSi ìlia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelo~: erovnuli
erTianobis koncefcia~. imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom literaturuli Ziebani ilias saiubileo
werilebis cikls aseve sainteresod agrZelebs da maT rubrikis _ ìlia _ 170~ _ qveS
aerTianebs. rubrika merab RaRaniZis dasaxelebuli weriliT ixsneba, romelic ilias òsmalos
saqarTvelos~ mixedviT erovnuli mTlianobis koncefciis, ernest renanTan mimarTebaSi,
grigol yifSiZiseuli interpretaciis Sefasebas warmoadgens.
iliaseuli xedviT, eris ganmsazRvreli niSani araa arc tomobrivoba, arc sarwmunoeba da
arc ena, aramed istoriis erToba. erovnuli mTlianobis es koncefcia mis mier ruseT-
TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Sedegad samahmadiano saqarTvelos SemoerTebis perspeqtiviT
iyo nakarnaxebi. werilis avtori ilias am publikacias samarTlianad miiCnevs mwerlis erT-
erT fundamentur teqstad, romelSic, misive TqmiT, gacxadebulia erovnuli mTlianobis
iliaseuli koncefcia da SedarebiT mcire Rirebulebisadaa warmoCenili ilia WavWavaZis
mierve adre SemoTavazebuli erovnul faseulobaTa damkvidrebuli samwevriani nusxa _
`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~, romelTagan avtori gansakuTrebiT sarwmunoebis
naklebmniSvnelobaze akeTebs aqcents.
aRniSnuli mosazrebis opoziciur konteqtSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT goCa kuWuxiZis
statia ìlia WavWavaZis `triadis~ genezisisaTvis~ (I saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi).
Sesabamis istoriul da literaturul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT avtori asabuTebs, rom ilias
mier gacxadebuli triada mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba SemTxveviToba ar iyo, `Teza sami
safuZvlis Sesaxeb saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, transformirdeboda, ixveweboda, sanam
ilia WavWavaZesTan mkafiod formulirebul saxes miiRebda~. am daskvnamde mkvlevari miiyvana
vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac qveynis erTianobis sami mTavari
safuZvelia qveynis teritoriuli erTianoba, saerTo ena da erTi sjuli.
poema àCrdilis~ Seqmnis peripetiebs, sityvasTan Widilis sirTuleebsa da misi
daTariRebis sakiTxebs arkvevs rusudan kusraSvili statiaSi `poema àCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi
istoriisaTvis~; iliaseuli teqstebis daTariRebis problemas exeba mkvlevari Jurnal
mnaTobis meore nomerSi gamoqveynebuli weriliT ìlias teqstis daTariRebisaTvis~.
grZeldeba ilias Tema da amjerad qeTevan niniZe mwerlis mier publicisturi naRvawiT
gacxadebul samoqalaqo faseulobebze gvesaubreba. werilic asevea dasaTaurebuli:
`Tanamedrove samoqalaqo faseulobebi ilia WavWavaZis publicistur teqstebSi~.
samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli, rom `realistur diskursSi ideologia mZlavrobs esTetikur
TviTkmarobas~ da rom literaturas samocianelTaTvis konkretuli amocana gaaCnia _
sazogadoebis aRzrda, mwerlis samoqalaqo poziciis Seswavla _ romelsac ilia, avtoris
TqmiT, garkveuli `SiSveli~ ideologiis saxiT iZleva Tavis publicistikaSi, rac
dRevandelobis konteqstSi kidev ufro aqtualuri xdeba.
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT nana gonjilaSvilis werilze `bazaleTis tbis~
ganmsazRvreli sami saxe idea (saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis _ ìlia WavWavaZe da
misi epoqa~ _ masalebi), romelic bibliasTan ilias `bazaleTis tbis~ Semxvedri pasaJebis
daZebnis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi. naTqvamia, rom leqsis `..saxismetyveleba, garkveulwilad,
zogad StrixebSi mihyveba bibliur sqemas, iseve rogorc legendas, magram originalur
gansaxovnebas Seicavs~. qristianuli simbolikiT datvirTul teqstTan reminiscirdeba
bibliuri warRvnis epizodi; leqsis sqema ufro metad uaxlovdeba bibliis Txrobas moses
SobasTan dakavSirebiT.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom gansaxilvel literaturaTmcodneobiT produqciaSi me-19
saukune araerTi saintereso kvleviTaa warmodgenili. julieta gaboZe (`qarTveli mecenatebi
da akakis sicocxlis bolodroindeli gamocemebi~, (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII) akakis
TxzulebaTa sagamomcemlo peripetiebze mogviTxrobs; eka vardoSvilis `Tamar mefis xateba
XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi~ (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII) am periodis poeziaSi Tamar
mefis saxismetyvelebiTi paradigmis gaazrebis mcdelobaa; nino kaxaSvilis àl. yazbegis `mTis
Tavisuflebis simbolo~ (literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII) mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi qarTvel da
kavkasiel xalxTa erTobis ideas warmoaCens.
meore wyeba literaturuli werilebisa, romlebic meoce sukunis mwerlobas moicavs,
SeiZleba erTi niSis qveS movaqcioT da zogadad mwerlobis simboluri gaazreba vuwodoT. am
Tematuri niSniT erTiandeba literaturuli Ziebanis XXVIII nomris furclebze dastambuli
werilebi: venera kavTiaSvilis `musika, rogorc galaktionis msoflmxedveloba~, Tea beriZis
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`mzis paradigma ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi~, TinaTin gavaSelis ìuloni~ _ saxarebiseuli
STagonebiT nasazrdoebi piesa~. am Tematur jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT agreTve cira barbaqaZis
sityva azris ZiebaSi anu `varskvlavebis poetika~ ana kalandaZis poeziaSi~ (Jurnali
semiotika, 2) da inga miloravas samyaro-sityva _ `gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~ (Jurnali mnaTobi,
2).
lali avalianis Sesavali werili besik xaranaulis poetur krebulze `100 leqsi~,
saTauriT: `daiwera, rom ar dasruldes..~, poetis samyaros uRrmes plastebSi SeRwevis,
mwerlisa da kritikosis Tanamoazreobisa da Tanagancdis mkafio gamovlinebaa. avtoris mier
winaTqmaSi aqcentirebulia individualuri Semoqmedis Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan
dapirispirebis Tema, misi sabrZolo mzadyofna, sityviT aRadginos, moawesrigos darRveuli
faseulobiTi sivrce. lali avalianisve istoriuli narkvevi `paolo iaSvili 1921 wlidan 1937
wlamde (literaturuli palitra, 12) mwerlis mowameobriv, cxovrebiseul da SemoqmedebiT
gzaze Tvalis midevnebiT mTeli sicxadiT warmoaCens im qartexiliani epoqis sisastikes,
romelmac TviTmyofad SemoqmedTa mTeli Taoba imsxverpla da paolo iaSvilis
TviTmkvlelobas politikuri protestis ukidures formad _ sajaro TviTmkvlelobad
afasebs. lali avalianis am saintereso mecnieruli da SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis nusxas emateba
recenzia `mwignobarTa mematiane~, romelic levan menabdis wignze: `Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Seswavlis istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, daiwera da gasuli wlis
almanax mwignobarSi gamoqveynda.
uTuod gasaziarebel eqsperiments gvTavazobs Jurnali mnaTobi. gasuli wlis meore
nomerSi rubrikiT `mrgvali magida~ gaimarTa `saubari literaturaze~, romelic
literaturuli safixvnos erTgvar precendentad SeiZleba aRviqvaT. diskusiaSi monawile
cnobili mwerlebi da literatorebi (andro buaCiZe, manana kvaWantiraZe, nugzar SataiZe,
irakli samsonaZe, mamuka doliZe, Sadiman SamanaZe da qeTevan Sengelia) Tanamedrove qarTul
saliteraturo process mimoixilaven. msjeloba exeba mwerlobis funqcias axali drois
konteqstSi, globalizaciisa da teqnicizmis pirobebSi wignisa da wignierebisgan
distancirebas, maskulturis saxifaTo tendenciebs, postmodernistuli filosofiis
gavleniT literaturis saxecvlilebas da im safrTxes, romelic dRes sulierebas, qarTul
sityvierebas emuqreba. mokamaTeT krizisis daZlevis gzad tradiciisken, klasikuri
sulieri kulturisken mibruneba miaCniaT, `literaturuli sivrcis dasalageblad~, TeTri
laqebis amosavsebad ki _ Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis piruTvneli, obieqturi
Sefaseba.
swored am misias emsaxureba Jurnali kritika, romlis gamocemac gasul wels ganaxlda.
imTaviTve vityviT, rom Jurnali Tematuri mravalferovnebiT warsdga mkiTxvelis winaSe.
warmodgenilia rubrikebi: Tvalsazrisi (romelSic kritikis mniSvnelobaze, mis funqciazea
saubari da im skefsisis gaqarwylebas isaxavs miznad, mravali welia kiTxvis saxiT rom
gamoixateba: `gvaqvs Tu ara saqarTveloSi kritika?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema nugzar
muzaSvilma itvirTa weriliT àrsebobs, magram.. ar arsebobs~; Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis
problemebze gvesaubreba daviT CixlaZe werilSi `demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal
qarTul poeziaSi~; uaxlesi qarTuli poeziaSi Seqmnil krizisul situaciaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas da mis funqciur da tipologiur analizs gvTavazobs ivane amirxanaSvili statiaSi
saubari mZinare adamianTan _ snobisturi refleqsiebi Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze).
veqtorebi kritikuli azrovnebis araerT Senakadze migvaniSnebs. emzar kvitaiSvilis
gauxunari wlebi daviT weredianis mravalmxrivi Semoqmedebis mecnierul-mxatvrul analizs
isaxavs miznad.; lali avaliani weriliT ìnterteqstualizaciisaTvis (fragmentebi)~
postmodernistuli interteqstualizaciis problemas uRrmavdeba, mis Teoriul-mxatvrul
aspeqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; zaza gogias statia `gigi sulakauris proza qarTul
Sidakulturul konteqstSi~ mweralTa im Taobis warmomadgenlis Semoqmedebas eZRvneba,
romelTac sakuTar Tavze yvelaze metad iwvnies socializmidan postsocializmze e.w.
`gadasvlis~ periodis mTeli simZime.
mwerlobaSi JanrTa migraciis Temas exeba miranda tyeSelaSvilis werili `besik
xaranaulis èpigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisTvis~, romelSic, besik xaranaulis prozaSi
debiutis Sefasebisas, avtori moiniSnavs mwerlis Semoqmedebis umTavres Strixs _
moqalaqeobrivi da poeturi diskursebis Serwymisken swrafvas da èpigrafebs~ am
TvalsazrisiT erTgvar Semajamebel teqstad miiCnevs; inga miloravas `Taobis portreti
bnel interierSi~ mweralTa axalTaobis gamokveTili warmomadgenlis laSa buRaZis
gaxmaurebuli romanis `bolo zaris~ kritikuli analizia. gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia
avtoris mcdeloba, gansazRvros Tanamedrove literaturul procesze saanalizo teqstis
gavlenis xarisxi. am procesis siRrmiseuli analizisas ikveTeba mweralTa dajgufebebisaTvis
esoden niSneuli ekleqturoba, ideosinkretizmi, rac, upirvelesad, Tanadroul
literaturul sivrceSi maskulturis didi doziT SemoWram ganapiroba. forma drom moitana
da dRes ukve sxva tipis angaJirebuli mwerlebi arseboben, maTi, ase vTqvaT, jgufobrivi
definiciisas inga milorava `mediajgufs~ gamoyofs, swored mas miakuTvnebs `bolo zaris~
avtors; rubrikas kravs ada nemsaZis werili ìdentifikaciis problema Tanamedrove qarTul
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mwerlobaSi~, romelSic avtori gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebisa da mimdinare etapis mwvave
social-politikuri problemebis fonze pirovnebis identobis dadgenisa da `me~-s formirebis
sakiTxs uRrmavdeba.
kritikis kritika _ manana kvataia weriliT `vizioneri, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT
aravinaa..~ germanulenovani mkvlevris Tomas hoizermanis wignis _ `bedisweris siyvarulis~ _
siRrmiseul analizs gvTavazobs, romelSic grigol robaqiZis dramatuli nawarmoebebia
ganxiluli; gaga lomiZe `qristianuli narativis apologiaSi~ zaza SaTiriSvilis wigns
`narativis apologias~ ganixilavs, gamokveTs wignis koncefcias, romelic, misi TqmiT, sami
nawilisgan Semdgari naSromis mesame, konceptualur nawils _ avtobiografiul narativs
ukavSirdeba. igi postmodernizmis mkvlevris Jan liotaris mier SemoTavazebul arqiteqturis
cnebas, rogorc kulturis paradigmaTa cvlis vizualur gamosaxulebas, afarTovebs, wignis
agebulebas usadagebs da am principiT ganixilavs zaza SaTiriSvilis naSroms).
semiotika, publicistika, axali wignebi _ semiologiuri kvlevis saitereso
precendentia manana kvaWantiraZis `Carlz pirsi da Tanamedrove semiotikis problemebi~
(Jurnali semiotika, 2), romelSic avtori Carlz sanders pirsis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT vaJas
cnobili poeturi gamonaTqvamis saintereso interpretaciasa da wakiTxvas gvTavazobs: `nisli
mTebis fiqria, anu mTebis azrovnebis niSani. samyaro, buneba iseve azrovnebs nisliT, rogorc
adamiani _ fiqriT. adamianis, rogorc niSnis amokiTxva aq samyaros, rogorc teqstis
universalur konteqstSi xdeba, Sinagani poeturi xedva swored am universalur konteqstzea
mipyrobili, erTobasa da erTianobazea orientirebuli, poeturi ena ki am darRveuli
konteqstis aRdgenasa da gamTlianebas emsaxureba~ (gv. 193). sxvagan mkvlevari imave
meTodologiiT arkvevs, Tu risi niSania literatura da askvnis, rom literaturaSi niSan-
simbolo ufro abstraqciisken migviZRveba, vidre grZnobad-konkretulisaken da swored am
bunebis gamo kulturis sakmaod daSorebuli sivrceebis xsovnasac inaxavs.
semiologiuri Studirebis erTob originalur meTods gvTavazobs levan bregaZe
naSromSi `rogor vaswavli semiotikas or saaTSi~ (Jurnali semiotika, 2). ori 50-wuTiani
leqciis ganmavlobaSi, semiotikis anu niSanTa Teoriis fuZemdeblebis _ Carlz pirsisa da
ferdinand sosiuris moZRvrebaTa urTierTSedarebiT da sailustraciod moxmobili
maxvilgonivruli da efeqturi nimuSebis meSveobiT avtori gvixsnis, Tu rogor xdeba enobriv
niSanTa ikonis TvisebebiT aRWurvis Sedegad informaciis esTetizeba da struqturalistur
analizze dayrdnobiT, mxatvrul teqstSi formis semantizeba.
Zalze sayuradReboa amave JurnalSi dastambuli givi alxaziSvilis `sami semiotikuri
esse~, Tamar lomiZis `filosofia da poezia (fixte da baraTaSvili)~, merab RaRaniZis
`zevsuri~ akakis poeziaSi~, cira barbaqaZis `vinc wvimis saidumlo icis.. (guCa kvaracxelias
verlibri)~, amiran gomarTelis `meranis qaragma~.
rogorc mwerlobaSi, aseve mecnierebaSic win iwevs Janrobrivi migraciis Tema. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia saba metrevelis Teatraluri recenzia `poeziis dabruneba~ (Jurnali mnaTobi,
5), romelic rusTavelis akademiuri Teatris literaturuli speqtaklis sxva saqarTvelos
analizs warmoadgens. speqtakli qarTuli poeziis scenaze gacocxlebis kidev erTi mcdeloba
gaxlavT, xolo Teatraluri kritikis ararsebobis pirobebSi, miT ufro, poeziis Teatrisa,
saba metrevelis aRniSnuli werili, marTlac drouli da saWiro kritikuli gamosvlaa.
nana mrevliSvilis `kai ymis~ ori modeli aluda qeTelauris mixedviT~ (gelaTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, 10) vaJaseuli xedvis ori mimarTulebaa warmodgenili,
romelsac `kai ymis~ erTi modelidan meore modelamde mivyavarT. is, rac nawarmoebis
dasawyisSi, erTi SexedviT, udavod Rirebulia, movlenaTa ganviTarebis da alternatiuli
Rirebulebebis aRmoCenis Sedegad, sagmobi xdeba. rac yvelaze sainteresoa, amas vaJa
gvTavazobs erTi personaJis xasiaTis (da ara TaobaTa cvlis), misi metamorfozis Cvenebis
safuZvelze.
irma ratiani statiaSi ùZvelesi iaponuri leqsi da Targmanis sirTuleebi~ (Jurnali
mnaTobi, 1) aRniSnavs, rom tradiciuli iaponuri leqsis unatifes stuqturaze dakvirvebiT,
cxadliv warmoCndeba iaponuri kulturis sicocxlisunarianobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtori _ novaciebis konteqstSi tradiciuli esTetikuri suliskveTebis SenarCunebisa da
sulieri Tavisuflebis Rirebulebisken swrafva. tradiciuli kulturuli formebis
SenarCunebasTan erTad am konteqstSi, realobis intuitiur-emociuri aRqmiT, literaturac
moiazreba. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom iaponuri poeziis nimuSebis Targmani statiis
avtors ekuTvnis.
qeTevan Sengelias werilSi ùcnobi da maxlobeli~ (mnaTobi, 6) emili dikinsonis
saintereso cxovrebiseul gzasa da misi poeziis zogierT aspeqtzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba,
iqneba es: saleqso formebi, TemaTa originaluroba, mxatvrul ferTa mniSvneloba Tu poeturi
xelweris sxva sagulisxmo niuansebi.
mwerlis gazeTSi daibeWda zoia cxadaias ori werili: giorgi leoniZis poeziisadmi
miZRvnili `rac uTqmeli darCa~ (ucnobi faqti leqsis _ Sinmousvlelo sada xar~ _ Seqmnis
istoriis Sesaxeb) da `vsuldgmulob, rogorc gandegili~ _ raul CilaCavas, ukrainaSi moRvawe
qarTveli poetis Semoqmedebaze.
205
gasul wels gamovida soso siguas mravalxriv sayuradRebo wigni `mxatvruli azrovneba:
genezisi da srtuqtura~ _ Semoqmedis àracnobieri fsiqikis siRrmeSi danTqmis anu
preistoriaSi mogzaurobis~ warmosaxvis erTgvari mcdeloba, rasac avtori alegoriulad
orfeosis anu Semoqmedis hadesSi CasvlasTan aigivebs. wigni ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: pirveli
_ òrfeosi~ _ Semoqmedis sulis arqaikaSi CaRrmavebaa; xolo meore _ `Tezevsi~ _
mxatvruli teqstis arqiteqtonikas, Txzvis meqanizmebsa da teqstis kritikis sakiTxebs
moicavs.
gasul wels emzar kvitaiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamoica fridon xalvaSis memuaruli
wigni òmri~, romlis boloTqmaSic _ `wigni _ cxovreba~ kritikosis mier saxieradaa
warmoCenili am tipis literaturis mniSvneloba, STambeWdavadaa daxatuli mxcovani mwerlis
rTuli da mravalqartexiliani SemoqmedebiTi gza.
warmodgenili masaliT TvalnaTliv gamoCnda, rom 2007 wlis literaturaTmcodneobiTi
produqcia rogorc Tematuri, aseve Janruli mravalgvarobiT gamoirCeva. tradiciuli
Janruli saxesxvaobebis gverdiT (samecniero statia, recenzia, kritikuli werili,
literaturuli portreti, ese), arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba transformirebuli formebic,
rodesac ama Tu im Janris Tvisebebi sxva JanrSic TvalsaCinovdeba. magaliTad, eseizebis,
dialoguri Txrobis tendencia da a. S. sabednierod, es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac Sinaarsma
Tavad ipova forma da masTan warmatebiT integrirda.

206
amagdarni

givi lomiZe

niWieri mkvlevari

Salva ratiani 75 wlis gaxdeboda da, albaT, RvawliT damSvenebuli gadaxedavda ganvlil
cxovrebas, rom ara bediswera. ar dascalda. Suagzaze, 49 wlis asakSi, moulodnelad umuxTla
wuTisofelma _ sruliad axalgazrda kaci 1982 wlis martis wvimian dRes mivabareT Tbilisis
miwas. magram rac ki Tavisi xanmokle sicocxlis manZilze moaswro, rac ki dawera da
gamoaqveyna (Tuver moaswro gamoqveyneba), gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am udavod
niWieri mkvlevaris saxels.
Salva ratiani 1957 wels, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis fakultetis dasrulebis Semdgom movida SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis institutSi, sadac, rogorc aRmoCnda, farTo asparezi Seeqmna mis samecniero
niWsa da miswrafebas. igi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT moekida me-19 saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istoriis problemebis kvlevas da Seqmna araerTi saintereso naSromi am
periodis erovnuli mwerlobisa da Jurnalistikis istoriis sakiTxebze, rasac Sedegad mohyva
cnobili monografia àkaki wereTeli da realizmis zogierTi sakiTxi~. naSromi calke wignad
daistamba 1963 wels da safuZvlad daedo Salva ratianis mier 1964 wels dacul sakandidato
disertacias.
aRniSnuli monogafiis inovaciuri (metadre im droisaTvis) xasiaTi uflebas ar gvaZlevs,
yuradReba ar SevaCeroT rig aspeqtebze. monografiaSi safuZvlianad aris warmoCenili akaki
wereTlis rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mniSvneloba, ise _ misi literaturul-kritikul
SexedulebaTa aranaklebi Rirebuleba qarTuli esTetikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
axalgazrda mkvlevarma mkiTxvelis yuradReba warmarTa aramarto literaturuli, aramed
esTetikuri da kulturologiuri problemebis mimarTulebiT _ Tu rogor esmoda akakis
literaturis sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi, rogor qmnida SemoqmedebiT
modelebs, `xatebsa da suraTebs~, ras uwodebda `realobas~ da ras `warmosaxvas~, sad avlebda
zRvars sinamdvilesa da mxatvrul gamonagons Soris, rogor eZiebda qarTuli kulturuli
memkvidrebis adgils zogadkulturuli procesebis wiaRSi. monografiaSi sagangebodaa
msjeloba iseT mniSvnelovan cnebebze rogoricaa `xasiaTi da `tipi~, `tipi~ da `tipuroba~,
tipur saxeebSi erovnulisa da zogadsakacobrios urTierTmimarTeba. sruliad axalgazrda
mkvlevarma SeZlo, konkretuli masalis analizis gziT ganeWvrita akakis meTodologiuri
erTguleba realizmis principebisadmi: ra rols aniWebda akaki literaturis sazogadoebriv
funqcias, rogor miaCnda literatura erovnuli, socialuri da kulturuli problemebi
gaxmianebis tribunad, rogor aqtiurad exmaureboda imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis
interesebs qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis, misi saWirboroto problemebis realisturi asaxvis
gziT. amave monografiaSi avtori sagangebod ganixilavs akakis Sexedulebas literaturis
xalxurobisa da tendenciurobis Sesaxeb, istoriuli Tematikis asaxvis principebis Sesaxeb da
sxva. mTlianobaSia gaazrebuli akakis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi mxatvruli ostatobis
sakiTxebze, rac kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCens didi poetis Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis
mniSvnelobas.
monografiaSi kargad gamoCnda literaturis Teoriuli problemebisadmi Salva ratianis
gansakuTrebuli interesi da kvlevis Cinebuli unari. amitomac Sromas maRali Sefaseba misces
giorgi abzianiZem, Salva radianma, jumber WumburiZem, aleqsandre kalandaZem, xolo nodar
alania Jurnal `skola da cxovrebaSi~ recenziiTac ki gamoexmaura axalgazrda kolegas.
mogvianebiT, Salva ratianma specialuri gamokvlevebi miuZRvna nikoloz baraTaSvilis,
solomon dodaSvilis, filadelfos kiknaZis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas. garda amisa, Seqmna
naSromebi: `qarTuli saliteraturo kritika XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi~, `80-90 _iani wlebis
qarTuli saliteraturo kritikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebi~, `literaturuli
kritika Jurnal ìmedSi~ da sxva. sicocxlis bolo xanebSi mis mier gaweulma mecnierulma
kvlevam Semajamebeli saxe miiRo 1983 wels gamocemul monografiaSi `XIX saukunis 60-iani
wlebis qarTuli publicistikis istoriidan~, romelic avtors ganzraxuli hqonda sadoqtoro
disertaciad, magram, samwuxarod, dacva veRar moaswro, megobris Sromis gamocemas ki, misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg, didi Rvawli dasdes kolegebma.
aRniSnuli monografia warmoadgens uaRresad saintereso gamokvlevas, romelSic
axleburadaa gaazrebuli 1857-67 wlebis Jurnal `ciskris~ roli qarTuli literaturis,
Jurnalistikisa da publicisturi azrovnebis istoriaSi. avtori argumentirebulad
asabuTebs, rom aRniSnuli Jurnali sruliadac ar iyo konservatuli da cxobrebisagan
mowyvetili, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, piriqiT, man, rogorc
207
sazogadoebriv iniciativaze dafuZnebulma pirvelma periodulma gamocemam, rTul
istoriul viTarebaSi, gars Semoikriba mamulis yvela gulSematkivari literatori da gaaCaRa
faruli Tu aSkara brZola socialuri Cagvrisa da carizmis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg.
es iyo brZola progresisaTvis, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, am procesSi
ibadeboda, izrdeboda da iwrToboda qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, farTovdeboda rigiTi
mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieri. avtoris azriT, `ciskris~ furclebze mwvaved iqna dayenebuli
qarTuli Jurnalistikis ganviTarebis, saliteraturo enis gaxalxurebis, xalxSi ganaTlebis
gavrcelebis, eris istoriuli memkvidreobis aTvisebisa da gaazrebis, erovnuli mwerlobis da
kulturis aRmavlobis problemebi. rac Seexeba zogierT kompromiss, es, mkvlevaris fiqriT,
gamowveuli iyo im rTuli pirobebiT, romelSic Cayenebuli iyo Jurnali, Tumca odnavadac ar
amcirebs mis sazogadoebriv-politikur da literaturul-kulturul mniSvnelobas.
wignma imTaviTve hpova farTo gamoxmaureba da dResac warmodgens sayuradRebo
saxelmZRvanelos Jurnalistikis istoriiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
...udrood Sewyda Salva ratianis mecnieruli saqmianoba. bevri Canafiqri Tan gaiyola.
mogvianebiT, mis pirad arqivSi kidev araerTi saintereso naSromi aRmoCnda, zogi
dasrulebuli, magram daubeWdavi, zogic dausrulebeli Tu dasasrulebeli, magram am saxiTac
ki maTi publikacia uTuod miuniSnebs kvlevis maRal kulturasa da profesionalizmze.
mis udrood wasvlas didxans, mtkivneulad ganicdidnen literaturis institutSi,
naTeli kaci iyo, erTi maTTagani, visac aravisTvis enaneboda keTili sityva da uCveulod
Tbili Rimili...

208
axali wignebi

Bidzina Tcholokachvili
Le martyre des enfants de Kola
Histoire des religions
Mare & Martin, Paris, 2007

winamdebare wignis avtoris mizania frangulenovan mkiTxvels gaacnos qarTuli agiografiuli
Txzuleba `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ da daadginos am nawarmoebis Seqmnis dro. sayuradReboa is
garemoeba, rom wignis avtors aRniSnuli Txzuleba qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles Zeglad
miaCnia da misi daweris TariRad me-4 saukunis dasawyiss miiCnevs.

biZina ColoyaSvili
qarTulenovani eklesia _ axali ierusalimi
Tavad ColoyaSvilis saxli, Tbilisi, 2008

rogorc wignis dasasruls Tavad avtori miuTiTebs, `winamdebare naSromi ara warsulis
gandidebis, aramed qarTuli ideis _ qarTulenovani eklesiis sagangebo movaleobis
warmoCenis mizniT daiwera...~ es `movaleoba avtors ase warmoudgenia _ `qarTuli eklesia
axali ierusalimia... axali ierusalimi is adgilia, sadac meored mosvlisas ufali mova da
ukanaskneli samsjavro gaimarTeba~ _ am yovelives mtkicebis safuZvels ki wminda ninos
cxovrebis wignTa redaqciebis ganxilva-gaanalizeba aZlevs.

wminda nino
samecniero krebuli I
gamomcemloba àrtanuji~, Tbilisi, 2008

samecniero krebulSi warmodgenilia sxvadasxva Taobis mecnierTa sxvadasxvagvari da xSirad
urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebanic wmida ninos istoriuli misiis, saqarTvelos moqcevisa da
misi Semdgomi qristianizebis da, saerTod, kulturis istoriis sakiTxebze. aRniSnul
sakiTxebze gamokvlevaTa da saTanado teqstebis, originalurisa da maTi Targmanebis Semcveli
erTiani krebuli pirvelad Seiqmna, rac sayuradReboa ara mxolod specialistebisaTvis,
aramed farTo mkiTxvelisTvisac.

revaz siraZe
kultura da saxismetyveleba
gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi 2008

wigni gagrZelebaa revaz siraZis winare naSromebisa: `qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan~,
`qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi~ da sxv. aqac kulturis sakiTxebi ukavSirdeba
saxismetyvelebas mwerlobasa da mxatvrobaSi, agreTve istoriulsa da Tanamedrove
cnebaTmetyvelebas.
wigni gamiznulia aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli specialistebisa da farTo
mkiTxvelisaTvis.

mimosvla andria mociqulisa
Zveli qarTuli Targmanis teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo
malxaz kobiaSvilma
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti,
Tbilisi, 2008

qarTvelTa pirveli ganmanaTleblis andria pirvelwodebulis samisionero moRvaweobis
amsaxveli Txzuleba _ `mimoslva~, romelic udides qarTvel mTargmnel-RvTismetyvels
efTvime mTawmidels uTargmnia, qarTveli mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani iyo
yovelTvis, magram uZveles xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT dadgenili misi kritikuli teqsti
amJamad pirvelad qveyndeba. teqsts erTvis istoriul-literaturuli gamokvleva, romelSic
mravalmxrivaa Seswavlili esa mniSvnelovani werilobiTi Zegli, gamokvleulia qarTuli
Targmanis mimarTeba berZnul dedanTan, misi saTvTismetyvelo, literaturul-mxatvruli da
saistorio-wyaroTmcodneobiTi Rirebuleba, rezonansi Zveli qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi,
da sxva sakiTxebi.

209
saba metreveli
qarTuli agiografiis ikonografiuli saxismetyveleba
gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2008

wignSi Seswavlilia qarTuli agiografiuli mwerlobis Zeglebi ikonografiuli
saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze, gansazRvrulia meTodologiuri safuZveli da specifika,
gaanalizebulia agiografiis principebi da maTi gansaxovnebis Taviseburebani. wigni
daexmareba rogorc moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs, aseve studentebsa da specialistebs.

levan bregaZe
moTxrobebi literaturaze
bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2008

wigni mogviTxrobs... moTxrobebze, novelebze, romanebze, leqsebze, mogviTxrobs maTi
avtorebis mwerlur ostatobaze, mxatvruli teqstebis, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb. diaxac, moTxrobazec SeiZleba daiweros moTxroba, romanzec,
leqszec, eseistur Txzulebazec... mokled, rasac aq waikiTxavT, arc kritikuli werilebia,
arc recenziebi da ars eseebi, eseni moTxrobebia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra grZnobebi eufleboda
winamdebare wignis avtors ama Tu im nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas; es aris mcdeloba am grZnobebSi
sicxadis Setanisa, maTSi garkvevisa; mcdeloba imis amocnobisa, rasac mkiTxvelze mxatvruli
teqstis zemoqmedebis saidumlo hqvia. avtors imedi aqvs, rom SeZlebs mkiTxvelis ayoliebas
da mouwyenlad tarebas mxatvruli tqstis saidumloebaTa Secnobis gzaze, vinaidan
xangrZlivi gamocdilebiT icis: mTxzvelTa ostatobis Sesaxeb Txroba aravis tovebs
gulgrils, risi mizezic is unda iyos, rom yvela Cvengani, metad Tu naklebad, mTxzvelia.

Tamar barbaqaZe
soneti saqarTveloSi
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, Tbilisi, 2008

wignSi monografiulad aris Seswavlili sonetis istoriis etapebi qarTul mwerlobaSi.
naSromSi naCvenebia, rom soneti erovnuli poeziis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze gavrcelebul
myar saleqso formaTagan dRes yvelaze ufro popularulia. monografiaSi sonetis istoriis
da Teoriis sakiTxebi urTierTkavSirSia ganxiluli. ZiriTadi versifikaciuli parametrebis
Seswavlis safuZvelze, gaanalizebulia qarTvel poetTa sonetebi.

210
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis
samecniero publikaciebis stili
1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs,
mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.
2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:)
da Tan axldes:
Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da
sakontaqto koordinatebi;
anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).
3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.
4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb
xuTi gverdisa.
5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad:
a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);
b) naSromis teqsti;
g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);
d) anotacia;
e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;
v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;
6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da
miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).
misi moTxovnebia:
a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis
dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli
teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).
b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata
gamoiyofa teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi
intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba
Lit.Nusx 10).
g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da àxali wignebi~,
sadac Sriftis zomebia:
ZiriTadi teqsti _ Lit.Nusx 10,
ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.
7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri
rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).
8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos
anotaciis win;
b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos,
sqolioSi.
9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da
marTlweraze.
10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.
11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia
daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.
12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve
dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia
uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.
211
citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi

cxrili

monacemistipi
damowmebuliliteraturisnusxis(damowmebanis)forma
indeqsismixedviT
Bibliography Form
wigni,
erTi avtori

Book, one authors
abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.

vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1962.
wigni,
ori, an meti avtori

Book, two authors
kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi:

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli
urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994.

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1959.
yovelTviuri
Jurnalis an sxva
tipis perioduli
gamocemis statia

Article in a journal or
magazine published
monthly
aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos samociqulo
eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli institutis
Jurnali, 1, 1992.

someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human
Characteristics. Journal of Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988.

wigni, avtoris
gareSe

Book, no author given
sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi:
gamomcemloba àWara~, 1989.

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource Book. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1976.
dawesebuleba,
asociacia da
misTanani, avtoris
poziciiT

Institution, association,
or the like, as "author"
amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo
cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago: amerikis
biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.

amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook of Organization and 1995/1996
Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.
nimuSi:
Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis
dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian. isini
ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar
niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas)
Sedgenas, aramed imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben analogiis
mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis mimarTebebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes
metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad
swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur
TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs
Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva
semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.
212
redaqtori, an
kompilatori,
avtoris poziciiT

Editor or compiler as
"author"
duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.

hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship,
1950.
eleqtronuli
dokumenti
internetidan

Electronic document:
From Internet
mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da sainformacio
nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29
seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/
City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.

mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book online].
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from
http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.
enciklopedia,
leqsikoni
Encyclopedia,
Dictionary
vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi: MA: G. C.
Merriam, 1961
vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.
interviu
(gamouqveynebeli)
saavtoro
xelnaweri

Interview (unpublished)
by writer of paper
morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol riviera,
masaCusetsi, Canaweri

morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape recording.
sagazeTo statia

Newspaper article
niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz. niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari
1990, Can. III, gv. 5.

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Profile of Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.
yovelkvireuli
Jurnalis statia

Article in a magazine
publis
hed weekly (or of
general interest)
naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da msoflios cnobebi, 10-17
seqtemberi, 1990.

naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17 September, 1990.
Tezisebi, an
sadisertacio
naSromis daskvnebi
(debulebebi)

Thesis or dissertation
filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur sazogadoebaze.
sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 1962.

filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss., University of
Chicago, 1962.

*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an erTi da igive
naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT. magaliTad: (abaSiZe
1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).

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1

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

sveticxovlis aRmarTvis simboluri mniSvneloba da saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba mocemulia revaz siraZis

. am nawyvetis mixedviTac, `CrdiloeTiT kerZo kedari~

teqsti damowmebulia `vefxistyaosnis~ 1888 wlis gamocemidan.

1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs

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