sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba sociologiis Seswavla. ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi Sedegebi

Anny Lane Styles

Abstrak Tulisan ini merupakan pembacaan terhadap buku The Sociology of Literature yang ditulis oleh Alan Swingewood dan sejarah singkat pemikiran-pemikiran yang mempengaruhinya. Pandangan bahwa karya sastra adalah dokumen sosiobudaya diformulasikan oleh Swingewood ke dalam suatu kerangka pemikiran yang dapat dipahami secara runut dan terperinci. Abstract This writing is a reading of the book The Sociology of Literature, written by Alan Swingewood and a brief history of influenced ideas. The view that literature is a sociocultural document formulated by Swingewood into an understood and detailed framework.

Abstrak Sosialisme adalah ideologi yang beranggapan bahwa pemilikan bersama meru-pakan cara hidup yang paling baik. Sosialisme tidak menyukai adanya hak milik pribadi karena hak milik pribadi membuat manusia egois dan menghan-curkan keselarasan masyarakat yang alami. Sosialisme menginginkan pengor-ganisasian produksi oleh negara sebagai saran untuk menghapus kemiskinan dan penghisapan orang kecil. Sosialisme menyerukan persamaan hak bagi se-mua lapisan, golongan, dan kelas masyarakat dalam menikmati kesejahteraan, kekayaan dan kemakmuran. Sosialisme menginginkan pembagian keadilan da-lam ekonomi. Tugas negara adalah mengamankan sebanyak mungkin faktor produksi untuk kesejahteraan seluruh rakyat, dan bukan terpusat pada kesejah-teraan pribadi. Sosialisme menganggap bahwa negara adalah lembaga di atas masyarakat yang mengatur masyarakat tanpa pamrih. Nilai-nilai utama da-lam sosialisme adalah kesamaan, kerja sama, dan kasih sayang. Produksi dila-kukan atas dasar kegunaan dan bukan untuk mencari keuntungan semata-mata. Persaingan yang kompetitif digantikan dengan perencanaan. Setiap orang bekerja demi komunitas dan memberi kontribusi pada kebaikan bersama sehingga muncul kepedulian terhadap orang lain. Kedua, landasan ontologis yang mendasari sosialisme berkaitan dengan kodrat etis manusia; sifat kodrati manusia; dan harmoni tatanan masyarakat. Sosialisme berpendapat bahwa ko-drat etis manusia adalah baik; sifat kodratinya adalah bersifat sosial; dan meng-anggap bahwa ada harmonitas atau keselarasan dalam tatanan masyarakat. Abstract Socialism is an ideology assumed that shared ownership is the best way of life. Socialism did not proposed any private property because it makes people selfish and destroy the community harmony. Socialism wants the organization of production by the state as a suggestion to remove poverty and exploitation.

e. gidensi sociologia ra aris sociologia? Tavi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi sociologiis mizani: pirveli magaliTi sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba sociologiis Seswavla. ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi Sedegebi sociologiis sawyisebi ogiust konti; emil diurkemi; karl marqsi; maqs veberi gviandeli moazrovneebi miSel fuko da iurgen habermasi aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba? rogor gvexmareba sociologia cxovrebaSi kulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba; politikiT gamowveuli Sedegebis Sefaseba; TviTganaTleba; sociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi daskvna Sejameba mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi sociologia. mecniereba dRes – meoce saukunis bolos – Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic sul ufro metad gvaSfoTebs, da romelsac, amis miuxedavad, momavlis yvelaze saocari perspeqtivebi gaaCnia. Ees aris cvlilebebiT aRsavse samyaro, daZabulobebi teqnologiebis romlisTvisac da socialuri damangreveli niSandoblivia dayofa, iseve zegavlena Rrma konfliqtebi, rogorc bunebriv Tanamedrove garemoze. Tumca, amasTan erTad, Cven gvaqvs SesaZleblobebi Tavad warvmarToT sakuTari bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT cxovreba, rac wina TaobebisaTvis warmoudgeneli unda yofiliyo. rogor gaxda msoflio aseTi? ratom aris Cveni cxovrebis wesi ase gansxvavebuli Cveni mSoblebisa da wina Taobebis cxovrebisagan? ra mimarTulebebiT warimarTeba cvlilebebi momavalSi? swored es kiTxvebi Seadgens sociologiis romelic fundamentur - mecnierebis rols asrulebs im sferos umTavres Tanamedrove intess, inteleqtualur kulturaSi. s o c i o l o g i a adamianis socialuri cxovrebis, jgufebis da sazogadoebebis Seswavlaa. igi gasaocari da brwyinvale wamowyebaa Tundac imitom, rom misi Seswavlis sagani Cveni, rogorc socialuri arsebebis, sakuTari qcevaa. sociologiis kvlevis sfero metad farToa, individebis quCaSi moulodneli Sexvedris analiziT dawyebuli da globaluri socialuri procesebis kvleviT damTavrebuli. EerTi mcire magaliTi SegiqmniT warmodgenas sociologiis bunebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb. sociologiis kvlevis sfero: pirveli magaliTi yofilxarT odesme Seyvarebuli? AalbaT yofilxarT. adamianTa umravlesobam, adreuli ymawvilobidan icis, rogoria es grZnoba. siyvaruli da sasiyvarulo istoria mravali CvenganisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri grZnobaa, rac ki odesme gangvicdia. ratom uyvardebaT adamianebs erTmaneTi? EerTi SexedviT, pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli 3 gamoxatavs ganicdis fizikur da erTmaneTis skeptikurad viyoT pirovnul mimarT. erTgulebas, DdRevandel ganwyobili im azris rasac ori individi dRes, Cven, SesaZloa, mimarT, rom siyvaruli `maradiulia~, Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom Seyvareba is gamocdilebaa, rasac universaluri Seyvarebul adamianuri wyvils emociebi Tavisi warmoSobs. pirovnuli da savsebiT seqsualuri bunebrivia, urTierTobis ganxorcieleba, savaraudod, qorwinebaSi surdes. Tumca, situacia, romelic dRes ase bunebrivad gveCveneba, faqtobrivad Zalze uCveuloa. Seyvareba ar aris gamocdileba, romelic msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli – da Tu es xdeba, igi iSviaTad ganixileba qorwinebasTan raime kavSirSi. Aam bolo dromde romantiuli siyvarulis idea ar iyo farTod gavrcelebuli Cvens sazogadoebaSi da arc arasodes arsebula sxva kulturaTa umravlesobaSi. Mmxolod TanamedroveobaSi ganixilaven seqsualobas mWidro kavSirSi. jon bosueli, siyvarulsa da Sua saukuneebis evropis istorikosi, aRniSnavda, Tu rogor uCveulo iyo Cveni Tanamedrove ideebi romantiuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb. Sua saukuneebis siyvaruliT. Aarsebobda evropaSi, kidevac TiTqmis aravin Suasaukuneobrivi qorwindeboda gamonaTqvami: `colis siyvaruli emociebiT, es adulteria~. im dros da Semdgom saukuneebSic, mamakacebi da qalebi umetesad ojaxSi qonebis SesanarCuneblad qorwindebodnen, an imisaTvis, rom bavSvebi saojaxo meurneobaSi samuSaod gaezardaT. zogjer daqorwinebulebi, SesaZloa, axlo megobrebic gamxdariyvnen, Tumca es qorwinebis Semdeg xdeboda da ara manamde. zogjer adamianebs seqsualuri urTierTobebi qorwinebis gareSec hqondaT, Tumca es naklebad iwvevda im emociebs, romelTac Cven siyvarulTan vakavSirebT. romantiuli siyvaruli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sisusted iTvleboda; uares SemTxvevaSi ki - avadmyofobad. DdRevandeli Cveni damokidebuleba, umTavresad, sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa. Bbosueli savsebiT samarTlianad saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom `Tanamedrove industriuli kultura virtualurad Sepyrobilia” romantikuli siyvaruliT”: 4 `siyvarulis miiCneven... zRvaSi~ Zalze cota gabmulebi amas premodernuli anu TavisTavad arsebulad pre-industrializebuli Tanamedrove kultura Tu daeTanxmeba imis mtkicebas – dasavleTSi udaos – rom `mamakacis mizani qalis siyvarulia da qalis mizani mamakacis siyvaruli~. Aadamianebis umravlesoba, umetes SemTxvevaSi da adgilebSi, am azrs arasakmarisad miiCnevs adamianuri Rirebulebis sazomad (Boswell 1955, gv. 19). amrigad, bunebriv romantiuli nawilad socialuri ar da siyvaruli, SeiZleba istoriuli adamianis iqnes cxovrebis aRqmuli; gavlenebiT igi, aris ubralod ufro farTo Camoyalibebuli. sociologebi swored am gavlenebs Seiswavlian. mravali Cvengani samyaros sakuTari cxovrebisTvis Cveuli niSanTvisebebis mixedviT ganixilavs. sociologia ki imis demonstrirebas axdens, rom saWiroa ufro farTo TalsazrisiT SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom varT iseTebi, rogorebic varT da ratom vmoqmedebT swored amgvarad. igi gvaswavlis, rom is, rac bunebrivad, aucileblad, keTilad da WeSmaritad migvaCnia, SesaZloa aseTi arc iyos, da rom Cveni cxovrebis `mocemulobebi~, socialuri da istoriuli gavlenebis Zlier zemoqmedebas ganicdis. im faqizi, Tumca rTuli da Rrma mxareebis gageba, romelSic Cveni individualuri cxovreba Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstebs asaxavs, ZiriTadia sociologiuri TvalsazrisisTvis. sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba sociologiurad TvalTaxedvis qona azrovneba – – warmosaxvis sxva sityvebiT, ganviTarebas ufro niSnavs. farTo rogorc sociologebs, Cven warmosaxvis unari gvWirdeba; magaliTad, ras niSnavs seqsisa da qowinebis gamocdileba adamianebisaTvis, - bolo dromde. adamianebis umravlesobisaTvis – romelTaTvis romantiuli siyvarulis idealebi ucxo, an Tundac absurdulia. sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi iyos. sociologi aris adamiani, visac viTarebebisgan da ZaluZs movlenebi gaTavisufldes ufro farTo myisieri pirovnuli konteqstSi ganixilos. sociologiuri muSaoba, rogorc amas amerikeli avtori C. raiT milsi 5 Tavis cnobil gamonaTqvamSi uwodebda, sociologiur warmosaxvazea damokidebuli (Mills, 1970). socialuri warmosaxva, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs `g a m o v e T i S o T~ y o v e l d R i u r i i m i s T v i s, r o m c x o v r e b i s a x l e b u r a d r u t i n e b s d a v i n a x o T i s i n i. ganvixiloT, Wiqa yavis mirTmevis ubralo aqti. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, am, erTi SexedviT, savsebiT garkveul qmedebaze? Zalze bevri. Uupirveles yovlisa, Cven SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom yava ar aris mxolod l u r i `gamacocxlebeli~ sasmeli. Mmas R i r e b u l e b a s i m b o gaaCnia, rogorc Cveni yoveldRiuri, socialuri aqtivobebis nawils. xSirad, yavis dalevasTan dakavSirebuli rituali ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad yavis daleva. ori adamiani, romelic Wiqa yavaze Sexvedras Tanxmdeba, ufro metad erTmaneTis monaxulebiT da saubriT arian dainteresebuli, vidre imiT, Tu ras miirTmeven. sufra, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoebaSi, socialuri urTierTqmedebisa da ritualebis Sesrulebis saSualebas iZleva – rac mdidar masalas warmoadgens sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis. Mmeore – yava, kofeinis Semcveli T a v i s e b u r i n a r k o - t i k i a, rasac mastimulirebeli gavlena aqvs tvinze. Ddasavlur kulturaSi, yavaze damokidebuli adamianebi, umetesad, ar iTvlebian narkomanebad. Aalkoholis `narkotikia~, maSin miuRebelia. Tumca, msgavsad, rodesac, aris yava magaliTad, sazogadoebebi, socialurad marixuana romlebic misaRebi socialurad tolerantulia marixuanas an Tundac kokainis moxmarebis mimarT, xolo alkoholisa da yavis mimarT arakeTilganwyobilia. sociologebis interess am kontrastebis arsebobis mizezi warmoadgens. Mmesame, individi, romelic Wiqa yavas miirTmevs, CarTulia mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebuli s o c i a l u r i u r T i e r T o b e b i s da e k o n o m i k u r i rTul qselSi. Yyavis warmoeba, transportireba da distribucia, mudmiv saqmian garigebebs moiTxovs adamianebs Soris, romlebic aTasobiT miliT arian daSorebuli yavis momxmareblebisagan. sociologiis AaseTi mniSvnelovan globaluri amocanas garigebebis warmoadgens, Seswavla vinaidan Cveni 6 cxovrebis mravali aspeqti amJamad damokidebulia msoflioSi gavrcelebul socialur gavlenebze da komunikaciebze. Ddabolos, finjani yavis mirTmeva, gulisxmobs g a n v l i l i s o c i a l u r i d a e k o n o m i k u r i g a n v i T a r e b i s m T l i a n p r o c e s s. Yyavis sociologia 1. simboluri Rirebuleba dasavleTSi mcxovrebi mravali adamianisTvis, dilis finjani yava pirovnuli ritualia, rasac Semdeg, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mohyveba yava sxvebTan erTad, rac ufro socialur rituals warmoadgens. 2. yavis, rogorc narkotikis gamoyeneba mravali adamiani yavas svams `gansakuTrebulad zeawevisaTvis~. zogierTi kultura krZalavs mis gamoyenebas. 3. socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba yavis moyvana, SefuTva, distribucia da gasaReba globaluri saqmianobaa, romelic mraval kulturasTan aris SexebaSi; aseve, socialur jgufebTan da organizaciebTan am kulturebis farglebSi, da aTasobiT individebTan. EevropaSi da SeerTebul StatebSi moxmarebuli yavis meti nawili samxreT amerikidan aris Semotanili. 4. ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba `yavasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi~ , rac amJamad gavrcelebulia, yovelTvis aseTi ar iyo. isini TandaTanobiT ganviTarda da savsebiT SesaZlebelia Sewydes momavalSi. dasavleTisaTvis amJamad iseT cnobil produqtebTan erTad – rogoricaa Cai, banani, kartofili da TeTri Saqari – yava, farTo moxmarebis produqtad, mxolod gviani 1800-iani wlebidan gadaiqca miuxedavad imisa, rom sasmeli axlo aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva, misi masiuri moxmareba daaxloebiT saukune naxevris winandeli dasavluri koloniuri eqspansiidan modis. sinamdvileSi, yavis mTeli maragi, romelsac dRes 7 movixmarT, modis im adgilebidan (samxreT amerika da afrika), romlebic evropelebis mier iyo kolonizebuli; igi ar aris dasavluri sakvebis `bunebrivi~ nawili. sociologiis Seswavla sociologiuri warmosaxva, saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, rom mravali movlena, romelic TiTqosda individs exeba, sinamdvileSi, ufro farTo sakiTxebs procesi iyos asaxavs. imaTTvis, MmagaliTad, vinc is gayra, ganicada, SesaZloa, rasac Zalze milsi mZime pirovnul usiamovnebas uwodebs. Tumca gayris procesi, xazs usvams igi, aseve sajaro sakiTxia iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric dRevandeli inglisia, sadac mTeli qorwinebebis mesamedi irRveva SeuRlebidan aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. AaviRoT meore magaliTi, umuSevroba SesaZloa pirovnul tragediad gadaiqces, rodesac adamians erTi samsaxuridan agdeben, xolo meoris Sovna ar SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac milionobiT adamiani sazogadoebaSi igive situaciaSi imyofeba, es ukve kerZo sasowarkveTis farglebs scildeba: es ukve farTo socialuri tendenciebis gamomxatveli sajaro sakiTxia. SeecadeT, amgvari Tvalsazrisi sakuTar cxovrebas miuyenoT. Aar aris aucilebeli mxolod arasasiamovno SemTxvevebze fiqri. MmagaliTad, dafiqrdiT, saerTod ratom aiReT xelSi es wigni – ratom gadawyviteT sociologiis Seswavla. Tqven, SesaZloa, iZulebiT xarT sociologi studenti da swavlobT sagans mxolod imitom, rom SeasruloT Tqveni safexuris moTxovnebi; an, SesaZloa, enTuziasti brZandebiT, romelsac surs meti motivacia, icodes sagnis albaT, Sesaxeb. bevri rogoric saerTo ar gaqvT unda iyos Tqveni sociologiis sxva SemswavlelebTan, Tundac Tavad ar icodeT amis Sesaxeb. Tqveni sakuTari gadawyvetileba asaxavs Tqvens pozicias ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi. Seexeba Tu ara Tqvens pirovnebas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi? xarT axalgazrda? TeTrkaniani? Pprofesiuli an TeTrsayeloianTa fenis warmomadgeneli? SegisrulebiaT, Tu exlac asrulebT raime samuSaos (igulsxmeba arasruli samuSao dro), Tqveni Semosavlis Sesavsebad? gsurT Tu ara, ipovnoT kargi samuSao ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, Tumca 8 Tavad ara xarT mowodebuli swavlisaTvis? Tqven namdvilad ar iciT, ra aris sociologia, Tumca fiqrobT, rom mas raRac saerTo aqvs imasTan, Tu rogor iqcevian adamianebi jgufebSi? Tqvengan, sam meoTxedze meti, yvela studentebi, kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebs. Kkolejis mTeli mosaxleobis tipiuri wevrebi ar arian, aramed, rogorc Cans, ufro privilegirebul fenebs miekuTvnebian. xolo maTi poziciebi, Cveulebriv, maTi amxanagebisa da nacnobebis poziciebs asaxavs. socialuri fenebi, romelTac vekuTvniT, didad ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra saxis gadawyvetilebebs viRebT. davuSvaT, Tqven uaryofiTad pasuxobT am SekiTxvaTagan erTs an ramdenimes. Tqven SeiZleba ekuTvnodeT umciresobaTa jgufs an Rarib fenas. Tqven SeiZleba iyoT Suaxnis an ufro xanSiSesuli. Tumca, sulerTia, Semdgomi daskvnebi uTuod gakeTdeba. Tqven, SesaZloa, brZola mogixdaT imisTvis, rasac miaRwieT; Tqven SesZeliT dageZliaT mtruli reaqciebi megobrebis mxridan da sxvebisganac, rodesac uTxariT maT, rom kolejSi wasvlas apirebdiT; an, SesaZloa, erTmaneTs uTavsebdeT umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas da mSoblis rols. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Cven yvelani im socialuri konteqstebis gavlenis qveSa varT, sadac Cvens Tavs moviazrebT, arc erTi Cvenganis qceva ar aris ubralod gamowveuli am konteqstebiT. Cven vflobT da vqmniT Cvens individualobas. sociologiis saqmea ikvlios kavSirebi maT Soris, Tu ras qmnis Cvengan sazogadoeba da ras vqmniT Cven sakuTari Tavisgan. Cveni qmedebebi rogorc Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros s t r u q t u r i r e b a s – f o r m i s m i c e m a s – axdens, asave, imavdroulad, socialuri samyaros mieraa struqturirebuli. cneba s o c i a l u r i s t r u q t u r a mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. igi miuTiTebs faqtze, rom Cveni cxovrebis socialuri konteqstebi, warmoadgens; movlenebis isini an qmedebebis gansxvavebuli gzebiT SemTxveviT aris arCevans struqturirebuli ar an m o d e l i r e b u l i. Aarsebobs wesrigi im saSualebebSi, romliTac viqceviT, da im urTierTobebSi, romelic erTmaneTis mimarT gagvaCnia. Tumca, socialuri struqtura ar aris fizikuri struqturis msgavsi, rogoric, magaliTad, Senoba, romelic adamianis qmedebebisgan 9 damoukideblad arsebobs. socialuri struqtura yovel wuTs ganicdis rekonstruirebas misi Semadgeneli `samSeneblo blokebiT~ - Tqvennairi da Cvennairi adamianebiT. ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi Sedegebi socialuri cxovrebis konstruirebisa da rekonstruirebis es mudmivi procesi dafuZnebulia im mniSvnelobebze, romlebsac adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs aniWeben. Tumca, Cvenma qmedebebma, SesaZloa, Cveni survilis miuxedavad, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi migvaRebinos. sociologebi mniSvnelovan zRvars avleben Cveni qcevis miznebs Soris – ra gvaqvs ganzraxuli ganvaxorcieloT – da am ganuzraxavi qcevis Sedegebi. MmagaliTad, mSoblebs SesaZloa surdeT, TavianTi Svilebis qmedebebi socialurad misaRebi gaxadon; am miznis misaRwevad, mSoblebi mkacr da avtoritarul saSualebebs iyeneben, protestis grZnoba gamoiwvios da Tumca aman, SesaZloa, bavSvebSi gaawyvetinos kavSiri qcevis miRebul standartebTan. zogjer, qmedebebs, romlebic konkretuli mizniT aris wamowyebuli, iseTi Sedegebi aqvs, rac faqtobrivad xels uSlis am miznis miRwevas. ramodenime wlis ukan, niu iork sitiSi warmodgenil iqna kanonebi, romelic aiZulebda dabalSemosavlian adgilebSi daZvelebuli saxlebis mepatroneebs SeekeTebinaT isini standartebiT miRebul minimumamde. gaumjobeseba, ganzraxul erTobis yvelaze iyo sacxovreblis Raribi sabaziso nawilisaTvis. donis Sedegad, ki gamovida, rom daZvelebuli saxlis mepatroneebma uari ganacxades maTze an gamoiyenes sxva daniSnulebiT; ase rom, damakmayofilebeli sacxovreblis ricxvi adre arsebulze gacilebiT metad Semcirda. ras vakeTebT cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da ra gziT axdens Cveni qmedebebi gavlenas ganuzraxavi sxvebze, Sedegebis gagebul unda gaTvaliswinebiT. iqnes ganzraxuli sociologiis da amocana, Seiswavlos saboloo balansis Sedegebi socialur reproduqciasa da socialur transformacias Soris. socialuri reproduqcia miuTiTebs, Tu rogor `inarCunebel svlas~ sazogadoebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi; socialuri transformacia ki aRniSnavs im cvlilebebs, romelsac isini 10 ganicdian. socialuri uwyvetoba imisa, reproduqcia rasac mimdinareobs, adamianebi vinaidan yoveldRiurad da arsebobs yovelwliurad akeTeben, da socialuri praqtika, romelsac isini misdeven. cvlilebebi xdeba nawilobriv imitom, rom adamianebi apireben maT moxdenas, da nawilobriv im Sedegebis gamo, romlebsac aravin ganWvrets an ganizraxavs. Aadreuli sawyisebi Cven, adamianebi mudam pirvelwyaroebiT; magram, aTaswleulebs Taobidan gamoixateboda dainteresebulni sakuTari qcevis Cveni mcdeloba, gagvego sakuTari Tavi, rac moiTvlis, Taobas varT eyrdnoboda gadaecemoda, (magaliTad, da azrovnebis xSirad Tanamedrove gzebs, religiuri mecnierebis romelic terminebiT warmoSobamde, mraval adamians sjeroda, rom bunebrivi movlenebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, miwisZvra RmerTebis da sulebis mier iyo gamowveuli). Aadamianis qcevisa da sazogadoebis obieqturi da sistematuri Seswavla, SedarebiT axali movlenaa, romlis warmoSoba adreuli 1800-iani wlebiT TariRdeba. foni, sociologiis sawyisebisaTvis, radikaluri cvlilebebi iyo: 1789 wlis safrangeTis evropaSi. ngreva Aam revolucia da qmedebebiT moazrovneTa industriuli gamowveuli mcdelobebiT revoluciis cxovrebis aRmoceneba tradiciuli dasrulda gzebis SeeqmnaT rogorc religiis nacvlad socialuri, aseve bunebrivi samyaros axleburi gageba. Ggadamwyveti mecnierebis movlena gamoyeneba samyaros iyo. Sesacnobad, Mmecxramete saukunis moazrovneebi, cdilobdnen Semdegi tipis kiTxvebze epasuxaT – rogoria adamianis buneba? ratom aris sazogadoeba ise struqturirebuli, rogorc aris? rogor da ratom icvleba sazogadoebebi? – es igive kiTxvebia, romelze pasuxis gacemasac cdiloben samyaro, warsulisagan amocanaa, dagvexmaros dRes sociologebi. radikalurad am samyaros Cveni gansxvavdeba; wvdomaSi SesaZleblobebis garkvevaSi. Oogiust konti da Tanamedrove sociologiis misi momavali 11 Mmecnierebis mTeli sferos Seqmna, ra Tqma unda, erT adamians ar SeuZlia da adreuli sociologiuri azrovnebis dafuZnebasac mravali xelSemwyobi hyavda. Mmiuxedavad amisa, gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli adgili frang avtors ogiust konts (1798-1857) ekuTvnis, Tundac mxolod imisaTvis, rom faqtobrivad, man SemoiRo xmarebaSi sityva `sociologia~. Tavdapirvelad, zogierTi konti misi termin `socialur inteleqtualuri fizikas~ iyenebda; konkurentic igive Tumca terminiT sargeblobda. Kkonts surda, sakuTari Sexedulebebi sxvebisagan ganesxvavebina da amitom termini `sociologia~ SemoiRo im dargis aRniSvnis mizniT, romlis dafuZnebac surda. konts sjeroda, safuZvlebze rom dayrdnobiT, es axali dargi sazogadoebis SesZlebda, Sesaxeb mecnierul codnis Seqmnas. sociologias igi bolo ganviTarebad mecnierebad miiCnevda – fizikis, qimiisa da biologiis Semdeg – Tumca, aseve, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovansa da kompleqsurs yvela mecnierebebs Soris. igi Tvlida, rom sociologiam mecnierebis gamoyenebiT, wvlili unda Seitanos kacobriobis keTildReobaSi imisaTvis, rom gaigos, amdenad, ganWvritos da daareguliros adamianuri qceva. Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel periodSi, kontma, sakuTari sociologiuri Sexedulebebis safuZvelze, sakmaod ambiciuri gegmebi dasaxa, konkretulad, franguli sazogadoebis, da zogadad, adamianuri sazogadoebebis rekonstruqciisTvis. Eemil diurkemi GgacilebiT sociologiaze, naSromebma myari moaxdina da xangrZlivi meore frangi (1858-1917). Mmiuxedavad zegavlena, moazrovnis Tanamedrove emil imisa, rom igi kontis diurkemis naazrevis aspeqtebs eyrdnoboda, diurkems miaCnda, rom misi winamorbedis mravali idea Zalze spekulaturi da bundovani iyo, da rom kontma ver moiyvana sisruleSi Tavisi programa – Seeqmna mecnieruli safuZveli sociologiisaTvis. diurkemis mixedviT, sociologiam unda Seiswavlos socialuri faqtebi, socialuri cxovrebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic saxes aZleven Cvens, rogorc individebis qmedebebs, iseTebs rogoricaa 12 ekonomikuri mdgomareoba an religiis zemoqmedeba. Ddiurkems sjeroda, rom socialuri cxovreba igive Seswavlili, rogorc bunebriv xarisxis obieqturobiT unda iqnes samyaros Seiswavlian mecnierebi. Mmisi cnobili pirveli principi sociologiaSi iyo SeiswavleT `socialuri faqtebi, rogorc sagnebi!” - AamiT igi gulisxmobda, rom socialuri cxovreba SeiZleba iseve mkacrad iqnes analizs daqvemdebarebuli, rogorc bunebis sagnebi an movlenebi. iseve, rogorc sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebi, diurkemi Zlier iyo dainteresebuli cvlilebebiT, romelic sazogadoebis transformirebas moaxdenda. Mmas sjeroda, rom sazogadoebis erTianobis SenarCuneba mxolod Rirebulebebisa da wes-Cveulebebis gaziarebiT aris SesaZlebeli. socialuri cvlilebis miseuli analizi, S r o m i s n a w i l e b i s g a gafarToebas efuZneboda (kompleqsuri gansxvavebebis zrdas sxvadasva profesiebs Soris). diurkemi amtkicebda, rom Sromis ganawilebam, rogorc socialuri gaerTianebis safuZvelma, TandaTanobiT religiis adgili daikava. Sromis ganawilebis gafarToebiT, adamianebi sul ufro metad xdebian erTmaneTze damokidebulni, vinaidan TiToeul adamians sWirdeba saqoneli da servisebi, romelsac sxva profesiebis adamianebi awvdian. diurkemis mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi cvlilebis procesebi ise swrafi da intensiuria, rom igi ufro met socialur siZneleebs warmoqmis, rasac igi anomias ukavSirebs, anu miznis uqonlobis an uimedobis SegrZnebas, rac Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebiTaa gamowveuli. tradiciuli moraluri kontroli da standartebi, rasac, Cveulebriv, religia axorcielebda, Tanamedrove socialuri pirobebis gamo TiTqmis mTlianad dairRva da bevr adamians Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gauCina SegrZneba, rom maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba azrs moklebulia. diurkemis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi TviTmkvlelobis analizs ukavSirdeboda (Durkheim, 1952; pirvelad gamoica 1897 wels). TviTmkvleloba, sasowarkveTis savsebiT Sedegad pirovnul iTvleba. qmedebad, Tumca, ukiduresi diurkemma pirovnuli dagvanaxa, rom suicidur qcevaze udides zegavlenas socialuri faqtorebi axdens, da rom anomia aris swored erT-erTi aseTi zegavlenis mqone. 13 TviTmkvlelobebis koeficienti yovelwliurad erTi da igive monacemebiT gamoixateba da es monacemebi sociologiurad unda iqnes axsnili. bevri diurkemis kvlevam, SesaZloa, sawinaaRmdego azri gamoiwvios, magram igi klasikur naSromad rCeba, romlis aqtualoba sociologiisTvis dRemde ar dakargula. Kkarl marqsi Kkarl marqsis ideebi (1818-83) mkveTrad upirispirdeboda kontisa da diurkemis ideebs, Tumca, maT msgavsad, igic Seecada aexsna sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, romelic samrewvelo revoluciis dros xdeboda. Aaxalgazrda marqsis politikurma moRvaweobam konfliqtamde miiyvana igi germaniis yofnis Semdeg, xelisuflebasTan; samSoblodan safrangeTSi gaZevebuli, igi mokle mudmivad droiT britaneTSi dasaxlda. Mmisi naSromebi mraval sxvadasxva sferos moicavda. Mmisi yvelaze mkacri kritikosebic ki Tvlian, rom misi moZRvreba Zalze mniSvnelovania nawili sociologiis ekonomikur dainteresebuli institutebTan iyo, ganviTarebisTvis. sakiTxebs rom eZRvneba, ekonomikuri daekavSirebina, misi Mmisi Sromebis didi magram, vinaidan igi problemebi naSromebi iyo socialur da aris sociologiuri ganWvretebiT mdidari. Mmarqsis Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoboda, rogorc Tavad igi uwodebda, istoriis materialistur gagebas. Mmarqsis mixedviT, es ar aris (rogorc diurkems miaCnda) adamianTa kuTvnili ideebi da Rirebulebebi, rac socialuri cvlilebis mTavari wyaroa, aramed socialuri cvlileba ZiriTadad ekonomikuri mizezebiT aris gamowveuli. KklasTa Soris brZola – mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris – istoriuli ganviTarebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. Mmarqsis sityvebiT, `kacobriobis istoria, es klasTa brZolebis istoriaa~. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi istoriis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazebs exeboda, misi yuradReba, umTavresad, Tanamedrove cvlilebaze iyo koncentrirebuli. Mmisi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi kapitalizmis ganviTarebaTan iyo dakavSirebuli. warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli sistemaa, romelic kapitalizmi radikalurad 14 gansxvavebulia istoriaSi arsebuli wina ekonomikuri sistemebisgan da gulisxmobs wrisaTvis saqonlisa da warsadgenad. danadgarebs da servisebis isini, didZal vinc fuls warmoebas, floben – myidvelTa kapitals ayalibeben – farTo qarxnebs, mmarTvel klass. mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba daqirvabuli muSebis klass qmnis, anu muSaTa klass, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sxva saarsebo saSualeba, Tu ara samuSao, romelsac kapitalizmi aris kapitalis klasobrivi mesakuTreni sistema, iZlevian. romlis Aamrigad, pirobebSic klasebs Soris konflqti Cveulebrivi movlenaa. Mmarqsis mixedviT, momavalSi kapitalizmi Secvlili unda iqnes sazogadoebiT, sadac klasebi ar iarsebeben – ar iqneba didi gansxvaveba mdidrebsa da uTanasworoba sazogadoebebi Raribebs Soris. igi adamianebs Soris gaqreba; ar iqnebian ar gaxleCili gulisxmobda, aramed mcire rom gulisxmobda, klasebad, yvela rom romlebic monopolizebas uweven ekonomikur da politikur Zalauflebas da ar iqneba adamianebis udidesi masa, romelic Zalze cotas sargeblobs im simdidrisagan, romelsac Tavad qmnis. Seiqmneba saerTo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistema da Camoyalibdeba ufro Tanaswori sazogadoeba, vidre dRemde vicodiT. marqsis moZRvrebam didi gavlena iqonia meoce saukunis msoflioze. Bbolo dromde, mosaxleobis erTi anu sabWoTa mesamedi komunizmis cxovrobda daSlamde, sazogadoebebSi, msoflios romelTa mTavrobebi acxadebdnen, rom marqsis ideebiT iyvnen STagonebuli. garda amisa, marqsis ideebma klasebisa da klasobrivi dayofis Sesaxeb gavlena moaxdina mraval sociologze. Mmaqs veberi Mmarqsis msgavsad, maqs vebersac (1864-1920) mxolod sociologs ver vuwodebT; misi mecnieruli interesebi da urTieTobebi mraval sferos moicavs. veberi, germaniaSi daibada, sadac ganvlo Tavisi samecniero moRvaweobis umetesi nawili. igi farTo ganaTlebis adamiani iyo. Mmisi naSromebi moicavs ekonomikis, samarTlis, filosofiis da SedarebiTi istoriis sferoebs; aqvs mravali naSromi sociologiaSi da aseve bevrs 15 muSaobda drois Tanamedrove sxva kapitalizmis moazrovneebis ganviTarebis msgavsad, veberi sakiTxebze. cdilobda Mmisi gaeazrebina socialuri cvlilebis arsi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis gavlenas ganicdida, igi metad kritikuli iyo marqsis zogierTi ZiriTadi ideis mimarT. igi uaryofda istoriis materialistur gagebas da klasobriv konfliqts nakleb mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, vidre amas marqsi miiCnevda. veberis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tumca ideebsa da Rirebulebebs aseTive zegavlena aqvs socialur cvlilebaze. veberis yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromebi eZRvneboda dasavluri sazogadoebis, sxva ZiriTad civilizaciebTan SedarebiT analizs. man Seiswavla CineTis, indoeTis da axlo aRmosavleTis religiebi, da am kvlevebiT didi wvlili Seitana religiis sociologiaSi. CineTsa da indoeTSi arsebuli wamyvani religiuri sistemebis dasavlur religiebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze, veberma daaskvna, rom qristianuli religiis garkveulma aspeqtebma, kapitalizmis warmoqmnaze didi gavlena moaxdina. Ees Tvalsazrisi mxolod ekonomikuri cvlilebebis gamo ar gaCenila, rogorc amas marqsi miiCnevda; veberis SexedulebiT, sazogadoebisa da Cveni sakuTari individualuri qmedebebis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia kulturuli ideebiT da RirebulebebiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebis veberiseuli gageba da cxovrebis dasavluri stilis gavrcelebis mizezebi, aseve arsebiTad gansxvavebulia marqsis gagebisagan. veberis mixedviT, kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri wamowyebis organizebis gansakuTrebuli gza – erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria safuZvelSi, socialuri ramdenadme biurokratiis gavlena ufro Zevs. ganviTarebisaTvis. fundamenturad, mecnierebam saxe Kkapitalizmis mecnierebisa misca da Tanamedrove teqnologias da aseve gagrZeldeba nebismier momaval sazogadoebaSi. biurokratia adamianTa didi ricxvis efeqturad organizebis erTaderTi gzaa da amitomac aucieleblad farTovdeba, ekonomikur da politikur zrdasTan erTad. biurokratiis rogorc Mmecnierebis, ganviTareba, racionalizacia veberis – Tanamedrove mier, socialuri erTad da teqnologiis iyo da daxasiaTebuli ekonomikuri cxovrebis 16 organizeba efeqturobis principebis mixedviT da teqnikuri codnis safuZvelze. Ggviandeli moazrovneebi MmiSel fuko da iurgen habermasi Ggviandeli periodis yvelaze cnobil sociolog moazrovneTa Soris, unda aRvniSnoT frangi avtori miSel fuko (1926-84) da germaneli mecnieri iurgen habermasi (1929). sociologiis klasikosi fuZemdeblebis msgavsad, arcerTi maTgani ar aris mxolod sociologi; TiToeul maTgans mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi aqvs filosofiasa da istoriaSi. cnobilia, rom miSel fuko meoce saukunis socialuri azrovnebis erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgenelia. Mmisi Sromebi, maqs veberis mier biurokratiis skolebisa da analizis sxva msgavsad, msxvili exeba cixeebis, organizaciebis saavadmyofoebis, ganviTarebas. fukos gviandeli gamokvleva seqsualobisa da meobis Sesaxeb, aseve Zalze didi gavleniT sargeblobda, gansakuTrebiT feministi avtorebis muSaobaSi. fukos mixedviT, `seqsualoba~ (rogorc adre aRvniSneT, romantikul siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT) yovelTvis rodi arsebobda, Tumca Seqmnilia socialuri ganviTarebis procesebis mier. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, seqsualoba iqceva raRacad, rasac `vflobT~ - meobis sakuTrebad. Zalauflebis jgufebi kvleva TavianT fundamenturi – miznebs, is, Tu rogor rogorc mniSvnelobisaa aRweven sxvebis sociologiisaTvis. individebi da sawinaaRmdegos – sxva klasikos fuZemdeblebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Zalauflebaze marqsma da veberma gaamaxviles. mimarTuleba, romelic Ffukom maT gaagrZela wamoiwyes. im mosazrebis MmagaliTad, zogierTi misi azriT, seqsualoba yovelTvis gadabmulia socialur ZalauflebasTan. igi eWvis qveS ayenebda mosazrebas, rom codnis SeZenas meti Tavisuflebisken mivyavarT. PpiriqiT, igi codnas ganixilavda, rogorc adamianebis `Tvalyuris devnebis~ da kontrolis saSualebas. iurgen habermasi, dRes, msoflioSi, SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani sociologi moazrovnea. Mman ganicada marqsisa da veberis zegavlena, Tumca, azrovnebis sxva tradiciebsac eziara. Hhabermasis 17 mixedviT, kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi, sadac mudmivad xdeba cvlileba, rogorc Cans, moraluri wesrigis ngrevisken ixreba, razec faqtobrivad Tavad aris damokidebuli. Cven iseTi socialuri wesrigis pirobebSi vcxovrobT, sadac ekonomikur zrdas eniWeba upiratesoba, sxva yvelaferTan SedarebiT. magram amgvari situacia yoveldRiur cxovrebas azrs ukargavs. aq habermasi diurkemis anomiis cnebas ubrundeba, Tumca mas axali da originaluri gziT iyenebs. Aaris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba? diurkemi, marqsi da sociologiis sxva damaarseblebi, mas ganixilavdnen rogorc m e c n i e r e b a s. Mmagram SegviZlia ki SeviswavloT adamianis cxovreba mecnieruli gziT? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, jer Tavad sityvis mniSvneloba unda gavigoT. ra aris mecniereba? Mm e c n i e r e b a m a t u r i m e T o d e b i s, T e o r i u l i g i k u r i e m p i r i u l i k v l e v i s m o n a c e m e b i s s i s t e - a n a l i z i s, a z r o v n e b i s da a r g u m e n t e b i s S e f a s e b i s g a m o y e n e b a a l o - imisaTvis, rom ganvaviTaroT sruli codna calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. sociologia mecnieruli Zalisxmevaa. igi gulisxmobs empiriuli kvlevis sistematur meTodebs, monacemebis analizs da Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa da logikuri argumentis Suqze. Aadamianebis Seswavla gansxvavdeba fizikur samyaroSi arsebuli movlenebis kvlevisgan da sociologia ar unda ganixilebodes uSualod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis msgavsad. Bbunebis sagnebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi TviT-Semmecnebeli arsebebia, romlebic azrsa da mizans aniWeben imas, rasac akeTeben. Cven zustad verc ki davaxasiaTebT socialur cxovrebas, Tu manamde romelsac adamianebi TavianTi ver qcevis CavwvdiT dros im zogad iyeneben. ideebs, magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom sikvdili TviTmkvlelobad davaxasiaToT, unda vicodeT, ra hqonda mxedvelobaSi aRniSnul pirovnebas im dros. TviTmkvleloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, rodesac piovnebas TviTganadgurebis idea 18 aqtiurad utrialebs gonebaSi. Aadamians, romelic SemTxveviT moxvdeba manqanis qveS da daiRupeba, ar SeiZleba TviTmkvleli vuwodoT. is faqti, rom Cven ar SegviZlia adamianebis Seswavla zustad im gziT, riTac sociologiis bunebis obieqtebs upiratesobas vswavlobT, warmoadgens. garkveuli sociologi azriT, mkvlevarebis upiratesoba is aris, rom SeuZliaT uSualod kiTxvebis dasma imaTTvis, visac isini swavloben – sxva adamianebisaTvis. sxva mxriv, sociologia qmnis iseT xvdebian. siZneleebs, Aadamianebma, romlebsac romlebmac bunebismetyveli ician, rom maTi mecnierebi qmedebebi ar xSirad dakvirvebiT Seiswavleba, aRar iqcevian ise, rogoradac Cveulebrivad moiqceodnen. Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, maT SeiZleba iseTi warmodgena Segviqmnan TavianT mimarTebebisagan. Tavze, isini rac cdiloben gansxvavdeba kidevac maTi `daexmaron~ realuri mkvlevars im pasuxebiT, rac, maTi rwmeniT, maTgan surT miiRon. rogor SeuZlia sociologias dagvexmaros cxovrebaSi? sociologias uzarmazari praqtikuli cxovrebisTvis, rogorc amas xazs usvamda mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni milsi, rodesac aviTarebda Tavis ideas sociologiuri warmosaxvis Sesaxeb. Kkulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba Ppirvelyovlisa, sxvadasxva sociologia perspeqtividan saSualebas ganvixiloT. sakmaod gvaZlevs, xSirad, Tu samyaro sworad gavigebT sxvebis cxovrebas, aseve ukeTesad gavigebT maTi problemebis arss. Ppraqtikul politikas, romelic im adamianebis cxovrebis wesis srul gacnobierebas ar emyareba, romlebzec igi zemoqmedebs, warmatebis Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs. Aase rom, TeTri socialuri muSaki, romelic Savkanianebis umetesobiT dasaxlebul erTobaSi muSaobs, ver moipovebs misi gansxvavebebis wevrebis mimarT im ndobas, Tu socialur ar SeiZens gamocdilebaSi, acalkevebs TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs. politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba mgrZnobelobas rac xSirad 19 meorec, sociologiuri uzrunvelyofs g e b i s kvleva p o l i t i k u r i praqtikul daxmarebas i n i c i a t i v e b i s S e d e- S e f a s e b a S i. Ppraqtikuli reformis programam, SesaZloa, ver ganaxorcielos is, rasac misi Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen an, SesaZloa, warumatebeli Sedegebi gamoiwvios. MmagaliTad, meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi, mraval qveyanaSi qalaqebis centralur adgilebSi komunaluri saxlebis mTeli blokebi aSenda. Ddagegmili iyo, dabal-Semosavliani sacxovreblis jgufebi maRali mivardnili standartebiT, adgilebidan, iqve axlos uzrunveleyoT savaWro da sxva samoqalaqo servisebiT. Tumca kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom bevri adamiani, romelic Tavisi pirvandeli sacxovreblidan mravalsarTulian blokebSi gadasaxlda, Tavs gariyulebad da ubedurad grZnobda. mravalsarTuliani blokebi da savaWro centrebi RaribTa dasaxlebaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, naxevrad nangrevebad gadaiqca da noyieri niadagi gaxda qurdobisa da sxva Zaladobrivi danaSaulebebisaTvis. TviTganaTleba mesame, da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom sociologias SeuZlia uzrunvelyos TviTganaTleba – gazrdil TviTgageba. rac ufro metad vacnobierebT, Tu ras vakeTebT, da aseve meti warmodgena gveqneba Cveni sazogadoebis zogadi meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti zegavlena SegviZlia viqonioT Cvens momavalze. Cven ar unda ganvixiloT sociologia, jgufebis, mxolod damxmare rogorc Zala, politikis srulyofili mkeTeblebis, anu gadawyvetilebebis Zlieri miRebaSi. Zalauflebis mqoneni, yovelTvis ver iReben mxedvelobaSi naklebi Zalis mqoneTa da politikaSi TviTganaTlebis mqone naklebad jgufebs privilegirebulTa SeuZlia isargeblon interesebs. sociologiuri gamokvleviT da efeqturad upasuxon mTavrobis politikas an dasaxon sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. TviTdaxmarebis jgufebi, rogoricaa anonimuri alkoholikebi (Alcoholics Anonymous) da socialuri moZraobebi, rogoricaa garemos dacvis moZraoba, socialuri jgufebis magaliTebia, romelTa uSualo mcdelobaa, praqtikuli reformebi. SesamCnevi warmatebiT ganaxorcielon 20 ÓÏÝÉÏËsociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi dabolos, mravali sociologi, rogorc profesionali, sakuTar Tavs uSualod praqtikul saqmianobas ukavSirebs. sociologiaSi ganswavluli adamianebi muSaoben, rogorc mrewvelobis konsultantebi, urbanuli damgegmareblebi, socialuri muSakebi da personaluri menejerebi; aseve, ewevian sxva mraval praqtikul saqmianobas. saWiroa Tu ara, Tavad sociologebma aqtiurad daicvan da agitacia gauwion reformis programebs an socialur cvlilebas? zogs miaCnia, rom sociologias im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia SeinarCunos sakuTari inteleqtualuri damoukidebloba, Tu sociologebi savsebiT neitralurebi iqnebian moralur da politikur sadao sakiTxebSi. Tumca, arsebobs kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da socialur patiosnebas Soris. ar aris sociologiurad ganaTlebuli adamiani, romelic ver acnobierebdes msoflioSi dRes arsebul socialur situaciaSi socialuri gaWirvebas, romelsac milionobiT uTanasworobas, samarTlianobis adamiani mraval naklebobas, ganicdis. da sakvirveli iqneboda, sociologebi rom ar damdgariyvnen praqtikuli sakiTxebis mxares da alogikuri iqneboda, agvekrZala maTTvis gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi eqspertiza amis keTebaSi. Ddaskvna winamdebare TavSi davinaxeT, rom sociologia is disciplinaa, sadac gverdze vdebT pirovnul xedvas samyaros Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom ufro guldasmiT ganvixiloT gavlenebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Cvensa da sxvebis cxovrebas. sociologia, rogorc garkveuli inteleqtualuri Zalisxmeva, warmoiSva, Tanamedrove da aseTi sazogadoebebis sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan Seswavla principul erTad interess inarCunebs; Tumca, sociologebi sakiTxebis ufro farTo wriT arian dainteresebuli, rogoricaa, magalTad, socialuri urTierTqmedebis buneba da zogadad adamianuri sazogadoebebi. sociologia, mxolod abstraqtuli inteleqtualuri sfero ar aris, aramed uzarmazari praqtikuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia adamianebis 21 cxovrebisaTvis. sociologad Camoyalibeba ar unda gadaiqces mosawyen akademiur Zalisxmevad! Yyvelaze ukeTesi gza imis dasarwmuneblad, rom ase ar moxdeba, obieqtis mimarT warmosaxvis saSualebiT midgomaa, da sociologiuri ideebisa da mignebebis sakuTari cxovrebis situaciebTan dakavSirebaa. EerT-erTi saSualeba amisaTvis aris im gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba, romelic arsebobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Cveni cxovrebis wesebsa da adamianTa sxva jgufebis cxovrebis wesebs Soris. yvela adamianur arsebas Zalze bevri saerTo aqvs. Amsgavsad amisa, arsebobs didi mravalgvaroba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebsa da kulturebs Soris. am msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs me-2 da me-3 TavebSi ganvixilavT. Sejameba 1. sociologia sazogadoebebis, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, gansakuTrebiT, rogorc Tanamedrove adamianTa industriuli sazogadoebebis sistematuri Seswavla. 2. sociologia warmoiSva, rogorc im didi cvlilebebis gaazrebis mcdeloba, rac adamianTa sazogadoebebSi moxda bolo ori an sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 3. sociologiur kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis danaxva, adamianis qmedebis ganzraxul da ganuzraxav Sedegebs Soris. 4. unars sociologiis da praqtika socialuri gulisxmobs cxovrebis warmosaxviTi Sesaxeb azrovnebis winaswarSeqmnili warmodgenebidan gaTavisuflebas. 5. sociologiis klasikos damfuZneblebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani oTxi figuraa: ogiust konti, karl marqsi, emil diurkemi da maqs veberi. Kkontma da marqsma, romlebic mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi moRvaweobdnen, sociologiis zogierTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi Camoayalibes, romlebic mogvianebiT diurkemma da veberma ganaviTares. es sakiTxebi exeba sociologiis bunebas da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gavlenas socialur samyaroze. 22 6. Tanamedrove gamoCenil sociolog moazrovneTa Soris arian miSel fuko da iurgen habermasi. MmaTi moRvaweoba kidev ufro aviTarebs klasikosi fuZemdeblebis mier warmodgenil Temebs. 7. misi mecniereba, fuZemdeblebis rom igi mixedviT, gulisxmobs sociologia kvlevis im sistematur azriT aris meTodebs da Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa da logikuri argumentis safuZvelze. magram ar SeiZleba safuZvelze, misi radgan modelireba adamianuri uSualod qcevis bunebis Seswavla mecnierebis fundamenturad gansxvavdeba bunebis samyaros Seswavlisgan. 8. sociologia disciplinaa. Mmas mravali SeuZlia, praqtikuli mravali mniSvnelobis mimarTulebiT, xeli mqone Seuwyos socialur kriticizmsa da praqtikul socialur reformas. Ppirveli, mocemuli socialuri garemoebebis ukeTesad gacnobiereba, xSirad maTi gakontrolebis ukeTes Sanss gvaZlevs, meore, sociologia saSualebas gvaZlevs gavzardoT politikas, Cveni daefuZnos gacnobierebas. mesame, kulturuli gansxvavebuli Cven mgrZnobeloba, kulturuli SegviZlia exmareba ra Rirebulebebis gamovikvlioT calkeuli politikuri programebis miRebis Sedegebi (ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi). da bolos, SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani, sociologia uzrunvelyofs TviTganaTlebas, sTavazobs ra jgufebsa da individebs SesaZleblobas Secvalon sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebi. MmniSvnelovani terminebi sociologiuri warmosaxva gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi socialuri reproduqcia socialuri transformacia anomia istoriis materialisturi gageba kapitalizmi TviTganaTleba mzard Tavi 2 Kkultura, sazogadoeba da pirovneba ZiriTadi cnebebi adamianTa modgma evolucia, instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnilebebi kulturuli mravalgvaroba K kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi socializacia arasocializebuli bavSvebi bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba AaRqmiTi ganviTareba. tirili da Rimili. BbavSvebi da aRmzrdelebi. socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba. Teoriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi. j. h. midis Teoria. PpiaJe: SemecnebiTi ganviTareba. Teoriebs Soris kavSirebi. cxovrebis gza bavSvoba. siymawvile. Aaxalgazrda mozrdili. zrdasruloba. sibere. TaobaTa cvla socializacia da pirovnuli Tavisufleba D Sejameba 2 damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi K kultura. sazogadoeba. Rirebulebebi. socializacia. aracnobieri. TviTcnobiereba. identoba cnebebi k u l t u r a da s a z o g a d o e b a, romlebic winamdebare TavSi unda vikvlioT, sociologiaSi gamoyenebuli cnebebia. rodesac sityva yoveldRiur saubarSi viyenebT, xSirad yvelaze `kulturas~ farTod Cveulebriv, vgulisxmobT `gonebiT momadlebul niWs~ - xelovnebas, Lliteraturas, musikas da mxatvrobas. am terminis qveS sociologebi, `ra Tqma unda, igive aqtivobebs gulisxmoben, Tumca bevr sxvasac. Kkultura exeba sazogadoebis yvela wevris, an masSi Semavali jgufebis cxovrebis wess; es gulisxmobs maTi Cacmis stils, maT saqorwino wes-Cveulebebs da ojaxur cxovrebas, maTi samuSaos xasiaTs, religiur ritualebs da Tavisufali drois tarebas. `kultura~ da `sazogadoeba~ konceptualurad gansxvavebuli cnebebia, Tumca maT Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. sazogadoeba u r Ti e r T k a v S i r e b i s s i s t e m a a, romelic individebs erTmaneTTan azriT, akavSirebs. Aam britaneTi, safrangeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi sazogadoebebia. isini milionobiT adamians Seicavs; rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, zogierTi sazogadoebebi gacilebiT mcire moculobisaa. kultura ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sazogadoebebis gareSe. Tumca, aseve sazogadoebebic ar arsebobs kulturis gareSe. kulturis gareSe, Cven saerTod ar gverqmeoda `adamiani~ im azriT, romliTac, Cveulebriv, gvesmis es termini. Cven ar gveqneboda ena, romelSic gamovxatavdiT sakuTar Tavs, ar gveqneboda TviTSemecneba, da Cveni azrovnebisa da msjelobis unari Zlier SezRuduli iqneboda. ramdenad asxvavebs amgvari maxasiaTeblebi adamianebs cxovelebisagan? saidan movida Cveni gansxvavebuli `adamianuri~ maxasiaTeblebi? rogoria adamianis buneba? es kiTxvebi, sociologiisaTvis mTavari kiTxvebia, vinaidan igi safuZvels 3 uyris codnis mTel sferos. imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT am kiTxvebs, unda gavaanalizoT, ra gvaqvs serTo Cven, rogorc adamianur arsebebs da rogor ganvsxvavdebiT erTmaneTisgan. Aadamianuri modgma inglisis eklesiis gandobilma mRvdelma Carlz darvinma, misi udidebulesoba dedoflis gemiT (HMS) `bigli~, msoflios garSemo ori mogzaurobis Semdeg, 1859 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi `saxeTa warmoSoba~. cxovelTa saxeebis SerCevisa da masze gulmodgine dakvirvebis Sedegad, darvinma adamianTa safuZveli, rac Sexedulebebisagan. daejerebinaT darvinis da cxovelTa sruliad Tumca, adreul sruliad axal gansxvavdeboda naxevradcxovelisa aRmoCenebma ganviTarebis xanaSi da xedvas adre daudo arsebuli adamianebs SeeZloT naxevradadamianis arseboba, gaaqarwyla aseTi SesaZleblobis arseboba. Ddarvini amtkicebda, rom arsebobs ganviTarebis uwyveti xazi cxovelebidan adamianur arsebobamde, darvinis mixedviT, Cveni adamianuri maxasiaTeblebi, biologiuri cvlilebebis kvaldakval yalibdeboda, rac dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenisTanave daiwyo, sami miliardi wlis ukan. Ddarviniseuli Tvalsazrisi adamianebisa da cxovelebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, bevrisaTvis naxevradcxoveli da kidev ufro miuRebeli naxevradadamianebis Sesaxeb Seiqmna, vidre Sexelebebi. Man saSualeba misca ganviTarebuliyo, erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo, Tumca damajerebeli Teoria Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi – e v o l u c i i s Teoriaa. evolucia darvinis mixedviT, adamianuri modgmis ganviTareba S e m T x v e v i T i SerCevis procesis Sedegia. Mmraval religiaSi, qristianobis CaTvliT, arsebobs rwmena, rom cxovelebi da adamianebi RvTaebrivi CareviT arian Seqmnili. Amis sapirispirod, evoluciuri Teoria cxovelebisa da adamianebis saxeTa ganviTarebas mizanmimarTul procesad ar ganixilavs. Eevolucias darvini bunebrivi SerCevis process uwodebs. bunebrivi SerCevis idea martivia; yvela organul arsebas sWirdeba 4 sakvebi da sxva resursebi, magaliTad, mZime klimaturi pirobebisagan sicocxlis dacva; Tumca, sakmarisi resursi ar arsebobs imisaTvis, rom yvela saxis cxovels, gadarCenisaTvis, nebismier vinaidan dros, isini saWiro gacilebiT pirobebi met gaaCndes STamomavlobas warmoSoben, vidre garemo pirobebiT SesaZlebelia maTi gamokveba. isini, romlebic ukeTesad eguebian garemo pirobebs, agrZeleben sicocxles, xolo danarCenebi, romlebic ver pasuxoben garemos moTxovnebs – iRupebian. zogierTi cxoveli ufro sazriania, ufro swrafad moZraobs, an ufro maxvili Tvali aqvs; gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi maT upiratesoba aqvT imaTze, visac amis naklebi unari gaaCnia. isini ufro didxans cocxloben, Taobebs gamravlebis gadascemen. unari aqvT isini da TavianT `SerCeuli~ Tvisebebs arian Semdgom gadarCenisa da gamravlebisaTvis. m u t a c i i s biologiuri meqanizmis saSualebiT, mimdinareobs bunebrivi SerCevis uwyveti procesi. Mmutacia – SemTxveviTi genetikuri saxecvlilebaa, romelic gardaqmnis zogierT biologiur maxasiaTebels garkveul saxeobaSi. gadarCenis Mmutaciebis Rirebulebis umetesoba TvalsazrisiT, sazianoa Tumca an usargeblo zogi maTgani upiratesobas aniWebs cxovels sxvebTan SejibrSi: saxeebi, romlebsac mutanti genebi gaaCnia, gadarCebian imaT xarjze, visac aseTi genebi ara aqvs. Ees procesi xsnis, rogorc mcire cvlilebebs Tavad saxeobis SigniT, aseve ZiriTad cvlilebebs, rac mTeli saxeobis gaqrobas iwvevs. magaliTad, milionobiT wlebis win, msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi giganturi reptiliebi binadrobda. MmaTi zoma, maTTvis maxed gadaiqca, vinaidan mutacia, romelic ufro mcire zomis saxeobebSi xdeboda, maTi Seguebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Aadamianebis Soreuli winaprebi swored am ufro Semguebel saxeobebs Soris iyo. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciis Teoria darvinis Semdgom sakmaod daixvewa, misi monacemebis arsebiTi mxare dResac farTodaa aRiarebuli. warmodgena evoluciuri SeviqmnaT urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. Teoria sxvadasxva saSualebas saxeobaTa gvaZlevs, gaCenis naTeli da maTi 5 Aadamianebi da maimunebi AamJamad aRiarebulia, rom sicocxlis ganviTareba okeaneebSi daiwyo. Ppirveli miwiszeda arsebebi daaxloebiT oTxasi milioni wlis win gaCnda. zogi maTgani uzarmazar repitiliebad ganviTarda, romlebic Semdeg ZuZumwovrebma Secvales. ZuZumwovrebi Tbilsisxliani arsebebia, romlebic seqsualuri reptiliebTan zomisa, urTierTobiT SedarebiT, isini ufro miuxedavad sazrianebi mravldebian. ZuZumwovrebis da magrebi Ggigantur gacilebiT iyvnen. mcire ZuZumwovrebs gamocdilebis aTvisebis meti unari aqvT, vidre sxva cxovelebs, da am unarma Tavis umaRles ganviTarebas adamianis saxeobaSi miaRwia. Aadamianuri arsebebi ZuZumwovrebis ufro maRal jgufs – primatebs – miekuTvnebian, romlebic samocdaaTi milioni wlis win warmoiSvnen. cxovelTa saxeobebs Soris, Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebi Simpanze, gorila da orangutania. Aamboben, rom mas Semdeg, rac uorCesteris episkoposis colma darvinis evoluciis Teoriis Sesaxeb Seityo, Tqva: `warmoviSviT maimunebidan? Zvirfaso, imedi viqonioT, rom es swori ar aris. Tumca, Tu es simarTlea, imedi viqonioT, rom igi bevrisTvis cnobili ar gaxdeba~. rogorc bevrma adamianma im dros, qalbatonmac ver gaigo, ras gulismxobda evolucia. adamianebi ar warmoiSvnen maimunebidan; adamianebi da maimunebi, yvela ganicdis evolucias. winapar saxeobaTa gacilebiT ufro primitiuli jgufebidan, romlebic mravali milioni wlis winaT cxovrobdnen. sociobiologia miuxedavad imisa, rom biologebi aRiarebdnen evoluciur uwyvetobas cxovelebsa da adamianebs Soris, ukanasknel xanebamde maTi umravlesoba cdilobda xazi gaesva adamianuri saxeobis gansxvavebuli TvisebebisTvis. Aam pozicias, eWvisqveS ayeneben s o c i o b i o l o g e b i, romlebic axlo analogiebs xedaven adamianebisa da cxovelTa qcevas Soris. termini sociobiologia amerikeli mecnieris eduard uilsonis naSromebSi gaCnda (Wilson 1975, 1978) . Ees exeba biologiuri principebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs, yvela socialuri cxovelis, adamianis CaTvliT, socialuri aqtivobebis asaxsnelad. Uuilsonis mixedviT, 6 adamianis socialuri cxovrebis bevri aspeqti Cvens genetikur wyobazea damokidebuli. MmagaliTad, cxovelTa zogierT saxeobas urTierTmowonebis saukeTesod ganviTarebuli ritualebi gaaCnia, rac urTierTkavSiriTa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebiT sruldeba. AadamianTa wyvilebis urTierTmowoneba sociobiologebis azriT, da zogadad maTi igive urTierTkavSiric, ritualebs moicavs, rac Tandayolil maxasiaTeblebs gulisxmobs. sxva magaliTi rom aviRoT, vnaxavT, rom cxovelebSi mamrebi mdedrebze ufro didi zomisani da ufro agresiulebi arian, amasTan, gabatonebulni `sust sqesze”. SesaZloa, genetikurma faqtorebma axsnas, ratomaa rom CvenTvis cnobil yvela adamianur sazogadoebebSi, mamakacebi cdiloben qalebze meti avtoriteti moipovon. EerT-erTi gza, romliTac sociobiologebi Seecadnen gaeSuqebinaT sqesebs Soris urTierToba, `reproduqciuli strategiis~ ideaa. reproduqciuli strategia qcevis modelia, rac evoluciuri SerCevis gziT aris miRweuli da romelic STamomavlobis gadarCenas uwyobs xels. Qqalis sxeuls, mamakacTan SedarebiT, Zalze didi wvlili Seaqvs Tavis repoduqciul ujredebSi. Aamitom, qalebi uqmad ar xarjaven am saSualebas da ar iswrafvian mraval partniorTan seqsualuri urTierTobisaken; maTi umTavresi mizani STamomavlobaze zrunva da misi dacvaa. Mmamakacebi ki, am mxriv, ganurCevlebi arian. mraval partniorTan seqsualuri urTierTobis survili, maTi modgmis TvalsazrisiT, swori strategiaa; isini TavianT rols Casaxvis SesaZleblobiT aRasruleben da Semdeg Cveulebriv ganagrZoben. aRiniSna, rom am gziT SegviZlia avxsnaT seqsualuri qcevis da mimarTebebis gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris da avxsnaT iseTi fenomeni, rogoric gaupatiurebaa. Aamgvari ganmartebebis Sedegad wamoWrili mTavari sakiTxebi, am bolo wlebSi, farTo ganxilvis sagani gaxda. igi dResac Zalze sakamaTo rCeba. Mmecnierebi or banakad iyofian, rac maT inteleqtualur safuZvlebzea damokidebuli. avtorebi, romlebic sociobiologiur Tvalsazriss emxrobian, ufro metad biologiaSi arian ganswavlulni, vidre socialur anTropologebis mecnierebebSi, umravlesoba maSin rodesac skeptikurad sociologebisa aris da ganwyobili 7 sociobiologebis mtkicebebis mimarT. SesaZloa, maT ramdenadme naklebi ician adamianis biologebs, cxovrebis aseve, anTropologiur genetikuri SezRuduli kvlevebze. safuZvlebis codna TiToeuli aqvT Sesaxeb, xolo sociologiur mxarisaTvis Znelia da srulad aRiqvas meoris mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi. uilsonis minelda da, sakiTxebis naSromis rogorc mier Cans, gonivruli adre gamowveuli SesaZlebeli Sefaseba. xdeba mRelvareba, vawarmooT sociobiologias amJamad arsebuli Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca misi damsaxureba ufro cxovelTa cxovrebis CvenebiT ganisazRvreba, eTologebis kvlevebze vidre adamianebis dayrdnobiT qcevis (biologebi, demonstrirebiT. romlebic `savele muSaobas~ awarmoeben cxovelTa jgufebs Soris da ara maT Seswavlas xelovnurad zooparkebsa da laboratoriebSi), sociobiologebma aCvenes, rom cxovelTa mravali saxeoba ufro metad `socialuria,~ vidre aqamde iTvleboda. saxeobaTa cxovelTa calkeuli mtkicebulebaa jgufebs wevris mopovebuli mniSvnelovani qcevaze. imis zegavlena Mmeore mxriv, sademonstraciod, aqvs Zalze rom am cota adamianis aqtivobis kompleqsur formebs genetikuri memkvidreobiToba marTavs. amrigad, sociobiologebis mosazrebebi adamianis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, spekulaturia da sxva araferi. Mmravali kritikosi sruliad uaryofs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zemoT motanil interpretacias. isini amboben, rom ar arsebobs gza, romliTac es SeiZleba damtkicebul iqnes. Uufro metic, yvela mamakaci rodia ganurCeveli seqsualur urTierTobebSi; Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebul xolo Tu seqsualur davakvirdebiT qcevas, qalebi gacilebiT Tavisufalni arian sakuTari seqsualuri garemos arCevaSi, vidre iyvnen xolme, da maT, saSualod, imdenive sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi aqvT, rogorc mamakacebs. MmaSinac ki, Tu es gazogadeba sworia, arsebobs mravali fsiqologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli faqtori, rasac amis axsna SeuZlia. MmagaliTad, sazogadoebaSi meti Zalaufleba mamakacebs upyriaT; mravali partnioris ZebniT, SesaZloa, amoZravebdeT survili, ganaxorcielon es Zalaufleba qalebi TavianT srul kontrols dauqvemdebaron. maT, da 8 instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnebi biologTa adamianebs da sociologTa `instinqtebi~ ara umravlesoba aqvT. AaseTi Tanxmdeba imaze, debuleba ara rom marto sociobiologiis hipoTezebs ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed adamianTa umetesobis rwmenasac. Ggana cota ram aris, rasac Cven `instinqturad~ vakeTebT? vinmem muSti rom `gviTavazos~, an ganze ar gavxtebiT? magaliTi ar aris mniSvnelobiT gana `instiqturad~ Tvals ar davxuWavT sinamdvileSi, im SemTxvevaSi, movixmarT. es Tu rogorc instinqtis termin cnobilia, gamomxatveli zusti instinqts biologiasa da sociologiaSi instinqti genetikurad gansazRvruli qcevis k o m p l eq s u r i formaa. Aam azriT, dabali ganviTarebis cxovelTa urTierTltolva – instiqturia. magaliTad, Cxvletiebs (mtknari wylis patara Tevzi) Zalze rTulad agebuli rituali aqvT, rac orivem, dedalma da mamalma unda Seasrulos Sewyvilebis dros (Tinbergen, 1974) . yoveli maTgani Zalze rTul moZraobebs asrulebs, rasac meore pasuxobs da rac `Sewyvilebis cekvad~ gadaiqceva. Ees mTeli saxeobis genetikuri modelia. Tvalis spontanurad moxuWva an Tavis uneburi gadaweva moulodneli dartymisagan, r e f l e q s u r i qmedeba ufroa, vidre instinqti. Ees ubralod, erTeuli pasuxia da ara gamomuSavebuli qcevis modeli. igi ar ganixileba, rogorc `instinqturi~, Tavisi zusti mniSvnelobiT. Aadamianebs, mravali Tandayolili ZiriTadi refleqsi gaaCnia, Tvalis moxuWvis msgavsi, da maT umetesobas, rogorc Cans, evoluciuri gadarCenis Rirebuleba aqvs. Cvili bavSvebi, magaliTad, mowoven Tu ZuZus an ZuZusmagvar sagans miawodeb. Ppatara bavSvi, ucabedad wonasworobis dakargvisas, xels Slis, raTa raimes moeWidos, da xeli saswrafod ukan miaqvs, cxel zedapirs Tu miekara. garemosTan SeguebisTvis yvela es reaqcia Zalze saWiroa. Aadamianebs, aseve, mravali biologiurad ganpirobebuli m o T x- o v n i l e b e b i aqvT. Ees iseTi organuli moTxovnilebebia, rogoricaa sakvebi, sasmeli, seqsualuri urTierTobebi da sxeulis garkveuli temperaturis SenarCuneba. Tumca saSualebebi, romliTac es 9 moTxovnilebebi kmayofildeba da ifareba, Zalze gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris da mis farglebSi. MmagaliTad, yvela kulturas urTierTmowonebis standartuli qcevis Taviseburi forma gaaCnia. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom igi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis zogad xasiaTs ukavSirdeba, maTi gamoxatva sxvadasxva kulturebSi – Tavad seqsualuri aqtis CaTvliT – Zalze gansxvavebulia. dasavlur kulturaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobis Cveul mdgomareobas warmoadgens, rodesac qali zurgze wevs, xolo mamakaci maszea. Aamgvari pozicia absurdulad miiCneva bevr sxva sazogadoebebSi, sadac igive aqti gverdigverd mdgomareobaSi xdeba, an qalia zemoT, an qali zurgiT aris mibrunebuli mamakacTan, an sxva poziciebSi. Ggzebi, romliTac adamianebi TavianTi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben, Cans, kulturuli gamocdilebaa da ara genetikurad Tandayolili Tviseba. Uufro metic, adamians SeuZlia Tavisi biologiuri moTxovnilebebis daZleva, rac ar arsebobs cxovelebs Soris. religiur mistikosebs marxvis Senaxva Zalze didi xnis manZilze SeuZliaT. mraval adamians SeuZlia martoxela iyos mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. Yyvela cxovels, adamianis CaTvliT, gaaCnia TviTSenarCunebisaken miswrafeba, Tumca, sxva miswrafebas cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, SeewinaaRmdegon, riskis adamianebs qveS SeuZliaT ayeneben am ra sicocxles,MmagaliTad, alpinizmiT an raime sxva saxifaTo saqmianobiT, an Tundac imiT, rom SeuZliaT Tavi moiklas. Kkulturuli mravalgvaroba aRsaniSnavia adamianuri kulturis mravalgvaroba. Qqcevis miRebuli formebi erTi kulturidan meoremde Zalze icvleba da xSirad radikalurad gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac dasavleTSi mcxovrebi adamianebi `normalurs~ uwodeben. MmagaliTad, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, Cvilebis an patara bavSvebis ganzrax mokvdineba umZimes danaSaulad iTvleba; Tumca tradiciul Cinur kulturaSi axladdabadebul gogonebs xSirad gudavdnen, vinaidan gogonebis yola, ufro zedmet valdebulebad iTvleboda ojaxisaTvis, vidre SenaZenad. 10 DdasavleTSi xamanwkebs mirTmeven, magram ar miirTmeven knutebsa da lekvebs; Tumca igi delikatesad aris miCneuli msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi. Eebraelebi ar miirTmeven Roris xorcs, Tumca indoelebi Roris xorcs miirTmeven da Tavs arideben saqonlis xorcs. dasavlelebs kocna seqsualuri rodesac qcevis bevri sxva normalur gamovlinebad kulturisaTvis igi miaCniaT, an maSin gaugebaria, an zizRismomgvreli. Qqcevis yvela es Tavisebureba, farTo kulturuli gansxvavebebis aspeqtebia, rac erT sazogadoebas gamoarCevs meorisagan. Mmcire sazogadoebebi (me-2 SemgrovebelTa~ sazogadoebebis unificirebuli iyvnen, Tumca TavSi ganxiluli, msgavsad) Tavad `monadireTa cdiloben industriuli da kulturulad sazogadoebebi kulturulad mravalgvaria, romelic mraval gansxvavebul subkulturas Seicavs. DdRes, Tanamedrove did qalaqebSi, mravali subkulturuli erTobebi gverdigverd pakistanelebi, londonis cxovroben; indoelebi, centris magaliTad, bagladeSelebi, midamoebSi vest indoelebi, italielebi, binadroben. yvela berZnebi maTgans SeuZlia hqondes sakuTari teritoria da cxovrebis sakuTari wesi. kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi yovel kulturas qcevis sakuTari modeli gaaCnia, rac ucxod eCveneba sxva kulturuli safuZvlebis mqone adamianebs. MmagaliTis saxiT, SeiZleba aviRoT nakiremas kultura, romelic aRwerilia horas maineris (1956) cnobil gamokvlevaSi. mainerma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sxeulis rTul ritualebs, ritualebs romelTac miaqcia, ucnauri da romelTac egzotikuri narikema xasiaTi iyenebs; aqvs. misi fundamenturi rwmena, rom tendencia sisustisa msjeloba namdvilad imsaxurebs dawvrilebiT citirebas: `mTlian adamianis sistemas, sxeuli safuZvlad maxinjia da udevs axasiaTebs da avadmyofobisaken. Aamgvar sxeulSi gansaxierebuli adamianis erTaderTi imedi, am maxasiaTeblebis Tavidan acilebaa, ritualebis da ceremoniebis mZlavri zegavlenis gamoyenebiT. Aam mizniT, yovel ojaxs gaaCnia Tayvaniscemis erTi an meti sagani.... maTgan umTavresi mniSvnelobisaa yuTi an skivri, romelic kedelSia CaSenebuli. Aam skivrSi inaxeba 11 mravali amuleti da magiuri wamali, romelTa gareSe, adgilobrivi rwmeniT, veravin SesZlebs cxovrebas. Aam saSualebebs sxvadasxva daxelovnebuli praqtikosebi icaven. yvelaze uflebamosili maT Soris eqimbaSebia, romelTa daxmareba mniSvnelovani saCuqrebiT unda iqnes anazRaurebuli. Mmagram, eqimbaSebi TavianT pacientebs wamlebs ki ar aZleven, aramed karnaxoben, ra ingredientebia saWiro wamlisaTvis da Semdeg Caiweren maT raRac uZveles da saidumlo enaze. es Canaweri mxolod eqimbaSisaTvis da samkurnalo mcenareebis SemgroveblebisTvis aris gasagebi, romelic kidev erTi saCuqris fasad amzadebs sasurvel wamals... nakiremas warmomadgenlebs, TiTqmis paTologiuri SiSi aqvT da aseve moxiblulni arian bage-piriT, romlis mdgomareoba mTel socialur urTierTobebSi zebunebrivi zegavlenis mqoned aris miCneuli. Tu ar Catardeba CamoucvivdebaT, megobrebi sjeraT, bage-piris RrZilebidan miatoveben rom maxasiaTeblebs da rituali, maT sisxldena sayvareli arsebobs mWidro Soris. magaliTad, sjeraT, rom eqnebaT, ybebi uars etyvian. qalebi kavSiri oralur arsebobs da kbilebi moeqcevaT, maT aseve moralur bavSvebisaTvis piris gamovlebis rituali, rac miCneulia, rom aumjobesebs maT moralur Tvisebebs. sxeulis yoveldRiuri rituali pirTan dakavSirebul manipulaciebsac gulisxmobs. im faqtis sapirispirod, rom es adamianebi ase punqtualurad zrunaven piris movlaze, es rituali gauTviTcnobierebul ucxo adamians aRmaSfoTeblad miaCnia. Ggadmomces, rom aris rituali, romlis dros magiuri fxvniliT mofrqveul Roris jagars pirSi ideben, rasac Tan axlavs Zlier formalizebuli moZraobebis mTeli seria (Miner, 1956, gv. 503-4). vin arian nakiremalebi da msoflios romel kuTxeSi cxovroben isini? Tavad ritualis upasuxeTbT am SekiTxvas identificirebas SesZlebT, da Tu aseve, aRwerili sxeulis sityva `nakirema~-s ukuRma waikiTxavT. TiTqmis yvela nacnobi aqtivoba ucnaurad mogeCvenebaT, Tu mas konteqstidan amoviRebT da ar ganvixilavT, rogorc adamianebis mTeli cxovrebis gzis nawils. Ddasavluri higienuri ritualebi 12 aranakleb ucnauria, vidre wynari okeanis romeliRac kunZulze arsebuli jgufebis Cveuleba, romlis wevrebi wina kbilebs iZroben Tavis gasalamazeblad, an samxreT amerikeli tomebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic firfitebs imagreben tuCebze, win rom wamoewioT, vinaidan sjeraT, rom ase ufro momxibvlelni arian. Cven ver kulturebisgan gavigebT am qmedebebsa gancalkevebiT, da romelTa Cveulebebs nawilsac isini mTliani Seadgenen. nebismieri kultura Seswavlil unda iqnes sakuTari mniSvnelobebisa da Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT – rac sociologiis mTavari sazrunavia. sociologebi iswrafvian, rogorc ki SesaZlebelia, Tavidan aicilon eTnocentrizmi, romelic sxva kulturebze msjelobisas, maT sakuTar kulturas adarebs. gansxvavdebian, imis gasakviri gamo, ar rom aris, kulturebi rom sxva ase mkveTrad kulturidan mosul adamianebs xSirad uZneldebaT simpatiiT ganimsWvalon gansxvavebuli kulturis ideebisa da qcevis mimarT. socializacia evoluciis dabal safexurze myof cxovelebs, rogoricaa mwerebis umetesi saxeobebi, SeuZliaT izrunon TavianT Tavze mozrdilTa mxridan Zalze cota daxmarebiT an sulac mis gareSe, dabadebidan Zalian mcire droSi. umdables cxovelebs ar aqvs Taobebi imis gamo, rom ,,axalgazrdebis~ qceva met-naklebad `mozrdilebis~ identuria. Tumca, evoluciis safexurze aRmasvlis kvaldakval, es dakvirvebebi sul ufro naklebad i s w gamoiyeneba; a v axalSobilebi l o n umaRles qcevis sruliad safexurze Sesabamisi umweoni arian myofma wesebi. da cxovelebma ZuZumwovrebs TavianTi unda Soris ufrosebis mzrunvelobis qveS unda iyvnen, xolo adamianis axalSobili yvelaze ufro umweoa. BbavSvi ver SeinarCunebs sicocxles daxmarebis gareSe, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi cxovrebis pirveli oTxi an xuTi wlis manZilze. s o c i a l i z a c i a aris procesi, romlis drosac umweo (25) bavSvi TandaTan gadaiqceva TviTcnobier, mcodne da im kulturis SemTvisebel pirovnebad, romelSic igi daibada. socializacia ar aris `kulturuli daprogramebis~ msgavsi ram, sadac bavSvi pasiurad iTvisebs 13 im zegavlenebs, rasTanac kontaqtSi Sedis. sul axaldabadebul bavSvsac ki aqvs moTxovnilebebi da saWiroebebi, rac gavlenas axdens mis momvlelebze: ase rom bavSvi dabadebidanve aqtiuri arsebaa. socializacia sxvadasxva Taobebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. BbavSvis dabadeba imaT cxovrebas cvlis, vinc pasuxismgebelia mis aRzrdaze – da isinic, Tavis mxriv, axal gamocdilebas iZenen. MmSobloba, Cveulebriv, bavSvebis aqtivobas mSoblisas ukavSirebs maTi darCenili sicocxlis manZilze. Mmoxuci mSoblebi mSoblebad rCebian maSinac ki, rodesac bebia-babuebi xdebian da amiT qmnian axal urTierTobebs, rac sxvadasxva Taobebs aerTianebs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis SeTvisebis procesi adreul bavSvobaSi gacilebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs, vidre ufro gviandel periodSi, swavla da Segueba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeba. Mmomdevno `buneba~ da qveTavSi, Cven `aRzrda~. gavnagrZobT Ppirvel rigSi, Semdegi Temis ganxilvas: gavaanalizebT individis ganviTarebas Cvilobidan adreul bavSvobamde, da movaxdenT cvlilebis ZiriTadi stadiebis identificirebas. Aarasocializebuli bavSvebi rogorebi iqnebodnen bavSvebi, rogorRac, ufrosebis gavlenis gareSe rom gazrdiliyvnen? cxadia, rom vercerTi humanuri adamiani ver gazrdida bavSvs adamianuri zegavlenis, rogorc eqsperimentis, gareSe. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime farTod ganxiluli SemTxveva bavSvebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac cxovrebis adreuli wlebi normaluri adamianuri kontaqtebis gareSe gaatares. `aveironeli veluri biWi~ 1800 wlis 9 ianvars, samxreT safrangeTSi, sofel sen-serinis maxlobeli tyidan ucnauri arseba gamovida. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom gamarTuli dadioda, igi ufro cxovels hgavda, vidre adamians. Mmale, igi identificirebuli iyo, rogorc daaxloebiT TerTmeti an Tormeti wlis biWi. igi mxolod mkveTr da ucnaurad mJRer xmebs gamoscemda. cxadia, rom biWs warmodgena ar hqonda pirad higienaze; bunebriv 14 saWiroebebs, sadac da roca undoda, maSin iTavebda. igi adgilobrivma policiam waiyvana da Semdeg TavSesafarSi moaTavses. Ppirvel xanebSi, igi mudmivad cdilobda gaqcevas da didi gaWirvebiT abrunebdnen ukan. igi uars ambobda tansacmelze da rogorc ki Caacmevdnen, imwamsve Camoiglejda. araviTar mSobels arasdros ar mouTxovia igi. BbavSvs sruli samedicino Semowmeba Cautares da normidan didi gadaxra ver daadgines. rodesac sarkeSi Caaxedes, Cans, rom dainaxa gamosaxuleba, magram ver icno Tavisi Tavi. EerTxel, igi Seecada xeli Caevlo kartofilisTvis, kartofili mis ukan romelic eWiraT). sarkeSi Mmravali dainaxa mcdelobis (sinamdvileSi, Semdeg, Tavis moubruneblad, igi miswvda kartofils mxrebis ukan. MmRvdelma, romelic yoveldRiurad akvirdeboda biWs, ase aRwera kartofilTan dakavSirebuli SemTxveva: `yvela es mcire detali da bevri sxva, romelic SegviZlia davamatoT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvi ar aris mTlianad moklebuli azrs, refleqsias da gonebriv Zalas. Tumca, valdebuli varT, vTqvaT, rom yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme ar exeba mis bunebriv moTxovnilebebs an madis dakmayofilebas, masSi mxolod cxovelis qceva SeiZleba davinaxoT. Tuki mas raime SegrZnebebi gaaCnia, isini ar iwvevs araviTar azrebs. Mmas ar SeuZlia Tavisi SegrZnebebi erTmaneTs Seadaros. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mis suls, gonebas da sxeuls Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs...~ (Shattuck 1980, p. 69:Lane 1976). mogvianebiT biWi parizSi gadaiyvanes da mudmivad cdilobdnen mis gadaqcevas `cxovelidan adamianad~. Zalisxmeva mxolod nawilobrivi warmatebiT dasrulda. Mman Tavis movla iswavla, daTanxmda tansacmlis tarebas da damoukideblad Cacma iswavla, Tumca ar interesdeboda saTamaSoebiTa da TamaSebiT da mxolod ramdenime sityvas daeufla. ramdenadac SegviZlia vTqvaT, misi qcevisa da reaqciebis detaluri aRweris safuZvelze, es imitom ar xdeboda, rom igi gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. rogorc Cans, mas an ar undoda, an ar SeeZlo srulad daufleboda adamianur metyvelebas. Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze manZilze mcire progress miaRwia da 1828 wels, daaxloebiT ormoci wlis asakSi gardaicvala. 15 ra Tqma unda, sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT am saxis SemTxvevebis interpretacias. SesaZloa,Aam SemTxvevaSi, gonebrivi gadaxra daudgeneli darCa. sxva mxriv, im gamocdilebas, romelic bavSvma gamoiara, SesaZloa, misTvis fsiqologiuri ziani mieyenebina, ramac xeli SeuSala daufleboda unarebs, rasac bavSvebis umetesoba adreul asakSi iZens. Tumca mainc arsebobs sakmarisi msgavseba mocemul SemTxvevasa da sxva SemTxvevebs Soris, romlebic aRwerili iyo imis dasadastureblad, Tu rogori SezRuduli iqneboda Cveni SesaZleblobebi, rom ar gvqonoda adreuli socializaciis xangrZlivi periodi. Mmodi, uSualod SevxedoT bavSvis ganvTarebis adreul fazas. amiT SesaZlebloba gveqneba ufro sruliad gavigoT is procesebi, risi saSualebiTac Cvili bavSvi `adamianad~ gadaiqceva. Cvili bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba AaRqmis ganviTareba Yyvela Cvil bavSvs dabadebidanve aqvs unari, aRqmiT miRebuli gansxvavebebi aRmoaCinos da reaqcia moaxdinos masze (Richard & Light, 1986). Cveulebriv, fiqrobdnen, rom axalSobili mozRvavebuli SegrZnebebiT gadatvirTulia da maTi diferencirebis araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs. cnobili fsiqologi da filosofosi uiliam jeimsi Tavis gamokvlevaSi wers: `Cvili, cxviris, romelsac kanisa da garemomcveli Signeulobis samyaro saSualebiT Tvalebis, gars axvevia, yurebis, mas erT uzarmazar xmaurian da bundovan uwesrigobad aRiqvams~. (James, 1890) . Ees mosazreba, mecnierTa umetesobis mier aRar miiCneva Cvili bavSvebis qcevis swor daxasiaTebad, vinaidan axaldabadebul bavSvebsac ki SerCeviTi reaqcia aqvT garemos mimarT. Ddabadebidan erTi kviris Semdeg, Cvili moxatul zedapirs (xazebi, koncentruli wreebi an saxis-msgavsi moxazuloba) ufro xSirad uyurebs, vidre Tundac kaSkaSa ferebiT SeRebil erTgvarovan zedapirs. EerTi Tvis asakSi, es aRqmiTi unarebi jer kidev sustia da gamosaxulebebi, romlebic erTi futiT mainc aris daSorebuli, misTvis ukve bundovani xdeba. im droidan, mxedvelobis da smenis unari swrafad viTardeba. daaxloebiT oTxi Tvisa, Cvili Tvals ayolebs oTaxSi moZrav adamians. 16 mgrZnobeloba Sexebis mimarT da siamovnebis gancda siTboze bavSvs dabadebidan aqvs. tirili da Rimili imis gamo, rom Cvili bavSvebi garemocvaze, mozrdilebi gamorCeviT reagireben TavianT ganasxvaveben Cvilis qcevis sxvadasxva nimuSebs, varaudoben ra, rom mixvdebian, ra surs an sWirdeba mas. iTvleba, rom tirili SimSilsa da diskomfortze miuTiTebs, Rimili an saxis garkveuli gamometyveleba kmayofilebas niSnavs. swored amgvari gageba ganixilavs reaqciebs, rogorc bavSvis socialur qmedebebs. Tumca, am procesSi kulturuli mosazrebebic Rrmad aris CarTuli. Amisi kargi magaliTi tirilia. Mmraval kulturebSi dRis umetesi nawili bavSvi fizikuradaa dacilebuli dedas, bavSvis sawolSi, bavSvis etlSi an saTamaSo adgilebSi. tirili, am SemTxvevaSi, imis maniSnebelia, rom bavSvs yuradReba sWirdeba. sxva kulturebSi, mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi, axalSobili dRis umetes nawils dedis sxeulTan uSualo kontaqtSi atarebs, mis zurgze mimagrebuli. iq, sadac amgvar praqtikas misdeven, dedam mxolod maSin SeiZleba miaqcios yuradReba bavSvs, rodesac igi Zalze Zlier tiris, rac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad iTvleba. rodesac bavSvi krunCxvas iwyebs, es imis niSania, rom mas Wama unda an raime sxva gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. Kkulturuli gansxvavebebi Rimilis interpretaciaSia naCvenebi. daaxloebiT erTi Tvis an eqvsi kviris asakSi, yvela normaluri bavSvi, garkveul viTarebebSi, iRimeba. Cvili gaiRimebs, Tu mas daanaxeben saxis msgavs moxazulobas, sadac Tvalebis nacvlad ori wertilia aRniSnuli. igi adamianis saxis danaxvaze maSinac iRimeba, rodesac piri dafaruli aqvT ise, TiTqos igi arc aris. rogorc Cans, Rimili Tandayolili reaqciaa da ara daswavlili, an sxva momRimari saxis danaxviT gamowveuli. EerTi mizezi, rac amaSi gvarwmunebs, isaa, rom bavSvebi Tandayolili sibrmaviT, imave asakidan iRimebian, rogorc mxedvelobis mqone bavSvebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvisi mibaZvis araviTari Sansi ara aqvT. Tumca situaciebi, sadac Rimili misaRebad aris miCneuli, sxvadasxva kulturebSi sxvadasxvagvaria; igi damokidebulia ufrosebis 17 reaqciaze bavSvis Rimilis mimarT. BbavSvebs ar sWirdebaT Rimilis daswavla, magram maT unda SeiTvison, sad da rodis iTvleba misaRebad amis gakeTeba. Aamitom, magaliTad, Cinelebi `sazogadoebriv~ adgilebSi gacilebiT naklebad iRimebian, vidre dasavlelebi, vTqvaT, UucxosTan Sexvedrisas. Cvili bavSvebi da momvlelebi Cvils dabadebian sam kviraSi SeuZlia ganasxvaos Tavisi deda an momvleli sxva adamianebisagan. Cvili jer kidev ver aRiqvams sxva adamians, rogorc p i r o v n e b a s; mas ufro garkvel niSnebze aqvs reaqcia, Tvalebze, xmaze da imaze, Tu rogor uWiravT xelSi. Ddeda xvdeba, rom pataram icno, vinaidan bavSvi tirils mxolod maSin anebebs Tavs, rodesac dedas (da ara vinme sxvas) xelSi ahyavs; gamorCeulad mas uRimis, xelebs uwvdis an taSs Semohkravs, misi oTaxSi Semosvlisas; an, rodesac gadaadgileba, rac SeiZleba axlos micocdes masTan. ugandis kulturis Seswavlisas, ainsvorTma aRmoaCina, rom xvevna-kocna dedebis da bavSvebis urTierTobebSi Zalze iSviaTi iyo, Tumca taSiskvra siamovnebis gamosaxatavad ufro xSiri iyo, vidre es evropul ojaxebSia miRebuli (Ainsworth 1977). Cvili bavSvis ufro myari SeTviseba Tavis momvlelTan dabadebidan mxolod Svidi Tvis Semdeg xdeba. Aam dromde ki dedasTan daSoreba gansakuTrebul protests ar iwvevs masSi da sxva momvlelebis mimarTac reaqcia ar ecvleba. daaxloebiT amave asakSi, bavSvebi ufro metad, gamorCeviT uRimian adamianebs, daaxloebiT amave stadiaSi Cvili, dedis, rogorc gansxvavebuli acnobierebs, rom deda adamianis, gacnobierebas iwyebs. BbavSvi maSinac arsebobs, rodesac mis Tvalwin ar aris da SeiZleba raime saxis warmodgenac hqondes masze. Ees, aseve, drois SegrZnebasac gulisxmobs, vinaidan bavSvs axsovs deda da elodeba mis dabrunebas. rva an cxra Tvis bavSvs SeuZlia eZebos damaluli sagnebi, igi iwyebs imis gacnobierebas, rom sagnebi damoukideblad arseboben, miuxedavad imisa, im wuTas arian Tu ara mis Tvalwin. 18 selma fraibergi (Selma F raiberg) naSromSi, romelic miznad aRwers Cvilis qcevis am fazas isaxavs, informacia miawodos mSoblebs bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. `gyavT Tu ara eqvsi-Svidi Tvis bavSvi, romelic Tqveni cxviridan saTvalis CamoZrobas cdilobs? Tu gyavT, Tqven Zalze gWirdebaT es rCeva: rodesac bavSvi miswvdeba saTvales, moiZreT igi da jibeSi CaacureT, an divanze, baliSis ukan CadeT (da T a v a d ar dagaviwydeT sad gadamaleT). Tavs nu SeiwuxebT imaze, rom es malulad gaakeToT, daanaxeT bavSvs, rom damaleT igi. igi ar daiwyebs mis Zebnas. igi im adgils Sexedavs, sadac bolos naxa saTvale – Tqvens cxvirs – Semdeg ki interess dakargavs mis mimarT. igi ar eZebs saTvales, vinaidan ar warmoudgenia misi arseboba, rodesac ar xedavs mas. rodesac bavSvi, daaxloebiT cxra Tvisaa, Zvel xrikebs nuRar endobiT. Tu dainaxa, rom moiZreT saTvale da divanze baliSis qveS SeacureT, igi gadaswevs baliSs da xels stacebs Tqvens saTvales. igi mixvda, rom sagani, arsebobdes!Man xelidan SesaZloa, SeiZleba samalavamde Tvali da Sen Tvalwin miadevnos aqtiurad ar mis eZebos iyos da mainc gadaadgilebas Tqveni iq. es uzarmazari wingadadgmuli nabijia ganviTarebaSi da naklebad savaraudoa mSoblebma ver SeamCnion, romelTa saTvaleebi, sayureebi, Cibuxebi, kalmistrebi da gasaRebis budeebi ara marto xelidan eclebaT maT patronebs, aramed damalvasac aRar ganviTarebis am problemis eqvemdebareba. stadiaSi Teoriuli MmSoblebi, arian, aspeqtebiT, naklebad rogorc romelTa arian aq aris bavSvebi dainteresebulni naCvenebi; Tumca Teorias yovelTvis SeuZlia praqtikuli sargeblobis motana. Cven jer kidev dagvrCa ramdenime xriki. Mmodi, amas SevecadoT: dae, dainaxos bavSvma, rogor SeacurebT saTvales baliSis qveS. MmieciT moZebnis saSualeba da Semdeg aiZuleT daabrunos saTvale; Semdeg kvlav gadamaleT, ukve meore baliSis qveS. BbavSvi ukve daibna. igi, saTvales p i r v e l i baliSis qveS dauwyebs Zebnas, pirvel samalavSi, magram ar moZebnis meoreSi. Ees niSnavs, rom bavSvi saTvalis arsebobas maSin aRiqvams, roca damalulia, Tumca mxolod erT adgilas, pirvel samalavSi, sadac misi Zebna warmatebuli iyo. rodesac bavSvi veRar 19 poulobs saTvales pirveli baliSis qveS, igi iqve ganagrZobs Zebnas, Tumca TavSi ar mosdis azri, meore samalavSi an sadme sxvagan eZebos saTvale. sagani mainc SesaZlebelia gaqres. ramdenime kviris Semdeg, igi ganavrcobs Zebnas pirveli samalavidan meoremde da am gzaze miva imis aRmoCenamde, rom sagani SeiZleba gadaadgilebul iqnes adgilidan adgilze da, amasTan erTad, mudmivad arsebobdes~ (Fraiberg 1959, p.p. 49-50). BbavSvis cxovrebis adreuli Tveebi dedisTvisac Seswavlis periodia. Ddedebi da sxvebi, romlebic bavSvs uvlian, magaliTad, mamebi an ufrosi bavSvebi, swavloben im informaciis gacnobierebas, rac bavSvis qceviT gadmoicema da Sesabamisad reagireben masze. zogierTi deda gacilebiT mgrZnobiarea am gamovlinebebis mimarT, vidre sxvebi; sxvadasxva kulturul garemoSi sxvadasxva gamovlinebebia xazgasmuli da reaqciac gansxvavebulia masze. BbavSvis qcevis `wakiTxva~, rasac deda akeTebs, did zegavlenas axdens im urTierTqmedebaze, rac dedasa da Svils Soris warmoiqmneba. MmagaliTad, erTma dedam bavSvis mousvenroba, SesaZloa, gadaRlad CaTvalos da loginSi Caawvinos; meorem igive qceva, SesaZloa, imis mimaniSneblad miiRos, rom bavSvs surs, rom gaarTon. dedebi, xSirad, sakuTari maxasiaTeblebis proecirebas axdenen TavianT patarebze, urTierTobis ase rom, damyareba visac uWirs bavSvTan, gawonasworebuli SesaZloa, fiqrobdes, mzrunveli rom patara agresiulad da uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili mis mimarT. Ggarkveuli adamianebis mimarT mijaWvulobis formireba ZiriTad aTvlis wertils aRniSnavs socializaciaSi. Tavdapirveli urTierToba, Cveulebriv, dedasa da Svils Soris Zlier grZnobebzea agebuli da amis safuZvelze dasawyiss iRebs socialuri daswavlis kompleqsuri procesebi. socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba Cvil bavSvs, dedasa da bavSvis sxva momvlelebs Soris urTierToba, bavSvis dabadebidan daaxloebiT erTi wlis Tavze, icvleba. am dros bavSvi ara marto laparaks iwyebs, aramed fexze dgomac SeuZlia – bavSvebis umetesoba damoukideblad siaruls daaxloebiT ToTxmeti Tvidan iwyebs. Oori-sami wlis asakSi bavSvebi sul ufro met unars 20 iZenen, maTi ojaxis wevrebis urTierTqmedebebis da emociebis gasagebad. bavSvi swavlobs, rogor daamSvidos da aseve, rogor gaaRizianos, sxvebi. ori wlis bavSvebi Zalze ganicdian, Tu erTi mSobeli meores ujavrdeba, da SeiZleba moexvion erTs an meores, Tu romelime dasanaxadaa Sewuxebuli. igive asakis bavSvs aseve SeuZlia gamoajavros da an Zma, an Tundac mSobeli. DdaaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg, bavSvis cxovrebis umetes nawils TamaSi ikavebs. PTavdapirvelad, bavSvi umTavresad marto TamaSobs, Tumca sul ufro metad moiTxovs vinmesTan TamaSs. BbavSvebi, TamaSis saSualebiT, sul ufro aumjobeseben koordinaciis unars da iwyeben codnis gafarToebas mozrdilTa samyaros Sesaxeb. isini axal unarebs iZenen da imeoreben mozrdilTa qcevebs. Tavis adrindel naSromSi, mildred partenma Camoayaliba TamaSis ganviTarebis ramdenime kategoria, romlebic dResac sayovelTaod pirvelad, patara bavSvebi g a n m a r t o e b u l d a m o u k i miRebulia (Parten, 1932). d e b e l T a m a S S i arian Cabmulni. maSinac ki, roca sxva bavSvebTan erTad imyofebian, marto TamaSoben da ar aqceven yuradRebas, ras akeTeben sxvebi. amas mohyveba p a r a l e l u r i a q t i v o b a, rodesac bavSvi imeorebs, rasac sxva bavSvebi akeTeben, Tumca cdilobs ar Caerios maT aqtivobebSi. Semdeg (daaxloebiT sami wlis asakSi) bavSvebi, sul ufro da ufro, a s o c i a c i u r T a m a S S i erTvebian, sadac TavianT qcevas sxvisas ukavSireben. Aam SemTxvevaSi, yoveli bavSvi moqmedebs, rogorc mas surs, Tumca mxedvelobaSi Rebulobs, ras akeTeben sxvebi da pasuxobs maT. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT oTxi wlis asakSi, bavSvebi euflebian k o o p e r a t i u l T a m a S s, moiTxovs sadac TiToeuli isini uTavseben bavSvis TavianT sxvasTan qcevas sxvebisas, TanamSromlobas rac (magaliTad, rogoricaa `dedebis da mamebis~ TamaSi). erTidan oTxi-xuTi wlis asakis periodSi, bavSvi aseve eCveva disciplinas da TviTwesrigs. EerTi aseTi saSualeba aris fizikuri moTxovnilebebis kontroli da saTanadod moqceva.BbavSvebi eCvevian tualetSi siaruls (Zneli da gawelili procesia) da swavloben faqizad 21 Wamas. isini aseve swavloben `damoukidebel qcevas~ TavianTi aqtivobis sxvadasxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT mozrdilebTan urTierTobisas. daaxloebiT xuTi wlis asakSi, bavSvi sakmaod avtonomiuri arsebaa, ukve Cvili aRar aris, aramed TiTqmis damoukidebelia ojaxSi cxovrebis elementarul rutinaSi. igi mzad aris gadadgas nabiji gare samyaroSi, SeuZlia mravali saaTi gaataros mSoblebis gareSe da amiT ar Sewuxdes. bavSvi individi xdeba. adamianebs cxovelebisgan yvelaze metad is asxvavebs, rom adamianebi T v i T c n o b i e r n i arian. rogor unda gavigoT adamians sakuTari Tavis Secnobis gansxvavebuli, gaCena sxvebisagan – imis gacnobiereba, gancalkevebuli identoba rom aqvs? Ddabadebidan pirvel TveebSi, bavSvs Zalze cota an sulac ar gaegeba Tavis garemoSi adamianebisa da sxva obieqtebis gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb da ara aqvs gacnobierebuli sakuTari Tavi. iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa `me~ da `Tqven~, bavSvebi mxolod ori wlis asakidan da mogvianebiT iwyeben. Mmxolod TandaTanobiT midian isini imis gagebamde, rom sxvebs gansxvavebuli, maTgan gancalkevebuli identoba, cnobiereba da moTxovnilebebi aqvT. BbavSvis ganviTarebis Teoriebi meobis problemis gansxvavebulad warmoqmna ganixileba didi kamaTis Sepirispirebul sagania Teoriul da sakmaod perspeqtivebSi. mniSvnelovanwilad, es imitom xdeba, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb yvelaze cnobili amaxvilebs Teoriebi, yuradRebas. damaarseblis zigmund koncentrirebulia imaze, socializaciis Uudidesi fsiqologiisa froidis Tu gansxvavebul moRvaweoba, rogor da aspeqtebze fsiqoanalizis yvelaze akontrolebs bavSvi metad Tavis ltolvebs, agreTve bavSvis ganviTarebis emociur aspeqtebze. Aamerikeli filosofosi da sociologi jorj herbert midi umTavresad yuradRebas uTmobs, Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi cnebebis `me~-subieqti (I) da `me~obieqti (me) gamoyenebas. bavSvis qcevis Sveicareli mkvlevari Jan piaJe bavSvis ganviTarebis mraval aspeqtebze muSaobda, magram misi yvelaze cnobili naSromebi Semecnebas eZRvneba – gzas, romliTac swavloben i f i q r o n sakuTar Tavze da sakuTar garemoze. bavSvebi 22 Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi zigmund froidi, eqimi venidan, cxovrobda 1856-1939 wlebSi. man Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Camoyalibebaze; froidi me-20 saukunis erT-erTi gamoCenili moazrovnea. Mmisi ideebis gavlena igrZnoba xelovnebaze, literaturasa da filosofiaze, iseve rogorc adamianur socialur adamianis qcevis mecnieruli pacientebis Terapiis mkurnalobas teqnikas mecnierebebze. mkvlevari eweoda. gulisxmobs, Ffroidi iyo, aramed fsiqoanalizi rac ara saSualebas mis ubralod nevrotuli mier aZlevs Seqmnili pacientebs Tavisuflad isaubron TavianT cxovrebaze, gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu ra SeuZliaT gaixsenon TavianTi cxovrebis adreuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. froidi mivida daskvnamde, rom is, rac umTavresad marTavs Cvens qcevas, a r a c n o b i e r S i a, da gulisxmobs ltolvebis daZlevis meTodebis SenarCunebas zrdasrul asakSi, romelic cxovrebis adreul asakSi Camoyalibda. adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebis didi nawili, Cveni cnobieri mexsierebisTvis dakargulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamocdileba is safuZvelia, razec Cveni T v i T c n o b i e r e b a Camoyalibda. pirovnebis Camoyalibeba froidis mixedviT, bavSvi momTxovni arsebaa, energiiT aRsavse, rasac Tavad ver akontrolebs, Tavisi sruli umweobis gamo. BbavSvma unda gaigos, rom misi moTxovnilebebi da survilebi, SesaZloa, yovelTvis myisierad ar Sesruldes – es mtkivneuli procesia. froidis TvalsazrisiT, Cvil bavSvs saWmlisa da sasmelis garda, moTxovnileba erotikul dakmayofilebazec aqvs. Ffroidi ar gulisxmobda, rom Cvil bavSvebs imgvari seqsualuri survilebi aqvT, rogorc ufros bavSvebs da mozrdilebs. `erotikuli~, am SemTxvevaSi, exeba sxvebTan axlo da sasiamovno sxeulebrivi kontaqtis zogad moTxovnilebas. rogorc froidi aRwers, adamianis fsiqologiuri ganviTareba Zlieri daZabulobis procesia. BbavSvi progresulad iTvisebs Tavisi miswrafebebis kontrols, Tumca igi mZlavr motivaciad rCeba aracnobierSi. Ffroidi, ramdenime tipiur stadias asxvavebs Cvilisa da ufro mozrdili bavSvis ganviTarebaSi. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas 23 uTmobs ganviTarebis im stadias - daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi romelSic bavSvebis umetesobas SeuZlia uari Tqvas mSoblebTan mudmiv urTierTobaze da ufro farTo socialur samyaroSi Seabijos. Ffroidi drois am monakveTs o i d i p o s i s mijaWvulobas, ganicdian, rasac Cvilebi erotikuli gaTvaliswinebiT. viTardeba, Tu bavSvis da stadias uwodebs. Aadreul patara elementi bavSvebi gaaCnia, amgvari mijaWvuloba fizikur momwifebas mSoblebis mimarT zemoaRniSnuli azris SemdegSic Tan grZeldeba axlavs da seqsualuri midrekilebebi sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis mimarT. es ar xdeba, radgan bavSvebi swavloben mSoblebis mimarT erotikuli survilebis daTrgunvas. Ppatara biWebi Camoekidebian. xvdebian, Ffroidis rom mixedviT, isini biWi `dedis Zlier kalTas~ antagonizms veRar ganicdis sakuTari mamis mimarT, imis gamo, rom mamas seqsualuri uflebebi aqvs dedaze. Ees aris oidiposis kompleqsis safuZveli. Ooidiposis kompleqsi daiZleva, rodesac bavSvi daTrgunavs rogorc erotikul midrekilebas dedisken, aseve antagonizms mamis mimarT (es umTavresad aracnobier doneze xdeba). Ees avtonomiuri meobis ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs imitom, rom bavSvi Tavad daSorda mSoblebze adrindel damokidebulebas, gansakuTrebiT, dedaze damokidebulebas. Qqalis naklebadaa ganviTarebis damuSavebuli. froidiseuli igi fiqrobs, rom koncefcia aq gacilebiT biWebis SemTxvevaSi aRwerili procesebis sawinaaRmdego movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. Ppatara gogona Trgunavs mamis mimarT aRZrul Tavis erotikul survilebs; cdilobs daZlios dedis aracnobieri uaryofa da iseTive gaxdes, rogorc deda - `qaluri~. Ffroidis azriT, is, Tu rogor gaumklavdebian bavSvebi oidiposis kompleqss, Zlier zegavlenas axdens Semdgom urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebiT, seqsualur urTierTobebze, romelsac individi amyarebs. kritika froidis Zalze mtruli Teoriebi xSirad gamoxmaurebac yofila hqonda. gakritikebuli zogierTi da Cvili zogjer bavSvebis erotikuli survilebis qonas uaryofda, da aseve, uaryofdnen Teziss, 24 rom is, rac xdeba CvilobaSi da adreul bavSvobaSi, ayalibebs ltolvebis marTvis aracnobier modelebs, rac mTel cxovrebas gasdevs. feminist kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom froidis Teoria, umeteswilad, mamakacur gamocdilebas ganixilavs da Zalze cota yuradRebas uTmobs qalis fsiqologias. Ffroidis ideebi dResac Zlier zegavlenas axdens. maSinac, Tu mTlianobaSi ar viziarebT mis ideebs, zogierTi maTgani ar aris safuZvels moklebuli. TiTqmis utyuaria, rom arsebobs ltolvebis marTvis modelebze dafuZnebuli adamianuri qcevis aracnobieri aspeqtebi, romelic, pirvel rigSi, adreul bavSvobaSi yalibdeba. j. h. midis Teoria j. h. midis (1863-1931) warmomavloba da inteleqtualuri kariera, umeteswilad, sruliad filosofosi iyo, ar hgavda romelic froidisas. TiTqmis Mmidi mTeli upirvelesad cxovreba Cikagos universitetSi aswavlida. igi sakmaod cotas werda, xolo misi wigni `azrovneba, pirovneba da sazogadoeba~ (1934), romelmac saxeli gauTqva mids, studentebma wyaroebis Sekribes safuZvelze; am misive leqciuri naSromma Seqmna Canawerebis Teoriuli da sxva saazrovno tradiciis ZiriTadi safuZveli – s i m b o l u r i i n t e r a q c i o n i z m i; midis ideebma, Zalze farTo gavlena moaxdina sociologiaze. (simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjeloba ixileT 24-e TavSi `sociologiuri mocemulia bavSvis Teoria~). ganviTarebis amasTan ZiriTadi erTad, midis stadiebis naSromSi interpretacia, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva meobis grZnobis warmoqmnas. Aarsebobs, ramdenime saintereso damTxveva midisa da froidis Tvalsazrisebs Soris, Tumca midi adamianis pirovnulobas ganixilavs, rogorc naklebad damokidebuls daZabulobaze. midis mixedviT, rogorc patara, aseve mozrdili bavSvebi socialur arsebebad yalibdebian, upirveles yovlisa, maT garSemo myofTa qmedebebis mibaZviT. Aam azriT, erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba TamaSia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, TamaSis dros patara bavSvebi xSirad mozrdilebs baZaven. Ppatara `acxobs~ talaxis namcxvars, rodesac naxa mozrdili rogor amzadebda, an Txris patara niCbiT, rodesac baRSi saqmianobas daakvirda. BbavSvebis 25 TamaSi TandaTan viTardeba ubralo mibaZvidan ufro rTul TamaSebamde, sadac oTxi-xuTi wlis bavSvi mozrdilis rols asrulebs. Mmidi amas uwodebs – sxvisi rolis aRebas – imis daswavlas, Tu rogoria sxva adamianis `qurqSi~ yofna. Mmxolod am stadiaSi iZenen bavSvebi sakuTari meobis ganviTarebul SegrZnebas. BbavSvebi aRweven sakuTari Tavis, rogorc damoukidebeli agentis - rogorc `me~-obieqtis - gaazrebis SesaZleblobas, xedaven ra sakuTar Tavs sxvebis TvaliT. Mmidis mixedviT, TviTcnobierebas vaRwevT, rodesac vswavlobT `me~ (obieqtis) `me~ (subieqtisagan) gansxvavebis danaxvas. `I~ anu `me~ (subieqti) arasocializebuli patara bavSvia, spontanuri survilebis da ltolvebis nazavi. `me~ anu `me~ (obieqti) midis TvalsazrisiT aris socialuri Mmidis pirovneba. TviTcnobierebas, rodesac mixedviT, iwyeben individebi sakuTari Tavis ayalibeben gagebas ise, rogoradac sxvebi xedaven maT. rogorc froidi, aseve midi Tvlian, rom bavSvi xuTi wlis asakSi damoukidebeli agenti xdeba, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis Secnoba moqmedeba. froidis da mixedviT, uSualod es ojaxis oidiposis konteqstis stadiis Sedegia, gareT maSin rodesac midi Tvlis, rom es TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebuli unaris Sedegia. Mmidis mixedviT, bavSvis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi dgeba, rodesac bavSvi rva-cxra wlis asaks aRwevs. es aris asaki, rodesac bavSvebi organizebul TamaSebSi ufro monawileoben, vidre arasistemur `garTobaSi~. Mmxolod am periodSi iwyeben bavSvebi sayovelTao R i r e b u l e b e b i s a da imarTeba socialuri cxovreba. gasagebi xdeba TamaSis m o r a l i s wesebi gagebas, romlis mixedviTac Oorganizebuli da TamaSebis samarTlianobisa da SeswavliT, Tanaswori monawileobis cnebebi. swored am periodSi xvdeba bavSvi imas, rasac midi ganzogadebul sxvas uwodebs - ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da moralur wesebs, rasac gulisxmobs kultura, romelSic bavSvi viTardeba. midi yovelive amas ufro gviandel asaks miawers, vidre froidi, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiT, maTi ideebi mainc aSkarad msgavsia. Mmidis Sexedulebebi froidis Sexedulebebze naklebad winaaRmdegobrivia. isini ar Seicavs amden saocar ideas da ar efuZneba 26 pirovnebis aracnobieris ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Teorias. Mmidis damsaxurebulad Teoria iTvleba TviTcnobierebis Zalze gavlenian Teoriad. meore mxriv, midis Sexedulebebi arasodes gamocemula sruli saxiT da isini mniSvnelovania, ufro rogorc damafiqrebeli mixvedrebi, vidre rogorc bavSvis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi interpretacia. PpiaJe: kognituri ganviTareba Jan piaJes froidisas. umetesi PpiaJe moRvaweobis 1896 nawili wels gavlena daibada JenevaSi Zalze mcired SveicariaSi, bavSvis Camouvardeba sadac ganviTarebis cxovrebis institutis xelmZRvanelobas miuZRvna. man gamoaqveyna naSromebisa da samecniero werilebis Zalze didi raodenoba, rac ara mxolod bavSvis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, aramed aseve, ganaTlebis, azrovnebis istoriis, filosofiisa da logikis sakiTxebs moicavs. PpiaJe, Tavis nayofier samecniero muSaobas sikvdilamde, 1980 wlamde agrZelebda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom froidi ase did mniSvnelobas aniWebda bavSvobis asaks, uSualod bavSvebi mas arasodes Seuswavlia. Mmisi Teoria mozrdili pacientebis fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis periodSi, dakvirvebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. Mmidic, aseve, uSualod bavSvebs ar Seiswavlida; igi, Tavis ideebs filosofiuri msjelobis konteqstSi amuSavebda. amis sapirispirod, piaJem Tavisi cxovrebis meti nawili Cvilebis, patara moandoma. Mmisi da ufro Sromebis mozrdili umetesi bavSvebis nawili, qcevaze dakvirvebas umTavresad, individebis gansazRvrul ricxvze dakvirvebas efuZneboda, vidre didi SerCeviTi erTobliobis Seswavlas. amasTan, igi acxadebda, rom misi ZiriTadi mignebebi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi misaRebia yvela kulturisTvis. Kkognitiuri ganviTarebis stadiebi PpiaJe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda bavSvis mier samyaros aqtiurad gacnobierebis unars. BbavSvebi pasiurad ki ar isrutaven informacias, aramed gamoarCeven da iazreben, rasac xedaven, esmiT da grZnoben garemomcvel samyaroSi. Mmis mier bavSvebze dakvirvebisa da maTi azrovnebis mimarTulebebze mravali eqsperimentis Sedegad, piaJem 27 daaskvna, rom adamianebi, cxovrebis manZilze, kognituri ganviTarebis ramdenime garkveul stadias gaivlian – anu swavloben TavianTi Tavisa da maTi garemocvis g a a z r e b a s. Yyoveli stadia gulisxmobs axali Cvevebis SeZenas, rac damokidebulia wina stadiis warmatebul dasrulebaze. pirveli stadia – sensomotoruli – grZeldeba dabadebidan or wlamde. Ddabadebidan daaxloebiT oTx Tvemde, bavSvi ver ganasxvavebs sakuTar Tavs garemosagan. MmagaliTad, bavSvs ar esmis, rom misi moZraoba iwvevs misi saTamaSos Cxakuns; sagnebsa da adamianebs ver asxvavebs da ar gaegeba, arsebobs Tu ara raime misi TvalTaxedvis iqiT. rogorc adreulma kvlevebma gviCvenes, bavSvebi TandaTan swavloben adamianebis sagnebisagan gamorCevas, da TandaTan xvdebian, rom rogorc erTi, ise meore maTi uSualo aRqmis gareSec arsebobs. am adreul stadias piaJe s e n s o m o t o r u l s SegrZnebebiT swavloben, umTavresad, uwodebs, vinaidan bavSvebi sagnebis SexebiTa da maTi manipulirebis saSualebiT erkvevian garemocvaSi. Aam stadiis ZiriTadi miRwevaa, rom bavSvi Zalze axlosaa imis gagebasTan, rom mis garemos garkveuli da myari Tvisebebi gaaCnia. Semdgom stadias, romelsac pre-operaciuli stadia ewodeba, piaJem Tavisi kvlevis didi nawili miuZRvna. Ees faza grZeldeba ori wlis asakidan Svid wlamde; am dros bavSvebi enas euflebian da ukve SeuZliaT, sityvebis gamoyenebiT, sagnebisa da warmodgenebis simboluri saxiT gamoxatva. magaliTad, oTxi wlis bavSvs xelebis moZraobiT SeuZlia `TviTmfrinavs~ mibaZos. PpiaJe am fazas pre-operaciuls imitom uwodebs, rom am asakSi bavSvebs jer kidev ar SeuZliaT TavianTi ganviTarebadi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis sistematuri saxiT gamoyeneba. ganviTarebis am stadiaze bavSvebs egocentrizmi axasiaTebT. piaJe am cnebas egoizms ki ar ukavSirebs, aramed bavSvis tendencias, samyaros interpretacia mxolod sakuTari poziciidan moaxdinos. magaliTad, bavSvs ar esmis, rom sxvebi sagnebs maTgan gansxvavebul perspeqtivaSi xedaven. rodesac bavSvs wigni xelSi uWiravs da SeiZleba dasvas SekiTxva suraTis Sesaxeb, romelic wignSia, igi ver acnobierebs, rom mis win mjdomi adamiani wignis mxolod garekans xedavs. 28 Ppre-operaciul stadiaze myof bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT hqondeT gabmuli saubari vinmesTan. egocentrul metyvelebaSi, TiToeuli bavSvis laparaki, ama Tu im zomiT, ar aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ras ityvis wina mosaubre. BbavSvebi erTad laparakoben, Tumca ara erTmaneTTan im azriT, rogorc es mozrdilebSi xdeba. GganviTarebis am fazaSi, bavSvebs ara aqvT azrovnebis kategoriebis zogadi gageba, rasac mozrdilebi TavisTavad cxadad miiCneven: cnebebs, rogoricaa mizezobrioba, siswrafe, wona an ricxvi. MmaSinac ki, rodesac bavSvi xedavs, rom wyali maRali da viwro WurWlidan gadmoisxa ufro dabal da farTo WurWelSi, mas ar esmis, rom wylis raodenoba igive rCeba – imis gamo, rom wylis niSnuli ufro dabalia, igi askvnis, rom axal WurWelSi naklebi wyalia. Mmesame faza, anu konkretuli operaciuli stadia, grZeldeba Svidi wlis asakidan TerTmet wlamde. Aam fazaSi bavSvebi euflebian abstraqtul, logikur cnebebs. MmaT SeuZliaT, didi siZneleebis gareSe, daeuflon iseT ideebs, rogoricaa mizezobrioba. GganviTarebis am fazaSi bavSvi xvdeba mcdar msjelobas, rasac Seicavs azri, rom farTo WurWelSi naklebi wyalia, vidre viwroSi, maSinac ki, Tu wylis done gansxvavebulia. BbavSvs ukve SeuZlia maTematikuri moqmedebebis Catareba, rogoricaa gamravleba, gayofa da gamokleba. Aam stadiaSi myofi bavSvebi gacilebiT nakleb egocentrulebi arian. pre-operaciul stadiaSi, Tu gogonas SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da gyavs?~, mas SeuZlia sworad upasuxos `erTi~; magram, Tu SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da hyavs Sens das?~, igi gipasuxebT `arcerTi~, vinaidan ver xedavs sakuTar Tavs, Tavisi dis TvalTaxedviT. konkretul operaciul stadiaze ki bavSvs aseT kiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacema advilad SeuZlia. TerTmetidan operaciul TxuTmet periods. wlamde Yymawvilobis asaks piaJe periodSi, uwodebs formalur ganviTarebad bavSvs SeuZlia gaiazros Zalze abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi ideebi. Aam asakis bavSvebs, problemasTan pirispir dgomisas, SeuZliaT gadaxedon misi gadaWris yvela gzebs da Teoriulad ganixilon isini imisaTvis, rom miaRwion Sedegs. formalur operaciul stadiaze axalgazrda ymawvili SeiZleba mixvdes, Tu ratomaa zogierTi SekiTxva `eSmakuri~. kiTxvaze 29 `ra arsebebia pudelebi da ZaRlebi?~, bavSvma SeiZleba misces swori an araswori pasuxi (swori pasuxi `pudelebi~), Tumca igi mixvdeba, Tu ratom aris pasuxi swori da Seafasebs masSi nagulisxmev iumors. PpiaJes mixedviT, ganviTarebis pirveli sami stadia universaluria; Tumca yvela mozrdili rodi aRwevs formalur operaciul stadias. formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis ganviTareba nawilobriv ganaTlebis proceszea damokidebuli. Mmozrdilebi, romlebsac SezRuduli saganmanaTleblo miRwevebi aqvT, agrZeleben ufro konkretuli saxiT azrovnebas da egocentrizmis mniSvnelovan kvals inarCuneben. kritika Mmargaret donaldsonma eWvi Seitana piaJes SexedulebaSi, rom bavSvebi mozrdilebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT egocentrulebi arian (Donaldson 1979). Mmisi azriT, amocanebi, romlebsac piaJe bavSvebs usaxavda, ufro mozrdilis SexedulebiT iyo warmodgenili, vidre romelic maTTvis gasagebi iqneboda. zogierT situaciaSi msgavsadve axasiaTebs mozrdil adamianebsac. Amis im enaze, egocentrizmi dasadastureblad donaldsoni britaneli poeti lori lis avtobiografiidan nawyvetis citirebas axdens, rodesac igi, patara biWi, pirvelad mivida skolaSi. `is pirveli dRe skolaSi, furcelSi naxvretebis keTebaSi gavatare; saxlSi rom vbrundebodi, sibrazes Zlivs vikavebdi. `raSia saqme, sayvarelo? Aar mogewona skolaSi?~ `maT ar momces prezenti.~ `prezenti? ra prezenti?~ `maT miTxres, rom momcemdnen prezents~. `ici,Ddarwmunebuli var, maT es ar giTxres~ `ki, miTxres!~ maT Tqves: `Tqven xarT lori li, ara? Kkargi; ijeqi aq jerjerobiT~. Mme, mTeli dRe vijeqi, magram ver miviRe is. Mme aRar davbrundebi iq~ (Lee, 1965, p.50). aq sityvebis TamaSia – for t he P resent - `jerjerobiT~; sityvasityviT `saCuqrisTvis~ niSnavs). Mmozrdilis poziciidan, Cven vfiqrobT, rom bavSvma arasworad, komikuri azriT, gaigo maswavleblis instruqcia. Tumca, ufro Rrmad Tu 30 CavakvirdebiT, donaldsonis azriT, mozrdilebma ver gauges bavSvs, ver gauges frazis orazrovnebas `ijeqi aq jerjerobiT an saCuqrisaTvis (for the P resent)”. aq mozrdilia da ara bavSvi egocentrizmSi dasadanaSaulebeli. piaJes naSromebi mkacrad aris gakritikebuli, misi meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogor SegviZlia ganzogadebis moxdena, roca saqme exeba aRmoCenebs, romelic dafuZnebulia erT qalaqSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis mcire ricxvis gamokvlevaze? Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom piaJes ideebis umetesma nawilma gaamarTla mraval Semdgom kvlevaSi, romelic maTgan momdinareobs.Mmis mier dadgenili ganviTarebis stadiebi, SesaZloa, naklebad mkafio iyos, vidre igi acxadebda, magram dRes mravali misi idea farTod aris aRiarebuli. KkavSirebi Teoriebs Soris Ffroidis, gansxvavebebi midis arsebobs; da piaJes miuxedavad perspeqtivebs amisa, Soris SesaZlebelia arsebiTi vimsjeloT bavSvis ganviTarebis erTian suraTze, romelSic yvela maTganis Teorias davesesxebiT. samive avtori iziarebs azrs, rom Cvilobis pirvel TveebSi, bavSvs ara aqvs mkafio warmodgena misi garemomcveli sagnebisa da adamianebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, an sakuTari identobis Sesaxeb. DdaaxloebiT cxovrebis pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, ganviTarebuli lingvisturi unarebis Camoyalibebamde, bavSvebis umetesobis swavleba aracnobierad (36) xdeba, vinaidan bavSvs jer ara aqvs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebis unari. froidi, SesaZloa, marTali iyo, roca acxadebda, rom adreul periodSi Camoyalibebuli ltolvebis marTvis gzebi – rac konkretulad dedasTan da mamasTan urTierTobas exeba – mniSvnelobas inarCunebs ufro gviandel pirovnul CamoyalibebaSi. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom bavSvebi TviTcnobier arsebebad gaxdomas swavloben, midis mier SemoTavazebuli procesis mixedviT - `me~ (subieqti) da `me~ (obieqtis) gansxvavebiT. Tumca, rogorc piaJe aRniSnavda, bavSvebma, romlebmac SeiZines sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari, inarCuneben azrovnebis egocentrul models. bavSvis avtonomiurobis 31 ganviTareba, albaT, ufro met emociur siZneleebs Seicavs, vidre midi an piaJe acnobierebdnen, da sadac gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisi froidis ideebia. SesaZlebloba marTo adreuli ltolvebi, SesaZloa, zegavlenas axdendes imaze, Tu rogor SeZlebs bavSvi warmatebiT daZlios kognituri stadiebi, romelzec piaJe miuTiTebs. iqamde, gansakuTrebiT froidisa da midis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, umTavresad yuradReba bavSvobaze da ara mipyrobili usafuZvlod, gvqonda vinaidan Cvilobasa cxovrebis da adreul pirveli wlebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT cxovrebis gzis ufro gviandel fazebze? Yyoveli adamianis cxovreba gaivlis mraval aseT fazas, bavSvobidan, yrmobidan da axalgazrdobidan, Sua xanobamde da moxucobamde. winamdebare Tavis adreuli qveTavebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven SevxedavT amas ara imdenad individis TvalsazrisiT, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris socialurad organizebuli ganviTarebis es fazebi. vinaidan Cven gvWirdeba individis ganviTarebis gageba mis farTo socialur konteqstSi. cxovrebis gza is mravalferovani gardaqmnebi, romlis gavlac individebs maTi cxovrebis manZilze uwevT, erTi SexedviT, biologiurad unda iyos fiqsirebuli – bavSvobidan zrdasrulobamde da sabolood sikvdilamde; Tumca, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa. Aadamianis cxovrebis gzis stadiebi, Tavisi bunebiT, socialuria, sazogadoebis mocemul gansxvavebebi, aseve Tanamedrove kavSirSi xangrZlivoba rogorc tipSi, gavlenas cxovrebis dasavleTSi, moiazreba, iseve vinaidan samocdaaTi axdens materialuri sikvdili da kulturuli pirobebi. MmagaliTad, xandazmul umravlesobis metia. MmaTze, rogorc Cveulebriv adamianebis weli biologiuri. Tumca asakTan sicocxlis tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, meti adamiani ver aRwevda siberes da ufro axalgazrda asakSi kvdeboda. bavSvoba 32 mravali Cvengani naTel da fiqrobs b a v S v o b a z e, rogorc cxovrebis gamorCeul `Cvilebisa~ da etapze. `bavSvebi~, Cveni `axalfexadgmulebisagan~. azriT, gansxvavdebian BbavSvobaSi igulisxmeba Cvilobasa da ymawvilobis dadgomas Soris arsebuli periodi. Tavad bavSvobis cnebis gaazreba, msgavsad Cveni socialuri cxovrebis mravali sxva aspeqtisa, mxolod bolo ori-sami saukunis win daiwyo. tradiciul kulturebSi, axalgazrdebi pirdapir gadadiodnen xangrZlivi bavSvobidan samuSao rolebze erTobebis farglebSi. Ffrangi istorikosi filip ariesi amtkicebda, rom `bavSvoba,~ rogorc ganviTarebis calke faza, Sua saukuneebSi ar arsebobda (Aries, 1973). Sua saukuneebis evropul mxatvrobaSi, bavSvebi gamosaxulebi iyvnen, rogorc `patara mozrdilebi~. maT mozrdili adamianebis saxeebi da ufrosebis msgavsi Cacmis stili hqondaT. Ffroidi midi Ffroidis mosazreba bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Mmidis midgoma, zogierT funda- gansxvavebulia, mentur aspeqtSi, gansxvavdeba fro- vinaidan igi gansakuTrebul idis midgomisagan. froidi eqimi da yuradRebas bavSvis ganviTarebaSi Terapevti iyo; midi – filosofosi aracnobiersa da emociur sawyisebs da sociologi. Mmas aniWebs. Ffroidis mixedviT, yoveli ainteresebda individis pirovnulobis ZiriTadi pirovnebis aspeqtebi, cxovrebis adreul qmedebebi; naklebad individualuri Sinagani emociuri ufro socialuri igi periodSi yalibdeba, ganskuTrebiT, urTierTqmedebis process rogorc dedasTan urTierTqmedebis akvirdeboda. Aaracnobiers, Sedegi. vinaidan qcevis es adreuli froidTan SedarebiT, magaliTebi nakleb SeTvisebulia, sanam cilebiT midi mniSvnelobas bavSvi salaparako enis gamoyenebas aniWebda. DdaTrgunvis idea daeufleba, isini metic, unda gaigos, rom moTxovnilebebi ar yovelTvis swrafad da dakmayofilebuli. midis aracnobier nawerebSi TiTqmis ar Cndeba. Uufro doneze rCeba. bavSvma ga- yvela midi ar misi mosazrebas, SeiZleba adreul iyos arsebiTad cnobda rom CvilobaSi bavSvobaSi marTavs deda gamocdilebas. froidis da gancdili Cven MmidisaTvis, Semdgom socia- 33 aCvevs Tavis Svils disciplinas.BbavSvi kvebis luri swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, iseve mniSvnelovania, TandaTanobiT yrmoba eCveva TavSekavebas – aracnorbierad rogorc bavSvoba. blokavs Tavis moTxovnilebebs swrafad Mmidi bavSvis daikmayofilos udides saWiroebebi. Ffroidis daTrgunva bavSvis mniSvnelobas mixedviT, aniWebs. TamaSis ganviTarebis aspeqtebis yvelaze ganviTarebaSi TamaSs warmosaxviTi saSualebiT, mniSvnelovani swavlobs s x v i s i bavSvi r o l i s maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelia. bavSvs a R e b a s – samyaros danaxvas, rogorc negatiuri, aseve pozitiuri rogorc sxvebi xedaven damokidebuleba aqvs dedis mimarT, egoisturi sadac siyvaruli da am procesis Sedegad, bavSvebi ganasxvaveben `me~- Ooidiposiseul rac, Cveulebriv, wlis asakSi TeoriaSi gadanacvlebas, subieqts `me~-obieqtisagan; es `me~oTxi an xdeba, xuTi obieqti miTidan oidiposis ar pirovneba, adgili sxvebze uWiravs. idea modis ZvelberZnuli Ggviandel ise bavSvobasa mokla swavloben Tavisi mama da daqorwinda dedaze. rolis rogorc reagirebis Sesaxeb, ymawvilobaSi icoda, socialuri (`me~) froidis pirovnebaa, centraluri romelmac da TvalTaxedvisgan antagonizmi ganTavisuflebas. Sereulia. mas biWi Sedegi. da adreul an gogona ganzogadebuli SeTvisebas – sxvis ufro oidiposis stadiaSi, farTo abstraqtuli normebisa da Rirebu- sazogadoeba moTxovnas uyenebs lebebisa, razec ufro farTo sazo- bavSvs, daaRwios emociur gadoebaa dafuZnebuli. Ees, rogorc Tavi TavSesafars, romelsac CvilobaSi Cans, deda moTxovnis erToblivi sTavazobda. Aam upirveles mTavari agenti ojaxis farglebSi daswavlili. mamaa, bavSvisaTvis avtonomiis da ufro meti damoukideblobis misacemad. bavSvma unda daTrgunos Tavisi siZulvili mamis mimarT da amave dros unda daTrgunos Tavisi adrindeli mijaWvuloba dedaze.P TamaSebiT yovlisa, unda iyos 34 piaJe bavSvis ganviTarebis mesame didi Teoretikosi danarCeni piaJe, ori gansxvavdeba avtorisagan.piaJe, fsiqologi iyo da misi umetesoba ideebis bavSvebze uSualo dakvirvebas efuZneba. midi ikvlevdnen ar uSualod. froidi da bavSvebs froidisagan gansxvavebiT, midis msgavsad, piaJec nakleb yuradRebas amaxvilebda aracnobierze; Tumca igi midze mets werda bavSvis ganviTarebis emociur mxareze. piaJes TvalsazrisiT, bavSvi Tavdapirvelad e g o c e n t r u l i a – igi samyaros mxolod masSi sakuTari poziciis xedavs. BbavSvebma perspeqtividan unda iswavlon, rom sxvebic arseboben, romlebsac Sesabamisi fiqrebi da gaaCniaT, da mraval grZnobebi Tves ando- meben, Caswvdnen cnebebs, romlebic mozrdilebisTvis TavisTavad cxa- dia; magaliTad, siCqaris, simZimis an raodenobis cnebebs. Eenis daufleba amgvari cnebebis wvdomis arsebiTi nawilia. infantiluri Ggza egocentrizmidan srul zrdasrulobamde gadis rigi gansxvavebuli stadiis saSualebiT. PpiaJe amtkicebs, stadiaSi, bavSvi rom yovel TandaTan am zrdis 35 Tavis SesaZleblobas, abstraqtul sxvebis cnebebs da grZnobebi. TxuTmet Caswvdes gaigos daaxloebiT wlamde bavSvebi ver euflebian logikisa da Semecnebis rTul cnebebs, bavSvi Tumca saerTod zogierTi ver aRwevs ganviTarebis am safexurs. froidi, midi da piaJe - SedarebiTi analizi. bavSvebi igive samuSaosa da garTobaSi monawileobdnen, rogorc mozrdilebi; maT ar hqondaT sabavSvo saTamaSoebi an garTobebi, romlebic axla TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia. Mmeoce saukunis dasawyisamde, britaneTSi da dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi, Svidi an rva wlis bavSvebs amuSavebdnen, rac amJamad muSaobisaTvis Zalze adreul asakad iTvleba. Ffaqtobrivad, dResac bevri qveyanaa msoflioSi, sadac bavSvebi sruli samuSao dRis ganrigiT muSaoben, xSirad maRaroebSi) fizikurad (UNICEF 1987 ). rTul is garemoebebSi idea, rom (mag.: bavSvebs QqvanaxSiris gansakuTrebuli uflebebi aqvT, da azri, rom bavSvis muSaoba moralurad miuRebelia, sruliad axali miRwevaa. zogierTi istorikosi, romelic aviTarebs ariesis Tvalsazriss, acxadebs, rom Suasaukuneebis evropaSi adamianebis umetesoba gulgrili iyo da mtruladac ki iyo ganwyobili Tavisi bavSvebis mimarT. Tumca es Tvalsazrisi uaryofili iqna sxvebis mier da ar dasturdeba imiT, rac dRemde arsebuli tradiciuli kulturebis Sesaxeb viciT. bevri mSobeli, gansakuTrebiT dedebi, igive saxis siyvaruls amJRavnebdnen TavianTi Svilebis mimarT, periodis gamo, rac Cveulia rasac Cven dRes. Tumca dRes `bavSvobis~ vacnobierebT, xangrZlivi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi, garkveuli azriT, ufro `bavSvze centrirebulia,~ vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. rogorc mSobloba, aseve bavSvoba sxva stadiebisgan ufro aSkarad gansxvavebuli gaxda, vidre es tradiciul erTobebSia. 36 Uxazi unda gaesvas, rom bavSvze centrirebuli sazogadoeba ar aris is sazogadoeba, sadac yvela bavSvi siyvarulsa da zrunvas ganicdis mSoblebis an sxva mozrdilebis mxridan. BbavSvebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladoba ojaxuri cxovrebis Cveuli niSania dRevandel sazogadoebaSi – Tumca aseTi Zaladobis mTeli sisrule mxolod axlo warsulSi gamomzeurda. bavSvebze Zaladobas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs imasTan, rac dRevandeli sazogadoebrivi standartebiT, miiCneva bavSvebis mimarT cud mopyrobad Zvel evropaSi. SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sedegad, `bavSvoba,~ rogorc gansakuTrebuli statusi, TandaTan gaqres. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom bavSvebi dRes `ise swrafad izrdebian~, rom bavSvobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli niSnebi kvlav sustdeba (Suransky 1982; W inn 1983) . MmagaliTad, sruliad patara asakis bavSvebsac ki programebis SeuZliaT yureba, mozrdilebisTvis ris gamoc ufro gankuTvnili adre satelevizio `Sedian mozrdilTa samyaroSi,~ vidre es wina Taobebs SeeZloT. siymawvile `Tineijeris~ cneba SedarebiT axalia. biologiuri cvlilebebi, rasac sqesobrivi momwifeba gulisxmobs (momenti, roca pirovneba sqesobrivad aqtiuri da reproduqciuli xdeba), universaluria. Tumca, mraval kulturaSi, es ar iwvevs im aurzaursa da gaugebrobas, rac damaxasiaTebelia axalgazrdebisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. rodesac arsebobs asakobrivi zRvaris sistema, garkveul ritualTan erTad, rac pirovnebis fsiqoseqsualuri zrdasrul ganviTarebis asakSi procesi, gadasvlas ZiriTadad, aRniSnavs, ufro advilad mosagvarebelia. Yymawvilebma tradiciul sazogadoebebSi naklebi unda `gadaiviwyon~, vidre maTma Tanatolebma Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, vinaidan cvlilebis mimdinareoba ufro Senelebulia. Ees iseTi droa, roca Cven gadaagdon tradiciul Svilebs TavianTi aRar moeTxovebaT saTamaSoebi kulturebSi, sadac da bavSvebi bavSvebad yofna: miatovon bavSvuri mozrdilebis maT unda Cvevebi. gverdigverd muSaoben, es bavSvobis `gadaviwyebis~ procesi naklebad mkacria. 37 Cvens droSi, dakavSirebulia `Tineijerad~ rogorc bavSvis yofnis uflebebis gansakuTrebuloba gafarToebasTan, aseve formaluri ganaTlebis procesTan. Tineijerebi, xSirad, ufrosebis gzas mihyvebian, Tumca kanonebs eqvemdebarebian rogorc bavSvebi. maT, SesaZloa, surT muSaoba, Tumca iZulebulni arian skolaSi darCnen. Tineijerebi bavSvobasa da zrdasrulobas Soris imyofebian, izrdebian ra sazogadoebaSi, romelic gamudmebiT icvleba. A axalgazrda zrdasrulebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi, axalgazrda zrdasruloba, pirovnul da seqsualur ganviTarebaSi, Cans, sul ufro metad iqceva specifikur stadiad. DdaaxloebiT SeZlebul jgufebSi 20 da wlis ara asakis marto adamianebi, maTTan, `taim gansakuTrebiT auts~ iyeneben samogzaurod da seqsualuri, politikuri da religiuri gamocdilebis SesaZenad. Aamgvari `moratoriumis~ saWiroeba, Cans, gaizrdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove viTarebaSi ganaTlebis periodis zrdas. zrdasrulebi dRes, axalgazrda zrdasrulebis umetesobas SeuZlia winaswar hqondes imedi, rom sicocxle moxucebulobamde gauxangrZlivdeba. Zvel droSi, cotas avadmyofobiT, Tu hqonda epidemiebiT aseTi an imediani travmebiT momavlis gamowveuli molodini. sikvdilianoba, gacilebiT xSiri iyo winaT, yvela asakis jgufebSi, vidre es dRes aris; gansakuTrebiT didi riskis qveS mSobiare qalebi iyvnen, maRali sikvdilianobis gamo. Mmeore naklebad mxriv, zogierTi mJRavndeboda wina daZabuloba, epoqebSi. rasac Aadamianebs, dRes ganvicdiT, Cveulebriv, ufro axlo urTierToba hqondaT TavianT mSoblebTan da naTesavebTan, vidre dRevanel ufro mobilur moqalaqeebs; xolo yoveldRiuri saqmianoba igive iyo, rogoric maT winaprebs hqondaT. Cvens sazogadoebaSi, ZiriTadi gaurkvevlobebi unda gadawydes qorwinebaSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi da sxva socialur konteqstebSi. Cven ufro metad unda `movawyoT~ Cveni cxovreba, vidre amas warsulSi akeTebdnen. MmagaliTad, seqsualuri da 38 saqorwino kavSirebi, damokidebuli, individs ufro ufro individis vidre mSoblebis did Tavisuflebas iniciativaze gadawyvetilebaze. aniWebs, Tumca da arCevanzea Ees garemoeba pasuxismgeblobis grZnobam SeiZleba daZabulobebi da siZneleebi gamoiwvios. saSualo asakSi SorsmWvretelobis SenarCunebas CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. DdRes adamianebis umravlesoba ar apirebs `erTi da igive saqmis keTebas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,~ rogorc es, Cveulebriv, tradiciul kulturebSia miRebuli. Qqalebma da mamakacebma, romlebmac TavianTi cxovreba erT romelime karieras moandomes, SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom is done, romelsac saSualo asakSi miaRwies, maT ar akmayofilebT, xolo Semdgomi SesaZleblobebi aRar aris. Qqalebma, romlebmac TavianTi adreuli zrdasruli asaki bavSvebis aRzrdas moandomes da romelTa Svilebma ukve datoves saxli, SesaZloa, sakuTari Tavi socialuri Rirebulebis armqoned igrZnon. `saSualoasakis krizisis~ adamianebisTvis. fenomeni Ppirovnebam savsebiT SeiZleba realuria igrZnos, asaks rom man miRweuli uari Tqva cxovrebis mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobebze, an rom veRarasdros miaRwevs im miznebs, romelzec bavSvobidan ocnebobda. Mmiuxedavad (40) amisa, gardamavali periodi ar gulisxmobs morCilebas an bneliT mocul uimedobas; bavSvuri ocnebebidan ganTavisufleba, SesaZloa, Svebis momgrveli iyos. sibere sazogadoebis adreul formebSi, moxuci adamianebi, Cveulebriv, didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. `uxucesebis~ - moxuci asakis adamianebis - sityva, Cveulebriv, mTavari da gadamwyveti iyo erTobis, rogorc mTelis, mniSvnelovan saqmeebSi. rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis avtoriteti ojaxSi, asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeboda. amis sapirispirod, industriul qveynebSi, ufros adamianebs, Cans, akldeba avtoriteti rogorc ojaxSi, aseve ufro farTo socialur erTobaSi. samsaxuridan pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, isini SeiZleba ufro gaRaribdnen, vidre winaT. Aamave dros, mosaxleobaSi matulobs samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi; 1900 wels, britaneTSi, samocdaxuT 39 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi ocdaaTidan erTs Seadgenda; dRevandeli proporcia xuTidan erTia. Mmoxucobis asakobrivi zRvaris gadalaxva tradiciul kulturaSi xSirad im statusis kulminacias aRniSnavs, risi miRwevac individs SeuZlia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi pensiaze gasvlas sruliad sawinaaRmdego SedegebTan mivyavarT. sakuTari Svilebisagan gancalkevebiT cxovreba da ekonomikuri sivrcidan gamodevna, uZnelebs moxuc adamianebs, cxovrebis bolo periodi Rirseulad gaataron. xSirad fiqroben, rom isini, vinc warmatebiT sZleven siberes, sakuTari Sinagani resursebisken mibrunebiT axerxeben amas, naklebad interesdebian ra gare daxmarebebiT, rac socialurma cxovrebam unda SesTavazos. Tumca, eWvi ar aris, rom es xSirad SeiZleba marTali iyos, Cans, sazogadoebaSi, sadac bevri moxuci fizikurad janmrTelia, `garesamyaros Tvalismidevnebis~ survili sul ufro da ufro mosalodnelia. Mmoxucma adamianebma, romlebic saqmianobis gareSe arian darCenilni, SesaZloa, ganaxleba hpovon imaSi, rasac `mesame asaki~ ewodeba (bavSvobisa da zrdasrulobis Semdeg), romelSic ganaTlebis axali faza iwyeba. TaobaTa cvla Suasaukuneebis evropaSi, sikvdili gacilebiT metad dasanaxi iyo, vidre es dRes saavadmyofos Tanamedrove Caketil garemoSi DdRes, dasavleTSi CamoSorebuli. ganixileba, aris. rogorc msoflioSi kvdeba, naTesavebsa sikvdili individualuri adamianTa mravali sicocxlis da umetesoba megobrebs adamianis dasasruli da mier ara rogorc TaobaTa ganaxlebis procesi. religiuri rwmenis Sesustebam, aseve, Secvala Cveni damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT. CvenTvis, sikvdili msjelobas ar eqvemdebareba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom adamianebs sikvdilis eSiniaT; ase rom, eqimebi an naTesavebi sakmaod xSirad umalaven sasikvdilod daavadebul adamians, rom igi male mokvdeba. EelizabeT kiubler-rosis mixedviT, sikvdilis moaxlovebasTan Seguebis procesi, socializaciis SekumSuli procesia, rac ramdenime stadias moicavs. 40 Ppirveli stadia aris u a r y o f a – individi uaryofs miiRos is, rac xdeba. Mmeore faza – m r i s x a n e b a a, gansakuTrebiT imaT Soris, vinc SedarebiT axalgazrda kvdeba da guli swydeba, rom srulad ver icxovra. Amas mosdevs – S e v a W r e b i s stadia. individi garigebas debs bediswerasTan an RmerTTan, rom mSvidad mokvdeba, Tu miecema ufleba mniSvnelovani moeswros, movlena, rom magaliTad, dainaxos ojaxuri raime gansakuTrebiT qorwineba an dabadeba. mogvianebiT, individi xSirad vardeba d e p r e s i a S i. Dda bolos, Tu es mdgomareoba gadailaxeba, igi SeiZleba mivides m i R e b i s stadiamde, rodesac moaxloebuli sikvdilis winaSe simSvide isadgurebs. Kkiubler-rosi aRniSnavs, rom, rodesac igi msmenel auditorias ekiTxeba, yvelaze metad ra aSinebT sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, adamianTa umetesoba ambobs, rom eSiniaT Seucnoblobis, tkivilis, sayvarel adamianebTan daSorebis, an sanukvari gegmebis daumTavreblad datovebis. Mmas miaCnia, rom es yvelaferi sinamdvileSi, mxolod aisbergis mwvervalia. umetesad, rasac sikvdils vukavSirebT, aracnobieria, da Tu Cven gvsurs misaRebi gziT movkvdeT, es aracnobieri unda gamovitanoT sinaTleze. aracnobierad, adamianebi sakuTar sikvdils warmoidgenen, rogorc maTi dasjisTvis winaswarganzraxuls. Tu isini SesZleben mixvdnen, rom es asociacia iracionaluria, rom maTi avadmyofoba ar aris sasjeli cudi qmedebebisTvis, procesi gaadvildeba (Kubler–Ross 1987). tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebi, mSoblebi da moxucebi xSirad erT saxlSi cxovroben, Cveulebriv, cxadad acnobiereben, rom arsebobs individebi kavSiri sakuTar sikvdilsa Tavs da TaobaTa SeigrZnoben, Tanmimdevrobas rogorc ojaxis da Soris. erTobis nawils, rac ganusazRvrelad grZeldeba, pirovnuli arsebobis wamierebis miuxedavad. AaseT viTarebaSi, sikvdili SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes naklebi SeSfoTebiT, vidre es xdeba Tanamedrove samyaros swrafad cvalebad, individualistur socialur pirobebSi. socializacia da individualuri Tavisufleba 41 imis gamo, rom socialuri garemo, sadac Cven davibadeT da aRvizardeT, aseT gavlenas axdens Cvens qcevaze, SesaZloa, aRmoCndes, rom Cven warTmeuli gvaqvs individualoba anu Tavisufali arCevani. Cans, Cven ubralod daStampulebi varT sazogadoebis mier CvenTvis winaswar- momzadebuli formebiT. zogierTi sociologi cdilobs socializaciaze migvaniSnos da ufro zogadad, Tavad sociologiazec – TiTqos amaSi iyos saqme; Tumca aseTi Sexeduleba Zireulad mcdaria. is faqti, rom dabadebidan sikvdilamde urTierTqmedebaSi, ra Tqma Cven CarTulni unda, varT ganapirobebs Cvens sxvebTan pirovnulobas, Rirebulebebs, romlebic gagvaCnia da qcevas, romelsac vaxorcielebT. Tumca, socializaciac, aseve, Cveni individualobis da Tavisuflebis sawyisSia. socializaciis gzaze, TiToeuli Cvengani moipovebs i d e n t o b as da damoukidebeli azrovnebisa da qmedebis unars. Ees Tvalsazrisi advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu enis daswavlis magaliTs movitanT. Eenas, romelsac bavSvobidan vswavlobT, arc erTi Cvengani ar igonebs; yvela Cvengani SeboWili varT lingvisturi kanonebis zusti gamoyenebiT. Tumca, amave dros, enis codna erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic SesaZlebels xdis Cvens TviTcnobierebasa da Semoqmedebis unars. Eenis gareSe Cven ar viqnebodiT TviTSemmecnebeli arsebebi da vicxovrebdiT met-naklebad srulad aq-da-axlas mixedviT. enis daufleba aucilebelia adamianis cxovrebis simboluri sisavsisaTvis, CvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebisaTvis da garesamyaros praqtikuli dauflebisaTvis. Sejameba 1. kulturis cneba, yvelaze mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. kultura gulisxmobs sazogadoebis wevrTa an sazogadoebis farglebSi arsebuli jgufebis literaturas da cxovrebis ferweras, Tumca wess, rac gacilebiT moicavs xelovnebas, farToa. aseve, sxva kulturul CamonaTvals, magaliTad, ra acviaT adamianebs, maT Cvevebs, maTi samuSaos saxes da religiur ceremoniebs. 2. kultura imis didi nawilia, rac Cven adamianebad gvaqcevs. Tumca, rogorc adamianuri arsebebi, Cven aseve viziarebT saerTo 42 biologiur memkvidreobas. evoluciis xangrZlivi ZuZumwovrebis jgufis Aadamianis procesis nawili modgma Sedegad. arian - gaCnda biologiuri Aadamianebi primatebisa, umaRlesi romelTanac maT fiziologiurad sakmaod bevri saerTo aqvT. 3. sociobiologia, qcevasTan dakavSirebuli upirvelesad, aRmoCenebiT. mniSvnelovania cxovelis sociobiologebis mosazrebebi adamianebis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb Zalze spekulaturia. Cveni qceva genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca Cveni genetikuri monacemebi, savaraudod Cveni qcevis potencias gansazRvravs da ara Cveni aqtivobis namdvil Sinaarss. 4. adamianebs ara aqvT instinqtebi, dauswavleli qcevis rTuli magaliTebis azriT. Mmartivi refleqsebis jgufi, plus organuli moTxovnilebebi - es aris adamianis Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi. 5. qcevis formebs, romlebic yvela an virtualurad yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, kulturul universaliebs uwodeben. ena, incestis akrZalva, qorwinebis kulturuli institutebi, universaliebis ojaxi, ZiriTadi religia tipebia. da sakuTreba Tumca, am – zogadi kategoriis farglebSi, arsebobs qcevis modelebisa da Rirebulebebis mravali variacia, sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis mixedviT. 6. Cveni kulturis maxasiaTeblebs socializaciis procesis saSualebiT vswavlobT. socializacia aris procesi, romlis dros, sxva adamianebTan kontaqtis saSualebiT, umweo Cvili TandaTan gadaiqceva TviTcnobier da gonier adamianad, romelic mocemul kulturaSi gaTviTcnobierebulia. 7. zigmund avtonomiur froidis arsebad moTxovnilebebis im maSin naSromi Seicavs gadaiqceva, Zlier mosazrebas, rodesac ltolvebTan rom iswavlis bavSvi garemos dabalansebas, rac aracnobieridan modis. Cveni TviTcnobiereba aracnobieri ltolvebis daTrgunvis xarjze Sendeba. 8. j. h. midis mixedviT, bavSvi calke agentad yofnis gacnobierebas maSin aRwevs, roca sistematurad Tvalyurs adevnebs, rogor eqcevian mas sxvebi. ufro gviandel stadiaSi, rodesac bavSvi organizebul TamaSebSi 43 monawileobs da swavlobs TamaSis wesebs, igi `ganzogadebul sxvas~ – ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da kulturul wesebs - acnobierebs. 9. Jan piaJe ramdenime ZiriTad stadias gamoarCevs bavSvis mier samyaros Secnobis unarSi. yoveli stadia gulisxmobs axali SemecnebiTi unarebis SeZenas da damokidebulia wina unarebis warmatebul dasrulebaze. PpiaJes mixedviT, SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis es stadiebi, socializaciis universaluri niSan-Tvisebebia. 10. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. cxovrebis yovel gansazRvrul fazas aqvs gardamavali periodi, romelic gavlil unda iqnes, an krizisi, romelic unda gadailaxos. Ees gulisxmobs sikvdilsac, rogorc pirovnuli arsebobis dasasruls. DdamatebiTi literatura Phillippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood (Hermondsworth: Penguin, 1973). klasikuri – Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi – diskusia `bavSvobis,~ rogorc adamianis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli fazis, istoriuli warmoCenis Sesaxeb. Ruth P enedict, Patterns of Culture (New york; M entor B ooks, 1946) . Kklasikuri gamokvleva kulturuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb; dResac saintereso sakiTxavia. Ralf F asold, The Sociolinguistic of Language (Oxford: B lackwell, 199 1). saWiro saxelmZRvanelo, romelic moicavs enisa da kulturis bunebis mraval aspeqts. Elisabeth K ubler-Ross, Living with Death and Dying (London: S ouvenir P ress, 1987) sikvdilis mimarT damokidebulebis amaRelvebeli aRwera. Elly S inger, Childcare and the Psychilogy of Development (London: R outledge, 1992). diskusia bavSvis aRzrdisa da qalebisaTvis bavSvebis sadReRamiso zrunvis Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb. Frances C . W aksler, Studying the Social Worlds of Children: Sociological Readings (London: Falmer, 1991). teqstebis krebuli bavSvebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Raymond W illiams, Culture (Glasgow: F ontana, 1981) . sasargeblo zogadi diskusia kulturis cnebis Sesaxeb. 44 MmniSvnelovani terminebi evolucia bunebrivi SerCeva mutacia sociobiologia Ooidiposis kompleqsi socialuri me (obieqti) Gganzogadebuli sxva sensomotoruli stadia instinqti Ppre-operaciuli stadia subkultura Eegocentrizmi eTnocentrizmi Kkonkretuli operaciuli stadia Semecneba Fformaluri operaciuli stadia fsiqoanalizi cxovrebis gza Tavi 3 sazogadoebis tipebi ZiriTadi cnebebi uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi Mmbutis pigmeebi. Ppirvandeli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi?~ mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli sazogadoebebi Mmaias civilizacia. tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi Tanamedrove samyaro: industriuli sazogadoebebi britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis nimuSi pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi dayofis sawyisebi. sabWoTa kavSiri da meore msoflios sazogadoebebi. meore msoflios dasasruli. Mmesame msoflios sazogadoebebi. indoeTi, rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis nimuSi. mesame msoflios siRaribe axlad industrializebadi qveynebi socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia daskvna Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi industrializacia. industriuli sazogadoebebi.. globalizacia. Gkulturuli mravalgvarobis gasagebad, warmodgena unda SeviqmnaT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipebze, romlebic istoriis manZilze arebobda. winamdebare TavSi, ganvixilavT premodernuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad tipebs, Tumca yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im cvlilebebze, romlebmac axlo warsulSi gardaqmna socialuri samyaro. amasTan erTad, vimsjelebT mniSvnelovan globalur movlenaze, romlis Sedegebi dRes yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas: socialuri sistemis mTeli tipis meore samyaros sazogadoebebis anu sabWoTa komunizmis - gaqroba. Ppirvelyovlisa, ganvixilavT sazogadoebis zogierT uZveles formas, romlis sawyisebi aTaswleulebs iTvlis. uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi Aam planetaze Cveni arsebobis mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi (mcire drois gamoklebiT), SemgrovebelTa romelic sazogadoebebSi, xSirad Semgroveblebi adamianebi mcire ocdaaT-ormoc TavianT sarCos cxovrobdnen monadireTa jgufebis kacs an iTvlida. nadirobiT, tomebis da saxiT, Mmonadireebi TevzaobiT da da bunebaSi arsebuli sakvebi mcenareebis SegrovebiT moipovebdnen. Ees kulturebi dRemde arsebobs msoflios zogierT nawilSi, magaliTad, afrikis zogierT gvalvian mxareSi da braziliisa da axali gvineis junglebSi; Tumca monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebis umetesi nawili ganadgurda an absorbacia ganicada dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebis Sedegad, xolo isini, romelic SemorCa, saeWvoa, SemdgomSi xeluxlebeli darCes. amJamad romlebsac Tavi msoflioSi gaaqvT meoTxed milionze monadireobiTa da naklebi adamiania, SemgroveblobiT – anu mosaxleobis mxolod 0,001 procenti (ixileT diagrama 3.1). Mmozrdil sazogadoebebTan Tanamedrove sazogadoebebTan, SeerTebuli Statebi – SedarebiT magaliTad, monadireTa da – rogorcaa gansakuTrebiT britaneTi SemgrovebelTa an jgufebSi gacilebiT naklebi uTanasworobaa. MmaTi qoneba samonadireo TofebiT, 3 miwis dasamuSavebeli samzareulo da samSeneblo mowyobilobiT iaraRiT, Semoifargleba. Aase da saojaxo rom, da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, materialuri qonebis mxriv, gansxvaveba mcirea – aq ar iyofian mdidrebad da Raribebad. Mmdgomareobis an rangis mixedviT gansxvavebas mxolod asaki da sqesi ganapirobebs; mamakacebi TiTqmis yovelTvis monadireebi arian. xolo qalebi agroveben bunebriv sarCos, amzadeben sadils da zrdian bavSvebs. Sromis ganaileba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania: mamakacebi metad ikaveben sajaro da ceremoniebTan dakavSirebul poziciebs. `uxucesebs~ - erTobaSi yvelaze xandazmul da gamocdil adamianebs - Cveulebriv, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sityva ekuTvniT jgufSi ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. Tumca qonebis mxriv arsebobs patara gansxvavebebi Temis wevrebs Soris, gansxvavebebi Zalauflebis sferoSi gacilebiT tipebSi. MmonadireTa `monawileobiTia~ - naklebia, da vidre sazogadoebis SemgrovebelTa mniSvnelovani ufro sazogadoebebi, gadawyvetilebebis mozrdil Cveulebriv, miRebisas an krizisis mosagvareblad, yvela mozrdili mamakaci ikribeba. Mmonadireebi gadaadgildebian. da Semgroveblebi Uumetesobas mudmivi mTlad qaoturad teritoriebi aqvs da ar wlidan wlamde mis irgvliv gadaadgildebian; monadireebisa da Semgroveblebis mraval Tems ar gaaCnia mudmivi wevrebi; adamianebi xSirad gadaadgildebian sxvadasxva banakebsa Tu jgufebSi, iSlebian an sxvebs uerTdebian, Tumca erTsadaimave teritoriaze. diagrama 3.1 monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis ricxvis Semcireba, msoflios mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad. wyaro: Richard B.Lee and Jrven de Lore (eds). Men the Hunter (Aldine de gruyter 1968). Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 10 milioni. 10,000 Cvens welTaRricxvamde MmonadireTa procentuloba: 100 Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 350 milioni. 1500 weli. Cveni welTaRricxviT MmonadireTa procentuloba: 1.0 Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 3 miliardi. MmonadireTa procentuloba 0,001 1960 weli Cveni welTaRricxviT 4 mbutis pigmeebi monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis daxasiaTebas asobiT naSromi mieZRvna; maTi cxovrebis wesis ilustraciisTvis, Cven erT-erTs mivmarTavT: mbutis pigmeebis sazogadoebas (gamoiTqmeba `mabuti~), romlebic centralur afrikaSi, kerZod, zairis midamoebSi cxovroben (Turnbull 1983) . mbutis tomi gauvali tyis teritoriaze binadrobs, romelic gareSeebisTvis Znelad SesaRwevia; maTTvis tyis garemo Zalze nacnobia wyali, da ise sakvebad gadaadgildebian, gamosayenebeli rogorc mcenareebi moesurvebaT. da aq cxovelebi uxvadaa sanadirod. mbutis saxlebi mudmivi sacxovrebeli ar aris; isini foTlebisa da xis totebisagan Sendeba ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi da aseve SeiZleba swrafad iqnes aRebuli mbutebis gadaadgilebis dros, rasac isini mudmivad ewevian; isini erT adgilas Tveze mets ar Cerdebian. Mmbutebi oTxi-xuTi ojaxisagan Semdgar jgufebad cxovroben. jgufebi sakmaod myari da mudmivia; Tumca, Tu individs an ojaxs erTi jgufis datoveba da meoresTan mierTeba surs, aravis SeuZlia maTi SeCereba. Aaravin `marTavs~ jgufs – aq ar arian beladebi. Tumca uxucesebs evalebaT Cxubisa da davis `daSoSmineba,~ romelic higmeebis rwmeniT, tyis sulebs awuxebs. Tu konfliqti Zalze mwvavdeba, jgufis wevrebi toveben iqaurobas da sxvebs uerTdebian. Mmbutis cxovrebis Seswavla, Tavdapirvelad, 1960 wels daiwyes; am droisaTvis maTi cxovrebis wesi jer kidev xeluxlebeli rCeboda. Mmas Semdeg igi sul ufro mzard zewolas ganicdis. Ggare samyaro sul ufro metad SeiWra CaTreuli tyis tyeSi da mbutis xalxi sul ufro metad iqna garSemo perimetrSi arsebuli soflebis fulad ekonomikaSi. Cven maTi cxovrebis wesi awmyoSi warmovidgineT, Tumca amJamad isini gaqrobis piras arian. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mcirericxovan tradiciul sazogadoebebze, romlebzec, winamdebare TavSi, mogvianebiT visaubrebT. pirveli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi~? 5 Mmbutis pigmeebisgan gansxvavebiT, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi, romlebmac dRemde arseboba SeinarCunes, momwyvdeulia mkacr da miuval adgilebSi. AaseTi jgufebi, albaT, SimSilobis zRvarze cxovroben imis gamo, rom garemo metad mkacria da Zlivs uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis minimums. Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi didi xnis win iyvnen gamoZevebuli nayofieri miwebidan, da im faqtma, rom amJamad maTi cxovrebis pirobebi sicocxlis gadarCenisTvis mudmivi brZolaa, bevri mecnieri miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es adamianebi materialuri siduxWiris pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. Tumca, SesaZloa, warsulSi saqme amgvarad ar iyo. cnobili anTropologi marSal salinsi monadire-Semgroveblebs `pirvel siuxvis sazogadoebebs~ uwodebda imis gamo, rom maT meti hqondaT, vidre saWiro iyo maTi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad (Sahlins 1972). warsulis monadireebi da Semgroveblebi msoflios yvelaze xelsayrel regionebSi cxovrobdnen; maT, ar uxdebodaT dRis umetesi nawilis SromaSi gatareba, rac `warmoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.” mraval maTgans samuSaoze saSualod naklebi saaTis gatareba SeeZlo yoveldRiurad, vidre es Tanamedrove qarxnebSi an dawesebulebebSia. Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni imaze meti materialuri moTxovnilebebis dovlaTis dakmayofilebisTvis dakavebulni iyvnen religiuri ritualuri aqtivobiT. SeqmniT, iyo rac saWiro. RirebulebebiT, Mmravali monadire maTi ZiriTadi Cveulebriv, ceremoniebiT da isini da Semgrovebeli regularulad monawileobda arsebul ceremoniebSi da didi dro SeeZlo daeTmo im samoselis, niRbebis an sxva sakraluri nivTebis damzadebisTvis, rasac ritualebis dros iyenebdnen. zogierTi avtori, gansakuTrebiT sociobiologiis momxreebi, am sazogadoebebSi impulsebs omis monadireobis mimarT; upiratesobas Tumca, ukavSirebs sinamdvileSi, adamianis monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi omis suliskveTebas ar amJRavnebs. iaraRi, romelsac isini nadirobisas iyeneben, iSviaTad aris mimarTuli sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg. zogjer sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Setakebebi SeiZleba moxdes, Tumca, es yovelTvis SezRudulia; danakargi Zalze mcirea, an sruliad ar aris. Oomi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sruliad 6 ucnobia monadireebisa da specialurad gawvrTvnili mniSvnelovani erToblivi wavidnen sanadirod, SemgroveblebisTvis; meomrebi. aqtivoba. Tumca isini maT Nnadiroba adamianebi yovelTvis ara hyavT TavisTavad aq SeiZleba anawileben aris martoni nadavls – vTqvaT, gareuli taxis an Roris xorcs – jgufis danarCen wevrebs Soris. Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi ar arian ubralod `primitiuli~ adamianebi, romelTa cxovreba aRar Seadgens Cveni interesis sagans. maTi kulturis Seswavla ufro naTlad dagvanaxebs, rom zogierTi Cveni instituti Zlier daSorebulia adamianuri cxovrebis `bunebriv~ niSnebs. ra Tqma unda, Cven ar unda movaxdinoT im pirobebis idealizeba, romelSic monadireebi da Semgroveblebi cxovrobdnen, magram is faqti, rom omi ar arsebobs, rom ar aris gansakuTrebuli uTanasworoba simdidresa da ZalauflebaSi, da rom meti yuradReba TanamSromlobas eqceva, vidre Tanamedrove Sejibrs, yvelaferi industriuli es Zalumad civilizaciis Segvaxsenebs, mier Seqmnili rom samyaro yovelTvis `progresuli~ ar aris. mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi DdaaxloebiT oci aTasi wlis win, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa zogierTma jgufma, moSinaureba mesaqonleTa misdevdnen, da arsebobis miwis garkveuli sazogadoebebi xolo saSualebis mosapoveblad, nakveTebis ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedTa cxovelTa damuSaveba cxovelTa sazogadoebebs daiwyo. moSinaurebas puri mohyavdaT (muSaobdnen soflis meurneobaSi). Bbevr sazogadoebebs mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa Sereuli meurneobebi hqondaT. mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi im cxovreba, garemo pirobebis mesaqonleebi gaTvaliswinebiT, aSinaurebdnen da romelSic uvlidnen uxdebodaT Zroxebs, cxvars, Txebs, aqlemebs an cxenebs. Bbevri mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba Tanamedrove msoflioSic arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa 7 afrika, Sua aRmosavleTi da centraluri azia. Aam sazogadoebebs, Cveulebriv, iseT adgilebSi pouloben, sadac nayofieri saZovrebia, an udabnoebsa da mTebSi. Ees adgilebi gamousadegaria sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisTvis, Tumca SesaZlebelia gamodges saqonlis mosaSeneblad. MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, adgils icvlian sezonuri cvlilebebis mixedviT. imis gamo, rom isini saqonels gadaadgilebis saSualebad iyeneben, maT ufro didi distanciebis gavla SeuZliaT, vidre monadireebsa mesaqonleTa da Semgroveblebs. sazogadoebebSi MmomTabare adamianebi ver cxovrebis agroveben gamo, materialur sakuTrebas, Tumca maTi cxovrebis wesi, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro kompleqsuria, vidre monadireebis an Semgroveblebis. imis gamo, rom cxovelTa moSinaurebiT, maT sakvebi maragi mudmivad aqvT, maTi sazogadoebebi gacilebiT mravalricxovania, vidre monadireTa an SemgrovebelTa Temebi. Aarsebobs mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, romlebic meoTxed milion adamiansac ki iTvlis. Uuzarmazar teritoriebze xSiri gadaadgilebis gamo, mesaqonleebs mudam aqvT kontaqtebis saSualeba sxva jgufebTan. isini xSirad vaWroben maTTan, Tumca aseve omebsac aCaReben. MmesaqonleTa kulturebis umravlesoba mSvidobismoyvarea, romelTa survili mxolod saqonlis patronoba da Temur ritualebsa da ceremoniebSi monawileobis miRebaa. sxvebi meomruli suliskveTebiT arian ganmsWvalulni da rogorc saqonlis movla-patronobiT, aseve ZarcviTa da darbevebiT irCenen Tavs. mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebSi qonebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebaSi ufro meti uTanasworobaa, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa TemebSi. kerZod, winamZRolebi, tomebis beladebi an mxedarTmTavrebi xSirad mniSvnelovan pirovnul Zalauflebas floben. MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebis klasikuri daxasiaTeba mogvca e. e. evans-pritCardma, sudanSi, romelic afrikaSi umTavresad, ikvlevda (Evans-Pritchard 19 40). mesaqonleobazea nueris sazogadoebas nueris damokidebuli, cxovrebis Tumca, maT samxreT pirobebi, zogierTi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturac mohyavT. Aadamianebi cxovroben soflebSi, romlebic 5-20 miliT aris erTmaneTs daSorebuli. 1930-ian wlebSi, rodesac evans-pritCardi kvlevebs awarmoebda, nueri daaxloebiT 200 000 8 kacs ivlida. MmaT saerTo ena da erTnairi wes-Cveulebebi hqondaT, Tumca aq ar iyo erTiani politikuri Zalaufleba an raime saxelisuflebo forma. Nnueri dayofili TanamSrolobdnen iyo erTmaneTTan, tomebad, Tumca romlebic umTavresad zogjer gancalkvebiT cxovrobdnen. Yyovel toms wyalgamyofiT sakuTari miwa esazRvreboda gaaCnda. es erTmaneTs. miwebi Nnuers umTavresad ar hqonda gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli Tavisi miwis mimarT, aramed interesi imisa, iyo Tu ara adgili vargisi saqonlis saZovrebisTvis. weliwadis gvalvian periodSi, isini banakebad cxovrobdnen wyalTan axlos. nueris cxovrebis umetesi centraluri iyo nawili maTi saqonelTan kulturisTvis. iyo isini dakavSirebuli, srul rac upativcemulobas iCendnen im mezobeli xalxis mimarT, romelsac mcire raodenobiT an sruliad ara hyavda saqoneli. cxovrebis yvela ZiriTadi movlena dabadeba, srulwlovanebis miRweva, qorwineba da sikvdili - ritualebiT aRiniSneboda, sayvareli msxvilfexa xaris saqonlis saxeliT monawileobiT. mimarTavdnen, xolo mamakacebs qalebs - xSirad sayvareli mewveli Zroxis saxeliT. N nueris tomebi sakmaod xSirad eomebodnen erTmaneTs da zogjer alianssac qmnidnen sxvebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. isini ara marto sakuTari saqonlisTvis cxovrobdnen, aramed omebsac aCaRebdnen misi gulisTvis – magaliTad, arbevdnen axlo mcxovreb dinkas, meore mesaqonle sazogadoebas, saqonlis mosaparad. nueris andaza gveubneba: `Zroxebis gamo meti adamiani daiRupa, vidre raime sxva mizeziT.~ miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi MmiwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi, rogorc Cans, imave dros warmoiSva, roca mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. garkveul momentSi, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa jgufebi, ama Tu im nayofis ubralo Segrovebidan, sakuTari marcvleulis Tesvaze gadavidnen. Ees praqtika pirvelad e.w. `mebaReobis~ saxelwodebiT warmoiSva, sadac patara baRebs amuSavebdnen primitiuli Toxis an baris gamoyenebiT. MmsoflioSi bevri adamiani 9 jerac mebaReobiT irCens Tavs (diagrama 3.2 gvaCvenebs, rogor misdeven soflis meurneobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi). soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulebis procentuli raodenoba nepali 91,7 ruanda 91,3 uganda 80,9 eTiopia 74,5 bangladeSi 68,5 industriuli sazogadoebebi avstralia 7,4 iaponia 6,4 germania 4,6 kanada 3,3 SeerTebuli Statebi 2,3 gaerTianebuli samefo 2,0 Ndiagrama 3.2. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovrebis wesis simyare Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT: samuSao Zalis procentuli maCvenebeli soflis meurneobaSi, 1990. wyaro: Nikos Alexandratas (ed), msoflios soflis meurneoba: 2010 wlisaTvis. An FAO study 1995 mesaqonleobis msgavsad, samiwaTmoqmedo kultura sursaTis ufro garantirebul miwodebas uzrunvelyofs, vidre es monadireobiT an SemgroveblobiT aris SesaZlebeli; amdenad, mas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos ufro didi Temebis warmoqmnas. imis gamo, rom miwaTmoqmedebi ar gadaadgildebian, maT SeuZliaT meti materialuri sakuTrebis Seqmna, vidre mesaqonleebis, monadireTa an SemgrovebelTa Temebs. jgufebis konkretul adgilebSi dasaxlebis Semdeg, calkeul soflebs Soris SeiZleba damyardes savaWro da politikuri kavSirebi. saomari suliskveTeba miwaTmoqmedebsac axasiaTebT, Tumca Zaladobis xarisxi maTTan naklebia, vidre mesaqonleTa jgufebs Soris. soflis meurneobaSi 10 dakavebuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv, sabrZolo xelovnebas ar misdeven; mesaqonleTa momTabare tomebs ki SeuZliaT masobrivad Seiyarnon da maradiorebis armia Seqmnan. MmagaliTisTvis ganvixilavT gururumbas, axali gvineis toms, romelic aTasze cota meti adamianisgan Semdgar eqvs sofels moicavs (Newman 1965) . Yyovel sofelSi ramdenime baRia, erTmaneTisgan RobeebiT gamijnuli. am SemoRobil teritoriaze nakveTs ramdenime ojaxi flobs. yvela adamiani, dididan pataramde, nakveTebis damuSavebiT aris dakavebuli, Tumca mamakacebi da qalebi sxvadasxva saxis xilze da bostneulze arian pasuxismgebelni. Yyovel ojaxs erTi an meti nakveTi aqvs; maT weliwadis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxis mosavali mohyavT, riTac sakvebis mudmiv miwodebas uzrunvelyofen. gururumbas kulturaSi arsebobs ojaxebs Soris saCuqrebis gacvlis ceremoniis rTuli sistema, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia prestiJis mopoveba TemSi. Aamitom ojaxebs aqvT nakveTebi, sadac mohyavT mosavali yoveldRiuri saWirobebisaTvis, xolo sxva nakveTSi `prestiJuli~ mosavali mohyavT. `prestiJul~ mcenareuls gacilebiT ukeT uvlian, vidre mosavals yoveldRiuri moxmarebisTvis. gururumbas tomi Rorebsac aSenebs, romlebsac imdenad sakvebad ar iyeneben, ramdenadac ZRvenis saxiT, rac TemSi statusis mosapoveblad sWirdebaT. aq, ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel, imarTeba didi dResaswauli, romlis drosac aseulobiT Rors klaven, amzadeben da ZRvnad miarTmeven. mesaqonleTa jgufebis uTanasworobaa, vidre msgavsad, monadireTa gururumbelTa da Sorisac SemgrovebelTa meti kulturebSi. winamZRolebs da tomis beladebs gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT; aseve mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa adamianebis kuTvnil materialur sakuTrebaSi. araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 6000 wlidan moyolebuli arsebobda sakmaod didi sazogadoebebi, romlebic 11 sruliad gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebisgan (Burns & Ralph 1974). Ees sazogadoebebi qalaqebis ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli, sadac mkveTri qonebrivi da Zalauflebrivi gansxvaveba arsebobda, da mefeebis an imperatorebis Zalauflebas eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom aq wera-kiTxva ganviTarebuli iyo, xolo mecniereba da xelovneba ayvavebas ganicdida, maT xSirad civilizaciebs uwodebdnen. Tumca, imis gamo, rom maT sazogadoebis Seqmnes sxva ufro koordinirebuli formebma, maTi mmarTveloba, misamarTiT xSirad vidre termins tradiciuli saxelmwifo iyeneben. tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba imperiebs warmoadgenda; isini dapyrobebiTa da sxva xalxebis mierTebiT aRwevdnen TavianT zomebs (Eisenstadt 1 963; C lassen a nd S kalnik 1978; K autsky 19 82). es ase iyo, magaliTad, CineTsa da romSi. romis imperia, Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadiaSi, Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi, moicavda teritorias britaneTidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sua aRmosavleTamde. CineTis imperia, romelic or aTaswleulze metxans arsebobda damdegi saukunis CaTvliT, aRmosavleT aziis udides regionebs faravda, rac exla Tanamedrove CineTs ukavia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi aRar arsebobs, Tumca zogierTebi, rogoricaa CineTi da iaponia, romlebic met-naklebad xeluxlebeli SemorCa meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, amJamad Seerwya ufro Tanamedrove sistemebs. Sua aRmosavleTis uZvelesi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi, Cveulebriv, mdinareebis nayofieri napirebis gaswvriv iqmneboda (diagrama 3,3). CineTis imperia Cven welTaRricxvamde 2000 wlis win warmoiSva; drois amave monakveTSi arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifoebi Tanamedrove indoeTisa da pakistanis teritoriaze. mTeli rigi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi arsebobda meqsikasa da laTinur amerikaSi; magaliTad, actekebis inkebis espaneli meqsikis saxelmwifo naxevarkunZulze daaxloebiT Tavgadasavlebis da erTi maZieblis inkebis saukuniT pizaros saxelmwifo adre peruSi. Camoyalibda, Camosvlamde, romelic jariskacTa mcirericxovani razmiT 1535 wels moadga samxreT amerikis napirebs. inkebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil sxva adgilobriv tomebTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT, pizarom SesZlo mokle droSi daemxo 12 inkebis saxelmwifo, da arsebuli teritoria espaneTis mflobelobaSi moeqca. Ees erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo dasavlur gavlenasa da tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris mravalricxovan SetakebaTa rigSi, ramac, sabolood, am ukanasknelis saboloo gaqroba gamoiwvia. romi 400 Cv. w-mde – 400 Cv. w. AaR. Mmezoamerika egvipte 300 Cv.w. mesopotamia 3500 – 1000 35000 - 400 Cv.w.aR. CineTi 1800-300 C.w.aR. Cv.w.-mde samxreT amerika 600 – 1500 Cv. w.aR. indoeTi 2500 – 300 Cv.w.-mde N diagrama 3.3. warsulis zogierTi ZiriTadi tradiciuli civilizacia miaxloebiTi TariRebiT da ganlagebiT (Tumca yvelam gaiara eqspansiisa da dacemis periodi). maias civilizacia tradiciuli ganvixilavT saxelmwifos kidev erT ganTavsebuli iyo civilizacia ayvavebas wlamde. centrebs, religiur Mmaias daxasiaTebisTvis, amerikul iukatanis naxevarkunZulze, ganicdida civilizaciaSi romelTa garSemoc salocavebs didi civilizacias Cveni piramidebis – maias, meqsikis romelic 300-dan grandiozul qvis hqonda maias 800 religiur sacxovrebel forma saxiT, yureSi. welTaRricxvis aSenebdnen aSenebdnen magaliTis da saxlebs. yoveli maTganis Tavze taZari idga. Tikalis - udidesi piramidis - irgvliv qalaqi iyo gaSenebuli, 40000 macxovrebliT. Ees administraciuli centri iyo - maias saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi. mTavari 13 maias sazogadoeba imarTeboda meomari qurumebis aristokratiuli klasis mier. imavdroulad isini umaRlesi samxedro religiuri winamZRolebic, moRvaweebi da iyvnen, gamudmebul Tumca omebs awarmoebdnen mezoblebTan. Mmosaxleobis umetesi nawili glexobisgan Sedgeboda; TiToeuli maTgani valdebuli iyo, Tavisi mosavlis nawili mieca aristokrati mmarTvelebisTvis, romlebic fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen. zustad ar aris dadgenili, ratom daeca maias civilizacia, Tumca savaraudoa, rom is mezobelma tomebma daipyres. im droisTvis, rodesac iq espanelebi Cavidnen, maias saxelmwifo ukve didi xania aRar arsebobda. tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi istoriulad, tradiciuli saxelmwifo sazogadoebis erTaderTi tipi iyo Tanamedrove industrializmis gaCenamde, sadac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili uSualod ar monawileobda sasursaTo produqciis SeqmnaSi. MmonadreTa da SemgrovebelTa TemebSi, aseve mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebSi, Sromis ganawileba sakmaod martivi iyo. movaleobebi umTavresad mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris nawildeboda. Aamis sapirispirod, tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi ufro rTuli dasaqmebis sistema arsebobda. Qaq jer kidev arsebobda Sromis mkacri danawileba sqesis mixedviT; muSaobiT qalebis Sroma Semoifargleboda. umTavresad Tumca, ojaxSi mamakacTa da Soris mindorSi gaCnda specializebuli saqmianoba vaWris, kariskacis, saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris da jariskacis saxiT. Aadamianuri sazogadoebis adreuli tipebi tipi monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba arsebobis periodi 50,000 C. w. aR-dan dRemde (axla sruli gaqrobis pirasaa) MmaxasiaTeblebi Sedgeba adamianTa mcire ricxvisgan, romlebic sasicocxlo pirobebs monadireobiT, meTevzeobiT da nayofis SegrovebiT moipoveben. Zalian mcire uTanasworobaa. G gansxvaveba mdgomareobaSi asakiTa da sqesiT Semoifargleba miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi 12,000 C.w.aR-dan damokidebulia moSinaurebuli dRemde. dRes cxovelebis movlaze, sakuTari 14 miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi anu civilizaciebi ufro didi saxelmwifoebis nawili; maTi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesi irRveva materialuri arsebobisaTvis. mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgens ramdenime aseuli adamianidan mraval aTasamde. gamoirCeva garkveuli uTanasworobiT. imarTeba beladebiT an meomari mefeebiT 12.000 C.w.-dan dRemde. DdRes maTi umetesoba ufro didi politikuri mTlianobis nawilia da kargaven TavianT gamorCeul identobas 6000 C.w-dan me-19 saukunemde; yvela tradiciuli saxelmwifo ukve gamqralia ganTavsebulia patara soflis Temebad, qalaqebis gareSe. Tavs irCens soflis meurneobiT, romelsac uTavsebs monadireobasa da Semgroveblobas. ufro didi uTanasworoba, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa Soris. imarTeba beladebiT. umTavresad dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze. Aarsebobs ramdenime qalaqi, sadac koncentrirebulia vaWroba da warmoeba. moculobiT Zalian didi, zogierTi milionobiT adamians iTvlis (Tumca, ar Seedreba ufro did industriul sazogadoebebs). mTavrobis garkveuli aparati, romelsac mefe an imperatori marTavs. didi uTanasworobaa sxvadasxva klasebs Soris A arsebobda, aseve, klasebis ZiriTadi dayofa aristokratul jgufebsa da mosaxleobis danarCen nawils Soris. mmarTveli `mmarTvel klass~ ganagebda, romelsac maRali socialuri poziciis dakavebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba hqonda. am klasis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv, materialur komfortsa mosaxleobis udidesi da fufunebaSi nawilis cxovrobdnen. mdgomareoba Zalze Mmeore mZime mxriv, iyo. Aam sazogadoebebis saerTo niSani monaTmflobeloba iyo. tradiciuli ganviTarebiT an saxelmwifoebis imarTeboda mcire vaWrebis ricxvi mier; iqmneboda maTi vaWrobis umravlesoba ki yalibdeboda dapyrobiTi omebiT an mniSvnelovnad zrdida samxedro Zalebs (MeNeill 198 3; M ann 1986) . tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi zrunavdnen profesiuli jaris ganviTarebaze, romelic Tanamedrove tipis samxedro 15 organizaciis winamorbedi iyo. MmagaliTad, romauli jari maRali discipliniTa da meomrebis intensiuri varjiSiT gamoirCeoda, rasac efuZneboda romis imperiis eqspansia. tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi, aseve, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT omis meqanizaciis sawyisebi. xmlebi, Subebi, muzaradebi da mowyobiloba alyisaTvis, rasac romauli jari iyenebda, specializebuli ostatebis mier iwarmoeboda. omebSi, romelic warmoebda tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris, an am saxelmwifoebsa da `barbarosul~ tomebs Soris, danakargi gacilebiT didi iyo, vidre romelime wina periodSi. Tanamedrove msoflio: industriuli sazogadoebebi DdResdReobiT, tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi savsebiT aRigaven pirisagan miwisa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa, mesaqonleTa arsebobas da miwaTmoqmedTa ganagrZoben, sazogadoebebi maTi povna zogierT SedarebiT regionebSi izolirebul teritoriebzea SesaZlebeli – da, umetes SemTxvevebSi, es ukanaskneli SemorCenili egzemplarebic dezintegracias ganicdis. ram gamoiwvia im sazogadoebis formebis rRveva, romelic mTeli istoriis manZilze batonobda, Tundac ori saukunis win? Ppasuxi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, industrializaciaa – samanqano warmoebis gaCena, rac aracocxali Zalis resursis gamoyenebas industriuli efuZneba (orTqlis sazogadoebebi sazogadoebebs~ uwodeben) an (rasac socialuri eleqtrobis zogjer wyobis msgavsi). `Tanamedrove nebismieri adrindeli tipisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. maTi ganviTarebis Sedegebi Sors gascda maTive evropul warmoSobas. industrializacia `samrewvelo cvlilebebis saSualebebze, me-18 revoluciis~ Semoklebuli riTac saukunis Sedegi, inglisSi rac saxelwodebaa adamianebi mTeli da moipoveben warmoiSva, rigi teqnologiuri gavlenas saarsebo rogorc axdens wyaros. im Ees cvlilebebi moicavs axali manqana-danadgarebis gamogonebas (rogoricaa, magaliTad, sarTavi dazga narTisaTvis), energiis resursis gamoyenebas (gansakuTrebiT wylis da orTqlis) mrewvelobisaTvis da mecnierebis gamoyenebas warmoebis meTodebis gasaumjobeseblad. vinaidan aRmoCenebi 16 da gamogonebebi sferoebSic, erT sferoSi, teqnologiuri sazogadoebebSi xels uwyobs inovaciebis Seudareblad ganviTarebas tempi swrafia, sxva industriul tradiciul socialur sistemebTan SedarebiT. Tundac yvelaze warmatebul tradiciul civilizaciebSi, adamianTa umravlesoba ganviTarebis aZlevda miwis damuSavebaSi SedarebiT dabali saSualebas, iyo done CarTuli. mxolod ganTavisuflebuliyvnen teqnologiuri patara umciresobas sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisgan. amis sapirispirod, dRes industriuli sazogadoebebis upirvelesi niSani is aris, rom mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba ufro metad qarxnebSi, dawesebulebebSi an maRaziebSi muSaobs, vidre soflis meurneobaSi. adamianebis 90 procentze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs, sadac samuSao adgilebis umetesobaa Tavmoyrili da axali samuSaos Seqmnis meti SesaZleblobebia. didi qalaqebi zomiT gacilebiT grandiozulia, vidre urbanuli dasaxlebebi tradiciul civilizaciebSi. qalaqebSi socialuri cxovreba sul ufro gaupirovnebuli da anonimuri xdeba, da yoveldRiuri Sexvedrebi ufro metad ucxoebTan gvaqvs, vidre CvenTvis axlobel adamianebTan. iseTi masStaburi organizaciebi, rogoricaa saqmiani korporaciebi an samTavrobo organizaciebi, arsebiTad, yoveli adamianis cxovrebaze axdens zegavlenas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Semdegi niSan-Tviseba politikur sistemebs exeba, romlebic ufro metad ganviTarebuli da intensiuria, vidre tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobis formebi. tradiciul civilizaciebSi, politikuri xelisufleba (monarqebi an imperatorebi) pirdapir zegavlenas Cveulebebsa da didad ver adaT-wesebze, axdenda misi romlebic qveSemrdomebis sakmaod zne- damoukidebel adgilobriv dasaxlebebSi cxovrobdnen. industrializaciasTan erTad, transporti da kavSirebi gacilebiT swrafi gaxda, rac `erovnul~ erTobas ufro integrirebuls xdida. industriulma sazogadoebebma erovnuli saxelmwifoebis saxiT daiwyo arseboba. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi politikuri gaerTianebebia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia mkveTrad gamijnuli sazRvrebiT, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romelTac gaurkveveli 17 sasazRvro teritoriebi mTavrobebs didi gamohyofda. Zalaufleba aqvT Nerovnuli moqalaqeTa saxelmwifoebis cxovrebis mraval aspeqtze. maT SemoaqvT kanonebi, savaldebulo maT sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianisTvis. BbritaneTi erovnuli saxelmwifoa, rogorc TiTqmis yvela sxva sazogadoeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi. industriuli SemosazRvruli teqnologiis ekonomikuri industrializaciis yvelaze gamoyeneba ganviTarebis adreul sruliadac mSvidobiani fazaSic ar iyo procesebiT. ki, Tanamedrove samrewvelo procesebi samxedro miznebs emsaxureboda. am garemoebam radikalurad Secvala omis warmoebis gzebi, gacilebiT ufro gaumjobesebuli samxedro organizaciis tipebisa da SeiaraRebis SeqmniT, vidre es iyo araindustriul kulturebSi. Eekonomikuri upiratesobis, politikuri erTianobis da samxedro Zlierebis erTobliobas, cxovrebis dasavluri wesis upirobo gavrceleba mohyva mTels msoflioSi, bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis magaliTi DdRes msoflioSi orasze meti erovnuli saxelmwifo arsebobs; maT Soris erT-erTi britaneTia. sxva Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, teritoriulad da mosaxleobiT igi ar aris didi. britaneTis mosaxleoba 58 mosaxleoba - milionia. 81 milions Ggermaniis Seadgens, - meore iaponiis industriuli – 125 mlions, qveynis xolo SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleoba 258 milionia. Tumca, mosaxleobis mixedviT, SedarebiT mcirericxovan britaneTSi, ufro meti mosaxleobaa, vidre es romis imperiaSi iyo, Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadiaze; es imis maniSnebelia, Tu ramdenad mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli msoflio dRes, vidre orasi wlis winaT. BbritaneTis, rogorc industriuli qveynis, Tavisebureba kargad Cans imaSi, samuSao qveynebis rom Zalis soflis meurneobaSi dakavebuli adamianebi mTeli 2 procentze naklebs Seadgens. sxva industriuli msgavsad, britaneTi sursaTis imports mTeli msofliodan axorcielebs – Cais – samxreT aziidan, vaSlis – axali zelandiidan, 18 Rvinis – safrangeTidan da uamravi sxva saxis sursaTis - sxva qveynebidan. magram soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa 2 procentic ki awarmoebs imaze mets, rac saWiroa britaneTis mosaxleobis gamosakvebad. TiToeuli mosaxlis saSualo wliuri Semosavlis gazomvis Sedegad, britaneTi, sxva industriul erebTan SedarebiT, ar aris Zalian mdidari sazogadoeba. industriuli qveynebis gaerTianebaSi mas mxolod ocdameerTe adgili ukavia; Sveicaria pirvelia, luqsemburgi - meore da iaponia - mesame. Tumca, britanelebi dRes Zalze mdidrebi arian premodernuli qveynebis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da mesame samyaros umetes qveynebTan SedarebiT. es is erebia, romlebzec axla visaubrebT. pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi dayofis sawyisebi MmeCvidmetedan meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, dasavleTis qveynebma, upiratesi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT, mravali kolonia daaarses im teritoriebze, romlebic tradiciul sazogadoebebs ekava. miuxedavad imisa, rom faqtobrivad kolonializmis procesi yvela iyo koloniam is miaRwia ZiriTadi damoukideblobas, mizezi, ramac msoflio socialur rukas iseTi saxe SesZina, rogorsac dRes vicnobT. iseT regionebSi, zelandia, rogoricaa romlebic mcirericxovani CrdiloeT monadireTa TemebiT iyo amerika, da avstralia da SemgrovebelTa dasaxlebuli, evropelebi axali SedarebiT mosaxleobis umravlesobad gadaiqcnen. sxva teritoriebze, rogoricaa aziis umetesi nawili, afrika da samxreT amerika, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba umravlesobad rCeboda. pirveli industriul tipis sazogadoebebi, qveynebad gadaiqca. SeerTebuli Mmeore Statebis kategoriis CaTvliT, sazogadoebebi, umetesad, industriuli ganviTarebis gacilebiT dabal safexurze arian da maT xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs. aseT sazogadoebebs miekuTvneba CineTi, indoeTi, afrikis umetesi qveynebi (nigeria, uganada, alJiri), samxreT amerikis qveynebi (brazilia, peru da venesuela). imis gamo, rom mravali es qveyana SeerTebuli Statebis da evropis samxreTiT aris ganlagebuli, maT ganixilaven koleqtiurad, 19 rogorc samxreTs, romelic gansxvavdeba ufro mdidari da industriuli CrdiloeTisgan. Tavdapirvelad, dasawyisSi termini sazogadoebis `mesame sam msoflio~ ZiriTad tips meoce Soris saukunis gansxvavebis xazgasmisTvis gamoiyeneboda. pirveli msoflios qveynebi iyo (da aris) evropis industriuli qveynebi, SeerTebuli Statebi, avstralazia (avstralia, axali zelandia, tasmania da melanezia) da iaponia. Ppirveli msoflios TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebas aqvs mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli, parlamenturi sistema. meore msoflios sazogadoebebi gulisxmobs komunistur sazogadoebebs, sabWoTa kavSirs (ssrk) da aRmosavleT evropas, Cexoslovakiis, poloneTis, aRmosavleT germaniisa da ungreTis CaTvliT. centralizebulad akuTvnebda meore dagegmili kerZo msoflios ekonomika, sakuTrebas an sazogadoebebs rac Zalze hqondaT mcire konkurentunarian rols ekonomikur mewarmeobas. sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc meore msoflios sazogadoeba sabWoTa kavSirs, organizaciis Zalze Tanamegobroba iyo, socialuri, gansxvavebuli romelic politikuri forma Seiqmna da hqonda. gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri igi ZiriTadad erovnuli da kulturuli jgufebis mravalferovnebisgan. maTgan yvelaze didi ruseTi iyo da qveynis oficialuri ena rusuli iyo. Tumca bevr sxva enazec laparakobdnen, magaliTad, latviur, germanul, arabul da qarTul enebze. sabWoTa kavSirs marTavda komunisturi partiis wesdeba. marqsizmis erT-erT versiaze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 1, gv. 9-10), sabWoTa komunizmi erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo. komunisturi partia marTavda rogorc politikur, ise ekonomikur sistemas. pirveli msoflios qveynebi kapitalisturia da sabazro ekonomika aqvs: biznes firmebi kerZo sakuTrebas warmoadgenen da konkurireben erTmaneTTan momxmareblisTvis saqonlis aRmosavleT gasaRebaSi. evropaSi, amis sapirispirod, mrewvelobisa da sabWoTa soflis kavSirSi meurneobis da umetesi 20 nawili saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi iyo; Zalze mcire biznesi Tu rCeboda mesakuTreTa xelSi. iziarebdnen ra marqsis ideebs, komunist liderebs swamdaT, rom warmoebis koleqtiuri mflobeloba ufro warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre dasavluri Tavisufali sabazro sistema. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom saqme ase ar iyo. sabWoTa politikurad kavSiri da avtoritaruli aRmosavleT da evropis ekonomikurad sazogadoebebi uSedego iyo. am SezRudvebma isini daSlamde miiyvana (meti informacia ixileT me-13 TavSi). 1989 wels, komunizmis rRvevasTan erTad, sabWoTa kavSiri calkeul nawilebad daiSala. ruseTi kvlav calke saxelmwfo gaxda, rogorc es 1917 wlis revoluciamde iyo da misi sxva regionebis didma ricxvma damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi Seqmna – rogoricaa ukraina, saqarTvelo an litva. DdaaxloebiT samocdaTxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio istoria, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da, meore mxriv, dasavleTis kapitalistur sazogadoebebs da iaponias Soris globaluri Sejibris pirobebSi imyofeboda. dRes es konkurencia dasrulda. civi omis damTavrebasa da yofil ssrk-sa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis ngrevasTan erTad, meore msoflio aRar arsebobs. meore msoflios dasasruli ruseTi da konkurentuli dasavleTis yofili sabazro qveynebSia. meore msoflos ekonomikisken amasTan, isini sazogadoebebi miiswrafvian, cdiloben amJamad rogorc aaSenon es dasavlur modelebze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli politikuri institutebi. SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom is, Tu ra xdeba ruseTSi da sxva yofil komunistur qveynebSi, naklebad exeba britanelTa cxovrebas. Tumca es ase ar aris. gaerTianebuli yvela samefo sxva isea industriul CarTuli sazogadoebebTan globalur erTad, ekonomikaSi, rom movlenebs msoflios sxva nawilebSi momentaluri gavlena aqvs Cvens aqtivobebze. MmagaliTad, imas, Tu ra moxdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, 21 faqtiurad, SeuZlia gansazRvros, SesZlebT Tu ara kargi samuSaos an Tundac saerTod samuSaos miRebas umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, vinaidan ekonomikur xangrZlivi stabilurobazea ekonomikuri aRmavloba damokidebuli. Tu msoflios ruseTi SesZlebs ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebas, nayofieri vaWroba britaneTTan xelsayreli iqneboda orive qveynisTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sazogadoebebSi ekonomikuri kolafsis SemTxvevaSi, saziano Sedegebi SeiZleba aisaxos sxva sazogadoebebis socialur da ekonomikur stabilurobaze. mesame msoflos sazogadoebebi termini ,,mesame msoflio” (pirvelad SemoiRo frangma demografma alfred sovim), mimarT pirobiTad, naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis gamoiyeneba, srulyofili ar sazogadoebebi Tumca, aris. garkveuli Ees sruliad azriT, saxelwodeba es ise gancalkevebulni termini JRers, arian mTlad TiTqos es industriuli qveynebisgan, TiTqos Cvengan gamoyofili samyaroa. Tumca es simarTles sruliad ar Seefereba; mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs mWidro kavSiri aqvs industriul zemoqmedebiT TandaTan qveynebTan Camoyalibdnen da piriqiT. (diagrama uaxlovdebodnen 3.4) isini da dasavleTis kolonializmis savaWro qveynebs. kavSirebiT Tavis mxriv, urTierTobebi, romelic dasavleTma daamyara msoflios sxva qveynebTan, Zlier zemoqmedebda maT sakuTar ganviTarebaze. magaliTad, is faqti, rom Savkaniani mosaxleoba mravladaa SeerTebul StatebSi da braziliaSi, `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ - monebiT vaWrobis - Sedegia, rac kolonizatorebma ganaviTares. Mmesame msoflios sazogadoebebis didi umravlesoba aris im teritoriebze, romlebmac koloniuri mmarTveloba ganicades aziaSi, afrikaSi da samxreT amerikaSi. ramdenime maTgani jerac koloniebia (honkongi britanuli kolonia iyo 1997 wlamde, kontrolis xelSekrulebiT gadaeca CineTs aRniSnul wels). ramdenime koloniam adre moipova damoukidebloba, haitis msgavsad, romelic 1804 wlis ianvarSi pirvel 22 Savkanian avtonomiur koloniebma respublikad Tavisufleba 1810 iqca. wels samxreT moipoves, amerikis espanurma Tumca braziliam portugaliis mmarTvelobas 1822 wels daaRwia Tavi. zogierTi qveyana, romelic arasodes iyo evropis mmarTvelobis qveS, mainc Zlier ganicdida koloniuri urTierTobebis zemoqmedebas, risi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi CineTia. samxedro Zalis saSualebiT, CineTi me-17 saukunidan iZulebuli iyo daedo savaWro xelSekrulebebi evropul saxelmwifoebTan, sanacvlod, evropelebi axorcielebdnen mmarTvelobas garkveul adgilebSi, Uudidesi sazRvao portebis CaTvliT. amis ukanaskneli magaliTi hong-kongi iyo. Mmesame msoflios erebis umetesma nawilma damoukidebeli qveynis statusi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg moipova, sisxliani antikoloniuri brZolebis Sedegad. magaliTis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT indoeTi; aseve mTeli rigi aziis qveynebisa (birma, malaizia da singapuri) da qveynebi afrikaSi (kenia, nigeria, zairi, tanzania da alJiri). Mmiuxedavad cxovrebis wess gansxvavdebian imisa, rom misdeven, am mesame tradiciuli qveynebSi adamianebi msoflios sazogadoebebis qveynebi adreuli tradiciuli mainc Zalze formebisgan. am qveynebis politikuri sistemebi agebulia dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi Camoyalibebuli miuxedavad sistemebis imisa, rom mixedviT, mosaxleobis anu es eri-saxelmwifoebia. umravlesoba kvlav soflad cxovrobs, am sazogadoebebis umravlesoba qalaqmSeneblobis daCqarebul process ganicdis. Tumca soflis meurneoba ZiriTad ekonomikur saqmianobad rCeba, mosavali ufro msoflios bazrebze gasayidad mohyavT, vidre Sida moxmarebisTvis. (diagrama 3.4. ruka) afrikis evropuli kolonizacia; meoce saukunis dasawyisis ruka, romelic aCvenebs evropuli qveynebis `samflobeloebs~ me-18 saukunidan. wyaro: Phillip Lee et al. World Civilization, 8th edn, vol.2, 1991 G ganvlil arsebobis ramdenime pirobebi, weliwadSi, gamosworebis yvelaze nacvlad, Rarib kidev sazogadoebebSi ufro gauaresda. 23 Sefasebebis mixedviT, 1993 wels mesame msoflios qveynebSi 1,2 miliardi adamiani cxovrobda siRatakeSi; es mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis TiTqmis meoTxedia. msoflioSi RaribTa TiTqmis naxevari samxreT aziaSi cxovrobs, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, birma da kamboja;EerTi mesamedi Tavmoyrilia afrikaSi; danarCenebi - centralur da samxreT amerikaSi. 1984-1994 wlebSi cxovrebis maCvenebeli afrikaSi wliuri 2 procentiT daeca. umuSevroba 400 procentiT gaizarda, 100 milioni umuSevari adamianiT. Qzemo saharis afrikas aseve uzarmazari valebi aqvs. misi mTliani vali kidev gasammagda. Gyovelwliurad am valis gadasaxadi oTxjer aRemateba imas, rasac afrikis qveynebis mTavrobebi xarjaven janmrTelobaze da keTildReobaze. indoeTi, rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis magaliTi indoeTi da CineTi msoflios udidesi qveynebia mosaxleobis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT. indoeTSi 900 milioni adamiani cxovrobs; CineTSi 1,200 milioni adamiania, ocdaorjer meti vidre gaerTianebul samefoSi (UK). indoeTi britaneTis mier kolonizebul iqna orasi wlis win da igi britaneTis imperiis nawili gaxda. qveyanam britaneTisgan damoukidebloba meore msoflio omis Semdeg moipova, Tumca igi orad gaiyo: pakistani, romelic umTavresad islamuria da gamoeyo indoeTis ZiriTad nawils, sadac induizmi batonobs. indoeTi rCeba sasoflo-sameurneo qveyanad: samuSao Zalis 33 procenti soflis meurneobaSia dakavebuli. Aaq sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, vidre mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, Tumca sakmaod dabali imaze, rac Cveulia industriuli qveynebisTvis. indoeTSi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebisaTvis 1996 welSi 63 weli iyo. britaneTSi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba amJamad 74 welia mamakacebisTvis da 79 weli qalebisTvis; iaponiaSi, sadac adamianebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre sadme sxvagan, 77 welia mamakacebisTvis da 83 weli qalebisTvis. 24 Ppirveli indoeTSi msoflios mosaxleoba uaryofiTad indoeTis moqmedebs qveynebis swrafad matulobs. ekonomikur mosaxleobis mxolod umravlesobisgan da 50 gansxvavebiT, mosaxleobis saganmanaTleblo procentia zrda resursebze. wera-kiTxvis mcodne (inglisis mosaxleobis 99 procentTan SedarebiT). Ggasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqebSi. mravali indoeTis adamiani qalaqebi gadavida deli, sacxovreblad kalkuta da soflebidan bombei Warbad dasaxlebulia; mraval adamians quCebSi sZinavs da umuSevaria. Tumca ubralod Secdoma `ukan mravalferovani iqneba indoeTis, moCanCaled~ kultura rogorc ganxilva. aqvs, dasavluri indoeTs romelic misi Zalze qveynebis mdidari xangrZlivi da istoriis, rogorc tradiciuli civilizaciis memkvdrea. qveyana amJamad ekonomikis ganviTarebis daCqarebul procesebs ganicdis. indoeTs Zalze Raribi adamianebis didi ricxvi hyavs, romlebic yoveldRiuri sarCos mopovebiT arseboben. Tumca mas, agreTve, mdidari adamianebic milionobiT hyavs; aseve ganviTarebuli mrewveloba maRali teqnologiebiT. misi qalaqebi, SesaZloa, gadatvirTulia, magram aq iseTi ubnebicaa, romlebic iseve eleganturi da mdidrulia, rogorc pirveli msoflios qveynebSi. mesame msoflios siRaribe mesame msoflios umetes sazogadoebebSi, siRaribe ukiduresi saxiT soflis regionebSi xangrZlivoba yvelaze da mkacrad gvxvdeba. dabali kvebis nakleboba, standartebis soflebSia sicocxlis sacxovrebeli, gamoxatuli. mravali dabali Cveulebriv, Raribi iseT teritoriaze cxovrobs, sadac miwa mwiria, sasoflo-sameurneo mosavlis produqtiuloba dabali, gvalva da wyaldidobebi Cveulebrivi ambavia. qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre mamakacebi. isini mraval awydebian, kulturul, romelsac ekonomikur yvelaze da socialur araprivilegirebuli problemebs mamakacic ki ar icnobs; magaliTad, qalebi ufro met dros muSaoben da nakleb xelfass iReben. 25 Mmesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi iseT pirobebSi cxovroben, rom britaneTSi an sxva industriul qveyanaSi mcxovrebTaTvis es TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. mraval adamians ara aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli, garda kartoniT an xis nafotebiT aSenebuli TavSesafrisa; mraval maTgans ara aqvs wylis gayvaniloba, kanalizacia da Suqi. Dda mainc, milionobiT StatebSi, Raribi da adamiania arsebobs britaneTSi, kavSiri am evropaSi da sazogadoebebSi SeerTebul siRaribesa da globalur siRaribes Soris. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi siRatakeSi mcxovrebi adamianebis TiTqmis naxevari globaluri samxreTidan aris warmoSobiT. es saukuneebis win exeba Savkaniani ZaliT monebis Camoiyvanes da STamomavlebs, ufro romlebic gviandel, sakuTari surviliT Camosul imigrantebs, romlebic laTinuri amerikidan, aziidan da mravali sxva mxridan Camovidnen. axlad industrializebadi qveynebi mesame msoflio gaerTianeba ar aris. Tumca mesame msoflios qveynebis umetesoba dasavlur sazogadoebebs ekonomikurad CamorCeba, zogierTi warmatebiT erTveba industrializaciis procesSi. isini ganixileba, rogorc axlad industrializebadi qveynebi (NIC); esenia brazilia da meqsika samxreT amerikaSi, da hong-konti, samxreT korea, singapuri da taivani aRmosavleT aziaSi. Eekonomikuri zrda warmatebul axlad industrializebad qveynebSi, magaliTad, taivanSi, bevrjer aRemateba dasavlur industriul ekonomikas. 1968 wels mesame msoflios arcerTi qveyana ar figurirebda ocdaaT umaRles eqsportior qveyanas Soris, magram ocdaxuTi wlis Semdeg hong-kongi da samxreT korea TxuTmet yvelaze warmatebul qveyanaTa rigSi aRmoCnda. aziis axlad industrializebadma qveynebma, iseve rogorc 1990-ian wlebSi, ekonomiuri ayvavebis yvelaze warmatebuli done aCvena. es qveynebi rogorc investiciebs axorcieleben sazRvargareT, aseve xels uwyoben ekonomikur gamomuSavebuli zrdas foladi, sakuTar bolo qveynebSi. aTwleulSi, samxreT gaormagda, koreis mier xolo misi gemTmSenebloba da eleqtronuli industria msoflio liderTa Sorisaa. 26 singapuri umTavresi finansuri da komerciuli centri xdeba mTels samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. taivani samrewvelo da eleqtronuli industriis mniSvnelovani monawilea. MmTeli es ganviTareba uSualod axdens gavlenas britaneTze, romlis wili, magaliTad, saerTo foladis warmoebaSi, bolo ocdaaTi wlis manZilze, mniSvnelovnad daeca. Aam sazogadoebebSi cxovrebis wesic swrafad icvleba. Mmdidari adamianebi aziis qveynebSi sul ufro meti enTuziazmiT erTvebian moxmarebis axal sistemaSi. `azieli mdidari daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: igi imoseba feragamos dizainiT Sesrulebul perangebsa da yelsaxvevebSi, roleqsis an karties saaTs da luis vitonis tyavis xelCanTas atarebs, xels awers monblanis kalmistriT, samsaxurSi sakuTari mbzinvare BMW-Ti midis, gauTaveblad laparakobs motorolas mobiluriT, mTel Tavis Semosavals amerikul eqspress baraTze aTavsebs, singapuris aeroxazebiT mogzaurobs, flobs apartaments qalaqSi da agaraks qalaqgareT (Naislitt 1995, gv. 31). simdidre da samomxmareblo swrafva qorwinebisa da ojaxis tradiciul formebTan da zogjer arsebobisTvis brZolasa da soflis siRatakesTan erTad arsebobs. socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia maxlobel maRaziaSi an supermarketSi Sesvlisas, daakvirdiT SemoTavazebuli produqtebis simravles. saqonlis is mravalferovneba, rasac dasavleTSi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomad miviCnevT, visac fuli aqvs, damokidebulia saocrad kompleqsur ekonomikur kavSirebze, rac mTel msoflios moicavs. gamofenili saqoneli an misi damzadebisTvis saWiro ingredientebi da nawilebi, asobiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeba. yvelaferi es regularulad unda iqnes transportirebuli mTels msoflioSi, xolo milionobiT yoveldRiuri gacvlis sawarmoeblad, saWiroa informaciis mudmivi miwodeba. 27 tipi sazogadoebebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobis periodi maxasiaTeblebi pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebi meTvramete saukunidan dRemde dafuZnebulia samrewvelo warmoebaze da ZiriTadad Tavisufal mewarmeobaze. adamianTa umravlesoba cxovrobs qalaqebSi, mcire ricxvi misdevs soflis meurneobas. Warbobs klasobrivi uTanasworoba, Tumca naklebad aris gamJRavnebuli, vidre tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi. gamorCeuli politikuri erTobebi an erisaxelmwifoebia: dasavleTis erebi, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia meore msoflios meoce saukunis dasasazogadoebebi wyisidan (1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg) adreul 1990ian wlebamde dafuZnebulia industriaze, Tumca ekonomikuri sistema gegmiuria. mosaxleobis mcire nawili muSaobs soflis meurneobaSi, umetesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobs. klasobrivi uTanasworoba arsebobs. gamorCeuli politikuri erTobebi an eri- saxelmwifoebia. Seadgenda 1989 wlamde sabWoTa kavSirs da aRmosavleT evropas, Tumca socialurma da politikurma cvlilebebma, isini gadaaqcia Tavisufal sawarmoo ekonomikur sistemebad da Semdgom pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebad. mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi mosaxleobis umravlesoba eweva sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebs da iyenebs warmoebis tradiciul meTodebs. zogierTi soflis meurneois produqti igzavneba meTvramete saukunidan (umTavresad rogorc koloniebi) dRemde 28 msoflio bazrebze zogierTs Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistema aqvs, danarCenebs gegmiuri ekonomika. gamorCeuli politikuri erTobebi an eri-saxelmwifoebia: CineTi, indoeTi, afrikis umetesi da samxreT amerikis erebi. axalad 1970-iani industrializebadi dRemde qveynebi wlebidan yofili mesame msoflios qveynebi; amJamad efuZneba samrewvelo warmoebas da ZiriTadad Tavisufal mewarmeobas. adamianTa umravlesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobs da mxolod mcire nawilia dakavebuli soflis meurneobiT. klasobrivi uTanasworoba metad gamJRavnebulia, vidre pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebSi. saSualo Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze naklebia, vidre pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebSi. es qveynebia: hong-kongi, samxreT korea, singapuri, taivani, brazilia, meqsika. `Cvens dromde - wers anTropologi piter uorsli (Peter Worsley 1984, gv. 1) - erTiani adamianuri sazogadoeba ar arsebobda~, gulisxmobda ra, rom arc ise didi xania, rac SegviZlia saubari socialuri kavSirebis formebze, ramac mTeli dedamiwa moicva. msoflio, mniSvnelovanwilad, erT socialur sistemad urTierTdamokidebulebis iqca, Sedegi, rogorc rac, sul arsebiTad, ufro yvela mzardi adamianze axdens zemoqmedebas. globaluri sistema ar aris ubralod garemo, romlis farglebSi konkretuli sazogadoeba – magaliTad britaneTi – viTardeba da icvleba. socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi, romlebic qveynebs Soris sazRvrebs kveTen, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven maTSi mcxovrebi adamianebis beds.Mmsoflio sazogadoebis 29 sul ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis aRmniSvneli ZiriTadi cxovrobs sxvebisgan terminia globalizacia. MmsoflioSi arc erTi sazogadoeba aRar savsebiT izolirebulad; yvelaze mdidar qveynebSic ki yoveli adamiani im saqonelzea damokidebuli, rac ucxoeTidan Semodis. magaliTad, inglisSi TiTqmis yvela televizori, rac gayidvaSia, sazRvargareT aris damzadebuli an awyobili, umTavresad Soreul aRmosavleTSi. kidev erTi Sesaferisi SemTxveva saavtomobilo industrias exeba. daaxloebiT ormoci wlis win, SeerTebuli Statebis saavtomobilo warmoeba ufro mZlavri iyo, vidre yvela qveynisa erTad aRebuli. amJamad SeerTebuli Statebi mxolod mesame adgilzea, evropa da iaponia ufro met avtomobils uSvebs. ufro metic, manqanebis asawyobad saWiro nawilebi mraval sxvadasxva avtomobilis Teqvsmet nawilebi qveyanas saxelwodeba qveyanaSi da `mondeo~ mzaddeba. MmagaliTad, ford 112 sxvadasxva adgilas mzaddeba, sam kontinents moicavs. Tavad saavtomobilo warmoebis mondeos romelic avtomobilis globalur xasiaTs aRniSnavs. globalizaciis procesebma uamravi mogeba moutana mraval industriul sazogadoebas: gacilebiT mravalferovani saqoneli da sursaTi, vidre es manamde iyo. amave dros, im faqtma, rom yvelani erTad Cabmulni varT gacilebiT ufro farTo msoflioSi, gamoiwvia mravali seriozuli problema, romlis winaSec vdgavarT. Gglobalizaciis cvlilebebis rigs procesebi yvelaze ganekuTvneba, mniSvnelovani rac amJamad socialuri mimdinareobs. sociologiuri analizi, romelic mxolod calkeuli sazogadoebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, sul ufro moZvelebuli xdeba. rogorc adamianuri arsebebi, Cven sul ufro metad viziarebT saerTo beds. fundamenturi ekologiuri problemebi, katastrofis romlebsac daZleva, an adamiani awydeba, farTomasStabiani magaliTad, samxedro dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba, Tavisi masStabebiT globaluria. daskvna 30 miuxedavad sul ufro mzardi ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTdamokidebulebisa, globalur wesrigs TiSavs uTanasworoba da is, rom saxelmwifoebs, rogorc erTiani gadasafareblis sxvadasxva nakuwebs, gaaCniaT rogorc saerTo, aseve gansxvavebuli interesebi. ar arsebobs raime politikuri konvergenciis indikatori, rac gadalaxavda qveynebis konfliqtur interesebs axlo momavalSi. erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxi, rac awuxebs msoflio sazogadoebas, is aris, rom miuxedavad gaerTianebuli erebis (United Nations) arsebobisa, mzard globalizacias ar mosdevs arc politikuri integracia da arc saerTaSoriso uTanasworobis Semcireba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT. Sejameba 1. SesaZlebelia ganvasxvavoT premodernuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebis forma, romelic win uswrebs industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebas) ramdenime sazogadoebebSi cxovroben ar tipi. mohyavT mcenareTa MmonadireTa xorbali an SegrovebiTa da da uvlian SemgrovebelTa saqonels, cxovelebze aramed nadirobiT. mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba isaa, sadac moSinaurebuli cxovelebis movla adamianTa amuSaveben arsebobis miwis miwaTmoqmedTa ZiriTadi garkveul wyaroa. nakveTebs. sazogadoebebi miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi Uufro ganviTarebuli ayalibeben didi, tradiciul qveynebs an civilizaciebs. 2. dasavleTis ganviTarebam da eqspansiam igi miiyvana msoflios bevri regionis dapyrobamde, ramac radikalurad Secvala didi xnis Camoyalibebuli socialuri sistemebi da kulturebi. Ees procesebi ukavSirdeboda kolonializms, dasavluri mmarTvelobis da dasavluri kontrolis dawesebas. 3. industriul saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikis ZiriTadi safuZveli samrewvelo warmoeba xdeba. Ppirveli msoflios industriul qveynebs ganekuTvnebian zelandia. `dasavleTis~ erebi da iaponia, avstralia da axali 31 4. meore msoflios qveynebi industriuli saxelmwifoebi iyo, romelic komunisturi mTavrobebiT imarTeboda. 1989 wlis revoluciebis Semdeg, DaRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, ramac komunizmi ngrevamde miiyvana, meore msoflios qveynebi aRar arsebobs. 5. mesame msoflios anu ganviTarebadi qveynebi, sadac msoflios mosaxleobis umetesi nawili cxovrobs, umetesad, yofili koloniuri teritoriebia. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili soflis meurneobis produqtebis moyvanaze muSaobs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi Zalze Raribia industriul erebTan SedarebiT, maTma umciresobam (NIC anu axali industriuli qveynebi) am bolo dros swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganicada. 6. msoflios qveynebi sul ufro urTierTdamokidebuli gaxda – es procesi globalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. Mmsoflio socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs didi masStabis uTanasworobas industriul da mesame msoflios Rarib qveynebs Soris. 7. dRes globalizacia gavlenas axdens adamianebis cxovrebaze yvela qveyanaSi - mdidarsa da RaribSi - rac cvlis ara mxolod globalur sistemebs, aramed yoveldRiur cxovrebas. Gglobalizaciam ver warmoqmna unificirebuli msoflio; aramed, amis sawinaaRmdegod, man gamoiwvia socialuri dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi, romelsac winamdebare wignis sxvadasxva TavSi ganvixilavT. damatebiTi literatura Brian M.Fagan, People of the Earth (London: Harper Collins, 1992). avtoritetuli gamokvlevis bolo gamocema, adamianuri kulturis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb. Stephan H aggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of growth in the Newly Industrialized (Ithaca, N Countries industrializaciis politikuri ganviTarebad qveynebSi. .Y.: C ornell U niversity da ekonomikuri Press, 1990 aspeqtebis ). analizi 32 Leslie H olmes, Post-Communism: An Introduction (Cambrige: P olity P ress, 1996) komunisturi Zalauflebis dacemis Semdgomi sazogadoebebis pirveli vrceli analizi. Sheilagh C . Ogilvie and M arkus G erman ( eds), European Proto-Industrialisation (Cambridge: C ambridge U nivwrsity P ress, 1996) evropaSi industrializaciis procesebis vrceli analizi. Robert S kidelsky, The World after Communism: A Polemic for our Times (London: Macmillan, 1995) . Ddiskusia aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis savaraudo momavlis Sesaxeb, komunizmis dacemis Semdeg. mniSvnelovani terminebi??? Tavi 4 socialuri urTierTqmedeba da yoveldRiuri cxovreba ZiriTadi cnebebi yoveldiuri cxovrebis Seswavla araverbaluri komunikacia saxe, Jestebi da emociebi `saxe~ da kultura socialuri wesebi da saubari urTierTgageba. Ggarfinkelis eqsperimentebi. saubris formebi. sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi. wamocdena saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba kontaqtebi. Mmarkerebi. STabeWdilebis marTva. wina da ukana plani. rolebis SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda. Ppirovnuli sivrce urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi saaTobrivi dro yoveldRiuri cxovreba kulturul da istoriul perspeqtivaSi siaxlovis Zaldataneba mikrosociologia da makrosociologia Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi: socialuri urTierTqmedeba. kontaqti. socialuri roli. socialuri pozicia. qalaqis quCaSi ori adamiani erTmaneTisken miemarTeba. Soridan isini Tvals Seavleben erTmaneTs da TiToeuli maTgani swrafad afiqsirebs meoris saxesa da Cacmulobis stils. gverdze Cavlisas, isini erTmaneTs Tvals arideben. aseTi SemTxvevebi milionobiT gvxvdeba mTeli msoflios qalaqebSi. im situaciaSi, rodesac es adamianebi Soridan Tvals Seavleben da miaxloebisas Tvals arideben erTmaneTs, irvin gofmanis Tanaxmad (Erving Goffman, 1967, 1971) , isini samoqalaqo uyuradRebobis demonstrirebas axdenen, rasac erTmaneTisgan moviTxovT mraval situaciaSi. samoqalaqo uyuradReboba meore pirovnebis ubralod ignorireba ar aris. Yyoveli individi mianiSnebs, rom cnobs meore pirovnebis iq yofnas, Tumca araviTari JestiT ar gamoxatavs amas, rom Zalze momabezrebeli ar iyos. samoqalaqo uyuradReoba raRac iseTia, rac met-naklebad aracnobieria, Tumca mas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cven yoveldRur cxovrebaSi. Aamis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa, moviyvanoT magaliTebi, sadac adgili ara aqvs samoqalaqo uyuradRebobas. rodesac erTi adamiani meores daJinebiT uyurebs da aSkarad gamoxatavs emocias, es normaluria sayvareli adamianis, ojaxis wevris an axlo megobris mimarT. ucxo adamianebs an SemTxveviT nacnobebs Tu SexvdebiT quCaSi, samuSaoze an wveulebaze, arasodes unda CaaSterdeT amgvarad. amgvari qmedeba, SesaZloa, aRqmul iqnes, rogorc mtruli ganwyoba. am praqtikas ucnobebi mxolod maSin iyeneben, roca ori jgufi Zalze antagonisturia erTmaneTis mimarT. warsulSi, amiT iyvnen cnobilni TeTrkanianebi aSS-Si, roca `moZule mzeras~ gaayolebdnen gzad Semxvedr Savkanianebs. Mmegobrebic ki, guliTadi saubrisas, frTxilad unda moekidon imas, Tu rogor uyureben erTmaneTs. yoveli individi yuradRebas da monawileobas afiqsirebs saubrisas meore adamianis TvalebSi yurebiT, Tumca ar aSterdeba mas. Zalze CaSterebuli yureba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes sxvisi monaTxrobis ardajerebis an sulac vergagebis niSnad. 3 Tumca, zogierTi adamiani, romelic sruliad ar uyurebs mosaubres, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arapirdapir, cbier an ucnaur adamianad. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Seswavla ratom unda davinteresdeT socialuri qcevis aseTi aSkarad trivialuri aspeqtebiT? QquCaSi vinmes gverdiT Cavla da ramdenime sityviT megobarTan gamoiyureba, Cven gasaubreba, amas umniSvnelo dReSi mravaljer da Cveulebriv vakeTebT da qmedebad araviTar mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT. FsinamdvileSi, socialuri urTierTqmedebis aseTi umniSvnelo formebis Seswavlas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs sociologiaSi; isini sakmaod sainteresoa da sociologiuri kvlevis sferos yvelaze did nawils moicavs, rac ori mizeziTaa gamowveuli. pirveli, urTierTobebiT Cveni yoveldRiuri sxvebTan, Cveni rutina, saqmianobis TiTqmis xasiaTsa uwyveti da formas gansazRvravs. misi SeswavliT, Cven SegviZlia Zalze bevri ram SevityoT sakuTari Tavis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis da sakuTriv socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Cveni cxovreba, dRidan dRemde, kviridan kviramde da wlidan wlamde, qcevis erTgvarovani modelebiT yalibdeba. magaliTad, ifiqre imaze, Tu ra gaakeTe guSin an guSinwin. Tu orive dRe samuSao iyo, Sen, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTi da imave dros adeqi (TavisTavad mniSvnelovani Seasrule rutina), erTidaigive waxvedi skolaSi marSruti an skolamde leqciebze an diliT institutamde, da rasac, rogorc wesi, yovel samuSao dRes asruleb. Sen, SesaZloa, Sexvdi Sens megobrebs da waxvediT erTad sadilad, naSuadRevs ki daubrundiT Tqvens mecadineobas. MmogvianebiT, igive marSruti SeasruleT saxlamde da, SesaZloa, saRamos ukve sxva megobrebTan erTad gaxvedi saxlidan. ra Tqma unda, rutina, rasac yoveldRiurad vasrulebT, identuri ar aris, xolo Cveni qmedebebis xasiaTi samuSao dReebSi, gansxvavdeba dasvenebis dReebis qmedebebisgan. xolo Tu arsebiTad SevcvliT Cvens cxovrebas, vTqvaT, davamTavrebT kolejs da daviwyebT muSaobas, maSin Cveni yoveldRiuri rutina aucileblad icvleba; am dros, Cven Tavidan CamovayalibebT axal da sakmaod regularul qcevis wesebs. 4 Mmeore, Seswavla, yoveldRiur naTels institutebis socialuri cxovrebaSi hfens ufro saqmianobas. sistemebi socialuri didi socialuri Ffaqtobrivad, socialuri urTierTqmedebis sistemebis yvela da didmasStabiani urTierTqmedebis im modelzea damokidebuli, rasTanac Cven yoveldRiurad varT dakavSirebulni. amis demonstrireba siZneles ar warmoadgens. Kkvlav ganvixiloT ori ucnobi adamianis Sexvedra quCaSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aseT SemTxvevas naklebad aqvs saqme socialuri organizaciis farTomasStabian da ufro myar formebTan. magram, Tu ganvixilavT amgvari urTierTqmedebebis mraval SemTxvevas, saqme ase ar gaxlavT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, qalaqebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesoba mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia imaTTan, visac isini pirovnulad ar icnoben. moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba erT-erTia im meqanizmebs Soris, rac acocxlebs qalaqs, misi xmauriani xalxmravlobiTa da upirovno kontaqtebiT. winamdebare TavSi, Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT araverbalur miniSnebebs (saxis gamometyveleba da fizikuri Jestebi), rasac TiToeuli CvenTagani iyenebs erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis dros. Semdeg gadavalT yoveldRiuri sxvebisTvis metyvelebis sasurveli analizze azris – Tu gadasacemad. rogor da viyenebT bolos, enas, fokusirebas movaxdenT im saSualebebze, riTac Cvens cxovrebas yoveldRiuri rutina ayalibebs, gavamaxvilebT ra gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imaze, Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni qmedebebis koordinirebas drosa da sivrceSi. araverbaluri komunikacia socialuri urTierTqmedeba araverbaluri komunikaciis mravalricxovan formebs moiTxovs – informaciisa da azris gacvlas saxis gamometyvelebiT, JestebiTa da moZraobebiT. araverbalur komunikacias zogjer ganixilaven, rogorc `sxeulis enas,~ Tumca es mcdari azria, vinaidan amgvar araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveulebriv, viyenebT sityvierad gamoTqmulis asacileblad an gasaZliereblad. saxe, Jestebi da emocia 5 Aaraverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti, saxis gamometyvelebiT emociebis gamoxatvaa. Ppol ekmanma da misma kolegebma Seqmnes sistema, rasac isini saxis moZraobis kodirebis sistemas (FACS) uwodebdnen da rac dasaxasiaTeblad, sWirdebodaT romlebic saxis kunTebis gansakuTrebul moZraobebis gamometyvelebas gansazRvravs (Ekman & Friesen 1978). Aam mizniT, isini Seecadnen garkveuli sicxade SeetanaT im sferoSi, romelic Ria iyo SeuTavsebadi da winaaRmdegobrivi interpretaciebisTvis, vinaidan Zalian mcire Tanxmoba Tu arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda iyos identificirebuli da klasificirebuli emociebi. Eevoluciuri Teoriis Seqmneli Carlz darvini amtkicebda, rom emociuri gamoxatvis ZiriTadi formebi msgavsia yvela adamianur arsebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am mtkicebas zogi mecnieri ekamaTeboda, ekmanis gamokvlevebi, rac tardeboda gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris, rogorc Cans, adasturebs amas. Eekmanma da frizenma ikvlies izolirebuli Temi axal gvineaSi, romlis wevrebs manamde, faqtiurad, ar hqoniaT kontaqti gamometyvelebis ucxoebTan. gamomxatveli rodesac suraTebi, maT romlebic anaxes saxis adamianis eqvs emocias Seesabameboda (bedniereba, naRveli, sibraze, siZulvili, SiSi, gaoceba), axali gvineis aRniSnuli Temis wevrebma SesZles am emociebis identificireba. Eekmanis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, Sedegebi misi sakuTari da ganamtkicebs sxva mecnierebis mosazrebas, rom msgavsi emociebis saxismieri gamoxatva da interpretacia adamianebSi Tandayolilia. Mmas esmis, rom misi monacemebi saboloo ar aris da, SesaZloa, am procesSi farTod CarTuli; gavrcelebuli Tumca, misi kulturuli daskvnebi daswavlis sxva saxis gamocdileba iyos kvlevebiTac aris damowmebuli. i. eibl-eibesfeldtma gamoikvlia eqvsi dabadebiT yru da brma bavSvi imisaTvis, rom daedgina, gansakuTrebul emociur situaciebSi ramdenad erTnairi saxis gamometyveleba eqnebodaT maT da im bavSvebs, visac esmodaT da xedavdnen (1973). aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi iRimebodnen, rodesac aSkarad sasiamovno qmedebebSi erTvebodnen; gakvirvebulebi 6 warbebs iwevdnen, rodesac raime sagans ucxo suni sdioda; da iRuSebodnen, rodesac ramdenjerme arasasiamovno sagans SesTavazebdnen. imis gamo, rom isini ver xedavdnen sxva adamianebis Sesabamis qcevas, unda vivaraudoT, rom es reaqciebi Tandayolili iyo. FACS–is gamoyenebiT, ekmanma da frizenma, Cvil bavSvebSi saxis kunTebis diskretuli moZraobis mravali SemTxvevis identificireba moaxdines, rac aseve mozrdilebSi emociis gamoxatvisas dafiqsirda. magaliTad, Cvili bavSvebi da mozrdilebi saxis gamometyvelebiT msgavs emociebs gamoxataven mJave gemos SegrZnebisas (tuCebis mokumviT an moRuSviT). Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxis gamometyvelebiT emociis gamovlena nawilobriv Tandayolilia, individualuri da kulturuli faqtorebi mainc konteqstebze, zemoqmedebs romlebSic saxis maTi moZraobis gamoyeneba formebsa da mizanSewonilia. im rogor iRimebian adamianebi, magaliTad, maTi tuCebisa da saxis sxva kunTebis zusti moZraoba da maTi wamieri Rimili, gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi. ar arsebobs Jestebi an sxeulis poza, rac erTnairad axasiaTebs yvela an umetes uaryofis kulturas. niSnad adamianebi magaliTad, Tavs praqtikaSi sawinaaRmdegos anu evropelebi da farTod amerikelebi zogierT dagiqneven, Tanxmobas rac niSnavs. gamoiyeneben, sazogadoebaSi, anglo-amerikul Jestebi, rasac rogoricaa TiTiT Cveneba, garkveul xalxebSi ar arsebobs (Bull 1983) . Aaseve, loyaze TiTis mideba da datrialeba qebis Jestadaa miRebuli italiis zogierT nawilSi, magram sxvagan arsad ar aris cnobili. saxis gamometyvelebis msgavsad, Jestebi da sxeulis moZraobebi mudmivad gamoiyeneba sityvebis magivrad da azris gadasacemad, rodesac realurad arafers xumrobisTvis, amboben. ironiis samive saSualeba dasafiqsireblad SeiZleba an gamoviyenoT skepticizmis gasamJRavneblad. is aravelbaluri gamoxatvebi, rasac xSirad uneburad gadavcemT, miuTiTebs, rom rasac vambobT, yovelTvis is ar aris, rasac sinamdvileSi vgulisxmobT. yvelaze cxadi magaliTi, albaT, adamianis gawiTlebaa, Tumca sxvebma, SesaZloa, sxva ufro Sesabamisi indikatorebi SearCion. gulwrfeli saxis gamometyveleba oTxi-xuTi wamis Semdeg 7 qreba. Rimilma, rac ufro metxans gastans, SeiZleba tyuili dagvanaxos; gaocebuli gamometyveleba, romelic didxans grZeldeba, SesaZloa, ganzrax iqnes gamoyenebuli parodiad – imis saCveneblad, rom individi, realurad, srulebiTac ar aris gakvirvebuli, maSinac ki, roca amis mizezi gaaCnia. `saxe~ da kultura sityva `saxe,~ SesaZloa, aseve ganvixiloT sxvebis mier individis Sefasebad. yoveldRiur socialur cxovrebaSi, didi yuradReba eqceva `saxis SenarCunebas.~ sazogadoebriv TavyrilobebSi, imas, rasac Tavazianobas an etikets vuwodebT, umetesad, qcevis ugulebelyofis aspeqtebs gulisxmobs, ramac, SesaZloa, saxis dakargvamde migviyvanos. Cven ar ganvixilavT individis cxovrebis warsul epizodebs an pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs, ramac, gaxmaurebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, uxerxuloba gamoiwvios. Cven vcdilobT Tavi SevikavoT xumrobebisgan siqaClis Sesaxeb, Tu viciT, rom romeliRac adamiani Tmis pariks iyenebs. es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu axlo megobrebis wreSi ar vimyofebiT. taqti Tavis dacvis erT-erTi saSualebaa, rasac yvela pirovneba iyenebs im imediT, rom, sapasuxod, misi sakuTari sisusteebi ar iqneba sajarod gamJRavnebuli. Aamitom Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba ubralod ki ar mimdinareobs, vinarCunebT aramed, mudmiv sxvebTan kontrols urTierTqmedebisas, saxis Cven gamometyvelebaze, ostaturad Jestebsa da moZraobebze, Tumca umetesad gaucnobiereblad. zogieri individi mSvenivrad axerxebs saxis gamometyelebis kontrols da Zalze taqtiania sxva adamianebis mimarT. MmagaliTad, warmatebul diplomats msubuqad urTierTqmedeba sxvebTan, eTanxmebodes miuReblad axerxebs amas, an SesaZloa, da romelTa miaCndes. gavlena komfortulad unda Sexedulebebs, SesaZloa, iman, Tu moaxdinos rogori mTeli SeeZlos ar warmatebiT erebis bedze. magaliTad, daxvewil diplomatias ZaluZs Seanelos daZabuloba qveynebs Soris da Tavidan aicilos omi. 8 socialuri wesebi da saubari miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar qcevasa da sxvebis qcevis gaazrebaSi rutinulad viyenebT araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveni urTierTqmedebis umetesi nawili laparakiT – SemTxveviTi verbaluri urTierTobiT – sxvebTan araformaluri yovelTvis Tvlidnen, saubrebiT rom enas xorcieldeba. fundamenturi sociologebi mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri cxovrebisTvis. Tumca, axlaxans gaCnda midgoma, romelic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulia, Tu rogor iyeneben adamianebi enas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul konteqstebSi. saubrebis kvlevaze Zlieri gavlena irvin gofmanis Sromebma moaxdina, Tumca am tipis kvlevebSi yvelaze gavleniani mainc eTnomeTodologiis fuZemdebeli harold garfinkelia (Garfinkel 1984). EeTnomeTodologia `eTnomeTodebis~ - im xalxuri Tu yofiTi meTodebis - Seswavlaa, rasac adamianebi imis gasacnobiereblad iyeneben, Tu ras akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT ki, ras amboben sxvebi. Cven yvela viyenebT am meTodebs, rogorc wesi, maTi gacnobierebis gareSe. xSirad, Cven mxolod maSin vxvdebiT saubris Sinaarss, roca misi socialuri konteqsti viciT, rac Tavad sityvebSi ar Cans. magaliTisTvis Semdegi saubari movitanoT (Heritage 1984): A. me ToTxmeti wlis vaJi myavs. B. Zalian kargi. A. me, aseve, ZaRlic myavs B. oh, Zalian vwuxvar. rogor fiqrobT, ra xdeba aq? rogori urTierToba aqvT saubris monawileebs? Cven mxolod maSin mivxvdebiT saubris Sinaars, Tu gvecodineba, rom saubari damqiravebelsa da saxlis patrons Soris mimdinareobs. zogierTi mepatrone Tanaxmaa bavSvebze, Tumca nebas ar rTavs damqiravebels, hyavdes cxovelebi. Tu Cven ar viciT socialuri konteqsti, maSin individ A-s gamonaTqvamebsa da B-s pasuxebs Soris kavSirs ver movZebniT. azris nawili sityvebSia, xolo nawili saubarTan dakavSirebul socialur konteqstSi. 9 urTierTgageba yoveldRiuri saubrebis yvelaze umniSvnelo formebic ki rTul urTierTgagebasa da codnas gulisxmobs, rasac am `TamaSSi~ mopaeqre mxareebi iyeneben. sinamdvileSi, Cveni patara saubrebi ise rTulia, rom dRemde SeuZlebelia iseTi srulyofili kompiuteris Seqmna, romelic adamianebTan saubars SesZlebda. Cveulebriv, saubarSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi yovelTvis ar aRniSnavs zust azrs; Cven `vafiqsirebT,~ ra gvsurs vTqvaT, imis saSualebiT, rac xmamaRla ar gamogviTqvams da rac saubris fons warmoadgens. Tu maria ekiTxeba toms `ras akeTebdi guSin?~ ar arsebobs cxadi pasuxi, rac TavisTavad sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices. mTeli dRe sakmao dros moicavs da logikuri iqeba Semdegi pasuxi: `rvis Teqvsmet wuTze gameRviZa, rvis Tvramet wuTze avdeqi, Sevedi abazanaSi da kbilebi gavixexe. rvis cxramet wuTze CavrTe cxeli wyali dasabanad...~ Cven gvesmis, rom SekiTxvaze pasuxis tipi moiTxovs mariasgan imis kargad codnas, Tu ra saxis saqmianobas ewevian isini erTad da ras akeTebs xolme tomi, Cveulebriv, kviris am konkretul dRes, sxva saqmeebTan erTad. garfinkelis eqsperimentebi `safuZvelmdebare organizebaSi gvexmareba, molodinebi~, garfinkelma rac yoveldRiuri saubrebis rigi eqsperimentebiT gaaSuqa, romelsac igi moxalise studentebTan atarebda. students saubarSi unda Caeba megobari an naTesavi, da SemTxveviTi SeniSvnebi da zogadi komentarebi aexsna, raTa maTi mniSvneloba ufro zusti gaexada. Tu vinme ityoda `mSvenier dRes gisurveb,~ students unda epasuxa `mSveniers ra azriT?~, `dRis romel nawils gulisxmob?~ da a.S. erT-erTi aseTi dialogi Semdegnairad warimarTa (Garfinkel 1963): S. rogora xar? F. rogora var rasTan mimarTebaSi? janmrTelobiT, finansurad, saskolo samuSaoTi, simSvidis TvalsazrisiT...… S. (gawiTlda da uceb moTmineba dakarga) ici ra! Mme mxolod Tavaziani mindoda vyofiliyavi. sruliadac ar mainteresebs, rogor xar. 10 ratom gamodian moTminebidan adamianebi, rodesac saubris savsebiT umniSvnelo konvenciebi irRveva? pasuxi is aris, rom Cveni youldRiuri socialuri cxovrebis stabiloba da sazrisi damokidebulia gamouTqmeli kulturuli varaudebis gaziarebaze imis Taobaze, Tu ra da ratom iTqva. Tu amas TavisTavad cxadad ar miviRebT, sazrisis mqone komunikacia SeuZlebeli iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, nebismier SekiTxvas an saubars mohyveba masiuri `kvlevis procedura~, rac garfinkelis subieqtebma wamoiwyes, da urTierTqmedeba ubralod Sewydeba. Aamitom is, rac, erTi SexedviT, saubris umniSvnelo konvenciebad gvesaxeba, sinamdvileSi fundamenturia socialuri cxovrebisTvis, amitomacaa, rom maTi darRveva aseT seriozul Sedegebs iwvevs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ganzrax aCveneben, rom ar esmiT, ra igulisxmeba. es SeiZleba imitom xdeba, rom moigerion sxvebi, dascinon maT, gamoiwvion uxerxuloba, an yuradReba gaamaxvilon mniSvnelobis orazrovnebaze. magaliTad, ganvixiloT es klasikuri paeqroba mSobelsa da Tineijers Soris. m. sad midixar? T. gareT. m. ra unda gaakeTo? T. araferi. Tineijeris es pasuxi namdvilad sapirispiroa garfinkelis eqsperimentebis moxaliseTa pasuxebisa. uars ambobs ra saTanado pasuxis gacemaze, Tineijeri arsebiTad gulisxmobs: `mixede Sens saqmes.~ pirvelma kiTxvam, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli pasuxi gamoiwvios sxva adamianisgan, sxva konteqstSi: A. sad midixar? B. me kuTxeSi unda Cavuxvio. B–s ganzrax ar esmis A-s SekiTxva, raTa ironiaSi gadaitanos aRelveba an wuxili. komedia da xumroba agebulia im gamouTqmeli ganzraxvebis TiTqosda vergagebaze, rasac saubari Seicavs. masSi saSiSi araferia, radgan monawile mxareebi acnobiereben erTmaneTis ganzraxvas, rom gamoiwvion Rimili. 11 saubris formebi sakmaod saubris keTilgonieri mosmena dabneuli, an gamocdilebaa, Canaweris gaubedavi da wakiTxva. gaumarTavia, xmis CamweriT saubrebi vidre sakuTari gacilebiT es bevr metad adamians warmoudgenia. rodesac yoveldRiur saubrebSi vmonawileobT, migvaCnia, rom Cveni vavsebT, saubari ukana sakmaod planze, daxvewilia, realurad sinamdvileSi, cocxali saubari gadmocemuli saubrebisgan, vinaidan Cven warmoTqmul sakmaod sadac aracnobierad sityvebs; gansxvavdeba gmirebi Tumca, romanebSi saubroben kargad Camoyalibebuli da gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebiT. Ggofmanis naSromiT samoqalaqo uyuradRebobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom yoveldRiuri saubrebis analizi sociologiis mTavar interess naklebad Seesabameba; marTlac, bevri sociologi swored amis gamo iyo kritikuli eTnomeTodologiuri kvlevis mimarT. Tumca, zogierTi argumenti, romelic TvalsaCinos xdis, Tu ratomaa gofmanis naSromi ase mniSvnelovani SegviZlia ganvavrcoT Seswavlam dagvanaxa, sociologiisTvis, eTnomeTodologiaze. Tu rogori rTulia aseTive warmatebiT yoveldRiuri im enis floba, saubris rasac Cveulebrivi adamanebi iyeneben. swored amas adasturebs kompiuterebis programirebisas gamowveuli udidesi sirTuleebi, ganexorcielebinaT is, rasac adamanebi Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTeben saubrisas. amasTan erTad, saubari socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri sferos arsebiTi elementia. prezident niqsonis da misi mrCevlebis uotergeitis Canawerebi, sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara saubris Cawera, Tumca maT dagvanaxes umaRlesi donis politikuri Zalauflebis gamovlineba (Molotch & Boden 1985). sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi zogierTi gamonaTqvami ar warmoadgens saubars, aramed gaurkvevel wamoZaxilebs Seicavs, rasac gofmani sapasuxo wamoZaxilebs uwodebs (Goffman 1981) . vTqvaT, vinme ambobs `op,~ roca rames ejaxeba an xelidan raime uvardeba. ,,op” mxolod arasaintereso sapasuxo refleqsad 12 gveCveneba raime SemTxvevisas, msgavsad Tvalebis moxuWvisa, rodesac vinme mkveTrad gamoswevs xels Seni saxisken. Tumca, es ar aris uneburi reaqcia; rogorc faqti adasturebs, adamianebi SeZaxils ar gamoscemen, rodesac marto arian. `op~ Cveulebriv mimarTulia damswreebze. wamoZaxili uCvenebs garSemomyofebs, rom SemTxveva mxolod mcire da umniSvneloa da ara iseTi, rac Crdils miayenebda adamianis qmedebas. `op~ gamoiyeneba mxolod umniSvnelo marcxis situaciebSi da ara ufro didi incidentebis an ubedurebis dros – rac aseve aCvenebs, rom wamoZaxili aris socialuri cxovrebis Cvens mier kontrolirebuli detalebis nawili. Uufro metic, igi SeiZleba gamoiyenos vinmem, vinc Tvalyurs adevnebs meore individs, an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes vinmes gasafrTxileblad. SeiZleba `op!~, gagrZeldes Cveulebriv, zogierT mokled situaciaSi. gamoiTqmis, vinmem Tumca SeiZleba `o~ grZlad gamoTqvas igi, samuSaos Sesrulebisas kritikuli momentis dasafarad. magaliTad, mSobelma SeiZleba gaagrZelos `o-opi~ an `oopsa-a-mSveniero~, rodesac xumrobiT haerSi aagdebs bavSvs. Ees SeZaxili faravs im drois mokle monakveTs, igrZnos, amxnevebs rodesac bavSvma mas SesaZloa, da, SeiZleba kontrolis imavdroulad, dakargva axdens bavSvis tirilze reaqciis gacnobierebas. termini `op,~ TavisTavad, kulturulad aris gansazRvruli. magaliTad, rodesac rusebi raimes Zirs agdeben, isini ar amboben `op~-s, aramed wamoZaxils, romelic JRers, rogorc `aii.~ yvelaferi es, SesaZloa, Zalze xelovnurad da gadametebulad JRerdes. Tavs ratom viwuxebT aseTi umniSvnelo gamonaTqvamis detaluri analiziT? gana, imdenad did yuradRebas vaqcevT, ras vambobT, rogorc es magaliTi gviCvenebs? ra Tqma unda, ara – cnobier doneze. Tumca, ZiriTadi azri is aris, rom Cven TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia Zalze rTuli, mudmivi urTierTqmedebis kontroli Cvens situaciebSi garegnul Cvengan ar mxaresa moelian, da qmedebebze. rom mxolod moqmedebis adgilze unda viyoT. sxvebi elian Cvengan iseve, rogorc Cven veliT maTgan, rasac gofmani `kontrolirebad sifxizles~ uwodebs. adamianad yofnis fundamenturi nawilia, mudmivad vaCvenoT sxvebs Cveni kompetencia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinaSi. 13 wamocdenebi `op~ mcire reaqciaa raime patara marcxze. Cven aseve Secdomebs vuSvebT metyvelebasa da gamoTqmaSi saubrisas, leqciis dros da sxva salaparako situaciebSi. zigmund froidi, fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli, Tavis gamokvlevaSi `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fsiqopaTologia” aanalizebda amgvari wamocdenis mraval magaliTs (Freud 1975) . froidis mixedviT, Secdomebi metyvelebaSi, araswori gamoTqma an sityvebis gadaadgileba da enis waborZikeba, sinamdvileSi, SemTxveviT arasodes xdeba. isini aracnobierad motivirebulia SegrZnebebiT, romlebic daTrgunulia Cveni cnobieriT, an romelTa daTrgunvasac warumateblad vcdilobT. es seqsualur asociaciebs. Tumca amis SegrZnebebi magivrad xSirad, MmagaliTad, ambobs Tumca ara vinmes surs `orgazmi~. Aan yovelTvis, Tqvas froidis Seicavs `organizmi~, mier motanil magaliTSi, qals ekiTxebian `romel batalionSia Tqveni vaJi?~ da igi pasuxobs ,,mkvlelebis ormocdameore batalionSi~ (Morder germanulad; am sityvis magivrad surda eTqva Morser anu naRmmtyorcni). wamocdenebi xSirad sasaciloa da SeiZleba xumrobad miiRon. gansxvaveba ubralod imaSia, gacnobierebulad apirebs Tu ara mosaubre sityvebis ise Tqmas, rogorc aris. wamocdenebi SeumCnevlad gadadis `Seuferebeli” metyvelebis sxva tipebSi, romlebic froids sjeroda, xSirad aracnobierad arian motivirebuli, rogorc maSin, roca pirovneba ver amCnevs, rom mis naTqvams aSkarad ormagi mniSvneloba aqvs. es kvlavac SeiZleba xumrobad iqnes miRebuli, Tu winaswar ganzraxulia, Tumca aris sxvagvari lafsusebi saubris kontrolirebul nawilSi, rasac gvgonia, adamianebi mxars dauWeren. Yyvelaze saukeTeso gza amis ilustraciisa, aris lafsusebis ganxilva radios da televiziis diqtorebis metyvelebaSi. diqtorebis metyveleba ar hgavs yoveldRiur saubars imis gamo, rom igi ar aris spontanuri, aramed dawerilia. aseve, mosalodnelia, rom igi ufro srulyofili iqneba, vidre yoveldRiuri saubari, da gaubedaoba iqneba da ufro mkafio artikulacia. masSi naklebi swored amitom diqtorebis Secdomebi da gaumarTavi teqsti gacilebiT metad Cans, vidre 14 Cveulebriv saubrebSi. ra Tqma unda, diqtorebs wamoscdebaT xolme da bevri aseTi wamocdena sasaciloa an `mxolod Zalze namdvili~ gveCveneba, rasac froidma miaqcia yuradReba. aq motanilia ori magaliTi sityvebis SecdomiT warmoTqmisa (Goffman 1981): `es aris kanadis mauwyeblobis kastracia” (,,korporaciis” nacvlad). `aTqvifeT ori kvercxis guli, daumateT rZe, TandaTan SeurieT Saqris fxvnili. amis keTebisas, SeamCnevT, rogor avaddeba (,,sqeldebas” nacvlad) comi~. sxva magaliTebi Seusabamo metyvelebis kategoriidan ormagi mniSvnelobis gamJRavnebas exeba: `im qalbatonebs, romelTac surT Camosvla da gaixdian tansacmels (unda yofiliyo ,,gadaixdian tansacmlisTvis”), swrafad moemsaxurebian~. `gamoscadeT Cveni sawolebi. Mme piradad vidgebi yoveli gasayidi sawolis ukan” (unda yofiliyo ,,TavdebSi vudgebi yovel gasayid sawols”). `nadavli (unda yofiliyo ,,saqoneli”) da manqana aRricxulia, rogorc moparuli, los-anjelesis policiis mier~. `aq, holivudSi, miTqma-moTqmaa, rom yofili patara varskvlavi (unda yofiliyo ,,kinovarskvlavi”) erT TveSi mexuTe bavSvs elodeba~. Cven diqtorebi ufro (an metad im maswavleblebi sityvier Secdomebze leqciebze) uSveben, gvecineba, vidre rasac imaze, rac yoveldRiur saubarSi gvxvdeba. Rimils iwvevs ara mxolod sityvieri Secdomebi, aramed dabneulobac, rasac diqtorebi an maswavleblebi avlenen arasrulyofili wardgenisas. civi profesionalizmis niRbis miRma, drodadro, Cveulebriv adamians davinaxavT xolme. saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba urTierTqmedebaSi modiT, SevajamoT is, rac aqamde gavigeT. yoveldRiuri urTierTqmedeba damokidebulia im faqiz urTierTobebze, rac arsebobs Cvens mier saxiTa da sxeuliT gamoxatulsa da sityvebiT gadmocemuls Soris. Cven viyenebT sxva adamianebis saxis gamometyvelebas da Jestebs sityvebiT gamoTqmulis Sesavsebad da imis Sesamowmeblad, ramdenad 15 gulwrfelia maTi sityvebi. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebis dros, yoveli Cvengani, umeteswilad aracnobierad, Tavs iWers da gamudmebiT akontrolebs saxis gamometyvelebas, sxeulis moZraobas da Jestebs. Tumca, zogjer, Cven wamogvcdeba raRac, rogorc amas froidis magaliTi `mkvlelebi~ gviCvenebs; ucabedad mJRavndeba is, rac cnobierad Tu aracnobierad gvsurs davfaroT. mravali sityvieri wamocdena uneblied amJRavnebs Cvens namdvil SegrZnebebs, rogorc es namcxvris magaliTSia motanili da sadac diqtori, SesaZloa, namdvilad fiqrobs, rom comi `daavadebulia~. Aamgvarad, saxe, Jestebi da metyveleba gamoiyeneba garkveuli mniSvnelobebis gamosaxatad da sxvebis dasafarad. aseve Cvenc vaxdenT sakuTari qmedebebis organizebas socialuri cxovrebis konteqstSi, raTa mivaRwioT igive miznebs, razec amJamad visaubrebT. kontaqtebi mraval socialur situaciaSi Cven verTvebiT, rogorc amas gofmani uwodebs, arafokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan. Aarafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba maSin xdeba, rodesac individebi daufaravad gamoxataven, rom SeamCnies adgilebSi erTmaneTi. xdeba, es, Cveulebriv, magaliTad, adamianTa gadatvirTul didi quCaze, TavSeyris TeatrSi an wveulebaze, rodesac adamianebi sxvebis TandaswrebiT arian. Tundac ar hqondeT erTmaneTTan saubris saSualeba, isini gamudmebiT urTierToben araverbaluri komunikaciis gziT, kerZod, poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT da JestebiT. fokusirebulia adevneben Tvalyurs, SemTxvevebisa, roca urTierTqmedeba, Tu ras vinme amboben marto rodesac an dgas, individebi akeTeben vTqvaT, sxvebi. uSualod garda wveulebaze, im mTeli urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs orives - fokusirebul da arafokusirebul gacvlebs. fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis SemTxvevas gofmani kontaqts uwodebs. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis didi nawili sxva adamianebTan kontaqtebisgan Sedgeba – ojaxTan, megobrebTan, TanamSromlebTan, rac xSirad mimdinareobs urTierTqmedebis fonze. sxva damswre Mmokle pirebTan saubrebi, arafokusirebuli seminaruli diskusiebi, 16 TamaSebi da rutinuli pirispir kontaqtebi (bileTebis gamyidvelebTan, oficiantebTan, maRaziis gamyidvelebTan da a.S.) - yvela kontaqtebis magaliTebia. kontaqtebs sWirdeba ,,gaxsna”, rac moqalaqobrivi uyuradRebobisgan ganTavisuflebaze miuTiTebs. roca ucxos xvdebi da saubars uwyeb – magaliTad, yovelTvis wveulebaze risks – Seicavs, moqalaqobrivi vinaidan uyuradRebobis SeiZleba sworad Sewyveta ver gaigon kontaqtis motivacia da xasiaTi (Goffman 1971). amitom, TvalebiT kontaqti, pirvelad, SeiZleba orazrovani da gamosacdeli iyos. Tu Sesavali nawili miRebuli ar iqna, maSin pirovnebam SeiZleba imoqmedos ise, TiTqos mas pirdapiri nabiji ar gadaudgams. fokusirebuli urTierToqmedebisas, TiToeuli pirovneba urTierTobs rogorc saxis gamometyvelebiT da JestebiT, ise sityvebiT. gofmani individebs gamoxatvis ori tipis mixedviT ganasxvavebs: isini, vinc `gadmoscemen~ da isini, vinc `gamoscemen~. Ppirveli aris sityvebi da saxis gamometyveleba, rasac adamianebi iyeneben garkveuli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad. Mmeore aris miniSnebebi, romliTac sxvebma SeiZleba Seamowmon maTi gulwrfeloba da simarTle. magaliTad, restornis mepatrone Tavaziani RimiliT usmens stumrebis mtkicebebs, Tu rogor moewonaT kerZebi, imavdroulad akvirdeba ra, rogori kmayofilebi iyvnen Wamis dros, ramdeni darCaT TefSebze da xmis intonacias, rac gamoiyenes TavianTi kmayofilebis gamosaxatad. markerebi adamianTa umetesoba, saSualod, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mraval adamians xvdeba da esaubreba. MmagaliTad, katerina diliT iRviZebs, ojaxTan erTad sauzmobs, bavSvebs acilebs skolaSi, skolis karebTan zogjer mokle miemgzavreba ganmavlobaSi Tavaziani samsaxurSi, kontaqtebi saubari gzaSi, aqvs uxdeba savaraudod, nacnobebTan; radios TanamSromlebTan da usmens; Semdeg DdRis momsvlelebTan, maTTan xanmokle saubrebis da formaluri Sexvedrebis CaTvliT. Yyoveli es Sexvedra TiTqos markerebiT an, rogorc gofmani ambobs, aris gamoyofili, rac ganasxvavebs fokusirebuli frCxilebiT urTierTqmedebis 17 yovel epizods winasgan da arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebisgan, rac ukana planze xdeba (Goffman 1974). MmagaliTad, wveulebaze, erTad mosaubre adamianebi cdiloben raRac adgili gamoZebnon, xmasac dauwion ise, rom Seqmnan sxvebisgan gamoyofili erTgvari `jgufi~. isini, SesaZloa, erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen da siZnele Seuqmnan danarCenebs, CaerTon maTTan saubarSi, sanam ar gadawyveten, urTierTqmedebis daiSalon an Searbilon gancalkevebuloba TavianTi oTaxSi sxva fokusirebuli poziciis dakavebiT. ufro formalur situaciebSi, am gansakuTrebuli TavSeyris dasawyisis da dasasrulis misaniSneblad, sagangebo saSualebebi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, speqtaklis dasawyisis signali, Suqis Caqroba da fardis awevaa. warmodgenis dasasruls Suqi inTeba da farda eSveba. markerebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac Sexvedra araordinaluria an rodesac, SesaZloa, gaurkveveli iyos, ra xdeba. magaliTad, rodesac SiSveli modeli samxatvro studiaSi pozirebs, igi, Cveulebriv, jgufis winaSe ar icmevs an ixdis. gancalkevebiT Cacma da gaxda saSualebas iZleva, sxeuli moulodnelad iqnes warmodgenili da aseve moulodnelad dafaruli. es arsebuli epizodis sazRvrebze mianiSnebs da miuTiTebs, rom mas seqsualuri datvirTva ara aqvs, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqonoda. Zalze SezRudul SemosazRvro areali, sivrceSi, romelSic magaliTad, liftSi, fokusirebuli Znelia urTierTqmedeba mimdinareobs. Ees advili ar aris iq damswre sxva adamianebisTvisac, romlebmac unda daanaxon, rom saubars yurs ar ugdeben. aseve Znelia ucxoebisTvis, ar uyuron `TvalebSi~ erTmaneTs imaze metad, vidre amas moqalaqeobrivi uyuradRebobis normebi moiTxovs. amitom liftSi yofnisas, adamianebi xSirad gadametebulad `ar usmenen~ da `ar uyureben~ erTmaneTs; isini sivrces an dasaWer Rilakebs arian miSterebulni. saubari, Cveulebriv, naZaladevia da mokle frazebiT Semoifargleba. msgavsad amisa, ofisebSi da saxlebSi, rodesac bevri adamiani erTmaneTs esaubreba, xolo erTma telefonis zars unda upasuxos, sxvebi mTlad ver amJRavneben srul uyuradRebobas telefonze saubris mimarT da amis gamo maTi saubari, SesaZloa, zerele da ugulisyuro gaxdes. 18 Streetwise - gamocdili Aamerikis qalaqebSi, sadac danaSaulis done xSirad maRalia, qalaqis mcxovrebni sifrTxilesa da SiSiT cxovroben. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli mosaxleoba keTilgonieri unda iyos erTmaneTisa da quCis cxovrebis mimarT. afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian adamianebs msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvT sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Ramis saaTebSi gareT gamosvlis CaTvliT. elia andersonma, universitetidan, urbanulma Seiswavla qalaqis sociologma ori mimdebare pensilvaniis raionis quCaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebis tipebi. misi wigni “Streetwise” (`gamocdili~) (1990) ganixilavs im urTierTmoqmedeben wess, quCaSi, urTierTpativiscemiT safrTxiT~. rogorc sociologebma socialuri romliTac cxovrebis `minimaluri samyaroSi, socialuri daaskvnes, Savkanianebi riskiTa romelic savsea aRmoaCina, naTels hfens, TeTrkanianebi da maqsimaluri gaurkvevlobiTa urTierTqmedebis andersonma Seswavla da mkvlevarma rom Tu da sxva yoveldRiuri rogor Seiqmna socialuri wesrigi individualuri urTierTqmedebis saSualebiT. igi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo, gaego urTierTqmedeba, rodesac erTi jgufi mainc moiazreboda, rogorc saSiSi. rogor xdebodnen ucxoebi naklebad ucxoni erTmaneTisTvis? vidre daakvirdeboda quCebs am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, andersoni daubrunda irvin gofmanis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Cndeba socialuri definiciebi konkretul konteqstebSi an adgilebSi: `rodesac individi ucxoTa Soris aRmoCndeba, iq myofT mis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba surT an aamoqmedeben ukve mopovebul informacias.… individis Sesaxeb informacia situaciis gansazRvras uwyobs xels, saSualebas aZlevs ra sxvebs winaswar gaarkvion, ras moelis igi maTgan an ras unda elodnen isini misgan~. xelmZRvanelobda ra gofmanis ideebiT, andersoni svamda SekiTxvas, Tu ra qceviTi niSnebi da gamovlinebebi Seavsebda sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebis leqsikons. man daaskvna rom kanis feri, genderi, asaki, samegobro wre, Cacmuloba, samkaulebi da sagnebi, romlebsac adamianebi 19 atareben, exmareba maT identificirebas; ase yalibdeba Sexedulebebi da komunikaciac SesaZlebelia. moZraobebi (Cqari Tu Senelebuli, mcdari Tu gulwrfeli, gasagebi Tu gaugebari) kidev ufro srulyofils xdis sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. faqtorebi, rogoricaa dRis monakveTi an aqtivoba, rac pirovnebis iq yofnas `agvixsnis~, aseve gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra gziT da ramdenad swrafad aris neitralizebuli `ucxos~ imiji. Tu ucxo ver gaivlis Semowmebas da ar iqneba Sefasebuli, rogorc `usafrTxo,~ SeiZleba warmoiqmnas mtaceblis imiji da sxva monawileebi Seecadon am imijis Sesabamisi distanciis dacvas. ra saxis adamianebi gadian Semowmebas quCebSi? andersonis mixedviT, `bavSvebi iolad gadian Semowmebas, TeTrkaniani qalebi da mamakacebi amas ufro nela akeTeben; Savkaniani qalebi, mamakacebi da ymawvilebi ki yvelaze ufro nela.~ mxolod gamocdilebiT swavloben qalaqis macxovreblebi ganasxvaon namdvili saSiSroeba da cru safrTxe. STabeWdilebis marTva gofmani da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sxva mkvlevarebi, socialuri urTierTqmedebis analizisas, xSirad iyeneben Teatralur terminologiebs. magaliTad, cneba socialuri roli, Teatralur garemoSi warmoiSva. rolebi socialurad gansazRvruli molodinebia, rom pirovneba mocemul socialur pozicias iziarebs. maswavleblad yofna niSnavs specifikuri poziciis dakavebas; maswavleblis roli gulisxmobs Taviseburi formiT warsdges Tavisi moswavleebis winaSe. gofmani, socialur cxovrebas ganixilavs, rogorc scenaze an bevr scenebze rolis Sesrulebas, vinaidan Cveni moqmedeba damokidebulia im rolebze, miekuTvneba romlebsac konkretul dramaturgiul models, droSi vasrulebT. romelic ganixilavs es midgoma socialur cxovrebas, rogorc Teatralur dramas. adamianebi mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT sxvebi, da iyeneben STabeWdilebis marTvis formebs, rom aiZulon sxvebi, iseTi reaqcia hqondeT maTze, rogoric Tavad surT. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer amas gamiznulad vakeTebT, Cveulebriv, es gacnobierebis gareSe xdeba. rodesac filipe 20 saqmian Sexvedrebs eswreba, mas kostumi acvia, yelsaxvevi ukeTia da saukeTesod iqceva; rodesac fexburTis matCze isvenebs megobrebTan erTad, mas jinsebi da svitri acvia da Zalian bevrs xumrobs. Ees aris STabeWdilebis marTva. wina da ukana plani gofmani Tvlida, rom socialuri cxovrebis didi nawili SeiZleba gaiyos wina da ukana planebad. wina plani moicavs socialur situaciebs an kontaqtebs, romlebSic individebi asruleben formalur rolebs; es `scenuri warmodgenebia~. wina planis warmodgenebis Seqmna xSirad gunduri muSaobiT xorcieldeba. Oor cnobil politikoss, erTidaimave gundidan, SeuZliaT dadgan kargad damuSavebuli warmodgena erTianobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb satelevizio kameris win, maSinac ki, Tu mTeli guliT sZulT erTmaneTi. col-qmarma SeiZleba damalos uTanxmoeba bavSvebis winaSe, SeinarCunon ra harmoniis wina plani da mxolod maSin waekidon erTmaneTs, roca bavSvebi usafrTxod arian Cawolili loginSi. ukana plani is aris, sadac adamianebi agroveben rekvizits da emzadebian urTierTqmedebisTvis ufro formalur garemoSi. ukana plani Teatris kulisebs an, filmis gadaRebisas, gadamRebi kameris ukan aqtivobas hgavs. rodesac adamianebi scenis ukan usafrTxod arian, maT SeuZliaT ganitvirTon, Tavisuflad gamoxaton grZnobebi da qcevis stili Tavisufali gaxadon, rasac isini akontroleben wina planze yofnisas. ukana plani uSvebs `profanacias, Ria seqsualur SeniSvnebs, buzRuns... feTxumi tansacmeli, ~daudevari~ Jestebi, dialeqtis xmareba an arastandartuli metyveleba, agresiuloba da wvrilmanebiT dakavebuloba, burtyuni `bavSvuroba~, da sxvebisTvis stvena, ReWva, yvirili, saxumaro angariSgauwevloba, boyini, gazebisgan ganTavisufleba da a.w.~ (Goffman 1969) amgvarad, oficianti qali SeiZleba saocrad Tavaziani iyos, rodesac momsvlels emsaxureba, magram agresiuli da myvirala xdeba, rodesac samzareulos karebs miefareba. 21 albaT Zalze cota restorans eyoleboda klientebi, maT rom imis danaxva SeeZloT, ra xdeba samzareuloebSi. rolebis SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda STabeWdilebis rac aseve gamokvleva marTvaSi Teatridan aris ramdenadme TanamSromlobis nasesxebi, detalurad. magaliTis ganvixiloT jeims erTi henslinma da mosatanad, konkretuli mei brigsma gamoikvlies kontaqtis specifikuri da metad delikaturi tipi: qalis viziti ginekologTan (Henslin a nd B rigs 1971) . im droisTvis, am tipis Semowmeba mamakaci eqimebis mier tardeboda da amitom am proceduras, orive mxridan, potenciuri uxerxuloba axlda (zogjer axlac asea). dasavleTSi mamakacebi da qalebi im azriT izrdebian, rom genitaliebi adamianis sxeulis yvelaze intimuri nawilia da maTi danaxva, gansakuTrebiT ki, Sexeba seqsualur kontaqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qali isea Sewuxebuli amgvari gasinjvis perspeqtiviT, rom isini uars amboben eqimTan vizitze, qali iqneba is Tu kaci, maSinac ki, rodesac amisTvis seriozuli samedicino mizezebi arsebobs. henslinma da brigsma gaaanalizes brigsis, gamocdili eqTnis, mier Segrovebuli masala ginekologiuri gasinjvebis aRmoaCines, proceduras rom am ramdenime didi ricxvidan da tipiuri stadia gaaCnia. xelmZRvanelobdnen ra dramaturgiuli metaforiT, isini miiCnevdnen, rom yoveli stadia SeiZleba calkeul scenad iqnes ganxiluli, sadac msaxiobebis mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, epizodis damTavrebasTan erTad icvleba. prologSi, qali mosacdelSi Sedis, emzadeba ra pacientis rolSi Sesasvlelad da droebiT Tavidan icilebs Tavis garegnul identobas. sakonsultacio oTaxSi Sesvlisas, igi iTvisebs `pacientis~ rols da pirveli scenac iwyeba. eqims saqmiani, profesiuli manerebi aqvs; pacients eqceva, rogorc wesier da kompetentur pirovnebas, uyurebs TvalebSi da Tavazianad usmens, Tu risi Tqma surs qals. Tu eqimi gadawyvets, rom gasinjva saWiroa, igi pacients amcnobs da oTaxs tovebs; pirveli scena mTavrdeba. 22 Eeqimis wasvlis Semdeg, Semodis eqTani. igi mniSvnelovani monawilea im mTavari scenisa, romelic male unda daiwyos. igi pacients amSvidebs, moqmedebs ra, erTi mxriv, rogorc gandobili, romelmac icis zogierTi ram, rasac `qali unda Seeguos~ da, meore mxriv, rogorc xelSemwyobi, romelsac pacienti unda dahyves. arsebiTad, eqTani pacients exmareba pirovnebidan `upirovno~ arsebad iqces, rac ZiriTadi scenisTvis aris saWiro da awesrigebs sxeuls, romlis mxolod erTi nawili unda gamoaSkaravdes. menslinis da brigsis gamokvlevaSi, eqTani ara mxolod Tvalyurs adevnebs pacientis tansacmlis gaxdis process, aramed imas akeTebs, rasac, Cveulebriv, Tavad pacienti akontrolebs, magaliTad, igi awesrigebs pacientis tansacmels da alagebs mas. Qqalebs surT, TavianTi qveda sacvali ar daanaxon eqims da eqTani pasuxismgeblobas iRebs, rom asec iqneba. igi miuZRvis pacients gasasinji magidisken da zewriT ufaravs sxeuls eqimis mosvlamde. Eaxla ki, warmogvidgeba centraluri scena, sadac eqTanic monawileobs da eqimic. EeqTnis daswreba gvexmareba davrwmundeT, rom urTierTqmedebas eqimsa da pacients Soris seqsualuri elferi ara aqvs; is aseve warmoadgens kanonier mowmes eqimis araprofesionaluri qmedebis dadanaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi. gasinjva ise mimdinareobs, TiTqos pacientis pirovnuloba arc arsebobdes. genitaliis adgils saSualebas ar danarCeni aZlevs mas Semoxveuli zewari sxeulisgan, Tvalyuri xolo adevnos; gamoacalkevebs misi wminda pozicia samedicino kiTxvebis garda, eqimi savsebiT ugulebelyofs mas, dabal skamze mjdomi, pacientis TvalTaxedvis miRma. pacienti, Tavis mxriv, TanamSromlobs masTan imiT, rom droebiT pirovnebis armqone gaxda, araviTar iniciativas ar amJRavnebs saubris dasawyebad da nebismieri moZraoba minimumamde dahyavs. winamdebare scenasa da finalur scenas Soris intervalia, eqTans aqac wamyvani roli aqvs; igi exmareba pacients kvlav srulyofil pirovnebad gadaqcevaSi. aseT pirobebSi, es orni SeiZleba kvlav CaerTon saubarSi. pacienti Svebas gamoxatavs gasinjvis dasrulebis gamo. Cacmisa da Tavis daskvniT wesrigSi scenaSi. moyvanis eqimi Semdeg, brundeba, pacienti saubrobs mzad aris pacientTan warsdges gamokvlevis 23 Sedegebze da eqceva mas, rogorc srulyofil da pativsacem pirovnebas. eqimi, Tavisi Tavaziani, profesiuli maneriT eubneba pacients, rom misi damokidebuleba pacientis mimarT aranairad ar Secvlila imis gamo, rom kontaqti hqonda mis sxeulTan. epilogi TamaSdeba, rodesac pacienti tovebs eqimis misaRebs da ibrunebs Tavis identobas gare samyaroSi. pacientma da eqimma iTanamSromles imgvarad, rom moaxdines urTierTqmedebisa da TiToeuli monawilis STabeWdilebis marTva. pirovnuli sivrce pirovnuli arsebobs. definaciaSi sivrcis dasavlur kulturaSi, kulturuli adamianebi, gansxvavebebi romlebic sxvebTan fokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi arian CarTulni, Cveulebriv, sam fut distancias (90 sm) mainc icaven erTmaneTisagan; Tumca, maT SeuZliaT ufro axlos idgnen eTrmaneTTan. Sua aRmosavleTSi adamianebi xSirad ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, vidre es dasavleTSia miRebuli. dasavlelebi, am qveynebSi vizitebisas, Tavs uxerxulad grZnoben aseTi siaxlovis gamo. Eeduard komunikaciebs T. holi ikvlevs, (Edward T pirovnuli . Hall), sivrcis romelic oTx araverbalur zonas ganasxvavebs. intimuri distancia, rac erTnaxevar futs (45 sm) Seadgens, gankuTvnilia socialuri kontaqtebis Zalze mcire ricxvisaTvis, sadac daSvebulia regularulad sxeulTan Sexeba. magaliTad, Seyvarebulebi an mSobeli da bavSvebi pirovnuli sivrcis am zonaSi operireben. pirovnuli distancia (erTnaxevridan – oTx futamde (45 – 120 sm) aris Cveuli manZili megobrebTan, axlo nacnobebTan SexvedrisaTvis. garkveuli intimuroba daSvebulia, Tumca igi mkveTrad gansazRvrulia. socialuri distancia oTxidan Tormet futamde (120 – 360 sm) is zonaa, romelic miRebulia formalur garemoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, interviuebi. meoTxe zonaa sajaro distancia, Tormeti futis iqiT, rac gankuTvnilia imaTTvis, vinc auditoriis winaSe warsdgebian. Cveulebriv, urTierTqmedebaSi yvelaze gadatvirTulia intimuri da pirovnuli distancia. Tu vinme am zonaSi SemoiWra, adamianebi cdiloben 24 daibrunon TavianTi sivrce. daupatiJebel stumars Cven SeiZleba TvaliT vaniSnoT: `daikarge aqedan!~ an mxari vkraT momxdurs. rodesac adamianebi iZulebulni arian, imaze axlos iyvnen, vidre isini sasurvelad Tvlian, maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan raRac fizikuri sazRvris magvari; magaliTad, Tu mkiTxveli biblioTekis merxTan bevri xalxiTaa garSemortymuli, mas SeuZlia sakuTari sivrcis demarkacia moaxdinos wignebis garSemo SemowyobiT (Hall 1959, 1966). urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi imis codna, Tu rogor nawildeba aqtivobebi drosa da sivrceSi, fundamenturia cxovrebis kontaqtebis gasagebad. analizisas socialuri xdeba konkretul adgilas da specifikuri xangrZlivoba aqvs droSi. Cveni dRis sivrceSi. Aase, urTierTqmedeba zogadad – qmedebebi yvela da ganmavlobaSi magaliTad, situaciuria `zonirebulia~ adamianebis droSi, umetesoba iseve rogor samuSaoze atarebs `zonas~ dilis 9 saaTidan saRamos 5 saaTamde. maTi yovelkvireuli dro aseve zonirebulia: isini, rogorc Cans, muSaoben samuSao dReebSi da kviris bolos saxlSi atareben, cvlian ra TavianTi aqtivobis saxes SabaT-kviras. dRis zonebis cvlis kvaldakval, Cven aseve sivrceSic vmoZraobT: qalaqis erTi zonidan meoreSi samsaxurSi misasvlelad, SesaZloa, avtobusi gamoviyenoT. rodesac socialur urTierTqmedebas vaanalizebT, xSirad gadaadgilebebs da vicodeT droiT-sivrciTi konvergencia. cneba sasargebloa, regionalizacia dagvexmareba davakvirdeT gavigoT, Tu adamianebis rogor aris socialuri cxovreba zonirebuli drosa da sivrceSi. MmagaliTisTvis aviRoT kerZo saxli. Tanamedrove saxli regionalizebulia oTaxebad, koridorebad da sarTulebad, Tu saxli erT sarTulze maRalia. es sivrceebi ar aris mxolod fizikurad gamoyofili adgilebi, aramed aseve droSia umTavresad, zonirebuli. dRis saaTebSi sastumro gamoiyeneba, oTaxebi sawoli da samzareulo, oTaxebi – RamiT. urTierTqmedeba, romelic am regionebSi xdeba, SemosazRvrulia droiTi da sivrciTi sazRvrebiT. saxlis zogierTi adgili ukana plans qmnis, 25 sxvebSi ki `warmodgenebi sruldeba.~ drodadro, mTeli saxli SeiZleba ukana planad iqces. Ees idea SesaniSnavad aqvs danaxuli gofmans: `kvira diliT mTel ojaxs SeuZlia gamoiyenos saxlis garSemo arsebuli kedeli, raTa dafaron gantvirTviT gamowveuli daudevari Cacmuloba: es araformaluroba saxlis yvela oTaxebzec vrceldeba, rac, Cveulebriv, Semoifargleboda. mxolod asevea samzareuloTi amerikuli da saSualo sawoli klasis oTaxebiT raionebSic: naSuadRevs, gamyofi xazi bavSvebis saTamaSo moedansa da saxls Soris SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc dedebis ukana plani; isini dadian iq jinsebSi Cacmulebi, sportuli fexsacmliT da kosmetikis minimumiT.... da, ra Tqma unda, regioni, romelic mondomebiT Camoyalibda, rogorc wina plani, gansakuTrebuli rutinis regularuli SesrulebisaTvis, xSirad funqcionirebs, rogorc ukana plani, yovel Sesrulebamde da mis Semdeg, vinaidan am droisaTvis mudmivi mowyobiloba SeiZleba SekeTdes, aRdges da Tavidan repeticia. gaimarTos, amisaTvis, an Semsruleblebma sakmarisia Seixedo Caataron restoranSi, generaluri maRaziaSi an saxlSi, ramdenime wuTiT adre, vidre isini gaixsneba dRis miRebisaTvis (Goffman 1969). saaTobrivi dro Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, saaTobrivi dro Zlier gavlenas axdens Cveni aqtivobebis ,,zonirebaze.” industriuli sazogadoebebi ver iarsebebda aqtivobebis zusti drois aRniSvnis da maTi sivrcesTan koordinaciis gareSe (Mumford 1973). saaTebiT drois gazomva dRes mTels msoflioSia saerTaSoriso standartizebuli, satransporto rac SesaZlebels sistemebs da xdis kompleqsur komunikaciebs, romlebzec damokidebulni varT. drois msoflio standarti pirvelad 1884 wels iqna SemoRebuli saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic vaSingtonSi Catarda. msoflio daiyo ocdaoTx drois zonad, TiToeuls Soris erTi saaTi gansxvavebiT, da dafiqsirebul iqna sayovelTao dRis dasawyisi. Aaqtivobebis zusti ganawileba dRisa da kviris ganmavlobaSi, pirvelad meToTxmete saukuneSi monastrebSi gaCnda. dRes, faqtiurad ar 26 arsebobs raime jgufi an organizacia, romelic amas ar akeTebdes, da rac meti adamiani da resursia CarTuli, miT ufro zusti ganrigi unda iyos Sedgenili. eviaTar zerubavelma gvaCvena es Tavis gamokvlevaSi, didi Tanamedrove saavadmyofos droiTi struqturirebis Sesaxeb (1979, 1982). saavadmyofos unda emuSava ocdaoTxsaaTiani grafikiT, amdenad, momsaxure personalisa da resursebis koordinacia Zalze rTuli amocana iyo. magaliTad, eqTnebs, drois erT periodSi, A palataSi unda emuSavaT, drois meore periodSi ki - B palataSi da a.S. muSaoba rigrigobiT cvlaSi. danarCeni uwevdaT dRisa personali, da Ramis Sesabamisi resursebiT, EeqTnebi, eqimebi integrirebulni da unda yofiliyvnen drosa da sivrceSi. yoveldRiuri cxovreba, kulturul da istoriul perspeqtivaSi socialuri gofmanma, urTierTqmedebis garfinkelma da zogierTi sxvebma meqanizmi, gaanalizes, romelic rogorc Cans, universaluria. magaliTad, markerebis gamoyeneba kontaqtis dasawyisisa da dasasrulis axasiaTebs. misaniSneblad, kontaqtebis gasabmelad sxvebTan adamianur organizebis zurgSeqceviT urTierTqmedebas gzebi, dgoma, magaliTad, yvela yvelgan saubris adamianur jgufSi moiZebneba. Tumca, gofmanis msjeloba samoqalaqo uyuradRebobisa da urTierTqmedebis exeba, sadac sxva formebis Sesaxeb, uSualod im sazogadoebebs ucxoelebTan kontaqti Cveulebrivi ambavia. magram ra SeiZleba vTqvaT im mcire zomis tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, sadac ar arian ucxoebi da Zalze cota adgilia, sadac erT muWa adamianebs SeuZliaT erTdroulad TavSeyra? imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT gansxvaveba socialur urTierTqmedebebs Soris Tanamedrove da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, magaliTis saxiT movitanoT, teqnologiebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli kultura, romelic ki msoflios SemorCa; es aris kunis kultura, zogjer buSmenebad cnobili, romlebic samxreT afrikaSi, namibiisa da botsvanas teritoriaze, kalaharis udabnoSi cxovroben (Lee 27 1968, 1969) . miuxedavad imisa, rom gareSe zegavlenebiT, maTi cxovrebis wesi icvleba, socialuri cxovrebis tradiciuli wesi maTTan kvlavindeburad SemorCenilia. Kkunis tomi 30-40-kacian jgufebad cxovrobs droebiT dasaxlebebSi, wyalsatevebis maxloblad. maT siaxloves sakvebi Zalze mwiria da mis mosapoveblad isini sakmaod Sors unda wavidnen. amgar mogzaurobebs dRis umetesi nawili eTmoba. qalebi da bavSvebi xSirad banakSi rCebian, Tumca aseve xSirad, mTeli jgufi mTel dRes mogzaurobaSi atarebs. Temis wevrebi zogjer dRis ganmavlobaSi asi milis radiuss gadian; RamiT, saWmelad da dasaZineblad, banakSi brundebian. mamakacebi dRis umetes nawils marto an or-sam-kacian jgufebad atareben. Tumca, aris erTi periodi weliwadSi, rodesac maTi yoveldRiuri aqtivobebis rutina icvleba: zamTris wvimiani sezoni, rodesac wyali adidebulia da saWmlis mopoveba advildeba, am periodSi kunis tomis yoveldRiuri cxovreba mimarTulia ritualur da ceremoniul aqtivobebze, romelTa momzadebas da ganxorcielebas bevri dro miaqvs. Kkunis tomis wevrTa umetesobas arasodes unaxavs vinme, visac sakmaod kargad ar icnobdes. am bolo wlebamde, rodesac kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan gaxSirda, maT leqsikonSi sityva `ucxo~ ar iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am tomis mamakacebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis mTeli dRe sxvebTan kontaqtis gareSe gaataron, Tavad Temis SigniT gancalkevebiT yofnis SesaZlebloba saxlebSi TiTqmis ar aris. sZinavT, sadac maTi daTvalierebisTvis. aravis Seuswavlia cxovrebis gofmaniseuli mTeli gamokvlevis Oojaxebs Ria, aqtivobebi kunis tomi, TvalsazrisiT; farRalala Riaa sajaro yoveldRiuri Tumca advili dasanaxia, rom misi naSromis zogierTi aspeqti naklebad udgeba kunis socialur cxovrebas. magaliTad, Zalze cota SesaZleblobaa wina da ukana regionebis SeqmnisTvis. sxvadasxva Tavyrilobebisa da kontaqtebis oTaxis kedlebiT, SemosazRvra, rac calke SenobebiT Tanamedrove da qalaqis sxvadasxva sazogadoebebisTvisaa daSorebulia kunis tomis aqtivobebs. siaxlovis Zaldataneba Cveuli, ubnebiT Zalze 28 kunis rogorc tomisgan gansxvavebiT, momdevno TavebSi es Tanamedrove iqneba sazogadoebebSi gamokvleuli – Cven – mudmivad vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, romlebsac, SesaZloa, verasodes SevxvdeT. TiTqmis mTeli Cveni yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT, vTqvaT, maRaziebSi sursaTis SekveTiT an sabanko depozitis gakeTebiT, Cven kontaqtSi varT – Tumca arapirdapir kontaqtSi – adamianebTan, romlebic, SesaZloa, Cvengan Zalian saerTaSorisoa. Sors cxovrobdnen. nebismieri Tanxa, magaliTad, romelsac sabanko daabandeb, sistema finansuri investiciebis mcire nawilia, rasac banki mTel msoflioSi avrcelebs. Eaxla, roca es urTierTqmedebebis viyenebT umravlesoba yovelTvis megobrebTan da SedarebiT telefons, kolegebTan advilia, sxvebTan faqss an ratom ar aris arapirdapiri? komunikaciis kontaqtisTvis? Cveni ratom ar saSualebebs magaliTad, saqmiani adamianebi eswrebian Sexvedrebs, Tundac naxevar msoflioze gadafrena mouwioT, maSin roca gacilebiT ioli da efeqturia biznesis warmoeba kompiuteris an mravalmxrivi satelefono xazis gamoyenebiT. daird bodenma da harvi molotCma gamoikvlies, rasac Tavad uwodeben, siaxlovis Zaldataneba: individebis moTxovnileba, uSualod Sexvdnen erTmaneTs pirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi. bodenisa da molotCis azriT, adamianebi Sexvedrebze dasaswrebad imitom midian, rom, rogorc gofmani urTierTqmedebis dokumenturad Sesaxeb, adasturebs pirispir Tavis urTierTqmedebis kvlevebSi situaciebi gacilebiT met informacias Seicavs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben da grZnoben adamianebi, da ramdenad gulwrfelebi arian isini, vidre amas eleqtronuli adamianebis komunikaciebis garemocvaSi nebismieri yofniT, forma romlebic akeTebs. CvenTvis mxolod im mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs Rebuloben, SegviZlia gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba, da gvjera, rom Cveni SexedulebebiTa da gulwrfelobiT, STabeWdilebas movaxdenT maTze. bodeni da molotCi amboben: `Tandaswreba xelmisawvdoms xdis sxeulis im nawils, romelic `arasdros tyuis~ - Tvalebs, `sulis sarkmels~. TvalebiT kontaqti TavisTavad iZleva siaxlovisa da ndobis 29 xarisxis signalebs; Tanadamswreni mudmivad amowmeben sxeulis am yvelaze faqizi nawilis faqiz moZraobebs~ (1994). mikrosociologia da makrosociologia Ppirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi yoveldRiuri qcevis Seswavlas, Cveulebriv, mikrosociologia ewodeba. makrosociologia – farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri socialuri sistemis grZelvadiani sistemebis msgavsad. procesebis igi analizia, aseve analizs, politikuri Seicavs an cvlilebis rogoricaa, magaliTad, industrializacia. EerTi SexedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mikro da makro analizebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. faqtobrivad, es ori mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel 1981), rogorc es mocemul TavSi vnaxeT. Mmakro analizi arsebiTia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis instituciuri safuZvlebis gasagebad. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi didad aris damokidebuli ufro farTo instituciur struqturaze, rac cxadi xdeba, rodesac kulturis aqtivobebis yoveldRiur cikls, rogoric magaliTad, kunis kulturaa, SevadarebT industriuli qalaqis garemoSi cxovrebas. rogorc gamudmebul ukve kontaqts aRiniSna, vamyarebT Tanamedrove ucxoebTan. sazogadoebebSi, Ees kontaqti Cven SeiZleba arapirdapiri da upirovno iyos. Tumca, dRes mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramden arapirdapir Tu eleqtronul urTierTobaSi SevalT; yvelaze kompleqsur sazogadoebebSic ki, sxva adamianebis Tandaswreba gadamwyveti rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven SegviZlia avirCioT da internetSi e-mail-iT gavagzavnoT mokiTxva, Cven aseve SegviZlia avirCioT da aTasobiT miliT daSorebuli manZili vifrinoT imisaTvis, rom dasvenebis dReebi megobarTan erTad gavataroT. Tavis mxriv, mikro-kvlevebi aucilebelia farTo instituciuri formebis gasaSuqeblad. Ppirispir urTierTqmedeba namdvilad ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens socialuri organizaciis yvela formisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad farTomasStabiania igi. DdavuSvaT, Cven vikvlevT biznes korporacias. SegveZlo bevri gagvego misi aqtivobebis 30 Sesaxeb, qcevaze uSualo gagveanalizebina dakvirvebiT. direqtorebis magaliTad, urTierTqmedeba maT SegveZlo kabinetebSi, adamianebisa - sxvadasxva ofisebSi, an muSebisa - maRaziis sarTulze. am gziT mainc ver Segveqmneboda sruli warmodgena mTlianad korporaciaze, vidre misi saqme ar iqneboda ganxiluli nabeWdi masalebis, werilebis, telefonisa da kompiuterebis saSualebiT. Tumca, namdvilad SevZlebdiT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Segvetana imis dadgenaSi, Tu rogor muSaobs organizacia. Mmomdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT damatebiT magaliTebs, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens socialur mikrokonteqstebSi procesebze da, Tavis urTierTqmedeba mxriv, rogor ufro farTo zemoqmedebs makro sistemebi socialuri cxovrebis ufro viwro garemoze. Sejameba 1. socialuri urTierTqmedeba aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac vmoqmedebT da vreagirebT cxovrebis bevri, garSemomyofebze. Cveni trivialuri aspeqti savsebiT yoveldRiuri socialuri urTieTrqmedebis kompleqsur da mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, sxva adamianebis gamWoli mzera. urTierTqmedebaTa umravlesobaSi, TvalebiT kontaqti sakmaod swrafia. sxva pirovnebis gamWoli mzera SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes, rogorc mtrobis niSani, an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc siyvarulis gamoxatuleba. socialuri urTierTqmedebis Seswavla fundamenturi sferoa sociologiaSi, rac socialuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqts aSuqebs. 2. adamianis saxis meSveobiT, mravali sxvadasxva gamometyveleba gamoisaxeba. farTod miRebulia, rom emociis garegnuli gamoxatulebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi adasturebs sakmaod Tandayolilia. axlo kulturaTaSorisi msgavsebas gansxvavebuli kvlevebi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs Soris, rogorc saxis gamometyvelebiT, aseve adamianis saxeze aRbeWdili emociebis farTo azriT iyos interpretaciiT. SesaZloa, `saxe~ ufro gagebuli, rogorc individis reputaciasTan 31 dakavSirebuli. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebisas, Cveulebriv, Cven vzrunavT ,,saxis SenarCunebaze~ - sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobis dacvaze. 3. yoveldRiuri saubris termini, romelic aris saSualebebis im harold Seswavlas garfinkelma analizi, eTnomeTodologia SemoiRo. romliTac Cven daerqva; EeTnomeTodologia aqtiurad – Tumca, Cveulebriv, TavisTavad cxadad miCneulad – viazrebT, ras gulisxmoben sxvebi, rodesac raimes amboben an akeTeben. 4. bevri ramis gageba SeiZleba saubris xasiaTis Sesaxeb – sapasuxo SeZaxilebiT (wamoZaxili) da wamocdenebis SeswavliT (ra xdeba, rodesac adamianebi wamocdenebi SecdomiT gamoTqvamen xSirad iumoristulia an iyeneben da, sityvebs da frazebs). faqtobrivad, fsiqologiurad axlosaa gonebamaxvilobasa da xumrobasTan. 5. arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba aris individebis mier erTmaneTis ormxrivi gacnobiereba did TavyrilobebSi, Tumca maT Soris uSualo saubari ar mimdinareobs. Ffokusirebul urTierTqmedebas, rac SeiZleba dayofil iyos sxvadasxva saxis kontaqtebad an urTierTqmedebis epizodebad, adgili aqvs, rodesac ori an meti individi uSualod akvirdeba, Tu ras ambobs da akeTebs sxva an sxvebi. 6. socialuri dramaturgiuli urTierTqmedeba, modelis SesaZloa, gamoyenebiT – Seswavlil TiTqos iqnes socialuri urTierTqmedebis monawileni iyon msaxiobebi scenaze, dekoraciebiTa da rekvizitiT. iseve, rogorc TeatrSi, socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva konteqstSic SeiZleba iyos garkveuli gansxvaveba wina plansa (Tavad scena) da ukana plans Soris, sadac msaxiobebi emzadebian SesrulebisTvis an gantvirTvisTvis speqtaklis Semdeg. 7. socialuri rolebi aris individis socialurad gansazRvruli molodinebi mocemul statussa an socialur poziciaSi. 8. socialuri urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSia ganTavsebuli. Cven SeiZleba gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor aris `zonirebuli~ Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba drosa da sivrceSi; amasTan erTad, davakvirdeT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs aqtivobebi gansazRvrul imavdroulad sivrciT gadaadgilebasac gulisxmobs. periodebSi, rac 32 9. pirispir mikrosociologias urTierTqmedebis uwodeben; igi Seswavlas, gansxvavdeba Cveulebriv, makrosociologiisgan, romelic ufro farTo jgufebs, institutebs da socialur sistemebs swavlobs. Mmikro da makro analizebi, sinamdvileSi, Zalze mWidro kavSirSia da erTmaneTs avsebs. damatebiTi literatura MMichael A rgile, pirovnebaTaSorisi Experiments in urTierTobebis Social Interaction socialuri (Aldershot, 1993) da . fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis mimoxilva. Erving G offman, Behaviour in Public Places (New York: Free P ress, 1963) im ritualebis analizi, romelTac individebi sazogadoebriv adgilebSi axorcieleben. Erving G offman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Harmondsworth: P enguin, 1969). gofmanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromi, romelSic igi msjelobs imaze, Tu rogor axdenen individebi sxvebTan urTierTqmedebis organizebas, sakuTar Tavze sasurveli Sexedulebis Sesaqmnelad. Henri L efebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World (London: A llen Lane, 1971) . diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove socialurma cvlilebam yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xasiaTze. Eric L ivingstone, Making Sense of Ethnomethodology (London: R outledge and K egan Paul, 1987) .EeTnomeTodologiis zogadi daxasiaTeba. NnaTlad gadmoscems naSromis ZiriTad ideebs. Phil Manning, Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992). gofmanis naSromebis, rogorc mTelis, saukeTeso mimoxilva. MmniSvnelovani terminebi moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba STabeWdilebis marTva araverbaluri komunikacia wina plani laparaki ukana plani saubari pirovnuli sivrce eTnomeTodologia socialuri distancia 33 urTierTgageba sazogadoebrivi distancia sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi droul-sivrciTi konvergencia wamocdenebi regionalizacia arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba saaTobrivi dro fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba mikrosociologia dramaturgiuli modeli makrosociologia Tavi 5 Ggenderi da seqsualoba ZiriTadi cnebebi sqesi, genderi da biologia genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod genderuli socializacia mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi. Ggenderuli daswavla. wignebi da televizia. BbavSvebis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi. genderis keTeba genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Codorous Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb adamianis seqsualoba biologia da seqsualuri qceva. socialuri zegavlena seqsualur qcevaze. seqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi. Hhomoseqsualoba. prostitucia daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi sqesi. genderi ras niSnavs iyo mamakaci? ras niSnavs iyo qali? Jan morisi, cnobili avtori da mogzauri, winaT mamakaci iyo. jeims morisis saxeliT igi ser edmund hilaris xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobili im eqspediciis wevri iyo, romelmac warmatebiT dalaSqra everesti. is Zalze `mamakacuri~ kaci iyo – avtomrboleli da aqtiuri sxvadasxva saxeobis sportSi. Tumca mudam mainc mamakacis sxeulSi myof qalad SeigrZnobda Tavs. man sqesis Secvlis operacia Caitara da mas Semdeg cxovrobda, rogorc qali. morisi Tavis wignSi aRwers sqesis Secvlis gamocdilebas, sadac iZleva im gansxvavebuli samyaroebis perspeqtiul xedvebs, romelSic qalebi da mamakacebi cxovroben: `Cven gveubnebian, minda giTxraT, rom rom sqesTa Soris daSoreba mcirdeba; magram meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, orive rolSi (mamakacis da qalis) gamovcade cxovreba, da Cemi azriT, ar arsebobs cxovrebis aspeqti, dRis arcerTi momenti, kontaqti Tu reaqcia, romelic gansxvavebuli ar iyos mamakacebisaTvis da qalebisaTvis. xmis is intonacia, romliTac axla mommarTaven, Cems gverdze myofi pirovnebis is Jestebi, is SegrZneba, rac haerSi garSemo trialebda Cemi oTaxSi Sesvlis dros, an restoranSi magidasTan yofnisas, mudmivad xazs usvamda Cemi statusis Secvlas. Tu sxvebis reaqciebi Cems mimarT icvleboda, aseve icvleboda Cemic. rac ufro metad meqceodnen, rogorc qals, ufro metad qali vxdebodi. Zalauneburad Sevegue am mdgomareobas. Tu arakompetenturad macxadebdnen manqanis gadayenebaSi an boTlebis gaxsnaSi, vgrZnobdi, rom arakompetenturi vxdebodi. Tu iTvleboda, rom yuTi Zalze mZime iyo CemTvis asawevad, ucnauria, magram Tavadac ase vTvlidi... MmagaliTad, rodesac Cems erT-erT axlobel megobar mamakacTan erTad lanCze var, marTobs imis gafiqreba, rom arc ise bevri wlis win, es laquca oficianti mec iseve momeqceoda, rogorc axla Cems megobars eqceva. maSin igi mokrZalebuli seriozulobiT momesalmeboda. axla igi 3 Cems xelsaxocs kekluci ceremoniulobiT Slis, TiTqos maqezebs. maSin igi Cems SekveTas seriozuli yuradRebiT moismenda, axla ki elodeba, rom raRac araseriozuls vityvi (da asec vakeTeb)” (Morris 1974). Uumetesoba Cvengani ver xvdeba, rom pirovneba, romelic iyo `is~ (kaci), SeiZleba gaxda `is~ (qali), radgan seqsualuri gansxvavebebi aseT gavlenas axdens Cvens cxovrebaze. Cveulebriv, Cven verc ki vamCnevT maT – swored amitom arian isini ase gavrcelebulni. isini Tavidanve mtkiced arian fesvgadgmulni CvenSi. winamdebare TavSi, SevecdebiT SeviswavloT adamianis seqsualuri qcevis buneba, iseve rogorc gavaanalizoT seqsualobis kompleqsuri xasiaTi – adamianis seqsualuri modelebi – da seqsualuri gansxvavebebi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi seqsualuri cxovreba, iseve rogorc bevri sxva ram, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac gavlenas axdens mravali Cvenganis emociur cxovrebaze. Cven gavigebT am cvlilebebis raobas da SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT maTi farTo mniSvneloba mocemuli Tavis bolos. daviwyebT biWebsa da gogonebs, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebebis warmoSobis SeswavliT. mecnierebi iyofian im Sexedulebis safuZlevze, Tu ra moculobiT axdens gavlenas Tandayolili biologiur maxasiaTeblebi Cvens genderul identobaze da seqsualur aqtivobebze. debatebi mimdinareobis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad aris es Seswavlili. aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom Cveni seqsualoba instinqturia imave azriT, rogoriTac mravali ufro dabali klasis cxovelebTan, magaliTad, CitebTan da futkrebTan. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri, genderis da seqsualobis analizisas, socialur zegavlenebs aniWebs upiratesobas. sqesi, genderi da biologia sityva `sqesi~, rogorc igi yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneba, orgvari mniSvnelobisaa; igi miekuTvneba rogorc pirovnebis kategorias, aseve qmedebebs, `sqesobrivi romelSic urTierToba.~ meti adamianebi monawileoben, garkveulobisTvis, unda rogoricaa ganvasxvavoT 4 sqesi, rogorc biologiuri mniSvnelobis mqone, anu anatomiuri gansxvaveba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris, sqesobrivi aqtivobisagan. aseve saWiroa kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis dadgena sqessa da genders Soris. Tu mamakacsa sqesi da sxeulis qals fizikur Soris gansxvavebas fsiqologiur, miuTiTebs, socialur da genderi kulturul gansxvavebebs exeba. gansxvaveba sqessa da genders Soris fundamenturia, Tumca mravali gansxvaveba mamakacsa da qals Soris, Tavisi warmoSobiT biologiuri ar aris. genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod Ggansxvavebebi qalebis da mamakacebis qcevaSi, ufro metad sqesis Sedegia Tu genderis? sxva sityvebiT, ramdenad aris es gansxvavebebi biologiuri faqtoris Sedegi? zogierT avtors miaCnia, rom qalebis da mamakacebis qcevebs Soris Tandayolili gansxvavebebi yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, da rom sociobiologiis aRmoCenebi swored amaze miuTiTebs. es mkvlevarni im faqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rom TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi, ufro metad mamakacebi monawileoben nadirobasa da omebSi, vidre qalebi. maTi azriT, gana es ar miuTiTebs rom mamakacebSi arsebobs agresiisadmi biologiurad gamyarebuli tendencia, rac qalebs ara aqvT? sxva mkvlevarni am arguments aradamajereblad miiCneven. MmaTi azriT, mamakacebis sxvadasxvagvaria, da agresiulobis mosalodnelia, done qalebic sxvadasxva erT kulturebSi kulturaSi ufro pasiurni da uwyinarni iyvnen, vidre sxva kulturebSi (Elstain 1987) . ufro metic, imis gamo, rom xasiaTis Tviseba met-naklebad sayovelTaoa, es ar niSnavs, rom Tavisi warmoSobiT igi biologiuria; aq SeiZleba saqme gvqondes zogadi saxis kulturul faqtorebTan, rac amgvar damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, umetes kulturebSi, qalebis umravlesoba cxovrebis did nawils bavSvebze zrunvaSi atarebs da ar SeuZliaT Tavisuflad miiRon monawileoba nadirobaSi an omSi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, gansxvavebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis qcevaSi, umTavresad, qalisa da mamakacis identobis maskulinobis socialuri daswavlis Sedegia. - feminurobisa da 5 samxili cxovelTa samyarodan ras gviCvenebs faqtebi? informaciis erT-erTi wyaroa sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebi hormonalur struqturaSi. zogi mkvlevari acxadebda, rom mamakacis sqesobrivi hormoni, testosteroni, dakavSirebulia mamakacis midrekilebasTan Zaladobisken. MmagaliTad, kvlevebSi aRiniSna, rom Tu mamri maimuni agresiuli dabadebisTanave xdeba; da iqna piriqiT, kastrirebuli, rodesac mdedr igi naklebad maimuns aZleven testosterons, igi normalur mdedr maimunze ufro agresiuli xdeba. Tumca, aseve sxvebze, mas dadginda, rom, Tu testosteronis maimuns done mieca ezrdeba. saSualeba ibatonos amgvarad, SesaZloa, agresiulma qcevam gavlena moaxdinos hormonis warmoSobaze da ara hormoni iyos gazrdili agresiis mizezi. Mmtkicebis kidev erTi SesaZlo wyaro cxovelis qcevaze uSualo dakvirvebaa. Aavtorebi, romlebic mamkacur agresias biologiur faqtors ukavSireben, xSirad xazs usvamen mamakacur agresias primatebs Soris. maTi azriT, Simpanzes qcevas Tu davakvirdebiT, mamrebi yovelTvis ufro agresiulebi arian, vidre mdedrebi. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, didi gansxvavebaa cxovelTa tipebs Soris. magaliTad, gibonebis SemTxvevaSi, sqesTa Soris TiTqmis SeumCneveli gansxvavebaa; ufro metic, bevri mdedri maimuni zogierT situaciaSi Zalze agresiulia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca Svilebs safrTxe emuqreba. samxili adamianTa samyarodan adamianebis tyupebis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis gamocdilebidan modis. ZiriTadi identuri wyaro identuri tyupebi erTi kvercxujredidan arian da zustad erTnairi genetikuri struqtura aqvT. moxda erTi identuri gansakuTrebuli tyupebidan SemTxveva, erT-erTi rodesac seriozulad mamrobiTi daSavda sqesis windacveTis procesSi; gadawyda, misi genitalia gadaekeTebinaT qalisad. amis Semdeg igi izrdeboda rogorc gogona. tyupebi, eqvsi wlis asakSi, dasavleTis kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur mamakacur da qalur Tvisebebs amJRavnebdnen. patara gogonas uyvarda sxva gogonebTan TamaSi, 6 exmareboda saxlis saqmeebSi da surda gaTxoveba, rodesac gaizrdeboda. biWuna sxva biWebis garemocvaSi amjobinebda yofnas, misi sayvareli saTamaSoebi avtomobilebi da gadamzidi manqanebi iyo, surda mexanZre an policieli gamxdariyo. Aim droisTvis, genderul es SemTxveva gansxvavebebze interpretirebul socialuri daswavlis iqna, rogorc damajerebeli zegavlenis demonstrireba. Tumca, rodesac gogonam Tineijeris asaks miaRwia, aCvena, mas gamosvla hqonda satelevizio programiT da misma intervium rom igi erTgvar uxerxulobas grZnobda Tavisi genderuli identobis gamo, albaT imitom, rom is `realurad~ biWi iyo. mogvianebiT, man gaigo Tavisi uCveulo istoriis Sesaxeb da, SesaZloa, amis codna Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo sakuTari Tavis sxvagvarad aRqmisTvis (Ryan 1985). es SemTxveva ar uaryofs imis SesaZleblobas, rom biologiuri faqtorebi gavlenas axdens qceviT gansxvavebebze mamakacsa da qals Soris. Tuki isini arsebobs, maTi fsiqologiuri warmoSoba jer kidev ar aris identificirebuli. sakiTxi kvlav winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba, Tumca genetikos riCard levontinis daskvnas albaT bevri daeTanxmeba: `pirovnebis Tavdapirveli TviTidentifikacia, rogorc mamakacis an qalisa, Tavisi damokidebulebebiT, ideebiTa da survilebiT, rac am identifikacias Tan axlavs, gamowveulia imiT, Tu ra kategorias miakuTvnes is (qali an mamakaci) bavSvobaSi. Mmovlenebis normalurad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, es kategoria Seesabameba SeTanxmebul biologiur gansxvavebas qromosomebSi, hormonebsa da morfologiaSi. amgvarad, biologiuri gansxvavebebi ufro signalia, vidre diferenciaciis mizezi, socialur rolebSi (Lewontin 1982). genderuli socializacia miuxedavad imisa, rom biologiuri samxili gvexmareba genderuli gansxvavebebis warmoSobis gagebaSi, kidev erTi saSualebaa genderuli socializaciis kvleva, genderuli rolebis Seswavla iseTi socialuri faqtorebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa ojaxi da media. 7 mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi Mmravali warmoadgens gamokvleva genderuli Catarda imis gansxvavebebi Sesaxeb, socialuri Tu ramdenad gavlenebis Sedegs. dedisa da patara bavSvis urTierTobis Seswavla gviCvenebs gansxvavebebs biWisa da gogos mimarT damokidebulebaSi maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs sjeraT, rom orives bavSvis daxasiaTebas erTnairad sTxoven, eqcevian. roca gansxvavebul zrdasrulebs pasuxebs iZlevian Cvili imis mixedviT, Tu romeli amoicnes masSi - gogo Tu biWi. EerTi klasikuri eqsperimentis dros, xuT axalgazrda dedaze Catarda dakvirveba, maTi urTierTqmedebis dros eqvsi Tvis bavSvTan, romelsac saxelad beTi erqva. isini uRimodnen bavSvs da Tojinas awvdidnen saTamaSod. bavSvs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc `sayvarels~ da `nazi xmis~ mqones. Ddedebis meore jgufis reaqcia igive asakis bavSvze, romelsac adami erqva, sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. bavSvs awvdidnen matarebels an raime sxva `mamakacur~ saTamaSos. sinamdvileSi, beTi da adami erTidaigive bavSvi iyo, gansxvavebul tansacmelSi Cacmuli (Will et. al 1976). genderuli daswavla BbavSvebis mier genderuli daswavla, garkveulwilad, aracnobierad mimdinareobs. sanam bavSvebi SeZlebdnen sworad miakuTvnon sakuTari Tavi gogonebs Tu biWebs, amas win uZRvis preverbaluri miniSnebebis mTeli rigi. magaliTad, zrdasruli mamakacebi da qalebi, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebulad eqcevian bavSvebs. kosmetikas, romelsac qalebi xmaroben, gansxvavebuli surneleba aqvs imisgan, romelsac bavSvi SeiZleba CacmulobaSi, mamakacebs Tmis ukavSirebdes. stilSi da sxv. sistematuri daswavlis gansxvavebebi procesSi vizualur miniSnebebs awvdis bavSvs. ori wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs nawilobrivi warmodgena aqvT imaze, Tu ra aris genderi. maT ician, gogonebi arian Tu biWebi, da Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT sxvebis sqesis garCeva. Tumca, xuT an eqvs wlamde bavSvma ar icis, rom pirovnebis sqesi ar icvleba, rom yovel adamians aqvs genderi da rom gansxvaveba gogonebsa da biWebs Soris anatomiazea dafuZnebuli. sqesis mixedviT 8 saTamaSoebi, romelTanac naxatebi, bavSvebs saqme wignebi aqvT, da satelevizio yvela Taviseburad programebi, xazs usvams gansxvavebebs qalisa da mamakacis niSan-Tvisebebs Soris. saTamaSoebis maRaziebi da dakveTis mimRebi katalogebi TavianT saqonels, Cveulebriv, genderis mixedviT axarisxeben. iseTi sasamaTSoebic ki, romlebic neitraluri gveCveneba genderis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi aseTi ar aris. magaliTad, saTamaSo fisuniebi da kurdRlebi gogonebisTvis aris rekomendebuli, xolo lomebi da vefxvebi umetesad biWebisTvis aris gankuTvnili. vanda luCia zamunerma gamoikvlia, romel saTamaSos aniWeben upiratesobas Svididan aT wlamde bavSvebi italiasa da holandiaSi (Zammuner 1987). gaanalizebul iqna bavSvebis damokidebulebebi sxvadasxva saxis saTamaSoebis mimarT. stereotipul mamakacur da qalur saTamaSoebSi CarTul iqna saTamaSoebi, romlebic ar iyo gansazRvruli romelime sqesiT. ganesazRvraT rogorc Sesaferisi bavSvebs, aseve saTamaSoebi maT mSoblebs gogonebisa aRmoCnda, rom mozrdilebsa da bavSvebs Soris da sTxoves, biWebisTvis. sruli Tanxmoba sufevda. saSualod, meti italieli bavSvi irCevda sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebul saTamaSos, vidre holandieli bavSvi. am kvlevebma daadastura molodinebi, rom italiuri kultura metad uWers mxars genderuli dayofis tradiciul Tvalsazriss, vidre es holandiur sazogadoebaSia. rogorc amas sxva kvlevebic adasturebs, gogonebma orive sazogadoebidan amoirCies gacilebiT meti genderulad neitraluri an biWebis saTamaSoebi, vidre biWebma gogonebis saTamaSoebi. wignebi da televizia OocdaxuTi wlis win, lenora vaicmanma da misma kolegebma moaxdines genderuli rolebis analizi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnil, yvelaze popularul moTxrobebis wignebSi, da aRmoaCines mravali aSkara gansxvaveba genderul rolebSi (Weitzman e t a l, 1972) . mamakacebi gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen moTxrobebSi da naxatebSi, vidre qalebi, koeficientiT 11/1. genderuli identobis mqone cxovelebis CaTvliT ki, es koeficienti Seadgenda 95/1. Mmamakacebisa da 9 qalebis aqtivobebic saTavgadasavlo moiTxovda. gansxvavdeboda. situaciebSi, sadac ki mamakacebi rac personaJi monawileobdnen damoukideblobasa gogonebi da gamoCndebodnen, gare Zalas isini daxasiaTebulni iyvnen, rogorc pasiuri arsebebi, romlebic Sinauri saqmeebiT iyvnen mamakacebisTvis, dakavebulni. saxlSi gogonebi saqmianobdnen da sadils elodnen amzadebdnen maT dabrunebas. TiTqmis aseve iyo moTxrobebis krebulSi warmodgenili zrdasruli mamakacebi da qalebi. qalebi, romlebic colebi an dedebi ar iyvnen, warmodgenilni iyvnen iseT warmosaxviT personaJebad, rogoricaa alqajebi an wmindanebi. MmTel wignSi erTi personaJi qali ar iyo, romelic raime saqmianobas saxlis gareT eweoda. amis sapirispirod, mamakacebi gamoyvanilni iyvnen, rogorc mebrZolebi, policielebi, mosamarTleebi, mefeebi da a.S. Uufro gviandeli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom mdgomareoba rogorRac Seicvala, Tumca sabavSvo literaturis umetesi nawili iseTive rCeba (Davis 1991). zRaprebSi, magaliTad, tradiciuli midgomaa genderis mimarT, im imedebisa da miswrafebebis mimarT, romlebiTac gogonebi da biWebi xelmZRvaneloben. `odesme Cemi princi gamoCndeba~ - rac mravali saukunis win iyo Cadebuli zRaprebis versiebSi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobda, rom Rarib gogonas SeeZlo eocneba simdidresa da karg bedze. dRes es azri ufro romantikul siyvaruls ukavSirdeba. zogierTi feministi Seecada Tavidan gadaewera zogierTi yvelaze cnobili zRapari, maxvilebis gadaadgilebis saSualebiT. `me namdvilad ver SevamCnie misi sasacilo cxviri. Dda igi namdvilad ukeT gamoiyureboda, koxtad gamowyobili modur tansacmelSi. igi sruliadac ar aris iseTi momxibvleli, rogorc im Rames iyo. ase rom, vfiqrob, Tavs movaCveneb, rom es SuSis qoSi Zalze viwrod maqvs~. (Viorst 1987) Mmagram konkias am versiis msgavsad, es Tavidan gadawerili ambebi, umTavresad, zrdasruli auditoriisTvis aris gamiznuli da naklebi gavlena aqvs zRaprebze, romlebic uamrav sabavSvo wignSia moTxrobili. 10 Tumca arsebobs zogierTi TvalsaCino gamonaklisi; bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnili satelevizio programebis analizi exmianeba daskvnebs sabavSvo wignebis Sesaxeb. Yyvelaze popularuli multfilmebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom mTavari gmirebi mamrobiTi sqesis arian da rom am mamakacebs mihyavT moqmedeba. msgavsi warmodgenebis mixedviTaa agebuli reklamebic, romlebic programebs mTel sigrZeze gasdevs. bavSvis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi jun statamma gamoikvlia mSobelTa erTi jgufis mier SeZenili gamocdileba bavSvis araseqsisturad aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT. kvlevaSi monawileobas Rebulobda ocdaaTi zrdasruli Tvrameti ojaxidan, romelSic CarTulni iyvnen eqvsi Tvidan Tormet wlamde asakis bavSvebic. mSoblebi saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, umetesad akademiuri wreebidan – maswavleblebi da leqtorebi. statamma aRmoaCina, rom mSobelTa umetesoba ara ubralod cdilobda tradiciuli seqsualuri rolis modificirebas, raTa gogonebs ufro metad hqonodaT biWebis Tvisebebi, kombinacia aramed surdaT moexdinaT. qalurobisa maT surdaT, da mamakacurobis biWebi ufro axleburi gulisxmieri yofiliyvnen sxvebis grZnobebis mimarT, SesZlebodaT siTbos gamoxatva; xolo gogonebs swavlisa da xels uwyobdnen, raTa TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. moepovebinaT yvela mSobeli saSualebebi Tvlida, rom genderuli daswavlis arsebuli mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg brZola Zneli iyo. isini Seecadnen, garkveuli warmatebiT, rom bavSvebs imgvari saTamaSoebiT eTamaSaT, romlebic genderis mxriv tipiuri ar iyo, Tumca esec ki imaze metad gauZneldaT, vidre moelodnen. erT-erTi mSobeli aseT komentars akeTebs mkvlevarTan: `saTamaSoebis maRaziaSi yofnisas SeamCnevT, rom igi savsea sabrZolo saTamaSoebiT biWebisTvis da saojaxo tipis saTamaSoebiT gogonebisTvis, sazogadoebas. rac am migvaxvedrebs, gziT xdeba Tu bavSvebis rogori mimarTuleba socializacia: es aqvs kargia biWebisTvis, raTa iswavlon, rogor moklan an daasaxiCron, rac, vfiqrob, saSinelebaa da Zalze madardebs. me vcdilob ar Sevide saTamaSoebis maRaziaSi; es Zalian mabrazebs~. 11 Ppraqtikulad, yvela bavSvs aqvs saTamaSo da isini erTobian genderiT gansazRvruli saTamaSoebiT, romlebsac axloblebi Cuqnian. DdRes gogonebi arsebobs arian, wignebi, magram Zalze romlebSic mcirea mTavari maTi gmirebi Zlieri ricxvi, romelic biWebs aratradiciul rols miakuTvnebda. xuTi wlis biWunas dedam mogviTxro misi Svilis reaqciaze, rodesac man wakiTxvisas moTxrobis gmirebs sqesi Seucvala. `mas, faqtobrivad, cotaTi ewyina, rodesac mTeli kiTxvis manZilze, moTxrobaSi, sadac gogona da biWi tradiciul rolebs asrulebdnen, Sevcvale yvela gogonas roli biWad da biWisa - gogonad. rodesac es pirvelad gavakeTe, igi mzad iyo eTqva: `Sen ar giyvars biWebi, Sen mxolod gogonebi mogwons~. me momixda amexsna misTvis, rom es sul ar iyo ase, rom es mxolod imitom gavakeTe, rom sakmarisad ar ewera gogonebze~ (Statham 1986). MmarTlac, genderuli socializacia Zalze Zlieria, da misi gamowveva, SesaZloa, Zalze arasaxarbielo gamodges. mas Semdeg, rac genderi erTxel `ganisazRvra~, sazogadoeba moelis, rom individebi moiqcevian, rogorc `qalebi~ da `mamakacebi~. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikaSi es molodinebi ganxorcielebuli da asaxulia (Lorber 1994; Bourdieu 1990). genderis keTeba Cveni Sexedulebebi genderuli identobis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc masTan dakavSirebuli seqsualuri ganwyobebi da midrekilebebi, ise adre yalibdeba, rom zrdasrulobaSi maT TavisTavad cxadad miviCnevT. Tumca genderi ufro metia, vidre gogonasaviT an biWiviT moqceva. sxva sityvebiT, genderi ara ubralod arsebobs, aramed, sociologebs rom davesesxoT, yvela `akeTebs genders~ yoveldRiur socialur urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan (West and Zimmerman 1987). magaliTad, Jan morisi unda mimxvdariyo, rogor aemoqmedebina genderi, rodesac dainaxa, rom misgan, rogorc qalisagan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebul qcevas moelodnen restoranSi. rogorc igi ambobs, `ar arsebobs cxovrebis 12 aspeqti,~ romelic genderiT ar iyos gajerebuli. Tumca man ver SeamCnia, rom es manamdec arsebobda, sanam igi sqess Seicvlida. is uxilavi gzebi, romliTac CvenSi genderi moqmedebs, Cveni cxovrebis iseT sisxlxorceul nawils warmoadgens, rom verc ki vamCnevT, vidre igi xelidan ar gvecleba an radikalurad ar icvleba. genderis socialur reproduqcias vaxdenT da vimeorebT uamrav wvrilman qmedebebSi mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. Ees procesi gvexmareba, gavigoT genderi, rogorc socialuri instituti, romelic iqmneba da meordeba Cveni sxvebTan urTierTqmedebebis genderuli procesSi. gansxvavebebi rogorc aseve Semdgom sxva TavebSi socialuri davinaxavT, institutebis mniSvnelovani nawilia, magaliTad, ojaxis, religiis, Sromisa da klasis. transseqsualebi, Jan morisis msgavsad, arian adamianebi, romlebsac surT sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da romlebic amisTvis qirurgiul Carevas mimarTaven. isini, hormonalur mkurnalobas itareben sxeulis formisa da Tmis safaris Sesacvlelad, aseve meoradi sqesobrivi niSnebis Sesaqmnelad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wveri an mkerdi. amgvari axali `genderuli datvirTvebi~ ar aris sqesis sruli Secvla; maTi qromosomebi da maTi Sinagani organoebi, rogoricaa saSo, ucvleli rCeba. erTi transseqsuali, saxelad mark riisi, am sakiTxs Semdegnairad ganixilavs: `sruli rwmena imisa, rom araswor sxeulSi cxovrob, arafriT Camouvardeba fsiqiatriul mkurnalobas. sxeulsa da gonebas Soris mudmivi emociurad konfliqtis gamomfitav, erTaderTi xSirad alternativa uxerxul da Zevs yovelTvis damRlel, mtkivneul genderul cvlilebaSi. Tumca amisi jildo Tavisuflebaa - realur me-d yofna~. saubedurod, es Tavisufleba moqceulia sistemaSi, romelic, sxva araferi rom vTqvaT, aralogikuria – da romelSic britaneTi fexs ar uwyobs iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa kanada, italia, germania, holandia, norvegia, SvedeTi, poloneTi, Sveicaria, TurqeTi da indonezia, aseve SeerTebuli Statebis 48 Stati. riisi aRniSnavs: `mTavroba uflebas iZleva Seicvalos pasporti da sauniversiteto xarisxi, marTvis mowmoba da biblioTekis bileTi. igi transseqsualizms ganixilavs, rogorc samedicino mdgomareobas da 13 fsiqologiuri momsaxurebis, hormonaluri mkurnalobis da operaciebis fulsac ixdis; Tumca, am yvelafris Semdeg, igi uars ambobs erTi dokumentis Casworebaze, rac aucilebelia legaluri cnobisa da adamianis uflebaTa srulad aRiarebisTvis~ - es dabadebis mowmobaa. (suraTebze warmodgenilia brenda riisi – patara gogona, da mark riisi, rogorc zrdasruli mamakaci) wyaro: Guardian, 1996. genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb zigmund froidis Teoria genderuli identobis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb, albaT yvelaze gavleniani da winaaRmdegobrivi Teoriaa. froidis mixedviT, CvilebSi da patara bavSvebSi genderuli gansxvavebis Secnoba, penisis qona-arqonazea damokidebuli. `me penisi maqvs~, niSnavs `me var biWi~, maSin roca `me var gogo~ niSnavs, `me ara maqvs penisi.~ froidi sifrTxiliT aRniSnavs, rom es mxolod anatomiur gansxvavebas ar niSnavs; penisis qona Tu arqona mamakacurobis da qalurobis simboloa. am Teoriis mixedviT, daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi, biWi SiSs grZnobs mamis mimarT, mis mier disciplinis da morCilebis moTxovnis gamo, warmoidgens ra, rom mamas misTvis penisis moSoreba surs. nawilobriv cnobierad, Tumca umetesad aracnobier doneze, biWi mamas metoqed miiCnevs, dedis yuradRebis mopovebaSi. dedis mimarT erotikuli grZnobebis daTrgunviT da imiT, rom mamas umaRles arsebad miiCnevs, biWi sakuTari Tavis mamasTan identificirebas axdens da Tavis mamakacur identobas acnobierebs. biWi uars ambobs dedis mimarT siyvarulze, mamis mier misi kastraciis aracnobieri SiSis gamo. meore mxriv, gogonebi, savaraudod, `penisis mimarT Surs~ ganicdian, vinaidan maT ar gaaCniaT iseTi dasanaxi organo, romelic biWebs gamoarCevs. deda gogonas TvalSi fass kargavs imitom, rom penisi ara aqvs da arc SeuZlia hqondes. rodesac gogona dedasTan identificirebas axdens, igi daqvemdebarebul pozicias yofnas~ gulisxmobs. aRiarebs, rac `meorexarisxovan arsebad 14 rodesac es faza sruldeba, bavSvma ukve icis erotikuli grZnobebis darTgunva. froidis mixedviT, xuTi wlis asakidan sqesobriv momwifebamde latenturi periodia – sqesobrivi aqtivoba SeCerebulia, vidre biologiuri cvlilebebi ar Caereva sqesobriv momwifebaSi, rac aaqtiurebs uSualod erotikul survilebs. latenturi periodi emTxveva skolaSi swavlis TanatolTa adreul jgufebi da yvelaze Sua wlebs, mniSvnelovan rodesac rols imave sqesis TamaSoben bavSvis cxovrebaSi. mTeli winaaRmdeg, rigi argumentebi gansakuTrebiT, gamoiTqva feministebis froidis mier, Tvalsazrisis Tumca sxva mravali avtoris mierac (Mitchell 1973; C oward 19 84). pirveli, froidi, rogorc Cans, genderul identobas Zalze mWidrod aigivebda genitalur gacnobierebasTan; Tumca aq sxva nakleb TvalsaCino faqtorebic iyo CarTuli. meore, froidis Teoria, Cans, eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom peniss upiratesoba eniWeba vaginasTan SedarebiT, romelic miCneulia ubralod mamakacuri organos arqonad. Tumca, ratom ar unda iyo miCneuli qaluri genitaliebi mamakacis organoze upiratesad? mesame, froidi mamas disciplinis gamtareblad miiCnevs, maSin roca mraval kulturaSi deda TamaSobs ufro mniSvnelovan rols disciplinis gatarebaSi. meoTxe, froids miaCnia, rom genderuli daswavla oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi iwyeba. gviandeli avtorebis umetesoba ki xazs usvams ufro adreuli daswavlis mniSvnelobas, rac Cvilobidan iwyeba. Codorous Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb froidis midgoma genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb bevrma avtorma gaiziara, Tumca maT mravali kuTxiT moaxdines am midgomis modificireba. erT-erT maTgans sociologi nensi Codorou warmoadgens (1978, 1988) . SegrZneba Codorou bavSvebSi siyvarulidan amtkicebs, Zalze warmoiSoba. rom adreul froidisgan mamakacurobis asakSi, da qalurobis mSoblebis gansxvavebiT, igi, mimarT mamasTan SedarebiT, dedis rolis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs. Cvili emociurad ufro metad dedasTan aris dakavSirebuli da amitomac deda axdens 15 yvelaze met gavlenas mis adreul cxovrebaze. es siyvaruli erTgvarad irRveva bavSvis mier sakuTari me-s gacnobierebis Semdeg; igi nakleb damokidebuli xdeba dedaze. Codorous azriT, es daSorebis procesi svadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs biWebsa da gogonebSi. gogonebi ufro axlo urTierTobas inarCuneben dedasTan, magaliTad, ufro metad exvevian da eferebian dedas da mis qcevebs baZaven; imis gamo, rom dedisgan daSoreba mkveTri ar aris, gogonas da Semdeg zrdasrul qals uyalibdeba me-s SegrZneba, romelic ufro myaria sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi. misi identoba TiTqos ufro uTavsdeba sxvebs an ufro damokidebuli xdeba maTze Tavdapirvelad dedaze, mogvianebiT mamakacze. Codorous azriT, swored es ayalibebs qalebSi TanagrZnobisa da Sebralebis gancdas. biWebi sakuTari me-s gacnobierebas dedebTan Tavdapirveli siaxlovis ufro radikaluri uaryofiT aRweven. isini TavianTi mamakacurobis gacnobierebas imiT axerxeben, rac qaluri ar aris. isini swavloben, ar iyvnen `nazebi~ an `dedikos biWebi.~ amitom biWebi naklebad gawafulni arian sxva adamianebTan axlo urTierTobebSi; isini ufro analitikurad ganixilaven Zalisxmevas samyaros, iyeneben ufro aqtiurad warmatebis udgebian misaRwevad, Tumca cxovrebas, Trgunaven met unars, Caswvdnen rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxvis grZnobebs. Codorou, garkveulwilad, anacvlebs froidis aqcentebs. masTan mamakacuroba da ara qaluroba xasiaTdeba dedasTan xangrZlivi axlo urTierTobis dakargviT. mamakacuri identoba gancalkevebis saSualebiT yalibdeba, amitom mamakacebi mTeli cxovreba aracnobierad grZnoben, rom maT identobis safrTxe daemuqrebaT, Tu sxvebTan mWidro emociur urTierTobebSi CaerTvebian. qalebi, Tavis mxriv, grZnoben, rom sxvebTan mWidro emociuri urTierTobis gareSe maTi TviTganmtkiceba ar Sedgeba. es magaliTebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema; amitomaa, rom adreul socializaciaSi qalebi TamaSoben upirveles sakuTar Tavs, gansazRvraven. umetesad, mamakacebi urTierTqmedebis Trgunaven am gziT rols. qalebi gamoxataven moTxovnilebebs manipulaciur pozicias avlenen samyaros mimarT. bavSvebis da da ufro 16 Codorous gamoiwvia. Sromam magaliTad, gaaanaliza qalebis sxvadasxvagvari jenet seierss brZola kritikuli miaCnia, rom damoukideblobisa gamoxmaureba Codoroum da ver avtonomiurobis mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebiT Cvens droSi (Sayers 1986). igi aRniSnavs, rom qalebi (da mamakacebi) TavianTi fsiqologiuri struqturiT gacilebiT winaaRmdegobrivni arian, vidre amas Codorous Teoria gvTavazobs. qalurobam SeiZleba SeniRbos agresiulobis an TviTdamtkicebis grZnoba, rac mxolod iribad an garkveul konteqstebSi vlindeba (Brennan 1988) . Codorou aseve gaakritikes misi ojaxis koncefciis SezRudulobis gamo, romelic mxolod TeTrkanian da saSualo klasis modelze iyo dafuZnebuli. ra xdeba, magaliTad, martoxela mSoblian ojaxebSi, an iq, sadac bavSvebze erTze meti zrdasruli zrunavs? E es kritika sruliadac ar akninebs Codorous ideebs, romlebic dRemde inarCunebs feminurobis aqtualobas. fenomenis araeqspresiulobis~ Sesaxeb isini da safuZvlebis mniSvnelovan aseve gagebaSi gvexmareba - im codnas e.w. gvawvdis `mamakacuri sirTuleebisa, rac mamakacebs axasiaTebT grZnobebis gamxelasTan dakavSirebiT. adamianis seqsualoba Ggenderuli gansxvavebebis Seswavlisas, mkvlevarebi, socialur da kulturul zegavlenebTan biologiuri zegavlenis erTad, adamianis mniSvnelobasac seqsualur usvamen xazs. qcevaze genderuli gansxvavebebis da seqsualobis kvlevebis ZiriTadi msgavseba imaSia, rom adamianebis ukeT gasagebad, es orive sfero cxovelTa samyaros swavlobs. Tavdapirvelad, biologiur argumentebs ganvixilavT da im kritikas, rasac es argumentebi iwvevs. Semdeg seqsualuri qcevis socialur zegavlenebze visaubrebT, rac adamianis seqsualobis didi mravalgvarobis Sesaxeb diskusiasTan migviyvans. biologia da seqsualuri qceva seqsualobas aSkarad biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia, Tundac imis gamo, rom qalisa da mamakacis anatomia erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba da 17 orgazmis gamocdilebac gansxvavebulia. Aaseve, arsebobs gamravlebis biologiuri imperativi, gadaSendeboda. romlis zogierTi evolucionisturi axsna, gareSe biologis Tu ratom adamianuri azriT, aqvT modgma arsebobs mamakacebs imis ufro xSiri SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi, vidre qalebs (ixileT me-2 Tavi). argumenti isaa, rom mamkacebi biologiurad midrekilni arian gaanayofieron imdeni qali, ramdenic SesaZlebelia myari rwmenisaTvis, rom maT kvercxujreds romlebsac mocemul kvercxujredi gadarCenis momentSi aqvT, amgvari saukeTeso mxolod biologiuri Sansi erTi aqvs. qalebs, ganayofierebadi interesi ar amoZravebT. samagierod, maT stabiluri partniori surT biologiuri STamomavlobis dasacavad, rac maTi bavSvebis dacvas gulisxmobs. Ees argumenti ganmtkicebulia cxovelTa seqsualuri qcevis SeswavliT, rac aCvenebs, rom, Cveulebriv, ama Tu im saxeobis mamrebi ufro xSir seqsualur kavSirebs amyareben, vidre imave saxeobis mdedrebi. Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma dagvanaxa, rom mdedris mxridan `Ralati~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa cxovelTa samefoSi da bevri cxovelis seqsualuri iTvleboda. EerT mamrebTan, romlebsac aqtivoba dros ufro sjerodaT, kompleqsuria, rom potenciali mdedrebi aqvT, vidre manamde wyvildebian saukeTeso iseT genetikuri memkvidreoba gadascen TavianT STamomavlobas. Mmagram mdedri Citebis bolo kvlevebma es argumenti sakamaTo gaxada da dagvanaxa, rom mdedri Citebi damatebiT patniors ara misi genebis gamo irCeven, aramed imitom, rom es partniori, adgilsamyofeli SesaZloa, SesTavazos vidre spermis mSobeli STamomavlobis askvnis, rom `aq ufro metad saqme, ukeTesi iyos da gasazrdelad. ukeTesi es kvleva kopulaciasTan (dawyvilebasTan) gvaqvs gadacemasTan. es mdedrebi, SesaZloa, TavianT momavalze fiqroben~ (citirebulia Angier 1994). Ddaskvnebis gakeTeba amgvari kvlevebidan mxolod erTgvari mcdelobaa, gansakuTrebiT, roca msgavs daskvnebs adamianis seqsualur qcevebze vazogadebT. rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, seqsualoba gacilebiT rTuli fenomenia imisaTvis, rom mxolod biologiuri niSnebiT moxdes misi sruli axsna. 18 socialuri zegavlena seqsualur qcevaze yvela isini sazogadoebaSi, sapirispiro adamianebis sqess emociuri umetesoba heteroseqsualia urTierTobisa da – seqsualuri siamovnebis planSi ganixilaven. Yyvela sazogadoebaSi qorwinebisa da ojaxis safuZvels heteroseqsualoba warmoadgens. Tumca arseboben umciresobebic gansxvavebuli seqsualuri gemovnebiTa da miswrafebebiT. judi lorberi adamianebSi aTi saxis seqsualur identobas ganasxvavebs: heteroseqsuali mamakaci, heteroseqsuali qali, lesboseli qali, gei mamakaci, biseqsuali qali, biseqsuali mamakaci, transvestiti qali (qali, romelic mudmivad kacis tansacmels atarebs), transvestiti mamakaci (mamakaci, romelic mudmivad qalis tansacmels atarebs), transseqsuali qali (mamakaci, romelic qali xdeba, Jan morisis msgavsad) da transseqsuali mamakaci (qali, romelic mamakaci xdeba). seqsualuri praqtika kidev ufro mravalgvaria. froidi adamianebs `polimorfulad gadaxrilebs~ uwodebs, raSic gulisxmobs, rom adamianebs seqsualuri gemovnebis farTo speqtri gaaCniaT da SeuZliaT misdion mas maSinac ki, roca mocemul sazogadoebaSi es amoralurad da arakanonieradaa mecxramete saukunis seqsualur sakiTxebSi pacientebi mainc mravalgvarobas. gamovyoT bolo wlebSi metismetad amJRavnebdnen SesaZlo Semdegi: miCneuli. mamakacs daiwyo, morcxvebi seqsualuri seqsualur an froidma qals Tavisi rodesac iyvnen; adamianebi Tumca midrekilebebis praqtikebs SeuZlia Soris hqondes kvlevebi misi gasaocar SegviZlia seqsualuri urTierToba qalebTan, mamakacebTan an orivesTan. es SeiZleba moxdes erTi erTze an sami da meti adamianis monawileobiT. individs SeiZleba hqondes seqsi Tavis TavTan (masturbacia) an aravisTan (dauqorwinebloba, celibati). zogierTs, transseqsualebTan an SesaZloa, hqondes adamianebTan, seqsualuri romlebic urTierToba erotikuli miznebiT sawinaaRmdego sqesis tansacmels atareben; iyeneben pornografias an mimarTaven sado-mazoxizms (tkivilis gamowveva erotikuli mizniT), aqvT sqesobrivi kavSiri cxovelebTan da a.S. (Lorber 1994). yvela sazogadoebaSi 19 arsebobs seqsualuri normebi, romelTa mixedviT, zogierTi am saxis praqtika miRebulia, xolo sxvebi - dagmobili da gakicxuli. Tumca sxvadasxva kulturebSi homoseqsualoba ganvixilavT. amgvari swored es zogierT konteqstebSi an normebi SemTxvevaa, kulturaSi nebadarTulia, Zalze rogorc gansxvavebulia. amas mogvianebiT homoseqsualizmi an aqtiurad garkveul mxardaWerilic ki. magaliTad, Zvel berZnebTan mamkacebis patara biWebisadmi siyvaruli idealizebuli iyo da seqsualuri siyvarulis umaRles formad iyo miCneuli. seqsualuri sxvadasxva qcevis kulturebSi, miRebuli rac tipebic erT-erTi aseve gzaa gansxvavebulia imis dasadgenad, rom seqsualuri reaqciebi ufro SeZenilia, vidre Tandayolili. yvelaze farTo kvleva am sakiTxebze ganxorcielebuli iyo ramdenime aTwleulis win klelan fordisa da frenk biCis mier (1951), romlebmac orasze meti sazogadoebis anTropoliguri monacemebi gamoikvlies. is, rac `bunebriv~ seqsualur qcevad da sqesobrivi mimzidvelobis normad aris miCneuli, saocrad mravalgvari uSualod sqesobrivi grZeldeba, aRmoCnda. kavSiris aucilebel da magaliTad, wina periodi, sasurvel zogierT rac pirobad kulturaSi zogjer aris saaTobiT miCneuli; sxva kulturebSi es wina periodi saerTod ar arsebobs. zog sazogadoebaSi iTvleba, rom metismetad xSiri kavSiri fizikur sisustesa da avadmyofobas iwvevs. wynari okeanis samxreTSi mcxovreb senangebs Soris, uxucesi iZleva rCevas, ramdenad sasurvelia es kavSiri, da sjera, rom qeraTmian individs yovel Rame SeuZlia sasiyvarulo urTierTobis qona! Uumetes kulturebSi seqsualuri mimzidvelobis normebi (rasac rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi iyeneben) ufro metad qalebis fizikur monacemebzea fokusirebuli, vidre mamakacebis Sesaxedaobaze. es situacia dasavleTSi, rogorc Cans, TandaTanobiT icvleba, vinaidan qalebi gacilebiT aqtiurni xdebian saxlis gareT arsebul sferoebSi. Strixebi, romlebic silamazisTvis, qalis mniSvnelovnad gamxdari, kulturebSi yvelaze koxta ufro mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. agebuleba mimzidvelad Tanamedrove moswonT qalis iTvleba maSin, sruli qalis dasavleTSi rodesac formebia sxva miCneuli 20 (ixileT me-6 Tavi). zogjer mkerdi ar aRiqmeba seqsualuri mizidulobis obieqtad maSin, rodesac zogierT sazogadoebaSi mas Rrma erotikuli datvirTva aqvs. aris sazogadoebebi, romlebic did mniSvnelobas saxis nakvTebs aniWebs maSin, rodesac sxvebi Tvalebis moyvanilobasa da fers aZleven upiratesobas, aseve cxvirisa da tuCebis formas. seqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi seqsualuri qcevis dasavluri xedva daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli religiis gavlenas ganicdida. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qristianul seqtebsa da moZRvrebebs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondaT seqsualobis adgilis Sesaxeb cxovrebaSi, qristianul eklesiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, nebismieri seqsualuri qceva eWvis qveS iyo dayenebuli da gamonakliss mxolod gamravlebis sakiTxi warmoadgenda. iyo periodebi, rodesac es Sexeduleba sircxvilis gansakuTrebul grZnobas iwvevda sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, sxva dros, mravali adamiani ugulebelyofda an winaaRmdegobas uwevda eklesiis swavlebas da erToblivad erTvebodnen qmedebebSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, adiulteri), romelic akrZaluli iyo religiur avtoritetTa mier. wignis 1 TavSi motanili idea, rom sqesobrivi urTierToba SeiZleba da unda ganxorcieldes qorwinebaSi, iSviaTad sruldeboda. Mmecxramete saukuneSi, religiuri valdebulebebi seqsualobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, samedicino mosazrebebiT iqna Canacvlebuli, Tumca isinic iseTive simkacriT gamoirCeoda, rogorc eklesiis Sexedulebebi. zogierTi amtkicebda, rom nebismieri seqsualuri aqtivoba, rac gamravlebasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli, organizms seriozul fizikur zians ayenebda. magaliTad, naTqvami iyo, rom masturbacia sibrmaves, sigiJes, gulis da sxva saxis daavadebebs iwvevda, xolo oraluri seqsi kibos mizezi iyo. viqtorianuli periodi sqesobrivi farisevlobiT iyo aRvsili. seqsis iTvleboda, mimarT da rom patiosani qmrebis mier qalebi indiferentulebi gamoxatul yuradRebas iyvnen mxolod valdebulebis moxdad Rebulobdnen. Tumca sul ufro mzard qalaqebSi 21 prostitucia gavrcelebuli iyo, rasac xSirad Riad aRiarebdnen, da am `dakargul~ qalebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc TavianTi pativcemuli debisagan sruliad gansxvavebulebs. Mmravali viqtorianeli mamakaci, gareT keTilgonier, wesier moqalaqeebad rom iTvlebodnen, romlebic TiTqos colebis erTgulebi iyvnen, mudmivad stumrobdnen meZavebTan da sayvarlebs meurveobdnen. marTalia, amgvar saqciels `respeqtabeluri~ hqondaT, qalebi, maTi sazogadoebaSi seqsualuri did romlebsac saqcielis skandals mniSvnelobas zizRs mimarT aniWebdnen, sasiyvarulo gamoaSkaravebis da aqtivobebis ar magram urTierTobebi SemTxvevaSi, iwvevdnen. Qqalisa gansxvavebulma da wesier mamakacis midgomam ormagi standarti Seqmna, rac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da romlis naSTebi dResac SemorCenilia. Cvens droSi, gacilebiT tradiciuli liberalur gansakuTrebiT damokidebuleba damokidebulebebTan Zlier ganviTarda 1960-ian seqsualobis erTad mimarT arsebobs, wlebSi. rac adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc qristianuli moZRvrebis gavlenas ganicdian, swamT, rom qorwinebis seqsualuri sazRvrebSi urTierTobebi zogadad qorwilamde uaryofen seqsualuri arasworia qcevis da yvela formas heteroseqsualuris garda. Tumca dRes gacilebiT metad aris aRiarebuli, rom seqsualuri siamovneba sasurveli da mniSvnewlovani Tvisebaa. amis sapirispirod, sxvebi amarTleben an aqtiurad uWeren mxars qorwinebamdel seqss da tolerantulni arian seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalgvarobis mimarT. bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis qveynebis umetes Tavisufali nawilSi, gaxda. seqsualuri filmebSi da damokidebulebebi TeatrSi gacilebiT warmodgenilia scenebi, romlebic winaT savsebiT miuRebeli iqneboda, xolo pornografiuli masala savsebiT xelmisawvdomia zrdasrulTa umravlesobisTvis, visac misi mopoveba surs. seqsualuri qceva: kinsis gamokvleva 22 Cven gacilebiT seqsualobis praqtikebis meti damajereblobiT sazogadoebrivi Sesaxeb, imis Rirebulebebis gamo, rom aseTi SegviZlia Sesaxeb, visaubroT vidre praqtikebi, kerZo umeteswilad, aRnusxuli ar aris. rodesac 1940-1950-ian wlebis SeerTebul StatebSi alfred kinsi Seudga Tavis gamokvlevas, es pirveli mniSvnelovani naSromi iyo realuri seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb. rodesac kinsi da misi TanamSromlebi sastikad iyvnen gakicxulni religiuri organizaciebis mier, da gazeTebsa da kongresSi maT naSroms amoraluri uwodes, kinsim ukan ar daixia da droTa ganmavlobaSi Seagrova Tvrameti aTasi adamianis monacemebi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, moaxdina ra amerikis TeTri mosaxleobis sakmaod reprezentatuli SerCeva (Kinsey et a l, 1948; 1953). Kkinsis ubralod Sedegebi Sokirebuli umravlesobam iyo, gakvirvebiT vinaidan maT didi miiRo da sxvaoba mravali aRmoaCines seqsualuri qcevis im dros gavrcelebul sazogadoebriv molodinebsa da realur seqsualur praqtikas Soris. kinsim aRmoaCina, rom mamakacebis TiTqmis 70 procenti meZavebTan dadioda da 84 procents qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi urTierTobebis gamocdileba hqonda. Tumca, ormagi standartis gaTvaliswinebiT, mamakacebis 40 procenti moeloda, rom maTi colebi qalwulebi iqnebodnen daqorwinebisas. mamakacebis 90 procentze meti masturbacias eweoda da daaxloebiT 60 procenti raime formis oralur seqsualur aqtivobas.. qalebs Soris, daaxloebiT 50 procents qorwinebamdeli seqsualuri gamocdileba hqonda, Tumca umetesad TavianT momaval meuRleebTan, daaxloebiT 60 procenti masturbacias eweoda da igive procents oralur-genitaluri kontaqtebi hqonda. sazogadoebrivad mowonebul damokidebulebebsa da realur qcevas Soris garRveva, rac kinsis gamokvlevebma aCvena, albaT namdvilad didi iyo im periodSi, uSualod meore msoflio omis Semdeg. seqsualuri liberalizaciis faza gacilebiT adre daiwyo - 1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac mravalma axalgazrdam ganTavisuflebulad igrZno im moraluri Tavi, riTic valdebulebebisgan wina Taobebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. seqsualuri qceva, albaT, didad Seicvala, magram seqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise Riad ar ganixileboda, 23 rogorc es dRes xdeba. seqsualur aqtivobebSi monawile adamianebi, romelTa qmedebebi mainc miuRebeli iyo sazogadoebriv doneze, malavdnen maT da ar esmodaT, ramdenad didi iyo msgavs praqtikebSi CarTuli adamianebis permisiulma epoqam ricxvi. 1960-iani wlebidan dawyebulma realobad aqcia seqsualuri ufro ganwyobebis Riad gacxadeba. seqsuali qceva kinsis Semdeg 1960-iani wlebis socialuri moZraoba, romelmac brZola gamoucxada arsebul wesrigs da aseve asocirdeba kontr-kulturasTan anu `hipuri~ cxovrebis stilTan, daupirispirda arsebul seqsualur normebs. es moZraoba seqsualur Tavisuflebas qadagebda. qalebisTvis kontraceptivebis SemoReba saSualebas iZleoda seqsualuri siamovneba da reproduqcia erTmaneTisgan savsebiT gamijnuliyo. qalTa gaerTianebebma daiwyes zewola mamakacuri seqsualuri Rirebulebebisgan meti damoukideblobis mosapoveblad, ormagi standartis uaryofisa da meti seqsualuri siamovnebis misaRwevad qalebis moTxovnilebebis gacnobierebisaTvis. bolo dromde Zneli iyo imis zustad dadgena, ramdenad Seicvala seqsualuri qceva kinsis gamokvlevebis Semdeg. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, lilian rubinma gamohkiTxa cametidan ormocdarva wlamde aTasi amerikeli imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis cvlilebebi moxda seqsualur qcevaSi da damokidebulebebSi, daaxloebiT bolo 30 wlis manZilze. misi kvlevebis mixedviT, dafiqsirda. iwyeboda, seqsualuri vidre seqsualuri ra es Tqma aqtivoba, wina praqtika unda, mniSvnelovani Cveulebriv, TaobaSi ufro bevri iyo; ufro mravalgvari da ufro cvlileba adreul metic, asakSi Tineijerebis farTo iyo, vidre zrdasrulebSi. Oormagi standarti jer kidev inarCunebda Zalas, Tumca igi ise Zlieri ar iyo, rogorc wina TaobaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom qalebi ufro momTxovni gaxdnen seqsualuri uzrunveleyoT, urTierTobis aramed mimarT. Tavadac maT mieRoT surdaT, seqsualuri ara mxolod kmayofileba – 24 fenomeni, rac rubinis azriT, orive sqesisTvis umTavres Sedegs warmoadgens. wina periodTan SedarebiT, qalebi gacilebiT Tavisufalni gaxdnen; Tumca, am winsvlasTan erTad, rasac mamkacebi miesalmebian, gaCnda axali moTxovnebi, romlebic gadmogvcems, rom mamakacebisTvis mamakacebi Znelad xSirad misaRebia. saubrobdnen, rubini rom isini `araadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs~, SiSoben, rom `verasodes gaakeTeben raimes Sesabamisad~, da miaCniaT, rom dRevandel dRes `SeuZlebelia qalebis dakmayofileba~ (Rubin 1990). Mmamakacebi araadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs? Ggana es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rasac Cven moveliT? Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mamakacebs kvlav gabatonebuli adgili uWiravT umetes sferoebSi da isini met Zaladobas iCenen qalebis mimarT, vidre es ukanasknelni mamakacebis mimarT. amgvari Zaladoba miznad isaxavs qalebis kontrolsa da mudmiv daqvemdebarebas. Tumca arian avtorebi, romlebic garwmuneben rom mamakacuroba es tvirTia, iseve rogorc jildo. amas umateben imasac, rom mamakacis kmayofilebis seqsualoba momgvreli. ufro Tu metad ZaldatanebiTia, mamakacebi Sewyveten vidre seqsualobis gamoyenebas kontrolis mizniT, amiT ara marto qalebi, aramed Tavadac mogebulni darCebian. axali tipis erTguleba? 1994 wels, mkvlevarTa gundma gamoaqveyna naSromi `seqsualobis socialuri romelic organizacia: am qveyanaSi seqsualuri seqsualuri praqtika qcevis SeerTebul yvelaze StatebSi~, farTo kvlevas warmoadgens, kinsis naSromebis Semdeg. bevris gasakvirad, am gundis mignebebi miuTiTebs arsebiT seqsualur konservatizmze amerikelTa Soris. magaliTad, gamokiTxulTa 83 procents mxolod erTi partniori (an saerTod arc erTi) hyavda wina wels da daqorwinebul adamianebs Soris es ricxvi 96 procentamde gaizarda. aseve savsebiT Cveulia erTguleba meuRlis mimarT: qalebis mxolod 10 procentma da mamakacebis 25 procentma ganacxada sasiyvaruli kavSirebis Sesaxeb, col-qmruli 25 cxovrebis periodSi. Aam kvlevis mixedviT, amerikelebs, saSualod, mxolod sami partniori hyavT mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. miuxedavad seqsualuri qcevis gawonasworebuli xasiaTisa, garkveuli cvlilebebi mainc TvalsaCinoa am kvlevidan; yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba SeimCneva qorwinebamde seqsualuri gamocdilebis zrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT qalebs Soris. faqtobrivad, dRes amerikelebis 95 procents seqsualuri gamocdileba qorwinebamde aqvs (Laumann et. al, 1994). seqsualur qcevaze dakvirvebas bevri siZnele axlavs. Cven ubralod ar viciT, amboben Tu ara simarTles adamianebi TavianTi seqsualuri cxovrebis socialuri Sesaxeb organizacia~ gacilebiT naklebad seqsualur cxovrebaSi, mkvlevris cdilobs arian winaSe. dagvanaxos, Tavgadasavlebis vidre es kinsis `seqsualobis rom amerikelebi moyvarulni angariSSi iyo TavianT mocemuli. SeiZleba isic iyos, rom Tavad es angariSia arazusti. SesaZloa, AIDS-is SiSiT mravalma adamianma SezRuda seqsualuri aqtivoba an, SesaZloa, dRevandelobis sakmaod konservatul politikur viTarebaSi, adamianebi ufro cdiloben dafaron TavianTi seqsualuri aqtivobebis aspeqtebi. Cven darwmunebulni ver viqnebiT. seqsualuri qcevis kvlevis sandooba bolo dros intensiuri debatis sagani gaxda (Lewontin 1995) . ganxiluli kvlevis kritikosebi acxadebdnen, rom amgvari dakvirvebebi ver uzrunvelyofs saimedo informacias seqsualuri praqtikis Sesaxeb. am kamaTis erTi nawili gamokiTxuli moxuci adamianebis pasuxebs exeba. mkvlevarebma ganacxades, rom 80-85 wlis mamakacebi amboben, rom maT aqvT seqsi TavianT partniorTan. kritikosebis azriT, es iseTi cxadi tyuilia, rom igi mTel dakvirvebas braldebidan Semswavleli da eWvis qveS erTgvari ayenebs. mkvlevarebma mxardaWera specialistebis mxridan, moipoves Tavi moxuci romlebmac daicves am adamianebis daadanaSaules kritikosebi, moxucebulobis Sesaxeb negatiuri stereotipis qonaSi. maT aRniSnes, rom erT-erT kvlevaSi instituciebis gareT mcxovrebi moxuci mamakacebis Sesaxeb, 74 procenti seqsualurad aqtiuri iyo. erT-erT kvlevaSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom mamakacebis umravlesoba 90 wlis asakSic ki seqsiT aris dainteresebuli. 26 homoseqsualoba homoseqsualoba yvela kulturaSi arsebobs. Tumca homoseqsuali pirovnebis idea – adamianisa, romelic mkveTrad aris gamijnuli mosaxleobis umravlesobidan misi seqsualuri gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT – SedarebiT axali movlenaa. seqsualobis Sesaxeb Tavis kvlevaSi, miSel fukom aCvena, rom me-18 saukunemde es cneba, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobda (Foucault 1878). sodomis aqti gauqmebuli iyo saeklesio mmarTvelobisa da kanonis mier; inglisSi da sxva bevr evropul qveyanaSi es sikvdiliT isjeboda. Tumca sodomi ar ganixileboda, rogorc specifikurad homoseqsualuri codva, aramed exeboda urTierTobebs mamakacebsa da qalebs, mamakacebsa da cxovelebs, iseve rogorc Tavad mamakacebs Soris. termini `homoseqsualoba~ pirvelad 1860-ian wlebSi Semovida xmarebaSi da mas Semdeg homoseqsualebi sul ufro metad ganixilebodnen, rogorc adamianebis gansakuTrebuli tipi, gansakuTrebuli seqsualuri gadaxrebiT (Weeks 1986) . termin `lesboselis~ gamoyeneba, rac qalTa homoseqsualobas aRniSnavs, odnav gviandeli droiT TariRdeba. sikvdiliT StatebSi dasja gauqmebuli `arabunebrivi iyo qmedebebisTvis~ damoukideblobis mopovebis SeerTebul Semdeg, xolo evropaSi me-18 saukunis bolos da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi. Tumca, jer kidev ramodenime aTwleulis win, homoseqsualoba kriminalur qmedebad rCeboda faqtobrivad yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi. es faqti imis asaxsnelad gvexmareba, Tu ratomaa, rom antagonizmi homoseqsualebis mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoniT aRaraa ganmtkicebuli, mainc aisaxeba mravali adamianis emociur damokidebulebaSi. homoseqsualoba aradasavlur kulturebSi zogierT ara-dasavlur kulturaSi homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi miRebulia da mxardaWerilic ki garkveuli jgufebis mier. magaliTad, kunZul sumatris CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb batakis xalxSi, mamakacebis homoseqsualuri urTierToba nebadarTulia, Tumca qorwinebamde. 27 sqesobrivi momwifebis dros biWi tovebs mSoblebis saxls da Rames aTenebs SenobaSi, sadac Tormeti-TxuTmeti misi Tanatoli da masze ufrosi mamakacia. jgufSi yalibdeba partnioruli wyvilebi da umcrosi asakis biWebs acnoben homoseqsualur praqtikas. es viTareba grZeldeba axalgazrda vaJis qorwinebamde. daqorwinebulTa umravlesoba, Tumca ara yvela, Tavs anebebs homoseqsualur aqtivobas (Money and Ehrhardt 1972). wynari okeanis kunZul melaneziis erT-erTi soflis – ist-beis mcxovrebTa Soris homoseqsualoba aseve nebadarTulia, Tumca kvlav mxolod mamakacebs Soris. qorwinebamde, ,,mamakacebis saxlSi” cxovrebis dros, axalgazrdebi ewevian urTierTmasturbacias da oralur kavSirs, Tumca arsebobs homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi ufros mamakacebsa da axalgazrda aiZuleben biWebs Sorisac. icxovron xSirad mamakacebis Zalze saxlSi. axalgazrda urTierTobebis biWebsac yvela tipi savsebiT misaRebia da Riad msjeloben masze. mravali coliani mamakaci biseqsualia, romlebsac urTierToba aqvT axalgazrda biWebTan da amave dros ewevian aqtiur seqsualur cxovrebas TavianT meuRleebTan. Tumca homoseqsualoba, heteroseqsualuri kavSirebis gareSe, amgvar kulturebSi cnobili ar aris (Davenport 1965; Shepherd 1987). homoseqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi KqeneT plameri, Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi, Tanamedrove dasavlur kuluraSi homoseqsualobis homoseqsualizmi romelic – es arsebiTad cxovrebas.Mmoswavle magaliTebs aris ar tips warmavali ayalibebs biWebis warmoadgens. oTx SemTxveviTi homoseqsualuri urTierToba, pirovnebis gadaxrebi situaciuri ganasxvavebda. da mTlian seqsualur urTierTmasturbacia aqtivobebi iseT amis garemoebebs ganekuTvneba, rodesac homoseqsualuri aqtebi regularulad sruldeba, Tumca individi garemocvaSi, qalebis amas rogoric gareSe gansakuTrebul cixe cxovroben, an upiratesobas samxedro aseTi saxis banakia, ar aniWebs. sadac iseT mamakacebi homoseqsualuri qceva gavrcelebulia da ganixileba ufro metad rogorc heteroseqsualuri qcevis Semcvleli, vidre upiratesobis mqone. 28 Ppersonizebuli homoseqsualoba im individebs axasiaTebs, romlebic upiratesobas ki aniWeben homoseqsualur aqtivobebs, magram izolirebulni arian im jgufebisgan, sadac es miRebulia. am SemTxvevaSi homoseqsualoba faruli aqtivobaa, romelsac umalaven amxanagebs da kolegebs. homoseqsualoba, rogorc cxovrebis wesi, imaT axasiaTebT, vinc ukve `Sedgnen~, dakavSirebuli arian msgavsi seqsualuri gemovnebis adamianebTan, da es maTi cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilia. msgavsi adamianebi, Cveulebriv, gei-subkulturas miekuTvnebian, sadac homoseqsualuri aqtivoba cxovrebis garkveul wesSia integrirebuli (Plummer 1975). Mmosaxleobis ricxvi, romlebsac homoseqsualuri gamocdileba aqvT an Zlier midrekilebebs amJRavneben homoseqsualobis mimarT, imaTze gacilebiT metia, homoseqsualobis kulturebSi vinc Riad SesaZlebeli pirvelad misdevs gei gafarToebis cnobili gaxda alfred cxovrebis wess. Sesaxeb dasavlur kinsis gamokvlevis publikaciis Semdeg. misi monacemebis mixedviT, amerikeli mamakacebis araumetes naxevrisa sruli heteroseqsualebi arian, Tu vimsjelebT maTi seqsualuri aqtivobebis da midrekilebebis mixedviT sqesobrivi momwifebis Semdeg. Kkinsis SerCeviT erTobliobaSi, aqedan 8 procents, mxolod homoseqsualuri ganmvlobaSi. Semdegi homoseqsualur da urTierToba 10 hqonda procenti, heteroseqsualur sami da met-naklebad kavSirSi iyo meti wlis erTnairad, CarTuli. kinsis yvelaze ufro moulodneli aRmoCena is iyo, rom mamakacebis 37 procents sul cota erTi homoseqsualuri gamocdileba mainc hqonda orgazmis doneze. kidev 13 procenti grZnobda homoseqsualur survilebs, magram ar axorcielebda maT. QqalTa monacemebiT, Soris ufro homoseqsualobis dabali iyo. koeficienti, qalebis 2 kinsis procenti iyo kvlevis mxolod homoseqsuali. Hhomoseqsualuri gamocdileba 13 procents gaaCnda, xolo 15 procentma aRiara, rom grZnobdnen homoseqsualur survils, Tumca ar axorcielebdnen mas. kinsi da misi kolegebi gancvifrebuli iyvnen homoseqsualobis im doniT, rac maT aRmoaCines; amitom Sedegebi kidev erTxel gadamowmda, magram suraTi igive darCa (Kinsey et al. 1948, 1953). 29 `homoseqsualobis Sedegebma, kiTxvis homoseqsualobis sapirispirod, procents socialuri qveS farTo daayena kinsis gavrcelebis gviandeli hqonda organizaciis~ kvlevis homoseqsualuri miRebulma kvlevis Sesaxeb. monacemebSi mier kinsis monacemebi 37 procentis mamakacebis urTierToba mxolod orgazmis 9 doneze; mamakacebis mxolod 8 procents hqonda homoseqsualuri survilebi (13 procentTan SedarebiT) da mxolod 3 procentma aRiara seqsualuri urTierToba meore mamakacTan gasul wels. rogorc am kvlevis avtorebma daadastures, sircxvilis laqa, romelsac inarCunebs homoseqsualuri qceva, SesaZloa, xels uwyobda ZiriTad cdomilebebs kritikosma aRniSna homoseqsualuri avtorebis mier qcevis SemTxveviT Sesaxeb. erT-erTma SerCevaSi daSvebuli Secdoma, rodesac saqme exeba homoseqsualebis geografiul TavSeyras did qalaqebSi, sadac homoseqsualebi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10 procents Seadgenen (Robinson 1994). LlesboselTa jgufebi, rogorc Cans, nakleb organizebulni arian, vidre mamakaci geebis subkulturebi da aseve naklebi proporciiT arian CarTulni SemTxveviT urTierTobebSi. mamakacebis homoseqsualoba met yuradRebas ipyrobs, vidre lesboseloba, da lesboselTa aqtivistebis jgufebs xSirad ise eqcevian, TiTqos maTi interesebi mamakacTa organizaciebis identuri iyos. Tumca zogjer mWidro TanamSromloba arsebobs mamakac geebsa da lesboselebs Soris, arsebobs gansxvavebebic, kerZod maSin, feministur rodesac moZraobaSi. lesboselebi lesboseli aqtiurad qalebis arian cxovrebis CarTulni specifikuri xasiaTi sociologebisTvis amJamad ufro detaluri analizis sagania. Llesbosel wyvilebs xSirad Svilebi hyavT, zogjer mamakacTan urTierTobis Sedegad, zogjer ki xelovnuri ganayofierebiT, Tumca lesboselebisTvis Zalze Zneli iyo meurveobis mopoveba. lesboselobis gamomJRavnebis procesic sakmaod rTulia. MmSoblebs, naTesavebs, megobrebs da Svilebs unda gaumJRavnon, Tumca gamocdileba SeiZleba Rirdes amad. lorali makpaikma Tavis wignSi `aris raRac, rac minda, rom giTxraT~ Tavi mouyara im qalebis mier 30 mowodebul monaTxrobs, romlebmac gadawyvites TavianTi homoseqsualobis aRiareba. sakuTari gamocdilebis Sesaxeb is wers: `rogorc gaxarebuli bevri viyavi ,Tavidan Cemi dabadebuli axlad lesboseli’, mopovebuli me-Ti da mec Zalze Cemi axlad gansazRvruli cxovrebiT. arc Cemi partniori da arc Tavad me aqamde arasodes vyofilvarT lesboselebi, ase rom, arasodes gamovCenilvar socialur fondebSi Tu kavSirebSi, rac gei erTobebis ganuyofeli nawilia; Tumca vcdilobdiT frTxilad mivaxlovebodiT sxvebs, romlebic ase Tu ise CvenTan daaxloebas cdilobdnen... (Cven) Zalze iRblianebi aRmovCndiT... Sedegebi ufro pozitiuri da sasargeblo aRmoCnda=o vidre SemeZlo warmomedgina~ (Mac Pike 1989). damokidebuleba homoseqsualobis mimarT Hhomoseqsualobis mimarT aratolerantoba warsulSi imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom mxolod bolo wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli am sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli zogierTi miTis gaqarwyleba. homoseqsualoba avadmyofoba ar ukavSirdeba. profesiiT, aris da arc homoseqsualebi magaliTad, fsiqikuri ar aSlilobis Semoifarglebian parikmaxerobiT an raime formas mxolod interieris raime mowyobiTa da mxatvrobiT. Mmamakaci rogorc maTi geebis zogierTi mcdeloba qceva, Secvalon SesaZloa, tradiciulad ganxilul iyos, mamakacobasa da ZalasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; es, SesaZloa, erT-erTi mizezia imisa, Tu ratom moiazrebs homoseqsualebs safrTxed heteroseqsualebis sazogadoeba. gei mamakacebi cdiloben moicilon qaluri imiji, rasac Cveulebriv maT ukavSireben; amas isini ori saSualebiT emijnebian. erTi, TvalSisacemi qalurobis kultivirebiT – mamakacurobis `banakiT,~ rac stereotipis parodirebas axdens. Mmeore, `vaJkacurobis~ imijis SeqmniT. arc esaa kovbois namdvili mamakacuroba; mamakacebi tansacmelSi arian gamowyobilni da motomrbolelebis kvlavac da mamakacurobis parodirebas axdenen, misi gazviadebulad warmodgeniT (Bertelson 1986). 31 Tumca, bolo periodSi, homoseqsualoba ufro normalizebuli gaxda – yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ufro misaReb nawilad iqca. Eevropis mraval qveyanaSi - daniaSi, norvegiaSi da SvedeTSi - ukve nebadarTulia homoseqsuali wyvilebis daregistrireba da qorwinebis uflebis mopoveba. holandiaSi, safrangeTSi da belgiaSi qalaqebma da adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam aseve daiwyes homoseqsualuri urTierTobebis aRiareba. Hhavais kunZulebze homoseqsualuri qorwinebis ufleba SeiZleba kanonierad moipovon sasamarTlos gziT. sul ufro meti gei aqtivistebi cdiloben homoseqsualuri qorwinebis sruli legalizebis mopovebas. ratom zrunaven ase maSin, rodesac kargavs heteroseqsualuri mniSvnelobas? wyvilebis zrunaven qorwineba imitom, rom sul maT ufro igive metad statusis, uflebebis da movaleobebis mopoveba surT, igive mdgomareobaSi yofna surT, rac yvela valdebulebas danarCens warmoadgens, mosazrebebia Cadebuli. igi aqvs. qorwineba Tumca masSi dRes yvelaze gansazRvruli partniorebs uflebas emociur legaluri aZlevs, miiRon sikvdilze an sicocxleze gadawyvetilebebi, memkvidreobis ufleba da pensiis da sxva ekonomiuri daxmarebebis miRebis ufleba. `valdebulebis ceremoniebi~ amerikaSi - aralegaluri rogorc qorwinebebi homoseqsualebs, ise – rac popularuli heteroseqsualebs gaxda Soris, ar atarebs am uflebebs da valdebulebebs. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, rom heteroseqsuali wyvilebi an gadaavadeben xolme qorwinebas an saerTod ar qorwindebian. Hhomoseqsualuri qorwinebis oponentebi ewinaaRmdegebian am saxis qorwinebebs misi araseriozuli da arabunebrivi xasiaTis gamo. isini amas ganixilaven, rogorc seqsualuri orientaciis legitimacias, rac sinamdvileSi qveyanam unda aRkvecos. amerikaSi arsebobs gavlenis mqone jgufebi, romlebic homoseqsualebma yvela Seicvalon Rones xmaroben, orientacia da miaRwon imas, sawinaaRmdego rom sqesze daqorwindnen. zogierTs axlac sjera, rom homoseqsualoba gadaxraa da Zlier ewinaaRmdegebian misi normalizebis nebismier mcdelobas. Tumca gei adamianebis umravlesobas surs, isini Cveulebrivad miiRon. isini xazs usvamen, rom homoseqsualebs iseTive ekonomikuri da 32 emociuri usafrTxoeba `virtualurad sWirdebaT, normaluri~ rogorc endriu sxvebs. salivani Tavis (1995) wignSi cdilobs, dagvisabuTos homoseqsualuri qorwinebis upiratesobebi. Tavad kaTolike da homoseqsuali, is itanjeboda imiT, Tu rogor SeeTavsebina misi religiuri rwmena homoseqsualobasTan. mas miaCnia, rom homoseqsualoba nawilobriv mainc devs adamianis bunebaSi – es ar aris raRac iseTi, rac ubralod `airCeva~. imis moTxovna vinmes mimarT, uari Tqvas homoseqsualobaze, niSnavs mosTxovo mas (qals an mamakacs), uari Tqvas siyvarulis SesaZleblobaze an imaze, rom vinmes uyvardes. Mmisi azriT, imisaTvis, rom homoseqsualebi ar gaxdnen gaucxoebuli umciresoba, gei qorwineba legalizebuli unda iyos. Mmocemuli Tavis daskvniT nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT sakiTxs postituciis Sesaxeb. Mmamakacebis prostitucia gavrcelebulia zogierT gei subkulturaSi. Tumca qalTa prostitucia ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi da amitom masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. prostitucia prostitucia momsaxurebis SeiZleba gaweva fulis ganisazRvos, mopovebis rogorc seqsualuri sityva `prostituti~ mizniT. gamoyeneba me-18 saukunis bolodan daiwyo. Zvel msoflioSi seqsualur momsaxurebas, ase vTqvaT, safasuris miRebis TvalsazrisiT, kurtizani qalebi, xarWebi da monebi eweodnen. kurtizan qalebsa da xarWebs xSirad maRali mdgomareoba ekavaT tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. Tanamedrove prostituciis ZiriTad niSans is warmoadgens, rom qalebi da maTi klientebi ucnobebi arian erTmaneTisTvis; miuxedavad imisa, rom kacebi SeiZleba gaxdnen `mudmivi klientebi~, maTi urTierToba adrindeli nacnobobiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. es ase ar iyo Zvel droSi, seqsualuri momsaxurebis materialuri dainteresebiT gawevis dros. Pprostitucia uSualodaa dakavSirebuli mcire zomis Temebis daSlasTan, didi upirovno urbanuli sivrcis ganviTarebasTan da socialuri urTierTobis komercializaciasTan. mcire zomis tradiciul TemebSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi martivad kontroldeboda, radgan 33 advili dasanaxi iyo. axladganviTarebul urbanul sivrceSi, ufro anonimuri socialuri urTierTobebi advilad iqna Camoyalibebuli. prostitucia dRes GgaerTianebul samefoSi prostitucia umTavresad uRaribesi fenebidan wamovida, rogorc es warsulSic iyo, Tumca maT saSualo klasis qalebis ricxvis mniSvnelovani zrdam, xeli prostituciaSi ganaTlebis Cabmas. miRebis gamoZaxebiT da, nawili Seuwyo gaWirvebaSi amasTan Semdeg, SeuerTda. erTad, muSaoben imavdroulad, ojaxuri gayrebis Cavardnili qalebis arian qalebi, masaJistebad eZeben sxva an romlebic gogonebad samuSaos Sovnis SesaZleblobebs. Ppol j. GgoldStainma prostituciis klasifikacia moaxdina profesiuli valdebulebis da profesiuli konteqstis TvalsazrisiT. valdebuleba exeba sixSires, riTac qali prostituciaSia Cabmuli. mravali qali droebiT aris CarTuli, sul ramdenjerme Tu Caidina es, Tumca Semdeg `SemTxveviTi didi xniT an prostitutebi~ sulac arian samudamod isini, rCeba romlebic prostitutad. sakmaod xSirad iReben fuls seqsisTvis, Tumca araregularulad, da TavianT Semosavals sxva wyaroebiTac avseben. sxvebi mudmivad arian prostituciaSi CarTulni da am saqmianobiT iReben ZiriTad Semosavals. profesiuli konteqsti niSnavs samuSao garemos da urTierTqmedebis procesis tips, romelSic qalia CarTuli. `quCaSi moseirne~, quCaSi sTavzobs Tavs mamakacebs; `gogona gamoZaxebiT~ klientebs telefoniT uTanxmdeba da an mamakacebi midian mis saxlSi, an Tavad midis maTTan. `saxlis prostituti~ aris qali, romelic muSaobs kerZo klubSi an bordelSi. `masaJis saxlis prostituti~ uzrunvelyofs seqsualur momsaxurebas, romelic TiTqosda kanonier masaJs da gamajansaRebel procedurebs sTavazobs. Bbevri momsaxurebis qali barterSia miReba) (sanacvlod CarTuli raime seqsualuri saqonlis an sxva momsaxurebisTvis. `gamoZaxebiT gogonebis~ umetesoba, goldStainis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 34 regularulad eweva seqsualur barters – seqsi satelevizio mowyobilobis, manqanis SekeTebis da eleqtro saqonlis, tansacmlis, saadvokato an stomatologiuri momsaxurebis sanacvlod (Goldstein 1979). 1951 wels miRebuli gaerTianebuli erebis rezoluciis mixedviT, brali edebaT prostituciis organizatorebs an visac mogeba aqvs am saqmidan, Tumca Tavad prostitucias ar krZalavs. ormocdacametma qveyanam, gaerTianebuli samefos CaTvliT, formalurad erTsulovnad miiRo es rezolucia, Tumca maTi kanonmdebloba prostituciis Sesaxeb mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. zogierT qveyanaSi prostitucia arakanonieria. sxveSi, magaliTad, rogoric britaneTia, TavisTavad akrZalulia mxolod garkveuli tipi, magaliTad, quCis an bavSvTa prostitucia. zogierT qveyanaSi erovnuli an adgilobrivi xelisufleba oficialur licenzias aZlevs bordelebs an seqs-salonebs, rogoricaa `erosis centrebi~ germaniaSi an seqsis saxlebi amsterdamSi. Zalze cota qveyana iZleva licenzias mamakacebis prostituciaze. Kkanonmdebloba prostituciis winaaRmdeg didad ar aSinebs klientebs. MmaT, vinc yidulobs seqsualur momsaxurebas, ar apatimreben an sjian, da gamomJRavndes. sasamarTlo gacilebiT procesebzec maTi mcirericxovani vinaoba SeiZleba kvlevebia ar Catarebuli klientebze, vidre imaTze, vinc seqsualobas yidis, da es kvlevebi Zalian iSviaTad Tu asabuTebs – rogorc es xSirad xdeba prostitutebis mimarT – rom isini namdvilad fsiqologiurad gamoxatavs aSlilebi arakritikul arian. kvlevaSi damokidebulebas disbalansi seqsualobis orTodoqsuli stereotipebis mimarT, romelTa Tanaxmad, mamakacisTvis `normalurad~ siamovneba, iTvleba xolo aqtiurad isini, vinc eZebos sxvadasxvagvari momsaxurebas uwevs am seqsualuri saWiroebas, gakicxulni arian. B bavSvTa prostitucia prostitucia xSirad bavSvebsac iTrevs. BbavSvTa prostituciis kvlevam SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTSi da germaniaSi dagvanaxa, rom bavSvebis umravlesoba, romlebic saxlebidan gaiqcnen da Semosavali ara aqvT, 35 Tavis gadasarCenad prostitucias mimarTaven. is faqti, rom mravali gaqceuli bavSvi gauTvaliswinebeli prostitucias Sedegia, eweva, romlebic nawilobriv krZalaven kanonebis arasrulwlovanTa muSaobas; Tumca eWvgareSea, rom yvela prostituti bavSvi ar aris saxlidan gaqceuli. SeiZleba gamovyoT bavSvi ZiriTadi kategoria (Janus a nd H ein B racey 1980 ): prostitutebis sami gaqceulebi, romlebmac an datoves saxli da ar iZebnebian mSoblebis mier, an gamudmebiT da daJinebiT garbian saxlidan, magram pouloben da saxlSi abruneben; moseirneebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saxlSi cxovroben, Tumca raRac periodebi gareT arian, magaliTad, gareT arian periodulad mravali Ramis ganmavlobaSi. gagdebulebi, romelTa mSoblebi indiferentulni arian maT mimarT an Riad uars amboben maTze. Yyvela kategoria moicavs rogorc gogonebs, aseve biWebs. BbavSvTa msoflios prostitucia bevr prostituciaze nawilSi `seqs-turizmis~ – magaliTad, orientirebuli turebis industriis tailandSi paketi am da nawilia filipinebze. adgilebSi iwvevs mamakacebs evropidan, SeerTebuli Statebidan da iaponiidan – Tumca igi arakanonieri gaxda organizaciis wevrebma turebs; miuxedavad aRmosavleTSi gaerTianebul samefoSi. sazogadoebrivi protesti amisa, warmoiSva isini maSin, grZeldeba. rodesac azieli qalebis gamoucxades amgvar seqs-turizmi axlo prostituti qalebiT uzrunvelyofdnen amerikul jars koreisa da vietnamis omebis dros. `dasvenebisa da rekreaciis~ centrebi aSenda tailandSi, filipinebze, vietnamSi, koreaSi da taivanze. zogi maTgani SemorCa, gansakuTrebiT filipinebze, da emsaxureba turistTa jgufebs da samxdroebs, romlebic am regionSi arian ganTavsebulni. ratom romelic TiTqmis arsebobs prostitucia? udavoa, ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis mcdelobebs, yovelTvis es aris qalis mier is mudmivi fenomenia, aRkveTos mamakacisTvis igi. aseve, seqsualuri siamovnebis miniWebis saqme, vidre piriqiT – Tumca, arsebobs magaliTebi, rogorc es germaniaSi, hamburgSia, sadac `siamovnebis saxlebi~ imisTvisaa, rom seqsualuri momsaxureba mamakacebma qalebs gauwion. ra 36 Tqma unda, aseve SesaZlebelia biWebi an mamakacebi sxva mamakacebTanac eweodnen prostitucias. raime erT faqtors ar SeuZlia axsnas prostitucia. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom mamakacebs ufro Zlieri da daJinebuli seqsualuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT, vidre qalebs, da amitomac moiTxoven siamovnebebs, axsna romlebsac prostitucia aradamajerebelia. qalebis uzrunvelyofs. umravlesobas magram SeuZlia amgvari ganaviTaros seqsualoba ufro intensiurad, vidre imave asakis mamakacebs. Pprostitucia ubralod seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis rom arsebobdes, maSin imave raodenobis mamakaci prostituti iarsebebda qalebisTvis. Yyvelaze ufro damajerebeli zogadi daskvna unda iyos is, rom prostitucia gamoxatavs da ramdenadme xels uwyobs mamakacisTvis im tendenciis SenarCunebas, rom qali obieqtia, romelic SeiZleba seqsualuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeno. garkveul konteqstSi, prostitucia mamakacsa da qals Soris ZalTa uTanasworobas gamoxatavs. ra Tqma unda, aq mravali sxva elementicaa CarTuli. prostitucia sTavazobs seqsualuri siamovnebis miRwevis saSualebas im adamianebs, romlebic TavianTi fizikuri naklovanebebis an moraluri kodeqsis gamo, ver pouloben partniorebs. prostituti qalebi gamosavalia mamakacebisTvis, romlebic saxlis gareT imyofebian, surT seqsualuri urTierToba raime valdebulebis gareSe, an uCveulo seqsualuri gemovneba aqvT, romlebsac sxva qalebi ar dauSveben. Tumca es faqtorebi ufro prostituciis sixSires exeba, vidre mis saerTo xasiaTs. daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba Bbolo ganviTarda wlebSi, ise disciplinisTvis, yvelaferi sociologiis mniSvnelovnad rogorc asaxavs es ramdenime da genderuli cvlilebebs Tavad iseTi mimarTuleba centraluri urTierTobebis socialur Tu gaxda kvlevaa. cxovrebaSi. es ukve Camoyalibebuli gansxvavebebi mamakacur da qalur identobas Soris, 37 Sexedulebebi da qcevis tipuri modelebi, axali monacemebis Suqze unda ganvixiloT. Ggenderis Seswavla rTul problemebs ayenebs Tanamedrove sociologiis winaSe – miT ufro, rom tradiciulad, igi am disciplinis erT-erT centralur saqmed ar iyo miCneuli. ra koncefciebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT genderis mniSvnelobis gasacnobiereblad sazogadoebaSi? SeiZleba Tu gansxvavebebi ara warmovidginoT gamqralia sazogadoeba, imgvarad, rom yvelani sadac genderuli androgenulebi arian (msgavsi genderuli maxasiaTeblebiT)? seqsualoba warmoadgens adamianuri qcevis saocrad kompleqsur sferos, romelic fundamentur cvlilebebs ganicdis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. Cveni damokidebuleba sqesis mimarT da Cveni seqsualuri qceva ufro farTo socialur transformaciebs asaxavs, rasac momdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT. Sejameba 1. termini `sqesi~ araerTgvarovania. Cveulebriv xmarebaSi, igi aRniSnavs fizikur da kulturul gansvxavebebs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (rogoricaa `mamakacis sqesi~, `qalis sqesi~); aseve aRniSnavs seqsualur aqts. saWiroa, aseve, ganvasxvavoT sqesi fiziologiuri an biologiuri mniSvnelobiT, da genderi, romelic kulturuli konstruqciaa (daswavlili qceviTi modelebis wyeba). 2. zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom sqesTa Soris qcevaSi gansxvaveba genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca amis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs. 3. genderuli socializacia bavSvis dabadebisTanave iwyeba. is mSoblebic ki, romlebsac sjeraT, rom bavSvebs erTnairad eqcevian, gansxvavebul reaqciebs amJRavneben gogonebis da biWebis mimarT. Ees gansxvavebebi Zlierdeba bevri sxva kulturuli gavlenebis meSveobiT. 4. genderuli identobis ganviTarebis ori wamyvani Teoria zigmund froidsa da nensi arseboba-ararseboba, Codorous ekuTvnis. mamakacurobisa da Ffroidis mixedviT, qalurobis penisis simboloebi, 38 kritikulia biWis identifikaciis dros mamasTan da gogonasi – dedasTan. Codorou xazs usvams dedis mniSvnelobas. rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi identificirebas dedasTan adre axdenen, Tumca biWebi wyveten kavSirs dedasTan, TavianTi mamakacurobis dasamtkiceblad; gogonebi ki ufro didxans rCebian qalurobaze mudmivi masTan. metad, mWidro Codorou mamakacuroba urTierTobis araeqspresiulobas an im anacvlebs xasiaTdeba aqcentebs: danakargiT dakargviT. siZneles, froidis Ees rasac - dedasTan iwvevs mamakacis mamakaci grZnobebis gamoxatvisas ganicdis. 5. genderi momcemuli ar aris; igi iseTi ramaa, rac unda `vakeToT~ Cvens yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. transseqsualebis gamocdileba – adamianebis, romlebic samedicino mkurnalobas daeqvemdebaren TavianTi seqsualuri anatomiis Sesacvlelad – gvidasturebs, Tu ramdenad Znelia erTi genderis meoriT Secvla. 6. dasavleTSi qristianobam didi gavlena moaxdina seqsualuri damokidebulebebis seqsualuri Camoyalibebaze. kodeqsia, sazogadoebebSi, gavrcelebulia ormagi sadac mkacri standarti da TvalTmaqcoba. DdaSoreba normebsa da realur praqtikas Soris SeiZleba uzarmazari iyos, rogorc es seqsualuri qcevis kvlevam dagvanaxa. seqsualuri praqtika Zalze gansxvavebulia kulturebis SigniT da maT Soris. 1960-ian wlebSi dasavleTSi seqsualobis mimarT represiulma damokidebulebam gza dauTmo ufro permisiul Sexedulebebs, romelTa Sedegebi dRes TvalsaCinoa. 7. seqsualuri daaxloebiT aT identoba rTuli gansxvavebul ramaa. seqsualur zogierTi identobas avtori gamoyofs, heteroseqsualebis, homoseqsualebis, biseqsualebis da transseqsualebis CaTvliT. 8. homoseqsualoba, rogorc Cans, yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, Tumca cneba `homoseqsuali~ SedarebiT axali warmonaqmnia. mxolod uanaskneli asi wlis aqtivoba, ganmavlobaSi romelsac aranormalurobisa da iqna homoseqsualoba adamianis gadaxris ganxiluli, garkveuli tipi kategoria Seiqmna heteroseqsualis~ kategoriis sapirispirod. rogorc Caidens – `normaluri 39 9. prostitucia aris safasuris sanacvlod seqsualuri siamovnebis miniWeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi prostituciis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, mamakacis da bavSvTa prostituciis CaTvliT. licenzirebuli prostitucia zogierT xelisuflebis mier qveyanaSi aris nacionaluri daSvebuli, Tumca da regionuli umetes qveynebSi prostitutebi kanonis gareSe moqmedeben. damatebiTi literatura Henning B ech, When Men Meet (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1997) . mamakacurobis bunebis interpretacia da misi kavSirebi homoseqsualobasTan. Nancy C hodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: U niversity o f C alifornia Press, 1978) . genderis Sesaxeb klasikuri gamokevleva, fsiqoanalizis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, genderuli socializaciis asaxnelad. R.W. C onnell, Masculinities (Combridge: P olity P ress, 1995) . vrceli Sesavali codnis axali sferosa da politikisTvis. Warren F arrell, The Myth of Male Power (London:Fourth E state, 1944) .socialuri pirobebis analizi, romlebic ayalibebs mamakacurobis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs. Marilyn F rench, The War Against Women (London: Hamish H amilton, 1992) . detalurad aRwers, Tu ra grZeli gzaa gasavleli mamakacebTan Tanasworobis misaRwevad. Lynne S egal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: V irago, 1990). sakamaTo diskusia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis cxovrebisa da gamocdilebis cvalebadi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. Maryon Tysoe, Love Isn’t Quite Enough: The Psychology of Male/Female Relationships (London: Fontana, 1992 ). saintereso da amaRelvebeli diskusia siyvarulis, romantikisa da urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi. Jeffrey W eeks, Sexuality and its Discontents: Meaning, Myths and Modern Sexuality (London: R outlde; 1989) . erT-erTi saukeTeso problemebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. diskusia seqsualobis 40 mniSvnelovani terminebi seqsualoba heteroseqsualoba qaluroba (feminuroba) homoseqsualoba mamakacuroba (maskulinoba) lesboseloba genderuli socializacia prostitucia mamkacuri araeqspresiuloba Tavi 6 sxeuli: kveba, avadmyofoba da dabereba ZiriTadi cnebebi sxeuli da sazogadoeba kvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi bavSvis dabadeba. Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi debati abortis Sesaxeb sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da avadmyofobaze janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi avadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena jandacvis sistemebi jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi Sefaseba janmrTeloba da garemo janmrTeloba da dabereba daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi. dabereba momavalSi. daskvna Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi sxeulis sociologia. buneba daxedeT or fotosuraTs momdevno gverdze. loyebCavardnili saxis da gamofituli sxeulis gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis identuria. axalgazrda gogona marcxena fotoze somalelia, romelic sakvebis naklebobis gamo kvdeba. axalgazrda gogona marjvena fotoze ki amerikeli Tineijeria, romelic aseve kvdeba Warbi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, radgan gadawyvita ar Wamos, an Wamos ise cota, rom mis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqra. socialuri dinamika, nagulisxmevi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT gansxvavebulia. sakvebis naklebobiT gamowveuli SimSilis mizezi gare faqtorebzea damokidebuli, rac adamianebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba da rac mxolod Zalze Raribebze axdens zegavlenas. amerikel Tineijers anoreqsia sWirs, avadmyofoba, romlis fizikuri warmoSoba ucnobia. idealuri sxeulis misaRwevad, man TiTqmis miatova Wama. anoreqsia da kvebis darRvevis sxva saxeebi mdidrebis daavadebaa da ara imaTi, vinc sakvebis naklebobas ganicdis an sulac ara aqvs sakvebi. Mmesame msoflios arcerT qveyanaSi, somalis CaTvliT, ar icnoben am daavadebebs. kacobriobis istoriaSi ar aris bevri adamiani, vinc SimSili nebayoflobiT airCia; aseTebi wmindanebi da mistikosebi iyvnen, romlebic amas religiuri miznebiT akeTebdnen. amasTan, isini yovelTvis mamakacebi iyvnen. DdRes, anoreqsia qalebis daavadebaa da mas ara aqvs gansakuTrebuli kavSiri religiasTan. es sxeulis daavadebaa da amitom SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, mis asaxsnelad biologiur da fizikur faqtorebs unda mivmarToT. Tumca, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, iseve rogorc sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic gamovikvlieT, socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenas ganicdis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom anoreqsia daavadebaa, igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli dietasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalebis fizikuri mimzidvelobis Sesaxeb cvalebad 3 SexedulebebTan. iseT premodernul sazogadoebebSi, romelic wignis me-3 TavSi aRvwereT, qalis idealur formas sisavse warmoadgenda. gamxdroba sasurveli saerTod ar iyo, nawilobriv imitom, rom igi sakvebis naklebobas ukavSirdeboda da, aqedan gamomdinare, siRaribesac. evropaSic ki, me-16 da me-17 saukuneebSi, qalis idealuri forma sisavse iyo. visac ki unaxavs am periodis mxatvroba, magaliTad, rubensis, SeamCnevda, rogori momrgvalebuli tanwerwetoba gadaiqca; formebiT qalis igi arian sasurvel saSualo qalebi formad klasis gamosaxuli. me-19 fenaSi saukunis sigamxdre meore warmoiSva, Tumca Tu naxevarSi qalebis umravlesobisTvis saerTo ideali mxolod am bolo dros gaxda. Aamgvarad, warmodgenis anoreqsia Secvlas ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove qalebis sxeulis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi. anoreqsia, rogorc darRveva, pirvelad safrangeTSi iqna identificirebuli 1874 wels, Tumca Seuswavleli iyo ukanasknel ocdaaT-ormoc wlamde (Broun and Yasper 1993). mas Semdeg, igi sul ufro Cveuli gaxda axalgazrda qalebs Soris. asevea bulimia – sakvebiT gataceba, rasac xelovnurad gamowveuli gulisreva mosdevs. xSirad, anoreqsia da bulimia erTdroulad, erTsadaimave individTan gvxvdeba. zogierTi SeiZleba Zalian gaxdes, ris Semdegac Zalze bevri sakvebis miRebis faza dgeba da zedmeti wonis dagroveba; amas kvlav Zlieri gaxdomis periodi mohyveba. anoreqsia da WamasTan dakavSirebuli sxva darRvevebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aRar warmoadgens avadmyofobis gaurkvevel formebs. britaneTSi, qalebis daaxloebiT 20 procents aqvs kvebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze. bulemiis SemTxvevebi kidev ufro xSiria. cameti wlis gogonebis samoc procents ukve dawyebuli aqvs dieta; es procenti oTxmocamde izrdeba Tvrameti wlis asakis gogonebTan. kvebis darRveva Zalze gavrcelebulia mdidar da gamoCenil adamianebs Soris. 1995 wels, britaneTis televiziasTan intervius dros, princesa dianam sajarod ganacxada, rom anoreqsiis da bulemiis ramdenime sastiki epizodis gamocdileba hqonda. 4 kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom raime, rac sufTa pirovnul problemad gveCveneba – sakvebTan dakavSirebuli dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi da SesaxedaobasTan sasowarkveTileba _ sociologiuri kvlevis sagani xdeba. Tu anoreqsias ara mxolod sicocxlisTvis saSiS formad CavTvliT, aramed mas dietis da garegnobis problemebs davukavSirebT, kvebis darRveva milionobiT adamianis cxovrebis nawilad warmogvidgeba; aseTi adamianebi aramarto britaneTSi moiZebneba, aramed yvela industriul qveyanaSi. sxeulis mdgomareoba da sazogadoeba kvebis darRvevis gavrcelebis areali gansacvifreblad didia da naTels xdis socialuri faqtorebis gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. Ees sfero cnobilia, rogorc sxeulis sociologia da igi ikvlevs im gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac, amgvari socialuri gavlenebi Cvens sxeulze zemoqmedebs. rogorc adamianebi, Cven materialuri arsebebi varT – yovel Cvengans sxeuli gaaCnia. Tumca, Cven marto sxeuli ar gvaqvs, da igi mxolod raRac fizikuri ar aris, romelic sazogadoebis gareT arsebobs. Cveni sxeuli Rrmad ganicdis Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis, iseve rogorc im jgufebis normebisa da Rirebulebebis gavlenas, romelsac is miekuTvneba. sociologebma mxolod am bolo dros daiwyes im Rrma urTierTkavSiris gaazreba, rac socialur cxovrebasa da adamianis sxeuls Soris arsebobs. amitom es sfero sruliad axalia, Tumca erT-erTi yvelaze sainteresoc. sxeulis sociologia Tavs uyris ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, romlebsac mTeli warmodgenili Tavis manZilze ganvixilavT. erT-erTi mTavari Tema exeba Cvens sxeulze socialuri cvlilebis gavlenis Sedegebs (Tavad socialuri cvlilebis Tema xazgasmulia mTels wignSi). meore Tema aris sxeulis sul ufro meti daSoreba `bunebisgan~ - imisgan, rac cxovrebaSi TavisTavad cxadad gveCveneba. Cveni sxeuli ganicdis mecnierebisa da teqnologiis gavlenas, rac axal dilemebs wamoWris. magaliTad, mTeli rigi reproduqciuli teqnologiebis Seqmnam axali SesaZleblobebi mogvca, Tumca, imavdroulad, intensiuri socialuri dapirispirebebi warmoSva. am 5 TavSi, Cven ganvixilavT ori saxis dapirispirebas, dakavSirebuls genur inJineriasTan da abortTan. termini `teqnologia~ aq ar unda iyos viwrod gagebuli. ZiriTadad, igi materialur teqnologiebs exeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tanamedrove medicina – aseTi magaliTia skanirebis aparati, romelic saSualebas aZlevs eqims, aRnusxos bavSvis ganviTareba mis dabadebamde. magram, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT aseve is, rasac miSel fuko (1988) socialur teqnologiebs uwodebs, da rac zegavlenas axdens sxeulze; am frazaSi igi gulisxmobs, rom sxeuli ufro metad is aris, rasac Tavad `vqmniT~, vidre is, rasac ubralod viRebT. socialuri teqnologia nebismieri saxis regularuli Carevaa Cveni mimarTulebiT sxeulebis funqcionirebaSi, warvmarToT. Aamisi raTa magaliTia isini dieta, specifikuri romelic ase mniSvnelovania anoreqsiis dros. Aamis Semdeg, Cven unda gavaanalizoT is, Tu ratom gaxda ase gavrcelebuli kvebis darRveva. Semdeg unda ganvixiloT reproduqciuli teqnologiebis sociologiuri mniSvneloba. amisaTvis, Cven SeviswavliT sxeulze sityvebiT, zrunvis sakiTxebs janmrTelobas da Tanamedrove jandacvas. socialur daBbolos, pirobebSi, Cven sxva ganvixilavT sxeulis daberebis sakiTxs. msgavsad Cveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebisa, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi dabereba aRar aris is, rac odesRac iyo! daberebis procesi ubralod fizikuri movlena ar aris da dRes asakovani adamianebis pozicia sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleba. Kkvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba imis gasagebad, Tu ratom gaxda kvebis darRveva ase gavrcelebuli Cvens droSi, unda davubrundeT socialur cvlilebebs, rac wina TavebSi iyo gaanalizebuli. sinamdvileSi, anoreqsia asaxavs socialuri cvlilebis farTo aspeqtebs, globalizaciis gavlenis CaTvliT. Kkvebis darRvevebis zrda dasavleTis qveynebSi, uSualod emTxveva kvebis warmoebis globalizacias, romelic sami-oTxi aTwleulis win 6 daCqarda. axali modelis samacivro mowyobilobebma da gadasazidma konteinerebma, sakvebis didi xniT Senaxvisa da msoflios erTi nawilidan meoreSi transportirebis SesaZlebloba mogvca. 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli (da imaTTvis, visac amis saSualeba aqvs – esaa dasavluri sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba), supermarketebis daxlebi savsea sakvebi produqtiT msoflios yvela nawilidan. amgvari sakvebi produqti weliwadis yvela dros xelmisawvdomia, rac winaT SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan igi adgilobriv mohyavdaT sezonurad. warsuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis yoveli adamiani britaneTSi da sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, dietazea. es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom yoveli adamiani TavgamodebiT cdilobs gaxdes. ufro sworad, maSin, rodesac yvela saxis sakvebis SeZena, weliwadis yovel dros aris SesaZlebeli, Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, ra mivirTvaT – anu SevadginoT dieta, sadac `dieta~ pirveli, Cven niSnavs unda sakvebs, romelsac gadavwyvitoT, ra Cveulebisamebr mivirTvaT axali movixmarT. samedicino informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac amJamad mecniereba gvaxvevs Tavs – magalTad, is, rom qolesterolis done gulis daavadebebs iwvevs. meore, Cven Zalze gvawuxebs sazogadoebaSi, sadac kaloriebis sakvebi Semadgenloba Warbadaa, Cven sxvadasxva SegviZlia sakvebSi. forma mivceT sxeuls, Cveni cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad (sirbili, aerobika) da imiT, Tu ras vWamT. kvebis darRvevas Tavisi sawyisebi SesaZleblobebis qonaSi udevs, Tumca am Rrma daZabulobasa da stresebs situacia warmoSobs. Aanoreqsiis SemTxvevebis oTxmoci procenti aCvenebs varjiSze damokidebulebas. damokidebuleba qcevis iZulebiTi nimuSia, romlisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva individisTvis Zneli an SeuZlebelia. MmagaliTad, sali, ocdarva wlis martoxela deda midlendsidan, anoreqsiis msxverpli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac, misi sityvebiT, `iZulebiT movarjiSe~ gaxda, misi vaJiSvilis mamasTan daSorebis Semdeg. `rodesac Cveni urTierToba Sewyda, me demoralizebulad da uvargisad vgrZnobdi Tavs da mindoda damemtkicebina, rom jer kidev msurda cxovreba, da rom Zlieri viyavi. Tavdapirvelad, varjiSiT kargad vigrZeni Tavi; mamakacebi yuradRebas 7 maqcevdnen da TviTSefaseba amimaRlda. axla kaloriebis mudmivad dakargva mWirdeba, normalurad rom vigrZno Tavi~. Mmisi akviatebuli azri varjiSze maSinac ki gagrZelda, rodesac anoreqsiisagan gamojanmrTelda (Walker 1995). ratom axdens kvebis darRveva zegavlenas qalebze, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrda qalebze? unda aRiniSnos, rom kvebis darRveviT mxolod qalebi ar itanjebian. daaxloebiT 10 procenti mamakacia, Tumca mamakacebs ise xSirad ara aqvT anoreqsia an bulimia, rogorc qalebs, nawilobriv imitom, rom farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri normebi xazs usvams fizikuri mimzidvelobis mniSvnelobas ufro metad qalebisTvis, vidre mamakacebisTvis, da nawilobriv imitom, rom mamakacis sasurveli sxeulis Sesaxeb warmodgena gansxvavebulia qalis sxeulze warmodgenisgan. rodesac mamakaci Tavisi sxeulis kultivirebas aqcevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, misi ideali dakunTuli sxeulia. bevri mamakacisTvis, romelic amaSi Caeba, kunTebis kultivireba iseve iZulebiTi gaxda, anu Cvevad gadaeqcaT, rogorc kvebis darRveva qalebisTvis. magaliTad, Tavis wignSi `Muscle~ sem fiuseli aRwers, rogor daiwyo kunTebis kultivireba, raTa gaekontrolebina sakuTari araadekvaturobis SegrZneba, misi, rogorc `sustis~ Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, Zalze gamxdari adamianidan, igi Zalian kunTiani gaxda, Tumca veRar SeZlo SeCereba. mas aRar SeeZlo Cveulebrivi aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba, Tu yoveldRiurad saaTebs ar dauTmobda simZimeebis awevas. kunTebis kultivirebiT gatacebuli, verasodes iqneba kmayofili Tavisi kunTebiT, iseve rogorc anoreqstiki verasodes igrZnobs Tavs sakmarisad gamxdrad (Fussell 1991). AamJamad zogierTma qalmac mihyo xeli kunTebis kultivirebas, Tumca umravlesobas ar itacebs es aqtivoba, rodesac idealuri sxeulis miRwevas cdilobs.MmaTi mRelvareba umTavresad simsuqnis SiSzea koncentrirebuli. sasurveli qalis Tanamedrove ideali sigamxdre da karg formaSi yofnaa. anoreqsia da bulimia aqtiuri qalebis daavadebaa. isini TavisTavad ar Cndeba, aramed aqtiurad miiRweva. anoreqtiki mkacr, minimalur dietas icavs da SeuZlia yoveldRe daitvirTos aerobikiT. 8 Aanoreqsia da kvebis sxva saxis darRveva asaxavs situacias, roca qalebi farTo sazogadoebaSi gacilebiT did rols TamaSoben, vidre es adre iyo, Tumca maT Sesaxeb, umetesad, mainc garegnobis mixedviT msjeloben, vidre maTi miRwevebis mixedviT. kvebis darRveva sxeulis gamo sircxvilis grZnobidan momdinareobs. qali Tavs araadekvaturad da arasrulyofilad grZnobs, da imis SiSi, Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas sxvebi, ZiriTadad fokusirebulia mis mier sakuTari sxeulis aRqmaze. am dros, sigamxdris ideali misTvis yovlismomcveli xdeba, xolo wonis dakargva _ yvelafris saukeTesod mogvarebis saSualebaa. mas Semdeg, rac is iwyebs dietas da iZulebulia ivarjiSos, man SeiZleba uari Tqvas sakvebze an, Tu sakvebs miiRebs, yvelaferi ukan amoiRos. Tu qcevis es modeli ar iqna daZleuli (aq garkveuli fsiqoTerapiuli da samedicino mkurnaloba efeqturi aRmoCnda), dazaralebuli, SesaZloa, SimSiliT gardaicvalos. sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi kvebis darRvevebis gavrceleba asaxavs mecnierebisa da teqnologiis gavlenas Tanamedrove cxovrebis yofaze: kaloriebis daTvla mxolod teqnologiis miRweviT gaxda SesaZlebeli. Tumca, teqnologiis zegavlena yovelTvis socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Cven gacilebiT meti avtonomia gvaqvs Cvens sxeulze, vidre odesme; amgvari situacia axal pozitiur SesaZleblobebs qmnis, Tumca axal sazrunavsa da problemebsac warmoSobs. es yvelaferi imis Semadgeneli nawilia, rasac sociologebi bunebis socializacias uwodeben. es fraza im faqts aRniSnavs, rom fenomenebi, romlebic socialur `bunebrivad~ anu fenomenebad bunebaSi gadaiqca, mocemulad anu isini iTvleboda, Cvens axla socialur gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. amisi magaliTia adamianis reproduqciis unari. aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, qalebis umetesobis ZiriTad movaleobas Svilebis gaCena da maTi aRzrda Seadgenda. premodernul periodSi kontracepcia miRebuli ar iyo, xolo zogierT sazogadoebaSi – saerTod 9 ar icodnen amis Sesaxeb. evropaSic ki, meTvramete saukunis bolomde, qalebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo ocze meti orsulobis gamocdileba (rasac xSirad muclis moSla an Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianoba mosdevda). kontracepciis gaumjobesebulma meTodebma am situaciis fundamenturad Secvlas Seuwyo xeli. mas Semdeg, rac reproduqcia `bunebrivi~ fenomeni aRar aris, industriul qveynebSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis TiTqmis ucnobia amdeni orsuloba. warmatebebma kontraceptul teqnologiaSi TiTqmis yvela qalsa da mamakacs misca saSualeba, akontrlon, hyavdeT Tu ara, an rodis iyolion Svilebi. Kkontracepcia, reproduqciuli teqnologiis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva sferoebi, sadac bunebrivi procesebi socialur procesebad gadaiqca, qvemoT iqneba aRwerili. Sobadoba Mmedicina yovelTvis ar iyo CarTuli cxovrebis umTavres gardamaval periodebSi, dabadebidan dawyebuli sikvdilamde. orsulobisa da Sobadobis samedicino momsaxureba neli nabijiT viTardeboda; es maSin moxda, rodesac mkurnalebi da bebia qalebi pediatrma specialistebma Secvales. dRes, industriul sazogadoebebSi, mSobiarobis umetesoba saavadmyofoebSi xdeba specializebuli samedicino gundis daxmarebiT. warsulSi, mSoblebi mxolod bavSvis dabadebis dRes igebdnen mis sqessa da rogoricaa janmrTelobis sonograma mdgomareobas. dRes, muclis (nayofis gamosaxuleba Rrus Semowmeba, ultrasonuri talRebis gamoyenebiT) da amniosenTezisi (romelic iRebs amniotur siTxes nayofis irgvliv) SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes struqturuli an qromosomuli anomaliebis aRmosaCenad, bavSvis dabadebamde. Aamgvari axali teqnologia wyvilebsa da sazogadoebas axali eTikuri da iuridiuli gadawyvetilebebis winaSe ayenebs. rodesac darRvevebi aRmoCenilia, wyvili gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe dgas, iyolios Tu ara bavSvi SemTxvevaSi, rodesac icis, rom mas seriozuli fizikuri darRvevebi aqvs. im 10 Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi dResdReobiT, mecnieruli Zalisxmevis didi nawili, genuri inJineriis gafarToebas eTmoba, rac gulisxmobs nayofis genetikur struqturaSi Carevas imgvarad, rom gavlena moaxdinos mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. genuri inJineriis SesaZlo socialuri gavlena, TiTqmis iseTive intensivobis debatebs iwvevs, rogoric abortis sakiTxs axlavs Tan. misi mxardamWerebis Tanaxmad, genuri inJineria did sargeblobas mogvitans. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia iseTi gnetikuri faqtorebis identificireba, rac zogierT adamians garkveuli daavadebebis mimarT midrekils xdis, genetikurad Tavidan daprogrameba ki uzrunvelyofs imas, rom es daavadebebi Taobidan Taobaze aRar gadaecema. SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, dabadebamde, Cveni sxeulis `konstruireba~ movaxdinoT kanis feris, Tmisa da Tvalebis, wonisa da a.S. mixedviT. SeuZlebeli iqneboda, SesaZleblobebisa da problemebis aRrevis imaze ukeTesi magaliTis gamonaxva, rasac bunebis mzardi socializacia gviqmnis. ra arCevans gaakeTeben mSoblebi, rodesac maT TvianTi Svilebis konstruireba SeeZlebaT, da ra SezRudvebi unda dawesdes maT arCevanze? SeuZlebelia, genuri inJineria iafi iyos. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mSoblebi, romelTac Svilebis gasamrjelos programidan gadaxdis amoiRon saSualeba iseTi ram, aqvT, rac SeZleben maT TavianTi socialurad arasasurvel fizikur niSnad miaCniaT? ra moeliT ufro uqonel jgufTa bavSvebs, romlebic bunebrivad ibadebian? zogierT sociologs miaCnia, rom genuri inJineriisadmi diferencirebulma midgomam, SesaZloa, `biologiuri qveklasis~ gaCenasTan migviyvanos. adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT fizikuri upiratesobebi, rac genurma inJineriam SeiZleba moutanos, SesaZloa, diskriminaciis obieqtebi gaxdnen imaTi mxridan, visac es upiratesobebi aqvT. maTTvis, SesaZloa, garTuldes samuSaos monaxva an sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dazRveva. 11 Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove yvelaze sakamaTo reproduqciuli teqnologiebis eTikuri Semdegia: dilema ra mier warmoqmnili pirobebSia dasaSvebi qalebisTvis aborti? Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb ase intensiuri imitomaa, rom igi exmianeba eTikis Zireul sakiTxebs, rac advilad gadasawyveti ar aris. maT, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~ arian, sjeraT, rom aborti yovelTvis Secdomaa, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, vinaidan igi mkvlelobis tolfasia. maTTvis eTikuri sakiTxi yvela im Rirebulebaze maRla dgas, rac ki adamians unda gaaCndes. isini, vinc `arCevanis momxreni~ arian, Tvlian, rom dedis kontroli sakuTar sxeulze – misi ufleba icxovros Rirseulad – misi upirvelesi sazrunavi unda iyos. Ddebats Zaladobis mravali epizodi mohyva. SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi gadaWra? socialuri da samarTlis Teoriis cnobil Teoretikoss ronald dvorkins (1993) miaCnia, rom es SesaZlebelia. igi Tvlis, rom am or mxares Soris, anu imaT Soris, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~ arian da vinc `arCevans~ emxrobian, SeTanxmebis Zlieri SesaZleblobebia dafaruli, rac imedismomcemia. istoriis adreul periodSi, sicocxles SedarebiT naklebi fasi hqonda. Tumca, amJamad, Cven gacilebiT metad vafasebT adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobas.Yyoveli mxare aRiarebs am Rirebulebas, Tumca sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT igi; erTni upiratesobas bavSvis interesebs aniWeben, meoreni – dedis interesebs iTvaliswineben. Tu orive mxares davarwmunebT, rom isini saerTo eTikur Rirebulebas iziareben, dvorkinis azriT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ufro konstruqciuli dialogi. sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da avadmyofobaze adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxebloba is upirvelesi Rirebulebaa, rac safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebebSi. jandacvis `janmrTeloba~ sistemebis da ganviTarebas `avadmyofoba~ Tanamedrove kulturulad da 12 socialurad gansazRvruli terminebia. kulturebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ras arqmeven janmrTels da normalurs, rogorc es kvebis kulturisTvis darRvevebis cnobilia Sesaxeb diskusiam janmrTelobisa da dagvanaxa. avadmyofobis yvela cnebebis mniSvneloba, Tumca is, rac Cven axla medicinad migvaCnia, dasavluri sazogadoebis bolo sami saukunis ganviTarebis Sedegia. premodernul kulturebSi, ojaxi iyo ZiriTadi instituti, romelic avadmyofobasa da ubedur SemTxvevebs umklavdeboda. yovelTvis arsebobdnen individebi, romlebic mkurnalobaSi specializdebodnen; iyenebdnen fizikur da magiur samkurnalo saSualebebs; dRes, mkurnalobis es tradiciuli sistemebi SemorCenilia magaliTad, aradasavlur auroveduri kulturebSi, medicina mTeli (tradiciuli msoflios masStabiT. mkurnaloba) indoeTSi, daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze iyo gavrcelebuli. igi eyrdnoboda pirovnebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis wonasworobis Teorias, romelTa disbalansi ikurneboda dietiT da balaxeuli saSualebebiT. Cinuri xalxuri medicinac pirovnebis sruli harmoniulobis koncefcias eyrdnoba, romlis rac gulisxmobs teqnika balaxeulis mdgomareobs da pacientis akupunqturis kanis qsovilis gamoyenebas, strategiul adgilebSi nemsebis ganTavsebaSi. Tanamedrove medicinam axali Tvalsazrisi warmoadgina avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, romelic mis warmoSobasa da mkurnalobas fizikur bunebasTan kavSirSi xedavs, da mas mecnieruli terminebiT ganmartavs. samedicino diagnostikasa Tanamedrove da mkurnalobaSi jandacvis sistemis mecnieruli ZiriTadi midgomebis niSan-Tvisebaa. gamoyeneba, sxva, masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli maxasiaTebeli, saavadmyofoebis SemoRebaa _ iseTi garemosi, sadac seriozuli daavadebebi ikurneba da viTardeba samedicino profesia, rogorc organizacia, romelsac eTikis gansazRvruli kodeqsi da mniSvnelovani socialuri Zala gaaCnia. daavadebisadmi mecnieruli midgoma dakavSirebulia moTxovnasTan, rom samedicino momzadeba sistematuri da grZelvadiani iyos; TviTnaswavli mkurnalebi gamoricxulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom profesiuli samedicino praqtika ar SemoisazRvreba mxolod 13 saavadmyofoebiT, saavadmyofo uzrunvelyofs garemos, sadac eqimebs, pirvelyovlisa, saSualeba aqvT, umkurnalon da gamoikvlion pacientebis didi ricxvi iseT garemoSi, sadac Tavmoyrilia samedicino teqnologia. Sua saukuneebis ZiriTadi daavadebebi iyo infeqciuri daavadebebi, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, qolera, malaria da Savi Wiri. MmeToTxmete saukuneSi, Savma Wirma anu `Savma sikvdilma~ (romelic rwyilebiT gavrcelda, romelTa gadamtani virTxebi iyvnen) inglisis mosaxleobis meoTxedi gawyvita industriul da qveynebSi sikvdilianobas, xolo daacariela evropis infeqciuri daavadebebi mravali maTgani didi teritoriebi. TiTqmis aRar arsebiTad axla iwvevs gankurnebadia. sikvdilianobis mizezi industriul qveynebSi umTavresad arainfeqciuri daavadebebia, rogoricaa simsivne da gulis daavadebebi. Tu premodernul qveynebSi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali done Cvil da patara bavSvebSi aRiniSneboda, dRes es ricxvi asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba (mosaxleobis yovelwliuri sikvdilianobis proporciulobis mixedviT). Mmiuxedavad im prestiJisa, romelic Tanamedrove medicinam moipova, meoce saukunemde, jandacvis gaumjobeseba mxolod sikvdilianobis donis SemcirebiT aRiniSneboda. efeqturi sanitaruli pirobebi, ukeTesi kveba, gaumjobesebuli sakanalizacio sistemebi da saerTo higiena ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis SemcirebaSi. axalma antibiotikebis done me-20 preparatebma warmatebebma gamoyenebam, mniSvnelovnad saukunemde. samkurnalod da iyenebdnen, antibiotikebi, misawvdomi ver rasac pirvelad qirurgiaSi, Seamcira aseve sikvdilianobis baqteriuli 1930-40-ian infeqciebis wlebSi gaxda, xolo imunizacia (Sratebis gamoyeneba iseTi daavadebebis sawinaaRmdegod, rogoricaa poliomeliti) kidev ufro gvian iqna SemoRebuli. janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi industriuli qveynebis farglebSi, gasaocari gansxvaveba SeiniSneba ZiriTadi daavadebebis gavrcelebis mxriv. dasavleTis qveynebSi, 14 sivdilianobis daaxloebiT 70 procenti ganisazRvreba daavadebis oTxi ZiriTadi insultebi tipiT, da daavadebebis es aris: filtvebis mizezebis simsivne, daavadeba. dadgenaSi gul-sisxlZarRvTa erTgvari da maTi daavadebebi, progresia mkurnalobis miRweuli am efeqturobaSi; magram arc erTi ar aris bolomde gankurnebadi. Tumca, am oTxi daavadebis gavrcelebis masStabi meryeobs qveynebis, regionebis da klasebis mixedviT. es cxadyofs, rom maTi gavrceleba kvebasa da cxovrebis wess ukavSirdeba. adamianebi, romlebsac ufro maRali socioekonomikuri pozicia ukaviaT, saSualod, ufro janmrTelebi, maRlebi da Zlierebi arian, da ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre isini, romlebsac socialur safexurze dabali poziciebi ukaviaT. yvelaze metad es gansxvaveba Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis adamianebis raodenobaSi sikvdilis Cans, riski Tumca yvela unda asakSi iTqvas, ufro didia, rom Raribi vidre ufro uzrunvelyofili adamianebisa. amas mravali mizezi uwyobs xels. sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofil nawilSi, adamianebi ukeTesad ikvebebian da samedicino momsaxurebis meti saSualebebiT sargebloben. samuSao pirobebic uSualo zegavlenas axdens janmrTelobaze; isini, vinc ofisebSi an Sinaur pirobebSi muSaoben, raime dazianebis an saSiS masalasTan Sexebis naklebi riskis qveS arian. warmoebaSi muSaobiT gamowveuli daavadebebis dadgena Znelia, vinaidan yovelTvis ar SeiZleba gansazRvro, daavadeba samuSao pirobebiT aris gamowveuli Tu raime sxva mizeziT. Tumca, samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi daavadeba kargad aris dadgenili: filtvebis daavadeba gavrcelebulia meSaxteebSi, rac gamowveulia mtvris SesunTqviT; asbestis xmarebasTan dakavSirebulma samuSaom aCvena, rom igi zogierTi saxis simsivnes iwvevs. jeik ekonomikur strategia neimanma axlaxans uTanasworobasTan. SeiZleboda gamoikvlia igi yofiliyo janmrTelobis imasac saukeTeso, aSkara ganixilavda, Tu sazogadoebaSi kavSiri rogori uRaribesi jgufebis janmrTelobis gasaumjobeseblad. mraval sxvadasxva qveyanaSi monacemebis Seswavlis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT 15 uRaribes 20 procents Soris, sikvdilianoba 1,5 - 2,5-jer maRali iyo, vidre im 20 procentSi, visac saTanado Semosavali hqonda. Semcirebis nacvlad, es kontrasti ufro izrdeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb – esaa asaki, sadamde sicocxlesac indvidi moelis dabadebisas. rogor SeiZleba win aRvudgeT siRaribis zegavlenas janmrTelobaze? erT-erTi saSualebaa janmrTelobis Seswavlisa da avadmyofobis prevenciis farTo programebi. Tumca amgvari programebi ukeT muSaobs ufro SeZlebul, kargad ganswavlul jgufebSi, da nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mxolod patara cvlilebebi Seaqvs samuSao reJimSi. janmrTelobis momsaxurebis meti xelmisawvdomoba dagvexmareba, Tumca neimans erTaderTi miaCnia, rom mainc realurad SezRuduli xarisxiT. efeqturi polisi, Tavad siRaribis daZlevaa, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris Semosavlis sxvaobis SemcirebiT (Najman 1993). Aavadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena Aaris daavadebebi, romlebic ufro metad materialurad uzrunvelyofil jgufebSi gvxvdeba, vidre Raribebs Soris. magaliTad, anoreqsia ufro xSirad maRali socioekonomikuri mdgomareobis adamianTa daavadebaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sidsis Sesaxeb (imunodeficituri sindromi), yovel SemTxvevaSi, britaneTSi da sxva industriul qvynebSi. Sidsi idumalebiT moculi daavadebaa, romelic arsaidanaa mosuli, da romelic janmrTelobis mTavar safrTxed iqca bolo ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Sidsi angrevs sxeulis imunur sistemas; igi TavisTavad ar iwvevs sikvdils, magram dazaralebuli sabediswero daavadebebis msxverpli xdeba. yovel adamians, romelic inficirebulia aiv virusiT, (adamianis imunodeficitis virusi), adre Tu gvian Sidsi uviTardeba. miCneulia, rom Sidsi gadaecema narkotikebis an uSualod moxmarebisas sisxliT xdeba, roca (rac sisxlis narkomanebi gadasxmisas saerTo an nemsiT sargebloben), an sqesobrivi urTierTobiT (spermis an vaginaluri sekreciis saSualebiT). 16 Aaravin icis, ukavSirdeba Tu ara Sidsis warmoSoba bunebis socializacias, rogorc garesamyaroSi adamianis Carevis gauTvaliswinebel Sedegs. Tumca, zogierTs asec miaCnia. magaliTad, iyo mosazrebebi, rom daavadeba, SesaZloa, yofiliyo baqteriologiuri iaraRis formebze eqsperimentis Sedegi, ramac moulodnelad sasikvdilo virusi warmoSva. sxvebs miaCniaT, rom Sidsi Cvens irgvlivaa, nawilebSi. am da adamianis imunodeficitis virusi didi xania SesaZloa, Teoriis saukuneebis mixedviT, manZilze, simptomebi, msoflios romlebic garkveul axla Sidsis simptomebad miiCneva, SesaZloa, adre sxva daaadebebSi eSlebodaT. Sidsis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli, sxva daavadebebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, is aris, rom igi sqesobrivi urTierTobiT gadaicema. daavadeba, Tavdapirvelad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi dafiqsirda, mamakaci homoseqsualebis jgufebSi da rogorc medikos mkvlevarTa Soris, aseve sazogadoebis TvalSi, igi homosequalebis daavadebad iyo miCneuli. Sidsi sazogadoebam adreul 1980-ian mikerZoebuli wlebSi ganwyoba gaacnobiera, rodesac homoseqsualobis Canda, mimarT rom mravali ingreoda. Tumca, homosequalizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi da, gansakuTrebiT, zogierTi religiuri jgufi, TavianT mtrul damokidebulebas am daavadebis arsebobiT amarTlebdnen. im azrma, rom Sidsi RmerTis mier gamogzavnili ubedurebaa garyvnilebis dasasjelad, Tavisi gamoxatuleba zogierT respeqtabelur samedicino gamocemebSic hpova. erT-erTi samedicino Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegia svamda SekiTxvas: `amJamad gavrcelebuli uwesrigobis mdgomareobaSi, SegveZleba Tu ara davinaxoT, wminda pavles qadagebis aRsruleba: ,maTi codvebisaTvis sasjelis jerovani mizRva’?~ (Altman 1986). Sidsis swrafi gavrceleba, eWvgareSea, garkveulwilad, imiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom gei subkulturebs sul ufro meti SesaZleblobebi hqondaT SexvedrebisTvis rogorc CrdiloeT amerikaSi, aseve bevr sxva adgilas. faqtobrivad, Tavdapirvelad, Sidsi gei mosaxleobis soliduri wiliT gamorCeuli, amerikis udidesi qalaqebiT SemoisazRvreboda. presis saTaurebi ubiZgebda sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis formirebas: ,,medicinis mkvlevarebi SeaSfoTa homoseqsualizmis epidemiam” (Philadelphia Daily Ne ws, 9 17 August 1982); iyo gei _ janmrTelobisTvis saSiSia~ (Saturday Evening Post, October 1982); `gei ubedureba kanadaSic movida~ (Toronto S tar). Jurnali Us gvamcnobda, `mamakaci homoseqsualebi ukve aRar arian iseTi geebi.~ im dros, ukve cnobili iyo, rom SeerTebul StatebSi SidsiT daavadebulTa mesamedi ar iyo homoseqsuali, Tumca, Tavdapirvel publikaciebSi es faqti ugulebelyofili iyo. 1985 wels, rodesac kinomsaxiobi rok hadsoni SidsiT gardaicvala, msoflio presa, metwilad, misi daavadebis xasiaTma ki ar gaaoca, aramed faqtma, rom mamakacuri vaJkacobis simbolo, homoseqsuali iyo. imis magivrad, rom daavadebis mizezi konkretul virusSi moeZebnaT, mkvlevari medikosebi Seecadnen misi warmoSoba gei praqtikis specifikur aspeqtebSi aRmoeCinaT. imis mikvlevam, rom Sidsi heteroseqsualuri kontraqtebiTac SeiZleba gavrceldes, movlenebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia; amis yvelaze cxadi mtkicebuleba afrikis kontinentidan movida, sadac Sidsi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da ar homoseqsualizmTan. iyo `gei aucileblobiT ubedureba~ presis dakavSirebuli mier male mamakacebis axlidan iqna ganmartebuli, rogorc `heteroseqsualuri koSmari.~ Sidsis saSiSroeba, SesaZlebelia, seqsualuri qcevis mraval formaze axdendes zegavlenas. homoseqsualur erTobebSi ukve SeimCneva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi; radikalurad Semcirda SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. zogierTi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli homoseqsualuri praqtika, paradoqsulia, magram yvelaze metad usafrTxo gaxda. magaliTad, sado-mazoxisturi praqtika, rac partniorisTvis diskomfortisa da tkivilis miyenebas gulisxmobs, usafrTxo gaxda, vinaidan is ar Seicavs uSualo erTobebi genitalur dgas, kontaqts. `usafrTxo dilema, seqsis~ romlis winaSe procedurebis mamakacTa Seqmnaa, ganaxlebuli Setevebisa gei erTobebis mimarT. Sidsi da heteroseqsualuri mosaxleoba gei miuxedavad 18 samedicino TvalsazrisiT, Sidsi moZravi samiznea, axali da mouxelTebeli. samedicino codna am daavadebis Sesaxeb Zalze swrafad Zveldeba. dResdReobiT igi globalur epidemiad iqceva. aiv virusiT inficirebulebis realuri ricxvi ucnobia, Tumca yvelaze mokrZalebuli gamoangariSebiT, mTels msoflioSi TiTqmis 13 milionia (ix. diagrama 6.1). diagrama 6.1. Sidsi: mzardi saSiSroeba wyaro: Michael kidron and Ronald Segal. The State of the World Atlas, 5th edn, 1995. Sidsis virusTan dakav- Sidsis virusiT inficirebuli Sirebuli sikvdilianoba zrdasrulebi zrdasrulebSi 2 mln. 8 mln. 1994 wlisTvis 13-14 mln. 2000 wlisTvis 20 mln. 1994 wlisTvis 2000 wlisTvis aqedan, daaxloebiT 500 000 modis evropaze, TiTo milioni _ Crdilo amerikasa, laTinur amerikasa da karibis auzis kunZulebze, da 8 milionze meti _ afrikaze. epidemiis ZiriTadi gavrceleba sul ufro fexs ikidebs, vinaidan droTa ganmavlobaSi aiv (imunodeficitis virusi) infeqcia sruli saxis Sidsad yalibdeba. dRes msoflioSi adamianebis umetesoba heteroseqsualebia; gadadebuli daavadebis Sefardeba aiv infeqciiT daavadebuli heteroseqsualuri homoseqsualuri gziT gziT gadadebis SemTxvevebTan, aris oTxi erTTan. Mmsoflio janmrTelobis organizaciis SefasebiT, 2000 wlisTvis 30 milionze meti zrdasruli da 10 milionze meti bavSvi iqneba inficirebuli. im faqtma, rom Tavdapirvelad Sidsi, umetesad homosequalTa Soris Warbobda, xeli Seuwyo maT mimarT mtruli ganwyobis ganaxlebas. Tumca, 19 axali da iseTi saSineli daavadeba, rogoric Sidsia, SiSsa da mtrul ganwyobas amisgan damoukidebladac iwvevs. amis magaliTi film `filadelfiaSia~ warmodgenili, sadac SidsiT daavadebuli, romlis rolsac tom henksi asrulebs, kargavs samuSaos mas Semdeg, rac misi damqiraveblebi Seityoben misi daavadebis Sesaxeb. igi samsaxuridan daTxovnilia ara imisTvis, rom igi homoseqsualia, aramed im aRSfoTebis gamo, rasac misi avadmyofoba iwvevs. filmi asaxavs mis medgar brZolas usamarTlo daTxovnis gamo. Sidsi iseTi daavadebis magaliTia, romelic stigmad aRiqmeba. stigma iseTi maxasiaTebelia, rac individs an adamianTa jgufs acalkevebs mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan, da ris Sedegadac, individis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT eWviTa da mtruli ganwyobiT arian damuxtulni. daavadebis umetesi formebi TanagrZnobas iwvevs danarCen adamianebs Soris. Tumca, rodesac daavadeba uCveulo infeqciis matareblad iTvleba, an sircxvilisa da uRirsobis niSnad aRiqmeba, am seniT daavadebulebi, SesaZloa, uaryofil iyon `janmrTeli~ mosaxleobis mier. ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi keTriT daavadebuli adamianebis mimarT, romlebic RmerTis mier dasjil codvilebad iTvlebodnen, da amitom aiZulebdnen maT, gancalkevebulad leprozoriumebSi ecxovraT. ra Tqma unda, naklebad mkacr formebSi, magram Sidsi dResac iwvevs amgvari daRdasmulobis SegrZnebas – im faqtis miuxedavad, rom keTrisgan gansxvavebiT, daavadebis gadacemis saSiSroeba, Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur situaciebSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs. Sidsis samkurnalo efeqturi saSualeba ar arsebobs, Tumca zogierTi preparati, Cans, anelebs mis progress. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebas, romelic aiv ganuviTardes virusis Sidsi, matarebelia, rodesme SeiZleba daavadeba wlebis gamJRavndeba da manZilze misi ar ganaCeni sikvdilia. misi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT tragikulia, vinaidan igi yvelaze metad axalgazrdebis jgufebSia gavrcelebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, is ar hgavs dRes industriul qveynebSi gavrcelebul sxva momakvdinebeli daavadebebs, romlebic umTavresad xanSiSesulTa jgufebs ayenebs dartymas. 20 Ddabereba da avadmyofobisadmi midrekileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris sinonimuri, rogorc es mocemuli Tavis bolos gamoCndeba. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebi, rogoricaa qolera da tuberkulozi, daZleuli iqna industriul qveynebSi, jandacvis sistemebi, ZiriTadad, orientirebulia im daavadebebTan brZolaze da maT mkurnalobaze, romlebic asakovani adamianebisTvis ufro Cveulia. momdevno nawilSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT janmrTelobis dacvis sistemebs da gansakuTrebul britaneTsa da yuradRebas SeerTebul gavamaxvilebT StatebSi. Semdeg jandacvis ki sistemebze uSualod daberebis problemas SevexebiT. jandacvis sistemebi jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi TiTqmis gamoklebiT, yvela aqvs industriul qveyanas, sazogadoebrivad SeerTebuli uzrunvelyofili Statebis samedicino momsaxureba. MmagaliTad, inglisSi nacionaluri janmrTelobis samsaxuri (NHS) rom 1948 wels dafuZnda. Mmisi dafuZnebis ganmsazRvreli principi iyo, jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba unda emyarebodes ufro samedicino saWiroebas, vidre gadaxdis unars. Nnacionaluri samedicino samsaxuri (NHS) wliuri SemosavliTaa dafinansebuli, warmoadgens. saerTo profilis saavadmyofos mkurnaloba yvela rac centraluri mTavrobis wliuri begaris nawils eqimi-praqtikosis (GP) monaxuleba momxmareblisTvis ufasoa. eqimis da mier receptebiT gacemuli wamlebi Tavdapirvelad ufaso iyo, Tumca arsebuli mTavrobis mier SemoRebul iqna nawilobrivi gadasaxadis sistema. rodesac NHS–ma pirvelad SemoiRo sazogadoebrivi jandacva, medikosTa zewolis Sedegad da aseve sxva mosazrebebiT, ZalaSi darCa kerZo jandacvac.MmaSin rodesac eqimi-praqtikosebis umetesoba muSaobs mxolod nacionaluri jandacvis sistemisTvis (NHS), konsultantebis didi wili aseve kerZo 21 praqtikiTac aris dakavebuli. arsebobs zogierTi kerZo saavadmyofo da jandacvis momsaxureba, im personalTan erTad, romelic mxolod kerZo seqtors ganekuTvneba; maTi dafinanseba da momsaxurebis gadasaxadi xSirad janmrTelobis dazRvevis kerZo programebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca, amgvari programebis monawile mxolod mosaxleobis umciresobaa. saerTo profilis warsadgenad britaneTis ama Tu saSualo eqimebs im ZiriTadi specializebuli moqalaqe, saerTo roli akisriaT samedicino profilis pacientebis mkurnalobisTvis. eqimTan, weliwadSi daaxloebiT oTxjer midis vizitad. saerTo profilis eqimebi uSualod mkurnaloben mTeli daavadebebis 90 procents; yovel saerTo profilis eqims daregistrirebuli pacientebis mTeli `sia~ aqvs, romlebic masze arian miwerili (zogjer maTi ricxvi NHS-is mier dadgenili ricxvis maqsimums aRwevs). pacientebs, romlebic miwerili arian saerTo profilis eqimTan, ufleba ara aqvT uSualod mimarTon specialistebs; es praqtikosis gadasawyveti saqmea. imis gamo, rom specialistebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis wardgena, kerZo konsultaciebze maTTan misvlac ki ar aris advili, saerTo profilis eqimis dasturis gareSe. ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic dRes nacionaluri jandacvis sistemas marTavs, janmrTelobis saolqo xelisuflebaa (DHA). igi Sedgeba adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, medikosebis da araprofesionali adamianebisgan, romlebic adgilobrivi interesTa jgufebis DHA-m nebayoflobiTi asociaciebis warmomadgenelni arian. principSi, ufro farTo erTobis struqtura unda asaxos, rogoricaa da klasi da eTnikuri warmomavloba, Tumca praqtikaSi isini ufro saSualo klasis damcvelebi arian. samedicino profesiis adamianebis yofna DHA-Si, maTi specializebuli eqspertizis aucileblobiT aris gamarTlebuli. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom am situacias ver naxavT adgilobrivi mTavrobis sxva sferoebSi, sadac mosamsaxureebs kanoniT ekrZalebaT, mxari dauWiron komitetebis arCevas sakuTari organizaciebis farglebSi (Kingdom 1991). 1989 wels, konservatuli mTavrobis mier warmodgenilma TeTrma wignma NHB-is Sesaxeb, warmoadgina ZiriTadi cvlilebebi janmrTelobis 22 momsaxurebaSi. YyuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo biurokratiasTan brZolaze, ufro Zlier `Sida konkurenciaze~ da ufro farTo samenejero qmediTunarianobaze. Aadgilobriv moTxovnebze dafuZnebuli adgilobrivi menejmenti, rasac reforma gulisxmobda, efeqturobis saukeTeso garantia iyo. janmrTelobis sferos unda mieces meti Tavisufleba samTavrobo struqturebis zedamxedvelobisgan. NHS maRali organizaciebi unda gaxdnen mrewvelobaSi gaCenili `moqnili firmebis~ msgavsni (ix. Tavi 12, `samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba~). EerT-erTi yvelaze metad sadavo inovacia kerZo saavadmyofoebs Seexeboda, romelTac TviTmmarTvelobaze gadasvla SeeZloT. am proeqtis mixedviT, saavadmyofoebs avtonomiuri dafinanseba unda hqonodaT. maT SeeZloT, SeecvalaT saerTo SeTanxmebuli xelfasis done, komerciuli wyaroebiT gaezardaT kapitali da SeeqmnaT namati. rogorc es 1996-Si moxda, bevrma didma saavadmyofom igive gza airCia, xolo danarCenebi cdilobdnen, maTTvis miebaZaT. Tumca, am saqmis kritikosebi acxadeben, rom amgvari saavadmyofoebi mxolod ufro mdidar raionebSia warmatebuli, rom isini araaucilebel SeiZleba mezobel ZviradRirebul saavadmyofoebsac aRWurvilobas hqondes, da iZenen, maT, romelic SesaZloa, uari ganacxadon im pacientebis miRebaze, romelTa mkurnaloba Zviri daujdebaT (Mohan 1991). rogorc jandacvis umetesi aspeqtis SemTxvevaSi, NHS-is reformebis Sefasebac advili ar aris. misi Sedegebi kompleqsuria; reformebis Sesaxeb mcire kvlevebi Tu Catarebula da grZlvadiani Sedegebi mraval wels moiTxovs SefasebisTvis. cvlilebebis farTo ufro speqtrs metic, gulisxmobs. reformebi organizaciuli mocemul mtkicebulebaze dakvirvebiT, julian le grandi askvnis, rom arsebobs imis potenciali mainc, rom realuri warmateba iyos miRweuli pacientis movlis xarisxsa da efeqturobaSi. mas miaCnia, rom NHS-is sxvadasxva seqtorebs Soris konkurentulobis warmoCenam, SesaZloa, ufro metad warmateba moitana, vidre uaryofiTi Sedegebi (Le Grand 1994). 23 warwera naxatze: eqimi aRar modis. is ambobs, ratom ar Seuvlidi mas, roca ukeT grZnob Tavs? jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi SeerTebul StatebSi, yovel wels, uamravi fuli ixarjeba jandacvaze – faqtobrivad, mTliani gasavlis ufro maRali wili, vidre romelime sxva qveyanaSi (ix. cxrili 6.1). amerikuli samedicino momsaxureba, ZiriTadad, kerZo programebic sadazRvevo emateba – programebs samedicino eyrdnoba, mzrunveloba rasac samTavrobo moxucebisTvis da samedicino daxmareba RaribTaTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi, jandacvis sistema gacilebiT metad danawevrebuli da mravalferovania, vidre sxva qveynebSi, sadac mTavrobis mier marTuli nacionaluri janmrTelobis programebi arsebobs. magaliTad, federaluri an SeerTebul Statis StatebSi, mTavrobebi, saavadmyofoebs qalaqis an flobs administraciis xelisufleba, kerZo organizaciebi, religiuri ordenebi, nebayoflobiTi jgufebi, an maTi erTgvari kombinacia. Mmiuxedavad, qveynis keTildReobis maRali donisa da im udidesi fulisa, rac jandacvis industriaze ixarjeba, janmrTelobis indeqsebis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul Statebs ara aqvs saukeTeso maCveneblebi. magaliTad, qveyana sakmaod dabal adgilzea mosaxleobis fizikuri uzrunvelyofis saerTo maCveneblebiT: sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobiTa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobiT. Eevropis umetes qveynebSi sicocxlis xan.grZlivoba ufro maRalia da bavSvTa sikvdilianoba _ ufro dabali. erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi 37 milion adamians ara aqvs kerZo samedicino dazRveva da, faqtobrivad, xeli ar miuwvdeba sazogadoebriv jandacvaze. Aamerikuli jandacvis sistemis logika efuZneba ideas, rom konkurencia warmoqmnis yvelaze iaf momsaxurebas, vinaidan is saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels, eZebos da airCios. am poziciis sisuste kargad aris cnobili. Mmomxmarebels ar SeuZlia iaros da airCios, rodesac igi avad aris, da mas ar ZaluZs teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Seafasos SeTavazebuli 24 momsaxureba. samedicino imaT, visac momsaxurebis Sesabamisi miRebaSi. resursi SeZlebul ara aqvs, adamianebs SezRudulia ufro xSirad SeuZliaT miiRon Sesabamisi samedicino daxmareba. adamianebi, romlebsac sruli samedicino dazRveva aqvT, naklebad eZeben ufro iaf momsaxurebas. Sedegad, viRebT janmrTelobis jandacvis miRweul sistemas, donesTan romelic SedarebiT da ZviradRirebulia romelsac seriozuli xarvezebi aqvs mosaxleobis sruli samedicino momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT. Sefaseba jandacvis SekiTxvebamde programebis mivyavarT, Sefasebas, romlebic sabolood, garkveul pasuxgacemuli unda Zireul iyos. Cven koleqtiurad unda miviRoT zogierTi ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba pacientis asaks? romels unda movandomoT meti Zalisxmeva, moxucis Tu axalgazrdis sicocxlis gadarCenas? SeiZleba Tu ara janmrTelobis da garegnobis zogierTi aspeqti ufro mniSvneovnad iqnes klasificirebuli, vidre danarCeni? Tu asea, ra aris amis mizezi? am SekiTxvebze pasuxi advili ar aris. britaneTSi da sxva industriul qveynebSi, momavali, savaraudod, Zevs im iniciativebSi, romlebic unda ganxorcieldes ara fasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed arsebuli praqtikis amaRlebis mimarT: daavadebis mkurnaloba `ukanaskneli sisxlis wveTamde~ principis gareSe, prevenciuli medicinis mimarTulebiT, da aseve, cxovrebis ufro janmrTeli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. cxrili 6.1. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, janmrTeloba da Mmaterialuri keTildReoba qveynebi rigiToba sicocxlis msoflioSi xangrZlivobis rigiTobis mixedviT iaponia 1 SvedeTi 4 sicocxlis xangrZlivoba dabadebisas, 1992, wlebis mixedviT 78,6 77,7 mTliani gasavali janmrTelobaze GDP-is % 6,8 8,8 janmrTelobaze gasavali, erT sul mosaxleze, 1991 (aSS dolari) 1,1771 2,372 25 espaneTi 5 saberZneTi 6 kanada 7 niderlandebi 8 avstralia 11 safrangeTi 12 israeli 13 gaerTianebuli 14 samefo germania 17 SeerTebuli 18 Statebi irlandia 22 wyaro: msoflio banki, 77,4 77,3 77,2 77,2 76,7 76,6 76,2 75,8 6,5 4,8 9,9 8,7 8,6 9,1 4,2 6,6 877 274 1,847 1,664 1,446 1,912 509 1,003 75,6 75,6 9,1 13,3 1,782 2,932 75,0 msoflio janmrTelobaze mTliani danaxarjis 8,0 ganviTarebis 886 angariSi 1994; monacemebi GDP-is % mixedviT, igive iyo 1996; ixileT The Economist, The Pocket World in Figures, 1996. janmrTeloba da garemo Cveni janmrTeloba uSualo kavSirSia Cvens irgvliv arsebul garemosTan, rogorc lokalur, aseve globalur doneze. zustad aravin icis, Tu ramdenad aris dakavSirebuli janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis SemTxvevebi im saSiSroebebTan, rac amJamad globalur ekosistemasTanaa dakavSirebuli; Tumca, garemos cvlilebebis zogierTi forma namdvilad warmoSobs saSiSroebas janmrTelobisTvis. amitom garemos dacva prevenciuli medicinis mniSvnelovani nawilia. magaliTisTvis aviRoT qalaqis smogi, romelsac umTavresad manqanis gamonabolqvi iwvevs. smogi londonisTvis mudmivi problemaa, iseve rogorc sxva evropuli da amerikuli qalaqebisTvis. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom haeris dabinZurebas mavne zemoqmedeba mxolod asTmiTa da emfizemiT daavadebulebze aqvs – gansakuTrebiT bavSvebze.Aaxla miaCniaT, rom filtvis funqciis Sesusteba da sxva respiratoruli problemebi, SesaZloa, nebismier zrdasruls Seeqmnas, rodesac haeris xarisxi standartulze dabla iwevs. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am SemTxvevaSi? erTaderTi SesaZlebeli gadawyvetilebaa, movspoT 26 manqanis mxuTavi gamonabolqvi da mTlianad gadaverToT eleqtro satransporto saSualebebze. Tumca, Tanamedrove saavtomobilo Zireuli da ekonomika masTan socialuri dakavSirebul cvlilebebi Sesaqmnelad. manqanebis TiTqmis ufro gamonabolqvis mTlianadaa mrewvelobasTan, sufTa problema da damokidebuli saWiro janmrTeli da haeris iqneba garemos dabinZureba mxolod erTia garemos dacvis problemebis CamonaTvalSi. erTi cnobili gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, `bolo globalurma ganviTarebam 40 wlis realurad manZilze, waiwia win, mas Semdeg, biosferos rac myife struqturas meti ziani miadga, vidre wina ori-sami milioni wlis manZilze~ (Goldsmith 1988) . ros hium hols miaCnia, rom jandacvis sistemebi, faqtobrivad, unda miebas garemos dacvas: erTi mxriv, Cven gvyavs garemos damcvelebi, romlebic detalurad ikvleven dedamiwis ekologiis TandaTanobiT dakninebas; meore mxriv, gvyavs medicinis avtoritetebi, romlebic ver xedaven am dakninebas...…[am momentSi] Cven, janmrTelobisTvis saSiSroebis identificirebas vaxdenT da masTan dakavSirebul mkurnalobas.…am midgomis sapirispirod, prevenciuli meTodi naklebad aris dainteresebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvis gansakuTrebuli mtkicebebis identificirebiT. Cven ubralod vambobT, rom zustad ar viciT, ra Sedegebi moaqvs janmrTelobisTvis nebismier zegavlenas garemos mxridan, amitom Cven ar davanagvianebT garemos toqsikuri narCenebiT da ar davangrevT ekosistemis cikls (Hall 1990). janmrTeloba da dabereba jandacvis reformis problemebi ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli iyos im faqtidan, rom Cven daberebul sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac samocdaxuTi da meti wlis adamianebis ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeba. Aamave dros, sakiTxi moxucebulobis socialuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb farTo ganxilvis sagania. xandazmuli asakis mniSvneloba, im SesaZleblobebiT, rasac is gvTavazobs da im tvirTiT, romelsac atarebs – dramatulad icvleba. Aaq ori winaaRmdegobrivi procesia CarTuli. erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi xandazmul adamianebs ufro dabali statusi da naklebi 27 Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre premodern kulturebSi. am kulturebSi, msgavsad Tanamedrove aradasavluri sazogadoebebisa (magaliTad, indoeTi an CineTi), moxucebulobis xana iTvleboda sibrZnis momtanad, da nebismier TemSi, swored xandazmuli adamianebi iRebdnen mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. dRes, xandazmul asaks, Cveulebriv, sapirispiro moaqvs. mudmivad cvalebad sazogadoebaSi, rogoric Cvenia, xandazmuli adamianebis dagrovili codna axalgazrdebs xSirad aRar miaCniaT Rirebul sibrZned, an ubraod mas araaqtualurad Tvlian. Tumca, meore mxriv, xanSiSesuli adamianebi, dRes, naklebad arian midrekilni imisken, rom dabereba miiRon, rogorc sxeulis daZabunebis gardauvali procesi. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven kidev erTxel unda gadavavloT Tvali bunebis socializaciis gavlenas. daberebis procesi imTaviTve aRiqmeba, rogorc drois damangreveli Zalis dadastureba. Tumca, moxucebuloba aRar aris raRac TavisTavad cxadi, bunebrivi movlena; miRwevebma medicinaSi da kvebis sakiTxebSi dagvanaxa, rom is, rac odesRac gardauvalad gveCveneboda xandazmulobis asakSi, an Tavidan iqna acilebuli, an Semcirda. saSualod, adamianebi cocxloben ufro didxans, vidre es saukunis win iyo, kvebis, higienisa da jandacvis gaumjobesebis wyalobiT (ix. cxrili 6.2). 1850 wels, britaneTSi, samocdaxuT wels zemoT myofi adamianebis ricxvi mosaxleobis 5 procents Seadgenda. dRes es maCvenebeli 15 procents ascda da agrZelebs zrdas (ix. cxrili 6.3). britaneTSi, adamianebis saSualo asaki izrdeboda saukune naxevris manZilze. 1800 wels, saSualo asaki daaxloeiT 16 weli iyo. Mme-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis igi 23 wlamde gaizarda. 1970 wlisaTvis, igi 28 wels Seadgenda, da dRes es cifri ocdaaTs ascda. arsebuli daaxloebiT saSualo demografiuli 35 weli asakis zrda tendenciebi iqneba 2000 gagrZeldeba ZiriTadad wlisaTvis, ar xolo momavalSic, Tu Seicvleba. es 2030 wlisaTvis, SesaZloa, 37 wels miaRwios. Aaseve, izrdeba Zalze xandazmulebis ricxvi. zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT, britaneTSi oTxmocdaxuTs gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi 2000 28 wlisaTvis 50 procentiT gaizrdeba dRevandelTan SedarebiTYda mTeli mosaxleobis 1,2 procenti iqneba. cxrili 6.2. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba gaerTianebul samefoSi, sqesis da asakis mixedviT 1901 1931 1961 1991 1993 1996 2001 2021 mamakacebi dabadebisas 45,5 57,7 67,8 73,2 73,6 74,4 75,4 77,6 asakidan: 54,6 62,4 69,5 73,8 74,1 74,8 75,7 77,9 10 wlis 60,4 65,2 69,9 73,9 74,2 75,0 75,9 78,0 20 wlis 61,7 66,3 70,3 74,2 75,5 75,3 76,1 78,2 40 wlis 66,1 69,3 71,4 75,1 75,4 76,3 77,2 79,3 60 wlis 73,3 74,3 74,9 77,7 77,8 78,6 79,5 81,4 80 wlis 84,9 84,7 85,2 86,4 86,4 86,8 87,2 88,2 dabadebisas 49,0 61,6 73,6 78,7 78,9 79,7 80,6 82,6 asakidan: 56,8 65,3 75,1 79,2 79,3 80,1 80,9 82,8 10 wlis 62,7 67,9 75,4 79,4 79,5 80,3 81,1 83,0 20 wlis 64,1 69,0 75,6 79,5 79,6 80,4 81,2 83,1 40 wlis 68,3 71,9 76,3 80,0 80,1 80,9 81,7 83,5 60 wlis 74,6 76,1 78,8 81,9 81,9 82,6 83,3 84,9 80 wlis 85,3 85,4 86,3 88,3 88,3 88,8 89,1 90,0 1 wlis qalebi 1 wlis Aam cxrilSi mocemuli sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, aris im wlebis mTliani ricxvi, rac adamians SeuZlia icocxlos. Source: Government Actuary’s Department. Social Trends-dan, 1996. gv. 130. cxrili 6.3. xanSiSesuli adamianebis procentuli monacemebi (65 weli da zemoT) SerCeul qveynebSi, 1988 wels 2010 welze proeqciiT 29 1988 2010 gaerTianebuli samefo 15,5 15,9 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 12,1 13,9 dania 15,4 16,7 safrangeTi 13,6 16,9 dasavleT germania 15,4 20,5 italia 13,7 20,2 irlandia 11,0 12,8 wyaro: S. Arber and J. Ginn, Gender and Later Life, 1991, cxrili 1.3, gv. 8 daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi xandazmuli asaki TavisTavad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos avadmyofobad an uZlurebad, Tumca janmrTelobasTan momatebul dakavSirebuli wlebs, ra damatebiTi Tqma unda, problemebi. moaqvs daaxloebiT bolo oci welia, rac biologebi Seecadnen, ganesxvavebinaT daberebis fizikuri gamovlinebebi daavadebiT gamowveuli Sedegebisgan. Tumca, zustad ramdenad icvleba sxeuli wlebis matebasTan erTad, es sadavo sakiTxia. Znelia aseve erTmaneTs ar daukavSiro socialuri da ekonomikuri danaklisi da fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegebi. megobrebisa da naTesavebis dakargva, sakuTar SvilebTan daSoreba, romlebic sadRac cxovroben, da samuSaos dakargva zogadad, kvlevis xandazmuli asaki _ yvelaferi es fizikur Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar janmrTelobaze cudi aris aisaxeba. janmrTeloba sinonimuri da cnebebi. arsebobs samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli bevri adamiani, vinc acxadebs, rom savsebiT janmrTelia. sxeulis dabereba socialuri zegavlenis Sedegia, Tumca igi genetikur faqtorebzecaa damokidebuli. biologebs, ZiriTadad, miaCniaT, rom adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba misi genebiTaa ganpirobebuli – 30 rac, iTvleba, rom 120 wels unda Seadgendes. yvela cxovelis msgavsad, adamianis sxeuli sikvdilisTvis genetikurad programirebulia. Tumca, sakiTxavia, ramdenia misi xangrZlivoba? Tu genetikosebi moZebnian saSualebas, gaakontrolon dabereba da sikvdili, es iqneba adre aRniSnuli bunebis socializaciis yvelaze Rrma da mniSvnelovani aspeqti. mecnierebma manipulireba ukve gvaCvenes, ise SeiZleba, rom rom cxovelebSi maT xandazmuli axalgazrda ujredebis ujredebis msgavsad imoqmedon. ronald klatcma, daberebis sawinaaRmdego medicinis amerikuli akademiis xelmZRvanelma, Semdegi komentari gakeTa: `me mjera, rom Cven moveswrebiT sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mkveTr zrdas Cveni sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. axali teqnologiebi ukve xelTa gvaqvs. saWiroa maTi ganviTareba. saWiroa daviwyoT mzadeba uasako sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad. dabereba daavadebaa, romelsac SegviZlia vumkurnaloT~ (citirebulia Kelsey 1996, gv. 2). Mdabereba momavalSi sazogadoebaSi, sadac maRali Rirebuleba axalgazrdobas, qmediTobas da fizikur mimzidvelobas aqvs miniWebuli, xandazmuli adamianebi TiTqos SeumCnevelni xdebian. Tumca, bolo wlebSi, xandazmuli asakis mimarT ganwyobaSi erTgvari cvlilebebi SeimCneva. SesaZlebelia, xandazmulma adamianebma srulad ver moipovon iseTi avtoriteti da prestiJi, rogoric Temis uxucesebs hqondaT Zvel sazogadoebebSi; Tumca, imis gamo, rom maTi ricxvi mosaxleobaSi izrdeba, xandazmulebma meti politikuri gavlena moipoves, vidre es adre hqondaT. maT ukve gavleniani politikuri lobis saxe miiRes. GgaCnda aqtivistTa jgufebi, romlebmac brZola daiwyes eijizmis anu im diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, rasac xandazmuli adamianebis mimarT iCenen. isini cdiloben, pozitiuri ideologiaa, xeli Seuwyon Tvalsazrisis rogoric xandazmuli gavrcelebas. seqsizmi da asakis adamianebis Sesaxeb eijizmi zustad iseTive rasizmia. Aarsebobs xandazmuli 31 adamianebis Sesaxeb imdeni mcdari stereotipi, ramdenic sxva sferoebSia. magaliTad, xSirad fiqroben, rom samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis umetesoba an saavadmyofoebSia, an moxucTa TavSesafrebSi; rom maTi umravlesoba kompetenturebi uZluria; rom xanSiSesuli muSakebi naklebad arian, vidre axalgazrdebi. Yyvela es warmodgena mcdaria. samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis 95 procenti sakuTar saxlebSi cxovrobs; samocdaxuTidan oTxmoc wlamde adamianebis mxolod 7 procenti amJRavnebs fizikur uZlurebas, xolo samoc wels gadacilebuli muSakebis produqtiulobisa da daswrebis maCveneblebi, saSualod, aRemateba ufro axalgazrda jgufebis maCveneblebs. TavianT wignSi “Life A fter W ork: T he A rrival o f A geless S ociety” (1991) maikl iangi da Tom adamianebis Suleri acxadeben, fiqsirebul rom asaki stereotipul damTrgunveli rolebSi meqanizmia, mosaqcevad. mravali asakovani adamiani ibrZvis aseTi damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg da cdilobs, aRmoaCinos TviTrealizaciis axali aqtivobebi da saSualebebi. isini uaryofen imas, rasac iangi da Suleri `asakiT Caketil sazogadoebas~ uwodebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, rogorc axalgazrda, ise xandazmuli, ufro metad asakis mixedviT fasdeba, vidre maTi maxasiaTeblebis, dasaqmebis an identobis mixedviT. am orma jgufma, iangisa da Suleris azriT, unda Seqmnas aliansi, imisaTvis, rom Tavi daixsnan maTi kategoriebad dayofisgan da Seqmnan uasako sazogadoeba. isini SeiZleba gamxdariyvnen interesebis pionerebi dacavaSi, ara marto aramed sakuTari dasaqmebuli socialuri mosaxleobis poziciebis umravlesobis interesebis dacvaSic. iangsa da Sulers miaCniaT, rom erTad SeuZliaT, Tanamedrove axalgazrdebs da xandazmulebs sazogadoeba daaSoron momxmareblur uRimRamo arsebobas. virjinia vulfis citirebiT, isini amboben, rom sul ufro met adamians SeeZleba ganTavisufleba mZime Sromis uRlidan, im valdebulebidan, rom `yovelTvis Seasrulo iseTi samuSao, rac ar ginda akeTo, da akeTo is, rogorc monam, mliqvnelma da naZiralam.~ isini 32 SeZleben, ganaviTaron sakuTari ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da midrekilebebi, rogorc es vulfma efeqturad gaakeTa. sxvanairad, misi mwerlis talanti `mcire, Tumca Zvirfasi misi matareblisTvis~, igi fiqrobda, rom `Cakvdeboda da masTan erTad, Tavad me, Cemi suli.... rogorc Jangi, romelic gazafxulis yvavils Wams.~ Ddaskvna mocemul TavSi Cven ganvixileT sxvadasxva socialuri gavlenebi, romelic zemoqmedebs Cvenze, rogorc xorciel arsebebze – Cveni sxeulis dacvasa da zrunvaze. socialuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, Cven aRar ganvicdiT Cvens sxeuls, rogorc mxolod cxovrebis mocemul nawils. arsebobs Cveni sxeulebrivi gamocdilebebis aspeqtebi, romelSic axla mecniereba da teqnologia iWreba – Sereuli SedegebiT. mravali warmateba iqna miRweuli medicinaSi da jandacvaSi, ramac saSualeba misca adamianebs, icocxlon imaze metxans, vidre odesRac iyo SesaZlebeli. amave dros, xandazmulobam Seicvala Tavisi mniSvneloba da asakovani adamianebi moiTxoven uflebas, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevroba, da ar surT, iyvnen `pensiaze gaSvebulni~ axalgazrdebis mier. es movlenebi mniSvnelovania rogorc politikurad, aseve socialurad. Seadgines ra mosaxleobis, rogorc mTelis, mzardi nawili, xandazmuli adamianebi, potenciurad, warmoadgenen jgufs sakmaod didi politikuri ZalauflebiT. Sejameba 1. sxeulis sociologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs Cvens sxeulze iZleva socialuri am umTavresad gavlenebis gavlenebi. anoreqsia magaliTs. axalgazrda qalebTan anoreqsia gvxvdeba, da da sxva kvebiTi kvebis darRvevebi problemebi, dakavSirebulia im rac Zireul cvlilebebTan, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi xdeba – gansakuTrebiT, cvlilebebTan sakvebis moxmarebis xasiaTSi da qalebis sazogadoebriv poziciaSi. 33 2. kvebis darRveva aseve dakavSirebulia bunebis socializaciis ufro farTo procesebTan. bunebis socializacia niSnavs, rom bevri fenomeni, romelic iTvleboda `bunebrivad~ _ bunebis nawilad – axla socialuri faqtorebiTa magaliTi da teqnologiuri reproduqciaa. cvlilebiT aris gansazRvruli. cxovreba ukve aRar qalebis amis ganisazRvreba SobadobiTa da bavSvebis aRzrdiT, rogorc es adre xdeboda. Tanamedrove kontracepcia da sxva inovaciebi niSnavs, rom `arCevani~ anacvlebs funqcionirebadi sxeulis~ `bunebas~. 3. yvela sazogadoebas `kargad warmodgenebi gaaCnia – sxva sityvebiT, janmrTelobis da avadmyofobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi. janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis Seswavla sxeulis sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sferoa. 4. sociologiuri kvleva aCvenebs mWidro kavSirs avadmyofobasa da uTanasworobas Soris. industriuli qvynebis farglebSi, uRaribesi jgufebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, saSualod, ufro moklea da isini metad arian midrekilni avadmyofobis mimarT, vidre uzrunvelyofili strata. ufro mdidar qveynebSi, aseve, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, vidre Rarib qveynebSi. 5. Tumca, zogierTi daavadeba ar aris Zalze gavrcelebuli Raribebs Soris. amis magaliTi Sidsia, romelic industriul qveynebSi ufro metad gavrcelebulia maRali socioekonomiuri warmomavlobis mqone adamianebSi. Sidsi dRes globaluri epidemia xdeba. jer kidev ar Cans am saSiSi da sruliad axali daavadebis efeqturi mkurnalobis gzebi. 6. jandacvis sistemebi gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi. gaerTianebul samefos mkacrad Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sistema qveyanaSi, metadaa aqvs – nacionaluri rogoric magaliTad, damokidebuli kerZo janmrTelobis SeerTebuli jandacvis samsaxuri. Statebia, programebze; zogierT jandacva sxva ufro sazogadoebriv jandacvas naklebi roli eniWeba. mravali dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos jandacva momavalSi. 34 7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdens janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze. magaliTad, haeris dabinZurebam, SesaZloa, imoqmedos aTasobiT an milionobiT adamianis janmrTelobaze. amas mosdevs azri, rom jandacvam momavalSi yuradReba unda gadaitanos ufro xelsayreli garemo pirobebis Seqmnaze adamianebisTvis, romlebic masSi cxovroben da Sromoben. 8. Semdgomi daberebis bunebis mniSvnelovani Seswavla. Mdaberebis socializaciaze. Tu sfero sxeulis procesi rogor sociologiaSi radikalurad vberdebiT, aris damokidebulia sul ufro metad damokidebulia socialur faqtorebze: adamianebi, saSualod, gacilebiT didxans cocxloben, vidre winaT. 9. xandazmuloba mraval SesaZlelobas uqmnis adamianebs, Tavi gainTavisuflon mZime samuSaos SezRudvebisagan. Tumca, imavdroulad, igi socialur, ekonomikur da fsiqologiur problemebsac warmoqmnis individebisTvis (da xSirad ojaxebisTvis). adamianebis umravlesobisTvis pensiaze gasvla mniSvnelovani garamavali periodia, rac dakavSirebulia statusis dakargvasTan. amas SeiZleba martooba da dezorientacia mohyves, radgan adamianebma unda Secvalon maTTvis Cveuli cxovrebiseuli rutina. 10. bolo wlebSi, asakovanma adamianebma, romlebic axla mosaxleobis did procents Seadgenen, industriul qveynebSi, daiwyes zewola maTi gansakuTrebuli interesebisa da saWiroebebis aRiarebis mizniT. brZola `eijizmis~ winaaRmdeg (adamianebis mimarT diskriminacia, maTi wlovanebis safuZvelze) am procesis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. DdamatebiTi literatura Ellen A nnandale, The Contemprorary Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge: P olity Press, 1996) . diskusia tradiciuli da axali sakiTxebis Sesaxeb am sferoSi da janmrTelobis, avadmyofobis da jandacvis sociologiis mdgomareobis uaxlesi Sefaseba. 35 Kenneth R . D utton, The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Physical Development (London: Cassell, 1995). Sesavali ,,bodibildingis” xelovnebaSi. Ross H ume H all, Health and the Global Environment (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1990) . ganixileba jandacvis sistemis srulyofili gadafasebis saWiroeba; yuradReba gamaxvilebulia prevenciaze da garemos dacvaze. Sarah N ettleton, The Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1995) . Tanamedrove mniSvnelovani debatebis Sesavali janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis sociologiis farglebSi. Michael Y oung a nd T om S chuller, Life After Work: The Arrival of the Ageless Society (London: H arper C ollins, 1991) . gamomwvevi diskusia asakovani adamianebis rolis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. mniSvnelovani terminebi anoreqsia bulimia damokidebuleba bunebis socializacia reproduqciuli teqnologiebi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba Sidsi stigma sazogadoebrivi jandacva kerZo jandacva eijizmi Tavi 7 ojaxi, qorwineba da piradi cxovreba ZiriTadi cnebebi sakvanZo cnebebi ojaxis istoria ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT cvlilebis mimarTulebebi ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi • • zogadi daxasiaTeba ganviTarebis tendenciebi ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi • • • • • ganqorwinebaTa raodenobis zrda ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdileba ganqorwineba da bavSvebi erTmSobliani ojaxebi “saxeze armyofi mama” xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi • • • xelaxali qorwineba ojaxi, romelSic bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs davemSvidoboT bavSvebs? ojaxis bneli mxare • • bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti Zaladoba ojaxSi qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi • komunebi • Tanacxovreba • geimSobliani ojaxebi • marto cxovreba debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb Sejameba 1 damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi • • • ojaxi naTesaoba qorwineba am wignis ZiriTadi Tema cvlilebaa. Cven Zalze aqtiur, rTul da moulodnelobebiT aRsavse samyaroSi vcxovrobT. rogorc ar unda vecadoT, am samyarosTan dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebsa da risks Tavs ver avaridebT. es yvelaze kargad Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaSi vlindeba. pirad cxovrebaSi “urTierTobebis” mogvareba gviwevs. rodesac vinme gekiTxeba: “rogori urTierToba gaqvT?”, Cveulebriv, is seqsualur kavSirs gulisxmobs. magram Cven xSiri urTierToba gvaqvs mSoblebTan, megobrebTan da sxva adaminebTanac. terminis “urTierToba” pirad cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi gamoyeneba 20-30 wlis win daiwyo; swored am dros gaCnda ideac, rom piradi cxovreba “intimurobasa” da garkveul “valdebulebas” moiTxovs. is faqti, rom umravlesoba Cvengani, misaRebia misTvis es cvlilebebi Tu ara, did yuradRebas uTmobs maT, im ZiriTadi transformaciebis maniSnebelia, romlebic, ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, did gavlenas axdens Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaze. urTierToba aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs – mis mogvarebas Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. urTierTobis SesanarCuneblad, meore pirovnebis ndoba unda moipovo. seqsualur urTierTobaTa umravlesoba da qorwineba, dResdReobiT, amgvar damokidebulebazea agebuli. imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ra procesebi mimdinareobs Cvens dRevandel intimur cxovrebaSi, unda vicodeT, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi warsulSi. am TavSi, pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor viTardeboda Zvelad ojaxi da qorwineba, Semdeg ki Tanamedrove cvlilebaTa Sedegebs gavaanalizebT. sakvanZo cnebebi pirvel rigSi, zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba unda ganvsazRvroT, rogoricaa ojaxi, naTesaoba da qorwineba. o j a x i naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli adamianTa jgufia, romelSic zrdasrul wevrebs bavSvebze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT. n a T e s a u r i k a v S i r e b i adamianebs Soris qorwinebis an STamomavlobis safuZvelze myardeba, romelic akavSirebs sisxliT naTesavebs (dedebs, mamebs, Svilebs, bebiebs, babuebs da a.S. Soris). q o r w i n e b a or zrdasrul individs Soris socialurad aRiarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria. rodesac ori adamiani qorwindeba, isini erTmaneTis naTesavebi xdebian. qorwineba naTesaur 2 jgufSi bevr sxva adamiansac aerTianebs. mSoblebi, Zmebi, debi da sxva sisxlis naTesavebi, qorwinebis Semdeg, maTi ojaxis wevris meuRlis naTesavebi xdebian. ojaxur urTierTobebs yovelTvis farTo naTesauri jgufi aRiarebs. TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs fenomeni, romelsac sociologebi da anTropologebi nuklearul ojaxs eZaxian. es aris ojaxi, romelSic ori adamiani sakuTar an naSvileb SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. umravles tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, nuklearuli ojaxi garkveuli tipis didi sanaTesao qselis nawilad moiazreboda. rodesac daqorwinebuli wyvilisa da maTi Svilebis axlo naTesavebi erT ojaxad cxovroben, an erTmaneTTan mWidro da xangrZlivi urTierToba akavSirebT, aseT fenomens gafarToebul ojaxs vuwodebT. gafarToebul ojaxSi, SesaZloa, bebiebi da babuebi, Zmebi da maTi colebi, debi da maTi qmrebi, deidebi, mamidebi, ZmisSilebi da disSvilebi cxovrobdnen. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, qorwineba, Sesabamisad, ojaxi monogamiasTan asocirdeba. aq qalisa da mamakacis erTdroulad erTze met adamianze daqorwineba aralegalurad miiCneva. monogamia mTel msoflioSi damkvidrebuli forma ar aris. jorj merdokma erTmaneTs ramdenime aseuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Seadara da daadgina, rom 80%-ze met SemTxvevaSi, nebadarTuli iyo poligamia, rodesac qmars an cols erTze meti meuRlis yolis ufleba aqvs (Murdock 1949). ori tipis poligamia arsebobs: poliginia, rodesac mamakacs SeuZlia, erTdroulad, erTze met qalze daqorwindes da, naklebad gavrcelebuli, poliandria, rodesac qals SeiZleba erTad ori an meti qmari hyavdes. ojaxis istoria sociologebs adre miaCndaT, rom Tanamedrove qorwinebamde arsebuli ojaxis dominanturi forma, gafarToebuli tipis ojaxi iyo. kvlevis Tanaxmad, es mosazreba mcdari aRmoCnda. nuklearuli ojaxi, didi xania, upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Zveli tipis ojaxi dRevandel ojaxze didi iyo, magram maT Soris ar aris gansakuTrebuli gansxvaveba. magaliTad, inglisSi me-17-19 saukuneebSi, ojaxi, saSualod, 4.75 wevrisgan Sedgeboda. gaerTianebuli samefos dRevandeli saSualo maCvenebeli ki 3.04-ia. Zveli monacemi Sinamosamsaxureebsac gulisxmobs, amitom gansxvaveba Zalze mcirea. gafarToebuli ojaxis formebi ufro aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi gvxvdeba. Zvelad, evropaSi, bavSvebi xSirad Svidi-rva wlis asakidan muSaobdnen da mSoblebs fermaSi exmarebodnen. is, vinc ojaxis saqmianobaSi ar iRebda monawileobas, mSobliur ojaxs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi tovebda, sxvis ojaxSi Sinamosamsaxured muSaobda an xelobas eufleboda. bavSvebi, romlebic sxva ojaxebSi midiodnen samuSaod, sakuTar mSoblebs iSviaTad xedavdnen. imis miuxedavad, rom dRes ganqorwinebis Zalian maRali maCvenebelia, Zveli ojaxuri jgufebi mainc naklebad stabiluri iyo, Tumca es sul sxva faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli. yvela asakis adamianebs Soris, Zalze maRali iyo sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli (weliwadSi mosaxleobis aTas 3 sulze asaxuli sikvdilis SemTxvevebi). adreul Tanamedrove evropaSi, Cvil bavSvTa meoTxedi an meti erTi wlis asaks ver aRwevda (dRevandel dRes Tu SevadarebT, es 1 procentic ar aris). qalebi xSirad kvdebodnen mSobiarobisas. bavSvebis da erTi an orive meuRlis gardacvaleba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, arRvevda ojaxur urTierTobebs. ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba istoriis sociologma lorens stounma aRnusxa zogierTi cvlileba, romelmac gamoiwvia evropaSi premodernulidan modernuli tipis ojaxze gadasvla. stounma 1500-1800-ian wlebSi ojaxis ganviTarebis sami faza gamoyo. adreul periodSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma nuklearuli, SedarebiT mcire zomis ojaxi iyo, romelic Temis wevrebTan da sxva naTesavebTan mWidro urTierTobebs inarCunebda. ojaxis struqtura Temisgan mkveTrad ar iyo gamijnuli. stounis Tanaxmad (misi Tvalsazrisi zogierTma istorikosma ar gaiziara), im periodis ojaxi ar iyo is ZiriTadi birTvi, romelzec adamiani emociurad iyo mijaWvuli da damokidebuli. adamianebs maSin ar hqondaT da arc surdaT iseTi emociuri intimuri urTierTobebi, romelic dRevandel ojaxTan asocirdeba. qorwinebis farglebSi seqsi ara siamovnebis wyarod, aramed gamravlebisTvis aucilebel qmedebad aRiqmeboda. qorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli individualuri arCevani da ojaxuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi, mSoblebis, naTesavebisa da Temis interesebs eqvemdebareboda. aristokratuli wris warmomadgenlis erotikul da romantikul sasiyvarulo urTierTobas misi wodebisTvis Seuferebel adamianTan, moralistebi da Teologebi sisusted miiCnevdnen, Tumca, zogjer Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, amgvari kavSirebi misaRebi iyo. stouni am periodis ojaxs “arasaimedo, aramyar, uemocio, avtoritarul instituts uwodebs... es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi kavSiri ar iyo, radgan ojaxis rRveva qmris an colis gardacvalebiT, an ojaxidan bavSvebis naadrevi wasvliT iyo gamowveuli” (Stone 1977). am tipis ojaxi gardamavalma formam Secvala, romelmac meCvidmete saukunis dasawyisidan meTvramete saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba. amgvari ojaxi, ZiriTadad, maRali sazogadoebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli; amis miuxedavad, mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan misi wyalobiT gavrcelebulma atitudebma TiTqmis univesaluri datvirTva SeiZina.Anuklearuli ojaxi, naTesavebisgan da adgilobrivi Temisgan mowyvetil, calkeul erTeulad iqca. ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda meuRleebis erTmaneTis mimarT, da mSoblebis Svilebis mimarT siyvaruli, aseve gaizarda mamebis avtoritetic. mesame fazaSi, gaCnda umravlesoba CvenganisTvis kargad nacnobi, dasavluri ojaxuri sistemis tipi. es piradi emociuri kavSirebiT ganmtkicebuli ojaxia, romelic umTavresad bavSvebis aRzrdiT aris dakavebuli. mas afeqturi individualizmis zrda da piradi SerCevis, seqsualuri mizidulobisa da romantikuli siyvarulis safuZvelze, saqorwino kavSirebis formireba axasiaTebs. qorwineba siyvarulis seqsualur aspeqtebTan gaigivda, qorwinebis gareT ki amgvari urTierToba naklebad misaRebi gaxda. Sinaur garemos mowyvetili 4 samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mwarmoeblis saxe miiRo. wyalobiT, ojaxma momxmareblis da ara jon bosueli, romelic pirvel TavSi movixsenieT, aRniSnavs: Zvelad, evropaSi, adamianebi kerZo sakuTrebaze zrunvis mizniT qorwindebodnen, qorwinebis Sua periodSi isini bavSvebis aRzrdiT iyvnen dakavebulni, qorwinebis bolos ki, maTSi erTmaneTis mimarT siyvarulis grZnoba iRviZebda. “siyvaruliT” Zalian cota adamiani qorwindeboda, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis, bavSvebis aRzrdisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis periodSi, maT erTmaneTi uyvardebodaT. amas meuRleebisadmi miZRvnili Zveli epitafiebic adasturebs. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, qorwineba, ZiriTadad, siyvaruliT iwyeba, Sua periodSi Svilebis aRzrdiT grZeldeba (Tu ojaxs Svilebi hyavs) da kerZo sakuTrebaze zrunviT sruldeba. siyvaruli am dros an saerTod ar arsebobs, an Soreul mogonebad rCeba. (Boswell 1995, gv. xxi) ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT mTeli msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, ojaxis mravalgvari forma dResac arsebobs. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, aziis, afrikisa da wynari okeanis auzis Soreul regionebSi, tradiciulma ojaxurma sistemebma mcire cvlilebebi ganicada. umravles qveynebSi ki masStaburi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. am cvlilebaTa mizezebi kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, magram maTgan SegviZlia ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtori gamovyoT. erT-erTi maTgani dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebaa. magaliTad, romantikuli siyvarulis dasavluri idealebi iseT sazogadoebebSi gavrcelda, sadac adamianebs maT Sesaxeb manamde aranairi warmodgena ar hqondaT. meore faqtori, manamde mcire avtonomiuri sazogadoebebisgan Semdgar regionebSi, centralizebuli mTavrobis Seqmnaa. adamianTa cxovrebaze erovnul politikur sistemaSi CarTvac axdens gavlenas; garda amisa, mTavroba aqtiurad cdilobs qcevis tradiciuli stilis Secvlas. magaliTad, swrafad mzardi mosaxleobis gamo, CineTsa da monRoleTSi, saxelmwifo xSirad afinansebs programebs, romlebic kontracepciis moxmarebas, mcire ojaxebis popularizacias da a.S. uwyobs xels. am cvlilebebma mTel msoflioSi safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas, romelmac gafarToebuli ojaxuri sistemebisa da sxva tipis naTesauri jgufebis rRveva da nuklearuli ojaxis gavrceleba gamoiwvia. es procesi, pirvelad, ocdaaTi wlis win, wignSi World Revolution in Family Patterns (1963) uiliam j. gudma asaxa, rasac Sesabamisi kvleva mohyva. cvlilebis mimarTulebebi qvemoT mogvyavs msoflioSi mimdinare yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi: 1. gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva naTesauri jgufebis gavlena mcirdeba; 2. SeimCneva meuRlis sakuTari surviliT SerCevis zogadi tendencia; 3. sul ufro farTod xdeba qalTa uflebebis aRiareba, qorwinebis iniciativasa da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT. 4. naklebad gvxvdeba naTesauri qorwinebebi; 5 5. Zalze SezRudul sazogadoebebSi, seqsualuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi matulobs; 6. igrZnoba bavSvTa uflebebis gafarToebis zogadi tendencia. am tendenciebis gazviadeba da imis miCneva, rom nuklearuli ojaxi yvela sazogadoebaSi dominanturi formaa, mcdari mosazrebaa. dRevandel sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi, gafarToebuli ojaxi kvlav normad miiCneva da tradiciuli ojaxuri praqtika grZeldeba. garda amisa, cvlilebebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli tempiT, tendenciebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT mimdinareobs. magaliTad, filipinebze warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad, urbanul teritoriebze gafarToebuli ojaxebis ufro didi wili gamovlinda, vidre garSemo ganlagebul soflis regionebSi. es gafarToebuli, magram axali tipis ojaxebia. sofelSi mcxovrebi biZaSvilebi, deidaSvilebi da mamidaSvilebi sakuTar ojaxebs toveben da, xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis gamo, qalaqSi naTesavebTan midian sacxovreblad. ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi Tanamedrove britaneTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis gamo, am qveyanaSi ojaxisa da qorwinebis Zalze gansxvavebuli tipebia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia TeTrkanian da araTeTrkanian ojaxebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba. axla am movlenis mizezze vimsjelebT. Semdeg ojaxuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove nimuSebTan mimarTebaSi, ganqorwinebas, xelaxal qorwinebasa da iseT ojaxebs SeviswavliT, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs. pirvel rigSi, im ZiriTad niSnebs aRvwerT, romelic TiTqmis yvela britanul ojaxs axasiaTebs. zogadi daxasiaTeba gaerTianebuli samefoSi ojaxs, zogadad, Semdegi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs: 1. sxva dasavluri ojaxebis msgavsad, britanuli ojaxi, kanonis mixedviT, monogamiuria. Tumca, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi amJamad arsebuli ganqorwinebis maRali maCveneblis gamo, britanul qorwinebas SeiZleba seriulad monogamiuri ewodos. es imas niSnavs, rom adamians ufleba aqvs, droTa ganmavlobaSi, ramdenime meuRle gamoicvalos, magram erTdroulad ramdenime meuRlis yolis ufleba ara aqvs. kanoniT dadgenili monogamia seqsualur praqtikaSi ar unda avurioT. yvelasTvis naTelia, rom bevr britanels, meuRlesTan kavSiris garda, sxva seqsualuri urTierToebebic aqvs. 2. britanuli qorwineba romantikuli siyvarulis ideas efuZneba. masze Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina afeqturma individualizmma. yvelas aqvs imis molodini, rom qorwinebaSi myof wyvils erTmaneTTan, pirad grZnobebsa da urTierTgagebaze dafuZnebuli siyvaruli unda akavSirebdes. saqorwino urTierTobebs swored amgvari kavSiri amyarebs. Tanamedrove britaneTSi qorwineba romantikul siyvarulTan aris gaigivebuli; es ufro adamianuri 6 arsebobis bunebrivi nawilia, vidre Tanamedrove kulturis gamorCeuli Tviseba. ra Tqma unda, realoba ideologiisgan gansxvavdeba. britaneTSi qorwinebiT kmayofileba dadebiTad fasdeba, magram amgvari molodini yovelTvis ar amarTlebs. ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli swored am faqtoriT aris gamowveuli. 3. britanuli ojaxi mamis xaziT gansazRvruli da neolokaluria. mamis xaziT memkvidreoba gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebs mamis gvari gadaecemaT da kerZo sakuTreba mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebze gadadis (msoflioSi bevri dedis xaziT gansazRvruli sazogadoebaa – Svilebi dedis gvars iReben da kerZo sakuTreba neolokalurad mdedrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebs gadaecemaT). mcxovrebi daqorwinebuli wyvili calke, sakuTari ojaxebisgan gamijnulad saxldeba. neolokalizmi yvela britanuli ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba ar aris. bevri ojaxi, gansakuTrebiT dabali klasis ubnebSi, matrilokaluria – axlad daqorwinebulebi colis mSoblebis maxloblad saxldebian. 4. britanuli ojaxi nuklearulia. is erTi an ori mSoblisgan da Svilebisgan Sedgeba. Tumca, nuklearuli ojaxi naTesauri kavSirebisgan srulad izolirebuli ar aris. ganviTarebis tendenciebi ojaxis nimuSebis nairsaxeobebi rapoportis Tanaxmad, “adre britanul ojaxs erT dadgenil normasTan uxdeboda Segueba, dRes ki is iseT gardamaval fazaSi imyofeba, rodesac sazogadoeba normebis pluralizms legitimur da sasurvelad movlenad miiCnevs” (Rapoport and Rapoport 1982, gv. 476). am argumentis gasamyareblad, rapoporti xuTi tipis mravalgvarobas gamoyofs: organizaciuli, kulturuli, klasobrivi, cxovrebiseuli da kohortuli. ojaxebi sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen maTi Sinauri individualuri movaleobebisa da farTo socialur garemosTan kavSirebis organizebas. orTodoqsuli ojaxi, romelSic qali “diasaxlisia,” mamakaci ki “ojaxis marCenali”, Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmSobliani an iseTi ojaxisgan, romelSic orive mSobeli dasaqmebulia. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania ojaxebis rwmenebisa da RirebulebaTa mravalgvaroba. eTnikurma umciresobebma (vest indoelebma, azielebma, berZnulma da italiurma Temebma) da iseTma moZraobebma, rogoric feminizmia, ojaxuri formebis kulturuli mravalgvaroba gamoiwvies. Raribebs, profesional mosamsaxureTa da saSualo da maRali klasis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebuli mudmivi klasobrivi dajgufeba ojaxur struqturaSi mniSvnelovan variaciebs ganapirobebs. aSkaraa, rom ojaxuri gamocdileba icvleba cxovrebiseuli gzis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, individis mSoblebs SeiZleba myari qorwineba hqondeT, magram TviTon ganqorwindes. meore pirovneba SeiZleba erTmSoblian ojaxSi aRizardos, ramdenjerme daqorwindes da TiToeuli qorwinebidan bavSvi SeeZinos. termini kohortuli ojaxebSi arsebul Taobebs niSnavs. magaliTad, mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs Soris urTierTobebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, 7 naklebad myaria. meore mxriv, amJamad xandazmul asakamde ufro meti adamiani aRwevs da erTmaneTTan axlo urTierToba SeiZleba ojaxis sam Taobas hqondes: daqorwinebul SviliSvilebs, maT mSoblebsa da bebiababuebs. warwera naxatze: “Tu vinmem aq icis erTi mizezi mainc, ratom ar SeuZlia am or adamians TavianTi nivTebis binaSi Setana...” Daily Telegraph: The Best of Matt, Orion, 1995 samxreT aziuri ojaxebi britanuli ojaxis tipebs Soris mkveTrad gamoirCevian samxreT aziuri warmoSobis ojaxebi. gaerTianebul samefoSi, samxreT aziuri mosaxleoba milions aWarbebs. migracia 1950-ian wlebSi indoeTis subkontinentis sami ZiriTadi regionidan – panjabidan, gujaraTidan da bengalidan daiwyo. emigrantebma britaneTSi religiis, warmomavlobis, kastisa da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, naTesaobis safuZvelze, Seqmnes Temebi. bevr emigrants miaCnda, rom Rirsebasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebasTan dakavSirebiT, maT ZirZveli britanuli mosaxleobisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli ideebi aqvT. isini ojaxis erTianobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen, magram amaSi maT gansaxlebis problema uSlida xels. didi Zveli saxlebis moZieba mxolod keTilmouwyobel ubnebSi iyo SesaZlebeli; pirobebis gaumjobeseba, sacxovreblad patara saxlebSi gadasvlas da, Sesabamisad, gafarToebuli ojaxis rRvevas gulisxmobda. gaerTianebul samefoSi dabadebuli samxreT azieli bavSvebi, dResdReobiT, or sruliad gansxvavebul kulturas eziarebian. saxlis pirobebSi, mSoblebi am bavSvebisgan TanamSromlobis normebis aRiarebas, pativiscemasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebas moiTxoven. skolis konkurentul da individualistur socialur garemoSi ki _ akademiuri warmatebis miRweva moeTxovebaT. umravlesoba Sinaur da pirad cxovrebas eTnikuri subkulturis safuZvelze agebs, radgan maTTvis tradiciul ojaxur cxovrebasTan asocirebuli axlo urTierTobebia Rirebuli. amis miuxedavad, britanul kulturasTan kavSirma cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. orive sqesis axalgazrdebi, maTi qorwinebis mowyobisas, met Carevas iTxoven. rogorc gaerTianebuli samefoSi, ise aziur qveynebSi mcxovrebi azieli ojaxebis siZliere, axlaxans didi diskusiis sagnad iqca. frensis fukuiama (1994) aziuri ojaxis mier Seqmnil “socialur kapitalze” – aziur qveynebSi ojaxis mier uzrunvelyofili ndobisa da urTierTgatanis formebze – saubrobs. misi azriT, iseTi aziuri sazogadoebebis, rogoricaa taivani, hong kongi da singapuri, swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, swored socialuri kapitalia. britaneTSi aziuri ojaxis tradiciul formebs safrTxe emuqreba, magram igive mdgomareobaa Tavad aziur qveynebSic. zemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli izrdeba, Sobadobisa ki _ ecema (ix. diagrama 7.1). ekonomikuri ganviTareba da demokratizaciis zrda individualizmisa da sqesTa Tanasworobis zrdas uyris safuZvels. 8 SavkanianTa ojaxebi britaneTSi mcxovreb vest induri warmoSobis ojaxebs axlac gansxvavebuli struqtura axasiaTebT. qmarTan erTad 20-dan 45 wlamde asakis gacilebiT naklebi Savkaniani qali cxovrobs, vidre igive asakobrivi jgufis TeTrkanaini qali. igive mdgomareobaa SeerTebul StatebSi afro amerikel qalebs Soris, sadac am faqtma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia. ocdaaTi wlis win, senatorma deniel patrik moinihenma SavkanianTa ojaxebs “araorganizebuli” da “paTologiuri” (Moynihan 1965) uwoda. diagrama 7.1: gansxvaveba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi ganqorwinebisa da Sobadobis maCveneblebs Soris (sxvadasxva qveynis skalebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ar xdeba; Sobadoba gulisxmobs TiToeuli qalisTvis Svilebis saSualo raodenobas) wyaro: erovnuli statistika; msoflio banki. The Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 28 maisi, 1994, gv. 77 hong kongi ganqorwineba 1 000 sul mosaxleze Sobadobis maCveneblebi singapuri ganqorwineba 1 000 sul mosaxleze Sobadobis maCveneblebi samxreT korea ganqorwineba ganqorwinebiT dasrulebul qorwinebaTa wili (%) Sobadobis maCveneblebi SeerTebuli Statebi ganqorwineba 1 000 sul mosaxleze Sobadobis maCveneblebi SeerTebul StatebSi, SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTaA ojaxis nimuSebs Soris gansxvaveba 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda. moinihanis kvlevac swored am periodSi Catarda. 1960 wels, afro amerikuli ojaxebis 21%-s qalebi uZRvebodnen; TeTrkanianTa ojaxebs Soris es maCvenebeli 8%-s udrida. 1993 wels, SavkanianTa ojaxebSi am proporciam 58%-s gadaaWarba, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki 26%-s miaRwia. ojaxebi, romlebsac qalebi uZRvebian, Rarib Savkanianebs Soris ufro gvxvdeba. gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqis Sida ubnebSi mcxovrebi afro amerikelebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi didad ar gaumjobesebula. maTi umravlesoba dabalanazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli an, met-naklebad, mudmivad umuSevrebi arian. es situacia xels uSlis xangrZliv saqorwino urTierTobas. londonis Rarib ubnebsa da gaerTianebuli samefos sxva qalaqebSi mcxovreb SavkanianTa ojaxebzec igive faqtorebi axdens gavlenas. SavkanianTa ojaxebSi arsebuli situacia mxolod uaryofiTi mxridan ar unda davinaxoT. vest indoelTa jgufebSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs 9 gafarToebul naTesaur qselebs – gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre umravles TeTrkanianTa TemebSi saqorwino kavSirebs. dedas, romelic erTmSoblian ojaxs uZRveba, naTesavTa qseli uWers mxars. es mosazreba ewinaaRmdegeba ideas, TiTqos Savkaniani martoxela mSoblebisa da maTi Svilebis ojaxebi yovelTvis arastabilurobiT gamoirCeva. iseT afro amerikul ojaxebSi, sadac ojaxs qali uZRveba, sxva naTesavebic cxovroben, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. jois aSenbrenerma wignSi Lifelines (1983) afro amerikul ojaxebSi gafarToebuli naTesauri urTierTobebis detaluri suraTi warmogvidgina. aSenbrenerma, manamde pakistanSi Catarebuli savele kvlevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa ojaxebis tipebi axal peqspeqtivaSi warmoaCina. pakistanelebis TvalsazrisiT, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi TeTrkanianTa ojaxi susti da “araorganizebulia.” maTTvis gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba bavSvi mxolod erTi wyvilis mier aRizardos, rom araferi vTqvaT mxolod erT mSobelze. maTTvis miuRebelia, mSoblebis Sin aryofnis periodSi, bavSvis ZiZisTvis mibarebac. sad arian am dros biZebi, bebiebi da babuebi? ratom ar exmarebian marto darCenil dedas Svilis aRzrdaSi Zmebi? pakistanelebis Sexeduleba ojaxis Sesaxeb afro amerikul ojaxur situacias ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre TeTrkanianTa ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebel struqturas. aSenbreneris azriT, SavkanianTa ojaxis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi zedmetadaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli saqorwino urTierTobaze. es imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qorwinebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tumca, Tanamedrove saqorwino urTierTobebi aucileblobiT ar gansazRvravs SavkanianTa ojaxis struqturas. im sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi, sadac gafarToebuli ojaxebia gavrcelebuli, dedasa da qaliSvils, mamasa da vaJiSvils, an da-Zmas Soris urTierToba, SesaZloa, socialuri TvalsazrisiT, col-qmrul kavSirze ufro mniSvnelovani iyos. ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi ganqorwinebis maCveneblis zrda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTSi, qorwineba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, urRvev kavSirad miiCneoda. ganqorwineba mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad, uSvilobisas, iyo daSvebuli. zogierTi industriuli qveyana dResac ar scnobs ganqorwinebas. Tumca es iSviaTi gamonaklisia. umravles qveynebSi, ganqorwinebis procedura Zlier gamartivda. TiTqmis yvela industriul qveyanaSi arsebobda e.w. momCivanTa sistema. ganqorwinebis aRiarebisTvis, erT-erT meuRles meores winaaRmdeg (sisastikis, gulgrili damokidebulebis an Ralatis gamo) braldeba unda waeyenebina. zogierT qveyanaSi, Sua 1960-iani wlebidan, pirvelad SemoiRes ”ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis kanoni. mas Semdeg, mTel rig dasavlur qveynebSi, ganqorwinebis moTxovniT, gansxvavebuli saqmeebi irCeva. 1969 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi, dadebiTad Sefasda kanoni ganqorwinebis reformis Sesaxeb, romelic ganqorwinebis proceduris gamartivebasa da braldebis gareSe dakmayofilebas isaxavda miznad. 10 kanoni 1971 wels amoqmedda. “ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis principi, 1996 wlis axali kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis Semdeg, kidev ufro gamyarda. 1960-1970 wlebSi, britaneTSi ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, Tanmimdevrulad, yovel wels 9 procentiT izrdeboda, aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi is orjer gaizarda, rac, nawilobriv, 1969 wlis kanonis amoqmedebiT iyo gamowveuli. am kanonis wyalobiT, formalur qorwinebaSi myof bevr wyvils ganqorwinebis saSualeba mieca. 1980 wlidan, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, garkveuli xarisxiT, stabiluri gaxda, magram nebismier wina periodTan SedarebiT, is mainc bevrad maRalia (Clark and Haldane 1990; ix. cxrili 7.1). ganqorwineba sul ufro Zlier gavlenas axdens bavSvebis cxovrebaze. Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebul samefoSi 1980 wels dabadebuli bavSvebis TiTqmis 40 procenti, zrdasruli asakis miRwevamde, erTmSobliani ojaxis wevrebi iqnebian. Tumca, ganqorwinebuli qalebis 75 da mamakacebis 83 procenti, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, meored qorwindeba, amitom bavSvebi mainc ojaxur garemoSi izrdebian. ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli uiRblo qorwinebasTan pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom procentuli maCveneblis gamoTvlisas, ar xdeba gaSorebuli wyvilebis aRnusxva, romlebic iuridiulad ganqorwinebulni ar arian. amasTan, uiRblo qorwinebaSi myofi wyvili, SesaZloa, qorwinebisadmi sakraluri damokidebulebis, gaSorebis Tanmxlebi finansuri da emociuri problemebis Tavidan aridebis, an bavSvebisTvis ojaxuri garemos SenarCunebis mizeziT, ar ganqorwindes. ratom gaxSirda ganqorwinebis SemTxvevebi? es farTo socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. mdidari adamianebis Zalze mcire wilis gamoklebiT, qorwinebas dRes aRaravin ukavSirebs kerZo sakuTrebisa da statusis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas. qali ekonomikurad ufro damoukidebeli gaxda, amitom is materialurad aRar aris SezRuduli. zogadad, ukeTesi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro metad iZleva calke dasaxlebis saSualebas. es cvlilebebi umniSvnelo stigmis arsebobas ganapirobebs, magram, amave dros, SeiZleba stimuladac iqces. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria is mzardi tendencia, rom qorwineba imis mixedviT unda Sefasdes, Tu pirovnulad ramdenad akmayofilebs is qorwinebaSi myof adamianebs. ganqorwinebis zrdis faqtori, TavisTavad, qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis indikatori ki ar aris, aramed imas adasturebs, rom adamianebi sul ufro cdiloben, meuRleebTan srulyofili da damakmayofilebeli urTierTobebi aagon. cxrili 7.1 ganqorwinebis mosaxleze, 1981 da 1993 gaerTianebuli samefo dania maCvenebeli 1981 1993 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.5 evropul kavSirSi 1000 sul 11 fineTi 2.0 2.5 SvedeTi 2.4 2.5 belgia 1.6 2.1 avstria 1.8 2.0 holandia 2.0 2.0 safrangeTi 1.6 1.9 germania 2.0 1.9 luqsemburgi 1.4 1.9 portugalia 0.7 1.2 saberZneTi 0.7 0.7 espaneTi 0.3 0.7 italia 0.2 0.4 saSualod, evropul 1.5 1.8 kavSirSi wyaro: Eurostat. Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 57 ganqorwinebis gamocdileba Znelia, zustad gansazRvro, Tu rogor abalansebs erTmaneTs ganqorwinebis socialuri sargebeli da is maRali sazRauri, romelic Tan axlavs aRniSnul movlenas. ganqorwinebisadmi ufro tolerantuli damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom wyvils ufleba aqvs, usargeblo urTierToba Sewyvitos da amisTvis mas socialuri devna ar elodeba. meore mxriv, ganqorwineba, emociuri TvalsazarisiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis stresuli movlenaa da SeiZleba erT an orive mxares finansuri problemebi Seuqmnas. wyvilebis daSla daian voenma gaaanaliza partniorebis urTierTobebi gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis periodSi (Vaughan 1986). man axlad gaSorebuli an ganqorwinebuli asze meti wyvili (ZiriTadad saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli) gamokiTxa. misi mizani erTad cxovrebidan partnioris gareSe cxovrebaze gardamavali periodis aRwera iyo. wyvilis daSla xangrZlivi intimuri urTierTobis Sewyvetas niSnavs. daian voenma daadgina, rom, bevr SemTxvevaSi, fizikur gaSorebas win socialuri gaSoreba uZRvis – erTerTma partniorma axali cxovrebiseuli gza airCia, axali interesebi da megobrebi gaiCina, am situaciaSi meore partniori ar figurirebda, rasac informaciis gasaidumloeba mohyva, gansakurebiT maSin, roca saqme sasiyvarulo urTierTobas exeboda. voenis kvlevis Tanaxmad, wyvilebis daSla, Tavidan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uneburad xdeba. erT-erT individs – romelsac is iniciators uwodebs – meore partniorTan SedarebiT, maTi urTierToba naklebad akmayofilebs da is wyvilis saerTo aqtivobebisgan gamijnul, damoukidebel teritorias iqmnis. manamde, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, iniciatori SeiZleba warumateblad ecados partnioris qcevis Secvlas ise, rom is misTvis misaRebi gaxdes da SesaZlebeli iyos saerTo interesebis gaziareba. garkveul momentSi, iniciatori grZnobs, rom misma mcdelobam ar gaamarTla da urTierTobam fundamenturi marcxi ganicada. mas Semdeg, is gamudmebiT fiqrobs araefeqtur urTierTobasa da Seuferebel partniorze. voeni acxadebs, rom es sasiyvarulo urTierTobis dawyebis procesis sapirispiro procesia. urTierTobis 12 dasawyisSi, adamiani, piriqiT, meore adamianis mimzidvel Tvisebebzea fokusirebuli da misTvis naklebad misaReb Tvisebebs ignorirebas ukeTebs. iniciatorebi, romlebic seriozulad fiqroben partniorTan daSorebas, maT urTierTobebze sxvebTanac aqtiurad msjeloben da gamoTqmul azrebs erTmaneTs adareben. isini iTvaliswineben, Tu ramdenad maRali iqneba sazRauri da gadaswonis Tu ara daSorebiT ganpirobebul dadebiT mxareebs. SevZleb Tu ara marto Tavis gatanas? rogori iqneba megobrebisa da mSoblebis reaqcia? dazaraldebian Tu ara bavSvebi? finansurad uzrunvelyofili viqnebi? am da sxva problemebze fiqris Sedegad, zogierTebi urTierTobis SenarCunebas cdiloben. mas ki, vinc am dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, mainc daSorebis sasargeblod iRebs gadawyvetilebas, es kiTxvebi sakuTar arCevanSi kidev ufro daarwmunebs. iniciatorTa umravlesoba TviTganviTarebas sxva pirovnebis winaSe aRebul valdebulebaze ufro mniSvnelovan pasuxismgeblobad miiCnevs. ra Tqma unda, wyvilebis daSla yovelTvis mxolod erTi adamianis iniciativiT ar aris gamowveuli. gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom maT urTierTobas veRaraferi ixsnis, SeiZleba orive partniorma erTdroulad miiRos. zogierT situaciaSi rolebis uecari Canacvleba xdeba. pirovneba, romelsac Tavidan urTierTobis SenarCuneba surda, uecrad mis dasrulebas indomebs, iniciatori ki urTierTobis gagrZelebas iTxovs. warwera naxatze: “aq iyo Cemi qorwineba xeldasmuli?” atitudebis cvla ojaxuri cxovrebis cvlilebasa da ganqorwinebis maRali xarisxis mimarT gamovlenil reaqciebze klasobrivi gansxvaveba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. wignSi Families on the Fault Line (1994), lilian rubinma siRrmiseuli interviu Cautara 32 muSaTa klasis ojaxis wevrebs. man daaskvna, rom saSualo klasis ojaxebTan SedarebiT, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebi ufro tradiciulebi arian. saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebisTvis misaRebi normebi, magaliTad, qorwinebamde seqsualuri urTierTobebi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebisTvis, umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuRebelia, maSinac ki, Tu isini gansakuTrebiT religiurebi ar arian. aqedan gamomdinare, muSaTa klasis ojaxebSi ufro xSiria Taobebs Soris konfliqtebi. rubinis kvlevaSi axalgazrdebi erTxmad acxadeben, rom maTi atitudebi seqsualuri qcevis, qorwinebisa da sqesobrivi uTanasworobis mimarT, mSoblebis atitudebisgan gansxvavdeba. magram isini daJinebiT acxadeben, rom maTi sazrunavi mxolod siamovnebis Zieba ar aris. ubralod, maT ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi aqvT. rubinma daadgina, rom mis mier gamokiTxuli axalgazrda qalebi, qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, bevrad ufro ambivaleturni arian, vidre maTi mSoblebis Taoba warsulSi. maTTvis mamakaci srulyofilebis simbolo 13 aRar aris. isini maTi dedebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli SesaZleblobebis moZiebas cdiloben, raTa ufro srulyofili da Tavisufali cxovreba hqondeT. mamakacTa atitudebi, Taobebis mixedviT, ase mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ar aris. rubinis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganxorcielda, magram misi Sedegebi britaneTsa da evropul qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis msgavsia. Hhelen vilkinsonma da jef mulganma, gaerTianebul samefoSi, 18dan 34 wlamde asakis mamakacebisa da qalebis ori masStaburi kvleva Caatares (Wilkinson 1994; Wilkinson and Mulgan 1995). maT Zireuli cvlilebebi aRmoaCines, gansakurebiT, axalgazrda qalebis SexedulebebSi. britaneTSi mcxovrebi 18-34 wlis asakis Taobis Rirebulebebi, zogadad, gansxvavdeboda ufrosi Taobis Rirebulebebisgan. axalgazrda qalebs “samuSaosa da ojaxSi avtonomiisa da TviTrealizaciis survili aqvT da maTTvis Rirebulia riski, vnebaTa Relva da siaxle.” am mxriv, mamakacebis tradiciul Rirebulebebsa da qalebis axal Rirebulebebs Soris sul ufro mzardi gansxvaveba aRiniSneba. vilkinsonisa da mulganis azriT, axalgazrda Taobis Rirebulebebis formireba, Zveli TaobebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli Tavisuflebis – qalTaA samuSao uflebis, reproduqciis kontrolis, orive sqesis Tavisufali mobilobisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gankargvis SesaZleblobis _ safuZvelze moxda. amgvari Tavisufleba ufro met gaxsnilobas, guluxvobasa da tolerantobas iwvevs. magram aman SeiZleba viwro egoisturi individualizmisa da undoblobis warmoSobac ganapirobos. gamokiTxulTagan, qalTa 29 da mamakacTa 51 procenti “Svilebis gaCenas rac SeiZleba Soreul momavalSi gegmavda.” 15-24 wlis qalebis 75 procents miaCnda, rom martoxela mSobels iseve kargad SeuZlia Svilebis aRzrda, rogorc wyvils. kvlevam daadastura, rom am asakobriv jgufSi, rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs Soris, qorwinebaze moTxovnileba mcirdeba. ganqorwineba da bavSvebi Znelia gansazRvro, Tu ra gavlenas axdens Svilebze mSoblebis ganqorwineba. Seguebis procesze SeiZleba mravalma faqtorma imoqmedos – ramdenad xSiri iyo ganqorwinebamde mSoblebs Soris konfliqti; ra asakis iyo bavSvi ganqorwinebis momentSi; hyavT Tu ara bavSvebs debi da Zmebi; aqvT Tu ara urTierToba bebiebTan, babuebTan da sxva naTesavebTan, bavSvebis urTierToba TiToeul mSobelTan, ra sixSiriT xvdebian orive mSobels da a.S. Znelia imis Sefaseba, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs ganqorwinebas bavSvebisTvis, radgan bavSvisTvis saziano SeiZleba warumateblad daqorwinebuli mSoblebis Tanacxovrebac da misi Tanmdevi daZabulobac aRmoCndes. kvleva adasturebs, rom mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg, bavSvs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, emociuri SfoTva aReniSneba. judiT valerStainma da joan kelim kaliforniaSi, merinis olqSi, samoci gaSorebuli wyvilis Svilebi Seiswavles (Wallerstein and Kelly 1980). isini bavSvebs pirvelad im dros daekontaqtdnen, rodesac maTi mSoblebis ganqorwinebis saqme 14 sasamarTloSi irCeoda, mere weliwadnaxevris Semdeg Sexvdnen da bolos _ xuTi wlis Semdeg. avtorebi amboben, rom TiTqmis yvela _ 131 bavSvi, ganqorwinebis procesSi, emociur daZabulobas ganicdida. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi iyvnen. isini mSoblebis ganqorwinebaSi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebdnen. maTze ufrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis, mSoblebis ganqorwinebis motivacia ufro gasagebi iyo, magram isini, xSirad, Relavdnen im SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gamo, romelsac mSoblebis ganqorwineba maT momavalze moaxdenda da daufaravad gamoxatavdnen sibrazes. xuTi wlis Semdeg, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom bavSvebis ori mesamedi Sinaur cxovrebasa da valdebulebebs sakmaod kargad umklavdeboda. darCenili mesamedi sakuTari cxovrebiT Zlier ukmayofilo iyo da depresiasa da martoobas ganicdida. valerStainma bavSvTaA imave jgufis Seswavla ganagrZo da, aTi-TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, 131-dan 116 maTgani zrdasrul asakSi gamohkiTxa. gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom mSoblebis ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli mogonebebi da grZnobebi maTY romantikul urTierTobebSic aisaxeba. yovel maTgans miaCnda, rom mSoblebis mier daSvebulma Secdomebma, garkveuli xarisxiT, maTzec imoqmeda. ar aris gasakviri, rom am bavSvebis umravlesoba imaze ocnebobda, rasac maTma mSoblebma ver miaRwies. es myari, urTierTndobaze, siyvarulsa da erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli qorwinebaa. jgufis TiTqmis naxevari _ rogorc qali, ise mamakaci _ zrdasrul asakSi “SfoTavda, warmatebas ver aRwevda, dabali TviTSefaseba hqonda da zogjer agresiulic iyo.” miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani daqorwinda, mSoblebis ganqorwinebis procesi maT verasodes daiviwyes. is, vinc yvelaze metad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, xSirad, erT-erTi an orive mSoblis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda (Wallerstein and Blakeslee 1989). martin riCardsma (1995) gaaanaliza britaneTSi, SeerTebuli StatebSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da sxva qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis monacemebi, bavSvebze mSoblebis gaSorebisa da ganqorwinebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb. is acxadebs, rom am kvlevis Sedegebi saimedoa. erTi socialuri warmomavlobis gaSorebuli an ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebi zrdasrul asakSi umniSvnelod, magram yovelTvis gansxvavdebian im bavSvebisgan, visi mSoblebic erTad cxovroben. isini, saSualod, dabali TviTSefasebiT gamoirCevian da skolaSi uaresi Sedegebi aqvT; zrdasrul asakSi ufro xSirad icvlian samuSaos da ganqorwinebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aReniSnebaT. Tanmimdevrulobis miuxedavad, amgvari Sedegebis interpretacia rTulia. zogierTi bavSvi, romelsac ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi hyavs, skolaSi warmatebulia da arc dabal TviTSefasebas avlens. aseve, bevr bavSvs, romelTa mSoblebi erTad cxovroben, sevdiani bavSvoba aqvs, skolaSi cudad swavlobs da samsaxurSic warumatebelia. kvlevis Sedegebis interpretaciis ZiriTadi sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom problemis xangrZlivi Seswavla warsulze dakvirvebas gulisxmobs. ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebuleba swrafad icvleba. sul ramdenime wlis win, ganqorwineba stigmasTan ufro iyo gaigivebuli, vidre es dRevandel dRes xdeba. ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebulebis garda, mniSvnelovania 15 keTildReobis samsaxuris, sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis, bavSvze zrunvis SesaZleblobisa da sxva faqtorebis gavlena. arsebobs faqtebi, rom wyvilebis gaSoreba da ganqorwineba naklebad sazianoa skandinaviaSi, radgan aq keTildReobis yvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli sistemaa. Tumca es faqtebi ar aris bolomde saimedo. SekiTxva TiTqos martivia: aris Tu ara wyvilebis gaSoreba da ganqorwineba bavSvebisTvis saziano? magram es sakmarisi ar aris. ojaxis bunebis cvlileba ise unda Sefasdes, rom ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad maRalia sazRauri dadebiT mxareebTan mimarTebaSi. SeiZleba is faqti, rom bavSvs orive mSobeli saxeze hyavs, mis cxovrebaSi naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre mSoblebis buneba da maTi qcevis stili. bavSvebi yvelaze warmatebulebi maSin arian, rodesac isini uyvarT, mSoblebi avtoritetiT sargebloben da ara avtoritarulebi arian, da bavSvebis moTxovnilebebs kargad grZnoben (Amato 1993). ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari stilis SenarCuneba, savaraudod, Zneli iqneba. magram aseve saziano SeiZleba aRmoCndes bavSvisTvis erTad mcxovrebi mSoblebis konfliqtebi. erTmSobliani ojaxebi am bolo dros, Zalze gaxSirda erTmSobliani ojaxebi. amgvari ojaxebis umravlesobas qalebi uZRvebian, radgan bavSvze meurveoba, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, Cveulebriv, dedas ekisreba (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, erTmSoblian ojaxSi mSobeli, umetesad qali, aRar qorwindeba). britaneTSi dRes milionze meti erTmSobliani ojaxia da maTi raodenoba izrdeba (ix. cxrili 7.2). xuTidan erTi ojaxi, sadac bavSvebi keTildReobis samsaxurze arian damokidebulni, erTmSobliania. saSualod, es Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvelaze Raribi jgufia. bevri martoxela mSobeli, imis miuxedavad, iyo Tu ara odesme daqorwinebuli, dResac sazogadoebis uaryofiT ganwyobas grZnobs da ekonomikuradac daucvelia. Tumca, warsulSi damkvidrebuli kritikuli terminebi _ “mitovebuli colebi”, “umamo ojaxebi” da “dangreuli ojaxebi” _ nelnela qreba. erTmSobliani ojaxis kategoria Sinaganad mravalgvaria. magaliTad, qvrivi dedebis naxevarze meti sakuTari saxlebis mflobelebi arian, magram martoxela dedebi, romlebic qorwinebaSi arasodes yofilan, daqiravebul binebSi cxovroben. martoxela mSoblis gageba cvlilebas eqvemdebareba da am fenomenis sazRvrebi bundovania. daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi, martoxela mSoblis statusSi gadasvla uecrad xdeba, Tumca, Tu partniori saavadmyofoSi imyofeba, gardacvalebamde garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, meuRle marto cxovrobdes. dRevandeli erTmSobliani ojaxebis 60 procenti wyvilebis gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSva. aseT SemTxvevebSi, adamianebma SeiZleba, sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, erTad sporadulad icxovron. erTi martoxela deda aRniSnavs: martoxela dedis statusSi yofnis Seguebas, Cemi azriT, garkveuli dro sWirdeba. piradad me, es mxolod SarSan davijere; manamde Serigebis imedi mqonda, magram rodesac daqorwinda, xeli Caviqnie. im dros, Zalian cudad vgrZnobdi Tavs, axla ki vTvli, rom 16 saukeTeso ram moxda, Cems cxovrebaSi bevri ram ufro naTeli gaxda. (citirebulia Crow and Hardey – dan, 1992, gv. 149). adamianTa umravlesobas bavSvis marto aRzrda ar surs, magram izrdeba imaTi raodenobac, vinc Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebas bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT, meuRlis an partnioris mxardaWeris gareSe. zogierT martoxela mSobels SegviZlia “nebayoflobiT martoxela deda” vuwodoT. es qalebi, Cveulebriv, ojaxis marTvisTvis saWiro resursebs floben. Tumca ganqorwinebuli Tu qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebis umravlesoba gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis mSoblebi siRaribesa da socialur deprivacias ganicdian. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, gaerTianebul samefoSi vest induri warmomavlobis ojaxebs Soris erTmSobliani ojaxebis simravle swored am gavleniT aixsneba. “saxeze armyofi mama” 1930-ani wlebis bolodan 1970-ian wlebamde periods zogjer “saxeze armyofi mamebis” periods eZaxian. meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis gamo, mamebi Svilebs iSviaTad xedavdnen. omis Semdgom periodSi, qalebis umravlesobas ar hqonda anazRaurebadi samuSao, isini ZiriTadad Sin iyvnen da bavSvebs uvlidnen. ojaxis ZiriTadi marCenali mama iyo da, Sesabamisad, mTel dRes gareT, samuSaoze atarebda; is bavSvebs mxolod saRamoobiT da uqmeebze xedavda. ukanasknel wlebSi, ganqorwinebis maCveneblisa da erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrdis Sedegad, “saxeze armyofi mamis” Temam axali datvirTva SeiZina. amJamad saxeze armyof mamas, wyvilis gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis Sedegad, SvilebTan iSviaTi kontaqti aqvs an saerTod ara aqvs kavSiri. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia msoflios masStabiT, amitom am Temam intensiuri debatebi gamoiwvia. umamo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda socialuri problemebis mravalgvarobiT aixsneba, danaSauliT dawyebuli da keTildReobis samsaxurze damokidebulebiT damTavrebuli. diskusiaze, romelic gaerTianebul samefoSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaimarTa, didi gavlena iqonies amerikelma avtorebma. devid blenkenhorni wignSi “Fatherless America” (1995) acxadebs, rom is sazogadoebebi, romlebsac ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, mxolod umamobis problemas ki ar ganicdian, aramed am qveynebSi, SesaZloa, Tavad mamobis idea aRmoifxvras. es movlena socialur Sedegebs gamoiwvevs, radgan, amJamad, bevr bavSvs ar hyavs ojaxSi iseTi pirovneba, romelic avtoritetiT sargeblobs da SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTos. dRemde, nebismier sazogadoebaSi, qorwineba da mamoba seqsualuri da agresiuli energiis gamovlenis saSualeba iyo. am fenomenebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, energia danaSaulsa da sisastikeSi gamovlindeba. rogorc blenkenhornis wignis erT-erTi mimomxilveli aRniSnavs: “sjobs, gyavdes mama, romelic cudi samsaxuridan Sin dabrundeba da televizoris win luds dalevs, vidre saerTod ar gyavdes mama” (The Economist, 8 aprili, 1995, gv. 121). 17 marTlac asea, ara? saxeze armyofi mamebis Tema ufro zogad sakiTxs _ bavSvebze ganqorwinebis gavlenas – ukavSirdeba. aq, rogorc vnaxeT, xelmisawvdomi faqtebi naTel suraTs ar qmnis. rogorc igive mimomxilveli ambobs: ”gana cudi mamebi cud vaJiSvilebs ar zrdian? zogierTi mama ojaxisTvis xom uvargisia?” am mosazrebas SvedeTSi moZiebuli faqtebi adasturebs (es dasavleT evropaSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelSic, 1970 wlis mere, Sobadoba gaizarda). SvedeTSi dabadebuli bavSvebis naxevarze mets qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebi hyavT (ix. cxrili 7.2). ocidan cxramets ojaxSi mama elodeba, magram bevri maTgani mamis gareSe gaizrdeba, radgan SvedeTSi qorwinebaTa naxevari ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba, da dauqorwinebeli mSoblebi, daqorwinebulebTan SedarebiT, samjer ufro xSirad Sordebian. 1994 wels, SvedeTSi erTmSoblian ojaxebSi bavSvebis 20 procenti cxovrobda. SvedeTSi warmoebuli kvlevis mixedviT, umamoba socialur problemebs ar warmoSobs. gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi, danaSaulsa da Zaladobas ara ojaxi, aramed siRaribe ganapirobebs. SvedeTis keTldReobis samsaxuri erTmSoblian ojaxebs uxvad afinansebs, amitom maT siRaribe ar emuqrebaT. 1994 wels, SvedeTSi bavSvebis mxolod 6,4 procenti cxovrobda iseT ojaxebSi, romelTa Semosavali saSualo Semosavlis naxevarze naklebi iyo, rac britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebze gacilebiT dabali maCvenebelia (The Economist, 9 seqtemberi, 1995). cxrili 7.2 qorwinebaSi armyofTa Sobadobis da martoxela mSoblebis saerTSoriso Sedareba qorwinebaSi armyofi procentuli maCvenebeli qveyana 1960 gaerTianebuli 5 samefo SeerTebuli 5 Statebi kanada 4 dania 8 safrangeTi 6 germania 6 italia 2 holandia 1 SvedeTi 11 qalebis Sobadobis 1990 28 erTmSobliani ojaxebis procentuli maCvenebeli 1960 1988 6 13 28 9 23 24 46 30 11 6 11 47 9 17 9 8 n.a 9 9 15 20 12 14 n.a 15 15 wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis statistikuri mimoxilva, 1993; konstans sorentino, “ojaxis cvlileba saerTaSoriso perspeqtivaSi”, Monthly Labor Review (marti, 1990), gv. 41-58. sara maklanahenisa da gari sandeferis wignidan “aRzrda martoxela mSoblis mier: ra gtkens guls, ra gexmareba” (Harvard University Press 1994). 18 xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi xelaxali qorwineba meore qorwinebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoebebi axldes. zogierTi meored daqorwinebuli wyvili oc wels aris gadacilebuli da bavSvi ar yavs. rodesac meored ocdaaTamde, ormocamde an ormocdaaT wlamde asakis wyvili qorwindeba, maT SeiZleba pirveli qorwinebidan erTi an meti Svili yavdes, romelic mSobelTan da mis axal partniorTan erTad qorwindeba, mas iwyebs cxovrebas. Tu meored asakovani adamiani SeiZleba zrdasruli Svilebi yavdes, romlebic mSoblis axladSeqmnil ojaxTan erTad arasodes isurveben dasaxlebas. Svilebi axali qorwinebis Semdegac Cndebian. erT-erTi partniori manamde SeiZleba dauqorwinebeli, ganqorwinebeli an qvrivi iyos. aq kidev rva kombinacia aris SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, meore qorwinebis ganzogadebul gagebas sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, Tumca arsebobs zogadi sayuradRebo Tvalsazrisebi. 1900 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi yvela qorwinebaTa, daaxloebiT, cxra meaTedi, pirveli qorwineba iyo. umravles meored daqorwinebul wyvilebs Soris erT-erTi maTgani qvrivi gaxldaT. ganqorwinebis maCveneblis zrdasTan erTad, meore qorwinebaTa ricxvmac imata; meored, ZiriTadad, ganqorwinebuli adamianebi qorwindebodnen. 1960-ian wlebSi meore qorwinebaTa raodenoba swrafad gaizarda, 1980-ian-1990-ain wlebSi ki ricxvma sul ufro imata. dRes asidan 28 wyvilis SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi maTgani meored aris daqorwinebuli. 35 wlamde asakis meored daqorwinebuli wyvilebi, ZirTadad, ganqorwinebuli adamianebi arian. 35 wlis zemoT asakis wyvilebSi qvrivebis raodenoba izrdeba, 55 wlis asakisTvis ki, meored daqorwinebul ganqorwinebul wyvilebs, proporciulad, meored daqorwinebuli qvrivebi aWarbeben. rogor ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, orive sqesis SemTxvevaSi, manamde qorwinebaSi myofi adamianebi ufro advilad qorwindebian. asakobrovi jgufis ganqorwinebuli adamianebi, savaraudod, ufro qorwindebian, vidre imave asakobrivi jgufis qorwinebaSi armyofi adamianebi. yvela asakobriv doneze, ganqorwinebuli mamakacebi, ganqorwinebul qalebTan SedarebiT, meored ufro xSirad qorwindebian. oTx ganqorwinebul qals Soris meored sami qali qorwindeba, eqvs ganqorwinebul mamakacs Soris ki xuTi mamakaci. statistikuri monacemebiT, meore qorwineba, pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, naklebad warmatebulia. meore qorwinebis Semdeg ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli qorwinebis Semdeg. es imas ar niSnavs, rom meore qorwineba yovelTvis ganwirulia. ganqorwinebuli adamianebi qorwinebisgan ufro mets elian, vidre is, vinc qorwinebaSi arasodes yofila. meored daqorwinebuli adamianebi, savaraudod, ufro advilad arRveven saqorwino kavSirs, vidre erTxel daqorwinebuli adamianebi. magram stabiluri kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, 19 wyvilebi meore qorwinebiT, saSualod, pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, ufro kmayofilebi arian. ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs amgvar ojaxebSi, erT_erTi mSobeli dedinacvali, an maminacvalia. aseTi ojaxebis ricxvi gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre es oficialuri xelmisawvdomi statistikiT fiqsirdeba, radgan aq mxolod is ojaxebia aRnusxuli, romlebSic bavSvi cxovrobs. bevri meored daqorwinebuli adamiani gerTan erTad saerTo ojaxSi ar cxovrobs, magram bavSvi mas regularulad estumreba. iseTi ojaxebic arsebobs, romlebSic mSoblebi naSvileb bavSvebs zrdian. brenda medoqsis gamoTvlebis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi gaSvilebuli bavSvebis erT mesameds dedinacvali, an maminacvali yavda. britaneTSi es maCvenebeli ufro dabalia, magram is sul ufro izrdeba. aRmzrdeli mSoblebi bavSvis sakuTar Svilad aRiarebis gziT ararsebuli genetikuri kavSiris Sevsebas cdiloben. maT naSvileb bavSvebze kanonieri uflebebi da maT winaSe garkveuli valdebulebebi aqvT. dedinacvalsa da maminacvals aseTi valdebul;ebebi ara aqvs, amitom qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, maTi bavSvebTan urTierToba mTavrdeba. umravles qveynebSi moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad, aseT ojaxSi biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis, an wyvilis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, dedinacvals an maminacvals bavSvze meurveobis ufleba ara aqvs, maSinac ki, Tu bavSvi dedinacvlaTan an maminacvalTan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda. biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis dros , Tu meore biologiur mSobels bavSvze meurveoba surs, mas, samarTlebrivad, dedinacvalze da maminacvalze gacilebiT ufro meti uflebebi aqvs. iseT ojaxebSi, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali yavT, garkveuli problemebi iCens Tavs. pirvel rigSi, rogorc wesi, meore biologiuri mSobelic arsebobs, romelic calke cxovrobs da bavSvze, an bavSvebze garkveuli gavlena aqvs. meore, rodesac ganqorwinebuli wyvilidan erT-erTi meored qorwindeba, es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis daZabvas iwvevs. magaliTad, orSvilian, qals SeiZleba orSviliani qmari yavdes da mTeli ojaxi erTad cxovrobdes. Tu biologiuri mSoblebi bavSvebTan Sexvedras Zveleburi ganrigis mixedviT moiTxoven, es axladSeqmnil ojaxs problemebs Seuqmnis. magaliTad, axali ojaxi ver SeZlebs uqmeebis erTad gatarebas. mesame, bavSvs, misi warmomavlobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ojaxSi misaRebi qcevis Sesaxeb dedinacvlisgan, an maminacvlisgan gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba qondes. amgvari bavSvebis umravlesoba or ojaxad izrdeba, rac gansxvavebuli Cvevebisa da Tvalsazrisebis gamo, urTierTobis daZabvas iwvevs. erTi dedinacvali aRgviwers problemebs, romelTa gamo is partniors daSorda: sul danaSaulis grZnoba mtanjavda. rogorc sakuTar Svils ise ver moeqcevi, radgan mere Tavs damnaSaved grZnob. magram rodesac cudad iqceva, normaluri reaqcia gaqvs da brazob. Semdeg Tavs amis gamoc damnaSaved grZnob. sul imas SiSob, bavSvs usamarTlod ar moeqce. me da mamamiss bevr sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gvqonda uTamxmoeba. disciplinis damyarebas Tu vcdilobdi, meubneboda Tavs mabezrebo. is arasodes ar sayvedurobda, 20 me ki sul Tavs vabezrebdi... mindoda bavSvis cxovrebaSi siaxle Semetana, sicariele Semevso, SeiZleba sakmarisad moqnili ar var. (Smith 1990 gv. 42) dedinacvlis, an maminacvlisa da geris urTierTobis dasaxasiaTeblad ramdenime dadgenili norma arsebobs. bavSma maT saxeliT unda mimarTos, Tu jobs deda, an mama dauZaxos? dedinacvalma da maminacvalma bavSvis disciplinaze iseve unda izrunos, rogorc misma biologiurma mSobelma? rogor unda moeqces dedinacvali, an maminacvali misi yofili partnioris axal meuRles, rodesac is bavSvebs wasayvanad miakiTxavs? bevr amerikul gazeTSi ibeWdeba sveti saxelwodebiT “Zvirfaso ebi”, romelic problemebze saubars eTmoba. qvemoT am svetSi dabeWdil werilebs warmogidgenT. Zvirfaso ebi, erTi wlis win tedze davqorwindi. misi coli (maqsini) gardaicvala. mas ori, eqvsi da rva wlis, bavSvi darCa. es Cemi pirveli qorwinebaa. maqsini gardaicvala, amitom teds, Cemi azriT, mis naTesavebTan aRaraferi akavSirebs. tedi ki ambobs, rom maqsinis ded-mama yovelTvis misi sidedri da simamri iqneba. mSoblebi mec myavs, maS, Cems mSoblebs ra funqcia eqnebaT? adamians, erTdroulad, mxolod erTi didedri da simamri unda yavdes, Cemi mSoblebi bebiad da babuadac unda CaiTvalon, magram ase aravin fiqrobs. bebia da babua maqsinis mSoblebi arian. Cems mSoblebs “mama pitsa” da “deda meris” eZaxian. Tqveni azriT, es samarTliania... es problema rogor movagvaro” [xels awers gasaWirSi myofi rZali] Zvirfaso gasaWirSi myofo rZalo, marTalia, teqnikurad tedi maqsinis mSoblebis siZe aRar aris, girCev, am sakiTxs teqnikurad ar miudge. tedis yofil sidedrsa da simamrs da mis Svilebs erTmaneTTan bevri ram akavSirebT, amitom gonivruli iqneba, Tu am kavSirs xels ar SeuSli. es kavSiri manam arsebobda, vidre Sen tedze daqorwindi. bebia da babua samudamod bebia da babuaa. (Vischer and Vischer 1979, gv. 132) ojaxebSi, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali yavT, dasavluri sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli axali naTesauri kavSirebi yalibdeba. Tumca problema, romlis gamo gasaWirSi myofi rZali ebis mimarTavs, Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Sua saukuneebis evropasa da tradiciul sazogadoebebSic. ganqorwinebis Semdeg meored Seqmnil ojaxSi axali sirTuleebi iwyeba. ojaxis wevrebi maTTvis manamde ucnob garemoebebs ergebian. dRes zogierTi avtori binuklearul ojaxze saubrobs. ori ojaxi, bavSvebis gamo, ganqorwinebis Semdeg erT ojaxur sistemas qmnis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvarad organizebuli SesaZlebeli ojaxuri kavSirebi da variaciebi Zalze bevria. magaliTad, ganqorwinebuli, orSviliani col-qmari meored qorwindeba. cols axladSeqmnil ojaxSi Tavisi orive Svili miyavs, sadac SeiZleba meore qmris erTi an meti bavSvi cxovrobdes. misi yofili meuRlec Svilebian qalze qorwindeba da maTTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas. am sistemaSi CarTuli oTxive adamiani sakuTar SvilebTan da gerebTan regularul urTierTobas ganagrZobs, imis miuxedavad, vin visTan erTad cxovrobs. am urTierTobas sxva naTesauri kavSirebic mosdevs, magaliTad, yofili meuRlis mSoblebTan. garda amisa, meore qorwinebis Sedegad axali bavSvebi Cndebian; aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rim qorwinebis rRvevis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxi, mTlianobaSi, ar iSleba. Tu wyvils Svilebi yavs, meore qorwinebis 21 Sedegad saxecvlili ojaxuri kavSirebi mainc ar ikargeba. urTierTobebis miuxedavad, Zveli davemSvidoboT bavSvebs? 1976 wels, britanuli ojaxis formirebis kvlevis mizniT, Catarebuli gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom im dros qalebis mxolod 1 procents ar surda dedoba. amis sapirispirod, mosaxleobis aRwerisa da Seswavlis ofisis mier warmodgenil angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom 1960-dan 1990 wlamde dabadebuli qalebis 20 procenti, sakuTari surviliT, uSvilo iqneba. britaneTSi mcxovrebi qalebi bavSvTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebas sxva motivaciebis – warmatebuli samuSaosa da piradi cxovrebis avtonimiurobis konteqstSi ganixilaven. Sobadobis maCvenebeli TiTqmis yvela sxva dasavlur qveyenaSic ecema (cxrili 7.3). uSvilo qali sevdian SinaberasTan aRar asocirdeba. daqorwinebulma, Tu qowinebaSi armyofma qalma, Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, SeiZleba Tavad Tqvas uari dedobaze. Tumca zogjer amgvar gadawyvetilebas uaryofiTi mizezebic ganapirobebs. keTidReobis samsaxuris mier, dekretSi myofi dedisTvisa da bavSvisTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, warmatebuli karieris pirobebSi, gamomuSavebul Semosavalze gacilebiT naklebia. zogierTma qalma bavSvis gaCenaze Tavi SeiZleba imis gamo Seikavos, rom SesaZlebeli ganqorwinebisa da siRaribis SeeSindes. cxrili erT qalze gaTvlili Sobadobis maCvenebeli italia espaneTi saberZneTi germania portugalia evropuli gaerTianeba (12 saxelmwifo) luqsemburgi holandia belgia dania safrangeTi gaerTianebuli samefo 22 irlandia cxrili 7.3 Sobadobis maCvenebeli evropuli gaerTianebis qveynebSi, 1960 da 1990 wyaro: Eurostat 1993. Sociology Review. noemberi 1995 (Philip Allan Publishers), gv. 34 sakuTar momavalTan mimarTebaSi es tendenciebi qalmac da mamakacmac unda gaiTvaliswinos. Tqvenc xom ar ganacxadebT, rom Svilebi arasodes gendomebaT? aT-TxuTmet weliwadSi isev ase iqnebiT ganwyobili? ojaxis bneli mxare ojaxsa da naTesaur kavSirebs nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, amitom ojaxi emociuri gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. ojaxuri – col-qmruli, mSoblebisa da Svilebis, da-Zmebis, an Soreul naTesavebs Soris arsebuli – urTierTobebi SeiZleba Tbili da srulyofili iyos. magram daZabuli urTierTobebic arsebobs, romelTa gamo adamianebs sasowarkveTileba, danaSaulis grZnoba da SfoTva euflebaT. ojaxis “bneli mxare” sakmaod Zlieria da is satelevizio reklamebsa da popularul mediaSi, vardisfer ferebSi gamosaxul, ojaxis harmoniul imijs ewinaaRmdegeba. ojaxis damTrgunveli mxare mraval aspeqtSi, magaliTad, konfliqtebsa da erTmaneTisadmi mtrul damokidebulebaSi, vlindeba. am procesebs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganqorwinebamde mivyavarT. amis gamo adamianebi ojaxur urTierTobebs, xSirad, fsiqikur daavadebas ukavSireben. konfliqturi ojaxuri urTierTobebis yvelaze mZime Tanmxlebi garemobebi, incesti da ojaxuri Zaladobaa. bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba farTod gavrcelebuli movlenaa da, ZiriTadad, ojaxSi vlindeba. bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba zrdasruli adamianebis mier (britaneTSi srulwlovan asakad Teqvsmeti weli iTvleba) arasrulwlovan bavSvebTan ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri aqtia. incesti axlo naTesavebs Soris damyarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria. incesti yovelTvis ar aris bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba. magaliTad, daZmas Soris seqsualuri kavSiri incestia, magram mas Zaladobas ver vuwodebT. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis dros, zrdasruli adamiani bavSvs seqsualuri mizniT uwevs eqspluatacias (Ennew 1986). magram incestis yvelaze gavrclebuli forma _ mamebisa da mcirewlovani qaliSvilebis seqsualuri kavSiri _ seqsualur Zaladobasac gulisxmobs. incesti da bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis fenomeni gasuli aTi-oci wlis win “aRmoaCines.” rasakvirvelia, amgvari seqsualuri aqtebi manamdec xorcieldeboda, magram socialuri mkvlevrebis azriT, aseTi qceva mkacrad iyo dagmobili da amitom Zalze iSviaTad iCenda Tavs. dRes sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SemaSfoTebeli sixSiriT vlindeba. is, savaraudod, dabali klasis ojaxebSi ufro iCens Tavs, magram socialuri ierarqiis yvela doneze arsebobs. 23 amis gamo, dRes, am problemas keTildReobis saagentoebisa da policiis mxridan ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba. magram aSkaraa, rom statistika realur suraTs srulad ar asaxavs. 1980-ian wlebSi, britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, qalebis erTi mesamedi bavSvobaSi seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli aRmoCnda. es imas niSnavs, rom maT gamoscades arasasurveli seqsualuri urTierToba. mamrobiTi sqesis msxverplTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 10 procentia (Russel 1984). aSkarad gamovlenili seqsualuri Zaladobis buneba martivia, magram sruli suraTis dadgena sakmaod rTulia an SeuZlebelic ki, radgan am qmedebis interpretacia mravali formiT aris SesaZlebeli. zogadi gansazRvreba mravalgvar interpretacias gulisxmobs. yvelaze gavrcelebuli formulireba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “seqsualurad momwifebuli adamianis mier bavSvis iseT aqtivobaSi CarTva, romelic am adamianis seqsualur aRgznebas gamoiwvevs. es SeiZleba urTierToba, Sexeba, seqsualuri organoebis demonstrireba, pornografiuli masalis Cveneba, an erotikuli saubari iyos.” (citirebulia Taylor, 1992, gv. 26-7). Tumca, zogadad, bavSvze Zaladobis, kerZod, seqsualuri Zaladobis sayovelTaod dadgenil definiciasTan dakavSirebiT, verc mkvlevrebi SeTanxmdnen da verc sasamarTlo. 1989 wlis bavSvebis kanonmdeblobis seqciaSi Semdegi saxis ganmartebaa mocemuli: jansaRi mzrunvelobis naklebobiT gamowveuli “mniSvnelovani ziani” – magram, ra igulisxmeba “mniSvnelovan zianSi,” sakmaod bundovania. bavSvTa dacvis erovnuli sazogadoeba Zaladobis oTx kategorias gamoyofs: “gulgrili damokidebuleba,” “fizikuri Zaladoba,” “emociuri Zaladoba” da “seqsualuri Zaladoba.” seqsualuri Zaladoba, “zrdasruli adamianis seqsualuri dakmayofilebis mizniT, bavSvsa da zrdasrul adamians Soris ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri kontaqtia.” (Lyon and de Cruz 1993). 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Sua 1990-ian wlebamde, britaneTSi bavSvebze Zaladobis daaxloebiT ormoci SemTxveva iqna Seswavlili. yvelaze didi diskusia 1987 wlis klivlendis SemTxvevam gamoiwvia. am saqmeSi ori eqimi, marieta higsi da jefri viati, monawileobdnen. maT am regionSi ramdenime bavSvi daafiqsires, romlebzec ojaxebSi seqsualuri Zaladoba xorcieldeboda. rodesac socialurma muSakebma bavSvebi mSoblebs daaSores, mSoblebma protesti gamoTqves da sakuTari udanaSaulobis mtkicebas Seudgnen. policiis eqimebma diagnozi ar daadastures da am Temaze debatebma mTeli qveyana moicva, mravali statia gaCnda presaSic. 26 bavSvze ganxorcielebuli ZaladobisTvis Tormet ojaxs hqonda wayenebuli braldeba, maTi udanaSauloba klivlendis socialuri samsaxuris direqtormac daadastura. aseTi SemTxvevebi Zlier emociur vnebaTa Relvas iwvevs. moZaladeebi, Cveulebriv, braldebas kategoriulad uaryofen. meore mxriv, ojaxis wevrebis usafuZvlo braldeba Zlier emociur tkivils iwvevs. 24 ratom miipyro incestma da bavSvze seqsualurma Zaladobam, ase uecrad, sazogadoebis yuradReba? es, albaT, nawilobriv imis bralia, rom am Temaze warsulSi arsebuli tabus gamo, keTildReobis samsaxuris muSakebi da socialuri mkvlevrebi, bavSvebsa Tu mSoblebs am sakiTxebze Tamamad ver esaubrebodnen. bavSvze Zaladobis problebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi interesis gaRvivebaSi mniSvnelovani roli qalTa moZraobam Seasrula da es sakiTxi seqsualuri Zaladobisa da eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli farTo kampaniis erT-erT elementad iqca. rodesac mkvlevrebma bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis saeWvo SemTxvevebis gamoZieba daiwyes, kidev ufro meti danaSauli gamoaSkaravda. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SeerTebul StatebSi “aRmoaCines” da mas mere is saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis fenomeni gaxda (La Fontaine 1990). Znelia zustad gansazRvro, bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis ramdeni SemTxveva ukavSirdeba incests, magram maTi umravlesoba ojaxSi xdeba. incesturi kavSirisa da seqsualuri aqtis buneba erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. kvlevebis umravlesoba adasturebs, rom incestis SemTxvevaTa 70-80 procenti mamisa da qaliSvilis, an maminacvlisa da geris urTierTobas gulisxmobs. Tumca, biZisa da Zmis Svilis an dis Svilis, da-Zmis, mamisa da vaJiSvilis, dedisa da bavSvis, da babuisa da SviliSvilis SemTxvevebic arsebobs. incesturi kontaqti zogjer xanmoklea. zrdasruli adamiani aseT dros bavSvis seqsualur organebs exeba an bavSvs aiZulebs, mis genitaliebs Seexos. arsebobs ufro eqstensiuri kavSirebic, romlebic SeiZleba ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ganmeordes. incestis msxverplni, Cveulebriv, or wels zemoT asakis bavSvebi arian, magram dafiqsirebulia Cvil bavSvebTan ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri aqtebis SemTxvevebic. zogjer, erTsa da imave ojaxur jgufSi incestis ramdenime SemTxveva arsebobs. magaliTad, erTi kvlevis daskvnaSi aRwerilia SemTxveva, romelSic mamas erTdroulad hqonda seqsualuri kavSiri 14 wlis qaliSvilTan da 13 wlis vaJiSvilTan. vaJiSvils ki, Tavis mxriv, dasTan da meore ZmasTan hqonda seqsualuri urTierToba. dedam am aqtivobebis Sesaxeb yvelaferi icoda, magram, qmris SiSiT, Sesabamis samsaxurs ar Seatyobina. Zaladobis Sesaxeb mxolod maSin gaxda cnobili, rodesac mama qaliSvilis fizikuri Seuracxyofis gamo daapatimres (CIBA Foundation 1984, gv. 128). incestis bevri SemTxveva Zaladobas ukavSirdeba. bavSvebi zogjer sakuTari surviliT monawileoben, magram es iSviaTi SemTxvevaa. bavSvi seqsualuri arsebaa. is sakmaod xSirad erTveba msubuq seqsualur TamaSebSi, an sxva bavSvze dakvirvebiT iZens axal gamocdilebas. magram ojaxis zrdasruli wevrebis mier bavSvebTan damyarebuli seqsualuri kontaqti, bavSvTa umravlesobisTvis damTrgunveli da samarcxvino procesia. Zalian didi masala arsebobs, romelic adasturebs, rom bavSvebze seqsuluri Zaladobis Sedegebi maTze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi axdens gavlenas. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom meZavebis, qurdebis, saxlidan gaqceuli mozardebisa da narkotikebis momxmareblebis sakmaod did wilze 25 warsulSi seqsualuri Zaladoba ganxorcielda. Tumca, amgvari kavSiris sixSire imas ar niSnavs, rom am qmedebis mizezi mxolod Zaladobaa. am kategoriis adamianebi seqsuluri Zaladobis msxverplni aRmoCdnen, magram mainc ver ganvacxadebT, rom maTi qceva ZaladobiT aris gamowveuli. aq, savarudod, sxva mravali faqtori, ojaxuri konfliqtebi, mSoblis mxridan bavSvisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba da fizikuri Zaladoba, moqmedebs. ganmartebebi imisTvis, rom ganvmartoT, Tu ratom iCens Tavs incesti, an ufro zogadad, seqsualuri Zaladoba, ori sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli, ratom uCndeba zrdasrul adamians bavSvebTan seqsualuri aqtivobis ganxorcielebis survili da, meore, ratom arian moZaladeebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebi? aqtebisa da urTierTobebis mravalgvari bunebidan gamomdinare, orive Tema kompleqsur sakiTxebs wamoWris. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moZaladeebs Soris fsiqikurad daavadebul adamians iSviaTad SexvdebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zrdasrulTa mxridan bavSvebTan seqsualuri kontaqtis damyarebis survili fsiqikuri moSlilobiT ar aixsneba. moZaladeTa umravlesoba, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebTan seqsualur urTierTobas upiratesobas ar aniWebs. es, albaT, ufro xelmisawvdomobiT da Zaluflebis SegrZnebiT aixsneba. ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi sxva ojaxis wevrebze arian damokidebulni, isini mSoblebis moTxovnebsa da zewolaze mtkivneulad reagireben. zrdasruli adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar SvilebTan incestur kavSirs amyareben, xSirad, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan urTierTobaSi gaubedavi, mouqneli da araadekvaturi pirovnebebi arian. zogierT maTgans seqsualuri impulsebi ar akmayofilebs da iseT SegrZnebebs eZiebs, romlebzec sxvagan xeli ar miuwvdeba. amitomac moZaladeTa umravlesoba mamakacebia. me-5 TavSi “genderi da seqsualoba” Cven mamakacTa araeqspresiulobaze vimsjeleT. sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatva bevr mamakacs uWirs. am fenomens, albaT, Rrma fsiqologiuri safuZveli aqvs. mamakaci grZnobebis gamoxatvas uSualod seqsualobas ukavSirebs, qali ki ufro mTlian urTierTobebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. mamakacebisTvis seqsualoba Zalauflebis SegrZnebasa da partnioris misdami daqvemdebarebasTan asocirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, mamakacebisTvis, qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, zrdasruli adamianebis seqsualobasa da bavSvebisadmi seqsualur ltolvas Soris naklebi gansxvavebaa. bavSvze Zaladobis erT-erTi wamyvani specialistis, devid finkelhoris gancxadebiT, amgvari interpretaciiT SeiZleba imis gansazRvrac, Tu ra socialuri da fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi dagvexmareba bavSvebis seqsualur eqspluataciasTan brZolaSi: pirvel rigSi, mamakacebma siyvaruli da masze damokidebulebis SegrZneba iseT urTierTobebSi unda gamoscadon, romelic seqss ar gulisxmobs; vTqvaT, mamakacis mamakacTan megobroba da interaqcia, romelic bavSvebze zrunvas moiTxovs. meore, mamakacebi unda darwmundnen, rom heteroseqsualuri seqsi mamakacuri srulyofilebis adekvaturobis kriteriumi ar aris. mesame, mamakacebma unda iswavlon Tanaswor partniorTan siamovnebis miReba. mamakacebi, romelTac qalebTan srulyofili 26 seqsualuri urTierToba aqvT, savaraudod, bavSvebis seqsualur eqspluatacias ar Seecdebian. rodesac mamakacebis urTierToba qalebTan icvleba, aseve icvleba maTi urTierToba bavSvebTan (Finkelhor 1984, gv. 13). Zaladoba ojaxSi ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis iniciatorebic, ZiriTadad, mamakacebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladoba erTi ojaxis wevris mier sxva, erT an ramdenime, ojaxis wevrze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri Zaladobaa. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom Zaladobis msxverplni, ZiriTadad, am SemTxvevaSic, bavSvebi, gansakuTrebiT, mcirewlovani, eqvs welze naklebi asakis, bavSvebi arian. Zaladobis meore gavrcelebuli tipi qmris mier colze ganxorcielebuli Zaladobaa. Tumca, ojaxSi fizikuri moZalade zogjer qalia, romelic qmarsa da mcirewlovan Svilebs sastikad epyroba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvelaze saxifaTo adgili ojaxia. statistikuri monacemebiT, nebismieri asakisa da sqesis pirovnebas Tavs fizikurad Sin ufro esxmian, vidre RamiT quCaSi. gaerTianebul samefoSi, oTxi mkvlelobidan erT SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis erTi wevri meores klavs. amboben, rom ojaxSi qalebi qmrisa da Svilebis mimarT iseTive sisastikiT gamoirCevian, rogorc mamakacebi. zogierTi gamokiTxva adasturebs, rom colebi qmrebs TiTqmis iseTive sixSiriT urtyamen, rogorc qmrebi colebs. magram qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro TavSekavebulebi arian, maT mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba epizodur xasiaTs atarebs da, savaraudod, naklebad iwvevs xangrZliv fizikur zians. “colebis cemas” – qmrebis mier colebis mudmiv fizikur Seuracxyofas _ ekvivalenti ar gaaCnia. mamakacebi, romlebic Svilebs mudmivad cemen, maT ufro xangrZliv zians ayeneben, vidre qalebi. ratom aris ojaxuri Zaladoba ase gavrcelebuli? amas sxvadasxva faqtorebi ganapirobebs. erT-erTi faqtori ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli emociuri intensiurobisa da pirovnuli intimurobis nazavia. ojaxuri kavSirebi, Cveulebriv, Zlier emociebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aq erTmaneTSia aRreuli siyvaruli da siZulvili. ojaxSi dawyebuli konfliqti antagonizms warmoSobs, sxva socialur konetqstSi ki es naklebad igrZnoba. erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo incidenti, SesaZloa, meuRleebs an mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris seriozuli mtrobis mizezi gaxdes. sxva qalebis eqscentriuli qcevis mimarT tolerantuli mamakaci, SesaZloa, saSinlad gaRiziandes, Tu misi coli wveulebaze Zalian bevrs isaubrebs, an misTvis arasasurvel, pirad informacias gaamJRavnebs. meore faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zaladobas ojaxSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iTmenen da zogjer dadebiTadac ki afaseben. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialurad sanqcirebuli ojaxuri Zaladoba SedarebiT SezRuduli xasiaTisaa, is SeiZleba ufro Seuracxmyofel formebSi gadaizardos. britaneTSi ver naxav bavSvs, romelic erT-erT mSobels, Tundac msubuqad, arasodes ucemia. amgvar qmedebas sxva adamianebi, Cveulebriv, dadebiTad afaseben da mas “Zaladobad” ar Tvlian. magram, Tu bavSvs maRaziaSi ucnobi adamiani daartyams im mizeziT, rom mis 27 naTqvams an saqciels ar moiwonebs, es SemTxveva sxvagvarad Sefasdeba. Tumca, bavSvi orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairad zaraldeba. meuRleebs Soris Zaladoba warsulSic dadebiTad fasdeboda. ojaxuri Zaladoba kulturulad misaRebi fenomeni rom iyo, es kargad gaJRerda Zvel xalxur simReraSi: qals, cxensa da xes rac mets urtyam, miT ukeTes Sedegs iReb. samsaxurSi da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, SesaZloa, vinme gamaRizianeblad moiqces, magram, wesebis mixedviT, fizikuri Seuracxyofis miyeneba yvela adamians ekrZaleba. ojaxSi sxva mdgomareobaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, bevr wyvils miaCnia, rom garkveul garemoebebSi, meuRles SeuZlia cols an qmars daartyas. orive sqesis oTxi amerikelidan erTi Tvlis, rom qmars ufleba aqvs cols daartyas. SedarebiT nakleb raodenobas miaCnia, rom amgvarad SeiZleba qalic moiqces (Greenblat 1983). ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba Zaladobrivi qcevis ufro farTo nimuSebs avlens. qmrebs, romlebic colebsa da Svilebs sastikad eqcevian, Zaladobrivi qmedeba warsulSic aqvT Cadenili. jefri feganma, sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, nacemi colebis erovnuli SerCeviTi erToblioba Seiswavla da daadgina, rom maTi qmrebis naxevarze meti sxvebs da yofil partniorebsac sastikad eqceodnen. 80 procentze meti, ojaxis gareT ganxorcielebuli ZaladobisTvis, erTxel mainc iyo patimrobaSi namyofi (Fagan et al. 1983). qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi komunebi ojaxs, didi xania, bevri adamiani akritikebs. mecxramete saukuneSi, mraval moazrovnes miaCnda, rom ojaxi Tanacxovrebis ufro komunaluri formebiT unda Seicvalos. zogierTi idea ganxorcielda kidec. amis erTerTi saukeTeso magaliTi, mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, axal inglisSi daarsebuli oneidas Temia. is jon hamfri noisis religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze Seiqmna. TemSi mcxovrebi yvela mamakaci da qali erTmaneTze iyo daqorwinebuli da TiToeuli maTgani Temis bavSvebis mSoblad iTvleboda. garkveuli sirTuleebis gadalaxvis Semdeg, Temi gafarTovda da mis SemadgenlobaSi samasi adamiani gaerTianda. Temma daaxloebiT ocdaaTi weli iarseba, Semdeg ki daiSala. mas Semdeg britaneTsa da sxva dasavlur qveynebSi bevri komuna daarsda. axali komunaluri jgufebis simravliT 1960-iani wlebi gamoirCeoda. Temebi Tavisufal seqsualur urTierTobebsa da bavSvebis erTobliv aRzrdas qadagebdnen. amgvari komunebi, mcire raodenobiT, dResac arsebobs. komunaluri saojaxo cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove magaliTi israelSi gavrcelebuli kibucizmia. kibucizmi ojaxebisa da individebisgan Semdgari Temia, romelSic adamianebi bavSvebis aRzrdaSi erToblivad monawileoben. kibucizmi, Tavidan, umetesad fermaSi momuSave 28 koleqtiuri sawarmo iyo, magram dRes amgvari Temebi industriul warmoebaSic gaCnda. israelSi 240-ze meti kibucizmia, romlebic 100 000 wevrs aerTianebs. mcire, ormocdaaTwevriani jgufebic arsebobs, zogierTi Temi ki SeiZleba 2 000 wevrisgan Sedgebodes. yoveli kibuci erTi ojaxis msgavsad moqmedebs, bavSvze zrunva mTel Tems ekisreba da ara erT calkeul ojaxs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi ara mSoblebTan, aramed specialur “bavSvTa saxlebSi” cxovroben, uqmeebs ki sakuTar ojaxebSi atareben. kibucizmi Tavidan radikaluri mosazrebiT dafuZnda. sakuTrebis komunaluri floba da bavSvebis erToblivi aRzrda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualisturi da konkurentuli garemosTvis Tavis aridebas isaxavda miznad. kibucizmis mimdevrebi am idealebs uaryofdnen. magram umravlesobisTvis, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, adreul safexurze arsebuli ideebi ufro misaRebi sacxovrebeli pirobebiT Seicvala. magaliTad, warsulTan SedarebiT, bavSvebi axla Rames mSobliur saxlSi ufro xSirad aTeven. dRevandeli kibucis bavSvTa saxlebi ufro bavSvebze zrunvisTvis aucilebel pirobebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre maT aRzrdaze komunalur pasuxismgeblobas. Tanacxovreba Tanacxovreba – seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi dauqorwinebeli wyvilis erToblivi cxovreba – umetes dasavlur qveynebSi Zlier aris gavrcelebuli. britaneTSi, bolo dromde, Tanacxovreba, zogadad, skandalur movlenad iTvleboda. 1980-ian wlebSi, qorwinebaSi armyofi Tanamcxovrebi qalebisa da mamakacebis raodenoba ukiduresad gaizarda. Tanacxovreba kolejisa da universitetis studentebis yofis gavrcelebul formad iqca. SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli gamokiTxva gviCvenebs, rom, kolejSi swavlis periodSi, daaxloebiT oTxidan erTi studenti partniorTan erTad cxovrobs da masTan seqsualuri urTierToba aqvs. dRevandel britaneTSi Tanacxovreba qorwinebis wina, eqsperimentul safexurad iTvleba. axalgazrdebs Soris es urTierToba, Cveulebriv, daugegmavad, spontanurad iwyeba. seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi wyvili erTad sul ufro met dros atarebs da bolos erT-erTi an orive tovebs Tavis individualur sacxovrebels. Tanamcxovrebi axalgazrdebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gegmaven momavalSi daqorwinebas, magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom amJamindeli partniori adamianis momavali meuRle gaxdes. finansebs, saziarod, amgvari wyvilebis mxolod mcire raodenoba xarjavs. gasuli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, qorwinebamde Tanamcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba 400 procentiT gaizarda. partniorTan, daqorwinebis gareSe, 1920-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa sul 4 procenti, 1940-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa _ 19, xolo 1960-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa TiTqmis naxevari cxovrobda. navaraudebi iyo, rom 2000 wlisTvis xuTidan oTxi wyvili qorwinebis gareSe erTad icxovrebda (Wilkinson and Mulgan 1995). 29 eseqsis universitetSi warmoebuli kvleva Tanacxovrebisa da qorwinebis msgavsebas adasturebs. es monacemebi 7.4 diagramaSia warmodgenili. wyvilebis umravlesoba, savaraudod, Tanacxovrebas aTi wlis Semdegac ganagrZobs, sabolood TiTqmis ori/mesamedi daqorwindeba. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebis umravlesoba Tanacxovrebas “qorwinebis gamocdad” afasebs. diagrama 7.4 urTierToba dasrulda kvlav erTad cxovroben daqorwindnen diagrama 7.4 rogor viTardeba qorwinebaSi armyofi partniorebis urTierToba droTa ganmavlobaSi: gaerTianebuil samefoSi Tanacxovrebis mosalodneli Sedegebi aTi wlis Semdeg wyaro: “Living in Britain,” respondentTa gamoikiTxvis angariSi, University of Essex, 1995. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT soflebSi, Tanacxovrebis legitimacias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. amgvari situaciaa skandinaviur qveynebSi, romlebic dRes Tanacxovrebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. Tumca, warsulSi aq sul sxvagvari suraTi iyo. magaliTad, SvedeTSi 1960 wels qorwinebis gareSe wyvilebis sul 1 procenti cxovrobda, dRes ki am maCveneeblma 40 procents miaRwia. evropis sxva qveynebis msgavsad, qorwinebaSi armyofi Tanamcxovrebi wyvilebis umravlesoba, garkveuli drois an Svilebis gaCenis Semdeg, qorwindeba. Tanacxovrebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, legaluri statusi aqvs da, daSorebis Semdeg, sakuTrebis ganawilebisa da finansuri anazRaurebis moTxovniT, adamianebs SeuZliaT sasamarTlos mimarTon. geimSobliani ojaxebi dRevadel dRes bevr homoseqsual mamakacsa da qals erTmaneTTan stabiluri urTierToba aqvs da zogierTi maTgani “formaluradac” aris daqorwinebuli, Tuncad es ceremonia kanoniT ganmtkicebuli ar iyos. homoseqsualobis mimarT warsulSi arsebuli aratolerantuli damokidebuleba gacilebiT ufro liberaluri ganwyobiT Seicvala, ramac, lesboseli dedebisTvis bavSvebze meurveobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, sasamarTlos politikac Searbila. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnikis wyalobiT, lesbosel dedebs Svilebis gaCena da geimSobliani ojaxis Seqmna, heteroseqsualuri kontaqtis gareSe SeuZliaT. Tumca britaneTSi, TiTqmis yvela geimSoblian ojaxSi, orive mSobeli dedaa, 1960-1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebuli Statebis ramdenime qalaqSi, socialuri keTildReobis saagentoebma usaxlkaro gei zrdasrul biWebze meurveoba gei mamakacTa wyvilebs daakisres. sazogadoebis mwvave reaqciis gamo, am praqtikam did xans ar iarseba (ix. Tavi 5 “genderi da seqsualoba”). 30 marto cxovreba Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, marto mcxovrebi adamianebis ricxvi, ramdenime faqtoris gamo, gaizarda. erT-erTi faqtori gvian daqorwinebis tendenciaa – adamianebi axla, saSualod, 1960 welTan SedarebiT, sami wliT gvian qorwindebian. meore faqtori ganqorwinebis mzardi maCvenebelia. kidev erTi faqtori iseTi xandazmuli adamianebis momravlebaa, romlebsac partniori gardacvlili hyavT. marto cxovrebis forma cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebulia. warsulTan SedarebiT, axla oci wlis da oc welze zemoT asakis ufro meti adamiania dauqorwinebeli. ocdaaTi wlis zemoT asakSi, qalebisa da mamakacebis Zalze mcire raodenoba arasodes yofila daqorwinebuli, ocdaaTidan ormocdaaT wlamde adamianebis umravlesoba ganqorwibelia da “qorwinebebs Soris” periodSi imyofeba. ormocdaaT wels zemoT asakis martoxela adamianebis umravlesoba qvrivebi arian. piter steinma 25-dan 45 wlamde asakis samoci martoxela adamiani gamohkiTxa (Stein 1980). umravlesobam marto cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. isini aRiarebdnen, rom martooba, xSirad, xels uwyobda maTi karieris ganviTarebas, radgan maT mTeli energiis samuSaoze koncentrireba SeeZloT; cxovrebis am formis wyalobiT, maT mravalgvari seqsualuri gamocdileba da sruli Tavisufleba da avtonomia hqondaT. meore mxriv, isini imasac acnobierebdnen, rom iseT samyaroSi marto cxovreba, sadac maTi asakis adamianTa umravlesoba qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rTulia da izolaciasa da martoobas ganicdidnen. mTlianobaSi, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul zewolas umravlesoba ufro Zlierad miiCnevda, vidre marto cxovrebis motivacias. debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb “ojaxi gadaSenebis gzaze dgas!” _ Relaven ojaxur RirebulebaTaAadvokatebi. isini am daskvnas gasul ramdenime aTwleulSi momxdar cvlilebebze – seqsualobis mimarT Ria da liberalur damokidebulebaze, ganqorwinebis mzard maCvenebelze da tradiciuli ojaxuri valdebulebebis xarjze, piradi bednierebis Ziebaze _ dakvirvebis safuZvelze gamoTqvamen. maTi azriT, ojaxuri cxovrebis moraluri arsi aRdgenas moiTxovs. Cven tradiciuli ojaxi unda davibrunoT. es gacilebiT ufro stabiluri da mowesrigebuli sistema iyo, vidre urTierTobaTa is CaxlarTuli qseli, romelSic dRevandel adamianTa umravlesoba aRmoCnda. kritikosebi am Tvalsazriss ar iziareben. “Tqveni azriT, ojaxi gadaSenebis gzaze dgas. sinamdvileSi, is ubralod saxecvlilebas ganicdis. Cven erT yalibze moWrili ojaxebi ki ar unda wavaxalisoT, aramed ojaxuri formebisa da seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalferovneba”. romeli Tvalsazrisia swori? albaT, kritikas orive mosazreba imsaxurebs. tradiciuli ojaxis dabruneba SeuZlebelia. amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar aris, rom, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, tradiciuli ojaxi, sayovelTaod cnobili formiT, warsulSic ar arsebobda, an imitom, rom 31 adre ojaxs mravali uaryofiTi Tviseba hqonda da is dRevandeli ojaxis nimuSad ar gamodgeba. amis mizezi is aris, rom qorwinebis adreuli formebisa da ojaxis tranformaciis gamomwvevi socialuri cvlilebebis ukan dabruneba, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. qalma ojaxuri yofidan Tavi didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad daixsna da is Zvelebur rols arafriT aRar Seegueba. rogoric ar unda iyos dRevandeli seqsualuri urTierTobebi da qorwineba, isini Zvelebur saxes veRar miiRebs. pirovnul da ojaxur cxovrebaSi centraluri adgili emociurma komunikaciam – ufro zustad, urTierTobaTa aqtiurma formirebam da maT SenarCunebaze zrunvam – daikava. ra iqneba am procesebis Sedegi? ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli SeiZleba aRar matulobdes, magram arc qvemoT iwevs. qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad zomebs iReben, magram gasuli wlebis tendenciebs Tu gadavxedavT, dRevandel qorwinebaTa 60 procenti, aTi wlis Semdeg, savaraudod, ganqorwinebiT dasruldeba. rogorc aRvniSneT, ganqorwineba yovelTvis ubedurebas ar niSnavs. uiRblo qorwinebaSi myofma adamianebma, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, SeiZleba axali cxovreba daiwyon. magram, eWvgareSea, rom seqsualuri cxovreba, qorwineba da ojaxi zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTvis mizezia, zogs ki TviTkmayofilebisa da srulyofilebis grZnobiT uzrunvelyofs. Tanamedrove mravalgvari ojaxuri formis mxardamWerebi acxadeben, rom amgvari ojaxi adamians SezRudvebisa da warsulis uaryofiTi gadmonaSTebisgan aTavisuflebs. es Tvalsazrisi, nawilobriv, sworia. qalsa da mamakacs SeuZliaT saerTod ar daqorwindnen da isini amisTvis socialur ukmayofilebas ar daimsaxureben. warsulSi aseT adamianebs Sinaberebsa da berbiWebs eZaxdnen. qorwinebaSi armyof wyvilebs maTi “respeqtabeluri” qorwinebaSi myofi megobrebi qedmaRlurad aRar uyureben. gei wyvilebs erT ojaxad cxovreba da bavSvebis aRzrda SeuZliaT, radgan isini veRar grZnoben im mtrul damokidebulebas, romelic warsulSi aseTi adamianebis mimarT arsebobda. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelia ar aRiaro, rom amJamad gzajvaredinze vdgavarT. momavalSi grZelvadiani qorwinebebi da kavSirebi kidev ufro Semcirdeba? emociuri da seqsualur cxovreba mtkivneuli da sastiki sul ufro xSirad iqneba? amis Tqma danamdvilebiT aravis SeuZlia. magram qorwinebisa da ojaxis Cvens mier warmodgenili sociologiuri analizi adasturebs, rom problemebi, warsuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar mogvardeba. Cven individualuri Tavisuflebis mopovebas unda vecadoT. imisTvis, rom SevZloT stabiluri da xangrZlivi urTierTobebis formireba, Cveni piradi cxovrebis dafaseba unda viswavloT. Sejameba 1. naTesaoba, ojaxi da qorwineba sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi, erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli, uaRresad mniSvnelovani terminebia. naTesaoba genetikur an qorwinebis Sedegad warmoqmnil kavSirebs efuZneba. ojaxi naTesauri jgufia, romelsac Svilebis 32 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. qorwineba socialurad aRiarebul seqsualur urTierTobaSi mcxovrebi ori adamianis kavSiria. nuklearul ojaxSi daqorwinebuli wyvili (an martoxela mSobeli) sakuTar an naSvileb SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. Tu daqorwinebul wyvilTan da maT SvilebTan erTad sxva naTesavebic cxovroben, an erTmaneTTan axlo da xangrZliv urTierTobaSi imyofebian, es gafarToebul ojaxs niSnavs. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi qorwineba da, Sesabamisad, ojaxi monogamiasTan (rodesac kultura erT qalsa da erT mamakacx Soris kavSirs aRiarebs) asocirdeba. sxva bevri kultura poligamiis mimarTac tolerantulia. aseT dros individi SeiZleba erTdroulad or an met adamianze iyos daqorwinebuli. poliginia poliandriaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mamakacs SeiZleba erTze meti coli hyavdes, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, qali SeiZleba erTdroulad or an met mamakacze iyos daqorwinebuli. dasavleT evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi, nuklearuli ojaxis nimuSebi, industrializaciis ganviTarebamde didi xniT adre dainerga, magram Semdeg maTze industrializaciam didi gavlena moaxdina. ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba centralizebuli mTavrobis Seqmnam, qalaqebis gafarToebam da ojaxuri gavlenis miRma, organizaciebSi dasaqmebam gamoiwvia. am cvlilebebma, mTel msoflioSi, nuklearuli ojaxisken swrafvis tendencia ganapiroba, rasac gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva tipis naTesauri jgufebis rRveva mohyva. industriuli qveynebis umravlesoba mravalgvar ojaxur formebs moicavs. magaliTad, britaneTSi samxreT aziuri da vest induri warmomavlobis ojaxebi dominanturi ojaxis tipebisgan gansxvavdeba. omisSemdgom periodSi, dasavleTSi ojaxuri cxovrebis nimuSebi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. qalebis procentulad didi raodenoba anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi CaerTo, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli gaizarda, mosaxleobis didi nawili erTmSoblian an iseT ojaxebSi cxovrobda, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavda. Tanacxovreba (qorwinebis gareSe seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi wyvilis erTad cxovreba) bevr industriul qveyanaSi sul ufro Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. dRes bevri adamiani iseT ojaxSi cxovrobs, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs. aseTi ojaxi maSin iqmneba, rodesac Sviliani an Svilebiani mSobeli meored qorwindeba, an axal partniorTan iwyebs Tanacxovrebas. ojaxuri cxovreba yovlTvis harmoniulobisa da bednierebis simbolo ar aris. ojaxs “bneli mxarec” aqvs. aq xSirad iCens Tavs seqsualuri da ojaxuri Zaladoba. bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba, ZiriTadad, mamakacebis mier xorcieldeba, mas sxva tipis sastiki qcevac ukavSirdeba. qorwineba aRarc erTi sqesisTvis aRar aris (Tuki odesme yofila) mxolod regularuli seqsualuri gamocdileba; is aRarc ekonomikuri aqtivobis safuZvelia. TiTqmis darwmunebiT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobis 33 mravalgvari forma momavalSic ganviTardeba. qorwineba da ojaxi myar institutebad rCeba, magram maT mravali stresi da daZabuloba ukavSirdeba. damatebiTi literatura Stewart Asquith and Anne Stafford, Families and the Future (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995). bavSvebsa da ojaxis momavalTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis analizi. Diana Gittins, The Family in Question (London: Macmillan, 1992). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ojaxuri cxovrebis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan dakavSirebuli aRiarebuli naSromis ganaxlebuli versia. Helen O’Connell, Women and the Family (London: Zed Books, 1994). urTierTobebSi qalis rolis gadaxedva. ojaxur Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge: Cambridge Universuty Press, 1991). evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis istoriis Seswavla. Ann Phoenix, Young Mothers? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991). diskusia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mozardi dedebis problemebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nuklearuli ojaxi gafarToebuli ojaxi monogamia poligamia poliginia poliandria afeqturi individualizmi seriuli monogamia mamis xaziT memkvidreoba dedis xaziT memkvidreoba erTmSobliani ojaxi saxeze armyofi mama ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba incesti kibucizmi Tanacxovreba geimSobliani ojaxebi 34 deviacia da danaSauli Sinaarsi ZiriTadi cnebebi devianturi qcevis Seswavla ra aris deviacia? normebi da sanqciebi danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi biologiuri Tvalsazrisi fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi Teoriuli daskvnebi danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika axali memarcxene realizmi mkvleloba da sxva mZime danaSaulebi cixeebi da sasjeli dasjis formebis cvlilebebi cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi sikvdiliT dasja genderi da danaSauli mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa doneebi gogonebi bandebSi Zaladoba qalTa sapatimroebSi Sefaseba danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~ danaSaulis msxverplni qalTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebi mamakacebis gaupatiureba mdidrebis da Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli mTavrobis danaSauli organizebuli danaSauli danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wyoba Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi ▪ deviacia ▪ normebi ▪ konformuloba ▪ danaSauli yvelam viciT, vin arian deviantebi, an vfiqrobT, rom viciT. deviantebi arian is adamianebi, romlebic uars amboben, icxovron im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebsac sazogadoebis umravlesoba icavs. isini arian moZalade damnaSaveebi, narkomanebi an is pirovnebebi, romlebmac cxovrebaSi yvelaferi dakarges _ vinc ar uTavsdeba imas, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba normalur, misaReb standartebad miiCnevs. magram faqtebi sruliad ar aris iseTi, rogoric Cans _ ase gvaswavlis, xSirad, sociologia; igi gvexmareba, davinaxoT is, rac Tvalxilulis miRmaa. rogorc vnaxavT, deviantis cnebis gansazRvra, faqtobrivad, ar aris advili. adre Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianTa socialur cxovrebas marTavs wesebi da normebi. Cveni saqmianoba qaosuri gaxdeboda, Tu zustad ar davicavdiT im wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac zogierTi qceva garkveul konteqstebs Seesabameba, xolo sxva konteqstebisTvis - Seuferebelia. magaliTad, gzebze wesebis Sesabamisad moZraoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu mZRolebi marcxniv moZraobis wesebs ar daicavdnen. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ar aris devianturi qceva da mZRoli, albaT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris devianti, Tu is mTvralia an Tavze xelaRebuli. Tu Tqven marTlac ase ifiqrebdiT, ar iqnebodiT marTali. mZRolTa umetesoba ara mxolod deviantebi, aramed krinimalebic arian. mZRolTa umravlesoba, mudmivad, sakmaod aWarbebs dasaSveb siCqares, roca darwmunebulia, rom axlomaxlo ar dgas policiis manqana. Cven yvelani varT rogorc wesis damrRvevebi, ise konformistebi. Cven aseve vqmniT wesebs. mZRolebma SeiZleba avtomagistralebze daarRvion kanoni, magram, sinamdvileSi, isini qmnian araformalur wesebs, romlebic legalur wesebzea damyarebuli. rodesac avtostradaze kanoniT dawesebuli siCqaris zRvari aris 70 mili saaTSi, mZRolebis umravlesoba 80-s ar aWarbebs da kidev ufro nela atarebs manqanas, rodesac qalaqis farglebSi moZraobs. erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris da ra ar aris manqanis TavzexelaRebuli tareba. magaliTad, Crdilo evropelebi, romlebic manqaniT mogzauroben italiis samxreTSi, sadac mZRolebi moZraobis sxva wesebsac arRveven, yovelTvis awydebian iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac adamians Tma yalyze udgeba. braziliaSi SuqniSnebsa da sxva makontrolebel saSualebebs ganixilaven ara rogorc savaldebulo wesebs, aramed ubralo miniSnebebs. rio de JaneiroSi mZRolebi wiTel Suqze ar aCereben manqanebs, Tu gzajvaredinze sxva manqana ar Semodis. iq, sadac mTavari quCa kveTs ufro patara quCas, mZRoli, romelic mTavar quCaze moZraobs, Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs, moipovos gzaze moZraobis privilegia, miuxedavad imisa, ras aCvenebs sagzao niSnebi. mZRolma, romelic ufro patara quCidan moZraobs, signali unda misces an aanTos manqanis farebi, sxva mZRolebi rom gaafrTxilos (Lull, 1995). rodesac viwyebT devianturi qcevis Seswavlas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romel wesebs icaven da romels arRveven adamianebi. arc erTi adamiani ar arRvevs yvela wess; aseve, aravin emorCileba yvela wess. is adamianebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, saerTod ar miekuTvnebian wesier sazogadoebas, magaliTad, bankis mZarcvelebi, Cans, 2 icaven im jgufebis wesebs, romelTa wevrebic isini arian. zogierT aSkarad cudi reputaciis mqone jgufebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, motociklistTa bandebi, TavianTi wevrebisTvis dawesebuli aqvT qcevis mkacri wesebi. vinc maT arRvevs, sjian da jgufidan agdeben. devianturi qcevis Seswavla devianturi qcevis Seswavla sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da rTuli sferoa. is gvaswavlis, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar aris savsebiT iseTi normaluri, rogorc Tavad migvaCnia. is agreTve gvexmareba, davinaxoT, rom adamianebi, visi qcevac, SesaZloa, gaugebari da ucxo Candes, SeiZleba gonier arsebebad miviCnioT, Tu gavacnobierebT maTi moqmedebis realur mizezs. deviaciis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis, Seswavla, Cvens yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialur Zalauflebaze, agreTve socialuri klasis gavlenaze _ mdidarsa da Raribs Soris gansxvavebaze. rodesac deviacias ganvixilavT socialuri wesebisadmi an normebisadmi konformulobis TvalsazrisiT, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes kiTxva - visi wesebi? rogorc vnaxavT, socialur normebze Zalian did gavlenas axdens Zalauflebis ganawileba da klasobrivi gansxvaveba. ra aris deviacia? deviacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc arakonformuloba normebis garkveuli erTobliobisadmi, romelic adamianTa erTobis an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mier aris aRiarebuli. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar SeiZleba, sazogadoeba adamianTa mxolod or kategoriad davyoT: adamianebi, romlebic normebs arRveven da adamianebi, romlebic maT misdeven. zog SemTxvevaSi, bevri Cvengani qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs arRvevs. magaliTad, Cven, SesaZloa, garkveul momentSi wvrilmani qurdoba CavidineT, rogoricaa, maRaziidan raRacis moparva an, piradi moxmarebis mizniT, samuSaodan patara nivTebis waReba, rogoricaa ofisis safosto qaRaldi da kalmistrebi. rogorc magaliTebi gviCvenebs, deviaciis cnebis gamoyenebis sfero Zalian farToa. miliarderma hovard hiuzma Tavisi uzarmazari qoneba mZime Sromis, Rrma Canafiqrebisa da praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis Serwymis saSualebiT daagrova. warmatebisaken swrafvis TvalsazrisiT, misi saqmianoba dasavleTis sazogadoebebis ZiriTad Rirebulebebs Seesabameboda, im Rirebulebebs, romlebic materialur dajildovebasa da individualur miRwevebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. meore mxriv, zog sferoSi misi qceva sayovelTaod miRebuli normebidan mkveTrad gadaxrili iyo. h. hiuzma cxovrebis bolo ramdenime weli gaatara gare samyarodan sruliad izolirebulad. TiTqmis arasdros bedavda sastumros im luqsis nomris datovebas, romelic misTvis saxlad iqca. igi Tmebs saerTod ar iWrida, grZeli, awewili wveri mouSva da ase ufro bibliur winaswarmetyvels daemsgavsa, vidre warmatebul biznesmens. Tavisi qceviT, hiuzi rogorc araCveulebrivad warmatebuli, ise Zalian devianturi pirovneba iyo. amis sapirispiro magaliTad ted bandis kariera SegviZlia moviyvanoT. bandis cxovrebis gza, erTi SexedviT, kargi moqalaqis qcevis normebs 3 Seesaabameboda. garegnulad is ara ubralod normalur, aramed Zalian Rirseul cxovrebas eweoda. is Zalian aqtiur rols TamaSobda samaritelebis sazogadoebaSi, kerZod, asociaciaSi, romelic ocdaoTxsaaTian satelefono momsaxurebas uwevs im adamianebs, romlebic stresul mdgomareobaSi arian an TviTmkvlelobas apireben. magram, miuxedavad amisa, bandim ramdenime saSineli mkvleloba Caidina. mosamarTlem sasamarTlo procesze, sanam sikvdils miusjida, bandi misi unarebis gamo Seaqo (bandim Tavad moamzada Tavisi dacva), magram Tavisi sityvis bolos man aRniSna, rom msjavrdadebulma cxovreba fuWad ganvlo. bandis kariera gviCvenebs, rom pirovneba, SesaZloa, normaluri Candes da, amave dros, farulad iyos CarTuli ukiduresad deviantur qmedebebSi. deviacia ara mxolod individualur qcevas, aramed jgufis saqmianobasac exeba. amis naTeli magaliTia hare kriSnas kulti, religiuri jgufi, romelic britaneTis mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan sarwmunoebrivi moZRvrebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT gansxvavdeba. kulti Seiqmna 1960-ian wlebSi. Sril prabhupada dasavleTSi indoeTidan Camovida, rom gaevrcelebina ambavi kriSnas cnobierebis Sesaxeb. misi qadageba, ZiriTadad, im axalgazrdebisken iyo mimarTuli, romlebic narkotikebis momxmareblebi iyvnen. is acxadebda, rom adamians SeeZlo `mudmivad amaRlebul mdgomareobaSi darCena da samaradiso netarebis aRmoCena,~ Tu mis moZRvrebas gahyveboda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebis cekva da galoba quCebSi, aeroportebsa da Sekrebis sxva adgilebSi, Cveulebrivi sanaxaoba gaxda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba maT mimarT tolerantulad iyo ganwyobili, maSinac ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi eqscentruli Canda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebi devianturi subkulturis magaliTs warmoadgenen. Tumca, dRes maTi ricxvi Semcirda, mTel msoflioSi maT SeZles, sakmaod advilad, TavianTi kultis SenarCuneba. es organizacia mdidaria, igi misi wevrebisa da misdami simpaTiiT ganwyobili adamianebis SewirulebebiT finansdeba. misi mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva devianturi subkulturis _ mudmivi usaxlkaroebis _ mdgomareobidan; es arian adamianebi, romlebmac cxovrebaSi yvelaferi dakarges, dRisiT quCebSi cxovroben, parkebsa da sazogadoebriv SenobebSi (magaliTad, biblioTekebSi) atareben dros. maT quCebSi an TavSesafrebSi sZinavT. sazogadoebisgan gariyuli mudmivi usaxlkaroebis umravlesobas gaWirvebiT gaaqvs Tavi. normebi da sanqciebi yvela socialur normas Tan axlavs sanqciebi, romlebic xels uwyobs konformulobas da gvicavs arakonformulobisgan. sanqcia aris individis an jgufis qcevaze sxvebis nebismieri reaqcia, romlis mizania, pirovnebam an jgufma imoqmedos normebis Sesabamisad. sanqciebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri (konformulobisTvis dajildoveba) an negatiuri (arakonformuli qcevis gamo dasja). sanqciebi, SesaZloa, iyos formaluri da araformaluric. formalur sanqciebs adamianTa garkveuli jgufi an organizacia iyenebs im mizniT, rom daculi iyos gansazRvruli normebi. araformaluri sanqciebi ki naklebad organizebuli da ufro spontanuri reaqciebia arakonformulobaze. magaliTad, rodesac students megobrebi imis gamo abrazeben, rom is Zalian bevrs muSaobs an mosawyeni pirovnebaa, radgan urCevnia, saRamos imecadinos, vidre wveulebaze wavides. 4 Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi formaluri sanqciis ZiriTadi saxeebi gamoiyeneba sasamarTloebsa da cixeebSi. policia, ra Tqma unda, aris organizacia, romlis movaleobaa damnaSaveebis sasamarTloSi gadacema da, SesaZloa, Semdeg maTi cixeSi Casma. kanonebi aris formaluri sanqciebi, romlebsac xelisufalni gansazRvraven, rogorc principebs, romlebic maTi qveynebis moqalaqeebma unda daicvan. maT im adamianebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben, romlebic konformulebi ar arian. sadac aris kanonebi, iq danaSaulic arsebobs, radgan danaSauli SeiZleba yvelaze advilad ganisazRvros, rogorc nebismieri tipis qceva, romelic kanons arRvevs. axla SegviZlia ganvixiloT is ZiriTadi Teoriebi, romlebic Seiqmna deviaciis axsnisa da gaanalizebis mizniT. deviaciis SefasebaTa umravlesoba, umTavresad, efuZneba danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis im gamokvlevebs, romlebzec Cvenc gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi biologiuri Tvalsazrisi danaSaulis axsnis zogierTi pirveli mcdeloba, ZiriTadad, biologiuri xasiaTis iyo. italieli kriminologi Cezare lombrozo, romelic 1870-ian wlebSi muSaobda, Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia kriminaluri tipebis gansazRvra Tavis qalis formis mixedviT. is aRiarebda, rom socialur swavlebas SeuZlia, gavlena moaxdinos kriminaluri qcevis ganviTarebaze, magram mas miaCnda, rom damnaSaveebis umravlesoba biologiurad ganuviTareblebi an defeqturebi arian. lombrozos ideebi Semdeg mTlianad uaryves. miuxedavad amisa, sxva mecnierebma male wamoayenes msgavsi Sexedulebebi. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT memkvidreobiTobis gavlena individebis kriminalur midrekilebebze. erT-erTi aseTi tipis popularuli meTodi iyo geneologiuri xeebis Seswavla. magram, es faqtobrivad, arafers miuTiTebs memkvidreobiTobis gavlenaze, radgan SeuZlebelia, erTmaneTisgan ganvacalkevoT memkvidreobiTi da garemos zegavlenebi. ufro gviandeli Teoria adamianebs sxeulis agebulebis mixedviT ganasxvavebda. is gamohyofda 3 tips da amtkicebda, rom erT-erTi tipi uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli damnaSaveobasTan. kunTebiani, aqtiuri tipebi (mezomorfebi), Cans, ufro xdebian damnaSaveebi, vidre gamxdrebi (eqtomorfebi) an ufro msuqnebi (endomorfebi) (Sheldon, 1949; G lueck a nd Glueck, 1956 ). aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi farTod gaakritikes. romc arsebobdes yovelmxrivi kavSiri adamianis sxeulis tipsa da damnaSaveobas Soris, is mainc ver daadgens memkvidreobiTobis zegavlenas. kunTebiani adamianebi, SesaZloa, CarTulni iyvnen kriminalur qmedebebSi, radgan es maT saSualebas aZlevs, aCvenon TavianTi Zala. ufro metic, am sferoSi Catarebuli TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva Semoifargleboda gamosasworebel skolebSi moTavsebuli damnaSaveebis SeswavliT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs raime kavSiri sxeulis agebulebasa da damnaSaveobas Soris, albaT, mxolod imitom, rom Zlieri, aTleturi aRnagobis damnaSaveebs ufro agzavnian aseT skolebSi, vidre sust, gamxdar damnaSaveebs. zogierTi pirovneba SeiZleba iyos Zalian ficxi an agresiuli da es aisaxos sxvebis mimarT Cadenil danaSaulSi, magaliTad, fizikur TavdasxmaSi. da mainc, ar arsebobs udavo mtkicebulebebi, rom pirovnebis romelime Tviseba memkvidreobiT 5 aris miRebuli; asec Soreuli iqneboda. rom yofiliyo, maTi kavSiri damnaSaveobasTan mxolod fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi danaSaulis fsiqologiuri Teoriebi, biologiuri axsnis msgavsad, damnaSaveobas pirovnebis garkveul tipebTan akavSirebs. zogi Tvlis, rom adamianebis mcire nawili amoralur, fsiqopaTur pirovnebad yalibdeba. fsiqopaTebi arian gariyuli, uemocio adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebas aniWebs Tavad Zaladoba ZaladobisTvis. fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi zogjer sCadian mZime danaSauls, magram Tavad fsiqopaTiis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mniSvnelovani problemebi. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi kriminaluri xasiaTis iyos. im adamianebTan Catarebuli TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva, romlebsac, miiCnevdnen, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebdaT, exeboda sasjelmisjil patimrebs. es pirovnebebi, ra Tqma unda, uaryofiTad iyvnen warmodgenilni. Tu Cven imave Tvisebebs dadebiTad aRvwerT, miviRebT pirovnebis sruliad gansxvavebul tips. aseT SemTxvevaSi, albaT, aRar iqneba imis mtkicebis safuZveli, rom amgvari tipis adamianebi TavianTi bunebiT damnaSaveebi arian. Cveni kvlevisTvis fsiqopaTuri individebi rom gveZebna, Semdegi gancxadeba unda gamogveqveynebina (Widom and Newman, 1985): Tqven Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli xarT? mkvlevars surs, daukavSirdes Tavgadasavlebis maZiebel, udardel adamianebs, romlebic amaRelvebel, impulsur cxovrebas ewevian. Tu Tqven xarT aseTi tipis pirovneba, romelic TiTqmis yvelafers gaakeTebs riskis mizniT, dagvirekeT telefonze 337-XXXX, nebismier dros. aseTi tipis adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen mkvlevrebi, jaSuSebi, banqos moTamaSeebi an yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rutiniT Tavmobezrebulebi. SesaZloa, isini mzad iyvnen kriminaluri avanturis dasagegmad, magram, aseTive warmatebiT, SeeWidon gamowvevebs socialurad misaRebi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. damnaSaveobis fsiqologiur Teoriebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT, axsnan danaSaulis mxolod zogierTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, zogierT damnaSaves hqondes iseTi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilisgan, magram yovlad warmoudgenelia, rom damnaSaveebis umravlesobas axasiaTebdes aseTi Tvisebebi. arsebobs uamravi saxis danaSauli da daujerebelia vifiqroT, rom im adamianebs, romlebic danaSauls sCadian, zogierTi msgavsi gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri Tviseba axasiaTebT. maSinac ki, Tu Cven danaSaulis erTi kategoriiT SemovifarglebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mZime danaSaulebi, unda gaviTvaliswinoT maTi Cadenis sxvadasxva garemoeba. zogierTi maTgani Cadenilia calkeuli individebis mier, sxvebi ki - organizebuli jgufebis mier. SeuZlebelia, martoxela damnaSaveebis fsiqologiuri xasiaTi iseTive iyos, rogorc mWidrod dakavSirebuli bandis wevrebis. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebelia myari fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebis dakavSireba damnaSaveobis sxvadasxva formasTan, mainc ver avxsniT, rogor moqmedebs aseTi mizezobrivi kavSiri. SesaZloa, kriminalur jgufebSi CarTva ufro axdendes gavlenas adamianebis Sexedulebebze, vidre Tavad Sexedulebebi iwvevdes kriminalur qcevas. 6 sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi danaSaulis bunebis nebismieri damakmayofilebeli axsna unda iyos sociologiuri, radgan danaSauli dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis socialur institutebTan. danaSaulis Sesaxeb sociologiuri Tvalsazrisi Zalian did yuradRebas amaxvilebs konformulobisa da deviaciis urTierTkavSirze sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebobs uamravi gansxvavebuli subkultura. qceva, romelic Seesabameba romelime subkulturis normebs, SeiZleba am subkulturis farglebs gareT ganvixiloT, rogorc devianturi. magaliTad, SesaZloa, biWebis bandis romelime wevrze did zewolas axdendnen, rom man, Tavis gamoCenis mizniT, manqana moiparos. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi arsebobs didi gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT, rac did gavlenas axdens sxvadaxva jgufis SesaZleblobebze. ar aris gasakvirveli, rom jibis qurdobasa da qurdobas gatexviT, ZiriTadad, mosaxleobis Zalian Raribi nawilis warmomadgenlebi sCadian; gaflangvebi da gadasaxadebidan Tavis arideba, definiciis Tanaxmad, damaxasiaTebelia im adamianebisTvis, romlebic SeZlebulad cxovroben. daswavlili deviacia: diferencirebuli asociacia edvin h. sazerlendi danaSauls akavSirebda imasTan, rasac man diferencirebuli asociacia uwoda. es idea Zalian martivia. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs sxvadasxva subkultura, zogierTi socialuri garemo xels uwyobs ukanono moqmedebebs, zogierTi ki _ ara. individebi damnaSaveebi xdebian im adamianebTan urTierTobis Sedegad, romlebic kriminalur normebs misdeven. sazerlendis mixedviT, kriminalur qcevas, umetesad, swavloben pirvelad jgufebSi, gansakuTrebiT, TanatolTa jgufebSi. es Teoria upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi aris damnaSaveebis sxva adamianebisgan gansxvavebis mizezi. am Teoriis mixedviT, kriminaluri saqmianobis daswavla TiTqmis iseve SeiZleba, rogorc kanons daqvemdebarebuli moqmedebebis. orive saxis moqmedebebi mimarTulia erTi da imave moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisaken. qurdebi iseve cdiloben fulis gakeTebas, rogorc is adamianebi, romlebsac Cveulebrivi samsaxuri aqvT, magram amis gasakeTeblad isini arakanonier saSualebebs irCeven. struqturuli wnexi: anomia, rogorc danaSaulis mizezi robert k. mertoni, danaSaulis interpretaciis dros, damnaSaveobas akavSirebs devianturi qcevis sxva tipebTan da, amgvarad, xazs usvams damnaSavis normalurobas (Merton 1957). mertonma mimarTa anomiis cnebas, rom Seeqmna Zalian mniSvnelovani Teoria deviaciis Sesaxeb. rogorc I TavSi vnaxeT, anomiis cneba pirvelad Semoitana emil diurkemma, sociologiis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma. igi Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, normebi da standartebi irRveva da ar xdeba maTi axliT Secvla. anomia warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac socialuri cxovrebis garkveul sferoSi ar arsebobs qcevis mkafio standartebi. diurkems miaCnda, rom aseT pirobebSi adamianebi Tavgzaabneulebi da SeSfoTebulebi arian; amitom anomia aris erT-erTi socialuri faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens TviTmkvlelobisken midrekilebaze. 7 mertonma moaxdina anomiis cnebis modificireba, im wnexis aRsaniSnavad, romlis qveSac xvdeba individi, roca miRebuli normebi upirispirdeba socialur realobas. amerikul sazogadoebaSi da, garkveulwilad, sxva industriul qveynebSi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs materialur warmatebas. warmatebis miRwevis mTavar saSualebebad iTvleba TviTdisciplina da Seupovari muSaoba. amgvarad, adamianebs, romlebic namdvilad bevrs muSaoben, SeuZliaT warmatebis miRweva, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra iyo maTi cxovrebis sawyisi pozicia. sinamdvileSi, es ase ar aris, radgan im adamianebis umravlesobas, romlebic Tavidanve araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, warmatebis misaRwevad mxolod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT, an saerTod araviTari SesaZlebloba ar eZlevaT. isini, vinc ver aRweven `warmatebas,~ ganwirulad Tvlian Tavs, TavianTi aSkara uunarobis gamo, miaRwion materialur progress. am situaciaSi, didi zewola xdeba, miaRwion winsvlas nebismieri saSualebiT, kanonieriT Tu ukanonoTi. mertonis mixedviT, deviacia aris ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Tanmdevi Sedegi. mertoni gamoyofs xuT SesaZlo reaqcias im daZabulobaze, romelic warmoiSoba socialurad mxardaWeril Rirebulebebsa da maTi miRwevis SezRudul saSualebebs Soris. konformistebi aRiareben rogorc sayovelTaod miRebul Rirebulebebs, ise maTi ganxorcielebis sayovelTaod mxardaWeril saSualebebs, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, warmatebulia isini Tu ara. mosaxleobis umravlesoba am kategorias ganekuTvneba. inovatorebi aRiareben socialurad mowonebul Rirebulebebs, magram maT misaRwevad ukanono da akrZalul saSualebebs iyeneben. ukanono saqmianobiT gamdidrebuli kriminalebi am tipis deviaciis nimuSia. ritualistebi eguebian socialurad aRiarebul standartebs, Tumca isini ukve aRar aqceven yuradRebas im Rirebulebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven am standartebs. wesebs Tavad wesebis gamo icaven, yovelgvari miznis gareSe, TiTqos iZulebiT. ritualistebi, rogorc wesi, arian is adamianebi, romlebic mondomebiT asruleben mosawyen samuSaos. Tumca, aseT samuSaoze karieris gakeTebis araviTari perspeqtiva ar arsebobs da fuladi anazRaurebac umniSvneloa. retretistebi arian isini, vinc mTlianad uars amboben konkurenciis perspeqtivaze da, amgvarad, uaryofen rogorc gabatonebul Rirebulebebs, aseve maTi miRwevis saSualebebs. amis magaliTia damoukidebeli erTobis wevrebi. bolos, meamboxeebi uaryofen arsebul Rirebulebebs da saSualebebs, magram Zalian surT, isini Secvalon axali RirebulebebiTa da saSualebebiT, da gardaqmnan socialuri sistema. radikaluri politikuri jgufebis wevrebi miekuTvneba am kategorias. mogvianebiT, zogma mkvlevarma sazerlendis diferencirebuli asociaciis cneba (Sexeduleba, rom adamianebis jgufi, romelTanac individebi dakavSirebulni arian, gavlenas axdens danaSaulis mimarT maT damokidebulebaze) daakavSira mertonis tipoligiasTan. TavianT gamokvlevaSi biWebis damnaSave bandebis Sesaxeb, riCard a. qlouardi da loid e. olini (1960) amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi bandebi warmoiSoba subkulturul erTobebSi, sadac kanonieri gziT warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebi Zalian mcirea, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaWirvebuli eTnikuri umciresobebi. mkvlevrebis naSromSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda swored konformulobasa da deviacias Soris kavSirs. warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis nakleboba, ufro farTo sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT, aris mTavari ganmasxvavebeli 8 faqtori kriminalur saqmianobaSi CarTul adamianebsa da kanonmorCil pirovnebebs Soris. Cven sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT im Sexedulebis mimarT, rom adamianebi ufro Raribi erTobebidan da ufro mdidrebi erTnairad iswrafvian warmatebisaken. sinamdvileSi, adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, sakuTari miswrafebebi miusadagos imas, rac realisturad miaCnia. ar iqneba swori, Tu CavTvliT, rom miswrafebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Seusabamoba damaxasiaTebelia mxolod naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebisTvis. sxva jgufebSic arsebobs zewola kriminaluri saqmianobis mimarT, magaliTad, e.w. TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulebi _ gaflangva, TaRliToba, gadasaxadebisgan Tavis arideba, rasac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. stigmatizaciis Teoria erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan midgomas, romlis mizania damnaSaveobis gageba, stigmatizaciis (iarliyis miwebebis) Teoria ewodeba, Tumca Tavad es termini aRniSnavs urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis jgufs da ara erTian Tvalsazriss. stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi deviacias gansazRvraven ara rogorc individebisTvis an jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis erTobliobas, aramed rogorc deviantebsa da aradeviantebs Soris urTierTqmedebis process. maTi azriT, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tavad deviaciis buneba, upirveles yovlisa, unda gamovikvlioT, ratom awebeben `deviantis~ iarliys zogierT adamians. ZiriTadad, swored is adamianebi awebeben iarliys, romlebic kanonisa da wesrigis damcvel Zalebs warmoadgenen, an SeuZliaT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zneobis definiciebi sxvebs moaxvion Tavs. amgvarad, iarliyebi, romlebic deviaciis kategoriebs qmnian, asaxavs sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturas. saerTod, wesebi, romelTa mixedviTac deviacia ganisazRvreba, Seqmnilia mdidrebis mier RaribebisTvis, kacebis mier qalebisTvis, asakovani adamianebis mier ufro axalgazrdebisTvis da eTnikuri umravlesobebis mier umciresobebis jgufebisTvis. magaliTad, bevri bavSvi Zvreba da daxetialobs sxva adamianebis baRebSi, iparavs xils an acdens gakveTilebs. mdidar samezobloSi, bavSvebis es qcevebi mSoblebma, maswavleblebma da policiam, SesaZloa, Seafason erTnairad, rogorc udanaSaulo bavSvuri garToba. Rarib raionebSi ki, es qmedebebi, SesaZloa, CaTvalon mozardTa damnaSaveobisadmi midrekilebis damadasturebel faqtebad. rogorc ki bavSvs damnaSavis (delinquentis) iarliys miawebeben, is ukve xdeba damnaSavis stigmis matarebeli da, albaT, maswavleblebi da, momavalSi, samsaxurSi damqiraveblebi, mas arasando pirovnebad miiCneven. Semdeg, individi kvlav sCadis kriminalur qmedebas da amiT ufro Sordeba sayovelTaod miRebul socialur wesebs. edvin lemerti (1972) kanonis darRvevis Tavdapirvel aqts uwodebs pirvelad deviacias. meoradi deviacia xdeba maSin, rodesac individisTvis misaRebi xdeba miwebebuli iarliyi da Tavis Tavs deviantad miiCnevs. magaliTad, ganvixiloT lukas qceva. biWma vitrinis fanjara Caamtvria, rodesac SabaTs, RamiT, amxanagebTan erTad qalaqgareT imyofeboda. es qmedeba, albaT, Sefasdeba, rogorc aRgznebuli qcevis SemTxveviTi Sedegi, rac axalgazrdebs epatiebaT xolme. luka, albaT, dasjas gadaurCeba da dasjerdebian mxolod miTiTebas, sayvedurs an mcire jarimas. Tu is `respeqtabeluri~ ojaxidan aris, 9 albaT, Sedegi aseTi iqneba. fanjris gatexvas CaTvlian pirvelad deviaciad, Tu mas miiCneven wesier, kargi xasiaTis axalgazrdad, romelic im SemTxvevaSi Zalian Tavqarianad moiqca. meore mxriv, Tu policia da sasamarTlo gamoitanen pirobiT sasjels da aiZuleben lukas, mimarTos socialur muSaks, incidenti, SesaZloa, gaxdes pirveli nabiji meoradi deviaciisaken mimaval gzaze. `devianturi qcevis daswavlis~ procesze swored is organizaciebi amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic, savaraudod, Seiqmna misi gamosworebis mizniT _ cixeebi da TavSesafrebi. stigmatizaciis Teoria Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan is Tvlis, rom arc erTi moqmedeba ar aris kriminaluri Tavisi bunebiT. damnaSaveobis gansazRvrebebs qmnian Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi. isini amas axorcieleben kanonebis SeqmniTa da policiis, sasamarTloebisa da gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis mier am kanonebis interpretaciis saSualebiT. stigmatizaciis Teoriis kritikosebi zogjer amtkiceben, rom arsebobs garkveuli moqmedebebi, romlebic, sinamdvileSi, yvela kulturaSi mkacrad aris akrZaluli, rogoricaa mkvleloba, gaupatiureba da yaCaRoba. es Sexeduleba, ra Tqma unda, ar aris swori. Tqvens sakuTar kulturaSic ki, mokvlas yovelTvis ar ganixilaven, rogorc mkvlelobas, danaSauls. omis dros mtris mokvla dadebiTad aRiqmeba; bolo dromde, britaneTis kanonebis Tanaxmad, qmris mier colis mimarT ZaliT ganxorcielebuli sqesobrivi kavSiri ar iTvleboda gaupatiurebad. Cven SegviZlia ufro dasabuTebulad gavakritikoT iarliyis miwebebis Teoria sxva mizezebis gamo. pirveli, stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben iarliyis miwebebis aqtiur process, xolo is procesebi, romlebic iwveven deviantur moqmedebebs, maTi yuradRebis miRma rCeba. aSkaraa, rom garkveuli qmedebebisTvis deviantis iarliyis miwebeba ar aris mTlianad TviTneburi; socializaciis, atitudebisa da SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebebi gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ramdenad arian adamianebi CarTulni qcevaSi, romelsac, albaT, devianturis iarliys awebeben. magaliTad, Zalian Raribi ojaxis bavSvebi, SesaZloa, ufro xSirad iparaven maRaziidan, vidre ufro mdidari bavSvebi. jer erTi, isini iarliyis miwebebis gamo ki ar iparaven, aramed im mdgomareobis gamo, romelSic cxovroben. meore, sinamdvileSi, ar aris cxadi, iarliyis miwebeba axdens Tu ara gavlenas devianturi qcevis ricxvis gazrdaze. Cveulebriv, msjavris dadebis Semdeg, delinquenturi qceva izrdeba, magram es Tavad iarliyis miwebebis Sedegia? SesaZloa, aq sxva faqtorebic erTveba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxva delinquentebTan urTierTqmedebis gazrda an axali kriminaluri SesaZleblobebis gacnoba. naxati: legaluroba da aralegaluroba: wamali da kanoni Tanamedrove britaneTSi. wamlis miReba stigmatizaciis Teoriis karg ilustrirebas axdens, radgan adamianebs, zogadad, gacilebiT tolerantuli damokidebuleba aqvT, magaliTad, alkoholis, vidre iseTi wamlis mimarT, rogoricaa kanafi an heroini. Tumca, sxvebis msgavsad, alkoholic wamalia da janmrTelobis araerT problemas iwvevs. wyaro: Guardian, pirvelad gamoqveynda Education Guardian-Si, 12 noemberi, 1991, gv. 2. grafikis avtoria pedi aleni. 10 gamowerili wamlebi: legaluria wamlebi legaluria, Tu isini gamowerilia. aq Sedis barbituratebi da trankvilizatorebi, romelTac adamianebs dasamSvideblad an Zilis mosagvrelad uweren. mralavi maTgani damokidebulebas iwvevs. Tavis danebebis Sedegia mRelvareba, uZiloba da mentaluri aRreva. alkoholi: legaluria alkoholis yidva, gayidva da miReba zrdasruli adamianebis mier legaluria. iwarmoeba xilis, bostneulis da xorblis fermentebisgan. misi momxmareblebi Tavs grZnoben nakleb moridebulad da metad gantvirTulad. alkoholze damokidebuleba iwvevs kuWis da RviZlis darRvevebs, aseve araswor kvebas da saRi azris Sesustebas. axasiaTebs damokidebulebis Zlieri riski. lsd: aralegaluria lizergiuli mJava (lsd) umetesad kafsulis saxiT miiReba. misi moqmedebis qveS myofi adamianebi gansxvavebulad xedaven an esmiT. ar aris cnobili misTvis damaxasiaTebeli raime fizikuri gverdiTi movlena, Tumca cudma gamocdilebam, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mRelvareba da depresia. wamali ,,eqstazi” warmoadgens amfetaminebisa da lsd-s kombinacias. kanafi: aralegaluria buCqovani mcenare, romelic velurad izrdeba msoflios umetes nawilSi. Cveulebriv, ewevian. is iwvevs gantvirTvas, zrdis metyvelebis unars da mgrZnobelobas xmis, gemos da sxv. mimarT. mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios aRreva, mRelvareba da depresiac. miiCneva, rom kanafi ar iwvevs damokidebulebas. gamxsneli: SezRudulia maRaziebs ekrZalebaT misi gayidva 16 welze umcrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis, Tu isini fiqroben, rom bavSvebi daiwyeben mis CasunTqvas. orTqlis CasunTqva xdeba webodan, saRebavebidan, acetonidan da a.S., rac yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 12-16 wlis mozardebSi. misi Sedegia siamovnebis an Tavbrusxvevis SegrZneba. misma gamoyenebam, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios tvinis dazianeba. gamoirCeva damokidebulebis maRali riskiT. SesaZloa sikvdilic, mowamlvis an SemTxveviT daxrCobis gamo. heroini: aralegaluria narkotikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli borotadgamoyenebadi forma. narkotikebi moqmedebs nervul sistemaze da xSirad iwvevs siamovnebis gancdas. ganmeorebiTi gamoyeneba iwvevs damokidebulebas. Tavis danebeba iwvevs tkivils, kankals da spazmebs. axlavs inficirebis riski, Tu gamoiyeneba saerTo an arasteriluri nemsebi. Teoriuli daskvnebi rogori daskvnis gakeTeba SegviZlia, danaSaulis Teoriebis ganxilvis Semdeg? upirveles yovlisa, Cven unda gavixsenoT adre gakeTebuli SeniSvna: miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauli aris mTeli devianturi qcevis mxolod erTi qvekategoria, is 11 moicavs saqmianobis iseT mravalferovnebas _ maRaziaSi Sokoladis filis SeumCnevlad moparvidan, masobriv mkvlelobamde _ rom sruliad SeuZlebelia iseTi erTiani Teoriis Seqmna, romelic axsnis kriminaluri qcevis yvela formas. zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli Teoria gvexmareba, kargad gavigoT danaSaulis zogierTi aspeqti an tipi. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri midgomebis saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia im pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra, romlebic socialuri codnis da gamocdilebis calkeul konteqstSi, winaswar ganawyobs garkveul individebs, ifiqron kriminaluri moqmedebebis Cadenaze. magaliTad, adamianebi, visac axasiaTebT iseTi niSnebi, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, fsiqopaTurs uwodeben, SeiZleba ufro metad iyvnen warmodgenilebi mZime damnaSaveebis zogierT kategoriaSi, vidre mTel mosaxleobaSi. meore mxriv, SesaZloa, isini Zalian bevrni iyvnen im adamianebs Soris, romlebic udides gmirobas sCadian an sarisko saqmianobas ewevian. danaSaulis sociologiuri Teoriebis wvlili ormagia. pirveli, es Teoriebi samarTlianad aniWebs did mniSvnelobas kriminalur da `wesier~ qcevas Soris arsebul uwyvet kavSirs. is situaciebi, sadac garkveuli tipis saqmianobebi kriminalurad miaCniaT da isini kanoniT isjeba, mniSvnelovnad varirebs. meorec, socialuri codna da socialuri garemo arsebiT gavlenas axdens imaze, CaerTveba Tu ara pirovneba kriminalur aqtivobaSi da ganixilaven Tu ara mas kriminalad. miuxedavad zogierTi xarvezisa, stigmatizaciis Teoria yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli midgomaa, romelic gamoiyeneba danaSaulisa da devianturi qcevis asaxsnelad. am Teoriis saSualebiT, Cven gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vaqcevT im pirobebs, romlebSic zogierTi saqmianoba miiCneva kanoniT dasasjelad, da Zalauflebis im urTierTobebs, romlebic aseT warmodgenebs ganapirobeben, aseve, im garemoebebs, romlebSic garkveuli individebi kanons arRveven. axla uSualod im kriminaluri qmedebebis buneba ganvixiloT, romlebic Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi xdeba, da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxviloT danaSaulze gaerTianebul samefoSi. danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika ra sixSiriT aqvs adgili danaSauls da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis romeli formebia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli:? am kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT, SegviZlia gavecnoT danaSaulis oficialur statistikas. radgan aseTi statistika regularulad qveyndeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Zneli ar aris danaSaulis raodenobis gansazRvra, magram es varaudi mcdaria. statistika danaSaulisa da mozardTa damnaSaveobis Sesaxeb, albaT, yvelaze nakleb sarwmunoa socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb oficialurad gamoqveynebul yvela monacems Soris. danaSaulis oficialuri statistikis yvelaze mTavari nakli is aris, rom igi Seicavs mxolod im danaSaulebs, romlebic, faqtobrivad, policiis mier aris registrirebuli. SesaZlo danaSaulsa da policiis mier mis registracias Soris arsebobs problemuri gadawyvetilebebis grZeli jaWvi. danaSaulebis umravlesobis, gansakuTrebiT, wvrilmani qurdobis, Sesaxeb policias arasdros atyobineben. adamianebi gansxvavdebian unariT, gamoicnon danaSauli, da surviliT, acnobon 12 policias amis Sesaxeb. im danaSaulebidan, romelTac policias atyobineben, garkveuli nawili ar aris aRniSnuli statistikur monacemebSi, magaliTad, policia, SesaZloa, skeptikurad iyos ganwyobili Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb misTvis miwodebuli informaciis sandoobis mimarT. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom yvela seriozuli danaSaulis, sul cota, naxevars (maT Soris, Zaladobrivi gaupatiurebis, Zarcvis, mZime Sedegebis mqone Tavdasxmis), ar atyobineben policias. SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1973 wlidan atarebs intervius SemTxveviTi SerCevis gziT arCeul 60000 ojaxSi, wina eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulebis msxverplTa raodenobis dadgenis mizniT. am gamokvlevas ewodeba `danaSaulis erovnuli gamokiTxva.~ am gamokvlevam daadastura, rom policias ar awvdian informacias seriozuli danaSaulebis umetesobis Sesaxeb. yvelaze xSirad atyobineben komerciuli xasiaTis Zarcvis Sesaxeb (86 procenti), xolo yvelaze iSviaTad _ binaSi 50 dolarze naklebi Tanxis qurdobis Sesaxeb (15 procenti). 1982 da 1984 wlebis `danaSaulis britanul gamokiTxvamde~ (BCS), ar arsebobda gaerTianebul samefoSi araregistrirebuli danaSaulis oficialuri Sefaseba. britaneTSi araregistrirebuli danaSaulebis magaliTebi, romlebic gamovlinda danaSaulis Sesaxeb britanuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad, zustad Seesabameba amerikul monacemebs. diagrama 8.1 mizezebi, romelTa gamoc policias ar acnobes danaSaulebis Sesaxeb (maTi procentuli wili, vinc sakuTar Tavze iwvnia danaSauli da ar acnoba amis Sesaxeb policias; SesaZlebeli iyo erTze meti mizezis miTiTeba), inglisi da uelsi, 1993 Zalian umniSvnelo danaSauli, danakargi ar iyo policias arafris gakeTeba ar SeeZlo Cven Tavad gavumklavdiT, policiis Careva ar iyo saWiro es policias ar daainteresebda Seatyobines xelisuflebis sxva organoebs SetyobinebisaTvis mouxerxebeli situacia SiSis represalia (samagieros gadaxdis SiSi) policiis SiSi/siZulvili sxva wyaro: British Crime Survey, Home Office, From Social Trends, 1996, gv. 165. danaSaulis namdvili raodenobis gasagebad ar aris sakmarisi, rom policiis mier oficialurad registrirebuli danaSaulebis raodenobas, ubralod, davumatoT is danaSaulebi, romlebic policias ar Seatyobines, radgan gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adgilobrivi policiis Zalebis mier danaSaulis registrirebis praqtika. zogierTi policia ufro nakleb danaSauls aRniSnavs, vidre sxvebi. es an maTi muSaobis araefeqturobis gamo xdeba, an imitom, rom maT mier Sedgenili dapatimrebis pataki ukeTesi gamoCndes. britaneTSi, mTavroba regularulad atarebs ojaxebis sayovelTao gamokiTxvas, erovnuli SerCevis safuZvelze. gamokiTxvam moicva 1972, 1973, 1979 da 1980 wlebSi binebis Zarcvis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebic. ojaxebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT nebismieri aseTi Zarcva, romelic moxda intervius Catarebamde, wina Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 1981 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam 13 aCvena, rom 1972-1980 wlebSi TiTqmis ar Secvlila binis Zarcvis SemTxvevis ricxvi, Tumca, im periodSi, britaneTis danaSaulis oficialurma statistikam, romelic iyenebs informacias policiisadmi Setyobinebul danaSaulTa Sesaxeb, aCvena, rom aseTi tipis danaSauli 50 procentiT gaizarda. albaT, es aSkara zrda imis Sedegia, rom amaRlda danaSaulis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis done, rac iwvevs met Setyobinebas; da kidev, ufro efeqturi gaxda policiis mier monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebi. im danaSaulebis statistikuri gazomvis mixedviT, romlebsac policias atyobineben, gaerTianebul samefoSi, naxevar saukuneze metia, danaSaulis raodenoba, met-naklebad, mudmivad izrdeba. 1920 wlamde, policia inglissa da uelsSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 100.000 danaSaulis Sesaxeb iRebda Setyobinebas. 1950 wlisTvis am ricxvma daaxloebiT 500.000-s miaRwia, xolo 1991 wels _ 5 milions gadaaWarba. amgvarad, dRes policia yovelwliurad aregistrirebs cxraze met danaSauls yovel as kacze. SesaZloa, CrdiloeT irlandia asocirdeba teroristuli Zaladobis maRal donesTan, magram, policiis statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, iq danaSaulis saerTo done sakmaod Camouvardeba inglisisa da uelsis dones da warmoadgens mxolod oTx danaSauls yovel as kacze. oficialuri statistikiT, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT Cadenili danaSaulis raodenoba mkveTrad gaizarda bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. danaSaulis britanuli gamokvlevebis monacemebi imasac aCvenebs, rom 1981 wlidan 1991 wlamde, sakuTrebis xelyofasTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli 95 procentiT gaizarda, xolo pirovnebis mimarT Cadenili danaSauli _ 21 procentiT. Cans, aq aris sakmaod mWidro urTierTkavSiri danaSaulis aseT zrdasa da mamakacTa umuSevrobis donis matebas Soris. 16-29 wlis umuSevari axalgazrda mamakacebis raodenoba danaSaulis orive kategoriaSi Zalian didia. regionuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi kavSiri realurad arsebobs. qveyanaSi dasaqmebis ZiriTadi adgilebi, rogoricaa mersisaidi, didi manCesteri, dasavleT midlendi, samxreT uelsi da didi londoni, agreTve warmoadgenen danaSaulis `Sav laqebs~ (Wells 1995). diagrama 8.2 policiis mier registrirebuli danaSaulebi 100 sul mosaxleze, 1951-1994 inglisi da uelsi CrdiloeT irlandia wyaro: Home Offence; Royal Ulster Constabulary. Social Trends-dan, 1996, gv. 159. axali memarcxene realizmi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, kriminologebs, gansakuTrebiT, ufro liberaluri an memarcxene Sexedulebis kriminologebs, undodaT, minimumamde daeyvanaT danaSaulis oficialuri maCveneblis zrdis mniSvneloba. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT, rom mediam gamoiwvia zedmeti saxalxo mRelvareba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gamo. isini amtkicebdnen, rom danaSauli, yvelaze metad, uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestis SeniRbuli formaa. am pozicias daSorda axali memarcxene realizmi, romelic asocirdeba joq iangis naSromTan (Young 1988). axali memarcxene realizmi acxadebs, rom danaSauli, sinamdvileSi, gaizarda da rom sazogadoeba samarTlianad wuxs am faqtis gamo. Sesabamisad, es midgoma 14 cdilobs, ufro metad danaSaulis msxverplze gaamaxvilos yuradReba da naklebad ainteresebs mxolod is adamianebi, romlebic danaSauls sCadian. amtkiceben, rom msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi ufro sarwmuno suraTs gvaZlevs danaSaulis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi an danaSaulis britanuli gamokiTxva (Ewans, 1992). iangis azriT, msxverplTa Seswavla aCvenebs, rom policia agebs brZolas danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT, qalaqis Sida, uRaribes, umuSevarTa raionebSi. quCis danaSauli, maT Soris, sxvadasxva saxis Zaladoba, narkotikebiT vaWroba da vandalizmi, mkveTrad gaizarda. es midgoma eyrdnoba qlouordisa da olinis, mertonisa da sxvebis Sexedulebebs. is miuTiTebs, rom Sida qalaqebSi viTardeba kriminaluri subkulturebi. aseTi subkulturebi ar warmoiqmneba Tavad siRaribis gamo, aramed imitom, rom iq mcxovrebi adamianebi ar arian CarTulni ufro did erTobaSi. magaliTad, kriminaluri axalgazrduli jgufebi moqmedeben `respeqtabeluri sazogadoebis~ zRvarze da upirispirdebian mas. is faqti, rom Savkanianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis raodenoba bolo wlebSi gaizarda, imiT aixsneba, rom rasobrivi integraciis politikam marcxi ganicada. am midgomis kritikosebi aRiareben, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania danaSaulis msxverplze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magram isini miuTiTeben, rom sazogadoebis mier danaSaulis aRqma, xSirad, stereotipebs anu mcdar warmodgenebs efuZneba. SesaZloa, axali memarcxene realizmi uneblied mxars uWers stereotips: Savkaniani = kriminali. es midgoma gaakritikes imis gamoc, rom mas zedmetad gadaaqvs yuradReba msxverplze. saWiroa, rogorc msxverplis, ise damnaSavis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gamokvleva (Hughes 1991). mkvleloba da sxva mZime danaSaulebi mkvleloba mkvlelobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, albaT, yvelaze ufro zustia danaSaulis statistikaSi. Tumca, aqac aris problemebi. imisaTvis, rom sikvdils mieces mkvlelobis klasifikacia, saWiroa dadgindes, rom Cadenili iyo danaSauli. Cveulebriv, es niSnavs, rom saWiroa gvamis povna; mxolod sikvdilis mcire ricxvs aRiareben mkvlelobad, rodesac gvami ar aris napovni. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvamis adgili dadgenilia, mkvleloba SeiZleba mxolod maSin vivaraudoT, Tu arsebobs iseTi garemoebebi, romlebic miuTiTebs, rom sikvdili ar iyo `bunebrivi,~ magaliTad, Zlieri sisxlCaqcevebi an gaxeTqili Tavis qala. Tu saqme aRiZvreba vinmes winaaRmdeg, eWvmitanili, SesaZloa, aRiaron damnaSaved adamianis SemTxveviT mkvlelobaSi (ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenil ukanono qmedebaSi) da ara ganzrax mkvlelobaSi. koronerebis (gamomZieblebis, romlebic mkvlelobisa da uecari sikvdilis gamokvlevas awarmoeben) angariSebze damyarebuli sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis statistikuri monacemebi, iZleva mkvlelobaTa donis gazomvis saSualebas, romelic policiis angariSebisgan met-naklebad damoukidebelia. koronerTa angariSebi ar aris mTlianad zusti, radgan maT, SesaZloa, SecdomiT miiCnion mkvlelobad raime SemTxveva, an arasworad CaTvalon mkvleloba TviTmkvlelobad. magram aseTi 15 statistikuri monacemebi, ZiriTadad, Seesatyviseba policiis angariSebSi aRniSnuli mkvlelobebis dones da, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es monacemebi, albaT, sakmaod zustia. diagrama 8.3 mkvlelobis aRnusxvis (an araRnusxvis) sxvadasxva gza danaSaulis statistikaSi wyaro: A. K. Bottomley and K. Pease, Crime and Punishment: Interpreting the Data (Open University Press 1986), gv. 9. sikvdilis Tavdapirveli klasifikacia mkvlelobad sikvdili ,,moxsnili” kriminaluri statistikidan ← sikvdils kvlavac ganixilaven, rogorc mkvlelobas ← sikvdilis Semdgomi klasifikacia mkvlelobad → sikvdilis faqti ar aRiricxeba kriminalur statistikaSi kriminalur statistikaSi aRar Seyvana ← mkvleli dasjilia kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana mkvlelobis saxiT ← mkvlelobis verdiqtis gamotana kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana ganuzraxavi mkvlelobis saxiT ← mkvlelobis verdiqti SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobiT kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana sxva saxis SemTxveviTi mkvlelobis saxiT ← SemTxveviTi mkvlelobis verdiqti mZime danaSauli aSS-Si aravin davobs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelic kriminalurma statistikam gamoavlina. mZime danaSaulebis done gansakuTrebiT maRalia SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva industriul qveynebTan, maT Soris britaneTTan, SedarebiT (Tumca, es ar unda SevadaroT mesame msoflios dones - ix. diagrama 8.1). detroitSi, romlis mosaxleoba mxolod erT milion naxevarze metia, weliwadSi ufro meti mkvleloba aris registrirebuli, vidre mTel gaerTianebul samefoSi, romlis mosaxleoba 55 milioni adamiania. am konteqstis mixedviT Tu SevafasebT, SeerTebuli Statebi aris kultura, romelSic mZime danaSaulebi yvavis. ratom xdeba ase? pasuxis gacemisas, amis mizezad zogjer im faqts asaxeleben, rom qveyanaSi Zalian bevri revolveri da sxva saxis cecxlsasroli iaraRia. es, ra Tqma unda, sinamdviles Seesabameba, magram mxolod amaze dayrdnobiT ver gavcemT srul pasuxs. SveicariaSi mZime danaSaulis Zalian dabali donea, Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRi advilad xelmisawvdomia. yvela moqalaqeobis mqone mamakaci aris moqalaqeTa laSqris wevri da saxlSi inaxavs iaraRs, maT Soris, SaSxanebs, revolverebsa da, zogjer, sxva avtomatur iaraRs, agreTve, samxedro aRWurvilobas. arc iaraRze licenziis miReba aris Zneli (Clinard 1978). albaT, SeerTebul StatebSi mZime danaSaulis maRali donis axsna unda veZeboT Semdegi mizezebis erTobliobaSi: cecxlsasroli iaraRis xelmisawvdomoba, `axalmosaxleTa tradiciebis~ sayovelTao zegavlena da did qalaqebSi Zaladobrivi subkulturebis arseboba. axalmosaxleTa, kolonistebisa da vijilantebis (`sifxizlis komitetis~ wevrebis) Zaladoba amerikis istoriis nawilia, romelsac Tayvans scemen. qalaqebSi dafuZnebuli zogierT pirvel emigrantul raionSi axlad dasaxlebulebma Seqmnes TavianTi samezoblos socialuri kontrolis sakuTari araformaluri meTodi, romelic emyareboda Zaladobasa da Zaladobis muqaras. msgavsad amisa, axalgazrdebma 16 SavkanianTa da espanurenovan erTobebSi Camoayalibes vaJkacobisa da Rirsebis subkulturebi, romlebic asocirdeboda Zaladobis ritualebTan. mniSvnelovania, aRvniSnoT, rom bevri mZime danaSauli yoveldRiuri xasiaTisaa. SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebisa da mkvlelobebis umetesoba nalebad hgavs SeiaraRebuli banditebis sisxlismsmel, gaafTrebul moqmedebebs, romlebsac masmedia yvelaze mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs. saerTod, mkvleloba xdeba an ojaxSi, an sxva naTesauri kavSirebis mqone adamianebs Soris. aseTi danaSauli bevrad ufro xSirad alkoholis zemoqmedebiT xdeba, vidre narkotikebis gamo, rac ar aris gasakviri - is gapirobebulia alkoholis ufro didi moxmarebiT. mkvlelobaTa mniSvnelovani nawili aris `msxverplis mier wamowyebuli~ _ msxverpli fataluri ganrisxebis moTavea. is akeTebs muqaris gamomxatvel pirvel moZraobas an pirvelad is artyams. bevri aseTi magaliTia mocemuli volfgangis kvlevaSi, romelic SeerTebul StatebSi Catarda. masSi Tavidanvea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli am movlenaze, magaliTad, `msxverpli ganrisxda, rodesac SesaZlo mkvlelma mas mosTxova fuli, romelic mas emarTa. msxverplma uceb xeli staca najaxs da gaemarTa Tavisi kreditorisken, romelmac amoaZro dana da mas daartya~ (Wolfgang 1958, gv. 253; ixileT, agreTve, Campbell and Gibbs 1986). modiT, vnaxoT, ra emarTebaT maT, vinc, sinamdvileSi, damnaSaved scnes. danaSaulis sazRauri aris sasjeli; dRes danaSaulisTvis sasjelis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli forma aris cixeSi Casma, Tumca umniSvnelo danaSaulisTvis sayovelTaod miRebulia jarimis gadaxda. cixeebi da sasjeli dasjis formebis cvlilebebi mecxramete saukunis adreul periodamde, cixeSi Casma, rogorc sasjeli danaSaulisTvis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. nebismieri zomis qalaqebis umetesobaSi iyo adgilobrivi cixe, magram es cixeebi, Cveulebriv, Zalian mcire iyo da iq erTdroulad sam an oTxze meti patimris moTavseba SeuZlebeli iyo. isini gamoiyeneboda Ramis ganmavlobaSi mTvralebis `gasagrileblad~, iSviaTad ki, rogorc adgilebi, sadac braldebulebi sasamarTlo process elodebodnen. did evropul qalaqebSi, cixeebi sxvadasxva zomis iyo. maTSi aTavsebdnen adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba ukve damnaSaved scnes da isini ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanas elodebodnen. es dawesebulebebi Zalian gansxvavdebodnen im cixeebisgan, romlebic didi raodenobiT aaSenes mecxramete saukunis bolosa da Semdgom periodSi. disciplina cixeSi Zalian susti iyo an saerTod ar arsebobda. zogjer maT, vinc unda daesajaT, miwisqveSa sapyrobileSi agdebdnen da ganaCenis aRsrulebamde isini mxolod sapyrobilis zedamxedvels xedavdnen, magram, ufro xSirad, cixis atmosfero saocrad Tavisufali da mSvidi iyo, Tanamedrove standartebTan SedarebiT. jonaTan aTolma, danaSaulis istorikosma, aRwera cxovreba niugeitSi, londonis erT-erT Zvel cixeSi. es iyo xmauriani, mxiaruli adgili, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi uamravi mnaxveliT. 1790 wels, erT-erTma msjavrdebulma cixeSi mejlisi moawyo. Cans, es ar iyo uCveulo movlena: `Cai miarTves SuadRis 4 saaTze, 17 violinosa da fleitis musikis TanxlebiT, amis Semdeg kompania cekvavda 8 saaTamde, roca civi vaxSami moitanes. saRamos wveuleba daiSala 9 saaTze, rodesac, Cveulebriv, cixe iketeboda” (Atholl 1954, gv. 66). mecxramete saukunemde, danaSaulisTvis sasjelis mTavari formebi iyo: adamianebis xundebSi Casma, gamaTraxeba, cxeli rkiniT daRis amowva an CamoxrCoba. ganaCeni sisruleSi mohyavdaT saxalxod da mas bevri adamiani eswreboda. zogi dasja aTasobiT adamians izidavda. CamosaxrCobad gamzadebul patimrebs SeeZloT sityvis warmoTqma, TavianTi moqmedebebis gamarTleba da Tavis udanaSaulod gamocxadeba. brbo msjavrdebulebs amxnevebda mowonebis SeZaxilebiT, an gamkicxavi SeZaxilebiT gamoTqvamda Tavis damokidebulebas, an vaSas SemosZaxebda Tu ustvenda imisda mixedviT, iq damswre sazogadoeba rogor afasebda damnaSavis warmoTqmul sityvas. Tanamedrove cixeebi saTaves iRebs warsulis SromiT-gamosasworebel banakebidan da ara sapatimroebidan an miwisqveSa sapyrobileebidan. SromiTgamosasworebeli banakebi Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna meCvidmete saukuneSi, evropis qveynebis udides nawilSi da gavrcelda feodalizmis rRvevis periodSi; bevrma glexma ver SeZlo miwis damuSavebis samuSaos miReba da amitom gaxda mawanwala. SromiT-gamosasworebel banakebSi maT aWmevdnen, magram aiZulebdnen, drois udidesi nawili am dawesebulebaSi gaetarebinaT da Zalian bevri eSromaT. miuxedavad amisa, SromiTi saxlebi gaxda is adgilebi, sadac aTavsebdnen sxva jgufebs, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT aravin zrunavda maTze. eseni iyvnen: avadmyofebi, xandazmulebi, gonebasustebi da suliT avadmyofebi. meTvramete saukuneSi, cixeebi, TavSesafrebi da samkurnalo dawesebulebebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gaxda. reformatorebi protests gamoTqvamdnen tradiciuli sasjelebis gamo. maTi azriT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iyo ufro efeqturi saSualeba kriminaluri saqmianobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mkvleloba yvelaze ufro saSiS danaSaulad aRiares, radgan ufro did politikur sistemaSi gaCnda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uflebebi da sxva pirovnebis mokvla miCneul iqna saboloo Setevad adamianis uflebebze. mas Semdeg, rac miiCnies, rom cixeebs kriminalebis gawvrTnis mizani unda hqonoda _ maT unda eswavlaT disciplinisa da konformulobis jansaRi Cvevebi - adamianebis sajarod dasjis idea TandaTan gaqra. cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba cixeSi Casma aris damnaSaveebis dasjisa da maTgan moqalaqeebis dacvis saSualeba. magram cixis sistemis mTavari principi aris individis `gamosworeba~, raTa SemdegSi man SeZlos sazogadoebaSi Sesaferisi da saTanado rolis Sesruleba. axdenen ki cixeebi aseT efeqts im adamianebze, romlebic izolirebulni arian iq garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi? faqtebi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom ara. rogorc wesi, axla patimrebs fizikurad ukve aRar sjian, rogorc es adre iyo miRebuli, Tumca cemis faqtebi cixeebSi, qalebis cixeebSic ki, jer kidev arsebobs. patimrebs bevri sxvadasxva tipis deprivacia awuxebT. isini moklebulni arian ara marto Tavisuflebas, aramed Semosavals, ojaxebsa da yofil megobrebTan urTierTobebs, heteroseqsualur kavSirebs, sakuTar tansacmelsa da sxva pirad nivTebs. isini xSirad cxovroben xalxiT gadavsebul saknebSi da iZulebulni arian, 18 daemorCilon TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis disciplinis wesebsa da reglamentacias. aseT pirobebSi cxovreba, cixis patimrebsa da gare sazogadoebas Soris gaTiSvas ufro iwvevs, vidre am sazogadoebis normebisadmi maTi qcevis adaptacias. patimrebma urTierTobebi unda daamyaron im garemosTan, romelic Zalian gansxvavebulia gare samyarosgan. is Cvevebi da atitudebi, romlebsac isini cixeSi swavloben, Zalian xSirad, diametralurad imis sapirispiroa, rac maT unda SeiZinon. magaliTad, maT uviTardebaT Suris grZnoba sxva moqalaqeebis mimarT, Zaladobas normad Tvlian, damnaSave recidivistebTan amyareben urTierTobebs, rasac ganTavisuflebis Semdegac agrZeleben, da iZenen iseT kriminalur unar-Cvevebs, romlebic maT adre TiTqmis ar hqondaT. amitom, ar aris gasakvirveli, rom recidivizmis _ danaSaulis gameoreba im adamianebis mier, romlebic adre ukve isxdnen cixeSi _ done SemaSfoTeblad maRalia. sasjelis moxdis Semdeg, gaerTianebul samefoSi, cixidan ganTavisuflebuli mamakacebis 60 procentze meti kvlav xvdeba cixeSi, pirveli danaSaulis Cadenidan 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. ganmeorebiTi kanondarRvevebis realuri done, SesaZloa, ufro maRali iyos, radgan, ueWvelia, zogierT maTgans, vinc daubrunda kriminalur saqmianobas, ver iWeren. Tumca cixeebi, Cans, ver aRweven warmatebas patimrebis reabilitaciis saqmeSi, SesaZloa, isini xels uSlidnen maT danaSaulis CadenaSic. isini, vinc cixeSi moxvda, realurad ver SeaCeres, magram, SesaZloa, cixis aramimzidvelma cxovrebam SeaCeros sxvebi danaSaulis Cadenisgan. es aris TiTqmis gadauWreli problema cixis reformatorebisTvis. Tu cixeebs gadavaqcevT iseT adgilebad, romlebSic yofna ukiduresad gausaZlisi iqneba, es, albaT, potenciur kanondamrRvevebs SeaCerebs danaSaulis Cadenisgan, magram, amave dros, SeuZlebels gaxdis cixeSi patimrebis reabilitaciis amocanebis ganxorcielebas. magram, rac ufro naklebad mkacri iqneba cixis pirobebi, cixeSi Casma miT ufro metad kargavs Tavis Semakavebel efeqts. cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi dRes cixeebi britaneTSi, sxva industriuli qveynebis umravlesobis msgavsad, masiurad gadavsebulia patimrebiT (patimarTa Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad, ix. diagrama 8.4). radgan cixeSi Casma, Cveulebriv, ver uwyobs xels patimarTa reabilitacias da, albaT, amis gamo adamianebi arc danaSaulis Cadenisgan ikaveben Tavs, ratom ar unda ganvixiloT cixis alternativebi, rogorc danaSaulis raodenobis Semcirebis saSualeba. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ramdenime alternativa ukve gamoiyeneba an amJamad ganixileba maTi gamoyenebis sakiTxebi. erT-erTi aseTi alternativa aris supervizia erTobis SigniT, maT Soris, probacia (damnaSavis, gansakuTrebiT mcirewlovanis, pirobiTi sasjeli), patimris vadamde ganTavisufleba da TavdebiT supervizia. gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebobs aseTi alternativebis gamoyenebis precedentebi. dRes, Cadenili danaSaulis gamo sasjelmisjili adamianebis bevrad ufro didi raodenoba aris probaciaze an vadamde ganTavisuflebuli, vidre zis cixeSi. probacia farTod gamoiyeneba SedarebiT umniSvnelo danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi; es niSnavs, rom pirovneba `kargad unda iqceodes~ garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi da regularulad unda cxaddebodes policiis ganyofilebaSi. am 19 periodis bolos saqme ixureba. patimris vadamde ganTavisufleba aris sasjelis vadis Semcireba, rac warmoadgens jildos patimrisTvis, cixeSi yofnis dros misi kargi qcevisTvis. TavdebiT supervizia xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi cixis gareT rCebian, sando meTvalyureobis qveS, sasamarTlo procesamde, vidre maT damnaSaved an udanaSaulod scnoben. kidev erTi alternativaa diversia, rac exeba programebs, romlebic mTlianad aTavisuflebs individs sasamarTlo procesidan. arsebuli programebis umetesoba, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi farTod gamoiyeneba, exeba im adamianebs, vinc pirveli an umniSvnelo danaSauli Caidina. damnaSave muSa an mosamsaxure diversiis saSualebiT iwyebs mis mier Cadenili da sasamarTlo procesze gansaxilveli qmedebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas da Semdeg gegmavs, ris gakeTeba SeiZleba sanacvlod. am alternativis idea aris danaSaulisa da stigmis Semcireba da reabilitaciis kargad dagegmva. arsebobs bevri sxva SesaZleblobac, maT Soris sasjeli, romlis mixedviTac, msjavrdebuls evaleba adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis Sesruleba anazRaurebis gareSe; sasjelis Secvla jarimiT, romlis safasuri damnaSavem Tavisi SromiT unda gamoimuSavos; damnaSavis mier msxverplisTvis zaralis anazRaureba, fulis an momsaxurebis saSualebiT; msxverplisa da damnaSavis Serigebis programebi; Terapiuli erTobebi da cixidan droebiT gasvlis Svebulebebi, romlebic patimrebs saSualebas aZlevs, garkveuli periodi cixis gareT gaataron. zogi amtkicebs, rom saWiroa cixeebis saerTod gauqmeba. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, isini SedarebiT gvian Seiqmna da arasdros umuSaviaT kargad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maT mTavar miznebs. miuxedavad amisa, dRes, albaT, qveynebis umravlesobaSi SenarCunebuli iqneba damnaSavis dasjis forma _ cixeSi Casma, magram sxva alternativasTan erTad (Vass 1990). diagrama 8.4 patimrebi evrokavSiris qveynebSi (100,000 sul mosaxleze), 1992 wyaro: Council of Europe, Home Office. Social Trends-dan, 1995, cxrili 9.27. portugalia gaerTianebuli samefo luqsemburgi espaneTi safrangeTi italia germania belgia dania irlandiis respublika saberZneTi holandia sikvdiliT dasja mas Semdeg, rac kriminaluri danaSaulis gamo, cixeSi Casma dasjis mTavar formad iqca, sikvdiliT dasja sul ufro da ufro sadavo xdeba. reformatorebis umravlesobis azriT, danaSaulis gamo, adamianebis sikvdiliT dasja barbarosobaa. ufro metic, iq, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gamoiyeneba, SeuZlebelia usamarTlo 20 sasamarTlo saqmeebis gamosworeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamovlinda samxilebi, romlebic aCvenebs, rom pirovneba SecdomiT aRiares damnaSaved. SeerTebuli Statebi aris dasavleTis TiTqmis erTaderTi qveyana, sadac sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev gamoiyeneba. 1972 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom sikvdiliT dasja, faqtobrivad, gaauqma, magram 1976 wels is kvlav aRadgines. sikvdiliT dasja yovelwliurad izrdeba, magram apelaciebisa da sxva faqtorebis gamo, sikvdiliT dasjilTa wili, sinamdvileSi, naklebia. bevr sxva qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrioba aqtiurad moiTxovs sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi saxis danaSaulisTvis (rogoricaa terorizmi an policielis mokvla). did britaneTSi, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi mudmivad aCvenebs, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas surs sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgena. adamianebis did nawils, albaT, sjera, rom dasjis SiSis gamo, potenciuri mkvlelebi Tavs Seikaveben danaSaulis Cadenisgan. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT diskusiebi grZeldeba, am ideis mxardasaWeri damamtkicebeli sabuTi an Zalian cotaa, an saerTod ar arsebobs. im qveynebSi, romlebmac gaauqmes sikvdiliT dasja, mkvlelobebis raodenoba, adrindelTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi isev arsebobs sikvdiliT dasja, iq mkvlelobaTa done, udavod, yvelaze maRalia mTel industriul samyaroSi. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi mRelvareba am sakiTxis gamo, SesaZloa, ufro asaxavs danaSaulebis mimarT damokidebulebas, vidre is Sexeduleba, rom sikvdiliT dasja danaSaulis Semakavebeli faqtoria. adamianebi, SesaZloa, Tvlian, rom mas, vinc xelyofs sxva adamianis sicocxles, samagiero unda miezRos da is msgavsi meTodiT unda daisajos. alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, sazogadoebisTvis zneobrivad ar aris gamarTlebuli Tavisi wevrebis sikvdiliT dasja, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi danaSauli. am meore Sexedulebam, dasjis Semakavebeli efeqtis ararsebobis faqtTan erTad, didi gavlena moipova dasavleTis bevr kanonmdebels Soris. meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: meTodi: gamoiyeneba: adamianTa dasjis mizniT gamoyenebuli meTodebi dasja eleqtroskamiT SeerTebuli Statebis 12 StatSi gazis kamera SeerTebuli Statebis 5 StatSi ineqcia sasikvdilo SedegiT SeerTebuli Statebis 32 StatSi CamoxrCoba iranSi, eraySi, avRaneTSi, iamaikaSi, iaponiaSi, malaiziaSi, SeerTebuli Statebis 4 StatSi qvebiT Caqolva iranSi msrolelTa razmi indoneziaSi, iranSi, eraySi, nigeriaSi, taivanze, SeerTebuli Statebis 2 StatSi Tavis mokveTa saudis arabeTSi 21 ruka: sasjelis aRsrulebis zonebi sasikvdilo ineqciis oTaxi ilinoisSi, romelsac gverdiT ganagebuli aqvs oTaxi, saidanac 30 adamians SeuZlia Tvalyuris devneba. san quentinis gazis kamera. kalifornia im xuT Stats Sorisaa, romelic am meTods iyenebs. qveynebi, romlebic iyeneben sikvdiliT dasjas avRaneTSi CamoxrCoba, xSirad, sajarod xdeba. saudis arabeTSi, 1994 wels, 192 adamians Tavi mokveTes sxvadasxva danaSaulisTvis, gaupatiurebiT dawyebuli, RvTis dagmobiT damTavrebuli. CineTSi sikvdiliT dasjili adamianebis gvamebs, xSirad, `agroveben~ organoebis transplantaciis mizniT. msrolelTa jgufis daxmarebiT, damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja gavrcelebuli meTodia Sua da Soreul aRmosavleTSi. wyaro: Amnesty International. ruka arbi jonsisgan “Sentenced to Death,” Cosmopolitan, marti, 1996, gv. 17. genderi da danaSauli sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, kriminologiur kvlevebSi, tradiciulad, uyuradRebod aris datovebuli mosaxleobis naxevari. kriminologiis bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi, faqtobrivad, araferia naTqvami qalebis Sesaxeb, garda im nawilebisa, sadac ganxilulia gaupatiureba da prostitucia. aseve, deviaciis Teoriebis umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelyofs qalebs. amis magaliTia mertonis Sexeduleba socialur struqturasa da anomiaze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, faqtobrivad, yvelas SeiZleba ganicdides `zewolas warmatebis miRwevis mizniT.~ amitom, vinmes SeeZlo logikurad daemtkicebina, rom qalebi mamakacebze ufro xSirad monawileoben mertonis mier gansazRvrul sxvadasxva kategoriis deviaciebSi, maT Soris danaSaulSi, radgan qalebisTvis, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, `dawinaurebis~ naklebi SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. magram danaSaulis done qalebs Soris aris _ an Cans, rom aris _ Zalian dabali. miuxedavad imisa, rom, garkveuli mizezis gamo, qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad monawileoben deviantur qmedebebSi, es ar aris imis mizezi, rom maT saTanado yuradReba ar mivaqcioT. mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis doneebi statistikuri monacemebi gendrisa da danaSaulis Sesaxeb gansacvifrebelia. magaliTad, arsebobs uzarmazari disbalansi cixeSi moTavsebuli mamakacebisa da qalebis raodenobas Soris, ara marto britaneTSi, aramed yvela industriul qveyanaSi. qalebi britaneTis cixeebis patimarTa mxolod 3 procents Seadgenen. aseve, gansxvavebulia mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis tipebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia oficialuri statistikis monacemebi. qalebis mier 22 Cadenil danaSaulebs Soris iSviaTia Zaladoba da TiTqmis yvela maTgani mcire masStabisaa. wvrilmani qurdobebi, magaliTad, maRaziaSi nivTebis moparva da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva, rogoric sajaro loToba da prostitucia, aris qalebis mier Cadenili tipuri danaSaulebi (Flowers 1987). ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, realuri gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis doneebs Soris naklebia, vidre amas oficialuri statistika aCvenebs. magaliTad, SeiZleba policiam da sxva oficialurma pirebma nakleb saxifaTod miiCnion samarTaldamrRvevi qalebis iseTi qmedebebi, ris gamoc mamakacebs daapatimrebdnen. danaSaulebis msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, SevamowmoT es versia. SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, 1976 wlis danaSaulis erovnuli gamokiTxvis masalebi Sedarebul iyo gamoZiebis federaluri biuros statistikis monacemebTan, rom gaegoT, arsebobs Tu ara maT Soris raime gansxvaveba, kriminalur saqmianobaSi monawile qalebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT (Hindelang et al. 1978). mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCines qalebis mier Cadenili seriozuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevebSi; gamoZiebis federaluri biuros statistikuri monacemebi, faqtobrivad, ufro maRal dones aCvenebs, vidre gamokiTxvis angariSebi. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom im qalebis wili, vinc CarTulni arian `mamakacTa~ danaSaulebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, Cans, izrdeba, magram ar arsebobs am tendenciis damamtkicebeli aSkara monacemebi. danaSaulis erTaderTi saxeoba, ris gamoc damnaSaved aRiarebuli qalebis raodenoba TiTqmis utoldeba damnaSave mamakacebis raodenobas, maRaziaSi qurdobaa. zogierTis azriT, es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro metad `sazogadoebriv~ situaciaSi sCadian kriminalur qmedebebs, magaliTad, maRaziaSi sayidlebze siarulis dros, vidre saxlis garemoSi; sxva sityvebiT, iseT viTarebaSi, sadac danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZlebloba met-naklebad Tanabaria mamakacebisa da qalebisTvis. Cans, isini erTnairad arRveven kanons da sCadian danaSauls, magram arsebobs ramdenime gamokvleva, sadac erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia qalebisa da mamakacebis mier maRaziebSi nivTebis moparvis SemTxvevebi da miRebuli daskvna, garkveulwilad, hipoTeturia (Buckle and Farrington 1984). cxrili 8.2 qali da mamakaci braldebulebi, romlebic sasamarTlom damnaSaved scno, danaSaulis tipis mixedviT, inglisi da uelsi, 1993 danaSauli qalebi (000) % mamakacebi (000) % pirovnebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba seqsualuri Zaladoba Senobis gatexva Zarcva qurdoba da moparuli nivTebis gamoyeneba TaRliToba da gayalbeba kriminaluri zianis miyeneba narkotikebis moxmareba sxva (sagzao darRvevebis garda) manqanis tarebasTan dakavSirebul darRvevebi sul 3.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 22.1 3.9 0.8 2.0 3.6 0.5 37.7 8.7 2.0 2.5 5.9 18.2 22.3 8.5 9.1 9.5 4.6 12.3 wyaro: Home Office, 1993. Sociology Review-dan, seqtemberi, 1995 (Philip Allan Publishers), gv. 4. 23 35.3 4.3 39.2 4.8 99.5 13.6 8.6 19.9 34.2 10.3 269.9 91.3 98.0 97.5 94.1 81.8 77.7 91.5 90.9 90.5 95.4 87.7 gogonebi bandebSi axalgazrdul bandebSi monawile qalebsa da qalebis bandebs mxolod ramdenime Sroma eZRvneba. Zalian bevria dawerili mamakacebis quCis jgufebisa da bandebis Sesaxeb, magram am gamokvlevebSi qalebi Zalian iSviaTad Cndebian. Tumca, enn qempbelma Seiswavla gogonebi niu-iorkis quCis bandebSi (Campbell 1986a). man gamosakvlevad sami banda SearCia, rom Rrmad da dawvrilebiT Seeswavla maTi cxovreba: erTi banda eTnikurad Sereuli iyo, meores puerto rikoelebi warmoadgendnen, mesameSi ki Savkanianebi iyvnen. bandebis wevrebis asaki meryeobda TxuTmetidan ocdaaT wlamde. TiToeul jgufTan e. qempbelma eqvsi Tve gaatara. is maTTan erTad cxovrobda da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda bandebis liderebze. koni iyo `sendmenis qalbatonebis~ lideri. es iyo qalebis dajgufeba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo `sendmenis baikerebTan,~ bandasTan, romlis winamZRoli misi qmari iyos. kvlevis dros is ocdaaTi wlis iyo da meTaurobda Sereul, espanurenovani da Savkaniani wevrebisagan Semdgar bandas harlemSi, niu-iorkSi. `sendmenis baikerebis~ Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo narkotikebiT vaWroba. es jgufi CarTuli iyo xangrZliv SidabrZolaSi `rCeulebTan,~ qalTa bandasTan zemo manhetenidan. maT, vinc uerTdeboda `sendmenis qalbatonebs~, unda daemtkicebina Tavisi sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi; bandaSi miRebis sakiTxs wyvetda koni. is iRebda gadawyvetilebas, SeeZlo Tu ara romelime gogos maTTan erTad `xetiali~ gamosacdel periodSi da mogvianebiT mieRo Tavisi `balTebi~ (warCinebis niSnebi). koni yovelTvis atarebda gasaSlel danas, hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRic. is ambobda, rom vinmesTan brZolis dros misi mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis mokvla. Cxubebi, romlebsac mosdevda fizikuri Sexla-Semoxla, muSti-krivi, tipuri iyo rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis dajgufebebisTvis. uiza iyo espanurenovani bandis, `seqsualuri gogonebi,~ meTauri. am bandaSi Sediodnen rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis dajgufebebi. uizas ar SeeZlo arc kiTxva da arc wera, man arc Tavisi namdvili asaki icoda. is, albaT, ocdaeqvsi wlis qali iyo. bandis gafurCqnis periodSi, masSi ormocdaaTze meti qali iyo. qalebi cdilobdnen saxelis moxveWas fizikuri siZlieriT, amtanobiTa da uxeSobiT. muSti-krivi da cema-tyepa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. amis gamo, bandis mamakacebi aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen qalebiT, magram, sxva mxriv, isini xels uwyobdnen maT tradiciul rolebs, rogoricaa, bavSvebis movla, saWmlis keTeba da kerva. mesame dajgufeba, romelsac qempbeli ikvlevda, iyo `eris xuTi procenti,~ Savkanianebis religiuri organizacia. maTi wevrebis azriT, mosaxleobis 10 procenti eqspluatacias uwevs mTeli mosaxleobis 85 procents, xolo danarCen 5 procents Seadgenen islamis gasxivosnebuli mimdevrebi, romelTa amocanaa Savkanianebis aRzrda-ganaTleba. policia `eris xuT procents~ quCis bandad Tvlida. pirovneba, romelzec mkvlevarma yuradReba gaamaxvila, iyo `afrikis mze.~ man uaryo Tavisi, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `mTavrobis mier darqmeuli saxeli.~ rogorc sxva jgufebi, ise am jgufis qalebi, xSirad monawileobdnen SetakebebSi. dajgufebis 24 wevrebi dapatimrebulebi iyvnen ZarcvisTvis, saSiSi iaraRis SenaxvisTvis, RamiT qurdobisa da manqanebis gatacebisTvis. sxva gamokvlevis dros, qempbelma interviu CamoarTva moswavle gogonebs muSaTa ojaxebidan. is Seecada, Seeswavla maTi damokidebuleba cema-tyepis mimarT. man aRmoaCina, rom gogonebi ufro xSirad monawileobdnen am qmedebebSi, vidre, Cveulebriv, sxvebs miaCniaT (Cambell 1986b). TiTqmis yvela gamokiTxuli aRiarebda, rom monawileobda SetakebebSi; gogonebis meoTxedi aRniSnavda, rom eqvsze met cematyepaSi hqonda miRebuli monawileoba. umravlesoba uaryofda mosazrebas: `me vfiqrob, rom muSti-krivi mxolod biWebisTvis arsebobs.~ 1990-ian wlebSi, bevri gogona SeuerTda amerikis qalaqebis Sida bandebs. maT sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba bandaSi saqmianobiT moipoves da amas ZaladobiT miaRwies. bruklinis `saxenaiarevi bandis~ erT-erTi wevri SeniSnavda, `rodesac vxedav rames, rac Zalian mindoda, me namdvilad miviReb mas, gamovaZrob danas, me mxolod nivTebi minda~. gogonebis dajgufebam niu-iorkis metroSi mokla TxuTmeti wlis mozardi, misTvis sayureebi rom waerTmiaT. zogierT bandaSi mxolod qalebi arian. am axali bandebis saxelebia: `meeqvse quCis meZavebi~, `tamberis gogoebi~ da `brZeni inteligenti debi.~ axla ramdenime aseTi saxis banda arsebobs londonis iseT nawilebSi, rogoricaa stoqueli da briqstoni, Tumca, Cans, orive nakleb formalizebuli da naklebad moZaladea (Nicoll 1995). Zaladoba qalTa sapatimroebSi pet qarlenma Seagrova britaneTis cixeebis patimari qalebis avtobiografiuli ambebi, romlebSic aRwerilia Zaladobis uamravi SemTxveva da naCvenebia, rom es qalTa cixeebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania (Carlen et al. 1985). londonis holoueis erT-erTi patimari, jozi o'deieri aRwers, Tu mcveli qalebis `saSiSi xrova~ rogor iyo gawafuli patimrebis Zaladobriv dasjaSi. Tu mcvelebi Tvlidnen, rom patimari qalebi cudad iqceodnen, isini maT sastikad uswordebodnen, scemdnen. sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli zogierTi patimris mier sxva patimrebis cemac: erTi romelime morige mcveli yovelTvis energiulad SemoiWreboda da iwyebda Sens cemas mkerdze, radgan undoda, rom misTvisac gagertya _ es is aris, ris miRwevac mas undoda _ brZola da cema-tyepa. isini gaTreven `yelsabamiT~, xelborkilebiT da, SesaZloa, kiserze erTdroulad sami jaWvi Camogacvan. Sens kiserze mewamuli sisxlCaqcevebi Cndeba _ mewamuli yelsabami. Sen cota xniT gonebas kargav da fiqrob: `ai, es aris, axla me mokvdebi”... me SeiZleba momkvdariyavi. magram me ar movkvdi, me gamimarTla da gadavrCi (Carlen et al., 1985, gv. 149). Sefaseba qempbelisa da qarlenis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zaladoba mxolod mamakacebis kriminaluri saqmianobisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. albaT, qalebi bevrad ufro iSviaTad monawileoben Zaladobriv danaSaulebSi, vidre mamakacebi, magram isini yovelTvis ar ikaveben Tavs Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan. maSin, ratom aris qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis done bevrad ufro dabali, vidre mamakacebis? arsebobs garkveuli samxili, rom kanondamrRvev qalebs, sakmaod xSirad, SeuZliaT, Tavi daaRwion sasamarTlos, radgan exerxebaT policiisa da sxva organoebis darwmuneba, rom samarTladamcvelebma maT qmedebebs sxvagvarad Sexedon. 25 isini mimarTaven e.w. `genderul kontraqts~ _ mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris usityvo SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac, qali, erTi mxriv, asocirdeba ucnaurobasTan, meryeobasa da impulsurobasTan da, meore mxriv, misi dacvis saWiroebasTan. magaliTad, uoroli aRwers im qalis SemTxvevas, romelmac Tavisi da samzareulos daniT mokla. imis magivrad, rom cixeSi CaesvaT, is sami wlis ganmavlobaSi probaciaze imyofeboda da gadioda iZulebiTi Terapiuli mkurnalobis kurss. imis detalebi, rac sasamarTloSi moxda, SesaZleblobas iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom, albaT, mosamarTlis azriT, `Zalian tipuri axalgazrda qali~ da sastiki Zaladoba erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia. amitom miiCnies, rom is ar iyo pasuxismgebeli am danaSaulisTvis (Worrall 1970). da mainc, gansxvavebul midgomas ar SeuZlia axsnas uzarmazari gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris. ra Tqma unda, es TiTqmis igive mizezebia, romlebic xsnis genderul gansxvavebebs socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi. udavoa, arsebobs specifikuri `qalebis danaSaulebi~, gansakuTrebiT, prostitucia, romlis gamoc qalebi isjebian, xolo maTi klienti mamakacebi ki - ara. `mamakacebis danaSaulebi~ rCeba `mamakacur~ danaSaulebad, socializaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo. amis mizezi isic aris, rom mamakacebis saqmianoba, qalebis umravlesobis saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, jer kidev ufro `araojaxuria.~ danaSaulis genderuli gansxvavebebs xSirad xsnidnen, savaraudod, Tandayolili biologiuri da fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebiT _ gansxvavebuli fizikuri ZaliT, qalis pasiurobiT, gamravlebaze zrunviT. dRes miaCniaT, rom `qaluri~ Tvisebebi, iseve rogorc `mamakacuri~ Tvisebebi, mniSvnelovanwilad, socialuri faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. socializaciis procesSi, qalebs sruliad gansxvavebul Tvisebebs aswavlian, vidre mamakacebs (sxvebze zrunva da pirovnuli urTierTobebis xelSewyoba). aseve mniSvnelovania, rom ideologiisa da sxva faqtorebs zegavleniT, rogoricaa, Sexeduleba `karg gogonaze,~ qalebis qceva xSirad SezRudulia, garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli da, mamakacebis saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, mas gansakuTrebulad akontroleben. mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, kriminalistebi winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom genderuli Tanasworoba an Seamcirebs, an mTlianad aRmofxvris gansxvavebebs mamakacebisa da qalebis kriminalur saqmianobebs Soris, magram dRes es gansxvavebebi jer kidev mkveTradaa gamoxatuli. Cven ar SegviZlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, gaqreba Tu ara odesme qalebisa da mamakacebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris gansxvaveba. danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~ danaSauli genderuli xasiaTisaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs gogonebis ramdenime banda, qalaqebis Rarib ubnebSi danaSaulis maRali done ZiriTadad axalgazrda mamakacebis moqmedebebTan asocirdeba. ratom xdeba, rom am ubnebSi amdeni axalgazrda mamakaci sCadis danaSauls? zogierT pasuxs Cven ukve mokled SevexeT. xSirad, biWebi adreuli asakidan xdebian bandebis wevrebi. es aris subkultura, sadac danaSaulis zogierTi forma cxovrebis wesia. da roca xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi damnaSaveebis iarliys miawebeben, isini iwyeben 26 regularul kriminalur saqmianobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes arsebobs gogonebis bandebi, aseTi subkulturebi, arsebiTad, mamakacuria da maT Tavgadasavlebis, mRelvarebisa da amxanaguri urTierTobebis mamakacur Rirebulebebs unergaven. zogierT qalaqSi, axalgazrda mamakacebis Zaladobrivi qcevis empiriuli Seswavlis safuZvelze, beatrisa qembpmelma daaskvna, rom maTi qceva, nawilobriv, aris pasuxi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi `maskulinobis krizisze~ (Campbell 1993). warsulSi, im raionebSic ki, sadac danaSaulis done maRali iyo, axalgazrda mamakacebs hqondaT mkafio miznebi, romelTa miRwevasac isini cdilobdnen: eSovnaT kanonieri samuSao da gamxdariyvnen colisa da ojaxis marCenalni. qempbeli amtkicebs, rom axla mamakacis am rolis Sesruleba ZalisxmevasTan aris dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT, Ratak raionebSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda mamakacebisTvis. iq, sadac xangrZlivi umuSevroba erTaderTi perspeqtivaa, ojaxis rCenis miznad dasaxva ar aris arCevani. ufro metic, qalebi, wina periodTan SedarebiT, ufro damoukideblebi gaxdnen da axla maT aRar sWirdebaT mamakaci, rom garkveul socialur statuss miaRwion ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi. amis Sedegia, qalaqis Ratak ubnebSi arsebuli socialuri pirobebis gauareseba. qempbelis kvleva Zalian hgavs siRaribis, danaSaulisa da qalaqis Temebze Catarebul sxva Tanamedrove sociologiur Sromebs. axalgazrda mamakacebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli umuSevrobasTan. zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom mamakacebis umuSevrobis maRali done qmnis profesiuli damnaSavis axal kategorias. 1996 wels, ojaxis problemebis Semswavleli biuros mier gamoqveynebul angariSSi _ `axalgazrdebi da danaSauli~ _ mocemulia kvlevis masalebi, romlebic Seesabameba am debulebas. angariSSi aRwerili kvleva Seicavda 2500 axalgazrdasTan _ orive sqesis 14-25 wlebis axalgazrdebTan _ Catarebul interviuebs. mkvlevrebi ar iyenebdnen policiis statistikur monacemebs, aramed respondentebs sTxovdnen, konfidencialurad moeyolaT, odesme CaudeniaT Tu ara danaSauli. Sedegebma aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli axalgazrda mamakacebis 30 procenti 25 wlis asakamde CarTuli iyo garkveuli saxis kriminalur saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, narkotikebis ukanono moxmareba da satransporto danaSaulebebi. adre ymawvilkacebis kriminaluri moqmedebebi, saerTod, mkveTrad mcirdeboda oci wlis asakidan, magram gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom axla sul sxva suraTia. magaliTad, qonebis qurdobaSi monawile 22-25 wlis vaJebis wili ufro didia, vidre 18-21 wlis asakobrivi jgufisa. angariSSi mocemuli daskvnis mixedviT, stabiluri samuSaos perspeqtivis ararseboba siZneleebs uqmnis axalgazrda Taobis did nawils, rom isini gaxdnen wesieri, respeqtabeluri mozrdilebi. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mozardi gogonebi TiTqmis iseve monawileobdnen qonebis qurdobaSi, rogorc vaJebi, magram gogonebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeba 22 wlis asakis zemoT. diagrama 8.5 im asakobrivi qurdobaSi, did britaneTSi, 1992 14-17 weli 18-21 weli jgufis wili, vaJebi 17 procenti 25 procenti 27 romelic monawileobs gogonebi 13 procenti 9 procenti qonebis 22-23 weli 27 procenti 3 procenti wyaro: Home Office. masala aRebulia The Gardian-dan, 19 ianvari, 1996, gv. 1. danaSaulis msxverplni qalebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebi axla ganvixiloT zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Zalian bevri qali pirdapir an arapirdapir awydeba. yvela es problema dakavSirebulia cxovrebis im sferoebTan, sadac mamakacebi qalebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben TavianTi socialuri an fizikuri Zalis upiratesobas, rogoricaa ojaxuris Zaladoba, seqsualuri xelyofa da gaupatiureba. zogjer qalebic iyeneben aseT Zaladobas mamakacebis winaaRmdeg, magram, uricxv SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebi arian Tavdamsxmelebi, qalebi ki _ msxverplni. ojaxuri Zaladoba xSirad xdeba ojaxis gaidealizeba, misi usafrTxoebisa da bednierebis navsayudelad miCneva. magram ojaxuri Zaladoba _ Zaladoba ojaxuri garemos konteqstSi _ bevri qalisTvis erT-erTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebaa. es ar aris axali socialuri mankiereba. qalebis mimarT Zaladoba qorwinebis Cveuli aspeqti iyo SuasaukuneebSi da industrializaciis adreul periodSi. mecxramete saukunis bolomde, gaerTianebul samefoSi, ar arsebobda kanonebi, romlebic mamakacs aukrZalavda colis fizikur Seuracxyofas, Tumca seriozuli travmebis miyeneba an mokvla dauSveblad iTvleboda. axla kanoni qalebs metad icavs, magram Zaladoba jer kidev Zalian gavrcelebulia. samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, im qalebisTvis, romlebic ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplni arian, Znelia, mimarTon kanons daxmarebisTvis. Cveulebriv, policiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `ojaxur kamaTSi~ Caurevlobis politika da misi pozicia xSirad sargeblis momtani ar aris. rodesac, ojaxuri konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi, iZaxeben policielebs, isini cdiloben, minimalurad Caerion, mxolod Cxubis SewyvetiT Semoifarglebian da ar moiTxoven damnaSavis dasjas. xSirad, qalebisTvis, romlebic ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplni arian, Znelia saxlis datoveba sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da socialuri mizezebis gamo, magaliTad, bavSvebis mimarT maTi pasuxismgeblobis gamo. sabinao sakiTxebis adgilobrivi saxelmwifo departamentebi zogjer eWviT uyureben im qalebs, romlebic fizikuri Seuracxyofis gamo saCivrebiT mimarTaven. isini eWvoben, rom qalebi azviadeben da maTi saCivrebis mizania, saswrafod miiRon damoukidebeli alternatiuli sacxovrebeli adgili. sqesobrivi xelyofa samuSao adgilze qalebis uflebebis dacva ufro advilia da qalebis mimarT Cadenili Zaladobis done dabalia. miuxedavad amisa, seqsualuri xelyofa Zalian gavrcelebulia. seqsualuri xelyofa samuSao adgilze SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyeneba _ profesiuli avtoritetis an Zalauflebis gamoyeneba _ seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. aman 28 SeiZleba miiRos aRmaSfoTebeli formebi, magaliTad, rodesac TanamSromel qals sTavazoben seqsualur urTierTobebs, is aseT kavSirs unda daTanxmdes an samsaxuridan wasvla mouwevs. seqsualuri xelyofis umravlesoba, garkveulwilad, ufro daxvewili da mzakvrulia. magaliTad, miniSnebebi, gadakruli sityvebi, rom, Tu qali seqsualur keTilganwyobas gamoavlens, amas garkveuli dajildoveba mohyveba, xolo qalis mxridan sijiutisa da winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi iqneba garkveuli saxis dasja, magaliTad, samsaxurSi dawinaurebisTvis xelis SeSla. aSkaraa, advili ar aris, mkafio xazis gavleba seqsualur xelyofasa da mamakacis qalTan kanonier da dasaSveb daaxlovebas Soris. Tavad qalebisgan miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, dadgenil iqna, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi, aTidan Svidi qali ganicdis seqsualur xelyofas didi xnis manZilze, TavianTi SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. seqsualuri xelyofa SeiZleba iyos erTjeradi SemTxveva an qcevis mudmivi modeli (Kelly 1988). Tu xelyofa iSviaTi ar aris, qalebisTvis xSirad Znelia maTi Cveulebrivi samuSao reJimis SenarCuneba; SesaZloa, isini ar gamovidnen samuSaoze, aiRon Svebuleba avadmyofobis gamo an, saerTod, Tavi daanebon samsaxurs. gaupatiureba Zalian Znelia, zustad SevafasoT gaupatiurebis masStabebi. sinamdvileSi, gaupatiurebaTa mxolod mcire nawili xdeba cnobili policiisTvis da aRiniSneba statistikur monacemebSi. realuri raodenoba SeiZleba xuTjer meti iyos, vidre amas oficialuri statistika aCvenebs, Tumca Sefasebebi Zalian gansxvavebulia. londonSi, 1236 qalis gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom gamokiTxuli qalebidan yoveli meeqvse iyo gaupatiurebuli, xolo danarCenebidan yovelma mexuTem moaxerxa Tavis daRweva gaupatiurebis mcdelobisgan. Tavdasxmebis naxevari moxda qalis an Tavdamsxmelis saxlSi (Hall 1985). gaupatiurebuli qalebis umravlesobas surs am incidentis daviwyeba an ar unda, monawileoba miiRos samedicino Semowmebis damamcirebel procesSi, policiisTvis Cvenebis micemaSi an sasamarTlo darbazSi dakiTxvaSi. sasamarTlo procesi, xSirad, didxans grZeldeba. es SeiZleba iyos Tvrameti Tve, incidentidan sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtamde. Tavad sasamarTlo ganxilva SeiZleba iwvevdes SiSs. sasamarTlo darbazSi mimdinare procedura sajaroa da msxverpli pirispir unda Sexvdes damnaSaves. saWiroa danaSaulis nivTmtkicebulebebi, moZaladis pirovnebis dadgena da imis gansazRvra, rom seqsualuri aqti qalis Tanxmobis gareSe moxda _ yvelaferi es warmodgenili unda iqnes procesze. Tavdamsxmelis pirovnebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebis mopoveba, SesaZloa, rTuli iyos, Tu danaSauli bnel quCaSi an parkSi moxda. SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom RamiT marto mimavali qali cdilobs mamakacis yuradRebis mipyrobas. qalis unarze, mkafio `ara~ pirdapir Tqvas mamakacis seqsualur iniciativaze, gavlenas axdens sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli stereotipebi da warmosaxvebi, romlebmac, agreTve, SesaZloa, zegavlena moaxdinos sasamarTloSi saqmis mosmenaze. Tu qali Tanaxmaa, kacTan erTad wavides am ukanasknelis saxlSi an masTan seqsualuri kontaqti hqondes, xSirad iTvleba, rom qali Tanaxmaa, srul seqsualur kavSirze an sxva seqsualur urTierTobebze, romlebic mamakacs surs. ar 29 scnoben qalis uflebas, Tqvas `ara~ momdevno etapze; faqtobrivad, is pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom mamakaci ver akontrolebs mis qcevas. sadac ar unda moxdes gaupatiureba, SesaZloa, qalebi dakiTxon maTi wina seqsualuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, iTvleba, rom mamakacis seqsualur istorias saqmesTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. faqtobrivad, wina SemTxvevebi, rodesac braldebuli damnaSaved aRiares gaupatiurebaSi an mis mcdelobaSi, SeiZleba, arc iyos moxseniebuli gaupatiurebis mimdinare saqmeebSi. mosamarTlem ser meTiu heilma, 1736 wels, oficialurad warmoadgina sasamarTlo dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT, qmari `ar SeiZleba damnaSaved iqnes cnobili misi kanonieri colis gaupatiurebis gamo, radgan maTi saqorwino urTierTTanxmobisa da kontraqtis Sesabamisad, aseT SemTxvevaSi, colma Tavad unda dauTmos sakuTar qmars da mas ar SeuZlia amaze uaris Tqma.~ am formulirebas kanonis Zala hqonda inglissa da uelsSi 1991 wlis oqtombramde, roca lordTa palatam uari Tqva, daekmayofilebina satvirTo manqanis im mZRolis apelacia, romelic protests gamoTqvamda, rom igi damnaSaved scnes Tavisi colis gaupatiurebis mcdelobisTvis. am saqmis ganxilvis dros, lordma qeiTma Tqva: `heilis winadadeba asaxavda saqmis viTarebas im periodisTvis, rodesac is iyo gacxadebuli... axala nebismierma gonierma adamianma es koncefcia unda CaTvalos miuReblad.~ magram qorwinebaSi myofi colis gaupatiureba arakanonierad iTvleba dasavleTis qveynebis mxolod mcire nawilSi, maT Soris daniaSi, SvedeTSi, norvegiasa da kanadaSi. 1971 wels, SeerTebul StatebSi mogebul iqna pirveli sasamarTlo saqme, romelic aRiZra k. qretienis winaaRmdeg. igi damnaSaved scnes kanonieri colis gaupatiurebis gamo. qretienis saqmemde, mamakacis mier sakuTari colis gaupatiureba ukanonod iTvleboda mxolod xuT StatSi. amis Semdeg, bevr sxva StatSi miiRes kanoni an gansaxilvelad Seitanes sasamarTlo saqmeebi, romlebic danaSauls adgenda. Cveulebrivi atitudebi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris da ra ar aris gaupatiureba, SeiZleba Zalian myari iyos. mkvlevrebma, romlebic swavloben Zaladobriv seqsualur kavSirebs dadgenili urTierTobebis farglebSi, aRweres Semdegi SemTxveva: mTvrali mamakaci Seecada, analuri seqsi daemyarebina Tavis partniorTan _ megobar gogonasTan. man uari uTxra da kivili daiwyo; aman mamakaci gaamxeca, qali waaqcia, moZraobis saSualeba ar misca da aiZula, damorCileboda. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac gogonas hkiTxes, odesme Tu hqonda mas sqesobrivi kavSiri misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, man Tqva `ara~ (Finkellor and Yllo 1982). kvlevam aCvena, rom bevri sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli warmodgena gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, ar Seesatyviseba sinamdviles: magaliTad, ar aris swori, rom ar SeiZleba moxdes gaupatiureba, Tu msxverpli moZalades winaaRmdegobas uwevs, rom albaT, mxolod `mimzidvel~ qalebs aupatiureben, rom zogierT qals siamovnebs, rodesac mas aupatiureben; an rom moZaladeTa umravlesobas, garkveulwilad, fsiqologiuri wonasworoba aqvT darRveuli (Hall 1985). gaupatiurebaTa umravlesoba ar aris spontanuri, aramed, nawilobriv mainc, winaswar aris dagegmili. ueWvelia, gaupatiureba dakavSirebulia mamakacebis Zalauflebasa, batonobasa da siZlieresTan asocirebasTan. umetesad, gaupatiureba aris ara gaSmagebuli seqsualuri ltolvis, aramed seqsualobis, Zalauflebisa da upiratesobis SegrZnebebis SeerTebis Sedegi. albaT, naklebi kavSiria avxorcobasa da 30 gaupatiurebas Soris. moZaladeTa mniSvnelovan nawils, sinamdvileSi, mxolod maSin SeuZlia aRgzneba, rodesac aSinebs an daamcirebs msxverpls. aseTi mamakacebisTvis Tavad sqesobrivi aqti naklebad aris mniSvnelovani, vidre qalis damcireba (Estrich 1987). bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalTa jgufebi cdiloben, Secvalon rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise sazogadoebrivi azrovneba gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb. isini xazs usvamen, rom gaupatiureba ar unda ganixilon, rogorc seqsualuri samarTaldarRveva, aramed, rogorc mZime danaSaulis erT-erTi tipi. es aris ara mxolod fizikuri Zaladoba, aramed pirovnebis patiosnebisa da Rirsebis Seuracxyofa. rogorc erTi avtori werda, gaupatiureba aris `agresiis aqti, romelSic msxverpls uars eubnebian mis TviTgansazRvraze. es aris Zaladobis aqti, romelsac, sinamdvileSi, ar mosdevs cema-tyepa an mkvleloba, magram is Seicavs sikvdilis SiSs~ (Griffin 1978, gv. 342). qalebis mier wamowyebulma kampaniam garkveul warmatebebs miaRwia _ Seicvala kanonmdebloba da dRes gaupatiureba, kanoniT, specifikuri tipis kriminalur Zaladobad iTvleba. garkveuli azriT, yvela qali aris gaupatiurebis msxverpli. xSirad qalebs, romlebic arasdros gauupatiurebiaT, iseTive SiSis grZnoba aqvT, rogorc gaupatiurebul qalebs. SeiZleba maT eSinodeT RamiT saxlidan marto gasvla, Tundac xalxmraval quCebSi. aseve, SesaZloa, maT SiSs hgvrides sakuTar saxlSi an binaSi yofna. siuzan braunmileris azriT, arsebobs mWidro kavSiri gaupatiurebasa da Cveulebriv mamakacur seqsualobas Soris. is amtkicebda, rom gaupatiureba aris mamakacebis mier qalebis daSinebis sistemis nawili, romlis gamoc, yvela qals aqvs SiSis grZnoba. isini, vinc ar gauupatiurebiaT, mainc mRelvarebas ganicdian da, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, mamakacebze bevrad ufro frTxilad iqcevian (Brownmiller 1975). braunmileris Sexeduleba, SesaZloa, Zalian mkveTri Candes, magram sul cota dafiqrebac ki gviCvenebs, ramdenad frTxili unda iyo qali, Tu mas surs, minimumamde Seamciros gaupatiurebis SesaZlebloba. qvemoT mocemulia rCevebis CamonaTvali _ `ra unda~ da `ra ar unda~ gaakeTon qalebma, romlebic cdiloben, Seamciron gaupatiurebis riski. es CamonaTvali gamoaqveyna SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTma qalTa organizaciam. rCevebi ganamtkicebs im Tvalsazriss, rom gaupatiureba aris danaSauli, romelic gavlenas axdens yvela qalis qcevaze (Katz and Mazur 1979, gv. 307). 1. Tqveni saxli, SeZlebisdagvarad, usafrTxod aqcieT. saketebi, fanjrebi da karebi karg mdgomareobaSi unda iyos. Tu Tqven axal saxlSi an binaSi gadadixarT, SecvaleT saketebi. adgilobrivi policiis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis ganyofilebam unda mogceT rCeva, rogor daicvaT Tqveni sacxovrebeli adgili mZarcvelebisgan da seqsualuri moZaladeebisganac. 2. Tu Tqven marto cxovrobT: a) datoveT sinaTle, rom SeqmnaT iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos saxlSi, Tqvens garda, sxvebic cxovroben. b) rodesac dakakunebaze, karis gasaRebad midixarT, ise moiqeciT, TiTqos saxlSi mamakacia (xmamaRla daiZaxeT: `me gavaReb kars, bob!~). g) karis firfitaze an telefonis wignSi ar daweroT Tqveni saxeli, amis magivrad gamoiyeneT inicialebi. 31 3. saerTod, erideT ucnobebs da ucxo adamians nurasdros gauRebT kars. saxlSi mosul momsaxurebis sferos TanamSromels yovelTvis sTxoveT, warmoadginos Tavi (SeiZleba man savizito baraTi Semoacuros karis qvemodan). Tu saxlSi bavSvebic cxovroben, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom isini ar gauReben kars ucxo adamians. 4. Tu Tqven mravalsarTulian saxlSi cxovrobT, ar SexvideT an marto ar darCeT ukacur sardafSi, garaJSi an samrecxaoSi. 5. Tu Tqven uxamsi sityvebiT mogmarTes telefoniT, araferi TqvaT, saswrafod dakideT telefonis yurmili da am zaris Sesaxeb policias SeatyobineT. 6. Tavi aarideT gvian RamiT quCaSi an sauniversiteto qalaqSi (kempusSi) marto yofnas. magram, Tu es aucilebelia, xelSi geWiroT `praqtikuli~ iaraRi, rogoricaa anTebuli sigareti, qudis qinZisTavi, qolga, plastikuri nivTi, kalmistari, samzareulos Cangali, gasaRebebis acma, Tmis jagrisi an savarcxeli (Tavdamsxmelis saxis daservis mizniT) an policielis sastveni (is yelze ki ar CamoikidoT, aramed gasaRebis Zewkvze). 7. gzaze ar isargebloT ucxo adamianis transportiT (yvela Tanxmdeba, rom es Zalian mniSvnelovania!). Tu es Zalian aucilebelia, wadiT jgufTan erTad da mxolod iseT gzaze, sadac didi moZraobaa. 8. Tu Tqven saWesTan zixarT: a) yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Tqveni manqanis avzSi sawvavi ar unda iyos erT meoTxedze naklebi; b) yovelTvis daketeT Tqveni manqana, rodesac mas tovebT; g) sanam manqanaSi CajdebiT, SeamowmeT ukana dasajdomi da sivrce wina da ukana dasajdomebs Soris; d) Tu Tqveni manqana mwyobridan gamovida, nu miiRebT daxmarebas ucxo mamakacisgan an mamakacebis jgufisgan. amis magivrad, manqanis kapoti aswieT, CajeqiT manqanaSi da Caketil manqanaSi daelodeT policiis mosvlas. 9. frTxilad iyaviT da ucnob mamakacebs nu `gamoiWerT~ barebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu bevri dalieT an narkotikebi miiReT. 10. liftSi marto ar SexvideT ucxo mamakacTan erTad. maSinve datoveT lifti an dadeqiT sakontrolo marTvis dafasTan. 11. Semdeg raime gaugebroba rom ar moxdes, paemnis dros, mamakacs winaswar acnobeT, rom Tqven ar xarT mzad seqsualuri urTierTobebisTvis. 12. ZiZebma, samsaxuris dawyebamde, unda Seamowmon ojaxis reputacia. mSoblebmac frTxilad unda SearCion ZiZa. 13. Tu Tqven Tavs dagesxnen, nu iyvirebT `maupatiureben~, iyvireT `xanZari!~ mamakacebis gaupatiureba mamakacebis gaupatiureba (mxolod mamakacebis mier Cadenili) ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli, vidre es odesme miaCndaT _ gansakuTrebiT daxuruli tipis dawesebulebSi, rogoricaa cixeebi. mamakacTa cixeebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, dapatimrebuli mamakacebis 15 procenti gaupatiurebulia. cixeSi gaupatiureba, SesaZloa, gagrZeldes ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi da xSirad aris daSinebis da mudmivi kontrolis nawili. magram cixis samyaroSi gaupatiurebulma 32 msxverplma unda gadauxados samagiero (Rideau and Wikberg, citirebulia M. Walker-Tan, 1994, gv. 13). oficialurad, britaneTis cixeebSi ar arsebobs gaupatiureba. bristolSi, 1991 wels, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra erT-erTma patimarma, romelic amtkicebda, rom 1991 wels is gaaupatiura misi saknis amxanagma. misi TqmiT, rodesac man amis Sesaxeb cixis TanamSromlebs acnoba, maT amas yuradReba ar miaqcies da araferi iRones. ,,gadarCenilebi,” jgufi, romelic exmareba seqsualuri Seuracxyofis msxverpl mamakacebs, yovel weliwads samocidan samocdaaTamde kacs uweven konsultacias; yovelwliurad ori an sami maTgani iyo gaupatiurebuli cixeSi yofnis dros. organizaciis warmomadgeneli acxadebda, rom mamakacebis gaupatiureba aris iseTi danaSauli, romelic qveyanaSi yvelaze naklebad aris registrirebuli. mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi Tumca cixis patimarTa ZiriTad masas sazogadoebis Raribi wevrebi Seadgenen, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mTeli kriminaluri saqmianoba mxolod maTi danaSaulebrivi saqmeebiT Semoifargleba. bevri mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone adamiani sCadis danaSaulebs, romelTa Sedegi SeiZleba bevrad ufro Sorsmimavali iyos, vidre Raribebis mier Cadenili umniSvnelo kriminaluri qmedebebisa. axla Cven ganvixilavT aseTi danaSaulebebis zogierT formas. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli termini `TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSauli pirvelad edvin sazerlendma Semoitana (1949) da is exeba iseT danaSauls, romelsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari seqtorebis warmomadgenlebi sCadian. termini moicavs kriminaluri saqmianobis bevr tips, maT Soris: gadasadebTan dakavSirebul TaRliTobebs, aralegalur savaWro garigebebs, fasian qaRaldebsa da miwis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul maqinaciebs, sicocxlisTvis saSiSi produqtebis warmoebas an gayidvas, garemos dabinZurebasa da, agreTve, ubralo qurdobas. sxva tipis danaSaulebTan SedarebiT, `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulebis raodenoba ufro Zneli gasazomia. aseTi saxis danaSaulebaTa umetesoba saerTod ar aisaxeba oficialur statistikaSi. Cven erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli da Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi. pirveli, ZiriTadad, gulisxmobs adamianebis mier saSualo klasis poziciisa da profesiuli mdgomareobis gamoyenebas arakanonier saqmianobaSi Cabmis mizniT. Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi iseTi saxis danaSaulebia, sadac socialuri mdgomareobiT mopovebuli avtoriteti, kriminaluri miznebiT gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, rodesac Tanamdebobis piri iRebs qrTams garkveuli politikisTvis xelis Sewyobis gamo. Tumca, xelisuflebis damokidebuleba zemoT aRniSnuli danaSaulebebis mimarT bevrad ufro Semwynarebluria, vidre naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebisadmi. ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis sazRauri uzarmazaria. 33 SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro meti gamokvleva Catarda amgvari danaSaulebis Sesaxeb. amerikaSi gamoTvales, rom Cveulebriv danaSaulTan SedarebiT, ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli fulis raodenoba (gadasaxadebis gayalbeba, fasian qaRaldebTan dakavSirebuli TaRliTobebi, wamlebi da samedicino momsaxureba, motyueba saxlis gadakeTebisa da manqanis remontis dros) ormocjer metia im Tanxaze, romelic sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT Cadenil danaSaulebTan aris dakavSirebuli (yaCaRobebi, Zarcva, qurdoba, yalbi fulis damzadeba da avtomanqanebis qurdoba) (prezidentis mier Camoyalibebuli organizebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semswavleli komisia, 1985). ufro metic, ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis zogierTi forma bevrad met adamianze axdens gavlenas, vidre dabali klasis warmomadgenlebis mier Cadenili danaSauli. fulis gamflangvelma, SesaZloa, gaZarcvos aTasobiT _ an dRes, kompiuteruli gayalbebis gziT, milionobiT _ adamiani; gafuWebulma sakvebma produqtebma da aralegalurad gayidulma wamlebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios bevri adamianis janmrTelobaze da fataluri Sedegebic ki gamoiwvios. ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis Zaladobrivi aspeqtebi nakleb SesamCnevia, vidre mkvlelobis an yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis Sedegebis, magram isini iseTive realuria da, zog SemTxvevaSi, maTi Sedegebi, SesaZloa, ufro seriozulic ki iyos, magaliTad, axali wamlebis damzadebis dros instruqciisa da wesebis ugulebelyofam, samuSao adgilze usafrTxoebis wesebis darRvevam an garemos dabinZurebam, SesaZloa, uamravi adamianis fizikuri dasaxiCreba an sikvdili gamoiwvios. samuSao adgilze saxifaTo SemTxveviT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba, bevrad ufro didia, vidre mkvlelobebi, Tumca Znelia samsaxurebrivi ubeduri SemTxvevebis statistikuri monacemebis mopoveba. ra Tqma unda, Znelia vivaraudoT, rom aseTi saxis yvela an Tundac umravlesi sikvdilis an dasaxiCrebis mizezi aris samuSaoze damqiravebelTa mier usafrTxoebis im zomebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic maT, kanonis Tanaxmad, aucileblad unda daicvan. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs garkveuli safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom bevri sikvdili da dasaxiCreba imis Sedegia, rom samuSaoze damqiraveblebi an menejerebi ugulebelyofen kanoniT dadgenil usafrTxoebis wesebs. rogorc gamoTvales, aSS-Si yovelwliurad samuSao travmebis 40 procenti ukanono, akrZaluli samuSao pirobebis uSualo Sedegia, 24 procenti ki ganpirobebulia kanonieri, magram safrTxis Semcveli pirobebiT, da mxolod mesamedi gamowveulia Tavad mosamsaxureebis an muSebis saSiSi, sarisko moqmedebebiT (Hagen 1988). arsebobs dokumentebiT damtkicebuli bevri magaliTi, roca samuSaoze damqiraveblebi Segnebulad qmnian saSiS samuSao pirobebs da xels uwyoben maT SenarCunebas, maSinac ki, Tu es kanonsawinaaRmdegoa. zogi amtkicebs, rom aseTi pirobebis gamo gamowveul sikvdils SeiZleba vuwodoT korporaciuli mkvlelobebi, radgan isini, sinamdvileSi, gulisxmobs biznes korporaciebis mxridan sicocxlis arakanonier (da Tavidan acilebad) xelyofas. mTavrobis danaSauli SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mTavrobis Cinovnikebi CarTulni arian danaSaulSi? Tu `danaSauls~ ufro farTo konteqstSi ganvsazRvravT (vidre es zeviT gavakeTeT), rom 34 avxsnaT aramoraluri qmedeba, romelsac mZime, damRupveli Sedegebi moaqvs, pasuxi savsebiT naTeli iqneba. saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi, bevri umZimesi danaSauli CaudeniaT, maT Soris mTeli rigi xalxebis ganadgureba, totaluri masobrivi dabombva, nacistebis holokosti da stalinis sakoncentracio banakebi. magram, maSinac ki, Tu danaSaulis gansazRvrebas SemovfarglavT dadgenili kanonebis darRveviT, aRmoCndeba, rom mTavrobebis qmedeba xSirad kriminaluria. e.i. isini ugulebelyofen an arRveven swored im kanonebs, romlebic maTma xelisuflebam unda daicvas. magaliTad, koloniuri britaneTis istoriaSi iyo Sesabamisi magaliTebi, rodesac fexqveS Telavdnen afrikis xalxebisTvis micemul samarTlebriv garantiebs _ pirobas, rom daicavdnen maT miwasa da cxovrebis wess. policia, saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, romlebic danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizniT arian Seqmnili, zogjer Tavad monawileobs kriminalur saqmianobaSi. kriminalur qmedebebSi CarTva ar niSnavs mxolod calkeul izolirebul aqtebs, aramed es aris policiis saqmianobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli niSan-Tviseba. policiis Tanamdebobis pirTa kriminaluri saqmianoba moicavs eWvmitanilTa daSinebas, cemas an mokvlas, qrTamebis aRebas, kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnis xelSewyobas, samxilebis gayalbebas an damalvas, da nivTieri mtkicebulebebis miTvisebas, rodesac amoRebulia fuli, narkotikebi an sxva moparuli nivTebi. organizebuli danaSauli organizebuli danaSauli dakavSirebulia saqmianobis iseT formebTan, romlebsac Cveulebrivi biznesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSani aqvs, magram maTi saqmianoba arakanonieria. amerikaSi, organizebuli danaSauli aris uzarmazari biznesi, romelic konkurencias uwevs ekonomikuri saqmianobis nebismier did, sayovelTaod aRiarebul seqtors, rogoricaa, magaliTad, manqanaTmSeneblobis mrewveloba. erovnuli da adgilobrivi kriminaluri organizaciebi aralegalur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazoben uamrav momxmarebels, xolo zogierTi kriminaluri qseli transnacionaluria. organizebuli danaSauli, sxva saqmianobebTan erTad, moicavs aralegalur azartul TamaSebs, prostitucias, msxvilmasStabian qurdobasa da gamoZalvas (rekets). cxadia, Znelia organizebuli danaSaulis bunebis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis mopoveba. gangsterebis cxovrebis romantikuli aRweris dros naCvenebia, rom SeerTebul StatebSi, organizebul danaSauls, Cveulebriv, erovnuli masStabis saidumlo sazogadoeba `mafia~ akontrolebs. Tavad mafia, kovboebis msgavsad, garkveulwilad, aris amerikuli folkloris qmnileba. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs siciliuri warmoSobis saidumlo bandituri jgufi, romelic saerToerovnuli organizaciis mwvervalze zis. magram, Cans, fesvgadgmuli, myari kriminaluri organizaciebi arsebobs amerikis TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSi; zog maTgans erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirebi aqvs. SeerTebul StatebSi, organizebuli danaSauli bevrad ufroa damkvidrebuli, sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli da sicocxlisunariani, vidre sxva industriul 35 sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad, safrangeTSic arsebobs organizebuli danaSauli, magram misi zegavlena, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleba ori didi qalaqiT: pariziTa da marseliT. samxreT italiaSi, gangsterebis stereotipebis regionSi, kriminalur qselebs Zalian didi Zalaufleba aqvT, magram isini, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli arian ojaxuri organizaciis tradiciul modelebsa da Temis kontrolTan Raribi soflis regionebSi. albaT, organizebuli danaSauli aseTi mniSvnelovani imitom gaxda amerikul sazogadoebaSi, rom adre mas kavSiri hqonda _ da, nawilobriv, amis magaliTze Seiqmna _ mecxramete saukunis gviandeli periodis industriuli `yaCaRi baronebis~ saqmianobasTan. adreuli periodis bevrma mewarmem warmatebas emigrantTa Sromis eqspluataciiT miaRwia. isini, ZiriTadad, ugulebelyofdnen kanoniT dadgenili samuSao pirobebis wesebs da xSirad mimarTavdnen rogorc korufcias, ise Zaladobas TavianTi industriuli imperiebis Sesaqmnelad. organizebuli danaSauli ayvavda Rarib eTnikur getoebSi (sadac adamianebma araferi icodnen TavianTi samarTlebrivi da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb), sadac gamoiyeneboda konkurentebis Tavidan moSorebisa da korufciis qselebis Seqmnis msgavsi meTodebi. ukanono azartuli TamaSebi, doRi, latariebi da sportuli Sejibrebebi warmoadgens im Semosavlebis uzarmazar wyaros, romlebsac SeerTebul StatebSi organizebuli danaSaulis saSualebiT iReben. SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs legaluri totalizatorebi. gaerTianebul samefoSi aris licenzirebuli sazogadoebrivi `sanaZleos dadebis dawesebulebebi.~ isini Tavisufali ar arian kriminaluri zegavlenisgan, magram azartuli TamaSebi ar kontroldeba aralegaluri organizaciebis mier im masStabiT, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia. Tumca, gaerTianebul samefoSi, organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb Cven mcire sistematuri informacia gvaqvs, mainc cnobilia, rom londonsa da sxva zogierT qalaqSi farTo kriminaluri qselebi arsebobs da zogierT maTgans saerTaSoriso kavSirebi aqvs. kerZod, londoni aris im kriminaluri operaciebis centri, romlebic warmoebs SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi. dRes, wina ramdenime welTan SedarebiT, britaneTSi, organizebuli danaSauli ufro kompleqsuria. ar arsebobs arc erTi erTiani erovnuli organizacia, romelic akavSirebs sxvadasxva kriminalur jgufs, Tumca aseTi danaSauli ufro rTuli da gawafuli gaxda, vidre es odesme iyo. magaliTad, zogierTi didi kriminaluri organizacia `aTeTrebs~ fuls didi kliringuli bankebis saSualebiT, Semdeg ki TavianT `sufTa~ fuls kanonier biznesSi debs. policiis azriT, yovelwliurad kriminaluri saqmianobiT miRebuli 2,5-dan 4,0-mde miliardi funti sterlingi gadis gaerTianebuli samefos bankebis saSualebiT. rTuli organizebuli danaSaulis gawafulobisa da raodenobis gazrdis gamo SeSfoTebuli policia iZulebuli iyo, Seeqmna bandebis sxvadasxva teritoriaze saqmianobis oficialuri erovnuli reestri. qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan, policiis eqvsi qvedanayofi da sabaJos oficrebi gaerTiandnen, rom SeegrovebinaT eWvmitanili kriminaluri saqmianobebis detalebi. oficialuri sia Seicavs Zalian mniSvnelovani kriminalebis 400-mde gvars. britanul organizebul danaSauls hyavs Tavisi `ojaxebi~, romlebic Seqmnilia SeerTebuli Statebis mafiis ojaxebis modelis mixedviT. erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri Tanamedrove kriminaluri ojaxi aris ,,arifebis” ojaxis stoquelidan _ samxreT londonidan. arifebis ojaxi monawileobda SeiaraRebul Zarcvebsa da narkotikebis 36 kontrabandaSi 1980-ian wlebSi. isini, agreTve, flobdnen ludis barebis, restoranebisa da klubebis qsels, romelic, TiTqmis ueWvelia, SeiZines TavianTi kriminaluri saqmeebis safuZvelze miRebuli SemosavlebiT. bekir arifi, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, 5 wliT Casves cixeSi, mas Semdeg, rac is damnaSaved scnes yaCaRobis gamo. arifebis ojaxis batonoba damTavrda 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rac policielTa mier Catarebuli mTeli rigi warmatebuli operaciebis Sedegi iyo. 1990 wels, policiam dagegmili SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis dros gaanadgura erT-erTi banda. axla ojaxis ufrosi, dogan arifi cixeSi ToTxmetwlian sasjels ixdis, narkotikebis kontrabandis 8,5 milionian garigebaSi monawileobis gamo (Bennetto 1995). iaponuri iakuzas bandebma da italieli da amerikuli mafiebis saqmosnebma yvelaferi gaakeTes britaneTSi dasafuZneblad. axalCamosulebs Soris arian kriminalebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiridanac. orma Tanamedrove komentatorma axali rusuli mafia Seafasa, rogorc `msoflios yvelaze daundobeli kriminaluri sindikati~ (Elliot and Lin 1995). rusuli kriminaluri qselebi Rrmad arian CarTulebi fulis `gaTeTrebaSi~ da TavianTi saqmianobiT dakavSirebulebi arian ruseTis arakontrolirebul bankebTan. zogi fiqrobs, rom rusuli dajgufebebi, SesaZloa, gaxdes msoflios udidesi kriminaluri qselebi. maTi safuZveli aris `mafiiTdacxriluli~ rusuli saxelmwifo, sadac axla sazogadoebis naZirlebis `proteqcia~ bevri biznesisTvis dadgenili praqtikaa. yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli perspeqtiva aris is, rom axali `mobsterebi~ (`xrovis wevrebi~) saerTaSoriso masStabiT ewevian im birTvuli masalis kontrabandas, romelic sabWoTa birTvuli arsenalidan aris aRebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavroba da policia mravalricxovan operaciebs atareben, narkotikebiT vaWroba aris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli saerTaSoriso kriminaluri industria. 1980-ian wlebsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, igi yovelwliurad 10 procentiT izrdeboda da Zalian didi mogeba hqonda. heroinis qselebi gaWimulia mTel Soreul aRmosavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT aziaSi da, agreTve, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa da laTinur amerikaSi. miwodebis marSrutebi parizsa da amsterdamze gadis, iqidan ki, Cveulebriv, narkotikebi britaneTSi xvdeba. kriminaluri qselebi: mTavari operatorebi triadebi vin arian isini: Cineli gangsterebi, warmoSobiT hong-kongidan da samxreTaRmosavleT aziidan. aqvT oTxi ZiriTadi sazogadoeba: 14K, W o S hing W o, Wo O n Lock, San Yee On. sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: londoni, agreTve manCesteri, hali da glasgo. rogor akeTeben isini fuls: narkotikebis gayidva, prostitucia, TaRliToba, proteqcia, fulis gamoZalva, aralegaluri azartuli TamaSebi da imigracia. agreTve gayalbeba, video piratoba, fulis motexva. 37 Zalauflebis reitingi: afarToeben TavianT interesebs gaerTianebul samefoSi. iyeneben Zaladobas da daSinebas Cinur erTobebSi, raTa moipovon Zalaufleba. Zalian Znelia, daarwmuno TviTmxilvelebi, monawileoba miiRon sasamarTlo procesebSi, radgan maT sastikad uswordebian da emuqrebian. iardebi vin arian isini: termini xSirad gamoiyeneba karibis kunZulebTan, kerZod, jamaikasTan, dakavSirebuli narkotikebis dilerebis aRsaniSnavad. ar arsebobs imis dadastureba, rom maT meTaurebi hyavT. Cveulebriv, Zaladobrivi reputaciisa da mkvlelobis gamocdilebis mqone iardi, britaneli afro-karibelebis mxardaWeras moipovebs, narkotikebis gasaRebis mizniT. bevri ubralod iZens iardis tituls, pativiscemis mopovebis mizniT. sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: umetesad, samxreT londoni, kerZod, briqstoni, agreTve mancesteri, bristoli, birmingemi, leiCesteri, notingemi da lidsi. rogor akeTeben isini fuls: TiTqmis mTlianad narkotikebiT vaWrobiT. amJamad, jamaikeli bandebi TiTqmis srulad akontroleben kokainiT vaWrobas gaerTianebul samefoSi. agreTve iaraRis da raketebis trefikingi. Zalauflebis reitingi: iardebi gamorCeulni arian mzadyofniT, gamoiyenon ukiduresi Zaladoba da cecxlsasroli iaraRi. amasTan, isini sul ufro metad uswordebian TviTmxilvelebs. policias sjera, rom kokainis bazris zrdasTan erTad, swored iardebi ubiZgeben policias, rac SeiZleba farTod SeiaraRdes maT winaaRmdeg. tradiciuli ojaxuri bandebi vin arian isini: xSirad, muSaTa klasis kriminaluri jgufebi, romlebic moqmedeben sagangebo zonebSi, akontroleben ra narkotikebis distribucias. ojaxebi warmoadgenen bandebis birTvs, romelTac Zlieri regionuli identoba axasiaTebT. sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: yvela did qalaqs hyavs sakuTari bandebi, Tumca, bolo periodSi, maT Soris kavSiri izrdeba, narkotikebis gavrcelebis mizniT. maTi mTavari centrebia: londoni, glasgo, manCesteri, liverpuli, niukasli. rogor akeTeben isini fuls: umTavresad, sCadian danaSauls, mcire SeWriT finansur samyaroSi da narkotikebis trefikingiT, pabebisa da klubebis kontrolis gziT. tradiciuli danaSaulidan, rogoricaa SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, isini gayalbebasa da TaRliTobaze gadavidnen; agreTve CarTulni arian gamoZalvasa da satvirTo avtomanqanebis qurdobaSi. Zalauflebis reitingi: maT Zaladobriv bunebaze miuTiTebs ukanasknel xanebSi momxdari sisxliani Setakebebi narkotikul bandebs Soris glasgoSi, manCestersa da liverpulSi. TumCa, maT ar amoZravebT ambicia, ganavrcon maTi Zalaufleba erTi qalaqis sazRvrebs miRma, maT Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli qselebi. organizebuli danaSaulis sxva jgufebi aRmosavleT evropelebi umTavresad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan. isini iyeneben britanul sistemas fulis mosatexad, Tumca maTTvis arc iaraRiT vaWrobaa ucxo. 38 sabanko teroristebi miuxedavad cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebisa, rogorc respublikeli, ise loialisti teroristuli jgufebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kvlavac zrdian maT Semosavlebs SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis, gamoZalvis, kontrabandis, aralegaluri azartuli TamaSebis, piratuli videos da iaraRiT vaWrobis gziT. es jgfebi akontroleben mraval pabsa da klubs. loialisturi jgufebis garkveuli nawili CarTulia narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi, magram IRA uars ambobs narkotikebiT vaWrobaze. mafia bolo xuTi wlis manZilze gamoikveTa mafiasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebis zrda gaerTianebul samefoSi, gansakuTrebiT, londonSi. isini, umetesad, TaRliTobiT da narkotikebis trefikingiT arian dakavebulni, Tumca azartul TamaSebSic arian Cabmulni. baikerebi eseni arian ,,jojoxeTis angelozebi,” romelTac 250 wevrisgan Semdgari 12 organizacia aqvT gaerTianebul samefoSi da monawileoben SeiaraRebul TavdasxmebSi, narkotikebis trefikingSi, manqanebis qurdobaSi da gamoZalvaSi. ramdenime bandam daafuZna legitimuri biznesi, ,,miwisqveSa” sabanko sistemiT. dasavleT afrikelebi umetesad nigerielebi, romlebic Cabmulni arian TaRliTobasa da gayalbebaSi, raTa moipovon sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebi. es Zalian mcirericxovani jgufia da moicavs daaxloebiT 50 adamians, ZiriTadad londonSi. kolumbieli kartelebi TiTqmis mTlianad dakavebulni narkotikebis trefikingiTa da fulis motexviT. Turqebi da qurTebi arsebobs samxili, rom ramdenime klani CarTulia narkotikebis trefikingSi, fulis gamoZalvasa da manqanebis qurdobaSi. politikuri jgufebi, rogoricaa Dev Sol da PKK, Cabmulni arian teroristul kriminalur aqtivobebSi. hyavT daaxloebiT 1000 wevri. vietnamelebi arsebobs garkveuli samxili, rom triaduli bandebi qiraoben vietnamelebs, Zaladobrivi dartymebis da sarisko saqmeebis gansaxorcieleblad. azielebi pakistanur da bangladeSur TemebSi, rasistuli Setevebis sapasuxod, xSirad iqmneba garkveuli dajgufebebi. H ome O ffice xSirad iZleva gafrTxilebas, rom demografiuli drois bombi mzadaa asafeTqeblad, srulwlovanebas miRweuli axalgazrda azieli kriminalebiT. maTi sayvareli kriminaluri aqtivobebia: fulis gamoZalva da proteqcia, sakredito baraTebiT TaRliToba, narkotikebi, imigracia, kontrabanda da manqanebis qurdoba, umetesad bredfordSi, londonsa da boltonSi. 39 iaponeli iakuzebi iaponuri organizebuli danaSaulis ,,Zaladobis jgufis” wevrebi. aq uSualo CarTuloba naklebia, magram arsebobs samxili, rom texaven fuls britanuli sakuTrebis SeZenis xarjze. wyaro: Jason B ennetto, ‘Caution: you a re a bout to e nter g angland B ritain,’ Independent, 21 agvisto, 1995, gv. 2-3 (Sesavali). danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wyoba Secdoma iqneboda, danaSauli da deviacia mxolod uaryofiTi aspeqtiT gangvexila. nebismierma sazogadoebam, romelic aRiarebs, rom adamianebs gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da interesebi aqvT, im individebisTvis an jgufebisTvis unda monaxos sivrce, visi saqmianobac ar Seesabameba umravlesobis mier dacul normebs. adamianebs, romlebic axal ideebs aviTareben politikaSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi an sxva sferoebSi, xSirad, eWvis TvaliT an mtrulad uyureben isini, vinc sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs icavs. amerikis revoluciis dros Camoyalibebuli politikuri idealebs, magaliTad, pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas, maSin bevri adamiani sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda. Tumca, axla isini mTel msoflioSia miRebuli. gabatonebuli normebidan gadaxveva moiTxovs simamacesa da simtkices, magram xSirad es Zalian mniSvnelovania im cvlilebebis mxardasaWerad, romlebic mogvianebiT yvelasTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba. aris `saSiSi deviacia~ sazRauri, romelic sazogadoebam unda gadaixados imis gamo, rom is mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas aZlevs adamianebs, Caeban arakonformistul saqmianobaSi? magaliTad, aris kriminaluri Zaladobis maRali done is safasuri, romelsac daJinebiT moiTxoven sazogadoebaSi misi moqalaqeebis individualuri Tavisuflebis sanacvlod? zogierTebi asec Tvlian. isini amtkiceben, rom Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi gardauvalia sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs mkacri konformizmi. Tu am Tvalsazriss yuradRebiT ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom is arc ise logikuria. zogierT sazogadoebaSi, romelic aRiarebs pirovnuli Tavisuflebis farTo speqtrs da tolerantulad aris ganwyobili devianturi qmedebebisadmi (rogoricaa holandia), mZime danaSaulis done dabalia. meore mxriv, qveynebma, sadac pirovnuli Tavisuflebis done SezRudulia (zogierTi laTino-amerikuli sazogadoebis msgavsad), SesaZloa, aCvenon Zaladobis maRali done. sazogadoeba, romelic mimtevebelia devianturi qcevis mimarT, ar unda dauSvas socialuri dayofa. amis miRweva mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu pirovnuli Tavisufleba Serwymulia socialur samarTlianobasTan _ socialur wyobilebaSi, sadac uTanasworoba ar aris Zalian didi da romelSic mTel mosaxleobas aqvs SesaZlebloba, srulfasovani da sasiamovno cxovrebiT icxovron. Tu Tavisufleba TanasworobiT ar aris dabalansebuli da Tu bevr adamians ara aqvs TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba, devianturi qceva, albaT, mimarTuli iqneba socialurad destruqciuli miznebisken. 40 Sejameba 1. devianturi qceva gulisxmobs iseT qmedebebs, romlebic arRvevs sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod miRebul normebs. is, rasac ganvixilavT, rogor devianturs, SeiZleba icvlebodes droisa da adgilis mixedviT. `normalur~ qcevas erT socialur garemoSi SeiZleba meoreSi `devianturis~ iarliyi miawebon. 2. sanqciebi, formaluri an araformaluri, sazogadoebis mier socialuri normebis dasacavad gamoiyeneba. kanonebi aris normebi, romlebsac xelisufleba adgens da cxovrebaSi axorcielebs. danaSaulebi aris qmedebebi, romlebsac es kanonebi krZalavs. 3. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT, danaSauli da deviaciis sxva formebi genetikurad aris gansazRvruli. magram axla maT eWvqveS ayeneben. sociologebi amtkiceben, romo konformizmi da deviacia sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi gansxvavebulad ganisazRvreba. sazogadoebaSi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebis uTanasworoba did zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra SesaZleblobebia xelmisawvdomi adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebisTvis da ra saxis saqmianoba iTvleba kriminalurad. kriminalur qmedebebs TiTqmis iseve swavloben, rogorc kanondaqvemdebarebul qmedebebs da isini, zogadad, mimarTulia imave moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisadmi. 4. stigmatizaciis Teoria (is varaudobs, rom vinmesTvis deviantis iarliyis miwebeba aZlierebs mis deviantur qcevas) aris mniSvnelovani, radgan is iwyeba varaudiT, rom TavisTavad arc erTi qmedeba ar aris kriminaluri (an normaluri). magram stigmatizaciis Teoria unda SevavsoT kiTxviT: ra mizezi devs devianturi qcevis safuZvelSi? 5. nebismier sazogadoebaSi, Znelia danaSaulis gavrcelebis masStabis Sefaseba, radgan yvela danaSauli ar aris registrirebuli. magram zogierT qveyanaSi danaSaulis done bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxvebSi _ dasavleTis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis mkvlelobis ufro maRalia donea. 6. dasjis formebi, iseve rogorc `danaSauli~, gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva periodsa da gansxvavebul kulturebSi. cixeebi warmoiSva nawilobriv, damnaSaveebisgan sazogadoebis dacvis, nawilobriv ki, maTi `gamosworebis~ mizniT. am mxriv, Cans, isini, ZiriTadad, araefeqturia. dRes bevr qveyanaSi gauqmebulia sikvdiliT dasja. 7. rogorc Cans, cixeebi ver akavebs danaSauls da gaurkvevelia, ramdenad uwyoben isini xels patimrebis reabilitacias, rom Semdeg gabedulad Sexvdnen gare samyaros da xelaxla ar CaerTon danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. dRes arsebobs cixis bevri alternativa, maT Sorisaa probacia, sazogadoebrivi samuSaos usasyidlod Sesruleba, jarimebi, msxverplisTvis zaralis anazRaureba da sxva zomebi. zogierTi maTgani ukve farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. 8. qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre mamakacebis mier Cadenilisa; albaT, amis mizezi aris gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis socializacias Soris, agreTve, mamakacebis monawileoba ojaxis gareT arsebul sferoebSi. 41 9. ueWvelia, gaupatiureba bevrad ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli, vidre amas oficialuri statistika aCvenebs. garkveuli azriT, yvela qali gaupatiurebis msxverplia, radgan isini iZulebulni arian, miiRon sifrTxilis winaswari zomebi Tavis dasacavad da icxovron gaupatiurebis SiSiT. 10. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ da Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi gulisxmobs iseT danaSaulebs, romlebsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari fenebis warmomadgenlebi sCadian. organizebuli danaSauli gulisxmobs kriminaluri saqmianobis institucionalizebul formebs, romlebSic vlindeba sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSan-Tviseba, magram maT saqmianobas aralegaluri xasiaTi aqvs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. damatebiTi literatura Patricia Adler and Peter Adler (eds), Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction (Belmont, C alif.: W adsworth, 1994 ). devianturi qcevis analizi interaqciuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT. Stanley Cohen and Lauric Taylor, Escape Attempts (London: Routledge, 1992). gamokvlevis meore, Sesworebuli gamocema. gamokvleva Seiswavlis sxvadasxva gzas, romelTa saSualebiT individebi cdiloben, Tavi aaridon yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveulebebsa da rutinas. Janet Foster, Villains: Crime and Community in the Inner City (London: Routledge, 1990). saintereso Sexeduleba centraluri londonis raionSi kriminaluri subkulturebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. Stephen H ester an d P eter E glin, A Sociology of Crime (London, Macmillan, 1992) . zogadi kriminologiis sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo. M. Maguire et al (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994). Stephen Pilling, Rehabilitation and Community Care (London: Routledge, 1991). Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (London: Harvester, 1992). aRiarebuli naSromis axali gamocema. teqsti exeba britaneTSi policiis istoriasa da sociologias. John W ells, Crime and Unemployment (London: E mployment P olicy Institute, 1995) . sasargeblo diskusia kriminaluri qcevis formebze umuSevrobis zegavlenis Sesaxeb. Ann Worrall, Offending Women (London: Routledge, 1990). genderisa da kanonis saintereso da mniSvnelovani analizi. mniSvnelovani terminebi banda gaupatiureba devianturi subkultura diferencirebuli asociacia TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli stigmatizaciis Teoria kanonebi meoradi deviacia organizebuli danaSauli ojaxuri Zaladoba recidivizmi sanqciebi seqsualuri xelyofa fsiqopaTi Zalauflebis mqoneTa danaSauli 42 Tavi 9 eTnikuroba da rasa ZiriTadi cnebebi eTnikuroba • umciresobaTa jgufebi • rasa da biologia mikerZoeba da diskriminacia • fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi • sociologiuri interpretaciebi eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva rasizmis aRzeveba eTnikuri urTierTobebi istoriul perspeqtivaSi: magaliTebi • • • • eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi laTinosebi da azielebi SeerTebul StatebSi eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi • • • • adreuli imigracia gviani ganviTareba rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba eTnikuroba da polisi eTnikuri urTierTobebi kontinentze eTnikur urTierTobebis savaraudo momavali ganviTareba Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi • eTnikuriba • rasizmi • mikerZoebuli ganwyoba • diskriminacia dRevandeli msoflios mraval nawilSi, erTmaneTs sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufi ebrZvis, rac zogjer savalalo Sedegs da sisxlisRvrasac ki iwvevs. aseTi sisxliani omis SemTxvevebi iyo bosnia hercogovinaSi (yofili iugoslavia), eTiopiaSi (afrika), saqarTvelosa (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nawili) da sxva regionebSi. ltolvilebi da imigrantebi samyaros sxvadasxva regionSi gadaadgildebian. zogi cdilobs konfliqts daaRwios Tavi, zogi ki, ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi, siRaribes gaurbis. axal qveyanaSi Casul imigrantebs, xSirad, im adamianTa qedmaRluri ganwyoba xvdebaT, romlebic, Taobebis winaT, Tavad iyvnen imigrantebi. aseTi ram SeerTebul StatebSi Casulma mravalma adamianma gamoscada. aSS, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi yvelaze mravalferovani sazogadoebaa. mas SeiZleba emigrantebis sazogadoeba vuwodoT: ZirZveli mosaxleoba - amerikeli indielebi, mTlianobaSi, aSS-s mosaxleobis 1 procentsac ki ar Seadgenen. SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, mosaxleobis swrafi kulturuli aRreva britaneTsa da evropaSic mimdinareobs. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Casuli pirveli imigrantebi, rasakvirvelia, evropelebi iyvnen; bolo dromde, isini dominanturni iyvnen imigraciaSi, romelmac SeerTebuli Statebsa da kanadas daudo safuZveli. dRes, imigraciis axali, legaluri Tu aralegaluri, talRa Tavad dasavleT evropaSic SeimCneva. imigrantebi dasavleT evropaSi aRmosavleT evropidan, afrikidan, axlo aRmosavleTidan da aziidan Cadian. sargebelTan da axal SesaZleblobebTan erTad, evropam is Tanmdevi dilemebi, konfliqtebi da winaaRmdegobebic gaiara, rac, emigraciis wyalobiT, aSS-ma gamoscada. evropa aseTi eTnikurad heterogenuli arasodes yofila. eTnikuroba eTnikuroba adamianTa garkveuli sazogadoebis im kulturul praqtikasa da Tvalsazriss warmoadgens, romelic mas sxva adamianebisgan gamoarCevs. eTnikuri jgufis wevrebs miaCniaT, rom isini sazogadoebis sxva jgufebisgan kulturulad gansxvavebdian da am sxva jgufebsac maT mimarT analogiuri damokidebuleba aqvT. eTnikuri jgufebi erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva niSnebiT gansxvavdebian, magram yvelaze xSirad, am mizniT, enas, istorias, warmomavlobas (realurs an warmosaxviTs), religias, Cacmasa da samkaulebs mimarTaven. eTnikur gansxvavebaTa sakiTxi srulad aris Seswavlili. TiTqos aq saeWvo araferia, vidre gavixsenebT, rom zogierT jgufs, xSirad, rogorc “samarTavad gaCenils,” “usargeblos,” “araintelqtualurs” da a.S. moixsenieben. (did britaneTSi eTnikur jgufTa mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. cxrili 9.1.) 2 am TavSi ganvixilavT, Tu ratom warmoSobs, ase xSirad, socialur konfliqtebs eTnikuri mravalferovneba. amgvar konflitebze udides gavlenas rasis “idea” axdens. Cven rasis bunebasa da warmomavlobas ganvixilavT. Semdeg yuradRebas rasobrivi da eTnikuri mikerZoebuli ganwyobis formebze gavamaxvilebT da gavaanalizebT, Tu ratom isaxeba zogierT jgufSi siZulvili sxva jgufis mimarT. am Tavis momdevno qveTavebSi SeviswavliT eTnikur urTierTobebs sxvadasxva erovnul konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s, britaneTsa da evropas gamovyofT. cxrili 9.1. didi britaneTis mosaxleobis eTnikur jgufTa Semadgenloba (procentebSi) 1992 wels eTnikuri jgufi didi britaneTi TeTrkaniani 94.5 eTnikuri 5.5 umciresobebi Savkanianebi 1.6 Savkaniani 0.9 karibielebi Savkaniani 0.4 afrikelebi danarCeni 0.3 Savkanianebi samxreT 2.7 inglisi da uelsi 94.1 5.9 inglisi uelsi Sotlandia 93.8 6.2 98.5 1.5 98.7 1.3 1.8 1.0 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.9 3.0 0.6 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.3 1.2 1.7 0.9 0.3 1.2 1.8 1.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 54 888.9 0.6 49 890.3 0.6 47 055.2 0.3 2 835.1 0.2 4 998.6 azielebi indoelebi pakistanelebi bangladeSelebi Cinelebi da sxvebi Cinelebi danarCeni azielebi sxvebi mTeli mosaxleoba (000) wyaro: d. oueni, eTnikuri umciresobebi britaneTSi, dasaxlebaTa nimuSebi, 1992, gv. 2, aRwera eyrdnoba Crown Copyight-is monacemebs. umciresobaTa jgufebi sociologiaSi farTod gamoiyeneba cneba umciresobaTa jgufebi (an eTnikuri umciresobebi), rac ricxobriv definiciaze gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs. statistikuri TvalsazrisiT, mravali umciresoba arsebobs, mag.: eqvs futze meti simaRlis da 250 futze didi wonis adamianebi, magram sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es adamianebi umciresobebs ar ekuTvnian. sociologiaSi umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi arian da jgufuri solidarobisa da erTmaneTisadmi kuTvnilebis SegrZnebiT gamoirCevian. 3 mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia aZlierebs jgufis wevrebs Soris erTgulebas da xels uwyobs saerTo interesebis ganviTarebas. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs, xSirad, umravlesobisgan gamijnul adamianebad xedaven. umciresobaTaA jgufebi, Cveulebriv, farTo sazogadoebisgan fizikur da socialur izolaciaSi imyofebian. isini Tavs qveynis garkveul ubnebSi, qalaqebsa an regionebSi iyrian. umravelesobisa da umciresobis, an umciresobaTa jgufebs Soris, iSviaTad aris Sereuli qorwinebis SemTxvevebi. kulturuli gamorCeulobis SenarCunebis mizniT, umciresobaTa jgufis warmomadgenlebi, xSirad, aqtiurad uwyoben xels endogamias (jgufis SigniT qorwinebas). umciresobaTa bevri jgufi eTnikurad da fizikurad gamoirCeva danarCeni mosaxleobisgan. magaliTad, did britaneTSi aseT jgufebs vest indoelebi da azielebi, SeerTebul StatebSi ki afro amerikelebi, Cinelebi da sxva jgufebi ekuTvnian. kanis feris mixedviT gansxvavebas, Cveulebriv, rasobriv gansxvavebas eZaxian. eTnikuri gamorCeuloba iSviaTad aris neitraluri xasiaTis; is, Cveulebriv, qonebriv da Zalauflebriv uTanasworobasTan da jgufebs Soris antagonizmTan asocirdeba. eTnikur jgufebs Soris arsebuli daZabuloba, ZiriTadad, rasobriv niadagze warmoiSoba. rasa da biologia arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom biologiuri niSniT, adamianebis sxvadasxva rasebad dayofa upirobodaa SesaZlebeli. es arc aris gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mraval mecniers hqonda msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa rasobrivi kategorizaciis mcdeloba. zogierTma maTganma oTxi an xuTi ZiriTadi rasa daasaxela, zogma ki sami aTeuli. es klasifikaciebi mraval gamonakliss gulisxmobda, amitom arc erTma maTganma ar imuSava. magaliTad, yvelaze gavrcelebuli, negroiduli tipi – feradi kaniT, Savi, Zlier xveuli TmiTa da sxva garkveuli fizikuri TvisebebiT gamorCeul adamians gulisxmobs. Tumca avstraliis ZirZvel mosaxleobas, aboirigenebs, feradi kani da naklebad xveuli, zogjer qera Tma aqvT. amgvar gamonaklisTa magaliTebi nebismier martiv klasifikaciaSi gvxvdeba. ar arsebobs “rasa”, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, adamianebi mTeli rigi fizikuri mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdebian. jgufebisa da adamianebis fizikuri gansxvaveba Sejvarebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba, rasac sxvadasxva socialur da kulturul jgufebs Soris kontaqtis done gansazRvravs. mosaxleobis jgufebi SeiZleba kontinuums SevadaroT. TvalsaCino fizikuri msgavsebis mqone mosaxleobis SigniT iseTive genetikuri mravalgvarobaa, rogoric gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris. amis gamo, mravali biologis, anTropologisa da sociologis azriT, rasis cneba saerTod ar unda arsebobdes. aSkaraa, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisgan fizikurad gansxvavdebian. zogjer gansxvaveba adamians memkvidreobiT gadaecema. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu 4 ratom gaxda esa Tu is gansxvaveba socialuri diskriminaciisa da mikerZoebuli ganwyobis sagani, biologiis sferoSi ar unda veZioT. amdenad, rasobrivi gansxvavebebi unda gavigoT, rogorc fizikuri variaciebi, romlebic erTobis an sazogadoebis wevrebis mier socialurad mniSvneladad miiCneva. magaliTad, kanis feri, am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad miiCneva, Tmis feri ki ara. rasizmi aris socialurad mniSvnelad fizikur sxvaobaTa safuZvelze warmoqmnili mikerZoebuli ganwyoba. rasisti aris pirovneba, romelsac miaCnia, rom, rasobriv gansxvavebaTa gamo, zogierT individs, sxva individTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia rasa Tanamedrove cnebaa, magram adamianis arsebobis istoriaSi yovelTvis farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia. es ori movlena erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im Sexedulebebsa Tu ganwyobebs aerTianebs, romlebic erTi jgufis wevrebs meore jgufis wevrebis mimarT gaaCiaT. mikerZoebuli adamianis winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi, xSirad, yurmokrul informacias ufro efuZneba, vidre uSualo faqtebs. es informacia rTulad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas axali informaciis miRebis SemTxvevaSic. adamiani SeiZleba winaswar ukve dadebiTad, an piriqiT, uaryofiTad, iyos ganwyobili mis mier identificirebuli jgufis mimarT. mas, visac garkveuli jgufis mimarT mikerZoebuli azri ukve gaaCnia, samarTliani azris mosmena ar surs. diskriminacia meore jgufis mimarT ganxorcielebul konkretul qcevas gulixmobs. is SeiZleba gamovlindes im aqtivobebSi, romelic erTi jgufis wevrebs arTmevs im SesaZlebl;obebs, rac sxvebisTvis xelmiswvdomia. magaliTad, roca TeTkanianisTvis xelmisawvdomi samuSaodan Savkanian adamians uariT istumreben. miuxedavad imisa, rom diskriminaciis safuZvels, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebuli ganwyoba warmoadgens, es ori movlena damoukidebladac gvxvdeba. adamiani SeiZleba mikerZoebulad iyos ganwyobili, magram es saqmiT ar gamoavlinos. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom diskriminacia aucileblobiT ar momdinareobs uSualod mikerZoebuli ganwyobidan. magaliTad, TeTrkanianma SeiZleba Savkaniani adamianebiT dasaxlebul ubanSi saxlis yidvaze uari SavkanianTa mimarT mtruli ganwyobis gamo ki ar ganacxados, aramed momavalSi saxlis Rirebulebis mosalodneli klebiT iyos SeSfoTebuli. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba am SemTxvevaSic axdens gavlenas diskriminaciaze, magram es arapirdapiri gziT xdeba. fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi fsiqologiuri Teoriebi mikerZoebuli ganwyobis bunebasa da imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aniWeben adamianebi esoden did mniSvnelobas eTnikur gansxvavebas. aRsaniSnavia fsiqologiuri midgomis ori tipi. pirveli, mikerZoebuli ganwyobis analizis mizniT, stereotipuli azrovnebis cnebas iyenebs. meore midgomis mixedviT, arsebobs pirovnebis garkveuli tipi, romelic umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeva. 5 stereotipebi da gantevebis vacebi mikerZoebuli ganwyoba, ZiriTadad, stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad yalibdeba, anu dadgenili da mouqneli kategoriebiT azrovnebis Sedegad. Canacvlebis stereotipTa miniWeba, xSirad, mWidrod ukavSirdeba fsiqologiur meqanizms, romlis drosac mtruli ganwyoba da sibraze iseT obieqtTa mimarT vlindeba, romlebsac amgvari ganwyobis realur mizezTan saerTo araferi aqvT. antagonizmis gamoxatvis mizniT, adamianebi “gantevebis vacs” eZeben, anu adamians, romelic SeuZliaT usafuZvlod daadanaSaulon. termini “gantevebis vaci” pirvelad HZvelma iudevelebma gamoiyenes. isini sakuTar codvebs yovel wels, ritualurad, vacs miawerdnen da Semdeg mas velur bunebaSi uSvebdnen. gantevebis vacs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maSin eZeben, rodesac ori Cagruli eTnikuri jgufi erTmaneTs ekonomikuri upiratesobis mopovebaSi ejibreba. magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic Savkanianebze axorcieleben rasobriv Tavdasxmebs, xSirad, Tavadac analogiur ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. Savkanianebis mimarT maT mier gamoxatuli agresiis realur mizezs sul sxva safuZveli aqvs. gantevebis vacad, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebuli da SedarebiT uZluri jgufi gvevlineba, radgan amgvari jgufi advilad iqceva samizned. dasavleTis istoriaSi aseTi arasaxarbielo roli, sxvadasxva dros, protestantebs, kaTolikebs, ebraelebs, italielebs, Savkanian afrikelebsa da sxvebs ergoT. gantevebis vacis Zieba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, proeqcias, adamianis survilebisa da Tvisebebis sxva adamianebisTvis aracnobier mikuTvnebas, ukavSirdeba. es movlena SeiZleba seqsualobasac gulisxmobdes. kvlevis Sedegad mudmivad vlindeba, rom, rodesac dominanturi jgufis wevrebis mier umciresobebze seqsualuri Zaladoba xorcieldeba, dominanturi jgufi seqsualuri Zaladobis gamovlenis niSnebs Tavad umciresobaTa jgufSi xedavs. magaliTad, Zvelad, samxreT amerikaSi, TeTrkanian mamakacTa ucnauri Sexeduleba afro-amerikeli mamakacebis aqtiuri bunebis Sesaxeb, Tavad TeTrkanian mamakacTa frustraciis safuZvelze warmoiSva, radgan TeTrkanian qalTan seqsualuri kavSiri, qalTan urTierTobis formaluri wesebis gamo, izRudeboda. amis msgavsad, samxreT afrikaSi, TeTkanianTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba Savkaniani mamakacebis gamorCeuli seqsualuri potenciisa da Savkaniani qalebis vnebianobis Sesaxeb. Savkaniani mamakacebi, seqsualuri TvalsazrisiT, TeTkaniani qalebisTvis Zlier saxifaTod miiCneoda, maSin rodesac, realurad, Savkanian qalTan seqsualuri kontaqti yovelTvis TeTrkaniani mamakacis iniciativiT xdeboda. avtoritaruli pirovneba adreuli socializaciis Sedegad, zogierTi tipis adamiani, gansakurebiT aris midrekili stereotipuli azrovnebisa da proeqciiisadmi. 1940-ian wlebSi Teodor adornom da misma mimdevrebma cnobili kvleva Caatares. 6 am klevaSi maT daaxasiaTes adamianis tipi, romelsac avtoritaruli pirovneba uwodes (Adorno et. al 1950). mikerZoebuli ganwyobis doneTa Sefasebis gazomvis mizniT, mkvlevarebma ramdenime skala SeimuSaves. magaliTad, erT skalaze adamianebs ekiTxebian, eTanxmebian Tu ara isini mkveTrad gamoxatul anti-semitur Sexedulebebs. man, vinc ebraelTa mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamoxata, sxva umciresobaTa mimarTac aseTive uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom avtoritaruli Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi ucvleli konformistebi arian, romlebic zemdgom adamianebTan urTierTobisas TavmdablobiT, qvemdgomebTan urTierTobisas ki qedmaRlobiT gamoirCevian. aseTi adamianebi aseve uaRresad aratolerantulebi arian religiur d seqsualur sakiTxebSi. mkvlevarTa azriT, avtoritaruli pirovneba aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba, rodesac mSoblebi Svilis mimarT siyvarulis uSualod gamoxatvas ver axerxeben, arian gulgrilni da mkacr disciplinas moiTxoven. zrdasrul asakSi aseT individebs SfoTva axasiaTebT, romelsac mxolod dadgenili, ucvleli xedvis gaziarebiT akontroleben. maT uWirT orazrovan situaciebTan gamklaveba, Tavs arideben arastabilurobas da stereotipul azrovnebas irCeven. adornos kvlevam kritika daimsaxura. zogierTebma eWvqveS daayenes im skalebis Rirebuleba, romlebsac mecnierebi gazomvis mizniT iyenebdnen. zogma ganacxada, rom avtoritarizmi pirovnuli Tviseba ar aris da is mxolod farTo sazogadoebis SigniT arsebul konkretul subkulturaTa Rirebulebebsa da normebs asaxavs. maTi azriT, kvleva ufo Rirebulad CaiTvleboda, Tuki misi mizani, konkretuli tipis pirovnebis gamovlenis nacvlad, zogadad azrovnebis avtoritarul maxasiaTeblTa gageba iqneboda. Tumca mikerZoebuli ganwyobis kvlevis mizniT warmoebul am da sxva kvlevaTa Sedegebs bevri ram aerTianebs. magaliTad, iujin harTlim ocdaTxuTmeTi eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT arsebuli ganwyoba Seiswavla. am kvleviTac dadginda, rom man, vinc erTi eTnikuri jgufis mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamoavlina, sxva jgufTa mimarTac uaryofiTi ganwyoba gamoxata. ebraelebisa da afro-amerikelebis mimarT iseTive negatiuri damokidebuleba gamovlinda, rogoric valonianebis, pirenianebis da darinianebis mimarT. (Hartley, 1946). es ukanaskneli sami jgufi, realurad, ar arsebobs; harTlim es jgufebi im mizniT daasaxela, rom gaerkvia, eqnebodaT Tu ara adamianebs mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im jgufTa mimarT, romelTa Sesaxeb arasodes araferi smeniaT. sociologiuri interpretaciebi stereotipuli azrovnebis, Canacvlebisa da proeqciis fsiqologiuri meqamizmebi yvela sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris gvxvdeba da imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aris eTnikuri antagonizmi sxvadasxva kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo elementi. Tumca es meqanizmebi diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb bevrs arafers gveubneba. am procesebis Seswavlis mizniT, sami sociologiuri idea unda moviSveloiT. 7 eTnocentrizmi, Caketili jgufi da resursebis ganTavseba eTnikur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli sociologiuri cnebebi, zogadad, eTnocentrizmi, Caketili eTnikuri jgufi da resursebis ganTavsebaa. eTnocentrizmis cnebis Sesaxeb, rac jgufis gareT myofi adamianis mier, misi kulturuli TvalTaxevdiT, sxva adamianTa kulturis Sefasebis tendenciasa da amasTan dakavSirebul eWvs niSnavs, wina TavebSic (Tavi 2) visaubreT. realurad, yvela kultura, metnaklebad, eTnocentrulia da aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor xdeba eTnocentrizmis stereotipul azrovnebasTan kombinireba. jgufis gareT myof adamianebs ucxoebad, barbarosebad an, moraluri Tu gonebrivi TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenil pirovnebebad miiCneven. amgvari iyo umravles civilizaciaTa mcire kulturebis mimarT damokidebuleba da es ganwyoba, istoriulad, uamravi eTnikuri Sejaxebis mizezad iqca. eTnocentrizmi da jgufis Caketiloba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tanmdevi movlenebia. “Caketilobis” procesSi, jgufebi, sxva jgufebisgan gamijvnis mizniT, sazRvrebs aweseben. es sazRvrebi iseTi saSualebiT formirdeba, romlebic jgufis gamorCeulobas usvams xazs da erT eTnikuri jgufs meore jgufisgan gamijnavs. am saSualebebSi jgufebs Soris qorwinebis SezRudva, socialuri kontaqtebisa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, magaliTad, vaWrobis akrZalva da jgufis fizikuri niSniT gamoyofa (vTqvaT, eTnikuri geto) igulisxmeba. SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb afro-amerikelebs samive gamoucdiaT: zogierTi Stati Sereul qorwinebas krZalavs, samxreTSi ekonomikuri da socialuri segregacia dakanonda da bevr did qalaqSi jer kidev arsebobs SavkanianTa segregirebuli getoebi. Caketilobisken zogjer Tanabari Zalauflebis mqone jgufebic iswrafvian: jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTs emijnebian, magram arc erTi maTgani ar aris dominanturi; Tumca, ufro xSirad, erTi eTnikuri jgufi, meore jgufTan SedarebiT, met Zalauflebas flobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis CaketilobasTan erTad, resursebis ganTavsebac xdeba da qoneba da materialuri dovlaTi araTanabrad nawildeba. eTnikur jgufebs Soris yvelaze mZafri konfliqtebi jgufis Caketilobis gamo xdeba, radgan jgufis Caketiloba qonebrivi, Zalauflebrivi da socialuri mdgomareobis uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs. eTnikuri jgufis Caketilobis cneba im dramatul da farul gansxvavebaTa gagebaSi gvexmareba, romlebic adamianTa Temebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas uwyobs xels. Cven mxolod is ki ar gvainteresebs, Tu ratom klaven, linCis wesiT asamarTleben, cemen da awameben zogierTi jgufis wevrebs, aramed isic, Tu ratom ver iwyeben isini karg samsaxurs, ver iReben saTanado ganaTlebas da ar cxovroben maTTvis sasurvel adgilas. simdidre, Zalaufleba da socialuri statusi deficituri resursebia – zogierT jgufs, sxvasTan SedarebiT, meti amgvari resursi gaaCnia. gamorCeuli poziciis SesanarCuneblad, privilegirebuli jgufi zogjer sxva jgufis mimarT eqstremaluri Zaladobis aqts axorcielebs. Sesabamisad, sakuTari situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT, Zaladobas SeiZleba naklebad privilegirebulma jgufmac mimarTos. 8 eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva mimdinare periodSi, eTnikuri urTierTobebisa da eTnikuri antagonizmis srulyofili analizi am movlenis istoriul perspeqtivaSi ganxilvas moiTxovs. Tu samyaros danarCen nawilze dasavleTis kolonializmis gavrcelebis mniSvnelobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT, dRevandeli ganawilebis gageba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. meTxuTmete saukuneSi, evropelebma, teritoriis Seswavlisa da vaWrobis motiviT, manamde ucnobi da Seuswavleli zRvebisa da miwebis dalaSqvra da, amasTan erTad, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dapyroba da Seviwroeba daiwyes. axal teritoriebze dasaxlebis mizniT, evropidan milionobiT adamiani Camovida. afrikidan amerikaSi, monobiT vaWrobis formiT, didi moZraoba daiwyo (ix, nax. 9.1). qvemoT, gasuli 350 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis magaliTebs warmogidgenT: • • • • evropidan Crdilo amerikaSi. meCvidmete saukunidan dRemde, evropidan amJamindel SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi 45 milioni adamiani emigrirda. CrdiloeT amerikaSi amJamad mcxovreb adamianTagan 150 milioni aq am migraciis Sedegad dasaxlda. evropidan centralur da samxreT amerikaSi. evropidan, ZiriTadad, espaneTidan, portugaliidan da italiidan, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi 20 milioni adamianis migracia moxda. dRevandel dRes am teritoriebze mcxovrebi 50 milioni adamiani evropuli warmomavlobisaa. vropidan afrikasa da avstraliaSi. am kontinentze mcxovrebi daaxloebiT 17 milioni adamiani evropuli warmomavlobisaa. afrikaSi mcxovreb emigrantTa umravlesoba samxreT afrikaSi emigrirda, romelic, ZiriTadad, britanelebisa da holandielebis kolonia iyo. afrikidan amerikaSi. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi, daaxloebiT 15 milioni Savkaniani, sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kontinentebze gadaiyvanes. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi TiTqmis 1 milioni Caiyvanes, meCvidmete saukuneSi - 1.3 milioni, meTvramete saukuneSi - 6 milioni, mecxramete saukuneSi ki - 2 milioni. Savkaniani afrikelebi amerikis qveynebSi borkilebiT CayavdaT, raTa maT Semdeg monebad emuSavaT; amis gamo umowyalod daingra ojaxebi da daiSala mTliani Temebi. mosaxleobis amgvarma dinebam SeerTebuli Statebis, kanadis, centraluri da samxreT amerikis, samxreT afrikis, avstraliisa da axali zelandiis dRevandel eTnikur struqturas Cauyara safuZveli. zemoTYxsenebuli yvela sazogadoebis ZirZveli mosaxleoba evropuli marTvis wess daeqvemdara, CrdiloeT amerikasa da avstraliaSi ki mcirericxovan eTnikur umciresobebad Camoyalibda. evropelTa gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis gamo, axal samSobloSi mravali eTnikuri danayofi dafuZnda. kolonializmis ganviTarebis xanaSi, mecxramete saukunesa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, evropelebi ZirZvel mosaxleobas bevr sxva regionSi - indoeTSi, birmaSi, malaiasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi marTavdnen. 9 evropuli eqspansiis periodSi, kolonizatorebi eTnocentruli ganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen da sakuTar misias samyaros danarCen nawilSi civilizaciis SetanasTan aigivebdnen. ZirZveli mosaxleobis warmomavlobasTan SedarebiT, sakuTar warmomavlobas upiratesobas ufro liberalurad ganwyobili evropelebic ki aniWebdnen. is faqti, rom am adamianTa umravlesoba kolonizatorTa Sexedulebas iziarebda, mxdvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris, radgan evropelebi Zalauflebas flobdnen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Tvalsazriss yvela iTvaliswinebda. kolonializmis adreuli periodi rasizmis aRzevebas daemTxva da mas Semdeg rasobriv gamijvnasa da konfliqtebs, zogadad eTnikur konfliqtebSi, wamyvani adgili uWiravs. evropul ganwyobebSi, centraluri pozicia im rasistulma Tvalsazrisma daikava, romlis mixedviT, adamianebi TeTrkanianebad da Savkanianebad iyofian. nax. 9.1 1601-1700 Zveli samyaro 0.001 m. espanuri amerika 0.3 m. britaneTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.3 m. safrangeTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.2 m. holandielebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.6 brazilielebi 0.6 m. sul 2 milioni 1701-1801 britanelebi CrdiloeT amerikasa da aSS-Si 0.3 m. espanuri amerika 0.6 britaneTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 1.4 m. holandielebis daqvemedebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.5 m. sul: 6 milioni mona 1811-1870 aSS 0.05 m. espanuri amerika 0.6 m. frangebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.1 m. brazilielebi 1.1 m. sul: 1.9 milioni mona nax. 9.1 monebiT vaWroba atlantikis okeanis mimdebare teritoriaze, 16011870. aqamde, am mxriv, yvelaze didi raodenobiT brazilia gamorCeoda, 300 weliwadSi braziliaSi 3.6 milioni adamiani iqna Cayvanili. wyaro: Ben Crow and Mary Thorpe, Survival and Change in the Third World (The Open University 1988), gv. 15 rasizmis aRzeveba ratom moxda rasizmis aRzeveba? amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. erTerTi mizezi is aris, rom TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa, rogorc 10 kuklturul simboloTa, dapirispirebas, Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi evropul kulturaSi. TeTrkaniani adamiani, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, siwmindesTan, sisufTavesTan, Savkaniani ki - borotebasTan asocirdeboda (am simbolizmSi araferia bunebrivi; zogierT kulturaSi es Tvisebebi sapirispirod aRiqmeba). dasavleTis mier SavkanianebTan aqtiuri kontaqtis damyarebamde, siSavis simbolos uaryofiTi datvirTva qonda. am simbolurma mniSvnelobam gavlena iqonia evropelTa reaqciebze, rodesac isini pirvelad aRmoCdnen afrikul sanapiroebze. SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa Soris arsebulma radikalurma gansxvavebam da afrikelTa “kerpTayvanismcemlobam,” evropelebs Soris SavkanianTa mimarT SiSi da qedmaRluri damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. meCvide saukuneSi erTma damkvirvebelma aRniSna, rom Savkanianebi “feriTa da mdgomareobiT reinkarnirebuli eSmakebisgan cotaTi gansxvavdebiano” (Jordan, 1968). miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar eqstremalur gamonaTqvamebs dRes iSviaTad gaigonebT, Zneli dasajerebelia, TiTqos Sav-TeTri kulturuli simbolizmis elementebi bolomde aRmoifxvra. Tanamedrove rasizmis gamomwvevi meore mniSvnelovani faqtori Tavad rasis cnebis Seqmna da gavrceleba gaxda. kvazi-rasistuli ganwyobebi asobiT welia arsebobs. magaliTad, CineTSi, Cv. welTaRricxviT 300 wlis CanawerebSi, barbarosebi Semdegnairad arian aRwerili: “Zalian gvanan maimunebs, radgan isini maimunebis STamomavlebi arian.” rasis, rogorc STamomavlobiT gadacemul TvisebaTa erTobliobis gageba, meTvrametemecxramete saukuneebis evropul naazrevs efuZneba. garkveul wreebSi didi gavleniT sargeblobda graf jozef artur de gobinos (1816-1882) ideebi, romelsac, zogjer, Tanamedrove rasizmis mamas eZaxian. gobinos azriT, sami - TeTrkanianTa, SavkaniaTa da yviTelkaniaTa - rasa arsebobs: TeTkanianTa rasa gansakuTrebuli inteleqtiT, moraluri TvisebebiTa da nebisyofiT gamoirCeva. dasavluri gavlena mTel msoflioSi swored am, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli, Tvisebebis wyalobiT gavrcelda. Savkanianebs uunaroba axasiaTebT, bunebiT cxovelebs gvanan da moraluri Tvisebebis naklebobiTa da emociuri arastabilurobiT gamoirCevian. gobinosa da sxvebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi savaraudo mecnieruli Teoriebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. am ideebma, mogvianebiT, gavlena moaxdina adolf hitlerze, romelmac es Tvalsazrisi nacisturi partiis ideologiad aqcia. TeTkanianTa rasis upiratesobis idea, romelsac aranairi faqtobrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia, kvlav TeTri rasizmis ZiriTad elementad rCeba. is, magaliTad, ku kluqs klanis ideologiis faruli elementia; samxreT afrikaSi aparteidis (gamoyofili rasobrivi moZraobis) safuZvelsac es Tvalsazrisi warmoadgens – razec mogvianebiT vimsjelebT. Tanamedrove rasizmis aRzevebis mesame mizezi is eqsploatatoruli urTierTobebia, romlebic evropelebma feradkanian adamianebTan urTierTobisas daamkvidres. evropelebs sayovelTaod rom ar miaCndeT, rom Savkanianebi maTTvis Seuferebeli rasaa, romelic adamianis wodebasac ki ar imsaxurebs, monebiT vaWroba arasodes iarsebebda. rasizmma xeli Seuwyo koloniuri batonobis dakanonebas araTeTr 11 mosaxleobaze da waarTva maT politikur procesebSi monawileobis uflebebi, rac TeTrkanianebma mSobliur evropul qveynebSi moipoves. TeTrkanianTa da feradkanianTa urTierTobebi koloniebis mixedviT gansxvavdeboda. am urTierTobebze Tavad evropelTa kulturuli gansxvavebac axdenda gavlenas. am sakiTxebis demonstrirebis mizniT, braziliaSi, samxreT afrikasa da aSS-Si arsebul rasobriv urTierTobebs ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki ufro detalurad gavaanalizebT im rasobriv da eTnikur danayofebs, romlebic gaerTianebul samefoSi gvxdeba. eTnikuri uTierTobebi istoriul perspeqtivaSi: magaliTebi Tu britaneTSi arsebul eTnikur urTierTobebs sxva sazogadoebaTa eTnikur urTierTobebs SevadarebT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba davinaxoT, Tu ra saxiT vlindeboda mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. zogjer amboben, rom braziliis sazogadoebaSi Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris eTnikur niadagze mikerZoeba ar arsebobs, magram axla davrwundebiT, rom es ar aris zusti informacia. amis sapirispirod, samxreT afrikaSi mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia eqstremaluri formiT ganviTarda da SavkanianTa da TeTkanianTa segregaciam institucionaluri xasiaTi miiRo. am movlenebs xeli bolodroindelma cvlilebebma Seuwyo, romelTa safuZvelze SemuSavebuli wesebi umravlesobaTa interesebs iTvaliswinebs. aSS-ze msjelobas SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis kampaniiT daviwyebT. eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, monebiT vaWrobis dasrulebamde, braziliaSi TiTqmis oTxi milioni afrikeli iqna Cayvanili. SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva afrikuli kulturis warmomadgeneli Savkanianebi, Cveulebriv, mTel qveyanaSi iyvnen mimofantuli, braziliaSi erTsa da imave regionidan Casuli adamianebi ki erTianobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb SavkanianebTan SedarebiT, isini mSobliuri kulturis SenarCunebasac ufro axerxebdnen. braziliaSi mcxovreb monebs, maTi mepatroneebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mainc hqondaT daqorwinebis ufleba. isini, Cveulebisamebr, agrZelebdnen Zveli mepatronis samsaxurSi yofnas, magram daqorwinebuli wyivilis individualur monebad gayidva aRar iyo SesaZlebeli. TeTrkaniani mamakacebi monebTan seqsualur kontaqts xSirad amyarebdnen. amgvari kavSiris Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs zogjer aTavisuflebdnen da ojaxis sruluflebian wevrebadac ki aRiarebdnen. monoba, sabolood, 1888 wels gauqmda, magram TeTrkanianebi, didi xniT adre, ukve Seguebulni iyvnen Tavisufali Savkanianebis arsebobas (Swartz, 1985). monobis dasrulebis Semdeg, bevri Savkaniani brazilieli sacxovreblad qalaqSi gadasaxlda. maTi umravlesoba siRaribeSi cxovrobda (aseTi SemTxvevebi dResac arsebobs), magram maT leiboristul kavSirebSi gaerTianebis ufleba hqondaT, amitom bevri maTgani gamdidrda da Zalaufleba moipova. braziliaSi gavrcelebulia gamoTqma: “mdidari 12 Savkaniani TeTria, Raribi TeTrkaniani ki Savio.” am frazaSi rasobrivi gansxvavebis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT rbilad aris asaxuli, magram mainc TeTri kanis upiratesoba igrZnoba. sazogadoebis yvela seqtorSi TeTkanianebi isev maRal pozicias inarCuneben. Tu brazilielebis mier Seqmnil rasobriv urTierTobaTa sistemas SeerTebuli Statebis ufro segregirebul sistemas SevadarebT, is gacilebiT Semwynarebluri mogveCveneba, magram 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, rodesac amerikel SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobas Caeyara safuZveli, braziliuri rasobrivi sistemis amerikul sistemasTan Sedareba, braziliisTvis wamgebiani aRmoCnda. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, braziliis kongresma sazogadoebriv adgilebSi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi kanoni miiRo. am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad amerikeli Savkaniani qalbatonis, ketrin danhemis, saCivari daedo, romelsac san paulus sastumroSi oTaxi ar miaqiraves. Tumca, es kanoni simbolur Jests ufro gavda, radgan mTavrobas ar hqonia SesaZlebeli diskriminaciis sixSiris gamoZiebis mcdeloba. damkvirvebelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom braziliaSi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad hqonda adgili, magram mainc SemuSavda feradkanianTa socialuri da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli ramdenime samTavrobo programa. brazilielebs sjerodaT, rom maT qveyanaSi TeTrkanianebi da feradkanianebi erTnairi uflebebiT sargebloben, Tumca am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeboda is faqti, rom Savkanianebi kvlavA sazogadoebis yvelaze Rarib ubnebSi agrZelebdnen dasaxlebas. braziliam aseve airida, amerikis istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba da amboxebebi; aq eqstremaluri formiT arc SavkanianTa mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamovlenila. samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba samxreT afrikaSi pirvelad holandielebi dafuZndnen. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam evropul sawarmoebSi muSaoba ar isurva, amitom maT monebi afrikis sxva regionebidan da holandiuri ist–indoeTidan SemoyavdaT. mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikaSi dominanturi pozicia britanelebma daikaves, romlebmac 1830-ian wlebSi sabolood gaauqmes monoba. TeTrkanianebisa da adgilobrivi afrikelebis gamijvna ufro gvian daiwyo. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, SavkanianebisTvis axali gadasaxadebi dawesda, ramac bevri maTgani aiZula evropel damsaqmeblebTan daewyo muSaoba; axalgazrda afrikel mamakacebs ki, gadasaxadis dafarvis gamo, samuSaos Zebna saxlidan moSorebiT uxdebodaT. dainerga “emigrantTa samuSao Zalis” sistema, ramac samxreT afrikis ekonomikis Semdgomi evoluciis pirobebis gansazRvras Cauyara safuZveli. bevri afrikeli oqrosa da almasis sabadoze midioda samuSaod, isini evropelTa sacxovrebeli adgilebidan moSorebiT, specialur karvebSi cxovrobdnen. aman xeli Seuwyo segregirebuli sistemis warmoqmnas, ramac Semdeg formaluri samarTlebrivi saxe miiRo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, aparteidis sistemis warmoSobisas, samxreT afrikis mosaxleoba oTx ,,registrirebul jgufad” daiyo – 4.5 milioni 13 evropel emigrantTa TeTrkaniani STamomavlebi; 2.5 milioni e.w feradkanianebi, romelTa winaprebi erTze meti “rasis” warmomadgenlebi arian; 1 milioni aziuri warmomavlobis adamianebi; 23 milioni ki Savkaniani afrikelebi. pier van den bergem, aperteidis wlebSi, samxreT afrikis sazogadoebaSi segregaciis sami ZiriTadi done gamoyo (Van den Berghe, 1970). 1. mikrosegregacia – segregacia sazogadoebriv adgilebSi (msgavsi SemTxvevebi amerikis samxreT nawilSic aRiniSneboda). TeTkanianebsa da feradkanianebs sxvadasxva sapirfareSoebiT, mosacdeli oTaxebiT, rkinigzis vagonebiTa da sxva sazogadoebrivi adgilebiT unda esargeblaT. 2. mezosegregacia – TeTrkanianebisa da feradkanianebis ubnebis segregacia, urbanul teritoriebze gansaxlebis mixedviT. Savkanianebs maTTvis specialurad gamoyofil zonaSi unda ecxovraT. 3. makrosegregacia – adamianebis segregacia gamoyofil teritoriebze anu bunebrivi rezervaciebSi. samxreT afrikis ekonomika ver SesZlebda funqcionirebas qalaqebSi an qalaqis maxloblad mcxovrebi milionobiT feradkanianTa samuSao Zalis gareSe. Tavdapirvelad, ZiriTadi urbanuli teritoriebi eTnikurad Sereuli ubnebiT gamoirCeoda, magram, TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebidan ramdenime miliT daSorebul, e.w. “modelur dasaxlebebSi” sul ufro met Savkanians asaxlebdnen. garda amisa, milionobiT adamiani, qalaqidan Sors, e.w. mamulebSi gadahyavdaT. es regionebi, nawilobriv, avtonomiur Statebad iyo organizebuli, romlebsac TeTrkanianianTa centraluri mTavroba akontrolebda. aparteidis pirobebSi feradkanianebs ar hqondaT xmis ufleba, da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc centralur mmarTvelobaSi hyavdaT sakuTari warmomadgeneli. maTTvis gamoyofil teritoriaze anu mamulSi, Savkanianebi politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, rac CamorTmeuli hqondaT TeTkanianTa samxreT afrikaSi. 1970 wels mamulis moqalaqeobis miniWebis aqtis safuZvelze, samxreT afrikis mier “damoukideblobis” mopovebis dRes, mamulis macxovreblebs avtomaturad CamoerTvaT samxreT afrikis moqalaqeoba. e.w. “sazRvars miRma macxovreblebs”, anu maT, vinc ojaxTan erTad mamulSi cxovrobda, TeTrkanianTa samxreT afrikaSi gasamgzavreblad, yoveldRiurad, sazRvris gadakveTa uxdeboda. aparteidis mimarT mTel saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba iyo. mas sakuTar sazogadoebaSic bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda. samxreT afrikis mimarT, am sistemis moqmedebis SeCerebis mizniT, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, xorcieldeboda ekonomikuri sanqciebi. samxreT afrika mTel rig saerTaSoriso sportul RoniZiebebzec ki ar dauSves. sanqciebma, Sinagan protestTan erTad, garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo, magram 1980-ian wlebSi aparteidis dezintegraciis dasawyisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi is gaxda, rom bevrma Savkanianma, xelisuflebis mxridan mosalodneli sasjelis miuxedavad, mizanmimarTulad daiwyo mis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba. magaliTad, bevri maTgani kanons ar 14 daemorCila da, samuSaos Ziebis mizniT, urbanul teritoriebze gadasvla daiwyo. 1990 wels prezidentma de klarkma afrikuli nacionaluri kongresis (ANC), komunisturi partiisa da im mravali sxva opoziciuri jgufis amkrZalavi sanqciebi gaauqma, romelTac manamde aralegalurad, konspiraciulad uxdebodaT moRvaweoba, an gandevnilni iyvnen qveynidan. cixidan gaaTavisufles 1962 wlidan patimrobaSi myofi, ANC–is lideri nelson mandela. Seiqmna axali konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad, yvelas mieca xmis ufleba. 1992 wlis martSi TeTrkanian amomrCevlebs Soris referendumi Catarda da umravlesobam mxari reformis amoqmedebas dauWira. dRes samxreT afrikaSi demokratiaa, xalxma prezidentad nelson mandela airCia. aparteidi xanmokle droSi warsuls Cabarda. dResdReobiT qveyanaSi harmonia sufevs. Tumca, did qalaqur regionebsa da gavleniani TeTkanianebiT dasaxlebul ubnebSi, xSiria sastiki danaSaulis SemTxvevebi. jer kidev didi droa saWiro, raTa davrwmundeT, rom qveyanaSi Zaladobriv eTnikur konfliqtebs adgili aRar eqneba. aparteidis dasrulebis Semdeg, samxreT afrikaSi mravali investicia ganxorcielda. bevrma msxvilma samxreT afrikulma kompaniam afrikis sxva regionebSi investirebac daiwyo. magaliTad, 1994-5 wlebSi kompaniam South African Breweries tanzaniisa da zambiis saxelmwifo ludsaxarSi kompaniebis didi nawili Seisyida. es produqcia ukve bosvanaSi, lesotosa da svazilandSi gaaqvT gasayidad. 1995 wels zambiaSi, samxreT afrikis yvelaze didi savaWro centris - pepkoris filialis sami didi maRazia gaixsna da momavalSi axali maRaziebis gaxsna igegmeba. samxreT afrikuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebas problemebic axlavs. rodesac zimbabves savaWro qselis ufrosma konferenciaze samxreT afrikelebi “afrikis Caylapvis” mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula, mas auditoria ovaciebiT Seegeba. mozambikelma fermerebma demonstracia moawyves, romelic mTavrobis mier samxreT afrikeli investorebisTvis saxnavi miwebis miyidvis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad. amgvari daZabulobis arseboba arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aparteidis periodSi, samxreT afrikis mTavroba mxars uWerda mozambiksa da sxva mimdebare qveynebze ganxorcielebul samxedro intervencias. am saqmian kontaqtebze jer kidev axdens gavlenas rasobrivi da eTnikuri niSniT ganpirobebuli mtruli ganwyoba, rasac xels isic uwyobs, rom samxreT afrikeli gavleniani saqmosnebi, rogor wesi, TeTkanianebi arian. fergal kini Tavis wignSi SiSis tyveobaSi (1995), romelic samxreT afrikaSi umciresobaTa marTvasTan dakavSirebul gardaqmnebs aRwers, aRniSnavs: am qveyanaSi kvlav SeimCneva seriozuli da saxifaTo xarvezebi. maSin, rodesac wlebis ganmavlobaSi, qveyanas umciresobebi marTavdnen, SeiZleboda myari infrastruqturisa da afrikaSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli ekonomikis Seqmna, magram isini Tanxebs umisamarTod xarjavdnen... eqvsi milioni adamiani umuSevari iyo, aT milions ar SeeZlo gamdinare wyliT sargebloba, ocdasam milions ar hqonda eleqteroenergia; skolaSi 14 wlamde 15 asakis Savkanian bavSvTa 50 procentze naklebi swavlobda, cxra milioni siRatakeSi cxovrobda. (gv 238). SavkanianTa uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi monobis gauqmeba da adreuli gardaqmnebi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT amerikaSi monoba dasrulda. emansipaciis proklamacias xeli, realurad, 1863 wels, omis damTavrebamde erTi wliT adre, moewera. Tumca, monobis gauqmebas SavkanianTa bedze mniSvnelovani zegavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan maTi umravlesoba kvlav siRatakeSi ganagrZobda cxovrebas. 1890-1912 wlebSi samxreTSi “jim krous” kanonebis seria miiRes, romelTa Tanaxmad, Savkanianebs TeTkanianTa rkinigzis vagonebSi, sazogadoebriv tualetebsa da kafeebSi Sesvla ekrZalebodaT. es segregacia 1896 wels, umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli, romlis Tanaxmad, konstituciurad, TeTkanianebsa da Savkanianebs ,,Tanabari, magram erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli” pirobebiT unda esargeblaT. Zaladobrivi saidumlo sazogadoebis ku kluqs klanis moRvaweobac am segregaciis SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis damkvidrebis mizniT, umciresobaTa brZolas, revoluciis CaTvliT, amerikis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. umciresobaTa didma nawilma politikuri gavlenis mopovebis, ekonomikuri anazRaurebis miRebis, umravlesobasTan Tanabari statusis moTxovnis saqmeSi warmatebas miaRwia, magram 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisamde, maTi didi nawili ar iyo CarTuli TviTdawinaurebis amgvar procesebSi. 1909 wels feradkanianTa ganviTarebis nacionaluri organizacia (NAACP), 1910 wels ki, nacionaluri urbanuli liga daarsda. orive organizacia SavkanianTa uflebebis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZoda, magram maTi moRvaweobis realuri Sedegi mxolod meore msoflio omis periodSi da misi dasrulebis Semdeg gamoCnda. vidre SeerTebuli Statebi saomar moqmedebebSi CaerTo, NAACP–isa da urbanuli ligis liderebs, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis desegregaciis moTxovniT, prezident franklin ruzveltTan hqondaT Sexvedra. ruzveltma ara marto uaryo es winadadeba, aramed iseTi sajaro gancxadeba gaakeTa, TiTqos samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli liderebi, Sexvedris dros daTanxmdnen segregaciis gagrZelebaze. Sekrebas SavkanianTa kavSiris lideri filip rendolfic eswreboda, romelic am aSkara sicruis gamo Zlier gaRizianda da vaSingtonSi asi aTasobiT Savkanianis saprotesto gamosvla moiTxova. saproteso gamosvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre, ruzveltma, dasaqmebisas, eTnikuri gansxvavebis safuZvelze, disriminaciis amkrZalav brZanebas moawera xeli, rac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi segregaciis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebasac gulisxmobda. ori wlis Semdeg rasobrivi Tanasworobis axlad dafuZnebulma kongresma (CORE) Cikagos restornebSi, sacurao auzebsa da sxva 16 sazogadoebriv adgilebSi segregaciis winaRmdeg brZola daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom man bevrs verafers miaRwia da TeTkanianTa mxridan am qmedebaze Zalze mwvave reagireba moxda, am konfrontaciuli moZraobiT SavkanianTa uflebebis dacvas Caeyara safuZveli, rac, TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, masobriv moZraobaSi gadaizarda. meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, NAACP-ma wamoiwyo kampania segregirebuli saxelmwifo ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg. am kampaniam kulminacias maSin miaRwia, roca, organizaciis iniciativiT, xuTi skolis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqme aRiZra. am qmedebiT maT im periodSi moqmedi koncefciis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres, romlis Tanaxmad, TeTrkanianebsa da feradkanianebs sxvadasxva skolaSi unda eswavlaT. 1954 wels umaRlesma sasamarTlom erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba, “rom saswavlo procesSi, rasobriv safuZvelze, sxvadasxva pirobebiT sargebloba uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs.” es gadawyvetileba sabrZolo platformad iqca, samoqalaqo uflebebis dasamkvidreblad brZola ki kidev or aTwleuls gagrZelda. rodesac umaRlesma sasamarTlom pirvelad miiRo amgvari gadawyvetileba, ramdenime Stati da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba misi amoqmedebis SezRudvas Seecada. federaluri brZanebis safuZvelze, skolebSi integraciis process sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda ku kluqs klani, “TeTrkanian moqalaqeTa sabWoebi” da adgilobriv aqtivistTa sxva jgufebi. 1960-iani wlebis bolos, samxreTel Savkanian moswavleTa 1 procenti jer kidev desegregirebul skolebSi swavlobda. TeTrkanianTa urCma winaaRmdegobam, Savkaniani liderebi, samoqalaqo uflebebis realizebis mizniT, masobrivi saprotesto moZraobis aucileblobaSi daarwmuna. 1956 wels montgomeriSi, alabamaSi, Savkaniani qalbatoni - roza parkeri daapatimres, radgan man avtobusSi adgili ar dauTmo TeTrkanian mamakacs. amis sapasuxod, qalaqis Savkaniani mosaxleobis umravlesobam, baptisturi eklesiis mRvdlis, doqtor martin luTer king umcrosis xelmZRvanelobiT, satransporto sistemas 381 dRiani boikoti gamoucxada. sabolood, qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda satranspotro sistemaSi segregacia gaeuqmebina. boikoti da mjdomare aqciebi sxva sazogadoebrivi adgilebis segregirebis winaaRmdegac gagrZelda. am msvlelobebsa da demonstaciebs mravali Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani mxardamWeri SeuerTda. kingma diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, daumorCileblobis aqtiuri, magram mSvidobiani kampania dagegma, Tumca reaqcias, romelic am moZraobas mohyva, mSvidobians ver daarqmevdiT. arkanzasis gubernatorma faubusma liTl rokis centralur skolaSi Savkaniani studentebi ar SeuSva da maT SesaCereblad Statis samxedroebi gamoiZaxa. alabamaSi, birmingemSi, Serifma “bul” konorma saprotesto aqciis monawileni saxanZro wylis milebiT, xelketebiTa da policiis ZaRlebis daxmarebiT daSala. birmingemis incidentis Semdeg, amerikis qalaqebSi, aTi kviris ganmavlobaSi, asobiT demonstracia Catarda. dapatimrebul iqna 15 000-ze meti monawile. 1963 wels samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis 25 000-ma mxardamWerma vaSingtonSi msvleloba moawyo, sadac kingma Semdegi saxis gancxadeba gaakeTa: “Cven manam ar davkmayofildebiT, vidre samarTali wyaliviT ar daiwyebs denas, simarTle ki Zlier nakadad ar 17 gadmodindeba.” 1964 wels kongresma samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti miiRo, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, dasaqmebisas da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul nebismier saagentoSi, diskriminacia sayovelTaod ikrZaleboda. momdevno wlebSi miRebuli kanonebis safuZvelze, Savkanianebs xmis daregistrirebis sruli ufleba miecaT da kanonsawinaaRmdegod iqna miCneuli disriminacia gansaxlebis dros. moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT dawyebulma moZraobam, formaluri miznisa da sabrZolo obieqtis garda, Savkaniani aqtivistebi kulturuli Tavisuflebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebiTac uzrunvelyo. studentTa koordinaciis mSvidobian komitetSi (SNCC) iyvnen “TavisuflebisTvis momRerlebi”, romlebic sakuTar grZnobebs musikisa da simReris saSualebiT gamoxatavdnen. vinsent hardingi im energiis mozRvavebasa da siaxlis gancdas aRgviwers, rasac im periodSi mravali Savkaniani ganicdida: organizebiT, msvlelobebiT, simReriTa da patimrobiT gajerebul adreul Tveebs eniT aRuwereli imedi, idealizmi, simamace da rwmena sdevda Tan... maT sakuTari saqmis sjerodaT. rodesac cixeebSi, masobriv Sexvedrebsa da policielebisa da samxedroebis winaSe mRerodnen: “Cven amas gadavlaxavT”, maT am sityvebis marTlac sjerodaT... gadalaxva “Tavisuflebis” “uflebebis dacvis”, “Rirsebisa” da “samarTalis” miRwevas, Savkanianebisa da TeTrkanianebis gaTanabrebasa da sxva bevr iseT rames niSnavda, rasac moZraobaSi CarTuli xalxi ufro SeigrZnobda, vidre gamoxatavda. (Harding 1980) axali samoqalaqo uflebebis samarTlebrivi dakanonebis mcdelobas kvlav oponentTa gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba mohyva. maT, vinc samoqalo uflebaTa miniWebis moTxovniT, msvlelobaSi iRebda monawileobas, Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen, cemdnen, zogma sakuTari sicocxlec ki Seswira. am qmedebaTa sapasuxod, meamboxeTa “Sav Zalad” wodebuli Savkanianebis agresiuli jgufebi Seiqmna. zomieri qmedebis momxreni am jgufebs gaemijnen da kvlav reformebisa da kanonebis dafuZnebis moTxovna ganagrZes. 1965-1968 wlebSi, amerikis qalaqebSi, SavkanianTa getos teritoriebze didi amboxebebebi daiwyo. samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis sruli realizebis Semaferxebel dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, is mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. am aqtis principebi, Savkaniani mosaxleobis interesebis garda, sxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da qalebis CaTvliT, diskriminaciis nebismieri msxverplis interesebs iTvaliswinebda. man Cagruli jgufebis uflebebis dacvis ganviTarebaze orientirebul moZraobas Cauyara safuZveli. 1960-iani wlebis brZolis periodSi SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvaze mimarTuli moZraobis miznebi, garkveulwilad, Seicvala. samoqalaqo uflebebis liderTa moTxovna manam, ucvlelad, amerikul kulturaSi SavkanianTa sruli integracia iyo. SavkanianTa Savi Zalis memboxeTa jgufebis aRzevebam idealebis Secvla gamoiwvia, rac Savkanianad yofnis Rirsebasa da SavkanianTa kulturis farul Rirebulebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Savkanianebma amjerad sazogadoebaSi damoukidebeli pozicia moiTxoves, riTac, TeTkanianTa 18 sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebas WeSmaritad pluralistuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba amjobines. xedvis amgvari cvlileba imis SegrZnebamac gamoiwvia, rom kanoniT dawesebuli Tanasworoba arafers niSnavs, Tuki praqtikaSi diskriminacia mainc arsebobs. integracia da antagonizmi samoqalaqo uflebaTaA aqtis miRebidan icdaaTi wlis Semdeg mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi Tanamdebobaze arCeul SavkanianTa raodenobam Svidi aTass miaRwia, maSin rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi SavkaniaTa Soris sul asi Tanamdebobis piri iyo. am periodSi, kolejebsa da universutetebSi oTxjer meti Savkanaini Cairicxa. warmoiSva Savkanian saqmosanTa da profesionalTa mzardi saSualo klasi. qveynis zogierT did qalaqSi, magaliTad, niu iorkSi, CikagoSi, atlantasa da baltimorSi, Savkaniani meri dainiSna. Savkanianebma saxeli literaturaSi, Teatrsa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gaiTqves. (Marable, 1991). yvelafris miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc naadrevi iyo saubari rasobrivi harmoniisa da integraciis axali xanis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, aSS-s sxvadasxva nawilSi, rasobrivi dapirispirebiT motivirebuli Zaladobis asobiT aqtma iCina Tavi. niu iorkSi, bostonsa da CikagoSi rasobriv safuZvelze ganviTarebulma daZabulobam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia; 1991 wels SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa jgufebis mier masobrivi saxalxo demonstraciebi ewyoboda, TiToeuli jgufi meores rasizmSi adanaSaulebda. 1992 wels los anjelessa da aSS-s sxva qalaqebSi Zaladobis mniSvnelovani faqtebi dafiqsirda. los anjelesSi Sua 1990ian wlebSi amboxebebi kvlav grZeldeboda. zemoxsenebul xangrZliv periodSi ganxorcielebuli miRwevebis miuxedavad, SavkanianTa socialuri da ekonomikuri statusi, mTlianobaSi, isev Seilaxa. magaliTad, SavkanianTa ojaxebis saSualo Semosavali Sua 1990-ian wlebSi mkveTrad daeca da kolejebSi SavkanianTa miRebac Semcirda. Sida qalaqis teritoriebze Zlier gaxSirda narkotikebis aralegaluri moxmarebisa da spiraluri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. 1980-ian wlebSi Savkanian mamakacTa gardacvalebis mizezi, ZiriTadad, mkvleloba iyo. 1990 wels New England Journal of Medicine werda, rom niu iorkSi, harlemSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacis sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba ufro mcirea, vidre bangladeSSi mcxovrebi igive asakis mamakacisa. 1963 wels martin luTer kingma Tavis gamosvlaSi, ganacxada, rom is “ferebisadmi brma sazogadoebaze ocnebobs,” romelic mis Svilebs mxolod kanis feris mixedviT ki ar gansjis, aramed xasiaTis mixedviT; magram, Cans, rom amgvari miznisgan jer kidev Sors varT. SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi da azielebi 19 dampyrobluri omebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove SeerTebuli Statebi warmoSva, mxolod indieli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg ar iyo mimarTuli. SeerTebulma Statebma 1848 wels, amerikis meqsikasTan omis Sedegad, samxreT dasavleTis didi nawili miitaca, 25 000 meqsikelTan erTad. termini “Cikano” am adamianTa STamomavlebsa da meqsikel emigrantebs gulisxmobs. termini “laTinosi” SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb, espanurenovani regionebidan Camosul, nebismier adamians exeba. SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi sam ZiriTad jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli: meqsikeli amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 13.5 milioni), puerto rikelebi (2.7 milioni) da kubelebi (1 milioni). espanurad mosaubre kidev 5 milioni macxovrebeli centraluri da samxreT amerikis regionebidaaa Camosuli. laTinosTa mosaxleoba udidesi siswrafiT izrdeba – 1980-1990ian wlebSi mosaxleobis ricxvi, ZiriTadad, meqsikuri sazRvridan axali emigrantebis masiuri dinebis Sedegad, 53 procentiT gaizarda. arsebuli tendenciis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, momaval aTwleulSi, laTinos macxovrebelTa raodenoba afrikeli amerikelebis raodenobas gadaaWarbebs. aziuri kavSirebi SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3 procents – 8 milions aziuri warmomavlobis adamianebi Seadgenen. yvelaze did jgufs Cinelebi, iaponelebi da filipinelebi (emigrantebi filipinis kunZulebidan) ekuTvnian. amjerad amerikaSi mcxovreb indoelTa, pakistanelTa, koreelTa da vietnamelTa ricxvmac imata. vietnamis omis Sedegad, 1970-ian wlebSi, amerikis sazRvari 350 000-ma vietnamelma ltolvilma gadmokveTa. Zvel Cinel emigrantTa umravlesoba kaliforniaSi dafuZnda, sadac isini, ZiriTadad, mZime industriaSi - maRaroebsa da rkinigzis mSeneblobaSi iyvnen dasaqmebulni. Tavdapirvelad, Cinelebis gamijnulad - CainaTaunebSi - dasaxleba maTi survilis winaaRmdeg moxda. amis mizezi maT mimarT gamovlenili mtruli damokidebuleba gaxda. 1882 wels miRebuli kanonis Semdeg, CinelTa emigracia dasrulda, magram Cinelebi, bolo dromde, farTo sazogadoebisgan izolaciaSi imyofebodnen. Zveli iaponeli emigrantebi aseve kaliforniasa da wynari okeanis sanapiros sxva StatebSi dafuZdnen. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac iaponiam perl harborze Tavdasxma ganaxorciela, yvela iaponeli amerikeli “relokaciis centrebSi” gadaiyvanes, rac, faqtobrivad, ekliani mavTuliT garSemortymul da SeiaraRebul policielTa dacvis qveS myof sakoncentracio banaks warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa umravlesoba amerikis moqalaqe iyo, isini aiZules, omis dasrulebamde, saswrafod gaSenebul sakoncentracio banakebSi ecxovraT. paradoqsia, magram am situaciam maTi farTo sazogadoebasTan ufro swrafi integracia gamoiwvia, radgan omis dasrulebis Semdeg, iaponeli amerikelebi maTTvis gankuTvnil gancalkevebul dasaxlebebs aRar daubrundnen, romlebSic isini omis dawyebamde cxovrobdnen. maT ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis iseT maRal dones miaRwies, rom, garkveulwilad, TeTkanianebsac ki ajobes. iaponel 20 amerikelTa da TeTkanianTa daaxloebiT, 50 procentia. Sereuli qorwinebis raodenoba, amJamad, azielma, gansakuTrebiT, iaponelma amerikelebma, dResdReobiT did warmatebas miaRwies. maT, skolis damTavrebisas, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ukeTesi Sedegebi da universitetebSi Cabarebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT. maTi saSualo Semosavalic ufro maRalia. axla britaneTSi arsebuli eTnikuri danayofebi ganvixiloT. am SemTxvevaSi, SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa dapirispirebaze ki ar visaubrebT, aramed, zogadad, eTnikur jgufTa mravalferovnebaze. eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi adreuli emigracia inglisSi xSirad vxvdebiT irlandiur, uelsur da Sotlandiur gvarebs, rac inglisis urbanul centrebSi keltebis tradiciul dinebaze migvaniSnebs. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, Soreuli koloniebidan ZiriTadi emigraciis dawyebamde didi xniT adre, ganviTarebadi inglisuri qalaqebi emigrantebs britanuli kunZulebis naklebad warmatebuli regionebidan izidavda. 1867 wels taimsi sinanuliT aRniSnavda: “am kunZulze namdvil inglisels TiTqmis veRar Sexvdebi.” monarqia, romelsac dRes “inglisur institutebs Soris yvelaze gamokveTilad inglisur instituts” uwodeben, mraval “ucxour” elements Seicavs. ingliss frangi, Sotlandieli, holandieli da germaneli monarqebi hyavda; dRevandel samefo ojaxs imdeni araingliseli winapari hyavs, rom mas, yvelaze metad, zedsarTavi “evropuli” esadageba. meCvidmete saukunidan londonSi mzardi da warmatebuli irlandiuri Temi arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiel emigrantebs Tavidan umetesad fizikuri samuSaos Sesruleba uwevdaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ufro daxelovndnen da ukeTesad anazRaurebadi poziciebi daikaves. mecxramete saukuneSi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi irlandiuri mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda. londonSi, manCesterSi, liverpulsa da glazgoSi aTi aTasobiT irlandieli emigranti Cavida, ufro didi raodenoba ki SeerTebul StatebSi emigrirda. 1830-1847 wlebSi marto liverpulis sazRvari 300 000-ma irlandielma gadakveTa. 1851 wlisTvis inglissa da uelsSi naxevari milioni irlandieli iyo dasaxlebuli. sainteresoa, ratom Camovida inglisSi amdeni irlandieli? irlandiaSi mudmivi SimSiloba iyo, amitom xalxi sxva qveyanaSi cdilobda axali cxovrebis dawyebas. irlandiisa da inglisis teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo, irlandielebi didi britaneTis qalaqebSi Casvlas axerxebdnen da, amave dros, garkveulwilad, mSobliur qveyanasTanac inarCunebdnen urTierTobas. mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebis inglisSi irlandiuli mosaxleoba im sazogadoebis emigrantTa yvelaze did jgufs Seadgenda, romelic, londonis gareT, daculi iyo ucxoelTa “Semosevisgan”. Tavad dedaqalSi 21 mraval “egzotikur” jgufs SexvdebodiT. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda ebraelTa Temi, romelic, momdevno asi wlis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan ebraelebi sxva qveynebSi maT mimarT ganxorcielebul mwvave represiebs gaurbodnen da SedarebiT usafrTxo inglisSi saxldebodnen. 1800 wlis gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom provinciul qalaqebSi 6 000 ebraeli cxovrobda, londonSi ki maTi raodenoba 15000-20000-s Seadgenda. Rarib ebraelebs akritikebdnen, mdidrebs ki kicxavdnen. oliver tvistis personaJis fejinis Seqmnisas Carlz dikensma swored yvelasTvis nacnobi tipaJis karikatura gamoiyena. industriuli revoluciis periodSi, holandielma emigrantebma xeli Seuwyves britaneTSi ,,holandiuri finansebis” saxeliT cobili, sabanko qselisa da finansuri saagentoebis dafuZnebas – rac uaRresad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda qveynis ekonomikuri gardaqmnis TvalsazrisiT. saqmiani da ganaTlebuli holandieli emigrantebis wyalobiT, inglisSi socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, revoluciuri mniSvnelobis siaxleebi dainerga. aqedan gamomdinare, araingliselebma inglisis socioekomonikuri klimatis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes. inglisis industriuli eqspansiis periodSi, Cineli emigrantebi mozRvavda, rac inglisur qarxnebs iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda. amis miuxedavad, mecxramete saukuneSi kavSiris liderebma ramdenjerme gailaSqres Cineli emigrantebis winaaRmdeg, radgan, maTi azriT, Cinelebis dasaqmeba adgilobrivi muSakebis xelfasis doneze uryofiTad moqmedebda. SavkanianTa dasaxleba britaneTSi mecxramete saukunis bolos gaxSirda, rac dasavleT afrikasa da karibis kunZulebze gemebis moZraobis gazrdas mohyva. am periodSi britanul universitetebSi sakmaod bevri afrikeli da vest indoeli Cairicxa, magram emigrantTa yvelaze didi jgufi Savkanian mezRvaurebs moicavda, romlebic britaneTis qalaqebSi dasaxldnen. SavkanianTa pirveli Tanamedrove Temebi britaneTSi (gansakuTrebiT kardifSi) swored am adamianTa mier daarsda. pirveli msoflio omis dros saWiro gaxda britanuli samxedro Zalebis gazrda; amis gamo, Savkanian vest indoelTa samxedro nawilis Seqmnis mizniT, britanuli karibis kunZulebidan 15 000-ze meti mamakaci gaiwvies. saomari moqmedebis dasrulebis Semdeg, vest indoel jariskacTa didma raodenobam, ekonomikurad dabalganviTarebul vest indoeTSi dabrunebas, britaneTSi dasaxleba da am qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli pirobebiT dakmayofileba arCia (Fryer 1984). SavkaniaTa istoria britaneTSi: mniSvnelovani TariRebi 1596 1772 1807 elisabed I gamoscems proklamacias, romelic SavkanianTa inglisisdan gandevnas isaxavs miznad. mosamarTle mensfildis mier dakanonebuli wesis Tanaxmad, Savkanianebis inglisidan gansaxleba ikrZaleba. britaneTis imperiaSi gauqmda monebiT vaWroba. 22 1823 1834-38 1892 1919 1925 1823 wels SemuSavebuli navigaciis aqti feradkanianebs, britanul gemebze muSaobas ukrZalavs, gamonaklisi mxolod omis periodSi dauSves. britaneTis imperia auqmebs monobas da yofili monebis “momzadebis” xuTwlian sistemas nergavs. dababai naoroji pirveli azielia, romelic TemTa palatis wevradaa arCeuli liverpulSi SavkanianTa winaaRmdeg amboxebebi iwyeba da moklulia Carlz vutoni gamoica specialuri brZaneba (feradkaniani ucxo mezRvaurebi), romelic krZalavs Savkanian mezRvaurTa muSaobas britanul gemebze da zogierT, britaneTSi dabadebul, Savkanian mezRvaurs britaneTidan wasvlas aiZulebs wyaro: Sociological Review, 3, 4 (aprili, 1994) ganviTarebis procesi 1930-iani wlebidan 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, nacisturi devnis gamo, evropel ebraelTa mTeli Taoba, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, dasavleTisken daiZra. erTi gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadginda, rom 1933-1939 wlebSi gaerTianebul samefoSi 60 000 ebraeli dafuZnda, magram realuri cifri SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro maRali yofiliyo. 1933-1939 wlebSi centraluri evropidan 80 000 ltolvili Camovida, omis periodSi ki am cifrs kidev 70 000 daemata. 1945 wlisTvis evropa, ltolvilebis gamo, uprecedento problemis winaSe dadga: milionobiT adamiani ltolvilad iqca. maTgan ramdenime asi aTasi ki britaneTSi dasaxlda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTSi emigrantTa dinebam uprecedento masStabs miaRwia – axal mosaxleTa umravlesoba, Tanamegobrobis qveynebidan, samuSaos Ziebis mizniT Camodioda. britaneTis mosaxleoba emigrantTa mozRvavebaze, klasebis mixedviT, reagirebda. mmarTvel wreebs, britaneTis imperiuli memkvidreobis ideidan gamomdinare, miaCndaT, rom vest indoelebi, indoelebi, pakistanelebi da afrikelebi britaneTis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen da hqondaT britaneTSi dafuZnebis ufleba. omis Semdgom periodSi, britaneTSi dasaqmebis adgilebis nakleboba iyo; damsaqmeblebi ki, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, samuSaod emigrantebs izidavdnen. Rarib ubanSi bevri dasaqmebuli cxovrobda (iq, sadac axali emigrantebi saxldebodnen) da yoveldRiuri yofis siduxWires ganicdida. isini, xSir SemTxvevaSi, axalmosulebisadmi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili. Tanamegobrobis qveynebidan Camosul emigrantTa TiTqmis mesamedi londonis garkveul nawilebSi saxldeboda; garda amisa, emigrantebi vest midlendSi, bredfordSi da sxva Rarib urbanul teritoriebze iyvnen Tavmoyrili. momdevno mTavrobebi axali emigrantebis britanul sazogadoebasTan sruli integraciis mizans sasurvelad da miRwevadad miiCnevdnen. 1960-ian wlebSi, leiboristuli mmarTvelobis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, roi 23 jenkinsma ganacxada, rom integracia “gamosasworebeli asimilaciis procesi” ki ar aris, aramed “ormxrivi tolerantobis pirobebSi, kulturuli mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanasworuflebiani SesaZlebobebiT sargeblobaa.” 1966 wels, leiboristuli mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli rasobriv urTierTobaTa aqtis safuZvelze, rasobriv urTierTobaTa sabWoEdafuZnda. sabWo, rasobriv niadagze, dasabuTebuli diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi, intervencias isaxavda miznad. 1968 wels diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg ufro arsebiTi kanoni SemuSavda, magram mas qveyanaSi Semosvlis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli axali kanonmdeblobac daerTo, ramac axal emigrantTaA raodenoba Zlier Seamcira. imave wels parlamentSi rasobriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli diskusia daiwyo; inoq pauelma (Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi konservatorTa imdroindelma spikerma) birmingemSi, sakuTar gamosvlaSi, feradkaniani mosaxleobis uaRresad SesamCnev zrdaze isaubra: “romaelebis msgavsad, meCveneba, TiTqos mdinare tibrosSi sisxli moedineba.” gelapis mier warmoebuli gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom pauelis Tvalsazriss mosaxleobis 75 procenti iziarebda. 1976 wlis rasobriv urTierTobaTa aqti rasobrivi diskriminaciis Semcirebas isaxavda miznad. aqtis safuZvelze ikrZaleboda diskriminacia samuSao aplikaciebis ganxilvis, gansaxlebis da organizaciebsa an klubebSi gawevrianebis dros. aqtis amoqmedebis mizniT, axali organo, rasobrivi Tanasworobis komisia, Seiqmna. am organos didi uflebebi, mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs ki samarTlebrivi Zala mieniWa. 1970-ian wlebSi, kidev erTi gamokveTilad rasistuli, memarjveneTa partia, nacionaluri fronti daarsda, romelsac sxva organzaciebis mxridan didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda: magaliTad, 1977 wels nacionaluri frontis propagandasTan brZolis mizniT, antinacisturi liga Seiqmna. londonis didma sabWom eTnikur umciresobaTa komiteti daafuZna, romelic, mogvianebiT, konservatuli mTavrobis mier gauqmda. am komitetis farTo uflebamosileba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis Tanamdebobebze eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgelobis kontrols iTvaliswinebda. londoni “anti-aparteidul” zonad gamocxadda da aq, 1984 wels, wlis “anti-rasistuli” festivalebi da koncertebi Catarda. londonis samxreT nawilSi ganlagebul brokvelis parks antiaparteiduli kampaniis organizatoris sapativcemulod, zefania moTofengis parki ewoda. am gamokveTili eTnikuri politikis sapasuxod, torebis partiam farTod gaavrcela axali sareklamo slogani. sloganze Savkaniani mamakaci da Semdegi saxis gancxadeba iyo gamosaxuli: “Sromis bazarze mas Savkanians uwodeben, Cven ki mas britanels veZaxiT.” Tumca eTnikur umciresobebs Zlier uWirdaT sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba “britanulobis” im eTnocentrul definiciasTan, romelic konservatul wreebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. torebis partiis liderma da ministrma - jon patenma musulmanur jgufebs weriliT mimarTa, sadac ganmarta, Tu ras niSnavs, iyo britaneli, gaamaxvila ra yuradReba pluralizmze. patenma ganacxada, rom “britaneTSi qristianebs, musulmanebs, ebraelebs, indusebs, siqxebs da sxva erebis warmomadgenlebs erTad cxovreba da muSaoba SeuZliaT, maT siamayiT unda SeinarCunon sakuTari identoba da rwmena, da 24 gaiziaron is, rac dabadebidan da sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT arsebobasTan akavSirebT – ,,britaneloba”. am werilSi gakeTebuli TiToeuli gancxadeba multikulturuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis sirTuleze miuTiTebs. “sakuTari identobisa da rwmenis siamayiT SenarCunebam” SeiZleba “britanelad” Camoyalibebis mizans SeuSalos xeli. magaliTad, britanel musulmanTa sazogadoeba mTavrobas islamuri religiuri kanonis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo daupirispirda, radgan britaneTis sasamarTlom aRniSnuli kanonis miRebaze uari ganacxada. 1990 wlisTvis vest induri da samxreT afrikuli warmomavlobis adamianTa umravlesoba gaerTianebul samefoSi iyo dabadebuli (maTma raodenobam, proporciulad, 55 procents gadaaWarba). es proporcia sul ufro izrdeba da es jgufebi, amJamad, feradkanian britanul sazogadoebas Seadgenen. isini aRar arian emigrantebi, radgan sruli samoqalaqo uflebebi gaaCniaT. aRniSnuli jgufebi, amJamad, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 5 procents Seadgenen. 1981 wels miRebuli britaneTis erovnulobis aqtis safuZvelze, warsulSi an amJamad, britaneTze damokidebul teritoriebze mcxovreb adamianTa gaerTianebul samefoSi Semosvla Zlier SeizRuda. britaneTis moqalaqeoba da britaneTze damokidebul teritoriebze mcxovreb adamianTa moqalaqeoba erTmaneTisgan gaimijna. gaCnda kategoria “britanel ucxoelTa moqalaqeoba”, romelic, ZiriTadad, hong-kongSi, malaiziaSi da singapurSi mcxovreb adamianebs miesadaga; maT ufleba ar hqondaT britaneTSi dasaxlebuliyvnen, maT Svilebs ki - memkvidreobiT mieRoT mSoblebis moqalaqeoba. Tanamegobrobis moqalaqeebs, romelTac adre, qveyanaSi xuTi wlis gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, britaneTis moqalaqeebad SeeZloT daregistrireba, axla moqalaqeobis misaRebad igive procedura unda gaevloT, rogoric msoflios sxva nebismieri regionidan Camosul adamianebs. moqalaqeobis uflebis miRebasa da qveyanaSi Sesvlas sxva SezRudvebic daemata. 1988 wels SemuSavebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, es SezRudvebi kidev ufro gaizarda. britaneTma qveyanaSi politikuri an religiuri niSniT devnil ltolvilTa Semosvlac Seamcira. 1991 wels, maTTvis, vinc britaneTis TavSesafars iTxovda, axali kanoni iqna miRebuli. am kanonis Tanaxmad, ltolvilis statusiT Camosul adamianebs mkacri kontroli unda gaevloT, rac TiTis anabeWdebis aRebas, ufaso iuridiuli konsultaciis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvas da im aviakompaniebis gaormagebul jarimebs gulisxmobda, romelTa saSualebiT mgzavrebi aralegaluri vizebiT mainc axerxebdnen qveyanaSi SemoRwevas. axali wesebi mkacrad iqna gakritikebuli eklesiis liderebisa da ltolvilTa sakiTxSi gaerTienebuli erebis komisris mier; Tumca, amis Sedegad, wesebi mainc ar Secvlila. britaneTis saemigracio politika ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli TanmimdevrobiT ar gamoirCeva. amas ori ZiriTadi niSani mowmobs. pirveli - Sromis bazris moTxovnilebaTa gauTvaliswinebloba – ar aris maRali kvalifikaciis adamianebisTvis qveyanaSi Semosvlis pirobebis gamartivebisa da dovlaTis mozidvis 25 mcdeloba (rogorc es, magaliTad, aSS-s SemTxvevaSi xdeba). meore niSans “kidev erTi Savkanianis gamovlenisa da misi Tavidan mocilebis” axirebas eZaxian (Plummer, 1979, gv. 8). rasakvirvelia, oficialur doneze, rasizmis nebismieri gamovlena idevneba, magram Znelia ar aRiaro, rom mainc Zlieria misi faruli gavlena. erTma germanelma mkvlevarma aRniSna, “qveyanaSi ukanonod Semosvlis Tavidan acilebis mcdeloba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianTa saerTaSoriso uflebebis dacvis konvencias, rac, ZiriTadad, axali Tanamegobrobis feradkanian adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, vizis gacemaze uaris Tqmas, TiTis anabeWdebis aRebas, “ginekologiuri testis” Catarebasa da sapatimroSi moTavsebis msgavs radikalur zomebsac moicavs. am qmedebaTa gzavnili naTelia: Savkanianebi arasasurvelni arian (Jopke 1995, gv. 38). cxrili 9.2 umuSevroba eTnikuri jgufebis mixedviT, didi britaneTi, 1991 umuSevrobis sixSire eTnikuri jgufi umuSevari (000) sqemaze (000) Aadamiani (%) mamakaci (%) qali (%) TeTrkaniani eTnikuri umciresobebi 2 246.1 238.4 318.6 33.1 8.8 18.3 10.7 20.3 6.3 15.6 Savkanianebi 94.0 53.8 13.3 6.7 21.1 18.9 25.2 23.8 16.6 13.5 26.1 4.1 27.0 28.9 24.7 14.1 2.5 22.2 25.5 18.3 105.0 12.9 18.2 19.2 16.5 7.2 4.4 1.3 6.9 13.1 28.8 31.7 14.1 13.4 28.5 30.9 15.5 12.7 29.6 34.5 12.1 7.0 12.8 1.2 2.7 9.5 13.4 10.5 14.2 8.3 12.3 19.5 3.0 17.7 19.7 14.8 2 484.5 351.7 9.3 11.2 6.8 Savkaniani karibiliebi Savkaniani afrikelebi danarCeni Savkanianebi samxreT azielebi indoelebi pakistanelebi bangladeSelebi Cinelebi sxvebi 51.7 40.1 13.2 da 39.4 Cinelebi danarCeni azielebi sxva eris warmomadgenlebi mTliani mosaxleoba wyaro: d. ouveni, Etnic manorities in Britain: Economic Charactaristics, 1993. aRweris monacemebi eyrdnoba Crown Copyright-s. rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba britaneTSi feradkanianebi, saqmianobis mixedviT, sxvadasxvagavarad arian ganawilebulni. SavkanianTa umravlesoba fizikur saqmianobas eweva; maT 26 Soris, TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, meti umuSevaria (ix. cxrili 9.2). fizikur samuSaoebze Savkanian mamakacTa 80 procenti, samxreT aziel mamakacTa 70 procenti, xolo TeTkanian mamakacTa 50 procentia dasaqmebuli. vest indoeTidan wamosul adamianTagan fizikur samuSaos Zalian cota eweva, profesionaluri saqmianobiT ki bevri maTgania dakavebuli. bangladeSelTa umravlesobas naxevradprofesiuli an araprofesiuli samuSao aqvs. britaneTSi aRmosavleT afrikidan Camosul azielebs, proporciulad, arafizikuri samuSaos ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, vidre TeTkanianebs. feradkaniani qalebi gacilebiT uares pirobebSi arian, vidre feradkaniani mamakacebi. maT, proporciulad, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri da profesiuli dasaqmebis ufro dabali maCvenebeli aqvT. (Hamnett et al. 1990). bevri feradkaniani, samxreT azielTa umravlesobis CaTvliT, qalaqis centraluri teritoriebidan moSorebiT cxovrobs. eTnikur warmomavlobasa da sacxovrebel adgils Soris Zlieri kavSiria; londonis SigniT, birmingemsa da manCesterSi, vest indoelTa dasaxleba Svidjer ufro mosalodnelia, vidre TeTkanianianebis. am ubnebSi Zalze maRalia mamakacTa umuSevrobis done. SavkanianTa umravlesoba Sida qalaqs sacxovreblad sakuTari surviliT ar irCevs; isini aq imitom dafuZdnen, rom es ubnebi TeTkanianTa Soris naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda da mas Semdeg, rac TeTkanianebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen, SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavisufali miwebis aTviseba. Savkanianebi da azielebi, socialurad, kvlav wamgebian poziciaSi arian Savkanianebi da azielebi, TiTqmis yvela socialuri da ekonomikuri indikatoris mixedviT, kvlav wamgebian poziciaSi rCebian. zogierTma jgufma, gansakuTrebiT indoelebma, garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad, ganaTlebasa da saxlebis mflobelobaSi, warmatebas miaRwia, magram, zogadad, eTnikuri umciresobebi, dasaqmebis, gadaxdis sistemisa da gansaxlebis sakiTxebSi, TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, uares mdgomareobaSi arian. isini danaSaulis msxverpladac ufro xSirad iqcevian. nacionaluri statistikis ganyofilebis mier 1996 wels gamoqveynebuli angariSi - socialuri fokusi eTnikur umciresobebze - sazogadoebaSi arsebul monacemTa kompilacias warmoadgens. bolo dromde, rasebis mixedviT statistikuri monacemebis mopovebaze oficialurad ikavebdnen Tavs. es angariSi am kuTxiT ganxorcielebuli pirveli mcdelobaa, magram misi avtorebi aRiareben, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa cxovrebis stilis sruli sqemis Seqmna arc amjerad gaxda SesaZlebeli. feradkanianTa raodenoba 3 milionze mets, anu mosaxleobis procents Seadgens. TiTqmis 6 qorwinebaSi myof mamakacTan da qalTan Savkanian karibielTa bavSvebis sul 34 procenti cxovrobs, 54 procents ki martoxela dedebi hyavs. amis sapirispirod, aziur TemSi mcxovreb bavSvTa 90 procents qorwinebaSi myofi wyvilebi zrdian. 27 indoel ojaxTa 83 procenti ukve flobs sakuTar saxls an saxlis yidvas apirebs, bangladeSelTa Soris amgvari ojaxebis 36 procentia, SavkaniaTa Soris ki - 40 procenti. ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, yvela sxva jgufTan, maT Soris TeTrkanianebTan, SedarebiT, saSualo ganaTlebis Sedegebis serTifikatis mixedviT, yvelaze warmatebulni azieli bavSvebi arian. srul ganaTlebas 18 wlis indoelTa 65, pakistanelTa da bangladeSelTa 61, danarCeni azielebis 72 da SavkanianTa 50 procenti iRebs, TeTkanianTa maCvenebeli ki, am mxriv, 38 procentia. Tumca, YTeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, umciresobaTa yvela jgufSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia. Savkanianebs, pakistanelebsa da bangladeSelebs TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, samjer ufro maRalia. Soris umuSevroba, sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi pakistaneli/bangladeSeli qalis saSualo saaTobrivi anazRaureba 4.78 funts Seadgens, xolo TeTkaniani qalis anazRaureba 6.59 funtia. pakistaneli/bangladeSeli mamakacis anazRaureba 6.87 funts udris, TeTkaniani mamakacis ki, 8.34 funts. rac Seexeba danaSauls, statistikurad, TeTkanianianebTan SedarebiT, umciresobaTa jgufis warmomadgenlebis Seuracxyofasa da maTi piradi qonebis xelyofas ufro xSirad aqvs adgili. miuxedavad amisa, angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul Sida qalaqis teritoriebze ufro maRalia. britaneTSi mcxovreb bangladeSelTa mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedi, ist londonis erT-erT ubanSi, tauer hemleTsSia Tavmoyrili. angariSi politikur mecnierebaTa institutis analizis jer gamouqveynebel zogierT monacemsac Seicavs. am monacemTa mixedviT, SavkanianTaA da azielTa TiTqmis naxevari xuT weliwadSi erTxel midis mSobliur qveyanaSi. Cinelebs Soris ki es maCvenebeli 60 procents aRwevs. politikur mecnierebaTa institutis monacemebi agreTve gviCvenebs, rom britaneTSi mcxovreb 10 pakistanel/bangladeSel qalidan rvas yovelTvis tradiciuli tansacmeli acvia, maSin rodesac igive Temis mamakacTagan tradiciul tansacmels aTidan erTi Tu atarebs. tradiciuli tansacmeli yvelaze metad xandazmul aziel mamakacTa Soris aris gavrcelebuli. SavkanianTa Soris axalgazrdebis 25 procents drodadro acvia tradiciuli tansacmeli da sakuTari varcxnilobiT xazs usvams kavSirs afrikasa da karibis kunZulebTan. wyaro: Guardian, 8 agvisto, 1996. danaSauli 1993 wels danaSaulis msxverpl jgufTa procentuli raodenoba 28 inglisi da uelsi Tavdasxma Sinameurneobebze piradi Seuracxyofa Savkanianebi 36 13 indoelebi 35 9 pakistanelebi/bangkladeSelebi 34 10 TeTkanianebi 33 8 anazRureba sruli dasaqmebis anazRaureba saaTobrivi anazRaureba 1995/95 Savkanianebi 6.88 indoelebi 7.12 pakistanelebi/ 6.43 bangladeSelebi sxva erebi 7.32 TeTrkanianebi 7.73 umuSevroba saSualo yvela asakis maCvenebeli funtebSi gazafxuli, 1995 procentuli 24 12 27 16 8 sayofacxovrebo pirobebi garkveuli probebiT uzrunvelyofil saxlTa procentuli raodenoba inglisi, 1991 centraluri gaTboba; ormagi gadaxurva; manqanis sadgomiT uzrunvelyofa Savkanianebi 81 36 91 indoelebi 91 60 67 pakistanelebi/bangladeSelebi 59 40 69 sxva erebi 82 34 63 TeTrkanianebi 81 52 77 29 Semosavlis donis mixedviT, yvelaze warmatebuli feradkanianebi, samxreT azielebi arian. isini an TviTdasaqmebulebi arian, an mcire damsaqmeblebi. am kategoriis adamianTa raodenoba ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda: axla aRmosavleT afrikel aziel mamakacTa es jgufi 23 procents Seadgens, analogiur TeTkanian mamakacTa raodenoba ki 14 procentia. patara aziuri maRaziebi da aziuri biznesis sxva formebi britanuli sazogadoebis iseT mniSvnelovan aspeqtad iqca, rom zogierTma maTganma Sida qalaqis teritoriis ekonomikuri gardaqmis warmarTvac ki ganizraxa. es, udavod, Zalze Tamami ganzraxvaa, radgan TviTdasaqmebuli azielebi samuSaos Zalian did dros andomeben, maTi mTliani Semosavlis done ki SedarebiT dabalia. isini TviTdasaqmebul muSakebad registrirdebian, realurad ki maT ojaxis is wevrebi asaqmeben, romlebic bizness uZRvebian. maTze arc is SeRavaTebi vrceldeba, romliTac, Cveulebriv, dasaqmebuli adamianebi sargebloben. es avadmyofobaze gaTvlili anazRaureba, anazRaurebadi Svebuleba da dasaqmebulTa mier nacionalur dazRvevaSi Setanili wvlilia. rogori mravalricxovanic ar unda iyos feradkanianTa jgufi, yovelTvis arsebobs rasizmis, ama Tu im formiT, gamovlenis saSiSroeba – rac SeiZleba rasobrivi niSniT motivirebuli TavdasxmiTac ki gamoixatos. adamianTa umravlesobam am saSiSroebas Tavi daaRwia, magram umciresobisTvis amgvari gamocdileba SeiZleba uaRresad mZime aRmoCndes. kvlevis angariSSi Semdegi saxis SemTxvevebia aRwerili: biWs sZinavs, mas fanjaraSi Roris Tavs ugdeben, romelsac Tvalebi, yurebi, nestoebi da piri anTebuli sigaretebiT aqvs datenili. ojaxi saRamos Svidi saaTis Semdeg saxlidan arsad gadis; isini erT did oTaxSi arian Seketili, pirveli sarTulis karTan ki barikadebi aqvT aRmarTuli. ojaxi sakuTar binaSia datyvevebuli, radgan TeTkanianma mezoblebma maT Semosasvlel karze rkinis gisosebi daamagres da boqlomi daades. patara biWi masze ufrosma TeTkanianma daniT daWra, rodesac man, saklaso oTaxebs Soris, derefanSi gaiara. (gordoni, 1986). eTnikuroba da policia rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rasizmis niSniT, adamianTa deprivaciis niadags Sida qalaqebSi arsebuli mZime garemo qmnis. (ix. Tavi 17, “qalaqebi da Tanamedrove urbanizmis ganviTareba”). aq naTlad Cans kavSiri rasas, umuSevrobasa da danaSauls Soris, rac, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda Savkanian mamakacTa mdgomareobaze aisaxeba. 1982 wels policiam quCaSi ganxorcielebuli Zarcvis SemTxvevebis rasobrivi kuTxiT Sefaseba daiwyo. amgvari statistikuri monacemebi manamde arasodes gamoqveynebula. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelic televiziam da presamac aitaca, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom wvril qurdobasa da maRaziebis ZarcvaSi Savkaniani axalgazrdebis “araproporciulad didi raodenoba” iyo SemCneuli. amis Sedegad, sazogadoebam rasa da danaSauli erTmaneTs daukavSira. gazeTma Daily Telegraph Semdegi saxis komentari gaakeTa: “britaneTSi mcxovreb bevr vest indoels da, amavdroulad, sul ufro met TeTrkanians, ara aqvT imis gancda, rom qveyana, romelSic isini cxovroben, maTi Semadgeneli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, am qveynis moqalaqeebi maTTvis mxolod da mxolod sastiki eqsploataciis 30 obieqtebi arian” (citata gamoiyena solomosma da rekitma, 1991, gv. 44). Tumca, TeTkanianebTan kontaqtis dros, bevri axalgazrda Savkaniani Tavad xdeba “sastiki eqsploataciis obieqti” da, samwuxarod, es eqsploatatori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, policiaa. policiis saqmianobis kvlevisas, rojer graefma dadgina, rom policiis oficrebi Zalian xSirad rasistulad arian ganwyobilni. man daaskvna, rom policiis “damokidebuleba umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT Zlier mtrulia”. policielebi uxeS, stereotipul gancxadebebsa da damcinav komentarebs akeTebdnen, gansakuTrebiT Savkanianebze. rodesac erT-erTma oficerma interviueris ukmayofileba SeniSna, is xumrobiT mis gadarwmunebas ecada: “policielebi yvelas ayeneben Seuracxyofas, ara marto zangebs. es SeiZleba homoseqsuali, pakistaneli, lesboseli, qali, studenti, irlandieli – nebismieri vinme iyos. Cven yvela gvZuls” (Graef, 1989, gv. 124). aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom kvlevaSi SavkanianTa jgufebis mxridan policielTa mimarT analogiuri mtruli ganwyoba gamovlinda. amgvari ganwyoba, garkveulwilad, sakuTar Tavze uSualod gamocdili agresiis Sedegia. SavkanianTa ganwyobas maT mimarT ganxorcielebuli policiuri strategia ganapirobebs. 1983 wels gamoqveynebuli kvlevis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT: vest indoelTa mxridan policiis mimarT gamoxatul undoblobas SeiZleba sagangaSo vuwodoT” (Smith and Small, 1983, gv. 326) es situacia ukeTesobisken arc momdevno wlebSi Secvlila. mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias Savkaniani qalebic ganicdian. Savkanian qalTa didi umravlesoba ojaxs marto uZRveba, ris gamoc, xSirad, mediisa da TeTkanianTa sazogadoebis kritikis obieqtad iqceva. magaliTad, “London Evening Standard” werda: “axalgazrda Savkanian mamakacTa didi raodenoba sastik danaSauls Cadis, radgan Savkaniani dedebis umravlesoba, axalgazrdobaSi Svilebs qorwinebis gareSe aCens da maT mamebis xelSewyobis gareSe zrdis” (citata gamoyenebulia Cigvadas mier, 1991, gv. 138). policiis SexedulebaTa Seswavlisas vxedavT, rom is Savkanian qalebs mtrulad ganwyobil, agresiul da “rTulad dasamorCilebel” Zalad afasebs. qalebs, romlebsac policiasTan problema eqmnebaT, ormagi safrTxe emuqrebaT; isini SeiZleba SavkanianTa Temidanac ganidevnon. sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis mier, Savkaniani jgufebis mxridan damnaSave qalebis mxardaWeris waxalisebis mizniT, Savkaniani qalebisTvis cixis programa Seiqmna. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom axalgazrda Savkaniani qalebi iseve kritikulad arian policiis mimarT ganwyobili, rogorc maT mdgomareobaSi myofi Savkaniani mamakacebi. Savkanian qalTa Soris Catarebuli gamokvlevis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT: “uklebliv yvela gamokiTxulma qalma antipoliciuri ganwyoba gamoavlina da policia rasobriv mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da korufciaSi daadanaSaula” (Player, 1991, gv. 122). 31 eTnikuri urTierTobebi evropis kontinentze meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, evropaSi masStaburi migracia moxda. xmelTaSua zRvis mimdebare qveynebi CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT mcxovreb erebs iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda. dasaqmebis naklebobis gamo, am qveynebSi emigrantebi TurqeTidan, CrdiloeT afrikidan, saberZneTidan da samxreT espaneTidan moemgzavrebobdnen. SveicariaSi, germaniaSi, belgiasa da SveciaSi emigrant muSakTa sakmaod didi mosaxleoba gaCnda. amave dros, Zvel kolonialistur qveynebSi, yofili koloniebidan bevri emigranti saxleboda; es, ZiriTadad, safrangeTs (alJirelebs), holandias (indonezielebs) da gaerTianebul samefos exeba. ori aTwleulis win, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi recesiis periodi daiwyo da dasaqmebis Ziebis mizniT migracia sagrZnoblad Semcirda. miuxedavad imisa, rom emigrantebis dafuZnebis sakiTxi yvelgan kargad aris ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis eTnikur umciresobebs, kanonTan dakavSirebiT, problemebi mainc eqmnebaT. Zveli struqtura dRevandel situacias aRar ergeba, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi mainc is samarTlebrivi struqtura SenarCunda, romelic Tavidan, dasaqmebis mizniT, droebiTi emigraciis regulirebis mizniT Seiqmna. sxva qveynebSi (magaliTad, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi) umciresobaTa mosaxleobis kontrolis mizniT, axali SemzRudveli politika SemuSavda. magaliTad, axali wesebis mixedviT, qveyanaSi didi xnis winaT dafuZnebul emigrantebs aRar aqvT axlo naTesavebis Tavisuflad Camoyvanis ufleba. emigrantebis mSobliur qveyanaSi dabrunebis mizniT, kampania bevrma dasavleT evropulma qveyanam wamoiwyo. es umuSevrobis an danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi deportacias da sxva amgvar politikas gulisxmobs. aseTi qmedeba did safrTxes uqmnis umciresobaTa axalgazrda warmomadgenlebs, romlebic im qveyanaSi daibadnen, romelSic maTi ojaxi emigrirda, maT ki iseT qveyanaSi dabrunebas aiZuleben, romelTanac aranairi realuri kavSiri ar gaaCniaT. 1990-ian wlebSi, emigracia da masTan dakavSirebuli rasizmi evropisTvis Zalze mtkivneuli sakiTxi iyo. evropul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, CrdiloeT afrikidan aralegalur emigrantTa didi raodenoba Semovida. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da aRmosavleT evropaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma evropis kontinentis dasavleT nawilis mmarTvelobebs aRmosavleTidan emigrantTa masiuri Semodinebis safrTxe Seuqmna. 1991-1992 wlebSi axladgaerTianebul germaniaSi ucxoelebze asobiT Seteva ganxorcielda. am adamianebTan erTad, Turqi muSakebic dazaraldnen, romelTagan zogierTi germaniaSi oci wlis win Camovida. avstriaSi, ucxoelTa qveyanaSi Semosvlis winaRmdeg kampania memarjveneTa jgufma, Tavisuflebis partiam, wamoiwyo. italiaSi arsebuli analogiuri organizacia, lombardis liga, qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi, amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. skandinaviis qveynebSic ki, romelTac rasobrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxSi, didi xania, liberaluri qveynebis reputacia aqvT, sazogadoebaSi Zlier popularuli memarjvene jgufebi gaCnda. 32 meore msoflio omis dasasrulidan berlinis kedlis aRebamde, germaniaSi, ufro sworad, imdroindel dasavleT germaniaSi, 18 milioni adamiani emigrirda. amis miuxedavad, germaniis momdevo mmarTvelobebs arafriT ar surdaT imis aRiareba, rom germania emigraciis qveyanaa. germanuli moqalaqeobis idea sisxlTan asocirdeboda da ara dabadebis adgilTan. amis miuxedavad, “Camosuli muSakebis” Svilebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT sruli moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi, ekonomikur winsvlas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mainc axerxebdnen. germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg, aRmosavleT germaniaSi mcxovreb zogierT germanels miaCnda, rom is im adamianebze uares ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobs, visac, misgan gansxvavebiT, moqalaqeobrivi uflebebiT sargebloba ar SeuZlia (BaldvinEvans and Schain 1995). 1990 wels germanuli federaluri parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonmdebloba emigrantebis uflebebis sasargeblod, garkveuli zomebis liberalizebas gulisxmobda. magaliTad, qveyanaSi rvawliani cxovrebis Semdeg, emigrantebs eZleodaT mudmivi moqalaqeobis moTxovnis ufleba. Tumca kanonSi “emigrantis” nacvlad sityva “ucxoeli” iyo moxseniebuli. mwvaneTa partiam kanonmdeblobas “instituciuri rasizmis” produqti uwoda da parlaments mosTxova, “am kanonis momaval msxverplTa xsovnis ukvdavyofa” “dumilis wuTiT” aReniSnaT. zogadad evropaSi, adamianTa uflebebis dacvisa da saemigracio organizaciebi SiSiT reagirebdnen rasizmis aRzevebaze, rasac “evropuli cixe-simagris” agebis mcdelobac adasturebda. es tendencia mxolod tolerantobis SesustebaSi ar gamoixata. yvela zemoxsenebul qveyanaSi anti-rasistuli organizacia Seiqmna da mmarTvelobaTa umravlesobam diskriminaciis Semcirebaze mimarTul zomebze daiwyo muSaoba. eTnikur urTierTobaTa samomavlo mosalondeli ganviTareba eTnikuri konfliqtebi da dayofa mxolod Cvens mier xsenebuli qveynebiT ar Semoifargleba. sabWoTa komunizmis daSlis Semdeg, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi, Tavad ruseTis CaTvliT, eTnikuri brZolebi daiwyo. eTnikuri uTanxmoebis SemTxvevebi indoeTis zogierT regionsa da Sri lankazec SeimCneoda. afrikaSi, ruandaSi, dawyebulma eTnikurma dapirispirebam iseTive sastiki sisxliani samoqalaqo omi gamoiwvia, rogorsac evropaSi, bosniaSi, hqonda adgili. aqedan gamomdinare, eTnikuri mravalferovnebis sakiTxis mogvareba globaluri sazogadoebisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis problemad iqca. dasavleTSi, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, aSS yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa, radgan is “emigrantTa sazogadoebis” safuZvelze Seiqmna. am qveynis eTnikuri ganviTarebis samomavlo modeli evropasa da sxva qveynebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi eTnikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis sam models gvTavazoben. erT-erTi maTgani asimilaciaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom emigrantebi uars amboben mSobliur wes-Cveulebebsa da saqmianobaze da sakuTar qcevas umravlesobis Rirebulebebsa da normebs argeben. amgvari “asimilirebis” 33 gamo, emigrantTa bevrma Taobam Zlieri zewola ganicada, magram maTi Svilebi, metnaklebad, WeSmarit “amerikelebad” Camoyalibdnen. meore models moTuxTuxe qvabs uwodeben. emigrantebi ar Tmoben sakuTar tradiciebs dominanturi sazogadoebis sasargeblod, aramed axal kulturul maxasiaTebelebs aviTareben. bevri adamianis azriT, es modeli, eTnikuri gansxvavebis problemis mosagvareblad, yvelaze sasurveli gamosavalia. garkveulwilad, is zustad gamoxatavs amerikuli kulturuli ganviTarebis aspeqtebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom wamyvan kulturad mainc “anglo-kultura” rCeba, masSi amerikuli mosaxleobis Semadgenel sxvadasxva jgufTa gavlenac aisaxeba. mesame models kulturuli pluralizmi warmoadgens. am modelis mixedviT, yvelaze misaRebi WeSmaritad pluralistuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaa, romelic mraval sxvadasxva subkulturaTa Tanabar uflebebs aRiarebs. SeerTebuli Statebi, didi xania, pluralisturi qveyanaa, magram eTnikuri gansxvavebebi uTanasworobasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre qveynis Tanasworuflebian, magram damoukidebel sazogadoebis wevrobasTan. analogiuri daZabuloba da problemebi evropaSic aRiniSneba. britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi mmarTvelobis oficialuri politika pirvel modelze anu asimilaciaze orientirdeba. SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, am modelis amuSaveba Zalze problemuri xdeba, rodesac eTnikuri umciresoba mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan fizikurad sagrZnoblad gamoirCeva; magaliTad, aseT problemas vawydebiT vest indoelebisa da azielebis SemTxvevaSi. evropaSi, rasizmis stabiluri (xSirad instituciuri) arsebobis gamo, moTuxTuxe qvabis modeli nakleb relevanturia. TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri umciresobis lideri sul ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas pluralizmze. “gamorCeuli, magram Tanabari” statusis miRweva did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da es, jerjerobiT, Soreuli momavlis sakiTxia. eTnikur umciresobas safrTxed jer kidev bevri adamiani aRiqvams. isini SiSoben, rom maT samuSaos, simSvidesa da “erovnul kulturas,” SesaZloa, umciresobaTa saxiT, safrTxe daemuqros. mudmivi tendenciaa eTnikur umciresobebSi gantevebis vacis Ziebisa. dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi, ufrosi Taobebis msgavsad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebul ganwyobas avlenen, rac imas niSnavs, rom umravles qveynebSi eTnikur umciresobebs momavalSic xangrZlivi diskriminacia da daZabulobiTa da SfoTviT gajerebuli socialuri klimati eliT. samomavlod, iseve rogor warsulSi, savaraudod, samive modelis aRreva moxdeba; oRond momavalSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, pluralizms ufro didi yuradReba daeTmoba. eTnikuri pluralizmis garedan Semosuli sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis sazogadoebaSi “Semotanis” SedegTan gaigiveba swori ar iqneba. kulturuli mravalferovneba, farTo socialur garemoze adaptirebisas, eTnikuri jgufebis gamocdilebis safuZvelzec Seiqmna. 34 Sejameba 1. eTnikur jgufebs mosaxleobaSi arsebuli danayofebi ayalibebs. maT saerTo kulturuli Tvisebebi aqvT da amis gamo mosaxleobaSi arsebul sxva jgufebs emijnebian. eTnikuroba is kulturuli gansxvavebaa, romelic erT jgufs meore jgufisgan gamoyofs. ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic eTnikur jgufs gamoarCevs, ena, warmomavlobis istoria, religia da Cacmulobisa da morTulobis stilia. eTnikuri gansxvavebebi srulad aris Seswavlili, Tumca am gansxvavebebs zogjer “bunebrivs” eZaxian. 2. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sazogadoebis mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan diskriminacias ganicdian. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebs erTmaneTTan, xSirad, solidarobis Zlieri grZnoba akavSirebT, romelsac, nawilobriv, koleqtiuri devnis saerTo gamocdileba ganapirobebs. 3. rasa fizikur maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad, kanis fers, ukavSirdeba, rasac erTobis an sazogadoebis wevrebi, eTnikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, gamorCeul Tvisebad miiCneven. rasis Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena miTiuri xasiaTisaa. ar arsebobs gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic adamians sxvadasxva rasas miakuTvnebs. 4. rasizmi aris memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli pirovnuli Tvisebebisa an qcevis, garkveuli fizikuri garegnobis mqone individebTan gaigivebis mcdari mcdeloba. rasisti aris adamiani, romelic Tvlis, rom adamianebis erT fizikur jgufs SeuZlia meore fizikuri jgufi, biologiuri niSniT, Seufereblad miiCnios. 5. mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias iseTi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi ukavSirdeba, rogoric Canacvleba da gantevebis vacad yofnaa. Canacvlebisas, mtruli ganwyoba iseTi obietis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelic pirovnebis SfoTvis realur mizezs ar warmoadgens. adamianebi sakuTar SfoTvasa da daucvelobas gantevebis vacebze mimarTaven. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba individisa da jgufis Sesaxeb winaswar, usafuZvlod Seqmnil Sexedulebas gulisxmobs. diskriminacia aris qceva, romelic erT jgufs sxva jgufebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobis uflebebs CamoarTmevs. 6. eTnikur ganwyobebebTan asimilireba adreul asakSi xdeba; magaliTad, bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom TeTrkanians, SavkanianTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia. 7. jgufis Caketiloba da resursebze privilegirebuli xelmisawvdomoba eTnikuri antagonizmis gamovlenis bevri situaciis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tumca, Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis fundamenturi aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT, TeTrkanianebis SavkanianTa winaRmdeg gamovlenili rasistuli ganwyobebi, dasavleTisa da kolonializmis gafarToebis istoriis konteqstSi aixsneba. 8. sazogadoebis eTnikur umciresobebTan urTierTobis mravali istoriuli magaliTi arsebobs, iqneba es monoba, aparteidi, 35 SedarebiTi Segueba Tu umciresobaTa mier gamovlenili reaqcia. 9. emigraciis Sedegad britaneTSi, aSS-sa da sxva industriul qveynebSi bevri sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi gaCnda. SeerTebul StatebSi mravali eTnikuri dayofa arsebobs, rac, ZiriTadad, Savkanianebisa da TeTkanianebis jgufebSi aisaxeba. gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva evropul qveynebSi aseTi mkveTri dayofa ar SeimCneva, magram seriozuli konfliqtebi aqac gaxSirda. 10. eTnikur urTierTobaTa savaraudo samomavlo ganviTarebis sam models gamovyofT – pirveli asimilaciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, meores moTuxTuxe qvabs vuwodebT, mesame ki kulturuli pluralizmia. asimilacia: axal emigrantTa jgufebi dominanturi sazogadoebis ganwyobebsa da enas iTviseben. moTuxTuxe qvabi: sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva kulturebi da eTnikur jgufTa Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTs ereva. pluralizmi: eTnikuri jgufi gamijnulad arsebobs, magram ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobs. ukanasknel wlebSi am sami modelidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mesames eTmoba, romlis Tanaxmad, mTeli qveynis erovnuli kulturis konteqstSi, sxvadasxva eTnikur identobas Tanabari uflebebiT aRiareben. damatebiTi literatura Frances A bound, Children and Prejudice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). wigni warmoadgens diskusias bavSvobaSi formirebul mikerZoebul ganwyobebze. Steven Fraser, The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America (New York: Basic Books, 1995). kritikuli statiebis krebuli wignze Murray and Herrnstein, The Bell Curve. Geoffrey Harris, The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990). SedarebiTi diskusia Tanamedrove evropaSi memarjvene eqstremalur jgufTa mozRvavebis Sesaxeb Trevor J ones, Britain’s Ethnic Minorities (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1993). gamokiTxva britaneTSi arsebul umciresobaTa jgufebis Sesaxeb. David Mason, Race and Ethnicity in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxsford University Press, 1995). rasis da eTnikurobis rolisa da mniSvnelobis analizi Tanamedrove britanul sazogadoebaSi; migraciisa da eTnikuri mravalferovnebis istoriuli safuZveli; sazogadoebrivi politikis eTnikuri sakiTxebi. mniSvnelovani terminebi • umciresobaTa jgufi (an eTnikuri umciresoba) • stereotipuli azrovneba • Canacvleba 36 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • gantevebis vacad yofna proeqcia avtoritaruli pirovneba jgufis Caketiloba resursebis ganTavseba eTnikuri antagonizmi rasa aparteidi mikrosegregacia mezosegregacia makrosegregacia asimilacia moTuxTuxe qvabi kulturuli pluralizmi 37 Tavi 10 stratifikacia da klasobrivi struqtura ZiriTadi cnebebi socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi • monoba • • • • • stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi karl marqsis Teoria maqs veberis Teoria erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi • • • gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT socialur klasebad dayofa struqturuli klasobrivi cvlilebebi genderi da stratifikacia klasobrivi dayofa da genderi socialuri mobiloba • • • • • • SedarebiTi mobilobis Seswavla daRmavali mobiloba socialuri mobiloba da warmateba mobilobis doneebi socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis problemebi Tqveni, mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli Sansebi siRaribe da uTanasworoba • • ra aris siRaribe? siRaribe dRes • • • ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas? siRaribe da damokidebuleba keTildReobis samsaxurze usaxlkaroni klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi terminebi • • • • • socialuri stratifikacia klasi statusi klasobrivi struqtura socialuri mobiloba ra aris imis mizezi, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli zogierTi jgufi, sxva jgufTan SedarebiT, met simdidres flobs da ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs? ramdenad vlindeba uTanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi? ramdenad aqvs sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenels ekonomikuri kibis bolo safexurze asvlis Sansi? ratom arsebobs dResac siRaribe ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi? es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec am TavSi SevecdebiT gavceT pasuxi. sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sfero socialuri uTanasworobis Seswavlaa, radgan adamianis cxovrebas, mniSvnelovanwilad, misTvis xelmisawvdomi materialuri resursebi gansazRvravs. socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi uTanasworoba nebismieri tipis sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. yvelaze primitiul kulturebSic ki, sadac simdidris an kerZo sakuTrebis mixedviT realuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs individebs, qalebsa da mamakacebs, axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris, uTanasworoba mainc SeimCneva. adamians, SesaZloa, maRali statusi nadirobis dros gamovlenil gansakuTrebul miRwevaTa gamo mieniWos, an amis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes rwmena, rom mas winaparTa sulebTan dakavSirebis unari aqvs. uTanasworobis aRsawerad, sociologebi s o c i a l u r s t r a t i f i k a c i a s mimarTaven. stratifikacia adamianTa sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobaa. stratifikacia SeiZleba dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli qvis safaris geologiur Sreebs SevadaroT. sazogadoebac ierarqiuli “Sreebisgan” Sedgeba, mwvervalze gansakuTrebiT pativsacemni, ZirSi ki naklebad privilegirebulni eqcevian. stratifikaciis oTx ZiriTad sistemas - monobas, kastas, wodebebsa da klass - gamovyofT. es sistemebi, zogjer, erToblivad gvxvdeba. magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, aseve, samoqalaqo omamde, SeerTebuli Statebis samxreT nawilSi, klasebi da monoba erTdroulad arsebobda. monoba monoba uTanasworobis eqstremaluri formaa, romlis dros, erTi individi meore individs, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, kerZo sakuTrebis saxiT flobs. monaTmflobelobis legaluri pirobebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebebis mixedviT. zogjer monebs yvela samarTlebrivi ufleba hqondaT CamorTmeuli – rogorc es samxreT SeerTebul StatebSi xdeboda – sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, monis pozicia msaxuris movaleobiT Semoifargleboda. 2 meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis SeerTebul StatebSi, samxreT amerikasa da vest indoeTSi, monebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, plantaciebsa da saojaxo saqmeze amuSavebdnen. amis sapirispirod, klasikur aTenSi maT bevri gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT da zogjer didi pasuxismgeblobac hqondaT dakisrebuli. monebi politikur da samxedro Tanamdebobebze ar iniSnebodnen, magram TiTqmis yvela sxva saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni. zogierTebi ganaTlebas iRebdnen da mTavrobis administratorebad muSaobdnen, bevri maTgani xelobas iyo dauflebuli. romSi mmarTvel jgufebs Soris vaWroba da komercia araprestiJul saqmianobad iTvleboda, amitom monebi, am aqtivobis wyalobiT, zogjer Zalian mdidrdebodnen; zogierTi SeZlebuli mona Tavadac ki iyo monaTmflobeli. Zvel samyaroSi yvelaze dabal fenad plantaciebsa da maRaroebSi momuSave monebi iTvlebodnen da maT xSirad gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT epyrobodnen (Finley, 1980). monebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ver eguebodnen da ebrZodnen monaTmflobelobas. istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia monaTa amboxebebis SemTxvevebi; zogjer isini koleqtiurad axerxebdnen mflobelebisgan gaTavisuflebas. iZulebiTi monuri Sromis sistemebi, magaliTad, plantaciebSi muSaoba – arastabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; maRali produqtiuloba mxolod mudmivi zedamxedvelobiTa da dasjis sastiki meTodebiT miiRweoda. monuri Sromis sistemebi, nawilobriv, monebis winaaRmdegobis gamo daiSala, magram amis mizezi isic iyo, rom adamianis motivacias ekonomikuri da sxva saxis iniciativa ufro efeqturad aviTarebs, vidre iZulebiTi muSaoba. monuri Sroma efeqturi ar aris. dasavluri Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli monebiT vaWroba, romelic mecxramete saukunemde gagrZelda, ukanaskneli, magram amave dros, am tipis yvelaze eqstensiuri sistema iyo. samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi monebi erTi saukunis win gaTavisufldnen; monoba, rogorc formaluri instituti, sabolood gauqmda da dRevandel samyaroSi is TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. kasta kasta, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, induri subkontinentis kulturebTan asocirdeba. TavisTavad termini “kasta” induri ar aris, es portugaliuri sityvaa, rac “rasas” an “sufTa warmomavlobas” niSnavs. Tavad indoelebs mTeli kastobrivi sistemis, rogorc erTi mTlianis, maxasiaTebeli erTi termini ar gaaCniaT, gansxvavebuli kastobrivi aspeqtebis aRsawerad, isini sxvadasxva sityvas iyeneben. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani varna da jatia. varna oTxi kategoriisgan Sedgeba, TiToeul maTgans, socialuri ierarqiis mixedviT, sxvadasxva rangi eniWeba. am oTx jgufze ufro dabali “xelSeuxebelTa” jgufic arsebobs, romelTac yvelaze dabali pozicia ukaviaT. jati adgilobrivad gamijnuli jgufia da mis SigniT kastobrivi rangebia organizebuli. kastobrivi sistema uaRresad daxvewili, teritoriebis mixedviT, struqturulad gansxvavebuli sistemaa. es erTiani gamokveTili sistema ki ar aris, aramed gansxvavebul rwmenaTa da gamocdilebaTa nakleb dakavSirebul mravalgvarobas warmoadgens. varnas umaRlesi jgufis wevrebs, brahminebs, sisufTavisa da siwmidis amaRlebul grZnobebs miaweren, xelSeuxeblebs ki – yvelaze yofiTs. brahminebma xelSeuxeblebTan garkveul kontaqts Tavi unda aaridon; cxovelebi da 3 zogierTi nivTiereba uwmindurad miiCneva, amitom maTTan fizikuri kontaqti mxolod xelSeuxeblebs SeuZliaT. kastobrivi sistema mWidrod ukavSirdeba indusTa rwmenas meored dabadebis Sesaxeb; individi, romelic ar Seasrulebs sakuTari kastis ritualebsa da movaleobebs, reinkarnaciisas arasaxarbielo pozicias daikavebs. induri kastobrivi sistema bolomde statikuri arasodes yofila. miuxedavad imisa, rom individebs kastebs Soris moZraoba ekrZalebaT, kastobrivi ierarqiuli pozicia SeiZleba mTelma jgufma Seicvalos, rac araerTxel momxdara. kastis cneba zogjer araindur konteqstSic ixmareba, rodesac ori an meti eTnikuri jgufi Zlier aris erTmaneTisgan segregirebuli da rasobrivi siwmindis idea dominirebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Zlieri tabu (an zogjer legaluri akrZalva) moqmedebs, romelic xels uSlis aRniSnul jgufTa Soris Sereul qorwinebas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, Savkanianebad da TeTrkanianebad dajgufeba isev Zlier iyo gamokveTili, amitom stratifikaciis sistemasTan mimarTebaSi, zogierTma termini kastac ki gamoiyena. kastis cneba samxreT afrikaSic arsebobda, sadac, bolo dromde, Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris Zlieri segregacia SenarCunda da maT Soris Sereuli qorwineba da seqsualuri kontaqti kanoniT ikrZaleboda (ix. Tavi 9, “eTnikuroba da rasa”). wodeba wodeba evropuli feodalizmis nawili iyo, magram is bevr sxva tradiciul civilizaciaSic arsebobda. feodaluri wodeba sxvadasxva dones gulisxmobda, romlebic gansxvavebuli movaleobebiTa da erTmaneTis mimarT garkveuli uflebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebiT gansxvavdeboda. zogierTi amgvari gansxvaveba kanons efuZneboda. evropaSi yvelaze maRal wodebebs aristokratia da aznauroba flobda. garkveuli wodebis formireba sasuliero pirebs Sorisac moxda; maT ufro dabali statusi hqondaT, magram gamokveTili privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen. e.w “mesame wodebaSi” – yvelaze dabali fena msaxurebi, Tavisufali glexebi, vaWrebi da xelosnebi gaerTiandnen. kastebisgan gansxvavebiT, wodebebs Soris, garkveuli xarisxiT, daSvebuli iyo Sereuli qorwineba da individualuri mobiloba. magaliTad, rigiT adamians SeeZlo raindis wodeba mieRo da monarqis garemocvaSi emsaxura; zogjer wodebebs vaWrebic yidulobdnen. am sistemis gadmonaSTi britaneTSi dResac arsebobs, sadac memkvidreobiT gadacemul wodebebs dResac eqceva yuradReba. raindis an peris wodeba, Rvawlis aRiarebis niSnad, SeiZleba saqmosanma liderma, samoqalaqo mosamsaxurem, an nebismierma sxva adamianma daimsaxuros. wodebebi warsulSi, keTilSobiluri gvaris warmomadgeneli tradiciuli aristokratiis arsebobis periodSi, ganviTarda. feodalur sistemebSi, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, wodeba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda adgilobriv Tems: es stratifikaciis adgilobrivi sistema ufro iyo, vidre erovnuli. tradiciul centralizebul imperiebSi, magaliTad, CineTsa da iaponiaSi, wodebebi ufro erovnul safuZvelze iyo organizebuli. wodebebs Soris gansxvavebas zogjer religiuri rwmena 4 gansazRvravda, Tumca, indusTa ufro rbili formiT xdeboda. kastobriv sistemasTan SedarebiT, es klasi klasobrivi sistemebi monobisgan, kastebisgan da wodebebisgan, mravali niSniT, gansxvavdeba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas oTxi gansxvaveba imsaxurebs: 1. sxva fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, klasebi ar yalibdeba samarTlebriv an religiur safuZvelze. klasis wevroba arc samarTlebrivi an adaT-wesebiT dadgenili, memkvidreobiT gadacemuli poziciiT ganisazRvreba. klasobrivi sistema, stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro eqvemdebareba cvlilebas da klasebs Soris sazRvrebi mkveTrad arasodes aris gamokveTili. sxvadasxva klasebs Soris Sereuli qorwineba formalurad SezRuduli ar aris. 2. individualuri klasi, garkveulwilad, miRwevadi movlenaa; stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac adamiani ibadeba, is arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis. socialuri mobiloba ki – klasobriv struqturaSi aRmavali da daRmavali moZraoba – stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze metad am struqturas axasiaTebs. (kastobriv sistemaSi erTi kastidan meoreSi individualuri mobiloba SeuZlebelia). 3. klasebs dajgufebebsa da individebs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvaveba – qonebrivi da materialuri resursebis flobasa da kontrolze dafuZnebuli uTanasworoba – gansazRvravs. stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebSi ki ufro mniSvnelovani ara-ekonomikuri faqtorebia (magaliTad, indur kastobriv sistemaSi aseTi faqtori religiuri gavlenaa). 4. stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebSi uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad, pirad – msaxursa da batons, monasa da mepatrones, dabali da maRali kastis individebs Soris - urTierTobebsa da movaleobebSi aisaxeba. amis sapirispirod, klasobrivi sistemebi ufro masStabur, arapirovnul kavSirebs gulisxmobs. magaliTad, klasobrivi gansxvavebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels gadamxdelunarianobiTa da samuSao pirobebiT gamowveuli uTanasworoba warmoadgens; es faqtori specifikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul yvela adamianze moqmedebs, radgan ekonomikuri garemoebebis Sedegi mTel ekonomikaSi aisaxeba. klasi saerTo ekonomikur resursebis mqone adamianTa did dajgufebas warmoadens. cxovrebis xelmisawvdom stils swored es resursebi gansazRvravs. klasobriv gansxvavebaTa ZiriTadi safuZveli dovlaTis floba da saqmianobaa. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi klasebia: maRali klasi (SeZlebuli adamianebi, damsaqmeblebi, industrialistebi da ufrosi aRmasruleblebi - is, vinc produqtiul resursebs flobs an uSualod ganagebs); saSualo klasi (TeTrsayeloian muSakTa da profesionalTa umravlesoba); da muSaTa klasi (cisfersayeloianebi an fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi). 5 zogierT industriul qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTsa an iaponiaSi, bolo dromde Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo meoTxe klasi _ glexoba (adamianebi, romlebic tradiciul, sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobas ewevian). mesame samyaros qveynebSi glexebi isev yvelaze didi klasis warmomadgenlebi arian. suraTi: “imas vambobdi, rom odesme erTad unda visadiloT.” axla sociologiaSi ganviTarebul stratifikaciis ZiriTad Teoriebs ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki Tanamedrive sazogadoebebTan maT Sesabamisobaze gavamaxvilebT. stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli midgomebi karl marqssa da maqs vebers ekuTvnis; SemdgomSi ganviTarebul stratifikaciis TeoriaTa umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, maT ideebs efuZneba. gviandeli periodis, erik olinisa da frenk parkinis mier SemoTavazebul or Teoriasac gavaanalizebT. sociologiis ganviTarebas Zlier Seuwyves xeli marqsisa da veberis ideebma, maT am disciplinis sxva sferoebzec moaxdines gavlena. maTi Sromebis aspeqtebze sxvadasxva TavebSi vimsjelebT. karl marqsis Teoria marqsis Sromebis umravlesoba stratifikacias da socialur klass exeba, magram, amis miuxedavad, man klasis cnebis sistemuri analizis uzrunvelyofa ver moaxerxa. xelnaweri, romelzec marqsi gardacvalebis win muSaobda (romelic, Semdgom, rogorc misi ZiriTadi naSromis kapitalis erT-erTi Tavi gamoqveynda), swored im adgilas wydeba, sadac marqsi svams kiTxvas: “ra warmoSobs klass?” aqedan gamomdinare, klasis marqsiseuli cnebis formulireba misi naSromebis safuZvelze unda moxdes. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva nakveTi, romlebSic is klasis Sesaxeb msjelobs, yovelTvis bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, mecnierebi xSirad daoben, “Tu ra igulisxma marqsma sinamdvileSi.” Tumca, misi Tumca, misi ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisi sakmaod naTelia. klasis buneba marqsis gagebiT, klasi im adamianTa jgufia, romlTaTvisac Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia warmoebis - anu saarsebo - saSualebebi. Tanamedrove industriis aRzevebamde, warmoebis saSualebebi, ZiriTadad, miwa da mosavlisTvis Tu cxovelebis samwyemsad saWiro iaraRebi iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, winaindustriul sazogadoebaSi ori ZiriTadi klasi arsebobda – miwaTmflobelebi (aristokratebi, aznaurebi da monaTmflobelebi) da is, vinc aqtiurad iyo CarTuli miwis meurneobaSi (msaxurebi, monebi da Tavisufali glexebi). Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebSi, ufro mniSvnelovani qarxnebi, ofisebi, manqanebi da is simdidre da kapitalia, romelic am yvelafris SeZenas sWirdeba. ori ZiriTadi klasidan erT-erTis warmomadgenlebi warmoebis am axal saSualebaTa mflobelebi – industrialistebi an kapitalistebi arian – meore klasi ki imaT aerTianebs, vinc saarsebod yidis sakuTar Sromas – es muSaTa klasi, anu marqsis, amJamad ukve arqauli, terminis mixedviT – “proletariatia”. marqss miaCnda, rom klasebs Soris eqsploatatoruli kavSiria. feodalur sazogadoebebSi eqsploatacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, glexobisgan 6 aristokratiisTvis produqciis uSualod gadacemis formiT xorcieldeboda. aristokrati batonebi msaxurebis kuTvnili produqciis garkveul nawils iTvisebdnen, TveSi ramdenime dRe maT sakuTar yanebSi amuSavebdnen, moweuli mosavali ki, Semdgom, batonsa da mis amalas rCeboda. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi eqsploataciis wyaro ase naTlad gamokveTili ar aris, amitom marqsi did yuradRebas uTmobs misi gamoaSkaravebis mcdelobas. marqsi askvnis, rom samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi, muSa ufro mets awarmoebs, vidre damsaqmebels misi daqiravebis xarjebis asanazRaureblad sWirdeba. es damatebiTi Rirebuleba aris is mogebis wyaro, romliTac kapitalistebi sargebloben. magaliTad, tansacmlis fabrikaSi muSaTa jgufma SeiZleba dReSi asi kostumi Sekeros. muSebis xelfasebze gayiduli nawarmis Tanxis naxevari ixarjeba, danarCeni Semosavali ki mogebaa. marqsi kapitalisturi sistemis mier danergilma uTanasworobam aRaSfoTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom aristokratebi adre, glexobisgan gansxvavebiT, fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen, agraruli sazogadoebebi siRaribiT gamoirCeoda. cxovrebis standarti aristokratiis ararsebobos SemTxvevaSic, dabali iqneboda. Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebam, warsulTan SedarebiT, bevrad didi dovlaTis warmoebas Seuwyo xeli, magram maTi SromiT mopovebul dovlaTze muSebs xeli TiTqmis ar miuwvdebaT. isini, zeda fenisgan gansxvavebiT, siRaribeSi cxovroben, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli klasis mier dagrovili qoneba ki sul ufro izrdeba. garda amisa, Tanamedrove qarxnebisa da warmoebis meqanizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao Zalze erTferovani da damTrgunveli xdeba. Sroma, romelic Cveni dovlaTis wyaros warmoadgens, xSir SemTxvevaSi, fizikurad da gonebrivad damqancvelia magaliTad, qarxnis muSis samuSao, Sin da gareT, ucvlel garemoSi, erTferovani movaleobebisgan Sedgeba. klasobriv sistemaTa kompleqsuroba marqsis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi ori klasi arsebobs – is, vinc warmoebis saSualebebs flobs da is, visac es saSualebebi ar gaaCnia; magram is kargad acnobierebs, rom, realurad, klasobrivi sistemebi, am modelTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria. ori ZiraTadi klasis garda, arsebobs klasebi, romlebsac marqsi zogjer gardamavals uwodebs. es warmoebis Zveli sistemidan SemorCenili klasobrivi jgufebia, magaliTad, glexoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. marqsi yuradRebas klasebs SigniT arsebul dajgufebebzec amaxvilebs. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs: 1. 2. 3. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebSi xSiria konfliqtebi finansur kapitalistebsa (magaliTad, bankirebs) da industriul mwarmoeblebs Soris. mcire biznesisa da didi korporaciebis mflobelebsa da menejerebs Soris xSirad aris interesTa konfliqti. orive kapitalistur klass ekuTvnis, magram didi biznesisTvis misaRebi politika yovelTvis ar emTxveva mcire biznesis interesebs. muSaTa klasis yvelaze dabal fenaSi grZelvadian umuSevrebs, muSaTa umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi sacxovrebeli pirobebi aqvT. amgvar jgufebSi xSirad mravlad arian eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi. 7 klasis marqsiseuli cneba sazogadoebaSi obieqturad arsebul struqturul ekonomikur uTanasworobazea mimarTuli. klasi im rwmenas ki ar gulisxmobs, romelic adamians sakuTari poziciis Sesaxeb gaaCnia, aramed obieqtur pirobebs, romelTa daxmarebiT, zogierT adamians, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, materialur dovlaTze xeli ufro miuwvdeba. maqs veberis Teoria stratifikaciisadmi veberiseuli midgoma marqsis analizs efuZneba, magram man es Teoria daxvewa da misi modificireba moaxdina. am or Teorias Soris ori ZiriTadi gansxvavebaa. pirveli, veberi iziarebs marqsis im Tvalsazriss, rom klasi obieqtur ekonomikur pirobebs efuZneba, magram mas, marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, miaCnia, rom klasis formireba gacilebiT met ekonomikur faqtors moiTxovs. veberis azriT, klasebad dayofa mxolod warmoebis saSualebebis kontroliT, an kontrolis naklebobiT ar ganisazRvreba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania is ekonomikuri gansxvavebebic, romlebsac uSualod kerZo sakuTrebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. es unar-CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli resursebia, romlebic adamianTa samuSaos tipze aisaxeba. mas, vinc menejeruli an profesionaluri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli, cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, meti anazRaureba da ukeTesi samuSao piroebebi aqvs. maTi kvalifikaciebis, magaliTad, xarisxis, diplomisa da unar-Cvevebis wyalobiT, isini “bazars ukeTesad ergebian”, vidre isini, vinc am kvalifikaciebs ar flobs. dabal fenaSi, cisfersayeloianTa Soris, profesional xelosnebs, naxevrad profesional an araporfesional xelosnebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT. meore, veberi, klasis garda, stratifikaciis kidev or ZiriTad aspeqts gamoyofs. pirvels is statuss uwodebs, meores ki - partias. statusis jgufTa idea man, faqtobrivad, Sua saukuneebis wodebas miusadaga, sityva ki, romelic germanul enaze gamoiyena (Stand), orive mniSvnelobas aerTianebs. statusi veberis Teoriis mixedviT, statusi, socialur jgufTa Soris, socialuri ierarqiiTa da prestiJiT ganpirobebul gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic maT sxva jgufTa mier eniWebaT. statusi SeiZleba klasobrivi dajgufebisgan damoukideblad arsebobdes, socialuri reputacia ki pozitiuri iyos an negatiuri. pozitiurad privilegirebuli statusis jgufi adamianTa nebismier dajgufebebs moicavs, romlebic arsebul socialur wyobaSi maRali prestiJiT sargebloben. magaliTad, britanul sazogadoebaSi prestiJul fenad eqimebi da iuristebi iTvlebian. paria jgugebi negatiurad privilegirebuli statusis jgufebia. isini diskriminacias ganicdian, ris gamoc ver sargebloben umravlesobisTvis Ria SesaZleblobebiT. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi am jgufs ebraelebi ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebsac garkveul saqmianobaSi monawileoba da oficialuri Tanamdebobebis dakaveba ekrZalebodaT. 8 qonebis floba, Cveulebriv, maRal statuss gulisxmobs, magram bevri gamonaklisi arsebobs. magaliTisTvis termini “keTilSobiluri siRaribe” gamodgeba. britaneTSi aristokratuli warmomavlobis individebi, imis miuxedavad, rom maT qoneba aRar gaaCniaT, socialur wreebSi mainc pativiscemiT sargebloben. didi xnis winaT dafuZnebul mdidrebs ki, piriqiT, “axali fulis” mimarT zogjer qedmaRluri damokidebuleba aqvT. klasi obieqturad arsebobs, statuss ki adamianTa mier socialur gansxvavebaTa subieqturi Sefaseba gansazRvravs. klass kerZo sakuTrebasTan da gamomuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri faqtorebi ayalibebs; statuss ki jgufebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili marTavs. partia veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi partiis formireba Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia da mas, klasisa da statusis miuxedavad, stratifikaciaze didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. “partia” aris im individTa jgufi, romlebic erTad muSaoben, radgan maT saerTo warmomavloba, miznebi da interesebi aerTianebT. marqsi cdilobda, gansxvavebuli statusi da partiuli organizacia klasTan mimarTebaSi ganemarta. amis sapirispirod, veberi amtkicebs, rom klasobrivi dajgufebiTA arc erTi maTgani ar Semoifargleba, Tumca es ukanaskneli oriveze axdens gavlenas. Tavis mxriv, statusma da partiam SeiZleba individebisa da jgufebis ekonomikur garemoebebze imoqmedos, rac imas niSnavs, rom es klaszec aisaxeba. partiis problema SeiZleba klasobriv gansxvavebasac Seexos; magaliTad, partia SeiZleba religiuri kavSiris an nacionaluri idealebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas. marqsisti CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris konfliqtis mizezs klasTan mimarTebaSi axsnis, radgan muSaTa klasis samuSaoebze ufro meti kaTolikea dakavebuli, vidre protestanti. veberis mimdevari amis sapasuxod ganacxadebs, rom es araefeqturi ganmartebaa, radgan, muSaTa klass, warmomavlobiT, bevri protestanti ekuTvnis. partiebi, romlebSic adamianebi erTiandebian, rogorc religiur, ise klasobriv gansxvavebebs gamoxatavs. naSromebi, romlebSic veberi stratifikacias ganixilavs, Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan maTi saSualebiT vrwmundebiT, rom klasis garda, adamianTa cxovrebaze stratifikaciis sxva ganzomilebebic axdens Zlier gavlenas. sociologTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom veberis sqema, marqsis TeoriasTan SedarebiT, stratifikaciis analizisTvis ufro moqnil da daxvewil safuZvels gvTavazobs. marqsisa da veberis ideebi dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, Tumca maT modifikaciis gareSe iSviaTad mimarTaven. marqsis tradiciis gamgrZeleblebma marqsis ideebi ufro ganaviTares; zogierTebi veberis koncefciebis daxvewas ecadnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or Tvalsazriss bevri ram aerTianebs da isini kidev ufro ganviTarda, Tavi axalma, ufro martivad gasagebma ideebmac iCina. axla mokled mimovixilavT or Tanamedrove Teoriul perspeqtivas. 9 erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb amerikeli sociologis erik olin raitis Teoriuli pozicia, mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapiroba marqsis Teoriam, magram man garkveuli yuradReba veberis ideebsac dauTmo (Wright 1978, 1985). raitis azriT, Tanamedrove kapitalistur warmoebaSi ekonomikuri resursebis kontrolis sami ganzomileba arsebobs, rac ZiriTadi klasebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva. 1. investiciebisa an fuladi kapitalis kontroli. 2. warmoebis fizikuri saSualebebis (miwis, qarxnebis da ofisebis) kontroli 3. samuSao Zalis kontroli. kapitalisturi klasis warmomadgenlebi, warmoebis sistemis SigniT, zemoT dasaxelebul yvela ganzomilebas akontroleben. muSaTa klasis wevrebs arc erTi ganzomilebis gakontroleba ar SeuZliaT. am or klass Soris arian jgufebi, romlebsac ormxrivi pozicia ukaviaT. raitis dapirispirebuli azriT, am jgufebSi gaerTianebul adamianebs klasobrivi poziciebi ukaviaT, radgan maT warmoebis zogierT aspeqtze gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT, magram sxva aspeqtebis gakontrolebis saSualeba ar eZlevaT. magaliTad, TeTrsayeloian da profesional dasaqmebulebs, fizikurad momuSave adamianebis msgavsad, saarsebo saSualebis mopovebis mizniT, damsaqmeblebTan kontraqtis gaformeba uxdebaT, magram samuSao garemos isini, cisfersayeloianTa umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, ufro metad akontroleben. raiti aseTi muSakebis klasobriv pozicias “ dapirispirebuls” uwodebs, radgan isini arc kapitalistebi arian, arc fizikurad muSaoben, magram orive klasis Tvisebebs iziareben. frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma britaneli avtoris frenk parkinis midgoma, marqsTan SedarebiT, veberis Teorias ufro eyrdnoba (PParkin 1971, 1979). parkini, veberis msgavsad, iTvaliswinebs marqsis Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom klasobrivi struqturis ZiriTadi safuZveli kerZo sakuTrebis warmoebis saSualebebis - flobaa. magram, parkinis azriT, kerZo sakuTreba socialuri Caketilobis erTerTi formaa, romelic umciresobam SeiZleba monopoliisa da sxva adamianebze Zalauflebis mopovebis mizniT gamoiyenos. socialuri Caketiloba aris procesi, romelSic jgufebi resursebze eqskluziuri kontrolis SenarCunebasa da maTi xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvas cdiloben. socialuri Caketilobis Sesaqmnelad, kerZo sakuTrebisa da simdidris garda, veberis mier gansxvavebul statusTan dakavSirebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebis, magaliTad, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, enisa da religiis gamoyenebac SeiZleba. socialur Caketilobas ori tipis procesi ganapirobebs. eqskluzia aris strategia, romlis dros jgufebi jgufis gareT myof adamianebs emijnebian da maT Rirebuli resursebiT sargeblobaSi xels uSlian. warsulSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, TeTrkanianTa kavSirebi, sakuTari privilegiebis SenarCunebis mizniT, Savkanianebs gaemijnen. uzurpacia aris naklebad privilegirebul adamianTa mxridan, manamde sxva 10 adamianebis mier monopolizebuli resursebis mopovebis mcdeloba - ase ibrZvian Savkanianebi kavSiris wevrobis uflebebis mosapoveblad. zogierT garemoebaSi, SesaZloa, erTdroulad orive strategiam iCinos Tavi. magaliTad, profkavSirma SeiZleba damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg uzurpatoruli aqtivoba ganaxorcielos (gaificos firmis resursebidan ufro didi wilis miRebis moTxovniT), magram, amave dros, eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs uari ganucxados kavSiris wevrobaze. parkini amas ormag Caketilobas uwodebs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, parkini da raiti saerTo Tvalsazriss iziareben. ormagi Caketiloba igive procesebs gulisxmobs, rasac raitma dapirispirebuli klasobrivi poziciebi uwoda. orive ideis Tanaxmad, mas, vinc stratifikaciis sistemis SuaSi eqceva, gezi umaRlesi mwvervalis dasapyrobad aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs qveda fenas gaemijnos. klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi klasebs naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba. zogadad, miCneulia, rom 150 wlis win, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi, mniSvnelovani klasobrivi gansxvavebebi arsebobda. im faqts, rom mdidar industrialist damsaqmeblebsa da mSromel Ratakebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba iyo, marqsistuli ideis mimarT kritikulad ganwyobili adamianebic ki aRiareben. mas Semdeg industriul qveynebSi materialuri uTanasworoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. mdidrebze gaTvlili gazrdili gadasaxadebisa da iseTi adamianebisTvis SemuSavebuli keTildReobis programebis wyalobiT, romlebsac saarsebod fulis gamomuSaveba ar SeuZliaT, uTanasworobis skalaze zeda da qveda fenebi gaTanabrda. ufro metic, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis gamo, niWier adamianebs socialur da ekonomikur sistemaSi maRali poziciebis dakavebis saSualeba miecaT. Tumca, es ar aris zusti suraTi. klasis gavlena SeiZleba ar iyos im masStabis, rogorc amas marqsi varaudobda, magram socialuri cxovrebis mxolod ramdenime sfero arsebobs, romelsac klasobrivi gansxvaveba ar Sexebia. fizikuri gansxvavebebic ki korelaciaSia klasobriv kuTvnilebasTan. muSaTa klasi, saSualod, ufro dabali SobadobiTa da Cvil bavSvTa maRali sikvdilianobiT aRiniSneba. isini momwifebis asakSi naklebad arian fizikurad ganviTarebulni, ar gamoirCevian sijansaRiT da, maRali klasis adamianebTan SedarebiT, adre kvdebian. gonebrivi moSliloba da fizikuri daavadebebi, magaliTad, avTvisebiani simsivne, diabeti, pnevmonia da bronqiti, maRal fenebTan SedarebiT, klasobrivi struqturis dabal fenebSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba (Waitzkin 1986). gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT marqss miaCnda, rom industriuli kapitalizmis momwifeba kidev ufro gazrdida sxvaobas umciresobis simdidresa da masis siRaribes Soris. marqsis Tanaxmad, muSaTa klasis xelfasebi saarsebo minimumis dones bevrad verasodes gascdeboda da dovlaTi kapitalis mflobelTa xelSi dagrovdeboda. sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenebSi, gansakuTrebiT, maT Soris, vinc xSirad an mudmivad umuSevari iyo, “sasowarkveTileba, SromasTan dakavSirebuli agonia, monoba, umecreba, sisastike da 11 moraluri degredacia daisadgurebda...” (Marx 1970, gv. 645). rogorc amaSi Tavad davrwmundebiT, marqsis mosazreba, TiTqos industriul qveyenebSi isev iarsebebs siRaribe da qonebiTa da SemosavlebiT ganpirobebuli uTanasworoba gagrZeldeba, gamarTlda. magram is Secda, rodesac ganacxada, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ukiduresad dabali Semosavali eqneboda, umciresoba ki, umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, sul ufro metad gamdidrdeboda. Tanamedrove dasavlur qveynebSi, adamianTa umravlesoba bevrad ukeT cxovrobs materialurad, vidre marqsis periodis analogiuri jgufebi. movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebis Seswavlis mizniT, Tvali gadavavloT, Tu rogor xdeboda me-19 saukuneSi dovlaTisa da Semosavlis ganawileba. dovlaTi adamianis mflobelobaSi arsebul aqtivebs gulisxmobs (aqciebi da wilebi, danazogi da sakuTreba, rogoricaa saxlebi an miwa; is, risi gayidvac SesaZlebelia). Semosavali aris saaTobrivi an Tviuri xelfasi, romelic adamians, saqmianobis mixedviT, anazRaurebis saxiT eZleva. es SeiZleba, investiciis Sedegad, (Cveulebriv, procentis an dividendis saxiT) “gamoumuSavebeli” fulic iyos. adamianTa umravlesoba fuls samuSao anazRaurebis saxiT iRebs, SeZlebuli adamianebis Semosavals ki, ZiriTadad, investiciebi gansazRvravs. dovlaTi dovlaTis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli saimedo informaciis mopoveba Znelia. zogierT qveyanaSi, ufro zusti statistikuri monacemebi aqvT, magram, am sferoSi, mainc bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva rCeba da monacemebi, ZiriTadad, varauds efuZneba. SeZlebuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTari aqtivebis srul raodenobas sajarod ar aqveyneben. xSirad aRniSnaven, rom Ratakebis Sesaxeb gacilebiT meti viciT, vidre mdidrebis Sesaxeb. erTi ram naTelia, rom im adamianTa raodenoba, romelTa xelSic dovlaTia Tavmoyrili, SedarebiT cotaa. britaneTSi umaRles safexurze myof adamianTa 1 procenti mTeli personaluri (individebisa da ara organizaciebis) dovlaTis 17 procents flobs, yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobis 10 procenti mTeli dovlaTis daaxloebiT naxevrs flobs (ix. cxrili 10.1). aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis floba ufro metad asaxavs uTanasworobas, vidre zogadad dovlaTis floba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, maRali fenis 1 procenti piradi korporatiuli aqciebis 75 procents flobs, mTeli dovlaTis 90 procents ki - maRali fenis 5 procenti. magram am kuTxiT mravali cvlileba moxda. amJamad aqciebs mosaxleobis 25 procenti flobs, 1986 wels ki maTi raodenoba 14 procents Seadgenda. bevrma maTganma aqciebi pirvelad konservatuli mTavrobis privatizaciis programis periodSi SeiZina. Tu am movlenebs ufro xangrZliv periodSi ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom aqcionerTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan 1979 wels aqciebs mosaxleobis sul 5 procenti flobda. am aqciebis umRavlesobaTa Rirebuleba didi ar aris (1991 wlis fasebiT 1 000 funtze naklebi); aqciebis instituciuri mflobeloba – sxva firmebis kompaniebis mier SeZenili aqciebi - ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre individualuri mflobeloba. individTa aqciebis mTliani Rirebuleba 1963-1990 wlebSi naxevrad Semcirda (HMSO 1992). SeerTebul StatebSi mTeli dovlaTi, daaxloebiT, iseve nawildeba, rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSi, im gansxvavebiT, rom korporaluri 12 aqciebi aq ufro metad aris koncentrirebuli. specifika imaSic aisaxeba, rom yvelaze SeZlebuli ojaxebis 10 procenti korporaluri da biznes aqciebis 90 procents da fasiani qaRaldebis 95 procents flobs. yvelaze mdidari ojaxebis (400 000 Sinameurneoba) 0.5 procenti korporaluri aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis 40 procentis mflobelia. Semosavali gasul saukuneSi, dasavlur qveynebSi momxdari yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis umravlesobis realuri Semosavlis zrdaSi aisaxa (realuria Semosavali, romelic inflaciis gavlenas gamoricxavs da yovelwliur dadgenil standarts uzrunvelyofs). dasavlur sazogadoebebSi cisfersayeloianTa dRevandeli gamomuSaveba samjer an oTxjer aRemateba im anazRaurebas, romelsac igive fenis warmomadgenlebi saukunis dasawyisSi iRebdnen. am periodSi TeTrsayeloianTa, menejerebisa da profesionali muSakebis anazraureba odnav ufro maRali iyo. TiTo mosaxlis gamomuSavebisa da SesaZeni saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT, dRevandeli dasavleTi, istoriaSi yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobiT gamoirCeva. gamomuSavebis matebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi produqtiulobis – yoveli muSakis mier warmoebuli produqciis – zrdaSi mdgomareobs, romelsac industriaSi arsebuli teqnologiuri ganviTarebac uzrunvelyofs. 1900-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, TiToeul muSakze gaTvlili, warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba bevr industriaSi, met-naklebad Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda. amis miuxedavad, dovlaTi, iseve rogorc Semosavali, mainc araTanabrad nawildeba. 1994 wels mosaxleobisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli Semosavlis naxevari ojaxebis 20 procentma miiRo. SeerTebul StatebSi mTeli Semosavlis 17.6 procents gamommuSavebelTa umaRlesi fenis 5 procenti iRebs; yvelaze maRali fenis 20 procents Semosavlis 44.6 procenti ergeba, qveda fenis 20 procents ki - sul 4.4 procenti. yvelaze Raribi mosaxleobis mexuTedis gamomuSaveba, sagadasaxado daqviTvamde, 1977 wlidan 1997 wlamde, daaxloebiT, 5 procentiT Semcirda; SeZlebulTa mexuTedis Semosavali ki, sagadasaxado daqviTvis gareSe, 9 procentiT gaizarda. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am adamianebis gadasaxadebi 1992 wels, 1977 welTan SedarebiT, ufro dabali iyo. axla, gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi dajgufebis erT-erT maxasiaTebels - k l a s o b r i v s t r u q t u r a s – ganvixilavT da, paralelurad, sxva qveynebzec vimsjelebT. cxrili 10.1 dovlaTis ganawileba gaerTianebul samefoSi sabazro dovlaTi mflobelobaSi arsebuli dovlaTis procentuli raodenoba yvelaze SeZlebulebi 1% yvelaze SeZlebulebi 5% yvelaze SeZlebulebi 10% yvelaze SeZlebulebi25% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1993 21 38 50 71 18 36 50 73 18 36 50 73 17 35 47 71 17 36 48 72 13 yvelaze SeZlebulebi 50% 92 92 mTeli sabazro dovlaTi 280 565 (miliardebSi) sabazro dovlaTi, saqmianobiTi da saxelmwifo sapensio uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT mflobelobaSi arsebuli dovlaTis procentuli raodenoba yvelaze SeZlebulebi 1% 13 11 yvelaze SeZlebulebi 5 % 26 24 yvelaze SeZlebulebi 10% 36 34 yvelaze SeZlebulebi 25% 57 56 yvelaze SeZlebulebi 50% 80 79 mTeli sabazri dovlaTi 472 1036 (miliardebSi) 90 92 92 955 1711 1 809 10 24 35 58 82 1784 10 23 33 57 83 3014 10 23 33 56 82 3383 dajgufeba socialuri klasebis mixedviT maRali klasi britanul sazogadoebaSi maRali klasi, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli, SedarebiT mcire raodenobis individebisa da ojaxebisgan Sedgeba – miaxloebuli statistikuri monacemebiT, sakuTar Tavs SeZlebul maRal fenad mosaxleobis 1 procenti miiCnevs. maRali klasis warmomadgenelTa statusSi, “axali” da “Zveli” fulis mflobelebis mixedviT, mkveTri gansxvavebaa. is ojaxebi, romlebsac fuli memkvidreobiT, Taobidan Taobamde gadaecaT, xSirad qedmaRlurad arian ganwyobilni maT mimarT, vinc simdidre sakuTari ZalisxmeviT daagrova. SesaZloa, zogierT konteqstSi, es jgufebi erTmaneTs Seerios, magram dabali warmomavlobis adamianebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar daiSvebian wreebSi, romlebsac mxolod xangrZlivi istoriis SeZlebuli adamianebi ekuTvnian. rogorc marqsi da veberi aRniSnaven, Zalaufleba kerZo sakuTrebas moaqvs da maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenili Zalauflebis maRal safexurebze. maT gavlenas, nawilobriv, industriuli da finansuri kapitalis kontroli, nawilobriv ki, politikur, saganmanaTleblo da kulturul sferoSi wamyvan poziciaTa xelmisawvdomoba ganapirobebs. jon skoti mecxramete saukunis maRali klasis sam seqtors aRwers: msxvili miwaTmflobelebi, finansuri mwarmoeblebi da insdustrialistebi. (Scott 1991). pirveli jgufi sakuTar Tavs aristokratias akuTvnebda, magram saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmatebul finansur jgufebTan gaigiveba daiwyo. danarCeni ori jgufi industrialistebTan distancias icavda da Tavad industrialistebic, romelTa sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTiT iyo ganTavsebuli, am distanciis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. saukunis ganmavlobaSi maTi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaizarda, amitom es seqtori danarCeni ori seqtorisTvisac misaRebi gaxda. saukunis bolos industrialistebma 14 fuli miwebSi, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebSi daabandes, miwaTmflobelebis Semosavali ki industriuli kompaniebis marTvaze iyo damokidebuli. naxati: “rodesac davbrundiT, rols roisi da ferari dagvxvda. Cemi cxovrebisTvis es ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.” SekeTebuli skoti acxadebs, rom maRali klasis sxvadasxva dajgufebaTa gaerTianeba meoce saukeneSic gagrZelda – Tumca, maT Soris garkveul konfliqtebsa da gamijvnasac hqonda adgili. magaliTad, londonis sitis finansuri liderebi zogjer ver agvarebdnen urTierTobas saqmiani korporaciebis mmarTvelebTan; erTi jgufisTvis sasargeblo politika, SesaZloa, meore jgufisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCndes. dRevandel dRes, miwaTmflobeloba, rogorc maRali klasis calke arsebuli seqtori, TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. Zveli kerZo miwebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv mflobelobaSi gadavida. is, visac tradiciuli saxiT, sxva adamianebis marTvis materialuri SesaZlebloba gaaCnia, fuls sxva saSulebiT Soulobs. saSualo klasi fraza saSualo klasi sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs gulisxmobs. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, britaneTis dRevandeli mosaxleobis umravlesoba am klasSia gaerTianebuli, radgan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, proporciulad sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. Tavis 12, “samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba.”) saSualo klasSi SegviZlia sami gamokveTili seqtori gamovarCioT. Zveli saSualo klasi mcire biznesis mflobel TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreebs, adgilobrivi maRaziebis mesakuTreebsa da mcire fermerebs moicavs. TviTdasaqmebulTa proporciuli raodenoba saukunis ganmavlobaSi Semcirda. Tumca, momdevno TxuTmeti wlis periodSi, es tendencia Seicvala. 1981 wels, samuSao Zalis 6.7 procents TviTdasaqmebulebi Seadgendnen. 1991 wlisTvis am cifrma 10 procents miaRwia. erTi kvleva imis garkvevas isaxavda miznad, Tu ras saqmianobdnen 1991 wels 1981 welSi TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebi. aRmoCnda, rom yvela aRar iyo Sromis bazarze dakavebuli da maTgan mxolod 2/3 iyo TviTdasaqmebuli (FFielding 1995). im periodSi isini, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva biznesSi iyvnen CarTulni. mcire biznesi, did biznesTan SedarebiT, naklebad stabiluria. umravlesoba, saqmis dawyebidan ori wlis Semdeg, warumatebeli aRmoCndeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, nebismier weliwads dafuZnebul mcire biznesTagan, xuTi wlis Semdeg, mxolod 20 procenti ganagrZobs arsebobas. mcire firmebi da maRaziebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, did kompaniebTan, supermarketebTan da restornebis qselebTan efeqtur konkurencias ver uZleben. Tu Zveli saSualo klasi ar Semcirebula, rogorc amas zogierTi (maT Soris marqsi) miiCnevda, es mxolod imiTaa gamowveuli, rom Zalian bevr adamians sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba surs. adamianebi mcire bizness Tavs anebeben, magram male xdeba maTi sxva 15 adamianebiT Canacvleba. mcire biznesiT dakavebul mamakacebsa da qalbatonebs sakuTari gamokveTili socialuri da politikuri TvalTaxedva aqvT. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTSi, mcire biznesis bevri warmomadgeneli mxars mudmivad eqstremalur memarjvene partias uWers. zeda saSualo klass, ZiriTadad, menejerebi an profesionali Tanamdebobis pirebi ekuTvnian. es kategoria individTa da ojaxebis did raodenobas moicavs, amitom maTi atitudebisa da Tvalsazrisis ganzogadeba riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. umravlesobas, garkveuli formiT, miRebuli aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba; socialur da politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, profesionalTa jgufebSi, ZiriTadad, liberaluri ganwyoba aRiniSneba. oqsfordeli sociologi jon gouldTorfi termins “zeda saSualo klasi” “mosamsaxureTa klass” amjobinebs. mosamsaxureTa klasi profesional, menejer da teqnikur muSakebs aerTianebs. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, es kategoria Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sul ufro izrdeba. Tumca es termini, potenciurad, dabneulobas iwvevs. gouldTorfi am klasSi momsaxurebis seqtorSi dasaqmebul adamianebs ar gulisxmobs, aramed maT, vinc damsaqmebelTa ,,saWiroebebs” emsaxureba vinc uzrunvelyofs administraciul aparats biznesis da organizaciebis arsebobisTvis. isini personals specialuri codniTa da menejeruli unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofen, sapasuxod ki, maRali xelfasiT, saimedo samuSao adgiliTa da damatebiTi privilegiebiT, magaliTad, kerZo sapensio uflebebiT, sargebloben. daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis win, rodesac firmebi muSakTa Semcirebasa da konkurenciis gazrdas Seecadnen, mosamsaxureTa klasis ekonomikuri pirobebi arastabiluri gaxda da zogierTma jgufma TviTdasaqmebas mimarTa. dabali saSualo klasi heterogenuli kategoriaa. es klasi ofisis TanamSromlebs, savaWro qselis warmomadgenlebs, maswavleblebs, eqTnebsa da sxva muSakebs moicavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am klasisa da cisfersayeloianTa wevrebis umravlesobas msgavsi samuSao pirobebi aqvT, maTi socialuri da politikuri atitudebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. saSualo klasis mravalferovani buneba, garkveuli xarisxiT, raitisa da parkinis mier SemoTavazebul koncefciebSi aisaxa. saSualo klasis adamianebi, konfliqturi zewolisa da gavlenis gamo, “ormagi Caketilobis” winaaRmdegobriv situaciebSi aRmoCndebian xolme. magaliTad, bevri dabali saSualo klasis warmomadgenels igive Rirebulebebi gaaCnia, rac masze gacilebiT ukeTesad anazRurebad Tanamdebobebze myof adamianebs. Tumca, maTi Semosavali zogjer fizikurad momuSave, magram kargi anazRaurebis mqone muSakze ufro dabalia. muSaTa klasi muSaTa klasi cisfersayeloian, fizikurad dasaqmebul adamianebs moicavs. saSualo klasis msgavsad, aqac mravali sxvadasxva dajgufeba arsebobs. am dajgufebis erT-erT wyaros, pirvel rigSi, profesionalizmis done warmoadgens. zeda muSaTa klass, romelic profesionali muSakebisgan Sedgeba, xSirad “mSromelTa 16 aristokratiasTan” aigiveben, radgan am fenis warmomadgenlebs, sxva cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Semosavali, samuSao pirobebi da saimedo samsaxuri aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnologiurma ganviTarebam zogierTi muSakis - magaliTad, mbeWdavis - profesionalizmi eWvqveS daayena da maTi saqmianobrivi poziciis Sesusteba gamoiwvia, profesionali muSakebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ukanasknel wlebSi, zogadad, kidev ufro gaumjobesda. bevri profesiis muSakTa SedarebiT maRali xelfasebi ucvleli darCa da maTma samuSaom stabiluroba SeinarCuna. mzardma umuSevrobam maTze, nakleb profesional cisfersayeloinTaA samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, naklebi gavlena iqonia. dabali muSaTa klasi araporfesiul an naxevradprofesiul samuSaoebs moicavs, romlebic xangrZliv wvrTnas ar moiTxovs. aseT samuSaoebze dasaqmebulTa umravlesobas, profesional muSakebTan SedarebiT, naklebi Semosavali da daucveli samuSao garemo aqvT. muSaTa klasis saqmianoba SeiZleba srul an nawilobriv datvirTvas moiTxovdes; is samuSao garemos daculobis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. amis gansazRvraSi ekonomikis centraluri da periferiuli sferoebis gamijvnac gvexmareba. centraluria seqtori, romelSic muSaki sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, SedarebiT maRali gamomuSaveba da grZelvadiani saimedo samuSao aqvs. periferiul seqtorSi arasaimedo, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao igulisxmeba, romelSic muSakTa umravlesoba nawilobriv aris dasaqmebuli. centralur seqtorebSi profesionali da naxevradprofesionali an araprofesionali dasaqmebulebi (ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani mamakacebi) Warboben, romlebic, xSirad, profesiul kavSirebSi erTiandebian. danarCeni muSakebi periferiul seqtors ekuTvnian da maTi profesiul kavSirebSi gaerTianebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia. qveklasi muSaTa klasSi dajgufeba eTnikuri umravlesobisa da naklebad privilegirebul umciresobaTa safuZvelze xdeba, romlebic qveklass ganekuTvnebian. qveklasis wevrebs, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi samuSao pirobebi da dabali cxovrebis standarti aqvT. bevri maTgani xangrZlivad aris umuSevari, an arastabiluri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli. britaneTSi qveklasSi Savkanianebi da azielebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenili. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi, emigranti muSakebi, romlebmac samsaxuri 20 wlis win, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis periodSi daiwyes, amjerad muSaTa klasis am seqtoris yvelaze did nawils Seadgenen. es, magaliTad, safrangeTSi mcxovreb alJirelebsa da dasavleT germaniaSi emigrirebul Turqebs exebaT. qveklasebis buneba sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sagania. es debatebi, ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSi Sida qalaqis teritoriaze mcxovreb Savkanianebs exeba. uiliam julius uilsonis azriT, SeerTebul StatebSi SavkanianTa mosaxleoba orad iyofa. CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Seqmnil naSromSi ,,rasis mniSvnelobis Semcireba,” uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom SeerTebul StatebSi, gasuli sami-oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SavkanianTa SeZlebuli 17 saSualo klasi _ TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi da profesionalebi – gaCnda. yvela afro-amerikeli qalaqis getoSi aRar cxovrobs. uilsoni askvnis, rom getoSi cxovrebas ara aqtiuri diskriminacia, aramed ekonomikuri faqtorebi - sxva sityvebiT, klasi da ara rasa – ganapirobebs. Zveli rasistuli barierebi qreba; Savkanianebi getoSi ekonomikuri warumateblobis gamo rCebian (Wilson, 1978). uilsonis Sromam azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia da es diskusia amJamadac grZeldeba. konservatori politikosi da mwerali Carlz miurei uilsons didi qalaqebis umravlesobaSi SavkanianTa dabali klasis arsebobis sakiTxSi eTanxmeba. magram miurei acxadebs, rom afrikeli amerikelebi, maTi mdgomarebis gamosworebis mizniT, keTildReobis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli politikis wyalobiT, kvlav sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenad rCebian. es adamianebi keTildReobis programis daxmarebaze arian damokidebuli, rac “siRatakis kulturis” Seqmnas uwyobs xels. isini samuSaos moZebnas, myari erTobebis an stabiluri ojaxebis Seqmnas ar cdiloben. (Murray 1984). miureis gancxadebaTa sapasuxod, uilsonma, CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli argumentebi ganavrco. misi azriT, afroamerikel mamakacTa umuSevrobis zrda, TeTrkanianTa didi qalaqebidan gareubnebSi gadaadgilebam, urbanul industriaTa Semcirebam da sxva urbanulma ekonomikurma problemebma gamoiwvia. miureis mier aRwerili socialuri dezintegraciis formebi, romelTagan erT-erTi qorwinebaSi armyofi Savkaniani dedebis didi raodenobaa, uilsonma saqorwino asakSi myofi (dasaqmebuli) mamakacebis naklebobiT axsna. miureim Tavisi argumentebi gaerTianebul samefosac (1990) miusadaga. misi azriT, gaerTianebul samefoSi jerjerobiT gamokveTili qveklasi ar arsebobs, magram is swrafad viTardeba. am klasSi eTnikur umciresobaTa garda, im Rarib regionebSi mcxovrebi TeTrkanianebic gaerTiandebian, sadac sul ufro metad iCens Tavs socialuri dezintegracia. britaneTSi momuSave sociologebma miureis naSromi mwvaved gaakritikes. miureis gancxadebebis validurobas mogvianebiT SevafasebT. pirvel rigSi, im cvlilebebs ganvixilavT, romlebic klasobrivi struqturis maRal fenebze axdens gavlenas. cvlilebebi klasobriv struqturaSi maRali klasis dekompozicia? rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maRali klasis (ise, rogorc yvela klasobrivi jgufis) SigniT ramdenime dajgufeba arsebobs. zogierTi avtoris azriT, dRevandel dRes maRali klasi imdenad aris desegregirebuli, rom is erTian klasobriv kategoriad aRar moiazreba. isini acxadeben, rom mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi maRali klasis wevroba kerZo sakuTrebis - biznesis, finansuri organizaciebis an miwis mflobelobiT ganisazRvreboda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miwa, dResdReobiT, Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan wyaros aRar warmoadgens, ekonomikas msxvili korporaciuli biznesi marTavs, romelic individTa mflobelobaSi ar aris. is aTasobiT sxvadasxva mewiles aerTianebs, romlebic kompaniebis marTvisas didi gavleniT ar sargebloben. msxvil korporaciebs maRali Tanamdebobis aRmasrulebleblebi akontroleben, 18 romlebic maT mier marTuli firmebis mesakuTreni ar arian. isini, ubralod, maRali donis TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi an profesionalebi arian. aqedan gamomdinare, jon gouldTrofis klasobrivi sqemis mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi maRali klasi aRar arsebobs, is “mosamsaxureTa klasma” Caanacvla, romelic maRali donis biznes menejerebs, profesionalebsa da administratorebs moicavs. sxva avtorebi mewileobis instituciur fenomenze saubroben (ix. Tavi 12, samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba), ramac kapitalis kerZo mesakuTreobis mniSvneloba Seamcira. dRevandel dRes, wilebis maRal procents sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da gaerTianebuli fondebi floben, romlebic mosaxleobis Zalian did raodenobas moicavs. magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos mosaxleobis naxevars fuli kerZo sapensio struqturebSi aqvs dabandebuli. amis miuxedavad, Sexeduleba maRali klasis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, mraval SekiTxvas warmoSobs. Cven ukve visaubreT jon skotis mier maRali klasis cvalebadi bunebis analizis Sesaxeb. es avtori acxadebs, rom dRevandelma maRalma klasma forma Seicvala, magram gamokveTili pozicia SeinarCuna. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebs, jon skotis azriT, msxvili biznesiT ganpirobebuli Zalauflebis “interesebis konstelacia” aerTianebT. SeiZleba did korporaciaSi momuSave ufrosi aRmasrulebeli kompanias ar flobdes, magram is xSirad am kompaniis mewile xdeba, rac mas rogorc Zveli stilis mewarmeebTan, ise “finansur kapitalistebTan” akavSirebs. “finansuri kapitalistebi” sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da sxva instituciuri saaqcio kompaniebis mmarTvelebi arian da dRevandeli maRali klasis birTvs swored isini Seadgenen. profesionalebi, menejerebi, administratorebi profesiuli, menejeruli da administraciuli saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa raodenobis zrda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, masStaburi organizaciebis mniSvnelobiT aris gamowveuli (ix. Tavi 11, Tanamedrove organizaciebi). am profesiis adamianebi iseT ekonomikur seqtorebSic arian dakavebuli, romlebSic saxelmwifo Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, magaliTad, mTavrobaSi, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvisa da socialuri keTildReobis samsaxurSi. privatizaciis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, 1994 wels, samuSao Zalis 28 procenti saxelmwifo industriebSi muSaobda. profesiuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli – eqimebis, buRaltrebis, iuristebis da a. S. _ adamianTa umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos mier aris dasaqmebuli. profesionalebi, menejerebi da maRali donis administratorebi Tanamdebobas, ZiriTadad, xarisxis, diplomis da sxva kvalifikaciebis saSualebiT iReben. maT, zogadad, SedarebiT ufro saimedo da maRalanazRaurebadi kariera aqvT da ukanasknel wlebSi isini kidev ufro gaemijnen rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs. zogierTebi profesionalebsa da TeTrsayeloianTa jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebs specifikur, “profesional menejerTa klass” akuTvneben. es jgufi TeTrsayelian muSakTa jgufs Rrmad da mkveTrad ar emijneba, amitom es pozicia mxedvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris. 19 TeTrsayeloianebi, cisfersayeloianebi: feminizacia da proletarizacia dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri saqmianobiT bevrad ufro meti adamiania dakavebuli; magram ekuTvnian Tu ara es adamianebi ,,saSualo klass,” sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sakiTxia. aq ori ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirveli, TiTqmis yvela axladwarmoqmnil rutinul arafizikur saqmianobas qalebi ewevian. am process TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli dasaqmebis feminizacias eZaxian. rogorc mogvianebiT davrwmundebiT, klasisa da sqesis sakiTxi Zalze kompleqsuria. meore, amgvari saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebis pirobebi saTanadod dafasebuli ar aris da maRal profesionalizms ar moiTxovs. codna, romelic amgvar samuSaoze dakavebul muSakebs moeTxovebodaT, manqanis wyalobiT, gaufasurda, radgan man maTi garkveuli funqciebi SeiTavsa. magaliTad, aviRoT klerkis anu saofise mdivnisTvis savaldebulo funqciebi. angariSs, weras da sxva organizaciul unar-Cvevebs sabeWdi manqana, kalkulatori da qserokopirebis aparati, bolo dros ki, kompiuteri da procesori asrulebs. feminizaciasa da deprofesionalizacias Soris uSualo kavSiri arsebobs. magaliTad, rac ufro izrdeba, proporciulad, klerkisa da sxva msgavsi saqmianoba, aseve izrdeba am sferoSi dasaqmebul qalTa raodenoba da es saqmianobebi sul ufro rutinul xasiaTs iZens. qalebma mamakacebs ricxobrivad gadaaWarbes ufro dabali donis samuSaoebzec, marketingis mzard seqtorSi, savaWro da dasvenebis industriebSi. gamyidvelebisa da registratorebis Tanamdebobebi Zlier aris feminizebuli. breivmenma mniSvnelovani naSromi ,,Sroma da Seqmna; misi azriT, TeTsayeloianTa rutinulma samuSaom iseTi deprofesionalizacia ganicada, rom is fizikuri samuSaosgan didad aRar gansxvavdeba. is faqti, rom “saSualo klasSi” sul ufro meti adamiani erTiandeba, avtoris sityvebiT, “proletarizaciis” Sedegia. jgufebi, romlebic mzard muSaTa klasSi wevriandebian, sul ufro metad arian arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli. (Braveman 1974). 20 wlis win monopolizebuli heri kapitali” sociologTa umravlesobam breivmenis Sefaseba gazviadebulad miiCnia. zogierTma saqmianobam, teqnologiuri progresis gamo, deprofesionalizacia marTlac ganicada, radgan es saqmianoba ufro ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs. es iseT samuSaoebs exeba, romlebzec kompiuterebis danergvam moaxdina gavlena (Tumca, zogierT samuSaoze igive procesma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos). garda amisa, qorwinebaSi myofi individis socialuri klasi meuRlis poziciiTac ganisazRvreba. rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul qalebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maRali Tanamdebobis TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze dasaqmebuli meuRleebi hyavT, rac imas niSnavs, rom mTeli ojaxi saSualo klass ekuTvnis. proletarizaciis ideasTan mimarTebaSi, TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianobebisa da amgvar samuSaoebze dasaqmebul muSakTa kvlevis Sedegebi, urTierTsapirispiro xaisaTisaa. rozmari kromptonma da garet jounsma (1984) bankSi, adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi da sadazRvevo 20 kompaniaSi dasaqmebuli TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi Seiswavles. maT daadgines, rom klerkis Tanamdebobaze momuSave qalebs, TeTrsayelianTa Tanamdebobebze, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad awinaureben. isini maT mier Seswavlil samuSaoTa umravlesobas proletarizebuls uwodeben. muSakebi rutinul cxovrebas ewevian da naklebad iCenen iniciativas. mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, amgvari poziciis Secvlas ufro axerxeben. aqedan gamomdinare, gaufasureba, ZiriTadad, qalebiT dasaqmebulma TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebma ganicada. gordon marSali da sxv. (1988) breivmenis Sexedulebebsa da misi kvlevis daskvnebs kritikulad afaseben. maT sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebuli qalebi da mamakacebi gamokiTxes da dainteresdnen, moTxovs Tu ara maTi samuSao amJamad imaze ufro ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs, vidre isini samuSaos dawyebisas flobdnen. mxolod 4-ma procentma ganacxada, rom maT samuSaos naklebi profesionalizmi sWirdeba da es samuSao, sxva TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, cotaTi ufro feminizirebulia. isini askvnian, rom TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebi, fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT, ufro avtonomiuria. klasTan dakavSirebuli cnobierebidan gamomdinare, TeTsayeloianebi, fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebuli adamianebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar Tavs “saSualo klass” ufro akuTvneben. cvlilebebi, romlebic muSaTa klasze zemoqmedebs mogvianebiT am TavSi imaze visaubrebT, rom britanul sazogadoebaSi, sxva industriuli qveynebis msgavsad, mravlad arian Raribi adamianebi. Tumca, cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobiT dakavebul individTa umravlesoba siRatakeSi aRar cxovrobs. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli muSakebis Semosavali, gasuli saukunis Semdeg, sagrZnoblad gaizarda. cxovrebis gazrdil standartze, yvela klasis warmomadgenelTa Soris, saqonlis moxmarebis xelmisawvdomobis zrda miuTiTebs. cisfersayeloianTa daaxloebiT 50 procenti amJamad sakuTar sacxovrebels flobs. TiTqmis yvela ojaxs aqvs manqana, sarecxi manqana, televizori da telefoni. muSaTa klasis materialuri keTildReobis fenomeni kidev erTi gzaa imisTvis, rom misi warmomadgeneli ufro maRal, “saSualo klasis sazogadoebaSi” gawevriandes. sociologebisTvis damaxasiaTebel rTul termins Tu gamoviyenebT, am ideas “gaburJuazebas” uwodeben. gaburJuazeba niSnavs “gaxde burJua”, rasac marqsi “saSualo klasis warmomadgenlad gadaqcevas” uwodebs. 1960-ian wlebSi jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma gaburJuazebis hipoTezad cnobili kvleva Caaatares. lutonSi, manqanebisa da qimiur industriebSi dasaqmebul muSaTa gamokiTxvaze dafuZnebuli kvleva sam tomad gamoica. am kvlevas, xSirad, SeZlebul muSaTa kvlevas uwodeben (Goldthorpe et al., 1968-9). kvlevis procesSi 229 fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli muSa da, Sedarebis mizniT, 54 TeTrsayeloiani muSaki iqna Seswavlili. am midamoSi bevri cisfersayeloiani emigrirda, kargad anazRaurebadi samuSaos Ziebis mizniT; TiTqmis yvela sxva cisfesayeloianTan da dabali Ddonis TeTrsayeloian muSakTan 21 SedarebiT, maT ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao da meti gamomuSaveba hqondaT. avtorebis azriT, kvlevis Sedegi sruliad naTelia: gaburJuazeba araswori Tezisia. es muSakebi saSualo klasSi gawevrianebis procesSi ar arian. maT, gouldTorfisa da misi kolegebis sityvebiT, sakuTari samuSaos mimarT “instrumentuli” damokidebuleba aqvT. maTTvis samuSao ukeTesi xelfasis mopovebis saSualebaa. maTi samuSao, ZiriTadad, erTferovania, ar aris saintereso da masTan arc uSualo pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba akavSirebT. isini TeTsayeloianebTan arc dasvenebis dros asocirdebian da arc ufro maRal klasobriv safexurze asvlis survili aqvT; gamomuSavebul fuls isini sxvadasxva saxis SenaZenisTvis iyeneben. momdevno wlebSi, uSualod SedarebiTi kvleva aRar Catarebula, amitom rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia amJamad gouldTorfisa da misi kolegebis mier miRebuli Sedegebi. zogadad yvelas miaCnia, rom manufaqturuli industriisa da momxmarebluri interesebis gavlenis SemcirebasTan erTad, muSaTa klasis tradiciuli Temebi daiSala, an saerTod Sewyvita arseboba. Tu ramdenad Sors wavida aRniSnuli procesi, es Ria da sakamaTo sagania. muSaTa klasis SigniT arsebuli dajgufeba, individebis garda, ojaxebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebsac asaxavs. naSromSi “dajgufeba Sromis mixedviT” (1984), rei pali ikvlevs kentSi, Sepis kunZulze mcxovreb muSaTa klasis ojaxebs. man daadgina, rom arsebobs “muSaTa mdidari” da “Raribi” ojaxebi. pirveli iseT ojaxebs aerTianebs, romelSic or an met wevrs stabiluri samuSao aqvs; am adamianebs, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saxlebi da cxovrebis komfortuli stili aqvT. “Rarib” muSaTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gacilebiT didi brZola uxdebaT Tavis sarCenad. mTlianobaSi, Zneli iqneba imis dadgena, muSaTa klasSi da klasTa Soris stratifikacias mxolod saqmianobebs Soris gansxvaveba gansazRvravs Tu gansxvavebuli moxmarebisa da cxovrebis stili. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba momxmareblur, materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebaze orientirebul sazogadoebad iqca. momxmarebluri sazogadoeba, garkveulwilad, “masobrivi sazogadoebaa”, sadac, zogierT doneze, klasobrivi gansxvaveba aRar igrZnoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva klasobrivi warmomavlobis adamianebi SeiZleba erTsa da imave satelivizio programebs uyurebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, klasobrivi gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, cxovrebis stilisa da “gemovnebis” variaciebma gaamZafros (Bourdieu 1986). qveklasis sakiTxi miurei Tvlis, rom gaerTianebul samefosa da evropaSi qveklasis formirebis tendencia, sakamaTo sakiTxia. lidia morisma inglisis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, harTlpulSi, kvleva Caatara. inglisis zogierT regionSi manufaqturuli industriis Semcireba igrZnoboda, ramac umuSevrobis masStaburi zrda da, savaraudod, qveklasis warmoSoba gamoiwvia. erT-erT aseT regions harTlpulic ganekuTvneboda. 22 morisma umuSevari muSebis sami jgufi Seiswavla: pirveli iseT wyvilebs moicavda, sadac mamakaci, sul cota, Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyo dausaqmebeli; meore jgufi iseT wyvilebs aerTianebda, romelSic mamakaci ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave samuSaoze iyo dakavebuli; mesame jgufSi gaerTianebul wyvilebSi ki mamakacs ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi axali samuSao hqonda dawyebuli. morisis mier gamokvleul adamianTa umravlesoba TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. morisi aRniSnavs, rom gaeTianebul samefoSi, aSSsgan gansxvavebiT, kanis feri umuSevrobas gamokveTilad ar ukavSirdeba. morisis azriT, es sami jgufi erTmaneTisgan, socialuri inkluziis TvalsazrisiT, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad grZnoben individebi da ojaxebi garkveuli qselis mxardaWeras - TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba. is, vinc weliwadze metia, ar muSaobs, kvlav samuSaos ZebniT aris dakavebuli; maT anti-samuSao kultura SeimuSaves. es mamakacebi msgavs situaciaSi regionSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis grZelvadiani gauaresebis, unar-CvevaTa da samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli iseTi araformaluri kontaqtebis naklebobis gamo aRmoCdnen, romlebic maT adgilobrivi dasaqmebis mizniT unda gamoeyenebinaT. morisma aseve daadgina, rom xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianebs aseTive umuSevari partniorebi da, proporciulad, didi raodenobis umuSevari megobrebi hyavdaT. miuxedavad amisa, morisma daaskvna: ,,Cemi kvlevis mixedviT, ar arsebobs faqtebi, romlebic gamokveTili ,,qveklasis” kulturis arsebobas daadasturebs.” (Morris 1993, gv. 410). morisis kvlevas amomwuravs ver vuwodebT. is qveynis mxolod erT nawilSi Catarda, sadac eTnikur jgufTa didi raodenoba ar iyo warmodgenili. vest indoeli da azieli mamakacebi naxevradprofesiul samuSaoebze arian Tavmoyrilni da, TeTrkanian mamakacebTan SedarebiT, dasaqmebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT (Pikington 1992). ekonomikuri dajgufebisa da socialuri gamorCeulobis amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia sul ufro SeimCneva britaneTsa da evropaSic. aq Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs rasobriv da eTnikur elements. londonSi, manCesterSi, roterdamSi, frankfurtSi, parizsa da neapolSi urbanuli Raribebis mdgomareoba sul ufro uaresdeba. hamburgi, saSualo Semosavlis mixedviT, evropaSi yvelaze mdidari qalaqia da aq, germaniis masStabiT, proporciulad yvelaze meti milioneri cxovrobs. magram am qalaqSi, amave dros, proporciulad yvelaze meti keTildReobis programa da umuSevrobaa - qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze 40 procentiT maRali. 1994 wlamde, TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqSi da qalaqis maxloblad, industriuli samuSaoebis mesamedi gauqmda. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi Raribi da umuSevari adamianebis umravlesoba am qveynis ZirZvel mosaxleobas ekuTvnis; siRatakeSi pirveli da meore Taobis emigrantebic cxovroben, romelTa sacxovrebeli ubnebis pirobebi sul ufro uaresdeba. maT Soris izrdeba erTmSoblian ojaxTa raodenoba. amgvari ubnebi manCesterSi mos saidi, frankfurtSi galusvierteli, roterdamSi ki niuev vesternia. 23 holandiel sociologTa jgufma holandiis yvelaze Rarib qalaqur ubnebSi mcxovrebi ramdenime aseuli adamiani gamohkiTxa. maT (morisis daskvnebis sapirispirod) daadgines, rom xangrZlivad dausaqmebel gamokiTxulTa 55 procentma samuSaos Zebna Sewyvita. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom maTma umravlesobam samuSaos Zebnas Tavi daaneba da keTildReobis samsaxuris xarjze gadawyvita cxovreba (Endbersen et al. 1993). genderi da stratifikacia stratifikaciis kvlevebi, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar iTvaliswinebda genderis faqtors. stratifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi ise iqmneboda, TiTqos genderi saerTod ar arsebobda, an Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da prestiJis analizis dros qalebi umniSvnelo da uintereso fenomenad miiCneoda. amis miuxedavad, genderi stratifikaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia. ar arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, socialuri cxovrebis zogierT aspeqtSi, met simdidres, statussa da gavlenas ar flobdnen. genderi da klasobrivi dajgufeba erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi genderisa da stratifikaciis Seswavlisas vawydebiT, erTi SexedviT, martivia, magram, mogvianebiT, vrwmundebiT, rom is arc Tu martivad mogvarebadia. sirTule genderuli uTanasworobis Tanamedrove gagebasTan, gansakuTrebiT, klasobriv dajgufebasTan mimarTebaSi warmoiSoba. genderuli uTanasworoba, istoriulad, klasobriv sistemaze adre arsebobda; mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, upiratesobiT jer kidev monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi sargeblobdnen, Tumca am sazogadoebebSi klasebis Sesaxeb aravin araferi icoda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi klasobrivi dajgufebebi Zlier gamoikveTa, maT did yuradRebas uTmoben, genderuli uTanasworoba ki, am fonze, naklebad SeimCneva. qalTa umravlesobis materialuri mdgomareoba maTi mamebisa an qmrebis materialur SesaZleblobebs asaxavs. amis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mosazreba, rom genderuli uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad, klasTan mimarTebaSi aixsneba. es Tvalsazrisi Zalian kargad gamoxata frank parkinma, stratifikaciis Sesaxeb Tavis klasikur naSromSi wers: romelic qalis statusi, socialuri cxovrebis bevr sferoSi mamakacis statusTan SedarebiT, dabalia. es dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebs, uZravi qonebis flobas, Semosavals da a.S., exeba. amis miuxedavad, sqesobriv gansxvavebasTan asocirebuli uTanasworoba stratifikaciis komponentad ar miiCneva. mizezi is aris, rom qalTa umravlesobis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba maTi ojaxebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis poziciiT ganisazRvreba. dResdReobiT qalebs, maTi sqesidan gamomdinare, garkveuli zogadi statusi gaaCniaT, magram resursebiT sargeblobas, Cveulebriv, ara maTi, aramed maTi mamebisa da meuRleebis saqmianoba ganapirobebs. da Tumca araprofesionali mSromelebisa da SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis meuRleebsa da qaliSvilebs garkveuli Tvisebebi SeiZleba aerTianebT, situaciidan gamomdinare, maT Soris Zalian bevri TvalsaCino da specifikuri gansxvaveba iCens Tavs. sqesi stratifikaciis mniSvnelovan ganzomilebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiCneva, Tu qalis 24 statusTan dakavSirebuli problemebi klasobriv gv. 14-15) gansxvavebaze ufro didia. (Parkin 1971, qalebis cxovreba, DdResac ki, xSirad, “kerZo” ojaxuri da SvilebTan dakavSirebuli problemebiT Semoifargleba. mamakacebi, piriqiT, “sazogadoebrivi” cxovrebiT cxovroben da qonebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebac maT ufro moeTxovebaT. maTi samyaro anazRaurebadi samuSao, industria da politikaa. Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom genderul stratifikacias, ZiriTadad, klasobrivi uTanasworoba marTavs, bolo dromde aSkarad ar iyo gamokveTili, amJamad ki es sakiTxi debatebis Temad iqca. jon gouldTorfi gvTavazobs ideas, romelsac is klasis analizis dros “pirobiT pozicias” uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom qalebis samuSao anazRaureba, mamakacebis anazRaurebasTan SedarebiT, umniSvneloa, amitom qalebi maTi meuRleebis klass unda mivakuTvnoT (Goldthorpe 1983). gouldTorfi xazs usvams, rom es seqsizmis ideologiaze dafuZnebuli Sexeduleba ar aris. piriqiT, is aRiarebs, rom dasaqmebul qalTa umravlesoba daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. qalebs, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad aqvT arastabiluri samuSao da maT, fexmZimobisa da bavSvebze zrunvis mizeziT, xSirad, xangrZlivad uxdebaT anazRaurebadi samuSaosTvis Tavis danebeba. imis gamo, rom qalebis umravlesoba ekonomikurad meuRleebzea damokidebuli, maTi klasobrivi pozicia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, meuRlis klasobrivi situaciiT imarTeba. gouldTrofis mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenime kritikuli Sexeduleba arsebobs. pirveli, ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da cxovrebis wesis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT, qalis Semosavals bevri ojaxisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. aseT garemoebebSi ojaxis klasobriv pozicias, nawilobriv, qalis anazRaurebadi samuSao gansazRvravs. meore, qalis dasaqmebaze yovelTvis meuRlis dasaqmeba ar axdens gavlenas, SeiZleba piriqiTac moxdes. qals SeiZleba qmarze dabali anazRaureba hqondes, magram misma samuSao adgilma, meuRlis klasis gansazRvris dros, gadamwyveti faqtoris roli Seasrulos. magaliTad, es SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi moxdes, Tu qmari araprofesionali an naxevradprofesionali cisfersayeloiani muSakia, coli ki maRaziis menejeri. aseT situaciaSi, mTeli ojaxis poziciis standarti qalis saqmianobiT dgindeba. mesame, bevri “Sereuli klasis” ojaxi arsebobs, romelSic qmars, colTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali klasobrivi kategoriis samuSao aqvs; zogjer, (Tumca ufro iSviaTad), piriqiTac xdeba. amgvar ojaxTa Sesaxeb ramdenime kvleva Catarda, magram imis darwmunebiT gancxadeba, rom klasze yovelTvis mamakacis saqmianoba axdens gavlenas, ar SeiZleba. zogjer erTsa da imave ojaxSi mcxovrebi qali da mamakaci SeiZleba sxvadasxva klass ekuTvnodes. meoTxe, izrdeba iseT ojaxTa raodenoba, sadac ojaxis erTaderTi marCenali qalia. sakuTar klasobriv pozicias Tavad qali gansazRvravs. gamonakliss mxolod iseTi SemTxveva warmoadgens, rodesac misi Semosavlis wyaro alimentia, rac mas da mis yofil meuRles erTsa da imave ekonomikur pozicias akuTvnebs (Stanworth 1984; Walby 1986). 25 kvlevis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom qalis ekonomikuri pozicia, martivad, mxolod qmris statusiT ar ganisazRvreba. SvedeTSi Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom am qveynisTvis Sereuli klasis ojaxebia damaxasiaTebeli (Leiuffsrud and Woodward 1987). saqmianobidan gamomdinare, qmari, colTan SedarebiT, umravles SemTxvevaSi, upiratesobiT sargeblobda, magram iyo iseTi mcirericxovani magaliTebic, sadac amgvari pozicia cols ekava. kvlevam aCvena, rom aseTi ojaxebis wevrebi klasobrivi gansxvavebis aspeqtebis danergvas ojaxSic cdilobdnen. magaliTad, gadawyvetileba, Tu vin darCeboda Sin da mouvlida avadmyof bavSvs, ojaxSi klasisa da sqesis interaqciis mixedviT miiReboda. Tuki cols qmarze ukeTesi samuSao hqonda, es pasuxismgebloba qmars ekisreboda. debatebi grZeldeba gouldTorfi da sxv. sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvas dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli damatebiTi informaciiT cdiloben. maTi azriT, ojaxis klasificirebisas, mizanSewonilia maRali klasis partnioris kvleva, iqneba es mamakaci Tu qali. garda amisa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kvlevaSi colebTan dakavSirebuli masalac aris CarTuli, Sedegi “pirobiTi poziciis” radikaluri Secvla ki ar aris, aramed misi modificirebaa (Golgthorpe et al. 1988). debatebis procesSi gamoiTqva azri, rom individis klasi mimarTebaSi ar unda ganisazRvros. sxva sityvebiT, yovel socialuri klasi damoukideblad, misi saqmianobis mixedviT, situaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe unda mieniWos. am gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi sistemis Seswavlis Sesaxeb gordon marSali da misi kolegebic iyeneben (Marshall et al. 1988). ojaxTan individs ojaxuri midgomas naSromSi am perspeqtivas garkveuli sirTuleebic axlavs. is calke ixilavs adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT samuSao anazRaureba – anu diasaxlisebs, pensionrebsa da umuSevrebs. ukanaskneli ori jgufi SeiZleba gaerTiandes maT mier Sesrulebuli bolo saqmianobis mixedviT, magram, Tu isini xangrZlivad iyvnen dausaqmebelni, am niSniT kategoriis miniWeba problemuri iqneba. garda amisa, ojaxis sruli ignorireba potenciurad mcdar gzaze dagvayenebs. martoxela da partniorebTan Tanamcxovrebi adamianebisTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebi uaRresad gansxvavebulia. norman bonis mier Catarebuli kvleva (1992) adasturebs, rom maRalanazRaurebad qalbatonebs, Cveulebriv, maRalanazRaurebadi partniorebi hyavT da profesionali da menejeruli saqmianobiT dakavebuli mamakacebis meuRleebs, sxva dasaqmebul qalebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali gamomuSaveba aqvT. kvlevis mixedviT, dasaqmebuli qalebis raodenobrivma zrdam, SesaZloa, ojaxebis klasobriv dajgufebaze gadaitanos aqcenti. individebis damoukideblad ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki, am faqtors aravin gaiTvaliswinebda. qorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSoba kavSiri, romelSic orive individi, saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, privilegirebul an arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. 26 axla socialuri mobilobis Temas ganvixilavT. klasobrivi analizis sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, genders saTanado yuradReba arc am sferoSi eTmoboda. socialuri mobiloba stratifikaciis Seswavlisas, ekonomikur poziciebsa da saqmianobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa garda, isic unda ganvixiloT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian individebi, romlebic am saqmianobebs ewevian. termini s o c i a l u r i m o b i l o b a individebisa da jgufebis sxvadasxva socioekonomikur poziciebs Soris moZraobas niSnavs. vertikaluri mobiloba socioekonomikur skalaze aRmavali da daRmavali moZraobaa. is, vinc kerZo sakuTrebas flobs, aqvs maRali Semosavali, an garkveul warmatebul statuss imkvidrebs, aRmaval mobilobas axorcielebs, is ki, vinc sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs – daRmaval mobilobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi uxvad aRiniSneba lateraluri mobilobac, rac ubnebs, qalaqebsa an regionebs Soris geografiul gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs. vertikalurma da lateralurma mobilobam SeiZleba Tavi erTdroulad iCinos. magaliTad, erTi qalaqis kompaniaSi momuSave individi SeiZleba daawinauron da sxva qalaqSi, an Tundac sxva qveyanaSi, imave firmis filialSi gadaiyvanon. socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis ori gza arsebobs. pirveli, individTa karieraze dakvirvebaa – karieris ganviTarebis procesSi vakvirdebiT, Tu rogor gadaadgildeba adamiani socialur skalaze aRmavali an daRmavali mimarTulebiT. am process, Cveulebriv, TaobisSida mobilobas uwodeben. garda amisa, SegviZlia imasac davakvirdeT, Tu ra sixSiriT irCeven Svilebi maTi mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis saqmianobas. amgvar mobilobas TobaTaSorisi mobiloba ewodeba. mobilobis SedarebiTi Seswavla vertikaluri mobilobis done sazogadoebis “Riaobis” xarisxis ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, radgan vertikaluri mobiloba gamoxatavs, ramdenad aqvs dabali warmomavlobis niWier pirovnebas socioekonomikur kibeze aRmasvlis Sansi. ramdenad Riaa industriuli qveynebi socialuri mobilobis TvalsazrisiT? aqvs Tu ara, am mxriv, britaneTs, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, meti SesaZleblobebi? socialuri mobilobis Seswavla 50 weliwadze didi xania mimdinareobs da es procesi, xSirad, saerTaSoriso Sedarebebsac moiTxovs. am sferoSi erT-erTi pirveli naSromi pitirim sorokins (1927) ekuTvnis. sorokinma, tradiciuli romisa da CineTis CaTvliT, mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi Seiswavla. SeerTebul StatebSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi pirveli kvlevac am mecniers ekuTvnis. man daadgina, rom swrafi aRmasvlis SesaZleblobebi amerikaSi gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre es amerikuli folkloridan Cans. Tumca, monacemebis Segrovebisas, sorokinma SedarebiT primitiuli teqnika gamoiyena. gacilebiT ufro daxvewili da mravlismomcveli aRmoCnda piter blausa da otis dadli dankenis mier, ormoci wlis Semdeg, Catarebuli gamokvleva (Blau and Duncan 1967). am naSromSi socialuri mobiloba 27 yvelaze detalurad aris ganxiluli, Tumca erTi qveynis magaliTze (mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva, manamde Catarebuli, masStaburi kvlevebis msgavsad, esec analogiuri wesiT ganxorcielda – dakvirvebis obieqtebi mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen). blaum da dankenma, erovnuli niSniT, 200 000 mamakacze moagroves informacia. maT daadgines, rom SeerTebul StatebSi vertikaluri mobiloba Zlier aris ganviTarebuli, magram is, ZiriTadad, msgavs saqmianobebSi vlindeba. am qveyanaSi iSviaTia “masStaburi” mobilobis SemTxvevebi. Tavs iCens daRmavali mobilobac, magram individTa karieraSi da Taobebs SigniT, is, aRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, naklebad gvxvdeba. amis mizezi is aris, rom TeTrsayeloianTa da profesiuli samuSaoebis raodenoba, cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobasTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad gaizarda da cisfersayeloianTa Svilebs TeTrsayeloianebis poziciebze gadasvlis saSualeba miecaT. socialuri mobilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso kvlevad SeiZleba seimur martin lipsetisa da reinhard bendiqsis mier Catarebuli kvleva (1959) CaiTvalos. maT aTi industriuli sazogadoebis – britaneTis, safrangeTis, dasavleT germaniis, SvedeTis, Sveicariis, iaponiis, daniis, italiisa da SeerTebuli Statebis - monacemebi Seiswavles da cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze mamakacTa mier ganxorcielebul mobilobaze gaamaxviles yuradReba. maT moulodnelad aRmoaCines, rom SeerTebuli Statebi, am TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo ufro Ria, vidre evropuli sazogadoebebi. cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze vertikaluri mobilobis maCvenebeli aSS-Si 30 procents udrida, sxva sazogadoebebSi ki es maCvenebeli 27-31 procents Soris meryeobda. lipsekma da bendiqsma daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloiani samuSaoebis gavrcelebis mxriv, yvela industriul qveyanaSi msgavsi cvlilebebi mimdinareobda. amis gamo, maT aRmavali mobilobis zrdasTan dakavSirebul Sesadarebel ganzomilebebze gaamaxviles yuradReba. zogierTma mecnierma es daskvnebi eWvqveS daayena da ganacxada, rom qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis danaxva mxolod im SemxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tuki daRmaval mobilobasac meti yuradReba daeTmoba da gaTvaliswinebul iqneba drois xangrZlivi monakveTi (Heath 1981; Grusky and Hauser 1984). robert eriqsonisa da jon gouldTorfis naSromi M,,mudmivi cvlileba” (1993) am mecnierTa socialur mobilobasTan dakavSirebul bolo kvlevas aRwers; maT dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, aSS-Si, avstraliasa da iaponiaSi mimdinare mobiloba Seiswavles. ganxorcielda meoce saukunis pirvel samocdaaT weliwadSi Tormeti qveynis mobilobasTan dakavSirebul monacemTa analizi. mecnierebma daadgines, rom mobilobis xangrZlivi zrdis tendencia ar SeimCneva. saerTo mobiloba, ZiriTadad, “mimarTulebis gareSe icvleba.” (gv. 367). sxva Seswavlil qveynebTan SedarebiT, mobilobis maRali maCvenebliT arc SeerTebuli Statebi gamoirCeva. daRmavali mobiloba 28 miuxedavad imisa, rom daRmavali mobiloba, aRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, naklebad gvxvdeba, is mainc farTod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. aseve xSiria daRmavali TaobisSida mobiloba. am tipis mobilobas xSirad iseT fsiqologiur problemebsa da SfoTvas ukavSireben, roca adamians aRar ZaluZs misTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis SenarCuneba. daRmavali mobilobis kidev erTi ZiriTadi wyaro samsaxuridan daTxovnaa. saSualo asakis adamianma, samsaxuris dakargvis Semdeg, SeiZleba saerTod ver SesZlos dasaqmeba, an ufro dabalSemosavliani samuSaos dawyeba mouxdes. gaerTianebul samefoSi, daRmaval mobilobaze aqamde bevri kvleva ar Catarebula. Tumca, savaraudod, britaneTSi, Taobis Sida da TaobaTaSorisi daRmavali mobiloba, SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, izrdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi am fenomenze axlaxans ramdenime kvleva Catarda. 1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi pirvelad dafiqsirda saSualo donis TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze dasaqmebuli adamianebis realuri gamomuSavebis (inflaciis Semdeg gamomuSavebis) saerTo kleba. maSinac ki, Tu am tipis samuSaoebis ricxvi gaizrdeba, sxva samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, isini am sferoSi dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis moTxovnebs Zveleburad veRar daakmayofilebs. am cvlilebaTa mTavari mizezi korporaciuli restruqturizacia da kadrebis “Semcirebaa.” globaluri konkurenciis pirobebSi, bevri kompania iZulebuli gaxda samuSao Zalebi SeezRuda. TeTsayeloianma da srulad dasaqmebulma cisfersayeloianma muSakebma samuSao dakarges da is dabalanazRaurebadi arastabiluri saqmianobiT Caanacvles. aSS-Si, dRevandel dRes, daRmavali mobiloba, yvelaze metad, iseT ganqorwinebul da gaSorebul qalebs Soris aris gavrcelebuli, visac Svilebi hyavs. amgvari SemTxvevis sailustraciod, jon Svarcis wignis ,,daviwyebuli amerikelebi” gmiris sandra boltonis magaliTs mogiyvanT. sandras bediswera abaTilebs im mosazrebas, rom, Tu adamiani gulmodgined Sromobs da wesebs icavs, mas warmateba elodeba. eqvswliani qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi, sandras meuRle mudmivad scemda, ris gamoc keTildReobis oficialurma warmomadgenlebma sandras ori Svilisa da maTi mamis Tanacxovreba saxifaTod miiCnies. bavSvTa dacvis samsaxurma sandras ganucxada, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is qmars ar gaeyreboda, bavSvebze zrunva saxelmwifos daekisreboda; amitom sandram ganqorwineba moiTxova. ganqorwinebamde ori kviriT adre, sandras meuRlem sabargo manqana avejiTa da Rirebuli nivTebiT gaavso da saxlidan wavida. mas Semdeg sandras yofili qmari aRar unaxavs da misgan arc finansuri daxmareba miuRia. qorwinebis periodSi is saSualo klasisTvis Sesaferisi komfortuli cxovrebis wesiT cxovrobda, amJamad ki mxolod saarsebo minimumiT uwevda dakmayofileba. is kolejSi swavlis gagrZelebas Seecada, paralelurad, Svilebisa da sakuTari Tavis rCenis mizniT, sxvadasxva saxis fizikur samuSaosac iTavsebda, magram mainc ver axerxebda sakmarisi Tanxis gamomuSavebas. 29 rodesac sandram samedicino centrSi mdivnad sruli datvirTviT daiwyo muSaoba, mis Svilebs mezobeli uvlida. leqciebs saRamos saaTebSi da zafxulobiT eswreboda da sabolood SesZlo kolejis damTavreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom is mravaljer ecada daewyo samsaxuri, mdivnis Tanamdebobaze ufro maRalanazRurebadi samuSao ver iSova. mis mier gamomuSavebuli fuli sakmarisi ar iyo saojaxo xarjebis dasafarad, amitom man saRamos saaTebSi supermarketis registraciaSi kidev erTi samuSao SeiTavsa. miuxedavad amisa, mis ojaxs mxolod saarsebo minimumiT uwevda dakmayofileba. “cdilob saqmes pasuxismgeblobiT moekido”, ambobs sandra, “magram mainc sayvedurs imsaxureb, radgan arsebuli sistema sworad moqmedebis saSualebas ar gaZlevs. imis Tqma minda, rom me Zalian bevrs vmuSaob, magram SeuZlebelia erTma adamianma amden saqmes Tavi marto gaarTvas”. (Schwarz 1991). sandra, romelic meuRlesTan erTad komfortulad cxovrobda, ganqorwinebis Semdeg siRaribeSi aRmoCnda. es ar aris erTaderTi SemTxveva, romelic SeerTebul StatebSi, an gaerTianebul samefoSi dafiqsirda. socialuri mobiloba da warmateba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bevrs miaCnia, rom Tanmimdevruli da Tavdadebuli Sromis pirobebSi, umaRles mwvervalze asvla nebismier adamians SeuZlia, Tumca statistika sawinaaRmdego suraTs gviCvenebs. ratom aris ase rTuli warmatebis miRweva? erTi mxriv, pasuxi Zalian martivia. iseT sazogadoebaSic ki, sadac maRali poziciis dasakaveblad yvelas Tanabari Sansi gaaCnia, amas mxolod umciresoba axerxebs. umaRles safexurze arsebul socioekonomikur wyobas piramidis forma aqvs da Zalauflebis, statusisa da simdidris mflobeli adamianebi, romlebic piramidis wverze moeqcnen, SedarebiT cotaa. britaneTis mTeli mosaxleobidan, romelic ormocdaTvramet milions Seadgens, asi an orasi msxvili kompaniis direqtoris Tanamdeboba or an sam aTass Tu uWiravs. suraTi: rogor gavxde warmatebuli Zalauflebisa da simdidris mflobelebi ukeT axerxeben qonebis SenarCunebas, radgan maTi simdidre Semdeg STamomavlobas gadaecema. SeZlebul adamianebs SeuZliaT sakuTar Svilebs Rirebuli ganaTleba miscen, rac momavalSi maT kargi samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofs. mdidrebisTvis dawesebuli maRali gadasaxadebisa da gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis miuxedavad, isini, Cveulebriv, mainc axerxeben uZravi qoneba da kerZo sakuTreba Tavis memkvidreebs gadascen. umaRles safexurze myof umravles adamianTa warmatebas maTi profesiuli an materialuri warmomavloba ganapirobebs. SeZlebulTa Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevam gviCvena, rom maT Soris iSviaTad SexvdebiT adamians, romelsac karieris dasawyisSi araferi gaaCnda. im adamianTa umravlesobam, romelmac “fuli iSova”, an es fuli memkvidreobiT miiRo, 30 an Tundac umniSvnelo miznobrivad gamoiyena. kapitals flobda da Semdgom es Tanxa uiliam rubinSteinma 1980-ian wlebSi britaneli milionrebis warmomavloba gamoikvlia (Rubinstein 1986). misi naSromi 1984-1985 wels gardacvlil iseT milionrebs Seiswavlis, romlebmac, sul cota, milioni funtis Rirebulebis memkvidreoba datoves. (cocxal milionrebze saimedo faqtebis mopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.) rubinSteinma daadgina, rom milionerTa 42 procents SeZlebuli biznesmenebisa da miwaTmflobelebis Svilebi Seadgens. im adamianTa raodenoba, romlebmac, savaraudod, ojaxebisgan miiRes materialuri daxmareba (maRali profesionalebis Svilebi), 29 procentia. milionerTa 43 procentma 100 000 funtze meti Rirebulebis memkvidreoba miiRo, 32 procentma ki 10 000-100 000-s Soris Rirebulebis. britaneTSi rom gamdidrde, mdidar adamianad unda daibado. mobilobis doneebi mobilobis doneebi mTel britaneTSi eqstensiurad omis Semdgom periodSi Seiswavles – Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebze gakeTda. erT-erTi pirveli kvleva devid glass (1954) ekuTvnis. glasi, Tavis naSromSi, TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis xangrZliv periods aanalizebs 1950-ian wlebamde. mis mier mopovebuli monacemebi emTxveva zemoxsenebul saerTaSoriso monacemebs (cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobaze mobiloba 30 procentia). glasis kvlevas farTod iyenebdnen saerTaSoriso Sedarebis dros. mobilobis SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo, magram, umravles SemTxvevaSi, es ar iyo masStaburi mobiloba. daRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, ufro aRmavali mobiloba dafiqsirda, romelic umetesad klasobrivi struqturis Sua doneebze iyo koncentrirebuli. qveda fenis warmomadgenlebi kvlav qveda fenaSi darCnen; profesiuli da menejeruli saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa Svilebis 50 procenti ki analogiur saqmianobas eweoda. jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma oqsfordSi kidev erTi, 1972 wlis gamokiTxvaze dafuZnebuli, kvleva Caatares (Golgthorpe et al. 1980). maT miznad daisaxes, SeeswavlaT, Tu ramdenad Seicvala socialuri mobilobis maxasiaTeblebi glasis naSromis Semdeg. gouldTorfma daaskvna, rom mamakacebis mobilobis done, wina periodTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali iyo, radgan am dros ufro masStaburi da xangrZlivi moZraoba dafiqsirda. amis mizezi dasaqmebis sistemis gaTanabreba ar iyo. cvlilebebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT,A TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebis zrdam ufro gamoiwvia. mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom, araprofesional da naxevradprofesional, fizikurad momuSave adamianTa Svilebis ori mesamedi aseve fizikuri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli. profesionalTa da menejerTa 30 procenti muSaTa klasis warmomavlobisaa, cisfersayeloianTa 4 procenti ki warmoSobiT profesionalTa da menejerTa klass ekuTvnis. entoni hiTis mier mopovebul monacemebs srulyofils ver vuwodebT, magram misi kvleva adasturebs, rom profesiul da menejerul 31 saqmianobaSi, qalebisTvis arsebul SesaZleblobaTa naklebobis gamo, qalTa mobilobis Sansebi Zlier SezRudulia. (Heath 1981). profesionalTa da menejerTa qaliSvilebis naxevarze meti rutinul saofise saqmianobas eweva, mamis TanamdebobasTan miaxloebuli maRali donis pozicia mxolod 8 procents uWiravs. cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis qalTa mxolod 1.5 procenti aris am saqmianobiT dakavebuli (48 procenti ki rutinul saofise samuSaos asrulebs). aTi wlis Semdeg, oqsfordSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi kvleva Catarda (Goldthorpe and Payne 1986). kvlevam pirveli naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi daadastura, magram Tavi iCina cvlilebebmac. magaliTad, cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis biWebisTvis profesiul an menejerul Tanamdebobaze muSaobis Sansebi gaizarda. aman, Tavis mxriv, dasaqmebis struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobebi Semcirda, TeTrsayelianTa saqmianobebis raodenoba ki, Sesabamisad, gaizarda. daRmavalma mobilobam, pirvel kvlevasTan SedarebiT, amJamad Tavi naklebad iCina. magram aRniSnul kvlevaSi, proporciulad, muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis meti umuSevari mamakaci dafiqsirda, rac 1970-iani wlebSi dawyebul masobriv umuSevrobas mohyva. marSalma da misma kolegebma 1980-iani wlebis kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgines, romelic gouldTorfisa da sxvebis aRmoCenebs daemTxva. maT daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloianTa an profesiul samuSaoebze dasaqmebul adamianTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobisaa. amgvari aRmoCenebi britanuli sazogadoebis Zlieri denadobis faqts adasturebs. socialur ierarqiul kibeze aRmasvla, rogorc TaobisSida, ise TaobaTaSoris mobilobasTan mimarTebaSi, marTlac bevr adamians SeuZlia. magram skala, am SemTxvevaSic, qalebis sawinaaRmdego maCveneblebs afiqsirebs, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebuli denadoba ki maRali donis saqmianobebisken aris mimarTuli. marSali da misi kolegebi askvnian: ,,mwvervalze adgilis dakavebas” ar axlavs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi” (Marshall et al 1988, gv. 138). Tumca, mudam unda gvaxsovdes sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxeb adrec vimsjeleT: mobiloba xangrZlivi procesia da Tu sazogadoeba “Ria” sazogadoebad gadaqcevis procesSi imyofeba, Sedegebi rom sruli saxiT gamoCndes, amas mTeli Taoba dasWirdeba. socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis Tanmxlebi problemebi socialuri mobilobis Seswavlas sxvadasxva problema axlavs. magaliTad, ar aris naTeli, ramdenad sworia, rom cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze mobiloba “aRmaval” procesad fasdeba. profesional cisfersayeloian muSaks, SesaZloa, TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianobiT dakavebul bevr adamianTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba hqondes. samuSaos buneba mudmivad icvleba da msgavsi saqmianobebi SeiZleba Semdeg gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. magaliTad, klerkis saqmianoba, saofise samuSaos meqanizaciisa da kompiuterizaciis gamo, ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, Zlier Seicvala. kidev erT sirTules imis gadawyveta warmoadgens, TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis Seswavlis procesSi, karieris romel safexurs mivaniWoT upiratesoba. rodesac Svili 32 muSaobas iwyebs, mSoblisTvis SeiZleba am dros karieris iyos. mSoblebma da Svilebma SeiZleba erTdroulad, erTi (rac naklebad aRiniSneba) mimarTulebiT ganaxorcielon jgufebi erTmaneTs karieris dasawyisSi unda SevadaroT dasasruls? Sua periodi an sxvadasxva mobiloba. es Tu karieris am sirTuleebis daZleva, garkveulwilad, SesaZlebelia. rodesac, specialuri Seswavlis Sedegad, naTeli xdeba, rom samuSaos bunebam radikaluri cvlileba ganicada, dasaqmebis kategoria unda Seicvalos. magaliTad, maRali donis cisfersayeloianTa samuSao da TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianoba SeiZleba erT jgufSi moTavsdes da erTi saqmianobidan meore saqmianobaSi ganxorcielebuli mobiloba erTianad iqnas Seswavlili. aseve mogvarebadia imasTan dakavSirebuli problemac, Tu karieris romel safexurze unda moxdes Sedareba TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis dros. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelT gvaqvs saWiro monacemebi, mSoblebi Svilebs rogorc karieris dasawyisSi, ise karieris bolos unda SevadaroT. Tumca, es strategia yvela moTxovnas ar akmayofilebs. cifrebs, romlebic mobilobasTan dakavSirebul kvlevaSi gvxvdeba, frTxilad unda mivudgeT. mobilobis kvleva mxolod zogadi daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva, rac, gansakuTrebiT, iseT kvlevebs exeba, sadac saerTaSoriso Sedarebebia warmodgenili. Tqveni, mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli, Sansebi mobilobis kvlevidan gamomdinare, ra Sansebi hqonda 1990-ian wlebSi adamians, romelic karg samuSao adgils eZebda? wina Taobebis msgavsad, is, savarudod, aRmaval mobilobas ganaxorcielebda, Tu imTaviTve ar iqneboda privilegirebuli warmomavlobisa. menejeruli da profesiuli samuSaoebi, dabali donis poziciebTan SedarebiT, albaT, proporciulad isev gaizrdeba. am “Tavisufal adgilebs” is Seavsebs, vinc ganaTlebis sistemaSi miaRwevs warmatebas. magram maRali statusis poziciebi sakmarisi raodenobiT mainc ar aris da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTze xeli yvela msurvels ar miuwvdeba. amitom, karierasTan dakavSirebuli imedebi yovelTvis ar marTldeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro meti menejeruli da profesiuli samuSao arsebobs, saerTo ekonomikuri mdgomareoba uaresdeba, samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTaAricxvi ki izrdeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom garkveul samuSaoebze mamakacebs qalebi sul ufro metad uweven konkurencias. kidev erTi mizezi (Sedegebi jer bolomde Sefasebuli ar aris) warmoebis procesebSi informaciuli teqnologiebis mzardi moxmarebaa. urTulesi samuSaoc ki, romelsac adre mxolod adamiani asrulebda, amJamad kompiuteriT xorcieldeba, ramac bevri samuSao adgilis gauqmeba gamoiwvia. qals karieraSi warmatebis miRwevis sul ufro meti Sansi mieca, magram mas am procesSi ori ZiriTadi sirTule xvdeba. muSaobis dawyebis mosurne qali, mamakaci menejerebisa da damsaqmeblebis mxridan, kvlav diskriminacias ganicdis. es, nawilobriv, imiT aris gamowveuli, rom, damsaqmebelTa azriT, qalebs kariera ar ainteresebT da isini, savaraudod, qorwinebis Semdeg aRar isurveben muSaobas. qalebis 33 dasaqmebis Sansebze kidev erTi faqtori zemoqmedebs. qals SeiZleba karieris gagrZeleba surdes, magram iZulebuli gaxdes, Svilebsa da samsaxurs Soris gaakeTos arCevani. mamakacebi, saojaxo da Svilebze zrunvis saqmeSi, sruli datvirTviT, iSviaTad monawileoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes sul ufro meti qali axerxebs saojaxo saqmisa da warmatebuli karieris SeTavsebas, maT am gzaze, jer kidev, bevri mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba xvdebaT. siRaribe da uTanasworoba gaerTianebul samefoSi, klasobrivi sistemis qveda fenis mravali adamiani siRatakes ganicdis. bevri maTgani saTanadod ver ikvebeba, antisanitariul pirobebSi cxovrobs da, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, sicocxlis ufro dabali mosalodneli xangrZlivoba aqvs. Tumca, bevr SeZlebul adamians Zalze mwiri warmodgena aqvs siRaribis masStabebis Sesaxeb. siRaribe axali fenomeni ar aris. 1889 wels gamoqveynda Carlz buTis naSromi, romelic adasturebs, rom londonis mosaxleobis mesamedi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobda (Booth 1889). sazogadoebam am informaciis mimarT mwvave reaqcia gamoavlina. rogor moxda, rom erT dros msoflios umdidres qveyanaSi, uzarmazari imperiis centrSi, ase gavrcelda siRatake? buTis naSromi misi mosaxelis, xsnis armiis generlis, uiliam buTis nawarmoebs efuZneba. ,,bneli inglisi da aqedan gasaRwevi gza” (1970, pirvelad 1890 wels gamoqveynda) Carlz buTis gamoTvlebis SedegebiT iwyeba. am cifrebis mixedviT, londonSi 387 000 “Zalian Raribi” adamiani cxovrobs, 222 000 “SimSilis zRvarze” imyofeba, 300 000 ki “SimSilobs.” uiliam buTis wignma sazogadoebaze imdenad didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom erT weliwadSi milioni egzemplari gaiyida. misi azriT, siRaribesTan brZola praqtikuli reformatuli programebiTa da keTildReobis samsaxuris daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebeli. ra aris siRaribe? gansazRvraven siRaribes? Cveulebriv, erTmaneTisgan saarsebo zRvarze myofTa anu absolutur da SedarebiT siRaribes asxvaveben. saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribis standarti pirvelad Carlz buTma daamkvidra, rac fizikuri jansaRi arsebobisTvis savaldebulo moTxovnaTa – sakmarisi sakvebisa da sxeulis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saWiro TavSesafris - naklebobas gulisxmobs. buTis azriT, es moTxovnebi met-naklebad saerToa nebismier qveyanaSi mcxovrebi, msgavsi asakisa da fizikuri monacemebis, adamianebisTvis. siRaribis analizis dros, mTel msoflioSi, ZiriTadad, isev am cnebas iyeneben. rogor saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribe zogjer araadekvaturad fasdeba. es, yvelaze xSirad, Semosavlis specifikuri donis formulirebis dros xdeba. Tu siRaribe aSkarad gamovlenili ar aris, siRaribis raime erTi kriteriumiT, zogierTi individi SeiZleba siRaribis zRvars zemoT Sefasdes, realurad ki misi Semosavali saarsebo minimumis moTxovnebsac ar akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, qveynis zogierTi nawilSi, sxva 34 regionebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali fasebia. garda amisa, saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribis donis Sefasebisas, ar iTvaliswineben saarsebo standartis zrdas. siRaribis doneebTan dakavSirebuli ideebi, ekonomikuri zrdis kvaldakval, sazogadoebaSi normebisa da molodinebis cvlilebas unda miesadagos. samyaros mosaxleobis umravlesobas saxlSi ara aqvs Sxapi da abazana; industriul qveyanaSi ki wylis gayvaniloba erT-erT aucilebel sayofacxovrebo pirobad miiCneva. kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa SedarebiTi siRaribis formulirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebic. am SemTxvevaSi, zogad kriteriumad Semosavali moiazreba, magram adamianebs sxva realuri moTxovnilebebic gaaCniaT. siRaribe dRes SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva bevri qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac “siRaribis zRvari” oficialurad aris dadgenili, britaneTis mTavroba siRaribis interpretacias ar axdens. gaerTianebul samefoSi Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, “siRaribeSi” cxovrobs is, visac damatebiTi daxmarebis odenobis an am Tanxaze ufro dabali Semosavali gaaCnia. “damatebiTi daxmareba,” naRdi fulis saxiT, iseT adamianebs eZlevaT, romelTa Semosavali saarsebo minimumums ver akmayofilebs. adamianebi, romelTa Semosavali damatebiTi daxmarebis 100dan 140 procentamde Seadgenda, “siRaribis zrvarze myof adamianTa” jgufs miakuTvnes. damatebiTi daxmareba amJamad aRar arsebobs, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli cifrebi im periodSia mopovebuli, rodesac is jer kidev arsebobda. siRaribeSi an siRaribis zRvarze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvi 1980-ian wlebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. 1979 wels pirvel kategorias 6 milioni adamiani anu mosaxleobis 12 procenti ekuTvnoda. orive kategoria ki 22 procents Seadgens. 1987 wels, igive TanmimdevrobiT, 19 da 28 procenti dafiqsirda; 10 milioni adamiani siRaribeSi, kidev 5 milioni ki siRaribis zRvarze cxovrobda. (Bleckburn 1991). orive kategoriaSi gaerTianebul adamianTa ricxvi, daaxloebiT, ori mesamediT gaizarda, rac am periodSi umuSevrobis zrdam ganapiroba. vin arian Raribebi? amgvar kategoriebs, savaraudod, umuSevrebi, nawilobriv an arastabilurad dasaqmebuli, avadmyofi da unarSezRuduli adamianebi, didi ojaxebis wevrebi da erTmSobliani ojaxebi ekuTvnian. xandazmul pensionerTa daaxloebiT naxevari siRaribeSi cxovrobs. bevr adamians, romelic, dasaqmebis periodSi, maRal anazRaurebas iRebda, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, Semosavali sagrZnoblad Seumcirda. erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrdasTan erTad, proporciulad, Rarib ojaxTa raodenobac izrdeba. aseT ojaxebs, umravles SemTxvevebSi, qalebi uZRvebian. 1980-1990-ian wlebSi dawyebuli umuSevroba, uaxloes momavalSi, savaraudod, ar Semcirdeba; ojaxis ZiraTad marCenalTa da maTi Svilebis xangrZlivi umuSevroba sul ufro meti ojaxis siRaribes ganapirobebs. 35 siRaribis kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli iseT ojaxebSi mcxovreb bavSvTa (15 wlis qvemoT) proporciuli raodenobaa, romelTa Semosavali saSualo erovnul standartze 50 procentiT dabalia. es maCvenebeli ukanasknel wlebSi gaizarda. 1979 wels amgvar ojaxebSi bavSvTa 10 procenti cxovrobda; 1991 wlisTvis es proporcia 31 procentamde gaizarda. vinod kumari, am da sxva kvlevis Sedegebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, askvnis, rom ,,siRaribis sxvadasxva maCvenebelze dafuZnebuli faqtebis ganxilva, bavSvTa mkveTrad mzardi siRaribis tendencias adasturebs.” (KKumar 1993, gv. 187). bavSvTa siRaribis gavrcelebas, yvelaze metad, umuSevroba, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoebisa da erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrda ganapirobebs. ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas? siRaribis doneebze, zogadad, garkveuli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas. siRaribis winaaRmdeg, samTavrobo programebTan erTad, kargad ganviTarebuli da sistemurad administrirebuli keTildReobis programebi moqmedebs. samTavrobo programebi umuSevrobis Semcirebaze muSaobs. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, SvedeTSi, saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribe TiTqmis bolomde aRmoifxvra. am miznis ganxorcielebas socialuri sazRauri esaWiroeba, romelic mxolod maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed, zog SemTxvevaSi, gavleniani biurokratuli samTavrobo saagentoebis ganviTarebis gziT. Tumca, materialuri uTanasworoba iseT qveyanaSi ufro igrZnoba, romelSic dovlaTi da Semosavali Riaa sabazro meqanizmebisTvis - magaliTad, aseTi iyo 1980-iani wlebis didi britaneTi. misis tetCeris saxelisuflebo politika individebisa da korporaciebisTvis gadasaxadebis Semcirebas gulisxmobda; amas ekonomikuri zrda unda gamoewvia, riTac, Sesabamisad, Raribebic isargeblebdnen. faqtebi am Tezisis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs. aseTi politikaM SeiZleba gaxdes an ar gaxdes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizezi, magram misi Sedegebi kidev ufro gazrdis Rarib da SeZlebul adamianebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebasa da saarsebo zRvarze myofTa ricxvs. (socialuri programebis moculobisa da gavlenis saerTaSoriso SedarebisTvis, ix. cxrili 10.2). gamokiTxvidan gamomdinare, britanelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom siRaribis gamo pasuxismgebloba Tavad Raribebs unda daekisroT da eWviT uyurebeben maT, vinc mTavrobis xarjze cxovrobs. bevri adamianis azriT, mas, vinc keTildReobis programiT sargeblobs, SeuZlia, magram ar surs muSaoba. es Sexedulebebi realobas ar Seesabameba. oficialuri monacemebiT, siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa meoTxedi muSaobs, magram maTi gamomuSaveba siRaribis zRvars ar scdeba. danarCen umravlesobas 14 wels qvemoT asakis bavSvebi, samocdaxuTi wlis an samocdaxuT wels zemoT asakis xandazmulebi da avadmyofi an unarSezRuduli adamianebi Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom keTildReobis programebTan dakavSirebuli TaRliTobis Sesaxeb mravali miTqma-moTqma ismis, amgvar SemTxvevaTa 1 procentic ar aris dafiqsirebuli – TaRliTobas sagadasaxado sistemaSi ufro vawydebiT, sadac gadasaxadebis damalvis 36 an gadaxdisTvis Tavis aridebis mizeziT, Semosavlis 10 procentze meti ikargeba. cxrili 10.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu ra mimarTebaSia maRali fenis warmomadgenel mamakacTa 10%-is gamomuSaveba dabali fenis warmomadgenel mamakacTa 10%-is gamomuSavebasTan. rac ufro maRalia cifri (daakvirdiT vertikalur xazs), miT ufro didia uTanasworoba yvelaze Rarib adamianTa Semosavlis 10% gayofili yvelaze mdidar adamianTa Semosavlis 10% -ze aSS kanada gaerTianebuli samefo axali zelandia avstralia iaponia italia SvedeTi wyaro: Independent on Sunday, 21 ivlisi, 1996. cxrili 10.2 socialuri programebis SedarebiTi masStabi da gavlena Svid dasavlur qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli samefo SeerTebuli Statebi israeli kanada norvegia (dasavleT) germania SvedeTi im dabali Semosavlis mqone adamianebis sruli procentuli maCvenebeli, romlebmac samTavrobo daxmarebis wyalobiT, saSualo Semosavlis dones miaRwies im dabali Semosavlis mqone ormSobliani ojaxebis sruli procentuli maCvenebeli, romlebmac samTavrobo daxmarebis wyalobiT, saSualo Semosavlis dones miaRwies im dabali Semosavlis mqone xandazmulTa ojaxebis sruli procentuli maCvenebeli, romlebmac samTavrobo daxmarebis wyalobiT, saSualo Semosavlis dones miaRwies 68.5 63.1 77.0 38.1 19.4 71.5 50.0 52.7 80.1 78.8 42.9 40.5 56.4 69.8 58.1 84.4 94.0 88.4 87.8 76.5 99.9 37 wyaro: Timothy M. Smeeding et al. (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective, 1990, gv. 30-1, cxrili 2.1 da gv. 67, cxrili 3.5 siRaribe da keTildReobis samsaxurze damokidebuleba siRaribeSi cxovreba mudmivad am mdgomareobaSi yofnas ar niSnavs. siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesobas odezRac ukeTes pirobebSi ucxovria, an imedi aqvs, rom momavalSi, odesme, Tavs daaRwevs siRaribes. magram iseTi adamianebic arseboben, romelTa xvedri bolomde siRaribeSi cxovrebaa; es, gansakurebiT, xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianebs exebaT. keTildReobis institutebisadmi kritikulad ganwyobili adamianebi acxadeben, rom is “keTildReobaze damokidebulebas” iwvevs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi swored im programebze arian damokidebulni, romlebic maT, TiTqos, damoukidebeli da srulyofili cxovrebis dawyebaSi exmareba. isini ara mxolod materialurad, aramed fsiqologiurad damokidebulnic xdebian, radgan mudmivad keTildReobis samsaxuris fuladi daxmarebis molodinSi arian. sakuTari cxovrebis mimarT aqtiuri damokidebulebis gamomuSavebis nacvlad, adamianebi pasiur da umoqmedo gzas irCeven da keTildReobis sistemisgan elian mxardaWeras. keTildReobaze damokidebulebis ideas urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi axlavs. zogierTebi amgvari damokidebulebis gavrcelebis faqts uaryofen. isini acxadeben, rom “keTildReobis samsaxuriT sargebloba,” Cveulebriv, uxerxulobis grZnobas iwvevs da am mdgomareobaSi myof adamianTa umravlesoba aqtiurad ibrZvis, raTa, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaTavisufldes am saxis daxmarebisgan. kerol uolkerma Seiswavla, Tu rogor axerxeben fuladi mxardaWeriT msargebeli adamianebi maTi cxovrebis organizebas. man daadgina, rom realuri suraTi sruliad gansxvavdeba im adamianTa Tvalsazrisisgan, romlebic keTildReobis programebis SemosavliT arsebobas martiv gamosavlad miiCneven. erT kvlevaSi dausaqmebel respondentTa 80-ma procentma, keTildReobis programebiT sargeblobis Semdeg, cxovrebis standartis gauareseba daafiqsira. umravlesobas kidev ufro metad uxdeba arsebobisTvis brZola. meores mxriv, umciresoba acxadebs, rom socialurma daxmarebam maTi cxovrebis standartis gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia. magaliTad, dausaqmebel 60 wlis adamians, SeuZlia pensiaze 30procentiani danamati moiTxovos, ris Sedegad misi Zveli Semosavali gaizrdeba. im kategoriaSi, romelsac pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sansi aqvs, martoxela mSoblebic erTiandebian. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom martoxela mSobelTa erTi mesamedi – romelTagan TiTqmis yvela qalia – ganqorwinebis Semdeg, ukeTes materialur pirobebSi cxovrobda. Tumca, didi umravlesoba uares pirobebSi aRmoCnda. 1990-ian wlebSi socialuri daxmarebiT msargebelTa 12 procenti acxadebs, ,,rom maTi saqmeebi sakmaod kargad midis.” umravlesoba 38 acxadebs, ,,rom maT minimaluri Semosavali aqvT” da “bevri sirTulis daZleva uxdebaT”: winaswar verafers gegmaven, samomavlod fulis dazogva ar SeuZliaT da mudmivad Relaven sayofacxovrebo gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kvebis sakiTxi Zalze mniSvnelovania, fulis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad, swored sakvebis xarjze uxdebaT ekonomiis gakeTeba. uolkeri askvnis: “sagazeTo sensaciebis miuxedavad, Tavisufali arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, socialuri daxmarebis xarjze cxovrebaze adamianTa umravlesoba uars ganacxadebda. umravlesoba am mdgomareobaSi maT cxovrebaSi arsebuli travmuli gamocdilebis – samsaxuris dakargvis, partnioris dakargvis, an avadmyofobis - gamo aRmoCnda” (Walker 1994, gv. 9). imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad gavrcelebulia keTildReobaze damokidebuleba, misi daZleva keTildReobis institutebSi arsebuli reformis erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanad iqca. amgvar reformebs Soris, yvelaze metad, samuSaoze orientirebuli keTildReobis programebi gamoirCeva, romelTa mizans sazogadoebrivi daxmarebiT msargebel recipientTa anazRaurebad samuSaoebze gadayvana warmoadgens. es programebi gaerTianebul samefoSi da sxva evropul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SeerTebul StatebSi ki didi xania arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi gamocdilebis gaziareba sxva qveynebsac SeuZliaT. deniel fridlenderma da gari bertlesma xelisuflebis mier inicirebuli oTxi gansxvavebuli programa Seiswavles, romelTa mizans keTildReobis recipientebisTvis anazRaurebadi samuSaos moZebnaSi xelSewyoba warmoadgenda. es erTmaneTis msgavsi programebi iyo. isini keTildReobis iseT recipientebs uwevdnen finansur daxmarebas, romlebic aqtiurad eZebdnen samuSaos, maT samuSaos moZiebis teqnikas aswavlidnen da ganaTlebis miRebisa da wvrTnis SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofdnen. samizne mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, erTmSoblian ojaxebs moicavda. isini qveyanaSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili damokidebulbavSviani ojaxebis daxmarebis - programiT sargeblobdnen. fridlenderma da bertlesma daadgines, rom programebma Sedegi gamoiRo. am programebiT msargebeli adamianebi marTlac dasaqmdnen da es im adamianebze adre moaxerxes, romlebic programaSi ar monawileobdnen. oTxive programis farglebSi, gamomuSaveba programis xarjebs ramdenjerme aRemateboda. Tumca, programa araefeqturi aRmoCnda xangrZlivad dausaqmebeli adamianebisTvis, anu maTTvis, visac misi daxmareba yvelaze metad sWirdeboda. samuSaoze orientirebuli keTildReobis programebis mizani keTildReobis recipientTa mier samuSaos moZiebis pozitiuri xelSewyobaa. Tumca, zogierTi keTildReobis analitikosi ufro kategoriul midgomas gvTavazobs. maTi azriT, garkveul garemoebebSi, keTilReobis fuladi daxmareba unda Semcirdes an saerTod gauqmdes. magaliTad, daxmarebiT ar unda isargeblos martoxela dedam, romelic, keTildReobis samsaxuriT sargeblobis pirobebSi, meore Svilsac gaaCens. amgvari sqemis mizans iseTi pirobebis aRmofxvra warmoadgens, romlebic aviTareben keTildReobaze damokidebulebas, raTa adamianebi iZulebulni gaxdnen eZebon anazRaurebadi samsaxuri. kritikosebi acxadeben, rom, Tu adamianebs keTildReobis daxmareba SeumcirdebaT an 39 CamoerTmevaT, maT, SesaZloa, saarsebod danaSauls an prostitucias mimarTon. am sferoSi aqamde bevri eqsperimenti ar aris Catarebuli, amitom Sedegebze msjeloba naadrevia (fridlenderi da bertlesi 1994). usaxlkaroni Raribebis umravlesoba sacxovreblad Seuferebel SenobaSi an mudmiv TavSesafarSi cxovrobs. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, didi qalaqebis quCebSi iseTi usaxlkaro adamianebi gamoCdnen, romlebsac amgvari pirobebic ar gaaCniaT. “zRvars miRma” – ase axasiaTebs marta berti amerikaSi arsebul usaxlkarobis problemas (Burt 1993). bertma am problemis Seswavla 1980ian wlebSi daiwyo da saswrafo daxmarebis fondisa da TavSesafris programis Sefasebas ecada. es programebi, aRniSnul aTwleulSi, usaxlkaro da mSieri adamianebis mozRvavebis gamo SemuSavda. bertma daadgina, rom zogierTma adamianma quCebSi xetiali, sasurvel adgilas Ramis gaTeva da kerZo sakuTrebis gareSe arseboba Tavad airCia. magram umravlesoba amgvar mdgomareobaSi sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg aRmoCnda; isini zRvars miRma, usaxlkarod, imitom darCnen, rom veRar SeZles garkveul faqtorTa kontroli. mudmivi sacxovreblis gareSe yofnas sxva bevri danakargi axlavs. britaneTSi usaxlkaroba “quCis mankier wres” ukavSirdeba (ix. naxati). siRaribis msgavsad, martivi arc usaxlkarobis gansazRvraa. ori Taobis win, adamianTa umravlesobis mier “saxlad” ojaxis saxli aRiqmeboda. usaxlkaroebs TavSesafrebSi mcxovreb an dasaRupad ganwirul adamainebs uwodebdnen, radgan isini marto cxovrobdnen da sakuTari ojaxis wevrebsa da naTesavebs iSviaTad xedavdnen. ori-sami aTwleulis Semdeg, marto cxovrebas gacilebiT meti adamiani aniWebs upiratesobas. usaxlkaroebs uwodeben adamianebs, romlebsac Ramis gasaTevi ara aqvT, amitom Tavs afareben an quCis ufaso TavSesafars, an droebiT, sacxovreblad Seuferebel adgilebs, magaliTad, saxlis sadarbazos, parks, rkinigzis sadgurs an mitovebul Senobas. vin arian britaneTSi mcxovrebi usaxlkaroni? es Sereuli kategoriaa. daaxloebiT meoTxeds fsiqiatriuli saavdmyofoebidan gamowerili adamianebi Seadgenen. 1960-ian wlebamde zogierTi maTgani stacionarul mkurnalobaze imyofeboda, 1960-ian wlebSi ki, jandacvis politikis Secvlis Sedegad, saavadmyofoebidan qronikuli fsiqikuri avadmyofebis gamoSveba daiwyes. deinstitucionalizaciis procesi ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba. erT-erTi, mTavrobis mxridan fulis dazogvis survili iyo, radgan pacientebis rogorc fsiqiatriul, ise sxva tipis saavadmyofoebSi gaCereba, did xarjebs ukavSirdeba. meore, ufro pozitiuri motivi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, wamyvani fisqiatrebis azriT, xangrZlivi hospitalizacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ufro sazianoa, vidre sasargeblo. Tu pacientze zrunva saxlis pirobebSic aris SesaZlebeli, is saavadmyofodan unda gaeweros. magram im adamianTa imedebi, romlebic deinstitucionalizacias pozitiur nabijad miiCnevdnen, ar gamarTlda. 40 zogierTi saavadmyofodan iseTi adamianebi gaewernen, romlebsac arsad hqondaT wasasvleli da saavadmyofos gareT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar ucxovriaT. pacientis saxlis pirobebSi zrunvis uzrunvelsayofad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saTanado konkretuli zomebi ar iqna miRebuli. Tumca usaxlkaroTa umravlesoba arc yofili fsiqikuri pacientebi arian da arc alkoholze an narkotikebze damokidebuli adamianebi. isini quCaSi piradi, zogjer erTdroulad ramdenime, tragediis Sedegad aRmoCdnen (ix. naxati 10.2) magaliTad, ganqorwinebulma qalma, SesaZloa, erTdroulad samuSaoc dakargos da saxlic. axalgazrdas, SesaZloa, saxlSi problema Seeqmnas da, yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe,Edid qalaqSi gaemgzavros. kvlevam daadastura, rom usaxlkaroebi ZiriTadad dabali muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis adamianebi arian, romlebsac profesiuli unarebi ar gaaCniaT da Zalian dabali Semosavali aqvT. ZiriTadi indikatori xangrZlivi umuSevrobaa. dasaxlebis programis jgufma ‘SelTer” ramdenime adgilobrivi kvleva Caatara, ris safuZvelzec usaxlkaroTa raodenoba dadginda. ,,SelTeris” mixedviT, 1978-1992 wlebSi usaxlkaroba 300 procentiT gaizarda. 1995 wels inglisisa da uelsis adgilobrivma xelisuflebam, mudmivi sacxovreblis gareSe myofi 450 000 adamiani daaregistrira. Tumca, ,,SelTeris” realuri monacemebiT, maCvenebeli bevrad ufro maRalia. xelisuflebis mier mowodebuli im “usaxlkaro ojaxebis” statistika, romlebsac droebiTi sacxovrebebli aqvT, 10,3 cxrilSia mocemuli. es srulyofili gamosavali ar aris, magram am problemiT dainteresebul sociologTa umravlesobas, miaCnia, rom, imis miuxedavad, uSualod afinansebs Tu ara gansaxlebas mTavroba, usaxlkarobis daZlevis procesSi, uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs gansaxlebis ufro adekvaturi formebiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. kristofer jenksis wignis (1994) daskvniT nawilSi vkiTxulobT: “ara aqvs ,,usaxlkaroni” mniSvneloba, Tu ratom aRmoCnda adamiani quCaSi, Cven mas sacxovrebeli adgili unda SevTavazoT, radgan, misi cxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvis, Zalian mniSvnelovania privatuloba da stabiluroba. stabiluri saxlis gareSe araferi gamova.” quCis mankieri wre (naxati) 1. quCaSi cxovrobs, an male aRmoCndeba aseT mdgomareobaSi normaluri sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa nawilobriv agvarebs usaxlkarobis problemas. gansaxlebis saagentoebi acxadeben, rom maT, drodadro, erTi da imave adamianebis dakmayofileba uwevT. 73 procenti pirveli sacxovrebels. sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi tovebs saerTo 2. pirveli safexuri – adamiani, romelic Rames saerTo sacxovrebelSi aTevs 41 zogierTi adamiani uSualod saerTo sacxovrebels mimarTavs, magram mas ara aqvs imis garantia, rom aseT adgilas daxvdeba Tavisufali sawoli. adamianebi, romlebic quCaSi xangrZlivad aTeven Rames, gansaxlebis saqvelmoqmedo samsaxurs, magaliTad, seint mungos, xSirad, Tavad mihyavs saerTo sacxovrebelSi. Semdeg maTi Sefaseba xdeba, raTa isini proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielebul meore safexurs daeqvemdebaron. es procesi, adamianebis saWiroebaTa da adgilebis xelmisawvdomobidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, ori kviridan or wlamde gagrZeldes. bevri maTgani, gansakuTrebiT is, visac alkoholze an narkotikebze damokidebulebis, an fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problema aqvs, isev quCas ubrundeba, radgan specialur saagentoebs am safexurze swrafad moqmedebisTvis savaldebulo resursebi ar gaaCnia. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, aTidan sami saimedo sacxovrebels tovebs da isev quCas ubrundeba. 4. saxelmwifo an kerZo sacxovreblis mflobelebi maTgan, vinc saerTo sacxovrebelSi pirvel safexurze aRmoCnda, daaxloebiT 10 procenti cxovrebas sakuTar saimedo sacxovrebel adgilze agrZelebs. problema amiT ar sruldeba. isini kvlav Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian da uWirT problemebis damoukideblad mogvareba. fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, xSirad, aviwydebaT wamlis daleva, alkoholze damokidebuli adamianebi ki, zogjer, kvlav sasmels ubrundebian. aseT adamianebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uWirT xmaurian mezoblebTan urTierToba da ver axerxeben gazis safasuris regularul gadaxdas, ris gamoc isev quCaSi dabrunebas amjobineben. 19% tovebs saerTo sacxovrebels da proeqtebSi wevriandeba, magaliTad, TavSesafarSi midis da sxvebTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas. 3 meore safexuri - proeqtebSi gawevrianebuli adamianebi es SeiZleba sasikvdilod daavadebul adamianTa TavSesafari iyos, an xangrZlivi fsiqikuri avadmyofebisTvis gankuTvnili registrirebuli mzrunvelobis saxli, romelSic avadmyofs sicocxlis bolomde aTavseben. proeqti mcire qiriT erTobliv gansaxlebasac gulisxmobs, misi mizania, rom adamianebi isev dasaqmdnen da sakuTar Tavze Tavad izrunon. am proeqtebSi, wevriandebian. adamianebi, Cveulebriv, erTidan or wlamde wyaro: seint mungos saerTo sacxovreblebi, Guardian Education –is masalebi, 5 marti, 1996; gamoyenebulia jeni ridlis originaluri grafika. cxrili 10.2 usaxlkaro ojaxebis usaxlkarobis mizezebi; adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa; inglisi, uelsi da Crdilo irlandia, 1994. 42 mSoblebi, naTesavebi Tanacxovreba an megobrebi, romlebsac aRar ZaluZT an ar surT partniorTan urTierTobis dasruleba sasamarTlos ganaCeni: sesxis an qiris gadauxdeloba kerZo sacxovreblis dakargva/ arendis momsaxurebis Sewyveta/ sxva mizezebi wyaro: garemos departamenti, uelsis ganyofileba; CrdiloeT irlandia. Social Ends-ze dayrdnobiT. garemos departamenti, cxrili 10.3 droebiTi sacxovreblis mqone usaxlkaro ojaxebi did britaneTSi, 1982-1994 (000) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 sawoliTa da uzrunvelyofa 2.0 3.0 4.2 5.7 9.4 10.6 11.2 12.0 11.7 12.9 8.4 5.4 4.7 sauzmiT saerTo sacxovreblebi 3.7 3.6 4.2 5.0 5.0 5.7 6.8 8.6 10.4 11.7 12.6 11.9 11.9 wyaro: garemos departamenti; dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 187. uelsis ofisi. xanmokle qira 4.8 4.5 5.3 6.7 8.3 10.5 14.2 19.9 27.0 39.7 46.6 40.7 35.7 Sotlandiis ofisi. sul 10.5 11.1 13.7 17.4 22.7 26.8 32.2 40.5 49.1 64.3 67.6 58.0 52.3 Social Trend-ze klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi Raribebsa da SeZlebul adamianebs Soris uTanasworoba kidev ufro gaizarda. aris Tu ara klasobrivi uTanasworobis zrda is safasuri, romelsac aucileblobiT iwvevs saimedo ekonomikuri ganviTareba? am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba tetCeris mmarTvelobis periodSi eniWeboda. maSin es movlena Semdegnairad ganimarta: dovlaTis dagrovebis mcdeloba iwvevs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, radgan es inovaciisa da winsvlis motivaciisTvis saWiro Zalaa. magram am mosazrebis sapirispiro bevri faqti arsebobs. wignSi ,,kapitalizmi kapitalizmis sapirispirod” (1993) maikl alberti erTmaneTs sistemurad adarebs warmoebisa da ekonomikuri organizaciis or models. pirveli, romelsac is “amerikul models” uwodebs (magram is gaerTianebul samefosac Seesabameba), mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli araregulirebul bazrebsa da keTildReobis saxelmwifo sistemaTa dabal doneebze, da mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris uTanasworobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. meore models is “reinis models” uwodebs, radgan is evropaSi mdinare reinis maxloblad mdebare qveynebis – germaniis, Sveicariisa da holandiis – ekonomikur sistemas 43 efuZneba, Tumca mas iaponiisa da sxva warmatebuli aziuri qveynebis ekonomikasTanac bevri mniSvnelovani Tviseba aerTianebs. reinis modelSi upiratesoba, individualur interesebze metad, koleqtiur interesebs eniWeba. es ar aris agresiulad individualuri sazogadoebebi. stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis gadamwyvet garantad, nebismieri saxis Temi, magaliTad, biznes sawarmo, qalaqi an SromiTi gaerTianeba iTvleba, romlebic individebisgan Sedgeba. reinis modelis qveynebSi gansakurebiT didi mniSvneloba egalitarul sazogadoebebs eniWeba; aq, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, britaneTsa da aSS-Tan SedarebiT, naklebi gansxvavebaa. globaluri ekonomikuri konkurenciis procesSi, reinis modeli amerikul modelze ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda. alberti mis egalitarul bunebaze saubrobs. albertis Tvalsazriss, warmatebul aziur qveynebSi, magaliTad, iaponiaSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa da taivanSi, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kvlevebic adasturebs. is qveynebi, sadac uTanasworoba SedarebiT dabalia, ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre qveynebi, sadac Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa. Raribebi farTo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian, isini Tavs gariyulad ar grZnoben, amis gamo maT Zalauflebis mopovebis meti survili da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. Tumca, uTanasworobasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiri aqac diskusiis sagania. daskvna ekonomikuri uTanasworoba yvela socialuri sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivi Tvisebaa, gamonakliss mxolod monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi warmoadgens, radgan aq didi dovlaTis warmoeba ar xdeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebuli ekonomikuri uTanasworoba klasobriv dajgufebaTa saxiT yalibdeba. klasi Cvens cxovrebaze Zalian did gavlenas axdens. magram Cveni aqtivoba yovelTvis mxolod klasobrivi dajgufebiT ar ganisazRvreba. bevri adamaini socialur mobilobas axorcielebs. zogi siRaribeSi cxovrobs da uWirs am situaciidan Tavis daRweva. uTanasworobis sazomi, faqtobrivad, SedarebiTi siRatakea; sxva dasavlur sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, britanuli sazogadoeba ufro aris uTanasworobisadmi midrekili. zogierTebis azriT, uTanasworobis maRali done xels uSlis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. siRaribesTan da uimedobasTan brZola, pirvel rigSi, am mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis aris sasikeTo, magram amgvarma politikam, SesaZloa, globalur ekonomikaSi gaerTianebuli samefos konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebasac Seuwyos xeli. 44 Sejameba 1. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas socialuri stratifikacia ewodeba. socialur stratifikaciaze saubrisas, yuradRebas sazogadoebaSi dabal poziciebze myof indidvidebze vamaxvilebT. yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba stratifikacia genderisa da asakis niSniT. tradiciul sazogadoebebsa da Tanamedrove industriul qveynebSi, stratifikacias qonebis, kerZo sakuTrebis, materialuri da kulturuli produqtis xelmisawvdomoba gansazRvravs. 2. stratifikaciis sistemis oTx ZiriTad tips - monobas, kastas, wodebasa da klass – gamovyofT. pirvel sam tips legaluri da religiurad sanqcirebuli uTanasworoba gansazRvravs, klasobrivi dajgufeba oficialurad ar xdeba; klass adamianTa materialur garemoebebze zemomqmedi ekonomikuri faqtorebi ayalibebs. 3. startifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gavleniani Teoriebi marqss da vebers ekuTvnis. marqsi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs klass da mas sazogadoebis ekonomikuri struqturis obieqtur maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs. misi azriT, kapitalis mflobelebsa da kapitalis armqone mSromelebs Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebaa. veberi msgavs Tvalsazriss iziarebs, magram, amave dros, startifikaciis or damatebiT aspeqts – statussa da partias gamoyofs. statusi individebisa da jgufebisTvis “socialuri Rirsebis” miniWebaa; partia, garkveuli miznis safuZvelze, jgufTa aqtiuri mobilizaciaa. 4. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ufro meti SeZlebuli adamiani cxovrobs, vidre ramdenime Taobis winaT. miuxedavad amisa, dovlaTi da Semosavali mainc araTanabrad nawildeba. mdidrebi sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTaven, raTa maTi sakuTreba Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. dovlaTi individebis mflobelobaSi myof yvela saxis aqtivebs – naRd fuls, danazogs, mimdinare angariSs, aqciebSi investirebul Tanxebs, fasian qaRaldebs, uZrav qonebas da sxva saxis investiciebs moicavs. Semosavali anazRaurebadi saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli xelfasi da investiciebidan Semosuli fulia. 5. ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, romelic maRal klass sxva klasobrivi jgufebisgan mijnavs, didi raodenobis dovlaTis flobaa; es faqtori gansakurebiT maSin aris mniSvnelovani, rodesac dovlaTi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. saSualo klasi TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebisgan Sedgeba, magram aq Zvel saSualo klass (magaliTad, mcire biznesis mflobelebs), maRal saSualo klass (profesionalebsa da menejerebs) da dabal saSualo klass (ofisis personals, maswavleblebs, eqTnebs, a.S.) gamoyofen. muSaTa klasi cisfersayeloianebs an fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs aerTianebs. qveklasi qronikulad Raribi da iseTi adamianebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mudmivad ar arian dasaqmebulni. qveklasi, ZiriTadad, eTnikur umciresobebs aerTianebs. 6. cvlileba TiToul klasobriv jgufze moqmedebs. dasaqmebis struqturaSi arsebul cvlilebaTa Sedegad, sxva klasebTan SedarebiT, muSaTa klasi ufro mcirdeba. ZiriTadi sakamaTo Temaa, Tu ramdenad viTardeba qveklasi. 45 7. startifikacias, tradiciulad, mamakacis Tvalsawieridan aanalizeben. es, nawilobriv, im misazrebiT aris gamowveuli, rom genderuli uTanasworoba klasobriv gansxvavebas asaxavs; es mosazreba mraval kiTxvas badebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi genderi stratifikaciaze, klasisgan damoukideblad, axdens gavlenas. 8. klasobrivi pozicia, Tundac nawilobriv, individis mier miiRweva. is adamians dabadebidan ar mosdevs. klasobriv struqturaSi xSiria rogorc aRmavali, ise daRmavali mobiloba. 9. socialur mobilobaSi ori saxis mobilobas – TaobisSida da TaobaTaSoris mobilobas gamoyofen. pirveli, muSaobis procesSi, socialur skalaze individis aRmaval an daRmaval moZraobas gulisxmobs. meore Taobebs Soris moZraobaa, rodesac cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis qaliSvili an vaJiSvili SeiZleba profesionali gaxdes. socialuri mobilobis masStabi, ZiriTadad, SezRudulia. adamianTa umravlesoba warmomavlobis donesTan inarCubs siaxloves, Tumca, ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, TeTsayeloiani samuSaoebis matebam, mcire masStabis aRmavali mobilobis SesaZleblobaTa zrda gamoiwvia. 10. siRaribe warmatebul qveynebSi kvlav farTod aris gavrcelebuli. siRaribis Sefasebis ori meTodi arsebobs: erTi arsebobis zRvarze myofTa siRaribea, rac janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da sxeulis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi resursebis naklebobas gulisxmobs. meore, SedarebiTi siRaribe, zogierTi jgufisa da mosaxleobis umravlesobis sacxovrebel pirobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs. 11. ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, savaraudod, qveynis globalur ekonomikaSi arsebuli konkurenciis relevanturia. zogierTebis azriT, msoflio ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze warmatebul industriul qveynebSi uTanasworoba SedarebiT dabalia. damatebiTi literatura Richard B reen an d D avid R ottman, Class Stratification (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995). socialuri klasebis ganaxlebuli mimoxilva. T. Butler and M. Savage, Social Change and the Middle Classes (London: UCL Press, 1995). saSualo klasebis ganviTarebis uaxlesi tendenciebis analizi. Rosemary C rompton, Class and Stratification (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993). meore msoflio omis Semdgom ganviTarebuli klasisa da stratifikaciis Seswavlisadmi Teoriul da meTodologiur midgomaTa srulyofili mimoxilva. Robert E rikson a nd J ohn G oldthorpe, The Connstant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). meoce saukunis evropaSi socialuri mobilobis istoriuli analizi. Frank Fi eld, Losing Out: The Emergence of Britain’s Underclass (Oxford, Blackwell, 1989). britaneTSi mimdinare diskusia dabali klasis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. avtori: cnobili parlamentis wevri leiboristuli partiidan. 46 David Lockwood, The Black Coated Worker: A study in Class Consciousness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). klasis klasikuri Seswavlis axleburi mimoxilva, TandarTul komentarebTan erTad. Peter Sa unders, Social Class and Startification (London, Routledge, 1990). mokle da martivad gasagebi teqsti klasisa da stratifikaciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. John W erstergaard, Who Gets What? (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1995). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT, kvlav klasis kvlevis mniSvnelobis damasabuTebeli argumentebi. mniSvnelovani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • monoba kasta wodeba maRali klasi saSualo klasi muSaTa klasi glexoba warmoebis saSualebebi kapitalistebi damatebiTi Rirebuleba gardamavali klasebi prestiJi paria jgufebi dapirispirebuli klasobrivi pozicoebi socialuri Caketiloba simdidre Semosavali qveklasi vertikaluri mobiloba lateraluri mobiloba TaobisSida mobiloba TaobaTaSorisi mobiloba daRmavali mobiloba absoluturi siRaribe SedarebiTi siRaribe keTildReobaze damokidebuleba 47 Tanamedrove organizaciebi ZiriTadi cnebebi organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba organizaciis Teoriebi • • biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva biurakratiebSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi organizaciebis fizikuri garemo miSel fukos Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis kontroli biurokratia da demokratia • • • biurokratiis miRma? iaponuri modeli msxvili korporaciis gavlena • • • • transnacionaluri korporaciebis masStaburoba transacionaluri korporaciis tipebi axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizeba organizaciebi rogorc qselebi teqnologiisa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla daskvna Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi • • • • • organizacia biutrokratia formaluri urTierTobebi araformaluri urTierTobebi socialuri jgufebi odezRac yvelani sakuTar saxlebSi vibadebodiT. qalebi, Cveulebriv, sacxovrebel adgilas mSobiarobdnen, amitom adamianebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen maTi dabadebis uSualo adgils, adgilobriv Tems, sofels, ama Tu im saxls, an ama Tu im oTaxs. Cveulebriv, qali sakuTar saxlSi, ZiriTad an saerTo oTaxSi mSobiarobda. mSobiarobis pirveli niSnebis Semdeg, mis dasaxmareblad adgilobrivi qalebi ikribebodnen. mSobiares, Cveulebriv, Rumelis win aTavsebdnen, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT civi amindi iyo. saxlSi Cala SemohqondaT, romelsac iatakze fendnen, TiTqmis igive wesiT, rogorc amas boselSi, xbos dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, akeTebdnen. mSobiare mandilosans araferi gaaCnda Temis mier SeTavazebuli resursis garda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sofelSi mcxovreb qals azrad ar mouvidoda daxmarebisTvis Temis farglebs gareT miemarTa. meTvramete saukuneSi da mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi saeklesio pirebisa da administratorebis mier warmoebul, axalSobilTa bavSvebis aRmnusxvel CanawerebSi mudmivad vkiTxulobT, ,,Tu rogor exmarebodnen qalebi erTmaneTs” da ,,rogor xdeboda urTierTdaxmareba”. am procesSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura bebia qali iyo, romelsac mSobiare qalis daxmarebis saqmeSi garkveuli gamocdileba gaaCnda. Tavidan bebia qals “karg dedas” eZaxdnen: es iyo pirovneba, romelsac fexmZimobis mniSvnelovan periodSi da mSobiarobis procesSi axalgazrda qalis tkivilis moSuSeba da misi problemebis mogvareba SeeZlo. 1920 wels safrangeTSi Sedgenili dokumenti bebia qalis savaldebulo Tvisebebs asaxavs. is “Zlieri, gabeduli, sxarti da moqnili unda yofiliyo, ar unda hqonoda fizikuri nakli, magram unda hqonoda grZeli, kargad ganviTarebuli xelebi.” aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo sulieri mxarec. is unda yofiliyo “Rirseuli, mokrZalebuli, windaxeduli, kargi qceviTa da CvevebiT” (Gelis 1991). 1950-ian wlebamde britaneTSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTar saxlSi iyo dabadebuli, am periodSi Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo bebia qalis funqciac. dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad, saavadmyofoebSi mSobiaroben, ramac sxva mniSvnelovani transformaciebi gamoiwvia. adamianebi emociurad naklebad arian dabadebis adgilTan dakavSirebulni. es arc aris gasakviri. adamiani amJamad did saavadmyofoSi ibadeba, romelTanac mas pirovnulad saerTo araferi aqvs. bebia qals, romelic qalebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi amSobiarebda, axla saerTod veRar SexvdebiT, an man SeiZleba qals zogjer fexmZimobis adreul fazaSi gauwios daxmareba. Tavad mSobiarobis process monitoringsa da kontrols saavadmyofoSi momuSave profesionalebi – eqimebi, eqTnebi da sxva samedicino personali uwevs. 2 organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba Tanamedrove saavadmyofo organizaciis kargi magaliTia. o r g a n i z a c i a aris adamianTa didi jgufi, romelTa wevrebs pirovnulad erTmaneTTan araferi akavSirebT da specifikuri miznebis miRweva aqvT dasaxuli; saavadmyofos SemTxvevaSi es miznebi avadmyofTa gankurneba da samedicino daxmarebis sxva formebiT uzrunvelyofaa. amJamad organizaciebi Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. garda imisa, rom samyaros maTi daxmarebiT vevlinebiT, isini Cven mier miRweul progressa da gardacvalebasac afiqsireben. jer kidev Cvens dabadebamde, Cveni dedebi da mamebi klasebSi erTiandebian, saavdmyofoebisa da sxva samedicino organizaciebis mier warmoebul, fexmZimobasTan dakavSirebul registracias gadian da a.S. dRevandel dRes dabadebuli TiToeuli bavSvi samTavrobo organizaciebis mier registrirdeba. es organizaciebi Cvens Sesaxeb dabadebidan gardacvalebamde informacias agroveben. dResdReobiT adamianTa umravlesoba, warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, saxlebSi ki ara, saavadmyofoebSi kvdeba. gardacvalebis yoveli SemTxveva xelisuflebis mier formalurad unda daregistrirdes. telefoniT sargeblobisas, wylis, televizoris, an manqanis moxmarebisas, mudmiv kontaqtSi imyofebiT organiziciebTan da, garkveuli xarisxiT, maTze xarT damokidebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom organizaciebi erTmaneTTan da TqvenTanac mudmiv interaqciaSi arian. magaliTad, rodesac onkans uSvebT, wylis moxmarebas wylis kompania uzrunvelyofs. magram wylis kompania, Tavis mxriv, sxva organizaciebzea damokidebuli, magaliTad, maTze, vinc rezervuarebis mSenebloblobasa da momsaxurebas axorcielebs; es organizaciebic aseve sxva organziciebzea damokidebuli... da es TiTqmis dausrulebeli procesia. onkans sakuTar saxlSi uSvebT, magram wyali, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Soridan moedineba. wylis kompaniam - an, ufro xSirad, wylis kompaniaTa mTelma jgufma Tqvens garda, erTdroulad, aTasobiT da milionobiT adamiani unda moamaragos. wylis kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli samuSao gacilebiT ufro mravlismomcvelia, radgan wyliT regularuli momarageba Cveni organizaciebze damokidebulebis mxolod erT-erT magaliTs warmoadgens. unda gvaxsovdes, rom, istoriulad, organizaciul ganviTarebamde adamianebi moklebulni iyvnen cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs, romlebic dRes Cveulebriv movlenad miiCneva. magaliTad, mecxramete saukunis britaneTSi cota saxli Tu iyo aRWurvili wyalgayvanilobiT; wyali, romelsac adamianebi moixmardnen, dabinZurebuli iyo da bevr daavadebasa da epidemias avrcelebda. dResac ki, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis did teritoriebze (magaliTad, aziasa da afrikaSi) wyalgayvaniloba ar arsebobs; adamianebi yoveldRiurad baqteriebis Semcveli, daavadebaTa gamavrcelebeli wyaros an Wis wyliT sargebloben. Tanamedrove qveynebSi wylis Semadgenloba mkacrad mowmdeba, rac ufro meti organizaciisa da janmrTelobis standartebis samsaxurebis ganviTarebas moiTxovs. 3 is udidesi gavlena, romelsac organizaciebi axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze, yovelTvis dadebiTad ver Sefasdeba. organizaciebis wyalobiT, xSirad bevri ram xelidan gvecleba, rasac Semdeg oficialuri pirebi da eqspertebi akontroleben, am adamianebze ki Cven Zalian mcire gavlena gvaqvs. magaliTad, mTavrobis mxridan bevri ram – gadasaxadebis gadaxda, kanonTa aRsruleba, saomrad wasvla an sasjelisadmi daqvemdebareba – gvevaleba. aqedan gamomdinare, organizaciebi socialuri Zalauflebis wyaroa da individi valdebulia maT diqtats daeqvemdebaros. am TavSi Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebasa da Cvens cxovrebaSi organizaciebis ganviTarebis wyalobiT gamovlenil Sedegebs ganvixilavT. pirvel rigSi, im ori mecnieris ideebs gavaanalizebT, romlebmac gansakuTrebiT Zlieri gavlena moaxdines sociologebis Sexedulebebze organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT. es maqs veberi da miSel fukoa. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu ra gziT funqcionirebs organizaciebi – biznes korporaciebi, saavadmyofoebi, skolebi, samTavrobo ofisebi, kolejebi da cixeebi – da SeviswavliT, Tu riT gansxvavdeba es tipebi erTmaneTisgan. gansakurebul yuradRebas msxvil biznes korporaciebs davuTmobT, romlebic sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba msoflio doneze. bolo qveTavebSi imaze vimsjelebT, ramdenad eqvemdebareba Tanamedrove qveynebSi moqmedi biznes korporaciebi da sxva organizaciebi cvlilebis mniSnelovan procesebs. organizaciis Teoriebi maqs veberma Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebis pirveli sistemuri interpretacia moaxdina. man organizaciebs adamianTa aqtivobebis Tu maT mier warmoebuli produqciis drosa da sivrceSi stabiluri koordinaciis gza uwoda. veberis azriT, organizaciaTa ganviTareba informaciis kontrolzea damokidebuli. man am procesSi weris mniSvnelobas gausva xazi; organizaciis funqcionirebisTvis acilebelia dawerili kanonebisa da iseTi saqaRaldeebis arseboba, romelSic “damaxsovrebuli informacia” Seinaxeba. veberis azriT, organizaciebi Zlieri ierarqiulobiT gamoirCeva, sadac Zalaufleba umaRles safexurzea koncentrirebuli. am TavSi veberis Tvalsazrisis sisworeze vimsjelebT. amas TiToeuli CvenTaganisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan veberma Tanamedrove organizaciebsa da demokratias Soris kavSiris garda, maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobac asaxa, rac, misi azriT, socialur cxovrebazec axdens gavlenas. biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva veberis TvalsazrisiT, msxvili organizaciebi biurokratiuli xasiaTisaa. termini “biuriokratia” 1745 wels monsior de gurnem daamkvidra. man sityva “biuros”, rac sawer magidasa da ofiss niSnavs, berZnuli zmnis “marTvis” mniSvneloba daurTo. aqedan gamomdinare, b i u r o k r a t i a Tanamdebobis pirTa mier marTvas niSnavs. termini biurokratia Tavidan mxolod saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirebTan mimarTebaSi ixmareboda, magram Semdeg misi mniSvneloba gafarTovda da is zogadad msxvil organizaciebs Seexo. 4 am cnebas Tavidanve uaryofiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. de gurne Tanamdebobis pirTa gavlenis zrdas “biuromaniis daavadebas” uwodebs. frangi mwerali onore de balzaki biurokratias “ pigmeebis gigantur Zalauflebad” moixseniebs. amgvari Sexeduleba dResac aris SemorCenili. biurokratias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, qaRaldebTan dakavSirebul usargeblo drois xarjvas ukavSireben. Tumca, zogierTi mwerali biurokratias gansxvavebuli – yuradRebiani midgomis, sizustisa da efeqturi administraciis - kuTxiT ganixilavs. maTi azriT, biurokratia adamianTa mier SemuSavebul yvelaze efeqtur organizaciul formas warmoadgens, radgan yovelgvar qmedebas mkacri proceduruli wesebi aregulirebs. veberis Tvalsazrisi biurokratiis Sesaxeb am or ukidures Sexedulebas Soris meryeobs. veberi acxadebs, rom tradiciul civilizaciebSi SezRuduli raodenobiT arsebobda biurokratuli organizaciebi. magaliTad, imperialistur CineTSi samTavrobo saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli pasuxismgebloba oficialur biurokratul samsaxurs hqonda dakisrebuli. magram biurokratia srulad mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi ganviTarda. veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gardauvalia biurokratiis gavrceleba; masStaburi socialuri sistemebis administraciul moTxovnebTan gamklaveba mxolod biurokratul xelisuflebas SeuZlia. amis miuxedavad, veberi biurokratiis mniSvnelovan warumateblobebsac aRiarebs, rac, rogorc amaSi Tavad davrwmundebiT, mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi. biurokratuli organizaciebis gafarToebis mizezebisa da bunebis Seswavlis mizniT, veberma biurokratiis idealuri tipi SeimuSava. (“idealuri”, am SemTxvevaSi, ara yvelaze sasurvels, aramed biurokratuli organizaciis wminda formas niSnavs. idealuri tipi realur SemTxvevaTa garkveul Tvisebebis aqcentirebiT miRebuli abstraqtuli aRweraa, romelic miznad isaxavs maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas.) veberi biurokratiis idealuri tipis ramdenime maxasiaTebels gvTavazobs (1978): • biurokratias • yvela organizaciul doneze Tanamdebobis pirTa qceva dawerili wesebiT imarTeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom biurokratuli gamokveTili saxelisuflebo ierarqia axasiaTebs. organizaciuli amocanebi “oficialuri movaleobebis” mixedviT aris ganawilebuli. biurokratia piramidas mogvagonebs, yvelaze maRali saxelisuflebo poziciebi ki mis wverzea moqceuli. brZanebebi, jaWvis msgavsad, zeda safexuridan qveda safexuramde vrceldeba, rac koordinirebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas uwyobs xels. yoveli zemdgomi ganyofileba zedamxedvelobas uwevs da akontrolebs ierarqiulad masze qvemdgom rgols. movaleobebi mxolod dadgenil ganrigs eqvemdebareba. gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebisTvis Sesaferisi wesebis misadageba da interpretaciaSi moqnilobis aucilebloba maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs ufro moeTxoveba. 5 • • Tanamdebobis pirebi sruli datvirTviT muSaoben da regularul xelfass iReben. ierarqiaSi arsebuli yoveli samuSao garkveuli fiqsirebuli xelfasiT anazRaurdeba. organizaciaSi individebisgan karieris ganviTarebas elian. dawinaureba SromisunarianobiT, asakobrivi upiratesobiT an orive faqtoriT erToblivad miiRweva. Tanamdebobis pirTa organizaciis Sida movaleobebi maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavdeba. Tanamdebobis pirTa piradi cxovreba samuSao adgilze maT mier ganxorcielebul aqtivobas fizikurad emijneba. • organizaciis wevrebi ar floben organizaciaTa im materialur resursebs, romlebsac muSaobis dros iyeneben. veberis azriT, biurokratiis ganviTareba SeuZlebels xdis muSakebis mier warmoebis saSualebaTa kontrols. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi fermerebi da xelosnebi, Cveulebriv, warmoebis process akontrolebdnen da flobdnen maT mier gamoyenebul iaraRebs. biurokratiis SemTxvevaSi, Tanamdebobis pirebi arc im ofisebs floben, romlebSic muSaoben, maT arc saofise aparatura ekuTvniT da arc is saweri magidebi, romlebsac muSaobis dros usxedan. vebers miaCnda, rom, rac ufro metad uaxlovdeba organizacia biurokratiis idealur tips, miT ufro efeqturad aRwevs dasaxul miznebs. is biurokratias xSirad rTuli konstruqciis manqanas adarebda. biurokratiaSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi biurokratiis veberiseuli analizi mniSvnelovan adgils aniWebs organizaciebSi arsebul f o r m a l u r u r T i e r T o b e b s. es adamianTa Soris organizaciis wesebiT dadgenili urTierTobebia (ix. magaliTebi, nax. 11.1). veberma organizaciebSi SesaZlebel araformalur da mcire jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTobebs naklebi yuradReba dauTmo. Tumca moqniloba zogjer mxolod biurokratiebSi arsebuli araformaluri qmedebiT miiRweva. Tavis klasikur naSromSi piter blaum saxelmwifo saagentos a r a f o r m a l u r i u r T i e r T o b e b i Seiswavla, rac saSemosavlo dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli proceduris SesaZlo darRvevis kvlevas isaxavda miznad (Blau 1963). agentebs, romlebsac uWirdaT Seqmnil problemebTan gamklaveba, dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, uSualo zedamxedvelisTvis unda miemarTaT; es procedura ar iTvaliswinebda konsultacias igive rangis kolegebTan. Tumca, realurad, Tanamdebobis pirTa umravlesoba zedamxedvelebs iSviaTad uTanxmdeboda, radgan miaCnda, rom es maTi kompetenciis naklebobaze mianiSnebda da maTi dawinaurebis Sansebs amcirebda. amitom erTi donis Tanamdebobebis kolegebi erTmaneTTan konsultacias aniWebdnen upiratesobas da ar emorCilebodnen oficialurad dadgenil wesebs. am faqtma, konkretuli rCeviT uzrunvelyofis garda, simartoveSi muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli SfoTis ganelebac gamoiwvia. s o c i a l u r i j g u f i s pirvel doneze, erTi donis Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebi ganviTarda. blau askvnis, rom muSakebma problemebs, savaraudod, Tavi gacilebiT ufro efeqturad gaarTves. jgufma araformaluri procedurebi ganaxorciela, riTac organizaciis 6 mier uzrunvelyofil formalur wesebTan SedarebiT, meti iniciativa da pasuxismgebloba gamoavlina. araformaluri qselebi SeiZleba organizaciis yvela doneze ganviTardes. umaRles safexurze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, formalur situaciebze ufro mniSvnelovani zogjer piradi kavSirebi da urTierTobebia. magaliTad, biznes korporaciebis politikas, savaraudod, direqtorTa sabWosa da aqcionerTa Sekrebebi gansazRvravs. realurad ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, korporacias sabWos ramdenime wevri marTavs, isini gadawyvetilebas araformalurad iReben, romelic Semdgom sabWom unda daadasturos. am saxis araformaluri qselebi sxvadasxva korporaciebs moicavs. sxvadasxva firmis saqmosani liderebi xSirad erTi da igive klubebisa da dasvenebis asociaciaTa wevrebi arian, amitom maT Soris konsultaciebi araformalur viTarebaSi mimdinareobs. imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad uwyobs, an piriqiT, uSlis xels araformaluri procedurebi organizaciis efeqtur muSaobas, martivi sakiTxi ar aris. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi sistemebi xels uwyobs araoficialur qmedebaTa momravlebas. amis mizezi, nawilobriv, is aris, rom am sistemebs moqniloba aklia da es danaklisi oficialuri wesebidan gadaxveviT Seivseba. erTferovani samuSaos araformaluri procedurebiT Sesruleba zogjer ufro damakmayofilebel samuSao garemos qmnis. maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa araformaluri kavSirebi SeiZleba mTeli organizaciisTvis efeqturi aRmoCndes. magram, meores mxriv, am Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba mTeli organizaciis interesebs sakuTari interesebi amjobinon. nax. 11.1 organizaciebis SigniT arsebuli formaluri urTierTobebi wyaro: Shaun Gregson and Frank Livesey, Organizations and Management Behaviour 1993 organizaciuli ierarqia/piramida adgilobrivi xelisufleba kerZo organizaciuli seqtori mrCevlebi saxaven miznebs da akontroleben xelisuflebis menejments ganageben sapecialistTa ganyofilebebs ganageben ganyofilebebSi arsebul seqciebs aqcionerebi umaRlesi menejmenti mTavari aRmasrulebe li da menejerTa jgufi ufrosi oficrebi seqciis ufrosi saSualo menejmenti da zedamxedve direqtorebi saxaven da menejeri miznebs da direqtori marTaven bizness marketingis, warmoebis da a.S ufrosi aRmsruleble bi seqciis ufrosi da TanaSemweebi marTaven specialist Ta funqciebs spqcialist Ta funqciebida n 7 lebi akontroleben zedamxedvele mcire samuSao bi, jgufebs xelmZRvanele bi zedamxedvele bi, xelmZRvanele bi asruleben samuSaos miTiTebis mixedviT klerkebi, mbeWdavebi, muSebi, xelosnebi, SemkeTeblebi, a.S, klerkebi, muSakebi mbeWdavebi, policielebi, gzis TanaSromlebi a.S. gamomdinare marTaven sakuTar seqciebs ganaTavseben da akontroleb en samuSao jgufebs asruleben samuSaos miTiTebis mixedviT A organizaciebis fizikuri garemo Tanamedrove organizaciebis umravlesoba specialurad Seqmnil fizikur garemoSi funqcionirebs. Senoba, romelSic garkveuli organizaciaa ganTavsebuli, saorganizacio aqtivobis Sesabamis specifikur Tvisebebs flobs, magram sxva organizaciebis Senobebis mniSvnelovan arqiteqturul maxasiaTeblebsac iziarebs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos arqiteqtura, garkveuli TvisebebiT, saqmiani firmis, an skolis arqiteqturisgan gansxvavdeba. saavadmyofos calkeuli palatebi, sakonsultacio da saoperacio oTaxebi da ofisebi esaWiroeba, rac am Senobis gansxvavebul struqturas moiTxovs, skola ki, saklaso oTaxebisgan, laboratoriebisa da sportuli darbazisgan Sedgeba. Tumca am organizaciebs Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli msgavseba: orive Senobas aqvs derefnebi gasasvleli kariT, dizainze muSaobisas standartuli dekoracia da aveji gamoiyeneba. Tu ar CavTvliT personalis gansxvavebul Cacmulobas, Senobebi, romlebSic Tanamedrove organizaciebiaA ganTavsebuli, Zlier hgavs erTmaneTs. maTi eqsterieri da interieri erTnairad gamoiyureba. aravis gaukvirdeba, Tu vinme SenobasTan Caivlis da ikiTxavs: “es skolaa?” sapasuxod ki gaigonebs: “ara, es saavadmyofoa.” Sida mniSvnelovan modifikaciaTa saWiroebis miuxedavad, skola SeiZleba iseT SenobaSi ganTavsdes, romelic erT dros savadmyofos ekava. miSel fukos kontroli Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis miSel fukom daamtkica, rom organizaciis arqiteqtura uSualo kavSirSia mis socialur struqturasa da saxelisuflebo sistemasTan (Foucault 1970, 1979). organizaciaTa fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla axali kuTxiT warmoaCens veberis mier gaanalizebul problemebs. ofisebi, romelTa Sesaxeb veberma abstraqtulad imsjela, organizaciebSi arsebuli arqiteqturuli garemo – derefnebiT gamoyofili oTaxebia. Senobebi, romlebSic didi firmebia ganTavsebuli, zogjer, fizikuradac ierarqiis mixedviT aris agebuli; saxelisuflo 8 ierarqiis Tanaxmad, maRali Tanamdebobis piris ofisi, qveda safexurTan SedarebiT, ufro maRla aris ganTavsebuli; frazas “maRali sarTuli” organizaciaSi zogjer yvelaze gavlenian pirebTan aigiveben. organizaciis geografia mis funqcionirebaze sxva saxiTac zemoqmedebs. amas gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, Tu sistema Zlier aris damokidebuli araformalur urTierTobebze. fizikuri siaxlove pirveladi jgufebis formirebas uwyobs xels, fizikuri distancia ki jgufebs mijnavs da ganyofilebebs Soris ,,Cven”/,,isini” ganwyobis formirebas uwyobs xels. zedamxedveloba organizaciebSi organizaciis SenobaSi oTaxebis, derefnebisa da Ria sivrcis ganlageba imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu rogor moqmedebs misi saxelisuflebo sistema. zogierT organizaciaSi adamianTa jgufi Ria sivrceSi koleqtiurad muSaobs. zogierTi saxis industriuli samuSaos, magaliTad, konveieruli warmoebis, erTferovani buneba, samuSao tempis SenarCunebis mizniT, regularul zedamxedvelobas moiTxovs. es mbeWdavTa rutinul samuSaosac exeba, romlebsac erT did oTaxSi aTavseben, raTa zemdgomma pirebma maTi aqtivobis gakontroleba SeZlon. fuko imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens da ramdenad gamoxatavs saxelisuflo maxasiaTeblebs Tanamedrove organizaciebis arqiteqturul garemoSi TvalsaCinoebis siWarbe an nakleboba. TvalsaCinoebis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove organizaciebSi TanamSromelTa aqtivoba kontrols, rasac fuko zedamxedvelobas uwodebs, advilad eqvemdebareba. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi yvela, SedarebiT maRali Tanamdebobis pirebic ki, zedamxedvelobis qveSaa; magram, rac ufro dabal poziciazea pirovneba, misi qceva miT ufro safuZvlian kontrols eqvemdebareba. zedamxedveloba ori formiT xorcieldeba. pirveli zemdgomi pirebis mier uSualod qvemdgom pirebze ganxorcielebuli zedamxedvelobaa. aviRoT saklaso oTaxis magaliTi. moswavleebi magidebs an merxebs usxedan, romlebic, Cveulebriv, mwkrivebad aris ganlagebuli, raTa TiToeuli moswavle maswavleblis xedvis areSi moeqces. bavSvebs an maswavleblis yuradRebiT mosmena, an damoukideblad muSaoba evalebaT. ramdenad xorcieldeba es praqtikulad, maswavleblis unarsa da bavSvebis sapasuxo qmedebazea damokidebuli. zedamxedvelobis meore, SedarebiT susti, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani forma arsebobs. aseT dros adamianTa cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi saqaRaldeebSi ikribeba, xorcieldeba Canawerebi da mimdinareobs maTi istoriis aRwera. veberma dainaxa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove organizaciebSi Canawerebis (dRes xSirad kompiuteruli Canawerebis) warmoeba, magram mas srulad ar hqonda Seswavlili, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi qcevis regulirebis mizniT gamoyeneba. dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoeba, Cveulebriv, maT srul samuSao biografias uzrunvelgvyofs. maTi saSualebiT personaluri detalebis registracia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis Sefaseba xdeba. es Canawerebi, dasaqmebulTa qcevis monitoringisTvis da, 9 dawinaurebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi rekomendaciisTvis gamoiyeneba. bevr saqmian firmaSi, organizaciis nebismier doneze dasaqmebul individebs, qveda doneebze dasaqmebul TanamSromelTa muSaobis Sesafaseblad, wliuri angariSis momzadeba evalebaT. individTa qcevis monitoringis mizniT, Canawerebs skolebsa da kolejebSic awarmoeben. organizacias efeqturad funqcionireba ar SeuZlia, Tu misi TanamSromlebi usistemod muSaoben. veberi aRniSnavs, rom saqmian firmebSi adamianebs samuSaod regularuli dro aqvT gamoyofili. mudmivad unda moxdes aqtivobaTa drosa da sivrceSi koordinacia, rasac fizikuri garemos xelSewyoba da zusti detaluri ganrigi sWirdeba. ganrigi aqtivobebs drosa da sivrceSi aregulirebs – fukos sityvebiT, ganrigi ”individebs organizaciaSi efeqturad anawilebs,” is organizaciuli disciplinis mdgomareobas asaxavs, radgan mraval adamianTa aqtivobas uyris Tavs. magaliTad, universiteti sakuTar saleqcio ganrigs mkacrad rom ar akontrolebdes, iq male umarTavi qaosi daisadgurebda. ganrigi droisa da sivrcis - rac SeiZleba meti adamianisa da aqtivobis - intensiuri gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. zedamxedvelobis qveS! cixe fukom didi yuradReba dauTmo organizaciebs, romlebSic individebi, cixis msgavsad, gare samyaros xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi arian mowyvetilni. amgvar organizaciebSi adamianTa inkarceracia xdeba – isini daSorebulni arian gare socialur garemos. zedamxedvelobis detaluri buneba yvelaze kargad cixesTan Sedarebis Sedegad Cans, radgan adamianTa qcevis kontroli maqsimalurad am dawesebulebaSi xdeba. fuko svams kiTxvas: “gasakviria Tu ara, rom qarxnebi, skolebi, yazarmebi, saavadmyofoebi cixes gvagonebs, cixeebi ki, piriqiT, zemoT CamoTvlil dawesebulebebs?” (1979). fukos Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Tanamedrove cixe panoptikonidan warmoiSva. es organizacia mecxramete saukuneSi filosofosisa da socialuri moazrovnis jeremi bentemis mier daigegma. bentemma “panoptikoni” mis mier Seqmnil idealur cixes uwoda da britanul xelisuflebas ramdenjerme am proeqtis Sesyidva SesTavaza. es wamowyeba srulad ver dafuZnda, magram misi ZiriTadi principebi mecxramete saukuneSi britaneTis, evropisa da aSS-s cixeebSi dainerga. panoptikoni mrgvali formis unda yofiliyo, gare kedelTan ganlagebuli saknebiT. centrSi sainspeqcio koSki iyo aRmarTuli. yovel sakans ori fanjara hqonda, erTi sainspeqcio koSkisken mimarTuli, meore ki - gareT gamavali. amgvari dizaini imas isaxavda miznad, rom yvela patimari meTvalyuris TvalTaxedvis areSi moqceuliyo. Tavad koSkis fanjrebi iseTi darabebiT iyo aRWurvili, rom cixis personals patimrebze mudmivi dakvirveba SeeZlo, Tavad patimrebi ki maT ver xedavdnen. biurokratia da demokratia fukom cixe panoptikons marTebulad Seadara. cixeTa umravlesoba dResac panoptikons hgavs. aseve swori iyo misi Tvalsazrisi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi zedamxedvelobis centraluri rolis 10 Sesaxeb. am sakiTxma dRes, informaciisa da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis mzardi gavlenis wyalobiT, ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. Cvens sazogadoebas zogjer meTvalyure sazogadoebas eZaxian (Lyon 1994) – sazogadoebas, romelSic Cveni cxovrebis Sesaxeb informacias yvela tipis organizacia agrovebs. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo organizaciebi Cvens Sesaxeb uamrav informacias flobs – dabadebis, skolebis da samsaxurebis monacemebiT dawyebuli, gadasaxadebis mosakrebad, marTvis mowmobis gasacemad da erovnuli dazRvevisTvis saWiro monacemebiT damTavrebuli. kompiuterebisa da eleqtronuli monacemebis damuSavebis sxva aRWurvilobis ganviTarebis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli gaxda Cveni cxovrebis yoveli sferos gakontroleba. warmoidgineT, rom 26-milionian qveyanaSi mTavroba 2 220 monacemTa bazas amuSavebs, romelic, saSualod, yovel moqalaqeze 20 fails Seicavs. mosaxleobis 10 procenti policiis centralur kompiuterSia dafiqsirebuli. Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, rom am qveyanaSi diqtatura batonobs. qveyana, romlis Sesaxeb axla gesaubreT, kanadaa (Lyon, 1994). veberi Zalian SeSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom organizaciisa da sainformacio kontrolis axali formebis ganviTarebam, SesaZloa, demokratiis Sesusteba gamoiwvios. mas yvelaze metad usaxuri biurokratebis gabatonebis perspeqtiva awuxebda. rogor iarsebebs demokratia boirokratiuli organizaciebis mzardi gavlenis pirobebSi? veberma daaskvna, rom biurokratia yovelTvis specializebuli da ierarqiuli formiT viTardeba. is, visac organizaciaSi dabali safexuri uWiravs, saqmes veRar akontrolebs da gavlena zemdgom pirebs gadaecemaT. veberis studentma robert mixelsma (1976) gamoigona fraza, romelic, mas Semdeg, Zalauflebis dakargvasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. msxvil organizaciebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac oligarqiis rkinis kanoni moqmedebs. organizaciebi dominireben, oligarqia mcirericxovani jgufis mier batonobas niSnavs. mixelsi Tvlis, rom Zalauflebis zeda fenebis xelSi moqceva anu igive “rkinis kanoni” mzardi biurokratuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawilia. zedamxedvelobis sazRvrebi veberis da fukos azriT, organizaciis marTvis yvelaze efeqturi gza zedamxedvelobis maqsimaluri zrda – Zalauflebis mkafio da Tanmimdevruli ganawilebaa. magram es mcdari Sexedulebaa; magaliTad, is ar amarTlebs saqmiani firmebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac daxurul garemoSi (rogorc es cixeebSi xdeba) adamianTa cxovrebaze sruli kontroli ar xorcieldeba. cixe organizaciis zogadi modeli ver iqneba. uSualo zedamxedvelobam SeiZleba iseT SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlos, rodesac adamianebi, patimrebis msgavsad, zemdgomi pirebis mimarT mtrulad arian ganwyobilni da garkveul adgilas sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg uxdebaT yofna. magram situacia gansxvavebulia iseT organizaciaSi, sadac menejerebi danarCen personalTan TanamSromloben da saerTo miznebs emsaxurebian. zedmeti uSualo zedamxedveloba TanamSromelTa gaucxoebas iwvevs, radgan isini Tvlian, rom maT ar eZlevaT maT mier Sesrulebul saqmianobaSi CarTulobis SesaZlebloba (Grint 1991; Saebl 1982). 11 es aris im didi sirTuleebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, romlis gadalaxva uxdebodaTE sabolood veberisa da fukos mier formulirebul principebze dafuZnebul organizaciebs, magaliTad, konveieruli wesiT momuSave did qarxnebsa da ucvlel saxelisuflo ierarqiebs. muSakebi amgvar garemoSi sakuTari saqmisadmi erTgulebas ar iCendnen; maTi sruli datvirTviT amuSaveba mudmiv zedamxedvelobas moiTxovda, magram am process Tan sdevda uaryofiTi ganwyoba da antagonizmi. fuko kidev erT maRali donis zedamxedvelobas asaxelebs, romelsac aseve rTulad eguebian adamianebi. es maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi informaciis mogrovebaa. sabWoTa komunistur sazogadoebaTa ngrevis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored amgvari zedamxedveloba gaxda. am sazogadoebebSi uSualod saidumlo policiis mier an misi davalebiT TvalTvali, Cveulebriv movlenad miiCneoda. zogjer saidumlo policia am mizniT saTvalTvalo obieqtis naTesavebsa da mezoblebsac ki iyenebda. xelisuflebas, opoziciis SesaZlebeli SemTxvevebis aRsakveTad, sakuTari moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia gaaCnda. amis Sedegad politikurad avtoritaruli sazogadoeba Camoyalibda, romelic, sabolood, ekonomikuradac araefeqturi aRmoCnda. mTeli sazogadoeba erT gigantur cixes mogagonebdaT, mTeli im ukmayofilobiT, konfliqtebiTa da opoziciiT, rasac cixe warmoSobs; amitom sabolood mosaxleoba am sistemisgan ganTavisuflda. biurokratiis miRma? veberis modeli, romelic fukos SexedulebebSic aisaxa, dasavlur sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebis procesSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amarTlebda. mTavrobas, saavadmyofos administracias, universitetebsa da saqmian organizaciebs biurokratia marTavda. piter blaum aRniSna, rom biurokratiul garemoSi yovelTvis xdeba araformaluri socialuri SerCeva, romelsac efeqturi Sedegi moaqvs. amis miuxedavad, samomavalod mosalodneli iyo movlenebis veberis prognozis mixedviT warmarTva biurokratizaciis mudmivi zrda. dasavleTSi biurokratia kvlav xSirad gvxvdeba, magram veberis ierarqiul xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli idea, romelic codnisa da gavlenis umaRles safexurze koncentracias gulisxmobs da amas organizaciis marTvis erTaderT gzad miiCnevs, sul ufro arqaul xasiaTs iZens. mravali organizacia cdilobs iyos naklebad ierarqiuli. am miznis misaRwevad, bevri dasavluri biznes korporacia e.w. “iaponuri modelis” mixedviT viTardeba. iaponuri modeli iaponiis ekonomikur warmatebas xSirad msxvili iaponuri korporaciebis gamorCeuli, umravles dasavlur biznes firmaTagan gansxvavebuli, struqturiT xsnian. iaponuri korporaciebi veberis biurokratiuli modelisgan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba: 12 • • • • • gadawyvetilebis miReba qveda safexuridan iwyeba. did iaponur korporaciebSi ar xdeba iseTi piramidis formireba, romelSic, veberis mier aRwerili suraTis Tanaxmad, yovel doneze dasaqmebuli adamiani mxolod zemdgom safexurs eqvemdebareba. piriqiT, menejmenti, maT Soris umaRlesi aRmasruleblebic ki, konsultaciis mizniT, regularulad xvdebian organizaciis qveda safexurebze dasaqmebul muSakebs. naklebi specializacia. iaponur organizaciebSi TanamSromlebs, dasavlur organizaciebSi igive Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul adamianebTan SedarebiT, naklebi specializacia moeTxovebaT. aviRoT uiliam uCis (1982) mier aRwerili sugaos magaliTi: sugaom universiteti daamTavra da axlaxans tokioSi micubenis bankSi daiwyo muSaoba. is firmaSi menejmentisTvis daiwyebs mzadebas da pirvel weliwads, zogadad, bankis sxvadasxva departamentis muSaobas Seiswavlis. Semdeg, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, adgilobriv filialSi molared imuSavebs da bolos komerciuli sabanko saqmis Sesaswavlad isev bankis Stabbinas daubrundeba. amis Semdeg mas sxva, sakredito filialSi gadaiyvanen. savaraudod, iqidan is isev Stab-binaSi personalis marTvis departamentSi dabrundeba. amasobaSi aTi weli gaivlis da sugao ganyofilebis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze dainiSneba. magram samuSao rotaciis procesi amiT ar sruldeba. mas bankis sxva filialSi gadaiyvanen, sadac amjerad, savaraudod, mcire biznesis dafinanseba Seexeba, Semdeg ki Stab-binaSi sxva saxis samuSaos daubrundeba. karieris dawyebidan daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, is yvela mniSvnelovan saqmianobas iqneba dauflebuli. amis sapirispirod, igive asakis adamiani, romelic amerikaSi sabanko menejmentSi iwyebs karieras, savaraudod, sabanko saqmis erT sferoSi daxelovndeba da cxovrebis bolomde am sferoSi ganagrZobs muSaobas. saimedo samuSao. iaponiis msxvili korporaciebi valdebulebas iReben cxovrebis bolomde izrunon maT mier daqiravebul TanamSromelTa dasaqmebaze; dasaqmebul adamians samuSao adgili mudam garantirebuli aqvs. anazRaureba da pasuxismgebloba dawinaurebisTvis brZoliTa da konkurenciiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed muSakis asakiTa da firmaSi misi dasaqmebis xangrZlivobiT. jgufze orientirebuli warmoeba. korporaciis yvela doneze adamianebi mcire korporaciul “gundSi” an samuSao jgufSi erTiandebian. Sesrulebuli samuSao jgufis da ara individualuri wevris miRwevebiT fasdeba. dasavluri sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, iaponuri korporaciebis “saorganizacio struqtura” – saxelisuflo sistemis ruka – individualur poziciebs ki ar asaxavs, aramed mxolod jgufebs. es Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan amgvari midgoma oligarqiis rkinis kanons ewinaaRmdegeba. samuSaosa da piradi cxovrebis gamijvna. biurokratiis veberiseul modelSi, organiziaciis SigniT adamianTa cxovrebas araferi aqvs saerTo maT aqtivobasTan organizaciis gareT. dasavlur korporaciaTa umravlesoba am principiT moqmedebs, iq 13 firmasa da TanamSromels mxolod ekonomikuri urTierToba akavSirebT. amis sapirispirod, iaponuri korporaciebi TanamSromlebs mraval problemas ugvareben, sapasuxod ki firmisadmi erTgulebis gamovlenas moiTxoven. yvela iaponeli TanamSromeli, dabali Tanamdebobebidan umaRlesi aRmasruleblebis CaTvliT, xSirad atarebs kompaniis uniformas. isini SeiZleba yovel dilas Seikrobon da erTad Seasrulon kompaniisadmi miZRvnili simRera, regularulad miiRon monawileoba uqmeebze korporaciis mier organizebul, gansatvirTad gamiznul aqtivobaSi (kompaniisadmi miZRvnili simRera axla ramdenime dasavlur korporacias, magaliTad, Apple da IBM–sac aqvs). TanamSromlebi, xelfasis garda, kompaniisgan damatebiT materialur daxmarebas iReben. magaliTad, eleqtronulma firmam Hitachi, romelic ronald dorma (1980) Seiswavla, yvela dauqorwinebeli TanamSromeli da daqorwinebul mamakac TanamSromelTa TiTqmis naxevari sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyo. kompania gascems sesxebs bavSvebis ganaTlebis da TanamSromelTa qorwinebisa da dakrZalvis xarjebis dasafarad. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, iaponelebis mier marTuli sawarmoebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturda, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi qveda safexuris CarTva, iaponiis garda, sxva qveynebSic amarTlebs. TanamSromlebi am saxis aqtivobaze pozitiurad reagireben (White and Trevor 1983). aqedan gamomdinare, unda vaRiaroT, rom iaponuri modeli biurokratiis veberiseuli koncefciisTvis samagaliTo unda iyos. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi organizaciebi, albaT, amitomac aris naklebad efeqturi, vidre es qaRaldze Cans, radgan isini dabal doneze dasaqmebul TanamSromlebs ar aZlevs avtonomiurobisa da saqmianobaSi CarTulobis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. iaponuri korporaciis magaliTidan gamomdinare, uCi (1979, 1982) acxadebs, rom veberis Tanaxmad, biurokratuli ierarqiis efeqturoba gamokveTili SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba. zedmetad biurokratul organizaciebs, ucvleli, mouqneli da Caketili struqturis gamo, funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT, “Sida warumatebloba” eliT. iaponur firmebSi arsebuli samuSao jgufebi erTaderTi magaliTi ar aris, klanuri tipis sistemebi, araformalurad, xSirad, dasavlur sazogadoebebSic viTardeba. msxvili korporaciis gavlena zogierTma iaponurma korporaciam, bevri firmis, magaliTad toiotas, sonisa da micubiSis CaTvliT, globalur bazarze did warmatebas miaRwia da saxeli gaiTqva dasavleTSi. axla ufro detalurad ganvixiloT globaluri korporaciebi da masStaburi biznes kompaniebi. maT, Cveulebriv, transanacionalur (an multinacionalur) kompaniebs uwodeben. ufro misaRebia termini “transnacionaluri”, radgan es kompania randenime an bevri qveynis SigniT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis sazRvrebs scdeba. transacionaluri korporacia iseTi kompaniaa, romelsac or an met qveyanaSi aqvs sakuTari sawarmoebi da ofisebi. 14 udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebi giganturi kompaniebia, maT mier gayiduli produqciis Rirebuleba mravali qveynis erovnuli produqtis Rirebulebas aWarbebs (ix. naxati 11.2). msoflios dRevandel umsxviles ekonomikur gaerTianebaTa naxevari qveynebs ekuTvnis; meore naxevari ki transacionaluri korporaciebia! am kompaniebis mier Sesrulebuli operaciebi saocrad mravlismomcvelia. globaluri ekonomikis mTeli industriuli da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis erT mexuTeds 600 umsxvilesi transacionaluri kompania axorcielebs. am tipis TiTqmis samocdaaTi giganturi kompania pasuxs agebs mTeli globaluri gayidvebis naxevarze (Dicken 1992). 200 umsxvilesi kompaniis wliuri Semosavali Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-ian wlebamde 10-jer gaizarda. momdevno 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi transacionaluri kompaniebis aqtivobam sul ufro globaluri xasiaTi miiRo; 1950 wels msoflios 315 umsxvilesi kompaniidan sawarmoebs ocze met qveyanaSi mxolod sami kompania flobda, dRes ki aseTi ormocdaaTi kompania arsebobs. es mainc umciresobaa; transacionaluri kompaniebis umravlesobas 2-dan 5 qveyanaSi hyavs Svilobili kompaniebi. msoflios yvelaze gavleniani 200 transacionaluri korporaciidan oTxmoci SeerTebul StatebSia dafuZnebuli da mTeli gayidvebis naxevarze mets axorcielebs. amerikuli kompaniebis wili 1960 wlis Semdeg sagrZnoblad daeca, samagierod, am periodSi Zlier gaizarda iaponuri kompaniebis ricxvi. 1960 wels 200 yvelaze gavlenian kompanias Soris sul xuTi iaponuri korporacia iyo, 1991 wels ki maTma raodenobam 28-s miaRwia. (sruli saerTaSoriso suraTi ix. nax. 11.3) gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, transacionalur kompaniaTa investiciebis umravlesoba industriul samyaroSi xorcieldeba; uSualo ucxour investiciaTa sami meoTxedi ki industrul qveynebs Soris. amis miuxedavad, transacionaluri korporaciebi eqstensiur kavSirSi arian mesame samyaros qveynebTan, romelTa Soris brazilia, meqsika da indoeTi ucxouri investirebisA yvelaze maRali doniT gamoirCeva. 1970 wlis Semdeg axal industriul aziur qveyenebSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa da malaiziaSi, korporaciuli investirebis yvelaze swrafi zrda aRiniSna. nax. 11.2 zofierTi umsxvilesi multinacionaluri kompaniis sruli gayidvebi SerCeuli qveynebis erovnuli produqtis zrdasTan SedarebiT, 1992 wyaro: Comission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford University Press 1995). sruli gayidvebi, 1992 \ General Motors Exxon Ford Royal Dutch Shell IBM Matsushita 15 GNP, 1992 saudis arabeTi indonezia norvegia pakistani nigeria egvipte $US miliardebSi nax. 11.3 yvelaze mniSvnelovan multinacionalur kompaniaTa qoneba maTi warmomavlobis qveynebSi, 1992 wyaro: UNCTAD, The Economist- ze dayrdnobiT, 24 ivnisi, 1995 $US miliardebSi SeerTebuli Statebi iaponia germania safrangeTi britaneTi britaneTi-holandia italia Sveicaria SvedeTi holandia kanada sxva qveynebi belgia ucxouri qoneba saSinao qoneba transnacionaluri korporaciebis masStaburoba ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebis amgvari masStaburoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda transportisa da komunikaciebis ganviTarebis gareSe. TviTmfrinavis saSualebiT adamianebi uaRresi siswrafiT gadaadgildebian, naxevari saukunis win ki es SeuZlebeli iyo. okeanis gavliT uzarmazari xomaldebis (superfreighters) daxmarebiT konteinerebis erTi satransporto saSualebidan pirdapir meore saxis transportze gadatanam Zlier gaamartiva masiuri masalebis gadazidva. telesakomunikacio teqnologiebi iZleva samyaros erTi nawilis meoresTan metnaklebad swrafi komunikaciis saSualebas. satelitebs 1965 wlis Semdeg iyeneben komerciuli telekomunikaciis mizniT, imdroindel pirvel satelits erTdroulad 240 satelefono saubris gadacema SeeZlo. dRevandel satelits erTdroulad 12 000 saubris gadacema SeuZlia! umsxviles transnacionalur kompaniebs amJamad sakuTar 16 satelitze dafuZnebuli sakomunikacio sistemebi gaaCniaT. magaliTad, amgvar masiur qsels flobs micubiSis korporacia, romlis saSualebiT tokios Stab-binaSi da Stab-binidan yovel dRe xuTi milioni sityva gadaicema. transnacionaluri korporaciis tipebi transnacionalurma korporaciebma gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres. maT Zalze didi wvlili miuZRviT Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebaSi – msoflio masStabiT samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi. calkeuli qveynis, iseve rogorc msoflio ekonomika, sul ufro koncentrirebul xasiaTs iZens, radgan mas SezRuduli raodenobis Zalze didi kompaniebi marTavs. SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva ramdenime wamyvani industriuli qveynis yvelaze gavlenian firmebs mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso miRwevebi gaaCniaT. msoflio warmoebis (magaliTad, agrobiznesis) bevri seqtori oligopolias warmoadgens – warmoebas sami an oTxi korporacia akontrolebs da bazarsac ganagebs. gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis warmoebaSi saerTaSoriso oligopolia manqanebis warmoebasTan, mikroprocesorebTan, eleqtronul industriasa da msoflio bazris sxva saqonelTan mimarTebaSi ganviTarda. h.v. perlmateri sami tipis transnacionalur korporacias gamoyofs (ix. nax. 11.4). pirveli iseTi eTnocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebisgan Sedgeba, romelTa politikas maTi warmomavlobis qveynis Stab-bina SeimuSavebs da, SeZlebisdagvarad, praqtikulad axorcielebs kidec. mSobeli kompaniis mflobelobaSi myofi, mTel msoflioSi gafantuli kompaniebi da sawarmoebi am kompaniis kulturas avrceleben – mTel samyaroSi mis mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikis standartizeba policentrul transnacionalur mimdianareobs. meore kategoria kompaniebs aerTianebs, sadac ucxour Svilobil kompaniebs yoveli qveynis adgilobrivi firma ganagebs. kompaniis warmomavlobis qveyanaSi an qveynebSi arsebuli Stab-binebi mravlismomcvel principebs SeimuSaveben, raTa adgilobrivma kompaniebma sakuTari saqmeebi maTi daxmarebiT warmarTon. da bolos, arsebobs menejmentis saerTaSoriso struqturiT gamorCeuli geocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi. menejeruli sistemebi globalurad aris integrirebuli, maRali Tanamdebobis menejerebi Zalze mobilurebi arian da, saWiroebis mixedviT, erTi qveynidan meore qveyanaSi gadaadgildebian (Perlmutter 1972). perlmateris azriT, transnacionalur kompaniebs Soris yvelaze eTnocentruli iaponuri kompaniebia. maT mier msoflio masStabiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebi mSobeli korporaciis mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareba, raSic zogjer iaponiis mTavrobac aqtiurad ereva. iaponiis saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da industriis saministro (MITI), dasavleTis xelisuflebebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad akontrolebs iaponuri warmoSobis ucxour sawarmoebs. MITI–m gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ucxoeTSi momravlebuli iaponuri firmebis koordinaciis ganviTarebis mravali gegma SeimuSava. iaponur transnacionalur kompaniaTa erT-erTi gamorCeuli tipi gigantur savaWro kompaniebs anu sogo slosha-s aerTianebs. es uzarmazari konglomeratebia, romelTa 17 ZiriTad amocanas vaWrobis dafinanseba da mxardaWera warmoadgens. isini sxva kompaniebs finansuri, saorganizacio da sainformacio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofen. iaponiis eqsportisa da importis daaxloebiT naxevari aTi umsxvilesi sogo slosha-s saSualebiT xorcieldeba. zogierT kompanias, magaliTad, micubiSis, sakuTari mniSvnelovani sawarmoo interesebi gaaCnia. axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizacia warmatebis miuxedavad, globalur doneze moqmed kompaniebSi organizaciuli cvlileba mimdinareobs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos arsebul msxvil korporaciasa da gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi arsebul analogiur korporacias Soris didi gansxvavebaa. robert reiCi aSS-s korporaciebze mogviTxrobs: amerikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan korporaciaSi aRar xdeba didi raodenobis produqciis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis dagegmva da danergva; is aRar axdens mravalricxovani qarxnebis, manqanebis, laboratoriebis, gamogonebebisa da sxva saxis materialuri qonebis investirebas; mas aRar sWirdeba uamravi mwarmoebeli muSakisa da saSualo donis menejerTa daqiraveba... faqtobrivad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani korporacia amerikulic aRar aris. is sul ufro emsgavseba fasads, romlis miRma decentralizebuli jgufebi da qvejgufebi mTel msoflioSi mimofantul aseTive usistemo SromiT erTeulebTan aformeben kontraqtebs. (Reich 1992) globaluri kompania, romelmac xanmokle periodSi radikalurad decentralizebuli saxe miiRo, msoflioSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi sainJinro firma Asea Brown Boveri-a. misi wliuri Semosavali 30 miliard amerikul dolars aRemateba. is 1200 sxvadasxva, erTmaneTTan arc Tu mWidrod dakavSirebul, organizaciad daiSala. misi Tavmjdomare persi barveniki acxadebs: “Cven mudmivad vizrdebiT, magram, imavdroulad, mudmiv Semcirebasac ganvicdiT.” kompaniam am procesSi mravali TanamSromeli daiTxova. ciurixSi kompaniis Stab-binis personali, romelic 4 000 adamianisgan Sedgeboda, 200–ze davida (Naisbitt 1995). erT-erTma damkvirvebelma Semdegi saxis komentari gaakeTa: “momaval wels yvela did kompanias gauWirdeba mcire, ufro swrafad ganviTarebad da inovaciur kompaniebTan konkurencia da maT mier ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba, zogadad, naklebad damakmayofilebeli iqneba. mosazreba, TiTqos did globalur ekonomikaSi msoflio bizness multinacionaluri kompaniebi ganageben, ar gamarTlda. rac ufro gaizrdeba da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba msoflio ekonomika, miT ufro didi iqneba mcire da saSualo kompaniebis gavlena (iqve, gv. 47). organizaciebi rogorc qselebi stenli devisi acxadebs, rom saqmiani firmebi da sxva organizaciebi naklebad ierarqiuli xasiaTis qselebad yalibdeba, sadac gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dabali Tanamdebobis TanamSromlebic monawileoben. movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba globalizaciam da am procesiT ganpirobebulma axalma intensiurma maxasiaTeblebma da cvlilebebma gamoiwvia. veberiseuli biurokratia aRar ergeba swraf da 18 mravlismomcvel cvlilebas da SeuZlebeli xdeba biurokratiisTvis misaRebi dadgenili wesebiT moqmedeba. rogorc devisi acxadebs: organizaciebi SeiZleba Semcirdes, aliansis safuZvelze gaizardos, an ucvleli darCes, magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, maT mouwevT Sida sivrcis reorganizeba. rodesac erT mTlians anawevreb, warmoqmnil nawilebs maT Soris arsebuli sivrce aerTianebs. axali ekonomikisTvis da misi axali organizaciebisTvis gadamwyveti faqtori swored es uxilavi sivrcea. magaliTad, struqturis industriul imijs Senobis arqiteqtura ganapirobebs. axal ekonomikaSi struqturis imijs masala ki ar gansazRvravs, aramedE energiasa da informaciaze agebul atomTa arqitetura. (Davis 1988) sivrceSi aqtivobaTa reorganizebas drois maqsimaluri gamoyeneba sWirdeba. globalur bazarze firmebi momxmarebelTa zewolas ganicdian, radgan isini maT rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moemsaxuron. momxmarebeli ki, savaraudod, samyaros meore nawilSi imyofeba. toiotas erT-erTi TanamSromlis, taiCi onos, mier danergili warmoebis sistema, romelsac man “drouli” uwoda, iaponiis garda, sxva qveynebis biznes organizaciebmac aitaces. am wamowyebas drouli imitom ewoda, rom nawilebi qarxanas zustad saWiroebis dros, moxmarebis momentSi miewodeboda. amitom aRar iyo saWiro maTi sawarmoSi xangrZlivad Senaxva. “drouli” warmoeba warmoebis procesis yvela elementis – maT Soris maRali menejmentis - integrirebas moiTxovs, rac kompanias zedmeti operaciebisa da drois danakargisgan icavs (J. Blackburn 1990). am praqtikis aTvisebas, bolo dros, garkveulwilad, evropuli da amerikuli korporaciebic Seecadnen. maikl hameri da jeims Cempi (1993) – IBM-is Svilobil, IBM-is sakredito korporaciaze gvesaubrebian. bolo dromde klients kreditis moTxovnis Semdeg ramdenime safexuris gavla uxdeboda da TiToeuli safexuri calkeuli specialistis momsaxurebas gulisxmobda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kompania, veberiseuli gagebiT, biurokratuli iyo. kreditis moTxovniT aplikaciis dakmayofilebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba erTidan or kviramde periods moiTxovda. zogierTi adamiani, amis gamo, kreditis aRebis mizniT sxva dawesebulebas akiTxavda. imis dasadgenad, SeiZleboda Tu ara am procesis gamartiveba da daCqareba, menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufma Tavad Seitana ganacxadi dafinansebis moTxovniT da am procesisTvis savaldebulo yvela safexuri gaiara; isini yovel ofisSi, sawer magidaze, saqaRaldeSi Senaxvis nacvlad, maTi moTxovnis dauyovnebliv ganxilvas iTxovdnen. mrCevlebma daadgines, rom samuSaos Sesrulebas, realurad, sul oTxmocdaaTi wuTi dasWirda. sabuTebis erTi departamentidan meore departamentSi gadacemis procesi ki Svid dRes gagrZelda. efeqturobis miRweva, individualuri nabijebis nacvlad, mTeli procesis Secvlas moiTxovda. speicialistebi TiToeul ofisSi iseTi muSakebiT Caanacvles, romlebsac Tavidan bolomde mTeli samuSaos Sesruleba SeeZloT. Sedegma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. Svidi dRis samuSao process oTxi saaTi dasWirda – Zveli stilis gawelili samuSaosgan gansxvavebiT, am saqmianobas naklebi TanamSromeli asrulebda. 19 teqnologiaTa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli organizaciebi sivrcisa da drois wyobis Secvlas moiTxovs. dRevandeli sainformacio teqnologiebi da eleqtronuli komunikaciebi droisa da sivrcis iseTi kontrolis saSualebas iZleva, rac SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac uaxloes warsulSi. kompiuterSi dagrovili kompleqsuri informaciis mTel msoflioSi wamierma gavrcelebam, SesaZloa, Cveni cxovrebis bevr aspeqtze imoqmedos. am teqnologiebis Sedegad ganviTarebulma globalurma procesebma mravali organizaciis struqturuli cvlileba gamoiwvia. es gansakuTrebiT iseT biznes korporaciebs Seexo, romlebmac erTmaneTs globalur bazarze unda gauwion konkurencia. organizaciebi sadRac unda ganTavsdes. fukos ase miaCnda da es marTlac Rirebuli Tvalsazrisia. am WeSmaritebas nebismier did qalaqSi saqmiani dawesebulebebisTvis gankuTvnili teritoria da caTambjenebi adasturebs. Senobebs, romlebSic msxvili korporaciebis aRmasruleblebi da samuSao personali, bankebi da ofisebia ganTavsebuli, mcire teritoria uWiravT. amave dros, dRevandeli didi organizaciebi, SesaZloa, “fizikurad arsad” ar iyos ganTavsebuli. isini an sxvadasxva adgilas gafantuli individebisa da jgufebisgan Sedgeba, an erTsa da imave fizikur sivrceSi, saofise SenobaSi koncentrirebuli adamianebisgan. amis mizezi, nawilobriv, mTel msoflioSi komunikaciis gamartivebaa; es sainformacio kavSiri momavalSi kidev ufro advili gaxdeba. amas isic ganapirobebs, rom Cvens socialur arsebobas informaciis mniSvnelobis zrda ufro gansazRvravs, vidre fizikuri produqcia. fizikuri adgili da saqoneli erTsa da imave sivrces ver daikavebs, fizikuri adgilisa da informaciis, telekomunikaciis SemTxvevaSi ki es SesaZlebelia. warsuli gamocdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, organizaciis erT garkveul adgilas ganTavseba aRar aris savaldebulo. sad aris saaqcio birJa? Tqveni azriT, is londonSi mdebareobs, birJis maklerebi SenobaSi aqeT-iqiT darbian da erTmaneTs qaRaldis furclebs ucvlian? saaqcio birJa aRar aris fizikuri adgili, sadac Zvelad aqciebisa da wilebis SeZena iyo SesaZlebeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is yvelgan aris da arsad ar aris. saaqcio birJa didi raodenobiT dilerebs aerTianebs, romelTa umravlesoba sxvadasxva ofissa da garemoSi kompiuterebTan muSaobs. maT mTel msoflioSi, niu iorkSi, parizSi, tokiosa da frankfurtSi, mudmivi kontaqti aqvT Tavis kolegebTan. msxvil korporaciebs TandaTan “sawarmoTa qseli” - mcire firmebis damakavSirebeli centraluri organizacia - enacvleba. magaliTad, erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli korporacia IBM, 1980-1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi strategiuli dagegmarebis gaziarebisa da warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis ukeT daZlevis mizniT, amerikuli warmoSobis ramdenime kompaniasa da oTxmocze met ucxouri warmoSobis firmasTan gaerTianda. zogierTi korporacia kvlav Zlier biurokratiuli rCeba da ar scdeba erTi qveynis farglebs. magram korporaciaTa umravlesobasA fizikuri ganTavsebis adgili ar gaaCnia. Zvelad, transnacionaluri korporacia 20 ZiriTadad Stab-binidan imarTeboda. mis ucxour warmoebasa da Svilobil kompaniebze kontrolic iqidan xorcieldeboda. amJamad, droisa da sivrcis transformaciis wyalobiT, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT, telekomunikaciisa da kompiuteris saSualebiT, sxva jgufebTan muSaoba msoflios nebismier regionSi myof jgufebs SeuZlia. qveynebi kvlav cdiloben informaciis gadinebis, resursebisa da fulis gakontrolebas. magram Tanamedrove sakomunikacio teqnologebi am process sul ufro arTulebs da zogjer sruliad SeuZlebels xdis. informacia da finansebi mTel msoflioSi telekomunikaciis saSualebiT sinaTlis siCqariT vrceldeba. daskvna gaamarTleben Tu ara momavalSi, veberis pesimisturi xedvisgan gansxvavebuli qselebi, romlebic gadawyvetilebis miRebisas dabali Tanamdebobis personalis monawileobas iTvaliswineben? am Tvalsazriss bevri adamiani iziarebs, magram mas sifrTxiliTY unda movekidoT. biurokratuli sistemebi, veberiseuli xedvisgan gansxvavebiT, Sinaganad ufro cvalebadia da sul ufro iRebs sxva, naklebad ierarqiuli formis organizaciaTa gamowvevas. es sistemebi, dinozavrebis msgavsad, bolomde albaT arasodes aRmoifxvreba. uaxloes momavalSi organizaciebSi civi da ierarqiuli struqturis damkvidrebis, meore mxriv ki, sapirispiro xasiaTis sistemis ganviTarebis, tendenciebs Soris mudmivi Widili iqneba. Sejameba 1. organizaciebs dRes Cvens cxovrebaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs. organizacia adaminTa didi kavSiria, romelic specifikuri miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba. organizaciis magaliTebia: biznes korporaciebi, saxelmwifo saagentoebi, skolebi, universitetebi, saavadmyofoebi da cixeebi. 2. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia, garkveuli xarisxiT, biurokratiulia. biurokratia gamokveTil saxelisuflebo ierarqias gulisxmobs; Tanamdebobis pirTa (romlebic sruli datvirTviT muSaoben da xelfass iReben) qmedeba dawerili kanonebiT imarTeba. organizaciis SigniT Tanamdebobis pirTa winaSe dasaxulE amocanebs araferi aqvT saerTo maT cxovrebasTan organizaciis kedlebs gareT. organizaciis wevrebi ar floben im materialur resursebs, romlebTanac maT muSaoba uxdebaT. maqs veberis gancxadebiT, Tanamedrove biurokratia didi raodenobis adamianTa organizebis maRalefeqturi saSualebaa, sadac gadawyvetilebebi saerTo kriteriumebis safuZvelze miiReba. 3. araformaluri qselebi organizaciis SigniT da organizaciebs Soris yvela doneze viTardeba. am araformaluri kavSirebis Seswavla iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc veberis mier ganxiluli formaluri maxasiaTeblebis. 4. veberisa da mixelsis Sromebi biurokratiasa da demokratias Soris arsebul daZabulobasac asaxavs. gadawyvetilebis miRebis grZelvadiani centralizebuli procesi, erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove 21 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba. meore mxriv, gasuli ori saukunis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani demokratiis ganviTarebis mzardi mcdelobaa. tendenciaTa konfliqti grZeldeba, magram arc erTi ar dominirebs. organizaciaTa fizikuri garemo Zlier gavlenas axdens maT socialur Tvisebebze. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi, xelisuflebisadmi morCilebis misaRwevad, zedamxedvelobas mimarTaven. zedamxedveloba adamianTa aqtivobaze dakvirvebas, maT Sesaxeb saqmeebis warmoebasa da Canawerebis Segrovebas gulisxmobs. iaponuri korporaciebi, organizaciis struqturis mixedviT, dasavlur kompaniaTa umravlesobisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. aRmasrulebeli menejerebi konsultacias dabali Tanamdebobis personalTan gadian; anazRaureba da pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba asaks ukavSirdeba; Sesrulebuli saqmianobis mixedviT, ara individebi, aramed jgufebi ufro fasdeba. iaponiis ekonomikam rom dasavluri qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas miaRwia, swored am faqtiT aixsneba. ukanasknel wlebSi zogierTma dasavlurma firmam iaponuri menejeruli sistemis aspeqtebi aiTvisa. Tanamedrove kapitalistur ekonomikaSi msxvili biznes korporaciebi dominirebs. rodesac erT korporacias industriaSi wamyvani pozicia uWiravs, amas monopolia ewodeba. ufro xSiria oligopolia, rodesac industriaSi msxvil korporaciaTa mcire jgufi dominirebs. ekonomikis globalizaciasTan erTad, msxvil korporaciaTa umravlesoba transnacionalur an multinacionalur kompaniebad iqca. isini sxvadasxva, or an ufro met, ucxo qveyanaSi moRvaweoben. msxvil biznes korporaciebSi ukanasknel wlebSi restruqturizaciis procesi daiwyo. Semcirebis – Sida reorganizaciis gamo pesonalis daTxovnis – Sedegad isini naklebad masStaburi da naklebad biurokratiuli xdeba. bevri maTgani, veberiseuli biurokratiuli ierarqiisgan gansxvavebul, jgufTa Tavisufal qselebad iqca. TiTqmis eWvgareSea, rom biurokratiuli organizaciebi ar gaqreba, aramed iarsebebs sxva tipis organizaciebsa da jgufebTan erTad. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia codnis spezializaciasa da informaciis gavrcelebazea damokidebuli. profesionalizmisa da mzardi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis wyalobiT, SesaZloa, organizaciebi ufro moqnili gaxdes. Tumca am cvlilebaTa gavlena, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gazviadebulia. damatebiTi literatura John Allen et al., Political and Economic Forms of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press and Open University, 1992). Seicavs ramdenime sasargeblo statias dRevandeli politikuri da ekonomikuri organizaciebis cvalebadi bunebis Sesaxeb. Richard B rown, Understanding Industrial Organizations (London: Routledge, 1992). gamokiTxva industriul organizaciaTa gagebasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva Teoriul midgomaTa Sesaxeb. 22 Jeff H earn et al.(eds), The Sexuality of Organisation (London: Sage 1989). acxadebs, rom organizaciaTa orTodoqsuli sociologia axdens gendersa da seqsualurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ignorirebas. Christel L ane, Management and Labour in Europe (London: Elgar, 1989). diskusia safrangeTSi, germaniasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebul biznes organizaciaTa Sesaxeb. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). sainformacio teqnologiis rolis, rogorc socialuri kontrolis saSualebis, damaintrigebeli analizi. John McD ermott, Corporate Society (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1991). diskusia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi korporaciis rolis Sesaxeb. Michel R eed, The Sociology of Organizations: Themes, Perspectives and Prospects (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992). sasargeblo zogadi teqsti Tanamedrove organizaciaTa sociologiis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelobani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • Tanamdebobis pirebi idealuri tipi zedamxedveloba inkarceracia meTvalyure sazogadoeba oligarqia globaluri korporaciebi transnacionaluri kompaniebi Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba eTnocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi policentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi geocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi 23 Tavi 12 samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba ZiriTadi cnebebi anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba • • • • • • teilorizmi da fordizmi teilorizmisa da fordizmis SezRudvebi dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali ndobis sistemebi avtomatizacia jgufuri warmoeba moqnili warmoeba tendenciebi dasaqmebis sistemaSi kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti • • • • kavSirebis ganviTareba ratom arsebobs kavSirebi? uaxlesi ganviTarebebi gaficvebi qalebi da samuSao • qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva • araTanabari samuSao pirobebi • saojaxo saqme umuSevroba • • • umuSevrobis analizi ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli? umuSevroba evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi dasaqmebis momavali • • kvalificirebuli muSaki samuSaos mniSvnelobis kleba? Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi • • • • samuSao ekonomika Sromis ganawileba umuSevroba umravlesoba Cvenganis cxovrebaSi, samuSaos gacilebiT didi adgili uWiravs, vidre nebismier sxva erTjerad aqtivobas. xSirad, samuSao Cvens mier erTferovan mZime saqmianobasTan – iseT amocanaTa erTobliobasTan asocirdeba, romelTaA minimumamde dayvanas an, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavis aridebasac ki vcdilobT. SesaZloa, amgvari azri TavSi maSinac ki mogividaT, rodesac am Tavis kiTxvas SeudeqiT. aqvs Tu ara adamianTa umravlesobas samuSaos mimarT amgvari damokidebuleba, da Tuki asea, ra aris amis mizezi? amis garkvevas momdevno gverdebze SevecdebiT. samuSao mxolod iZulebiTi erTferovani saqmianoba ar aris. ase rom iyos, samuSaodan daTxovnili adamianebi dabneul da dezorientirebul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndebodnen. rogori iqneboda Tqveni ganwyoba, muSaobis dawyebis aranairi Sansi rom ar gqondeT? Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi samuSaos didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maRali TviTSefasebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. maSinac ki, rodesac adamians arc Tu sasiamovno samuSao pirobebi da erTferovani saqmianoba aqvs, samuSao misi fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel elements warmoadgens da mis yoveldRiur aqtivobebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs. samuSaos ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli aqvs: • • • • fuli. xelfasi is ZiriTadi resursia, romelzec mravali adamiania damokidebuli, moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT. amgvari Semosavlis gareSe, adamians yoveldRiur saarsebo saSualebaze uxdeba fiqri, rac SfoTvis gamZafrebas iwvevs. aqtivobis done. samuSao, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRrmavebs codnas da aviTarebs unar-Cvevebs. rutinuli samuSaoc ki im struqturul garemos gvTavazobs, romelSic adamians energiis daxarjva SeuZlia. samuSaos arqonis SemTxvevaSi, unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba naklebia.E mravalferovneba. samuSao ojaxuri garemocvisgan gansxvavebul konteqstSi mimdinareobs. SedarebiT erTferovani samuSaos pirobebSic ki individebi saojaxo saqmisgan gansxvavebul saqmianobas ewevian. droiTi struqtura. regularulad dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis dRe, Cveulebriv, samuSao ritmis mixedviT aris organizebuli. es SeiZleba damTrgunvelic iyos, magram yoveldRiuri aqtivoba garkveuli mimarTulebiT warimarTeba. dausaqmebeli adamianebisTvis ZiriTadi problema mowyenilobaa da maT drosTan dakavSirebuli apaTia uviTardebaT. erTma umuSevarma aRniSna: “dro 2 • • CemTvis amJamad uwindeburad mniSvnelovani aRar aris... radgan Zalian bevri dro maqvs” (Fryer and McKenna 1987). socialuri kontaqtebi. samuSao garemoSi adamianebi xSirad iZenen megobrebs da sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi sxvebTan erTad monawileoben. rodesac adamiani wydeba samuSao garemos, SesaZlo megobrebisa da nacnobebis wre, savaraudod, viwrovdeba. pirovnuli identoba. samuSao, Cveulebriv, imiT aris Rirebuli, rom is adamians stabiluri socialuri identobis SegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs.EgansakuTrebiT mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefaseba mWidro kavSirSia im ekonomikur wvlilTan, romelic maT saojaxo biujetSi SeaqvT. es STambeWdavi CamonaTvali naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ratom SeiZleba Searyios umuSevrobam individTa rwmena sakuTar socialur RirebulebaSi. anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao ,,samuSaos gareSe yofnis” cnebidan gamomdinare, samuSao xSirad anazRaurebad dasaqmebasTan asocirdeba; Tumca es zedmetad gamartivebuli Tvalsazrisia. araanazRaurebad samuSaos (magaliTad, sakuTari manqanis SekeTebas an saojaxo saqmes) bevri adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. mravali tipis samuSao arsebobs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba anazRaurebadi dasaqmebis orTodoqsul kategorias. magaliTad, araformalur ekonomikaSi Sesrulebuli mravali samuSao ar aris aRnusxuli oficialuri dasaqmebis statistikaSi. termini araformaluri ekonomika regularuli dasaqmebis sferos miRma arsebul transaqciebs niSnavs, amgvari momsaxureba zogjer naRdi fuliT anazRaurdeba, zogjer ki -Dsaqonlisa da momsaxurebis uSualo gacvla-gamocvliT. televizoris SesakeTeblad mosuli xelosnis samuSao, SesaZloa, qviTris gamowerisa da detaluri Canaweris gareSe, naRdi fuliT anazRaurdes. adamianebi nacnobebsa da megobrebs, gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod, zogjer iaffasian, ufro sworad, naqurdal saqonels sTavazoben. araformaluri ekonomika, “maluli” fuladi transaqciebis garda, adamianebis mier Sin da gareT ganxorcielebul TviTuzrunvelyofis mraval formasac gulisxmobs. magaliTad, damoukidebel aqtivobas, Sinaur teqnikasa da saojaxo iaraRebs iseTi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia, romlisTvisac adamianma sxva situaciaSi fuli unda ixados (Gershuny and Miles 1983). saojaxo saqmes, romelsac, tradiciulad, umetesad qalebi uZRvebian, aravin anazRaurebs xolme; Tumca is xSirad Zalze mZime da damqancveli samuSaoa. mniSvnelovani socialuri adgili uWiravs saqvelmoqmedo an sxva saxis organizaciebisTvis ganxorcielebul moxaliseTa samuSaosac. 3 anazRaurebadi samuSaos mniSvneloba zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebiT aixsneba, magram “samuSaos” kategoria bevrad ufro mravlismomcveli cnebaa. anazRaurebadi Tu araanazRaurebadi samuSao garkveul amocanaTa Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rasac didi gonebrivi da fizikuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. samuSaos mizani adamianis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaa. saqmianoba an samsaxuri is samuSaoa, romlis sanacvlod adamians regularuli xelfasi eZleva. yvela kulturaSi e k o n o m i k i s safuZvels samuSao warmoadgens. ekonomikuri sistema iseTi institutebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebasa da ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs. am TavSi Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli samuSaos bunebas gavaanalizebT da dRevandel ekonomikur cxovrebaze zemomqmed ZiriTad cvlilebebs ganvixilavT. samuSao farTo ekonomikuri sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tanamedrove qveynebSi es sistema industriul warmoebazea damokidebuli. rogorc am wignis sxva TavebSi aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove industria fundamenturad gansxvavdeba warmoebis manamde arsebul im sistemaTagan, romlebic warmoebis sxva formebTan erTad, soflis meurneobasac efuZneboda. adamianTa umravlesoba an yanaSi muSaobda an saqonels uvlida. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sasoflo meurneobaSi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawili muSaobs, fermam ki industriuli saxe miiRo – samuSao, ZiriTadad, ara xeliT, aramed manqanebiT sruldeba. TviT Tanamedrove industriac mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis – misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebaa. efeqturi warmoebis misaRwevad, teqnologia mecnierebasa da teqnikas mudmivad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. mniSvnelovani socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi industruli warmoebis bunebis cvlilebas ganapirobebs. am TavSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT rogorc teqnologiur, ise ekonomikur cvlilebebze da giCvenebT, Tu rogor gardaqmnis es cvlilebebi dRevandel industrias. yuradRebas Tavidan anazRaurebad anu industriul garemoSi ganxorcielebul samuSaoze gavamaxvilebT. agreTve ganvixilavT industriuli warmoebis procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebsa da imas, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben isini dasaqmebaze. industriuli warmoeba yovelTvis harmoniulad ar mimdinareobs. momdevno qveTavebSi industriuli konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezebs ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki gaficvebis Sedegebze gavamaxvilebT. Semdeg, industriaSi qalTa rols gavaanalizebT. warsulTan SedarebiT, dRevandel dRes ufro meti qalia dasaqmebuli; movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da Sedegebzec vimsjelebT. bolos umuSevrobasac SeviswavliT da SevecdebiT amgvar kiTxvas gavceT pasuxi: rogori iqneba dasaqmebis momavali? 4 msjelobas Tanamedrove industriuli warmoebis cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis analiziT daviwyebT. Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erTi gamokveTili maxasiaTebeli Sromis uaRresad kompleqsuri ganawilebaa. samuSao uamrav sxvadasxva saqmianobad daiyo da adamianebi am saqmianobebis mixedviT iReben specializacias. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, zogi soflis meurneobas misdevda, zogi ki xelobas eufleboda. xelobis Seswavlas Segirdad yofnis xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeboda da xelosani, Cveulebriv, warmoebis process Tavidan bolomde asrulebda. magaliTad, liTonis xelosans, romelic miwis dasamuSavebel iaraRebs amzadebda, aseTive warmatebiT SeeZlo uTos Camosxma, awyoba da amuSaveba. Tanamedrove industriuli warmoebis aRzevebam TiTqmis mTeli tradiciuli xelobis gaqroba gamoiwvia. es saqmianobebi iseTma profesiebma Secvala, romlebic ufro masStaburi warmoebis procesebis Semadgeneli nawilia. magaliTad, dRevandel industriul garemoSi dasaqmebul eleqtrikoss mxolod erTi tipis manqanis ramdenime nawilis Semowmeba da SekeTeba SeuZlia; sxva nawilebi da manqanebi sxva adamianebis sazrunavia. tradiciul da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Sroma sruliad sxvadasxvagvarad nawildeba. yvelaze did tradiciul sazogadoebebSic ki, sul oci an ocdaaTi saxis mniSvnelovani xelobaa, aq iseTi specializebuli saqmianobebic igulisxmeba, rogoric zRvis vaWari, jariskaci da mRvdelia. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba aTasobiT calkeul saqmianobas iTvlis. gaerTianebul samefoSi, mosaxleobis aRweris Sedegad, britaneTis ekonomikaSi 20 000 calkeuli samsaxuri gamovlinda. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba fermebSi muSaobda da ekonomikur moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebda. isini sakvebs, tansacmelsa da sxva saarsebo produqts awarmoebdnen. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sazogadoebaTa erT-erT ZiriTad Tvisebas urTierTdamokidebulebis arsebiTi zrda warmoadgens. TiToeuli Cvengani, arsebobisTvis saWiro produqtebiTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelsayofad, mTeli msoflios masStabiT, sxva mraval muSakze aris damokidebuli. mcire gamonaklisis garda, Tanamedrove qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba, ar awarmoebs produqts, romliTac ikvebeba, saxlebs, romlebSic cxovrobs, da im materialur saqonels, romelsac moixmars. teilorizmi da fordizmi 5 ori saukunis win, Tanamedrove ekonomikis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, adam smitma, warmoebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, Sromis ganawilebis dadebiTi mxareebi gamoavlina. misi cnobili naSromi ,,erebis simdidre” qinZisTavebis qarxanaSi Sromis ganawilebis procesis aRweriT iwyeba. damoukideblad momuSave adamians, dReSi, savaraudod, oci qinZisTavis damzadeba SeeZlo. misi saqmianobis ramdenime martiv operaciad ganawilebis Sedegad, romelsac erToblivad aTi specializebuli muSaki asrulebda, koleqtiuri SromiT dReSi 48 000 qinZisTvis warmoeba gaxda SesaZlebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi muSakis mier warmoebul qinZisTavTa raodenoba 20-dan 4 800mde gaizarda, TiTo specializebulma operatorma, erToblivi Sromis Sedegad, 240-jer meti produqcia Seqmna, vidre amas damoukideblad momuSave adamiani axerxebda. erTi saukunis Semdeg es ideebi kidev ufro ganviTarda amerikeli menejmentis konsultantis frederik vinslou teiloris naSromebSi. teilorma Tavis midgomas mecnieruli menejmenti uwoda, rac industriuli procesebis detalur Seswavlas gulisxmobda, maTi, droulad da organizebulad, martiv operaciebad daSlis mizniT. mecnieruli menejmenti, romelsac teilorizmi ewoda, mxolod akademiuri kvleva ar iyo. es iyo warmoebis sistema, romelic industriuli warmoebis maqsimalur zrdas isaxavda miznad da did gavlenas axdenda industriuli warmoebisa da teqnologiis organizebaze. teilors industriuli efeqturobis amaRleba surda, magram man naklebi yuradReba dauTmo im Sedegebs, romlebsac es procesi gamoiwvevda. masobriv warmoebas masobrivi bazari sWirdeba da erT-erTi pirveli industrialisti, romelmac es urTierTkavSiri gaacnobiera, henri fordi gaxldaT. fordizmma ganavrco teiloris mecnieruli menejmentis principebi da masobrivi warmoebis sistema masobriv bazrebTan erTobliobaSi ganixila. fordma hailend parkSi, miCiganSi gaxsna avtomobilebis pirveli qarxana; 1908 wels man mxolod erTi saxeobis produqti - T Ford–is modeli gamouSva da iseTi specializebuli iaraRebisa da nawilebis warmoeba daiwyo, romlebic siCqaris ganviTarebas, sizustis daxvewasa da marTvis gamartivebas isaxavda miznad. fordis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani inovacia moZravi asawyobi konveieruli xazi iyo. man es inovacia Cikagos cxovelTa sasaklaos STagonebiT Seqmna, sadac maT sxvadasxva, erT moZrav mwkrivSi ganlagebul, seqciebSi anawevrebdnen. fordiseul asawyob konveierSi yoveli TanamSromeli specialurad misTvis gankuTvnil davalebas asrulebda, magaliTad, manqanis marcxena kars, moZraobis procesSi, argebda saxelurs. 1929 wlisTvis, rodesac T Fo rd–is modelis warmoeba Sewyda, fordis mier 15 milion manqanaze meti iyo gamoSvebuli. 6 fordizmisa da teilorizmis SezRudvebi odezRac fordizmi samomavlo industriuli warmoebis nimuSad moiazreboda. magram es mosazreba ar dadasturda. sistemam mxolod iseT samanqano industriaSi gaamarTla, romelic msxvil bazrebze gaTvlil standartul produqts awarmoebs. meqanikuri warmoebis xazis damontaJeba uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovs. fordizmis sistema cvlilebas rTulad eqvemdabareba. produqtis gadakeTebas sistemis safuZvliani ganaxleba sWirdeba. fordizmis warmoebis aTviseba advilia, Tu msurvels qarxnis asamuSaveblad sakmarisi finansebi gaaCnia. magram iseT qveynebSi, sadac samuSao Zala Zvirad fasobs, firmebi ver uweven konkurencias sawarmoebs, romlebic TanamSromlebs dabal xelfass uxdian. iaponuri, da bolo dros, samxreT koreuli samanqano industriis aRzeveba, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, amanac gamoiwvia (Tumca dRes iaponiaSi xelfasis done gaizarda). dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali ndobis sistemebi fordizmsa da teilorizms zogierTi sociologi dabali ndobis sistemebs uwodebs. samuSao adgilebs menejmenti qmnis, rac manqanebTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas gulisxmobs. davalebis Sesruleba sagangebo kontrols eqvemdebareba da Semsrulebels TiTqmis ar aqvs avtonomiurad moqmedebis ufleba. iq, sadac mravlad aris dabali ndobis poziciebi, xSiria muSakTa ukmayofileba da samuSaos gacdenis SemTxvevebi. aq industriuli konfliqti Cveulebrivi movlenaa. maRali ndobis sistemaSi TanamSromlebs, saerTo principebis fonze, Tavad SeuZliaT sakuTari samuSao tempisa da struqturis gakontroleba. amgvari sistemebi, Cveulebriv, industriul organizaciaTa maRal doneebzea koncentrirebuli. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, dasavleT evropaSi, SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponiaSi dabali ndobis alternatul sistemebs mimarTavdnen. es avtomatizebuli konveieruli xazebi da iseTi jgufuri warmoebaa, romelSic samuSao jgufi did gavlenas axdens samuSao davalebis bunebaze. axla Tanmimdevrulad ganvixiloT es strategiebi. avtomatizacia avtomatizaciis anu daprogramebuli aparaturis cneba 1800-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi gaCnda, rodesac amerikelma kristofer spenserma avtomati WanWikebis, qanCebisa da sxva instrumentebis damamzadebeli daprogramebuli dazga gamoigona. im periodSi avtomatizacia bevr industriaSi ar danergila, magram industriuli robotebis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi gavlena sagrZnoblad gaizarda. roboti avtomaturi danadgaria, romelsac, Cveulebriv, adamianebis funqciebis SeTviseba SeuZlia. termini ormocdaaTi wlis win dramaturgma karel kapekma daamkvidrda. robota Cexuri sityvaa da savaldebulo Sromas niSnavs. 7 robotebis garkveuli raodenoba industriaSi pirvelad 1946 wels gaCnda. danadgari sainJinro industriaSi manqanebis avtomaturi regulirebis mizniT gamoigones. ufro kompleqsuri robotebis gamoCena 1970-ian wlebSi mikroprocesorebis Seqmnas daemTxva. pirveli, minikompiuteris mier kontrolirebadi roboti, 1974 wels cincinati mileisonma aawyo. dRes robotebs mravali davalebis Sesruleba, magaliTad, SeduReba, Rebva, nawilebis aweva da gadazidva, SeuZliaT. zogierTi roboti nawilebs SexebiT arCevs, zogierTi ki vizualur gansxvavebas xedavs. robert airesi da stiven mileri aRniSnaven: robotze ufro Tavdadebuli da dauRalavi qarxnis muSa ar arsebobs. robots SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis SesaduRebeli da SesaRebi unaklo samuSaos Sesruleba; SesaZlebelia maTi, axali samuSaos Sesrulebis mizniT, swrafi xelaxali daprogramebac... momaval wlebSi saSualo zomis manufaqturul sawarmoebSi bevri industriuli robotis instalirebaa mosalodneli. roboti produqts mraval avtomatur meqanizms miuerTebs, rac mikroprocesorebis mier kontrolirebad daxurul seriul warmoebas daamkvidrebs. (Ayres & Miller 1985) msoflio industriaSi robotebi yvelaze mravlad avtowarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba. maTi produqtiuloba jerjerobiT SedarebiT SezRudulia, radgan robotebis mier sxvadasxva obieqtis Secnobisa da arazusti formebiT manipulirebis unari kvlav rudimentul donezea. Tumca eWvgareSea, rom momavalSi avtomatizebuli warmoeba swrafad gaizrdeba; robotebi sul ufro ixveweba, maTi Rirebuleba ki mcirdeba. jgufuri warmoeba jgufuri warmoeba - konveierul xazze dasaqmebuli erToblivi samuSao jgufebi - zogjer avtomatizaciasTan erTad gamoiyeneba, rogorc samuSaos reorganizebis saSualeba. amgvari sistemis ZiriTadi idea TanamSromelTa motivaciis zrdaSi mdgomareobs, dasaqmebulTa jgufs warmoebis procesSi TanamSromlobis saSualeba eZleva da TiToeul muSaks, dRis ganmavlobaSi, erTferovani samuSaos Sesruleba, magaliTad, manqanis karze WanWikebis damagreba, ar moeTxoveba. jgufuri warmoebis magaliTs xarisxis wreebi (QC) warmoadgens. es jgufebi xuTidan ocamde muSaks aerTianebs; isini regularulad ikribebian warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis mizniT. QC-Si gaerTianebuli muSakebi damatebiT wvrTnas gadian, rac maT warmoebis sakiTxebis Taobaze diskusiisTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri codniT uzrunvelyofs. QC-ebi pirvelad SeerTebul StatebSi Seiqmna, Semdeg ki isini ramdenime iaponurma kompaniamac daafuZna. 1980-ian wlebSi es jgufebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda dasavleTSic. isini teilorizmis Tvalsazriss emijnebian, radgan aRiareben, rom muSakebi kompetenturni unda iyon maT mier Sesrulebuli saqmianobis arsisa da meTodebis sferoSi. 8 moqnili warmoeba erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mTeli msoflios sawarmo procesebSi ganxorcielda, kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainia. teilorizmma da fordizmma masobriv bazrebze gaTvlili masobrivi (erTnairi) produqtebis warmoebaSi did warmatebas miaRwies, magram ver SeZles mcire SekveTebisa da individualuri momxmareblis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainisa da kompiuterze dafuZnebuli sxva tipis teqnologiebis wyalobiT, situacia radikulad Seicvala. stenli devisi saubrobs ,,masobrivi momxmareblis” dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze: axali teqnologiebi konkretul momxmareblebze gaTvlili nivTebis masStaburi warmoebis saSualebas iZleva. tradiciulma konveierulma xazma SeiZleba dReSi xuTi aTasi mamakacis perangi awarmoos. amJamad, xuTi aTasi identuri perangis nacvlad, imave periodSi da igive xarjebiT, gansxvavebuli, individualur moTxovnebze gaTvlili, amdenive perangis damzadebaa SesaZlebeli (Davis 1988). kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainis damkvidrebamde, iaponiaSi pirvelad daiwyo warmoeba, romelsac moqnili warmoeba ewoda. es sistema radikalurad gansxvavdeba detroitSi henri fordis mier dafuZnebuli masobrivi warmoebis sistemisgan. manqanebis iaponelma mwarmoeblebma Sua 1970-iani wlebidan adreul 1990-ian wlebamde globaluri gayidvebis mniSvnelovan zrdas miaRwies (Dertouzos 1989). iaponelebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba profesiuli samuSao Zalis Seqmnas, produqtis dizainze muSaobisa da axali produqciis bazarze gatanis daCqarebis gzebs dauTmes. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropuli da amerikuli manqanebis mwarmoebel qarxnebSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas 24 saaTi sWirdeboda, iaponur qarxanaSi ki igive proceduris Sesasruleblad xuTi wuTi iyo sakmarisi. iaponelebma, pirvelive jerze, miznad iseTi xarisxis miRweva daisaxes, romelsac Semdgom gaumjobeseba aRar dasWirdeboda. maT umaRles doneme daxvewes jgufuri warmoeba; integrirebuli samuSao jgufi amwyobebisgan, muSebisa da mommarageblebisgan Sedgeboda. damgegmavebma miiCnies, rom amgvari teqnikiT Sesrulebul warmoebas Svidnaxevarwliani cikli dasWirdeboda (pirveli modelis SemuSavebidan warmoebis xazze pirveli manqanis gamoSvebamde). amis sapirispirod, evropel da amerikel damgegmavebs warmoeba, bolo dromde, aTidan TxuTmetwlian ciklze hqondaT gaTvlili. axla isini iaponuli praqtikis aTvisebas cdiloben, rac sagrZnoblad aCqarebs warmoebas. Tumca lester Turou, SeerTebul StatebTan mimarTebaSi, aRniSnavs: “saukeTeso amerikul qarxnebs saukeTeso iaponuri qarxnebi jobia, yvelaze cudi amerikuli qarxnebi ki gacilebiT uaresia yvelaze cud iaponur qarxnebze” (Thurow 1993). 9 dasaqmebis sistemaSi arsebuli tendenciebi gasuli saukunis dasawyisidan yvela industriuli qveynis dasaqmebis sistemam sagrZnobi cvlileba ganicada. 1900 wels dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis sam meoTxedze meti fizikur (cisfersayeloianTa) samuSaos eweoda. aqedan daaxloebiT 28 procenti profesionali muSakebi iyvnen, 35 procenti naxevrad profesionali, 10 procenti ki - araprofesionali. SedarebiT naklebi iyo TeTrsayeloianTa da profesiul saqmianobaTa raodenoba. me-20 saukunis Sua wlebisTvis fizikurad dasaqmebulni Seadgendnen anazRaurebad samuSaoze dakavebuli mosaxleobis or mesameds; dRes Sesabamisad gaizarda gonebrivi samuSaoTi dakavebulTa wili. 1971 da 1981 wlebSi gaerTianebul samefoSi mosaxlebis aRwera ganxorcielda. am periodSi cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoze dasaqmebul mamakacTa ricxvi 62-dan 56 procentamde Semcirda, qalebisa ki - 43-dan 36 procentamde. profesional da menejerul Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul mamakacTa raodenoba daaxloebiT erTi milioniT gaizarda. 1981 wels TeTsayeloianTa rutinul samuSaoze 170 000 mamakaciT naklebi iyo dasaqmebuli, samagierod, amgvar Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul qalTa raodenoba 250 000-iT gaizarda. fizikuri dasaqmebis kleba manufaqturul industriaSi CarTul adamianTa raodenobis Semcirebas daemTxva. 1981 wels, 1971 welTan SedarebiT, manufaqturul industriaSi 700 000-iT naklebi mamakaci da 420 000-iT naklebi qali muSaobda. es tendenciebi dResac grZeldeba, magram, garkveulwilad, daregulirda. 1990 wels, samuSao Zalis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadasturda, rom fizikuri saqmianobiT mamakacTa mxolod 50 da qalebis 33 procenti iyo dakavebuli. sqesTa Soris kontrasti gansakuTrebiT TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianobisa da profesional cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobis Sedarebisas gamoikveTa. 1990 wels pirveli tipis samuSaos qalebis 31 procenti eweoda, mamakacTa ki sul 6 procenti; samagierod, profesiuli fizikuri saqmianobiT mamakacTa 25 procenti iyo dasaqmebuli, qalebisa ki sul 4 procenti. sxva zogierT industriul qveyanaSi es cvlilebebi, britaneTTan SedarebiT, ufro metad dafiqsirda. magaliTad, Sefasebebis mixedviT, dRes SeerTebul StatebSi fizikuri saqmianobiT mosaxleobis 40 procentic ki ar ar aris dakavebuli (Rossides 1990). am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi mizezebis dasadgenad, mniSvnelovani debatebi mimdinareobs. mizezi SeiZleba ramdenime iyos. pirveli, Sromis Semsubuqebis mizniT Seqmnili aparaturis danergvaSi mdgomareobs, ramac, ukanaskneli wlebis industriaSi, sainformacio teqnologiisa da kompiuterizaciis gavrcelebis Semdeg, kulminacias miaRwia. meore mizezi dasavleTis farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT Soreul aRmosavleTSi, manufaqturuli industriis aRzevebaa. Soreuli aRmosavleTis ufro efeqturi 10 mwarmoeblebisTvis konkurenciis gawevis uunarobis gamo, dasavlur qveynebSi arsebulma Zvelma industriebma mniSvnelovani danakargi ganicada. Tanac Soreul aRmosavleTSi Sromis anazRaurebac gacilebiT dabalia. industriuli konfliqti, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebamac gamoiwvia. axla swored am Temaze vimsjelebT. kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti muSebsa da im pirebs Soris, romlebsac ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, maTze maRali pozicia ukaviaT, yovelTvis iyo konfliqti. samxedro valdebulebis Sesrulebis, maRali gadasaxadebisa da warumatebeli mosavlis periodSi, sakvebis naklebobis gamo, amboxebis mowyoba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo meTvramete saukunis evropis urbanul teritoriebze. SromiTi konfliqti am moZvelebuli formiT zogierT qveyanaSi me-19 saukuneSic vlindeboda. magaliTad, 1868 wels italiis ramdenime qalaqSi sakvebis moTxovniTAmravali amboxeba moewyo (Geary 1982). konfrontaciis amgvari tradiciuli formebi mxolod sporaduli da iracionaluri ar iyo. Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaram Sedegi gamoiRo da xorbali da sxva mniSvnelovani sakvebi produqti gaiafda. profesiuli kavSirebis ganviTareba mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi muSebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris arsebuli industriuli konfliqti xSirad ar iyo bolomde organizebuli. konfrontaciis dros muSebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, samuSao adgils tovebdnen da quCebSi ikribebodnen; isini sakuTar satkivars umarTavi qceviT an pasuxismgebel pirebze ZaladobiT gamoxatavdnen. safrangeTis zogierT regionSi mecxramete saukunis bolos muSebi maTTvis arasasurvel damqiraveblebs CamoxrCobiTac ki daemuqrnen. gaficvis forma, romelic dRes TanamSromlebsa da menejments Soris organizebul garigebasTan asocirdeba, nela da Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarda. 1799 wels britaneTSi kombinaciis aqtebi SemuSavda, romelTa safuZvelze 1800 wels muSaTa jgufebis organizebuli Sekreba aralegalurad gamocxadda da saxalxo demonstraciebi aikrZala. es aqtebi oci wlis Semdeg gauqmda, radgan naTeli gaxda, rom amgvarma SezRudvam sazogadoebrivi ukmayofilebis Semcirebis nacvlad, misi zrda gamoiwvia. imata profesiul kavSirebSi gawevrianebul adamianTa ricxvma da profesiuli kavSirebis moRvaweoba male masobriv moZraobad gadaiqca. kavSirebi mecxramete saukunis bolo meoTxedSi dakanonda, mas Semdeg maTi Semadgenloba gaizarda da 1920 wlisTvis kavSirebSi fizikurad dasaqmebul mamakacTa 60 procenti iyo gaerTianebuli. britanul profesiul kavSirebs koordinacias centraluri organizacia, profesiuli kavSirebis kongresi (TUC) uwevs, romelic 1868 11 wels daarsda britaneTSi. leiboristul partiasTan. am organizacias mWidro kavSirebi aqvs gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi kavSirebsa da gaficvebis tendenciebs Soris pirdapiri kavSiri TiTqmis ar arsebobda. am perodSi gaficvebi ufro spontanurad, muSaTa organizaciebis mxridan provocirebis gareSe xdeboda. SeerTebul StatebSi dasaqmebis sferoSi uflebamosili piris angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom im periodSi ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa TiTqmis naxevari kavSirebis mier ar iyo inicirebuli (Ross 1954). savaraudod, TiTqmis igive mdgomareoba iyo britaneTSic. pirveli msoflio omis bolos situacia Seicvala da kavSirebis mxardaWeris gareSe, araorganizebulad ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad Semcirda. kavSirebis ganviTareba qveynebis mixedviT Zlier gansxvavdeba; aseve gansxvavebulia samuSao Zalaze, damsaqmeblebsa da xelisuflebaze kavSirebis gavlena. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, evropuli qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, kavSirebi didi xniT adre dafuZnda. magaliTad, germanuli profesiuli kavSirebi 1930-ian wlebSi nacistebis mier ganadgurda da mxolod meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg ganaaxla moRvaweoba. safrangeTSi ki kavSirebis moZraoba mxolod 1930-ian wlebSi ganviTarda da kavSirebis organizebisa da koleqtiur SromiT kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis oficialuri aRiareba mxolod am wlebSi moxda. ratom arsebobs kavSirebi? wevrobis donisa da Zalauflebis gansxvavebis miuxedavad, kavSiris orgnizaciebi yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi arsebobs. yvela am qveynis kanonmdebloba aRiarebs, rom muSaks ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad, gaficvis legaluri ufleba aqvs. ratom iqca kavSiri Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad? ratom warmoadgens kavSirebsa da menejments Soris konfliqti industriuli garemos met-naklebad myar maxasiaTebels? zogs miaCnia, rom kavSirebi Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli gildiebis – erTi da imave saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa asociaciebis – efeqturi versiaa, romelic Tanamedrove industriaSic damkvidrda. amgvari interpretaciiT mxolod im faqtis axsna SeiZleba, rom kavSirebi xSirad xelosnebis mier iqmneboda, magram ra aris imis mizezi, rom kavSirebi mudmivad xelfasebis momatebis moTxovnebTan da industriul konfliqtebTan asocirdeba? aqedan gamomdinare, ufro misaRebi iqneba ganmarteba, rom kavSirebi industriul garemoSi muSebis materialuri interesebis dacvis mizniT Seiqmna. samuSao 12 garemo maT aerTianebT, ganapirobebs solidarobis grZnobas, magram am garemoSi maTi formaluri gavlena Zalze mcirea. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi umravles qveynebSi muSebs ar hqondaT politikuri uflebebi da veraviTar gavlenas ver axdendnen im pirobebze, romlebSic uxdebodaT muSaoba. kavSirebi, pirvel rigSi, muSakebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris arsebul Zalauflebriv disbalanss aregulirebs. muSaki, rogorc individualuri pirovneba, mcire gavleniT sargeblobda, magram koleqtiur organizaciaSi misi gavlena sagrZnoblad gaizarda. damqiravebels nebismieri muSakis daTxovna SeuZlia, magram qarxana ver imuSavebs mTeli personalis an muSebis umravlesobis gareSe. Tavidan kavSirebs “damcveli” organizaciis xasiaTi hqonda, romelic muSakebs damsaqmebelTa ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis gakontrolebis saSualebas aZlevda. uaxlesi miRwevebi cxadia, Tavad kavSirebma, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, cvlilebebi ganicada. zogierTi maTgani Zlier gaizarda da, rogorc permanentulma organizaciam, biurokratiuli xasiaTi miiRo. kavSirebSi dasaqmebuli oficialuri personali sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, magaram mas SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisi warmodgena im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic kavSiris wevrebs uxdebaT muSaoba. aqedan gamomdinare, kavSiris liderebis aqtivoba da Sexedulebebi SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes kavSiris wevrebis interesebs. sawarmoSi dasaqmebul jgufebsa da maTi kavSirebis strategiebs Soris zogjer konfliqturi situacia iqmneba. kavSirebis umravlesobam qalebis didi raodenobiT gawevrianeba ver SeZlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTma am mizniT sainiciativo kampania wamoiwyo, warsulSi bevri maTgani qalebis kavSirebSi gaerTianebas aqtiur winaaRmdegobas uwevda. dRes dasavlur qveynebSi arsebul profesiul kavSirebs safrTxes cvlilebaTa sami urTierTdakavSirebuli procesi uqmnis: es umuSevrobis maRali donea, rac asustebs kavSirebis garigebisTvis xelsayrel pozicias; Zveli manufaqturuli industriebis Semcireba – kavSirebis saqmianoba, tardiciulad, am sferoSi iyo Zlieri; da saerTaSoriso konkurenciis intensiuri zrda, rac, gansakuTrebiT aziur qveynebSi SeiniSneba, sadac xelfasebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dasavleTTan SedarebiT, dabalia. SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva ramdenime evropul qveyanaSi, britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da daniis CaTvliT, 1870-1980-ian wlebSi mmarTveli Zala memarjvene xelisufleba gaxda, romelmac gadawyvita SeezRuda industriaSi kavSirebis moWarbebuli gavlena. 1980-1982 wlebSi britaneTSi dasaqmebis aqtebi SemuSavda, romlebmac kidev ufro SezRuda kavSirTa legaluri uflebebi. ,,profesiuli kavSirebis 13 protestis” oficialuri ganmartebidan gamoiricxa damsaqmeblis mommarageblis piketireba. 1984 wels SemuSavebuli profesiuli kavSirebis aqti, industriuli qmedebis ganxorcielebamde, kavSirebis mier wevrebis gamokiTxvas moiTxovda; am aqtiT kavSirebis sxva prerogativebic SeizRuda. samTavrobo sakomunikacio centrSi (GCHQ) dasaqmebul samoqalaqo pirebs ekrZalebodaT kavSirSi gawevrianeba. es im mosazrebiT aixsneba, rom GCHQ– Si ganxorcielebuli industriuli qmedebiT SeiZleba safrTxe daemuqros erovnul usafrTxoebas. rasakvirvelia, am zomebma, erovnul da adgilobriv doneze, mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda kavSirebis moZraobaze. am da sxva zemoT xsenebulma ufro zogadma faqtorebma sagrZnoblad Seamcira kavSirebis gavlena. evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi kavSirebs kidev ufro didi krizisi emuqrebaT. gasuli TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, mraval mniSvnelovan industriaSi gauqmda kavSirebis mier samuSao pirobebisa da xelfasebis kontroli. sagzao, transportis, foladisa da avto industriaSi dasaqmebuli muSakebi imaze dabal xelfass iReben, vidre maT manamde, molaparakebis safuZvelze SesTavazes. ramdenime mniSvnelovan gaficvaSi kavSirebma meorexarisxovani roli Seasrules; maTi gavlenis Sesustebis erT-erTi aRsaniSnavi magaliTi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sahaero transportis makontrolebeli kavSiris daSlaa. kavSirebis wevrTa raodenobisa da gavlenis Semcireba industriuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi fenomenia, rac ar unda aixsnas memarjevene xelisuflebis mier kavSirebis winaaRmdeg politikuri zewolis gamoyenebiT. kavSirebis gavlenis Sesusteba, Cveulebriv, maRali umuSevrobis periodSi xdeba, rac mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna (ix. momaval qveTavebSi). ufro moqnili warmoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi amcirebs kavSirebSi gaerTianebisadmi miswrafebas. kavSirebi iseT garemoSi viTardeba, sadac did qarxnebSi erTad bevri adamiani muSaobs. gaficvebi ra aris gaficva? pasuxi bundovania da misi formulireba martivi ar aris. magaliTad, ra gansxvavebaa gaficvasa da muSaobis xanmokle droiT Sewyetas Soris? bevri qveynis statistikaSi samuSaos SeCerebas gaficvasTan im SemTxvevaSi aigiveben, Tuki is dadgenil periods (magaliTad, naxevar dRes) gascdeba, an Tu muSaobas muSakTa garkveuli raodenoba SeaCerebs. aris Tu ara muSaobis SeCerebisas drois gadacileba an samuSao wesis darRveva gaficvis amsaxveli aqtivobis magaliTi? ukeTesi iqneba, Tu “gaficvas” ufro viwro gansazRvrebas mivusadagebT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, termini zusti ar iqneba. gaficva, ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis an garkveuli moTxovnis mizniT, dasaqmebulTa jgufis mier 14 samuSaos droebiTi SeCerebaa (Hyman 1984). am definiciis yvela komponenti mniSvnelovania, radgan is gaficvas dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan ganasxvavebs. gaficva ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis droebiTi formaa, radgan muSakebs, samomavlod, igive samuSaoze dabruneba da igive damsaqmebelTan TananSromlobis gagrZeleba aqvT ganzraxuli; Tu muSakebi muSaobas Tavs samudamod anebeben, amgvari qmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad es termini ar gamodgeba. gaficva muSaobis SeCerebaa da ara drois gadaWarbebis akrZalva an “Senelebuli tempiT muSaoba.” gaficvaSi muSakTa jgufi unda monawileobdes, radgan es koleqtiuri qmedebaa da ara erTi individualuri muSakis mier gamoxatuli reaqcia. gaficva damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli aqtivobaa, rac mas studentebisa Tu mdgmurebis mier gamoxatuli protestis formebisgan ganasxvavebs. da bolos, gaficvis mizans ukamyofileba da garkveuli moTxovna warmoadgens; Tu muSaki samuSaos individualurad, sportul RonisZiebaze daswrebis mizeziT, acdens, mas gaficuls ver vuwodebT. gaficva muSakebsa da menejments Soris SesaZlebeli konfliqtis mxolod erT aspeqts Tu tips warmoadgens. organizebuli konfliqtis sxva formebi lokauti (aseT SemTxvevebSi samuSaos SeCereba ara muSakebis, aramed damsaqmeblebis mier xdeba), warmoebis SezRudva da kontraqtTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebis CaSlaa. naklebad organizebuli konfliqti SeiZleba samuSao Zalis naklebobiT, samsaxuris gacdeniTa da sawarmoo aparaturis wyobidan gamoyvaniT gamoixatos. gaficvebis statistika vinaidan gaficvis ganmarteba subieqturi interpretaciis sagania, ar aris gasakviri, rom sxvadasxva qveyanas gaficvis statistikis registrirebis gansxvavebuli praqtika gaaCnia. SesaZlebelia gaficvis doneebis saerTaSoriso Sedareba, magram misi interpretacia didi sifrTxiliT unda moxdes. is, rac erT qveyanaSi gaficvad miiCneva da, aqedan gamomdinare, statistikaSic aisaxeba, SeiZleba meore qveyanaSi gaficvad ar CaiTvalos. magaliTad, britaneTSi samuSao aTma an metma TanamSromelma unda Sewyvitos, raTa qmedeba gaficvad Sefasdes. SeerTebul StatebSi ki (1982 wlidan) samuSaos gaCereba gaficvis saxelwodebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris statistikaSi registrirebuli, Tu masSi aTasi an meti TanamSromeli monawileobs. Cveulebriv, gaficvebTan dakavSirebiT samgvar informacias aqveyneben – gaficvaTa raodenoba wlis ganmavlobaSi, aRniSnul weliwadSi gaficvaSi monawile samuSao Zalis proporciuli wili da gaficvis gamo dakarguli samuSao dReebis ricxvi. samive punqti erTad uxeS warmodgenas gviqmnis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gaficvaTa doneebs Soris arsebuli gasxvavebis Sesaxeb. am sami kriteriumis mixedviT, gaficvebisadmi yvelaze midrekili qveynebi 15 italia da kanadaa, yvelaze naklebad ki gaficvebi germaniasa da skandinaviis qveynebSi fiqsirdeba. SeerTebul Statebsa da britaneTs saSualo maCvenebeli aqvT. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, gaficvis doneebsa da ekonomikas Soris gansakuTrebuli kavSiri ar arsebobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar aris savaldebulo, rom gaficvaTa dabali maCvenebliT gamorCeul qveynebs, im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac gaficvaTa didi raodenoba fiqsirdeba, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali done axasiaTebdes. es arc aris gasakviri; gaficvaTa SedarebiTi statistikis Rirebuleba eWvs iwvevs, industriuli konfliqti an daZabuloba ki gaficvebis garda, SeiZleba sxva mravali saSualebiTac gamoixatos. garda amisa, harmoniuli industriuli urTierTobebi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs maRal produqtiulobas. industriuli konfliqtis mimdinare tendenciebi 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamocemul cnobil naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom gaficvebi Tavs sul ufro naklebad iCens. avtorTa azriT, xangrZlivi da intensiuri dapirispireba ZiriTadad industrializaciis adreul fazebs axasiaTebs. gaficvebTan dakavSirebuli aqtivoba mcirdeba, rodesac arsebobs SeTanxmebuli struqturuli industriuli garigeba (Ross a nd Hartman 1960). am Tezisis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi, britaneTis CaTvliT, gaRvivda industiuli konfliqti. britaneTSi 1960-ian wlebsa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi araoficialuri gaficvebis SeTxvevebma sagrZnoblad imata. rogorc Cans, am periodSi mravali muSaki ukmayofilo iyo rogorc damsaqmebliT, ise kavSirebis oficialuri organizaciebis muSaobiT. 1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialurma kavSirebma isev daiwyo sagaficvo aqtivobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. amave dros, gaficvebis SemTxvevevebi sagrZnoblad Semcirda did britaneTSi, rac umTavresad kavSirebis garSemo politikuri da ekonomikuri klimatis daZabvam gamoiwvia. es saerTaSoriso tendenciebis nawilia. or an sam gamonakliss Tu ar CavTvliT, am periodSi sagaficvo aqtivobis Semcireba yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna. qalebi da samuSao bolo dromde, dasavlur qveynebSi anazRaurebadi samuSao, ZiriTadad, mamakacTa sferod miiCneoda. ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala. samuSao ZalaSi sul ufro meti qali erTveba. momdevno qveTavebSi am fenomenis warmoSobasa da arss – Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebas _ ganvixilavT. 16 qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva preindustriul sazogadoebaTa mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis (da mesame samyaros qveynebSi mcxovrebi bevri adamianisTvis) saojaxo aqtivoba produqtiul aqtivobasTan iyo gaigivebuli. warmoeba Sin an saxlis maxloblad xorcieldeboda. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi ojaxis yvela wevri miwas amuSavebda an xelobiT iyo dakavebuli. qalaqis macxovreblebi, Cveulebriv, saxelosnoebs saxlis pirobebSi awyobdnen da ojaxis TiToeul wevrs warmoebis procesis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi sakuTari wvlili Sehqonda. magaliTad, Tu ojaxi qsovils amuSavebda, bavSvebi Zafs asworebdnen da matyls varcxnidnen, ufrosi qaliSvilebi da maTi dedebi Zafs axvevdnen, mamebi ki rTavdnen. colebi da Svilebi mamakacebTan erTad Sromas Tanabrad inawilebdnen da kervaSi, fexsacmelebis damzadebasa da cxobaSi iRebdnen monawileobas. ekonomikur procesebSi mniSvnelovani rolis gamo, qalebi ojaxSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, Tumca ar monawileobdnen politikasa da saomar saqmeebSi, radgan es mamakacis sferod iTvleboda. xelosnebisa da fermerebis colebi xSirad awarmoebdnen saqmian angariSebs, qvrivebi ki, Cveulebriv, bizness euflebodnen da uZRvebodnen kidec. mas Semdeg, rac Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao adgilma saSinao pirobebidan gareT gadainacvla, bevri ram Seicvala. erTaderTi da umTavresi faqtori, warmoebis meqanizebul qarxnebSi gadanacvleba gaxldaT. samuSao, manqanis daxmarebiT, garkveuli davalebis Sesrulebis mizniT, sagangebod daqiravebuli adamianebis mier sruldeboda, amitom damsaqmeblebi kontraqts, mTeli ojaxis nacvlad, individualur pirebTan aformebdnen. imis gacnobierebas, rom ojaxi, Zveleburad, erTian birTvad aRar aRiqmeba, didi dro dasWirda. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, britaneTsa da sxva evropul qveynebSi damsaqmeblebi samuSaoze xSirad isev mTel ojaxs qiraobdnen. magaliTad, Tu qmars qarxanaSi asaqmebdnen, coli da Svilebi Sina mosamsaxureebad ahyavdaT an fermaSi amuSavebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi es praqtika aRmoifxvra da saxli da samuSao adgili erTmaneTs sul ufro metad gaemijna. qali “saojaxo” RirebulebebTan asocirdeboda, Tumca mosazrebas, rom qalis adgili Sin aris, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneze gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen. mravali qali Sina mosamsaxured, eqTnad, an saojaxo saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda. xelmokle qalebs ufro mZime pirobebi hqondaT, radgan isini saojaxo saqmesac uZRvebodnen da, qmris arasakmarisi Semosavlis gamo, industriuli saqmianobiTac iyvnen dakavebulni. meoce saukunemde qalTa dasaqmebis maCvenebeli yvela klasSi Zalze dabali iyo. britaneTSi, 1910 wlis bolosac ki, dasaqmebul qalTa erTi mesamedi Sina mosamsaxured an saojaxo saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda. qalTa samuSao Zala, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda martoxela qalebs moicavda. Tu es qalebi 17 qarxnebsa an ofisebSi muSaobdnen, damsaqmeblebi xelfass, xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirdapir maT mSoblebs ugzavnidnen. daqorwinebis Semdeg ki isini muSaobas Tavs anebebdnen. mas Semdeg, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi qalTa monawileoba metnaklebad Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda. erT-erTi ZiriTadi zemomqmedi faqtori pirveli msoflio omis periodSi samuSao Zalis Semcireba gaxldaT. saomari wlebis ganmavlobaSi qalebi bevr iseT samuSaos asrulebdnen, rac manamde mxolod mamakacis saqmianobad miiCneoda. omidan dabrunebis Semdeg, am saqmianobaTa umravlesoba kvlav mamakacebma gadaibares, magram omamde damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi Seirya. dRevandel evropul qveynebSi, saxlis gareT, anazRaurebad samuSaoze Teqvsmetidan samoc wlamde asakis qalTa 35-60 procentia dasaqmebuli. gansakuTrebuli mateba qorwinebaSi myof qalTa Soris aRiniSna. gaerTianebul samefoSi es maCvenebeli 53 procents udris. anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul qorwinebaSi myof qalTa raodenoba, romlebsac sam wlamde asakis mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavT, 40 procentze metia. miuxedavad amisa, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, proporciulad bevrad naklebi qalia. anazRaurebad samuSaoze ocdaxuTidan samoc wlamde asakis mamakacTa 74 procentia dasaqmebuli. anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul mamakacTa proporciuli raodenoba naklebad Seicvala gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli. araTanabari samuSao pirobebi dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad, dabalanazRaurebad, rutinuli xasiaTis samuSaoze arian dasaqmebulni, rac dasaqmebis organizaciaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma da sqesTan dakavSirebulma stereotipebma gamoiwvia. amis TvalsaCino magaliTs “klerkis” Tanamdebobis prestiJisa da am TanamdebobisTvis savaldebulo amocanebis axleburi xedva warmoadgens. 1850 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi klerkebis 90 procenti mamakacebi iyvnen. klerkis samuSao sapasuxismgeblo poziciad iTvleboda, rac sabuRaltro unarCvevebis flobasa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, menejerisTis savaldebulo pasuxismgeblobasac ki gulisxmobda. yvelaze dabal safexurze dasaqmebuli klerkic ki sargeblobda garkveuli statusiT gare samyaroSi. meoce saukuneSi saofise samuSaos zogadi meqanizacia moxda (rasac win uZRoda mecxramete saukuneSi sabeWdi manqanis SemoReba). aman klerkis statusisa da unar-Cvevebis Selaxva da masTan miaxloebuli dabali statusisa da dabalanazRaurebadi mdivnis saqmianobis danergva gamoiwvia. imis gamo, rom mdivnis TanamdebobasTan asocirebuli prestiJi da anazRaureba maRali ar iyo, es samuSao adgilebi, ZiriTadad, qalebma Seavses. 1991 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi saofise muSakebis 90% da mdivnebis 98% qalebi Seadgendnen. 18 qalebis anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze mniSvnelovania, hyavT Tu ara am qalebs maTze damokidebuli Svilebi. yvela socioekonomikur jgufSi qals, savarudod, ufro aqvs sruli samuSao datvirTva, Tu mas saxlSi Svilebze zrunva ar uwevs. Tumca dRes, 1980-ian wlebTan SedarebiT, dedebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, isev iwyeben sruli datvirTviT muSaobas, ubrundebian igive samuSaos da imave damsaqmebelTan agrZeleben TanamSromlobas. 1980-ian wlebSi, dedebis umravlesoba, Zveli samuSao adgilisgan gansxvavebiT, arasruli datvirTviT an ufro dabalanazRurebad Tanamdebobaze muSaobda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qalebi karieras ubrundebian, gansakuTrebiT im SemxvevaSi, Tu isini manamde maRalanazRaurebadi saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni (HMSO 1992). arasruli datvirTviT, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, bevrad meti qalia dasaqmebuli (ix. nax. 12.1). maTi umravlesoba srul anazRaurebad datvirTvas arasrul samuSao dRes amjobinebs. magram arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani sfero, sadac qalebs Tavisufali arCevani ara aqvT. mamakacebs, zogadad, Svilebis aRzrdis saqmeSi gadamwyveti pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. es pasuxismgebloba (sxva saojaxo movaleobebTan erTad – ix. qvemoT), qalebs aqvT dakisrebuli; amitom qalebi, romlebsac surT an sWirdebaT dasaqmeba, arasrul samuSao grafiks aniWeben upiratesobas. nax. 12.1 mamakacebisa da qalebis sruli da arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmeba gaerTianebul samefoSi, 1987-1995 wyaro: gamokiTxva samuSao Zalis Sesaxeb, centraluri statistikuri ofisi Social T rend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996, cxrili 4.1. milionebSi srulad dasaqmebuli mamakacebi srulad dasaqmebuli qalebi arasrulad dasaqmebuli qalebi arasrulad dasaqmebuli mamakacebi bolo dros qalebi iseT Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, romlebic ,,mamakacTa samuSaoebad” iTvleba. Tumca jerjerobiT aseTi SemTxvevebi bevri ar aris. britanul kompaniebSi xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze qalebis 5 procentic ar aris dakavebuli. xuTidan oTx firmaSi arc erT qals ar ukavia direqtoris Tanamdeboba. igive mdgomareobaa ekonomikis sferoSic. magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos did bankebSi amJamad daaxloebiT erTi milioni qali muSaobs. vestminsteris nacionalur bankSi qalebs menejerTa Tanamdebobobebis 2 procenti, midlendSi 3 procenti, barkleisSi ki 4 procenti ukaviaT. analogiuri situaciaa sxva profesiebSic. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, advokati qalebis raodenoba gaizarda, magram maTi raodenoba 19 sul 14 procents Seadgens. umaRles sasamarTloSi qalebs mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobebis sul 3 procenti ukaviaT da maTi umravlesoba qalTa ganyofilebaSi muSaobs. saapelacio komisiaSi qalebi saerTod ar arian (Grint 1991). Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad mwvave iqneba uaxloes momavalSi genderuli uTanasworobis problema. dRes mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs, magram karieris ganviTarebas didi dro sWirdeba, amitom Sedegebi mxolod wlebis Semdeg gamovlindeba. magaliTad, aviRoT iuridiuli profesia. britaneTSi, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iurisprudenciis studentebis naxevars qalebi Seadgendnen, rac wina aTwleulTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti iyo. savaraudod, maTi umravlesoba iuristis karieras ganagrZobs; saintereso is aris, maTgan ramdeni daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas. warmatebis problemebi amJamad ekonomikurad warmatebul qalebs iseT samyarosTan uxdebaT Segueba, romelsac isini Sinaganad ar ekuTvnian. aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobebze dakavebuli qalebis gamocdileba ucxoeTSi xangrZlivi periodiT gamgzavrebuli qalebis gamocdilebas Seadares. aseT dros cnobari, rukebi da adgilobrivi macxovreblebis wes-Cveulebebis codnaa saWiro. amgvar mogzaurobas Tan “kulturuli Sokic” axlavs da mosaxleoba ucxoels bolomde maSinac ver egueba, Tuki is aRniSnul qveyanaSi samudamod apirebs darCenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, qalebma SeiZleba zemoqmedeba moaxdinon maskulinul RirebulebaTa sistemaze da ojaxTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba da samuSao valdebulebebi erTmaneTs SeuTavson. qalebis karieris ganviTarebas mamakacTa is damokidebuleba uSlis xels, rom qalisTvis samuSao meorexarisxovania Svilebis yolasTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi Seiswavles im menejerTa misazrebebi, romlebic jandacvis samsaxurSi teqnikuri personalis Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebis msurvel qalbatonebTan uZRvebodnen intervius. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom interviurebi qalebs mudmivad ekiTxebian, hyavT Tu ara Svilebi, da Tu ar hyavT, apirebeben Tu ara momavalSi dedobas. amgvar SekiTxvas arasodes usvamen mamakac aplikantebs. rodesac interviuerebs amgvari qmedebis mizezi hkiTxes, orgvarma pasuxma gaiJRera: a) im qalebma, romlebsac Svilebi hyavT, SesaZloa, skolis ardadegebis periodSi an bavSvis avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, damatebiTi dro moiTxovon; b) bavSvze zrunva ganixileba ara orive mSoblis, aramed dedis pasuxismgeblobad. zogierTma menejerma miiCnia, rom dasmuli kiTxvebi TanamSromel qalebze zrunvis xarisxis dadgenas isaxavda miznad, umravlesobam ki CaTvala, rom 20 gamokiTxva imis Sesafaseblad Catarda, Tu ramdenad saimedo kolega iqneba samsaxuris dawyebis msurveli qalbatoni. aqedan gamomdinare, erTma menejerma aRniSna: ,,Cemi azriT, es piradi xasiaTis SekiTxvaaa, magram es sakiTxi aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT. es SeiZleba usamarTlobadac CaiTvalos – qals igive SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnia, radgan mamakaci ojaxis gamo SezRuduli ar aris” (Homans 1987, gv. 92). Tumca mamakacs ar SuZlia biologiurad ,,hyavdes ojaxi,” radgan fizikurad ar aCens Svilebs, bavSvebis aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba masac ekisreba. amgvari SesaZlebloba mxedvelobaSi arc erT gamokiTxul menejers ar miuRia. igive ganwyoba aisaxa qalebis dawinaurebasTan mimarTebaSic. menejerebma aRniSnes, rom qalma, Tundac maRali Tanamdeboba ekavos, mcirewlovan bavSvebze zrunvis mizniT, samuSaos Tavi unda daanebos. ufrosma menejerma Semdegi komentari gaakeTa: “maRali Tanamdebobebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebs ukaviaT, radgan qalebi, bavSvebis gaCenisa da sxva msgavsi mizezis gamo, muSaobas Tavs anebeben... Cven mamakacebs mizanmimarTulad ar vawinaurebT, magram cxovrebiseuli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi qorwindebian da ojaxebs qmnian; amis gamo maTi kariera fragmentuli xasiaTisaa. isini samuSaos ubrundebian, magram gacdenili dro maT gamocdilebasa da profesionalizmze isaxeba; amitom, rodesac kandidatebis SerCevis dro dgeba, es ara sqesis, aramed adamianis damsaxurebis mixedviT xdeba. davuSvaT, gvyavs ori kandidati: qali, romelsac ojaxuri pirobebis gamo, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ar umuSavia da mamakaci, romelic mudmivad muSaobs. rasakvirvelia, Tanabar pirobebSi, Tanamdebobaze mamakaci dainiSneba.” (Homans 1987, gv. 95) im mcirericxovan qalebs Soris, romlebsac menejeruli Tanamdebobebi ekavaT, Svilebi arc erTs ar hyavda; maT ki, vinc samomavlod gegmavda Svilebis gaCenas, ganacxades, rom Tanamdebobis datoveba da Semdeg, sxva poziciis dakavebis mizniT, xelaxali wvrTnis gavla aqvT ganzraxuli. 1992 wels, ist angliaSi menejeri qalbatonebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad, msgavsi Sedegebi gamovlinda (Verney 1992). 200-ma gamokiTxulma qalma ganacxada, rom warmatebuli biznes karieris Seqmnis msurveli qalbatonisTvis yvelaze didi problema baSvze zrunvis sakiTxia. yvelaze misaReb, magram moklevadian gamosavlad, isini samuSao adgilze sabavSvo bagebis gaxsnas miiCneven. magram amgvari SesaZleblobiT TanamSromlebs gamokiTxul kompaniaTa mxolod 2 procenti uzrunvelyofda. ra daskvna unda gamovitanoT am Sedegebis safuZvelze? qalebis samuSao SesaZleblobebs dabrkolebas mamakacTa mikerZoebuli ganwyoba uqmnis? zogierTma menejerma aRniSna, rom qalebma, romlebsac Svilebi hyavT, anazRaurebadi samuSao ar unda eZebon, saojaxo saqmiT dakavdnen da Svilebze izrunon. Tumca umravlesoba aRiarebs im princips, rom qalma da mamakacma, karierasTan momarTebaSi, erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT unda isargeblon. maT mikerZoebul ganwyobas samuSao ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed 21 mSoblisTvis savaldebulo saojaxo pasuxismgebloba. aqamde mosaxleobis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom mSoblis funqciebi Tanabrad ver ganawildeba da amasTan dakavSirebiT TanamSromel qalebs mudmivad eqnebaT problemebi. erT-erTma menejerma ganacxada, rom qalebi, karierasTan mimarTebaSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi arian. es usamarTlobaa, magram cxovrebiseuli faqtebiT jerjerobiT amgvari mdgomareoba dasturdeba (Cockburn 1991). kanonmdebloba, romelic Tanabar SesaZleblobebs iTvaliswinebs 1979 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa aqti SemuSavda. aqtis punqtebis mixedviT, qalma da mamakacma erTsa da imave samuSaoSi Tanabari anazRureba unda miiRon. amgvari formulirebis safuZvelze, bevr damsaqmebels mieca lavirebis saSualeba. maT samuSaos dasaxeleba Seucvales da qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis “gansxvavebuli” samuSao adgilebi Seqmnes; amgvarad, aqtma maSin ar gaamarTla. 1975 wels evropulma gaerTianebam Tanabari anazRaurebis aqti SeimuSava, romlis safuZvelze “Tanabari anazRaurebis principi” dainerga. Tanabrad ara mxolod ,,msgavsi samuSao”, aramed “Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaoc” unda anazRaurdes. axali samuSao: ojaxze mzrunveli mamasaxlisi jonaTan rurki, 29 wlis, vaJiSvili semis dabadebis Semdeg, orweliwadnaxevaria, ojaxze zrunavs. man sabavSvo baRis maswavleblisTvis savaldebulo wvrTna gaiara, cxovrobs londonSi, haunslouSi. ratom gadawyviteT am saqmianobis arCeva? Cemi meuRle Llindi muSaobda, me ki ara. Tanac me mcirewlovan bavSvebTan muSaobis ufro didi gamocdileba maqvs, is ki skolaSi ufrosklaselebs aswavlis. ra Tanxas gamoimuSavebT? arafers, bavSvs TveSi 41.20 funti daxmareba eZleva. rogori samuSaoa? sems daaxloebiT 7 saaTze vayeneb da vacmev. kviraSi samjer dilaobiT saTamaSo moedanze vtoveb, Semdeg iqidan momyavs da lanCs vaWmev. SuadRisas sZinavs, Semdeg parkSi mivdivarT, iq SeiZleba mis megobrebs SevxvdeT. Tavisi asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT, semi cota ufro gvian iZinebs, radgan lindis masTan erTad yofna surs. rodesac saTamaSo moedanze mimyavs, iq ZiriTadad dedebi ikribebian, amitom Tavs uxerxulad vgrZnob. bavSvebi saseirnod dedebs ufro xSirad mohyavT. semi rogoria? Tavidan Zalian ucxoobs, TiTze raRac niSani aqvs da imiT TamaSobs, magram rodesac situacias egueba, sakmaod aqtiuria. xandaxan hiTrous aeroportSi mimyavs, TviTmfrinavebi Zalian moswons. rodesac misi zrdis process vakvirdebi, es yvelaze did siamovnebas maniWebs – axla imdens laparakobs, erTi wlis win ki TiTqmis verafers ambobda. ra aris TqvenTvis idealuri samuSao? maswavlebloba minda, magram Tavs Sin semTan erTadac Zalian kargad vgrZnob. momavalze ras ityviT? amJamad samuSao vakansiebs Tvals vadevneb; axla saxls vqiraobT, sakuTari saxlis SeZenas vgegmavT, amitom rodesac semi skolaSi wava, samuSao aucileblad unda movZebno. 22 Zveli samuSao: ojaxze mzrunveli diasaxlisi snezana teilori, 36 wlis, xuTi welia, diasaxlisia. warsulSi, sxvadasxva adgilas, mdivnis droebiT da mudmiv Tanamdebobeze muSaobda, daasrula orenovani samdivno kursi. misi mSoblebi yofili iugoslaviidan arian. ratom airCieT es samuSao? Sin, bavSvebTan mindoda yofna. ra Tanxas gamoimuSavebT? daxmareba eZleva. mgoni, or bavSvs TveSi daaxloebiT 70 funtis odenobis rogori samuSaoa? bavSvebs vaWmev, vban, tansacmels vurCev, skolaSi da sxvadasxva aqtivobaze damyavs, kiTxvasa da saSinao davalebaSi vexmarebi, maTTan erTad vTamaSob, varTob (icinis). maTi movla sasiamovno procesia. saojaxo da sxva saxis saqmeebTan gamklaveba xandaxan stress mgvris. Cems qmars timoTisac unda mivxedo; is xarjTaRricxvis inJineria da gvianobamde muSaobs. zogjer rTulia, rodesac garSemo yvela yviris da sadils iTxovs. rogori bavSvebi arian? tania xuTi wlis aris da skolaSi dadis. is sakmarisad kontaqturi da moZravi bavSvia. nataSa samnaxevari wlis aris, mas xatva da gaferadeba uyvars da cotaTi morcxvia. curvaze da baletze dadian. ra aris TqvenTvis idealuri samuSao? am wuTas es CemTvis saukeTeso arCevania. momavalze ras ityviT? momavali wlidan nataSa skolaSi did dros gaatarebs. SeiZleba iseT samuSaos davubrunde, romelic bavSvebis movlis saSualebasac momcems. esaubra piter karti, en morous ilustraciebi wyaro: Guardian, 6 marti, 1996, gv. 3. am or monaTxrobs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. evropuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qals, romelic mamakacis eqvivalentur samuSaozea dasaqmebuli, SeuZlia ganacxados, rom mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao eqvivalenturi Rirebulebisaa da igive anazRaureba moiTxovos. britanul xelisuflebas, Tanabar SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebuli susti kanonmdeblobis gamo, evropul sasamarTloSi uCivles. Tumca, saeWvoa, ramdenad aisaxa praqtikulad es gansxvaveba dasaqmebis sistemaSi. britaneTis Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa komisiam qalTa diskriminaciis ramdenime gaxmaurebuli saqmis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. magaliTad, 1989 wels loidis bankis mbeWdav da mdivan qalTa industriul tribunalze gadacemuli saqme momCivanTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda; maT ganacxades, rom am Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebuli qalebisa da bankis mamakaci kurierebis samuSao Tanabari Rirebulebisaa, kurierebs ki maTze maRali xelfasi eZlevaT. Tumca amgvari miRwevebi xSiri ar iyo. amaze im firmis mier gamoqveynebuli reklamac metyvelebs, romelic eZebda ragbis moTamaSe mamakacs an qals marketingis aRmasruleblis Tanamdebobaze. kompaniam ganacxada, rom am reklamaSi aranairi diskriminacia ar iyo, radgan qveyanas ragbis moTamaSe Tormeti qalTa gundi hyavda. saqme momCivanTa damarcxebiT dasrulda (Neuberger 1991). 23 dabali anazRaureba da qalTa siRaribe dasaqmebuli qalis saSualo anazRaureba bevrad ufro dabalia mamakacis saSualo anazRaurebaze, Tumca es gansxvaveba ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi garkveulwilad Semcirda. dabalanazRaurebad samuSao seqtorSi qalebi Warboben. qalebis xelfasebi, saSualod, maSinac ufro dabalia, Tuki isini da mamakacebi erTsadaimave kategoriaSi arian dasaqmebulni. magaliTad, britaneTSi saofise samuSaoze dasaqmebul qalebs igive Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebuli mamakacis gamomuSavebis 60 procenti eZlevaT; maRaziebSi dasaqmebul qalebs ki igive saqmianobiT dakavebuli mamakacis xelfasis - 57 procenti. gaerTianebul samefoSi qalebis didi procenti siRaribeSi cxovrobs. es gansakuTrebiT iseT qalebs exeba, romlebic ojaxs uZRvebian. imis miuxedavad, rom siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba 1960-ian wlebSi Semcirda da 1970 wlebSi stabilur maCvenebels miaRwia (1980-1990-ian wlebSi isev daiwyo zrda), ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi siRaribeSi mcxovreb qalTa procentuli raodenoba Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda. siRaribis problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas qalebSi, romlebsac mcirewlovan bavSvebze mudmivad uxdebaT zrunva. aq mojadoebuli wre iqmneba: Tu qals kargad anazRaurebadi samuSao aqvs, is did finansur danakliss ganicdis, radgan bavSvis movlis safasuris gadaxda uxdeba. meore mxriv, Tu is arasruli datvirTviT imuSavebs, misi gamomuSaveba da karierasTan dakavSirebuli perspeqtivebi Semcirdeba da is sxva saxis ekonomikur daxmarebas – pensiiT sargeblobis uflebasac dakargavs, radgan amgvari privilegia mxolod srulad dasaqmebul muSakebs aqvT. ramdenad gansxvavebuli situaciaa sxva qveynebSi? SedarebisTvis SvedeTis magaliTs ganvixilavT, sadac, qalebis ekonomikuri statusis gaumjobesebis mizniT, gacilebiT meti zoma iqna miRebuli, vidre britaneTSi. SvedeTis SemTxveva SvedeTs, sqesTa Tanabari pirobebis xelSemwyobi kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, dasavlur samyaroSi wamyvani pozicia uWiravs (Scriven 1984). SvedeTSi mcxovreb qalTa didi wili anazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli – 1986 wels Teqvsmetidan samocdaoTx wlamde asakis qalTa 80 procenti garkveuli saxis anazRaurebad samuSaos asrulebda (Allman/manad statistik 1987). mSobiarobamde erTi TviT adre da bavSvis dabadebidan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, nebismier qals saxelmwifo daxmareba eZleva, romelic saSualo gamomuSavebis 90 procents uzrunvelyofs. es periodi, survilis mixedviT, SeiZleba orive mSobelma gainawilos. daxmarebis miReba damatebiT kidev 180 dRis ganmavlobaSi aris SesaZlebeli, romliTac deda an mama sargeblobs. arsebobs bavSvze zrunvis centrebi, romlebic ardadegebze da skolis Semdgom saaTebSi 12 wlamde asakis bavSvebs emsaxureba. 24 am zomebma nawilobriv gaamarTla, radgan qalebs maRali Tanamdebobis dakavebis SesaZlebloba miecaT. magaliTad, SvedeTis parlametis wevrTa meoTxeds qalebi Seadgenen, rac yvelaze maRali saerTaSoriso maCvenebelia. Tumca saqmiani firmebis menejmentSi qals iSviaTad SexvdebiT da umravles samuSao adgilebze qalebis igive raodenobaa warmodgenili, rac sxva dasavlur sazogadoebebSi. 1985 wels, SvedeTSi qalTa 45 procenti arasruli datvirTviT iyo dasaqmebuli da sruli datvirTviT dasaqmebul adamianebTan SedarebiT, karieris ganviTarebis naklebi SesaZlobebi, naklebi socialuri daxmareba da sapensio uflebebi gaaCnda (SvedeTSi Teqvsmetidan samocdaoTx wlamde asakis mamakacTa mxolod 5 procentia arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebuli). bevr qals, sruli samuSao dRis gamo, sakuTari Svilis dRis centrisTvis xangrZlivad mibareba ar surs. isini Tavad iReben Svilsa da saojaxo saqmeebze pasuxismgeblobas. paradoqsia, magram bavSvze mzrunvelobis centrebis arsebobis gamo, mamakacebs miaCniaT, rom maT bavSvis aRzrdaSi monawileoba naklebad evalebaT. saojaxo saqme saojaxo saqmis Tanamedrove forma ojaxisa da samuSaos gamijvnis Sedegad gaCnda (Oakley 1974). saxli ufro produqtis moxmarebis da ara warmoebis adgilad iqca. saojaxo saqme aRar aris iseTi ,,TvalsaCino”, radgan ,,realuri samuSaos” cnebas sul ufro aigiveben saqmianobasTan, romelSic adamians xelfasi eZleva. cvlilebebi moxda im periodis ganmavlobaSic, romelmac sakuTari saxlis flobis praqtikamde migviyvana. industrializaciiT ganpirobebulma gamogonebebma da danadgarebma saojaxo sferoze didi gavlena iqonia. manamde es Zalze mZime da damqancveli saqmianoba iyo. magaliTad, ZalianN rTuli da Sromatevadi iyo sarecxis yovelkvireuli recxva. The Maytag Washing Machine Co.–m gamoikvlia, Tu rogor recxavdnen sarecxs mecxramete saukuneSi. maT daaskvnes, ,,rom Zvelad, sarecxis recxvisas, adamiani dReSi igive energias xarjavda, rac xuTi milis gadacurvisas ixarjeboda; es aqtivoba igive moZraobas moiTxovda da recxvisas adamiani iseve sveldeboda, rogorc curvisas.” (citirebulia Hardyment, 1987, gv. 6). naxati – ,,es uToa. perangebi Sen unda gaauToo. me gogonebTan erTad mivdivar. kargi?” saxlebis cxeli da civi gamdinare wyliT uzrunvelyofis Semdeg, bevri Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi saqme gamartivda; manamde wyali saxlamde unda migezida. cxeli wylis moxmarebis mizniT, wyali aduRebas moiTxovda. eleqtroenergiisa da gazis milebis saxlebSi Seyvanis Semdeg, naxSirisa da SeSis qurebi usargeblo sagnebad iqca. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis gauqmda SeSis Cexvis, naxSiris mozidvisa da quris mudmivad wmendis saqmianobebi. iseTma danadgarebma, rogoric mtversasruti da sarecxi manqanaa, Sroma Zlier Seamsubuqa. ojaxis wevrTa raodenobam iklo, rac nakleb bavSvze zrunvas gulisxmobda. ucnauria, magram amis miuxedavad, qalis mier saojaxo saqmeze daxarjuli dro sagrZnoblad ar Semcirebula. mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi umuSevari britaneli qalebis mier saojaxo saqmeze daxarjuli 25 drois raodenoba ar Secvlila. saojaxo danadgarebis wyalobiT, zogi mZime saojaxo saqme gamartivda, magram isini axalma saqmianobebma Secvala. qalebis samuSao ZalaSi CarTulobis zrdis tendenciam saojaxo aqtivobaze imoqmeda. gareT dasaqmebuli qorwinebaSi myofi qalebi, sxva qalebTan SedarebiT, naklebad arian saojaxo saqmiT dakavebulni, Tumca, umravles SemTxvevaSi, inawileben saxlze zrunvasTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas (ix. cxrili 12.1). maTi aqtivoba sruliad gansxvavebulia. isini saojaxo saqmes ZiriTadad saRamos saaTebsa da uqmeebs uTmoben. gareT dausaqmebeli diasaxlisebi ki saqmes sxvagvarad anawileben. araanazRaurebad saojaxo Sromas ekonomikisTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs. gamoTvlebis mixedviT, industriul qveynebSi Seqmnili dovlaTis 25-40 procenti saojaxo saqmis Sedegia. saojaxo samuSao iseT ufaso momsaxurebas uzRunvelyofs, romelzec dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis didi nawilia damokidebuli, es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas. ojaxze mzrunvel diasaxlisebs (dRes iseTi Semxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac ojaxze mamakacebi zrunaven), ara aqvT anazRaurebadi samuSao. Tumca statistikaSi maT “umuSevrebad” ar Tvlian. realurad, ras niSnavs, “umuSevroba”? am sakiTxs yuradRebas momdevno qveTavSi davuTmobT. cxrili 12.1 col-qmars Soris saojaxo saqmis ganawileba, didi britaneTi 1994 (procentebSi) yovelTv Cveuleb is riv qalebi qalebi recxva gauToeba orive Cveulebri TiTqmis v Tanabrad mamakacebi yovelTv is mamakaceb i yvela wyvi li da 47 32 18 1 1 100 gadawyvetileba, 27 Tu ra kerZi unda momzaddes sadilad 32 35 3 1 100 avadmyofi 22 ojaxis wevrebis movla 26 45 _ _ 100 sursaTis yidva 21 52 4 1 100 3 18 49 25 100 20 saxlis mcire 2 SesakeTebeli samuSao aq iseTi SemTxvevebic igulsixmeba, rodesac SekiTxvas ar upasuxes an samuSaos mesame piri asrulebda. 26 wyaro: britanelTa socialuri ganwyobis gamokiTxva, Social & Community Planning R esearch, S ocial Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 216 umuSevroba gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi u m u S eEv r o b i s maCvenebeli Zlier Seicvala. 1930-ian wlebSi dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevrobam kulminacias miaRwia, britaneTSi am periodSi samuSao Zalis 20 procenti iyo dausaqmebeli. omis Semdgom wlebSi, evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebriv politikaze Zlier imoqmeda ekonomist jon meinard keinesis ideebma. keiness miaCnda, rom umuSevrobis zrdas saqonlis Sesyidvis uunaroba iwvevs; mTavrobas SeuZlia ekonomikaSi Caerios da moTxovnis done gazardos, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna mohyveba. bevri adamianis azriT, saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri cxovrebis marTvis gamo, umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli warsuls Cabarda. sruli dasaqmebis valdebuleba TiTqmis yvela dasavluri qveynis samTavrobo politikis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. 1970-ian wlebamde es politika TiTqos amarTlebda da ekonomikuri zrda metnaklebad Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobda. Tumca, gasuli TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli bevr qveyanaSi gaizarda da keinesianizms, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRar iyeneben, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis kontrolis mcdelobis saSualebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2 procentsac ar Seadgenda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es maCvenebeli 12 procentamde gaizarda, Semdeg daeca, aTwleulis bolos ki isev aRmasvla daiwyo; 1995 wels is 11 procents Seadgenda. umuSevrobis analizi umuSevrobis oficialuri statistikis interpretacia sworxazovani ar aris (ix. 12.2). umuSevrobis dasaxasiaTeba ar aris advili amocana. is ,,samuSaos gareSe yofnas” niSnavs. magram samuSaoSi aq “anazRaurebadi samuSao” an “aRiarebuli saqmianobiT dakaveba” igulisxmeba. umuSevris statusiT registrirebuli adamiani SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis produqtiuli aqtivobiT, magaliTad, saxlis RebviT an baRis movliT, iyos dakavebuli. bevri adamiani arasruli anazRaurebadi datvirTviT muSaobs an anazrurebadi samuSaoTi periodulad aris dakavebuli; pensionrebs ,,umuSevarTa” kategorias ar akuTvneben. mravali ekonomistis azriT, umuSevrobis standartul maCvenebels kidev ori faqtori unda daematos. arseboben ,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebi”, romlesac muSaoba surT, imedi gaucruvdaT da samuSaos Zebnaze xeli Caiqnies; ,,iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi” iseT kategorias ekuTvnian, romlebsac srulad dasaqmebis survili aqvT, magram ver axerxeben amgvari samuSaos moZiebas. am faqtorebis damateba, umuSevrobasTan mimarTebaSi, ufro srulyofil demografiul suraTs uzrunvelyofs (ix. 12.3). 1993 wels evropuli kavSiris qveynebSi 4 milioni ,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili” da 15 milioni “iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli” 27 muSaki iyo. umuSevarTa ofocialuri raodenoba ki 34 milions Seadgenda (The Economist, 22 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 92). Tu iaponiis umuSevrobis maCvenebels am ori damatebiTi kategoriiT SevavsebT, umuSevrobis saerTo done orjer an metad gaizrdeba. nax 12.2 SesaZlebeli dasaqmebis, umuSevrobis, an samuSaos gareSe yofnis taqsonomia wyaro: Peter Sinclair, Unemployment: Economic Theory and Evidence (Blackwell Publishers 1987), gv. 2 skolis Semdgomi asakis mosaxleoba dasaqmebuli xarT? diax ara sruli datvirTviT? gsurT muSaobis dawyeba? ara diax gsurT ufro xangrZlivi amJamad eZebT samuSaos? samuSao dRis qona? diax ara sruli datvirTviT dasaqmeba diax diax arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmeba SegiZliaT axlave daiwyoT muSaoba? diax dasaqmebulebi ekonomikurad ara jer ara amJamad ara sruliad ar veZeb dausaqmebeli naxevrad arc dausaqmebeli dasaqmebuli, arc dausaqmebeli aqtiurebi nax. 12.3 sxvadasxva qveynis umuSevarTa: dausaqmebeli muSakebis, uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebisa da iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebis procentuli maCvenebeli, 1993 wyaro: OECD. Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 22 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 92 espaneTi avstralia kanada 28 britaneTi SvedeTi (1992) SeerTebuli Statebi germania iaponia umuSevrebi uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebi arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi britaneTis xelisuflebis mier dokumenturad kargad aris aRnusxuli, Tu rogor aisaxa umuSevroba sxvadasxva fenebSi. umuSevrobis maCvenebeli qalebs Soris ufro maRalia, vidre mamakacebSi da eTnikur umciresobebSi ufro maRalia, vidre TeTrkanianebSi. eTnikur umciresobebs Soris, danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, aseve yvelaze maRalia grZelvadiani umuSevrobis maCvenebeli. umuSevrobis bolodroindeli zrda gansakurebiT axalgazrdebs Seexo; am kategoriaSic igive problema - is TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, eTnikur umciresobebze ufro mZafrad aisaxa. Teqvsmetidan cxramet wlamde asakis adamianTa umuSevrobis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 20 procentia. SeiZleba es ar iyos realuri monacemi, radgan studentTa umravlesoba arasruli datvirTviT muSaobs an droebiT samuSaozea dakavebuli. Tumca, xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianTa Soris, Zalian bevri axalgazrdaa, romelTa umravlesoba eTnikur umciresobas ekuTvnis. mozardi asakis biWebis naxevarze meti umuSevrad rCeba eqvsi Tvis an ufro xangrZlivi drois manZilze.E umuSevroba Zneli gadasatania saimedo samsaxurs miCveuli adamianebisTvis. ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, Tavs Semosavlis dakargva iCens. am garemoebis Sedegi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba, radgan yvela qveyana sxvadasxva moculobis umuSevrobis daxmarebas gascems. magaliTad, britaneTi umuSevrebs keTildReobis xangrZlivi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs. umuSevrobam SeiZleba mwvave finansuri problemebi gamoiwvios, magram saxelmwifo jandacva da keTildReobis sxva saxis daxmareba umuSevrebisTvis mainc xelmisawvdomia. meore mxriv, SeerTebul StatebSi, espaneTsa da sxva zogierT dasavlur qveyanaSi umuSevrebs daxmareba ufro xanmokle vadiT eZlevaT da, Sesabamisad, aseTi adamianebi uares ekonomikur pirobebSi aRmoCndebian. ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli? ukanasknel wlebSi dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevroba gaizarda. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi es procesi gansxvavebuli formiT aisaxa. dasavleTis 29 farglebs gareT, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, naklebi umuSevroba iyo iaponiaSi. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis qveynebSi arsebuli umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli sxvadasxva faqtorTa kombinaciiT aixsneba. • mniSvnelovani elementia saerTaSoriso konkurenciis zrda im industriebSi, romlebsac efuZneboda dasavleTis keTildReoba. 1947 wels foladis msoflio warmoebis 60 procenti SeerTebul StatebSi xorcieldeboda. dRevandeli maCvenebeli 15 procentia, maSin roca iaponiasa da mesame samyaros qveynebSi (kerZod, singapurSi, taivansa da hong kongSi, romlebic iaponur fasebsac amcireben) foladis warmoeba samjer gaizarda. • sxvadasxva garemoebis, magaliTad, 1973 wlis “navTobis krizisis” (maSin navTobis mwarmoebeli ZiriTadi qveynebi Seikribnen da koleqtiurad gadawyvites navTobis safasuris gazrda) gamo, msoflio ekonomikam seriozuli recesia da warmoebis Seneleba ganicada. • industriaSi mikroeleqtronikis moWarbebulma gamoyenebam Seamcira moTxovna samuSao Zalaze. • warsulTan SedarebiT, sul ufro met qals surs dasaqmeba, ramac xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. Zneli saTqmelia, kidev gaizrdeba Tu ara uaxloes momavalSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli. zogierT qveyanas masStabur umuSevrobasTan sabrZolvelad ukeTesi pirobebi gaaCnia. umuSevrobam SeerTebulAStatebSi, britaneTTan da sxva mniSvnelovan evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro warmatebiT iklo. amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom ekonomikuri siZlieris gamo, es qveyana msoflio bazarze, mcire arastabilur qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs. garda amisa, savaraudod, SeerTebul StatebSi gansakuTrebiT farTo momsaxurebis seqtoris arsebobis gamo, aSS ufro meti samuSao adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, vidre qveynebi, romelTa mosaxleoba, tradiciulad, manufaqturul warmoebaSia dasaqmebuli. umuSevroba evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, dasavleT evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti samuSao adgili Seiqmna. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, es ar iyo e.w. “maksamuSaoebi” anu dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoebi swrafi momsaxurebis restornebSi. SeerTebul StatebSi xuTidan oTxi adamiani menejeruli an profesiuli saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. ratom Seiqmna evropul qveynebSi naklebi samuSao adgilebi? zogierTebis azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom ramdenime evropuli qveynis, maT Soris safrangeTis, kanonmdeblobam umaRlesi xelfasis minimaluri zRvari daawesa. kidev ufro mniSvnelovani 30 faqtori SeiZleba produqciis – saqonlisa da momsaxurebis _ gasayid bazrebze barierebis arseboba iyos. magaliTad, industriuli qveynebis samuSao adgilebis saSualod 10 procents vaWrobis sfero Seadgens. amerikaSi samuSao adgilebis ZiriTadi wyaro savaWro seqtoria; amis sapirispirod, safrangeTSi vaWrobis sferoSi dasaqmeba Semcirda. es, savarudod, savaWro teritoriebisTvis gankuTvnili zonebisa da samuSao saaTebis mkacrma SezRudvam gamoiwvia – SeerTebul StatebSi zogierTi maRazia 24-saaTiani grafikiT muSaobs. umuSevrobis maRali donis gamo, kritikosebma Cvens cxovrebaSi anazRaurebadi samuSaos rolze daiwyes saubari. iqneb momavalSi bevr Cvengans, samuSaosTan mimarTebaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba ganuviTardes? am problemaze daskvniT nawilSi vimsjelebT. dasaqmebis momavali kvalificirebuli muSaki zogierTi sociologi da ekonomisti acxadebs, rom globaluri ekonomikisa da ‘moqnil” samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis pirobebSi, momavalSi bevri “kvalificirebuli muSaki” gveyoleba. am adamianebs unar-Cvevebis nakrebi – gansxvavebuli samuSao unar-Cvevebi da diplomebi unda hqondeT, rasac isini samuSao karieris ganviTarebis gzaze sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi gamoiyeneben. mxolod dasaqmebulTa mcire wils eqneba grZelvadiani ,,kariera” Tanamedrove gagebiT. kvalificirebuli muSakis damkvidrebisken swrafvas zogierTebi dadebiTad afaseben. muSaki wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave samuSaoze ar iqneba dakavebuli da mas sakuTari samuSao karieris SemoqmedebiTad dagegmvis saSualeba eqneba (Handy 1994). zogi Tvlis, rom “moqniloba” praqtikaSi organizaciebis mier muSakebis TviTneburad daqiravebasa da daTxovnas niSnavs, ris gamoc TanamSromlebs daucvelobis grZnoba euflebaT. damsaqmeblebs samuSao ZalasTan xanmokle valdebuleba akavSirebT, rac maT minimaluri damatebiTi daxmarebis gadaxdisa da sapensio uflebebis SezRudvis saSualebas aZlevs. kaliforniaSi Silicon V alley-is mier axlaxan Catarebuli kvleviT dadasturda, rom adgilobrivi ekonomikuri warmateba kvalificirebul samuSao Zalas efuZneba. Silicon V alley-is firmebSi Zalian maRalia warumateblobis maCvenebeli: yovel wels daaxloebiT 300 axali kompania ixsneba, magram TiTqmis igive raodenobis kompania ixureba. situaciis Sesabamisad iqceva samuSao Zala, romelSic didi raodenobiT aris profesionali da teqnikuri muSaki. avtorebi amboben, rom erTi firmidan meoreSi niWisa da unarebis swrafi gadineba da, paralelurad, personalis adaptacia mimdinareobs. teqnikuri specialisti konsultantis pozicias ikavebs, konsultanti - menejeris, rigiTi 31 TanamSromlebi kompaniis kapitalistebi xdebian; SeiZleba procesi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTac ganviTardes (Bahrami and Evans 1995). amgvari situacia jerjerobiT gamonaklisi ufroa, vidre Cveulebrivi movlena. dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli uaxlesi statistikis mixedviT, industriul britaneTsa da aSS-Si, anu im qveynebSi, romlebsac industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze nakleb regulirebadi Sromis bazari aqvT - srulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi igive datvirTviT muSaoben, rogorc aTi wlis win (The Economist, 21 maisi, 1995). amis mizezi is aris, rom menejerebi personalis reorganizacias kompaniisTvis ZviradRirebul da, moraluri TvalsazrisiTac, saziano RonisZiebad miiCneven, amitom maT axali TanamSromlebis miRebas, Zveli personalis gadamzadeba urCevniaT, Tundac amisTvis sabazro Rirebulebaze maRali safasuris gadaxda gaxdes saWiro. wignSi Built to L ast (1994) jeims kolinzma da jeri porasma meTvramete saukunis amerikuli kompaniebi gaaanalizes; 1926 wlidan am kompaniebs saaqcio birJaze mudmivad kargi Sedegi aqvT. avtorebma daadgines, rom isini TanamSromlebs TviTneburad ar qiraobdnen da arc samuSaodan uSvebdnen, piriqiT, kompania personalis mimarT mfarvelobiT politikas atarebda. erTmaneTs TxuTmeti kompania Seadares. aRmoCnda, rom cameti naklebad warmatebuli korporaciisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod orma daniSna aRmasrulebeli direqtoris Tanamdebobaze pirovneba, romelic ar iyo kompaniis TanamSromeli. kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs im adamianTa Tvalsazriss, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom ekonomikaSi adgils kvalificirebuli muSaki imkvidrebs. organizaciaTa zomis Semcireba realobaa, ris Sedegad samuSaos bevri iseTi muSaki kargavs, romelsac Sromis bazarze sicocxlis bolomde dasaqmebis imedi hqonda. axali samuSaos misaRebad, maT SeiZleba sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis daufleba mouxdeT. bevrma, gansakurebiT asakovanma adamianma, SeiZleba saerTod ver SeZlos Zvelebur, an zogadad, anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmeba. samuSaos mniSvnelobis kleba? ,,yvela adamians aqvs muSaobis ufleba” - vkiTxulobT adamianis uflebaTa universalur deklaraciaSi, romelsac meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaerTianebuli erebis Sekrebaze moewera xeli. maSin es gancxadeba anazRaurebad samuSaos gulisxmobda. umuSevrobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, am mizans realizeba ar uweria. iqneb anazRaurebadi samuSaos buneba Seicvalos, kerZod, adamianTa cxovrebaSi misi dominanturi pozicia. damsaqmeblebi da muSakebi umuSevrobas uaryofiTad aRiqvamen, magram es Tvalsazrisi gadaxedvas saWiroebs. ar aris marTebuli “samuSaos” ,,anazRaurebad dasaqmebasTan” gaigiveba. Tu vinmes gansakuTrebuli miswrafeba aqvs, magaliTad, lamaz baRs sakuTari interesiT amuSavebs da materialur anazRaurebas ar elis, gana es samuSao ar aris? sityva ,,umuSevroba” enaSi mecxramete saukunis bolos damkvidrda; iqneb meoce saukunis bolos am terminis gamoyeneba aRar iyo mizanSewonili. aseT 32 situaciaSi dasaqmeba iseve dakargavs enobriv mniSvnelobas, rogorc es sityva ,,umuSevrobis” SemTxvevaSi moxda. zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom umuSevrebs TviTdasaqmebulebi unda vuwodoT da Aadamianebs unda mieceT arCevanis SesaZlebloba. samuSao kviris saSualo xangrZlivoba yvela industriul qveyanaSi mcirdeba. bevri muSaki mainc dadgenil samuSao saaTze mets muSaobs, magram zogierTi mTavroba samuSao saaTebis xangrZlivobis limits awesebs. magaliTad, safrangeTSi damatebiTi samuSao dro weliwadSi maqsimum 130 saaTiT ganisazRvra. umravles qveynebSi, pensiaze gasasvlelad, oficialurad dadgenili asaki samocda xuTi welia, magram saSualo samuSao kariera, SesaZloa, samomavlod Semcirdes da iklos pensiaze gasvlis asakma (Blyton 1985 ). samuSao Zalas, materialuri SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, samoci an samoc wlamde asakis ufro meti adamiani datovebs. Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmebisTvis dadgenili periodi kidev ufro Semcirdeba da dasaqmebis aucileblobis mniSvneloba daiklebs, SeiZleba moxdes karieris bunebis mniSvnelovani reorganizeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba Cveulebriv movlenad iqces SeTavsebiT muSaoba da samuSao saaTebic ufro moqnili gaxdes. zogierTi Sromis analitikosis azriT, universitetSi arsebuli samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis principi, sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebul muSakebzec unda gavrceldes da yvelas mieces raime formiT, TviTganviTarebis an swavlis mizniT, samsaxuridan erTi wliT gaTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba. bevri adamiani, cxivrebis sxvadasxva etapze, savaraudod, Tavad dagegmavs Tavis cxovrebas (airCevs anazRaurebad an araanazRaurebad samuSaos, srulad an arasrulad daitvirTeba da a.S). aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTma adamianma SeiZleba jer formaluri ganaTleba miiRos da mere CaerTos samuSao ZalaSi, zogma ki mogzauroba arCios. bevr adamians Tavad surs arasruli datvirTviT muSaoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze; maT arCevans sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis nakleboba ar ganapirobebs. samuSaos Sesaxeb bolo gamokiTxvebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebul pirobebSic ki, arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebuli muSakebi, sruli datvirTviT dasaqmebul adamianebTan SedarebiT, ufro kmayofilebi arian samuSao pirobebiT. amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba qalebi arian, romlebsac karierasTan mimarTebaSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebi molodinebi aqvT da monotonuri saojaxo saqmianobisgan gaTavisufleba surT. bevr adamians kmayofilebas swored is faqti aniWebs, rom mas anazRaurebadi samuSaos sxva aqtivobebTan SeTavseba da mravalferovani cxovrebiT tkboba SeuZlia. zogierT adamians ,,umaRlesi mwvervalis” miRweva surs da axalgazrdobidan Sua xnis asakamde anazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli; SeiZleba aseTma adamianma Semdeg kariera Seicvalos da axali interesebi gauCndes. frangi sociologisa da socialuri kritikosis andre gorzis azriT, anazRaurebadi samuSao momavalSi adamianTa cxovrebaSi sul ufro nakleb 33 adgils daikavebs. gorzi sakuTar mosazrebas marqsis naSromebis kritikuli Sefasebis safuZvelze ayalibebs. marqss miaCnda, rom muSaTa klasi, romelic mudmivad gaizrdeba, revolucias gamoiwvevs, Sedegad ki ufro humanuri tipis sazogadoeba Seiqmneba. am sazogadoebaSi adamianis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs samuSao daakmayofilebs. gorzi am Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. muSaTa klasi sazogadoebis yvelaze did jgufad ki ar iqca (rogorc amas marqsi amtkicebda) da warmatebuli revolucia ki ar gamoiwvia, is Semcirda da es procesi axlac grZeldeba. cisfersayeloiani muSakebi samuSao Zalis umciresobas warmoadgenen da maTi raodenoba sul ufro iklebs. gorzis azriT, im mosazrebam, rom muSebi Caibareben sawarmoebs, romelTa Semadgenel nawils Tavad warmoadgenen da saxelmwifo gavlena Semcirdeba, azri dakarga. anazRaurebadi samuSaos bunebis samomavlo gardaqmna realobas ar Seesabameba, radgan misi organizeba teqnikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, warmatebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi ki SeuZlebelia am faqtorebisTvis Tavis arideba. gorzi acxadebs, rom ZiriTadi sakiTxi axla “Sromisgan gaTavisuflebaa…” (Gorz 1982, gv. 67 ). es gansakuTrebiT iq unda ganxorcieldes, sadac samuSaos organizeba teilorizmis xazebiT xdeba, raTa muSaoba damTrgunveli da erTferovani ar iyos. gorzis azriT, umuSevrobisa da arasruli samuSao datvirTvis zrdis Sedegad, stabilurad dasaqmebulTa paralelurad ukve Seiqmna fena, romelsac “arc samuSao aqvs da arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis.” adamianTa umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis, radgan stabilur anazRaurebad samuSaoze mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire nawilia dasaqmebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT axalgazrdebs, pensionrebs, avadmyofebsa da diasaxlisebs, arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebulebsa da umuSevrebs. gorzs maiCnia, rom mikroteqnologiis gavrceleba momavalSic Seamcirebs sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis raodenobas. es ki dasavluri sazogadoebis “produqtivistuli” TvalTaxedvis uaryofas gamoiwvevs, romlisTvisac mTavari dovlaTi ekonomikuri zrda da materialuri produqtia. momaval wlebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba mudmiv anazRaurebad samuSaos cxovrebis mravalferovan stils amjobinebs. gorzis Tanaxmad, dRes “dualisturi sazogadoeba” yalibdeba. erT seqtorSi maqsimalurad organizebuli warmoeba da politikuri administracia iqneba. meore seqtorSi adamianebi, sakuTari siamovnebis an TviTrealizaciis mizniT, sxvadasxva Tavisufali saqmianobiT iqnebian dakavebulni. ramdenad validuria es Tvalsazrisi? is, rom industriul qveynebSi, samuSaos bunebasa da organizaciasTan mimarTebaSi, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mimdinareobs, sakamaTo ar aris. isic dasaSvebia, rom “produqtivizmis” – mudmiv ekonomikur zrdasa da materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebaze aqcentirebis _ ideiT sul ufro naklebi adamiania Sepyrobili. udavod Rirebulia gorzis Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom umuSevroba yovelTvis uaryofiT movlenad ki ar unda Sefasdes, aramed 34 rogorc interesebisa da axali unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, dRemde am kuTxiT didi progresi ar yofila. gorzis mier aRwerili situaciidan jer kidev Sors varT. samuSao karieris ganviTarebisTvis sul ufro meti qali ibrZvis da saimedo anazRaurebadi dasaqmebiTac aqtiurad kvlav bevri adamiania dainteresebuli. mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis savaldebulo materialuri resursebis dagrovebis ZiriTad faqtorad bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi samuSao rCeba. Sejameba 1. muSaoba amocanaTa Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, rasac gonebrivi da fizikuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. am amocanaTa mizani adamianTa moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis warmoebaa. bevri mniSvnelovani samuSao, magaliTad, saojaxo da moxaliseTa saqmianoba, materialurad ar anazRaurdeba. saqmianoba aris samuSao, romelic regularuli xelfasis sanacvlod sruldeba. ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvels yvela kulturaSi samuSao warmoadgens. 2. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ekonomikuri sistemis gamorCeuli Tviseba Sromis maRalkompleqsuri da mravalferovani ganawilebis ganviTarebaa. 3. Sromis ganawileba samuSaos sxvadasxva saqmianobebad dayofas niSnavs. TiToeuli maTgani garkveul specializacias moiTxovs. es ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas iwvevs: saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebis mizniT, yvelani erTmaneTze varT damokidebulni. 4. amis erT-erTi gamovlineba teilorizmi anu mecnieruli menejmentia. teilorizmi samuSaos martiv davalebebad dayofas gulisxmobs, romlebic droSi ganawilebuli da organizebulia. fordizmma samecniero menejmentis proncipebi ganavrco da masobrivi warmoeba masobriv bazrebs daukavSira. fordizmi da teilorizmi dabali ndobis sistemebia, sadac muSaki maqsimalurad aris gaucxoebuli. maRali ndobis sistema muSakebs samuSaos tempisa da Sinaarsis gakontrolebis saSualebas aZlevs. 5. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dasaqmebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, fizikur saqmianobaTa Semcirebis xarjze, gonebriv saqmianobaTa zrda. Tumca am cvlilebaTa interpretacia sakamaTo sakiTxia. 6. yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi ekonomikuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia kavSirebis warmoSoba da gaficvis uflebis aRiareba. kavSirebi damcavi organizaciebia, romlebic mSromelebs samuSao pirobebis kontrolisTvis saWiro zomebiT uzrunvelyofs. dRes kavSirTa liderebi xSirad mniSvnelovan rols asruleben erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis formulirebaSi. Tumca, britaneTSi amgvar SemTxvevebs warsulSi ufro hqonda adgili, vidre amJamad. 35 7. samuSao adgilis saxlidan gareT gadanacvlebam mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda qalis samuSaos bunebaze. qorwinebaSi myofi bevri qali ,,diasaxlisia,” magram is ,,umuSevrad” iTvleba – imis miuxedavad, rom qalis mier saojaxo saqmeebze daxarjuli dro SeiZleba misi qmris samuSao saaTebs aRematobodes. amJamad, anazRaurebad samuSaoze gacilebiT ufro meti qalia dasaqmebuli, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win; magram qalebi araproporciulad arian koncentrirebulni dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebze. 8. qalebma warmatebiT daZlies sqesTan dakavSirebuli mikerZoebuli ganwyoba, magram maT saqmianobas kidev erTi mosazreba abrkolebs – qalma karieris interesebze maRla ojaxis interesebi unda daayenos. miuxedavad imisa, rom anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul qalTa procentuli maCvenebeli gaizarda, ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes mainc qali uZRveba, romelic bavSvebis aRzrdiTa da saxlze zrunviT aris dakavebuli. 9. meoce saukuneSi industriul qveynebSi kvlav gaCnda umuSevrobis problema. samuSao adamianis fsiqologiuri struqturis ZiriTadi elementia, amitom umuSevroba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dezorientacias iwvevs. umuSevrobis zrdaze, savaraudod, axali teqnologiis ganviTarebac imoqmedebs. 10. zogierTebi kvalificirebuli muSakebis damkvidrebaze saubroben – muSakebis, romlebic sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebs floben da advilad SeuZliaT erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvla. aseTi muSakebi marTlac arseboben, magram dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba ,,moqnilobas” dabalanazRaurebad da naklebad perspeqtiul samuSaos ukavSirebs. 11. samuSaos buneba da organizacia amJamad mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac momavalSi, savaraudod, Tavs kidev ufro metad iCens. mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis saWiro resursebis dagrovebis ZiriTad saSualebad bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi samuSao rCeba. damatebiTi literatura Godfried E ngbersen et al ., Cultures of Unemployment: A Comparative Look at Long-Term Unemployment and Urban Poverty (Boulder, C olo: W estview, 1993) . diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad uviTardebaT xangrZlivad umuSevar adamianebs “siRaribis kultura.” Keith Gr int, The Sociology of Work: An Introduction (Cambridge: P olity Press, 1991) . Zalian sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi muSaobis Seswavlis aspeqtebis umravlesobas exeba. Ray P ahl, Divisions of Labour (Ozford: B lackwell, 1984) . mniSvnelovani diskusia muSaobis, saojaxo saqmisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb. 36 Andrew S ayer and Richard W alker, The New Social Economy (Oxford: B lackwell, 1992 ). sasargeblo diskusia dRes industriul warmoebaze zemomqmedi movlenebis Sesaxeb. Neil J . S melser and Richard S wedberg (eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: P ronceton U niversity P ress, 1994) . zogadi rideri ekonomikuri cxovrebis sociologiis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani terminebi • araformaluri ekonomika • moxaliseTa samuSao • saqmianoba • ekonomikuri sistema • teqnologia • ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba • teilorizmi • fordizmi • dabali ndobis sistemebi • maRali ndobis sistemebi • avtomatizacia • moqnili warmoeba • dasaqmebis sistema • profesiuli kavSirebi • gaficva • saojaxo saqme (saSinao saqme) • kvalificirebuli muSaki 37 mTavroba, politikuri Zalaufleba da omi Sinaarsi ZiriTadi cnebebi Zalaufleba da xelisufleba saxelmwifos cneba demokratia monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTveloba monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba demokratias safrTxe emuqreba? politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi partiuli sistemebi partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi qalebis monawileoba politikaSi xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi globaluri Zalebi evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi omi da samxedroebi lokaluridan totalur omamde samxedro xarjebi da civi omi iaraRiT vaWroba omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba msoflio omis gareSe? Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi xelisufleba saxelmwifo politika Zalaufleba avtoriteti erovnuli saxelmwifo demokratia omis industrializacia 1989 wels, CineTis dedaqalaq beijingSi, tiananmenis moedanze, movlenebi dramatulad ganviTarda. iq aTasobiT adamiani Seikriba demokratiis mxardasaWerad. CineTis komunisturi mTavroba sastikad gausworda maT. wiTeli armiis nawilebi Tavs daesxnen demonstrantebs, beri maTgani mokles, asobiT adamians ki alya Semoartyes da daapatimres. demokratia jer kidev ar arsebobs CineTSi, magram msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi demokratiis mxardamWerma moZraobebma warmatebas miaRwies da Secvales avtoritaruli reJimebi. yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, am moZraobebis Sedegad, daemxo komunizmi. bolo periodSi, mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebi Camoyalibda, agreTve, bevr laTino-amerikul qveyanaSi, aziisa da afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi. demokratiuli mTavrobebi, ukve didi xania, arseboben dasavleT evropaSi, Crdilo amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi. demokratizacia erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri Zalaa dRevandel msoflioSi _ igi zemoqmedebas axdens globalizaciaze da Tavadac ganicdis mis zemoqmedebas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, cvlilebebi xorcieldeba mmarTvelobis formebisa da politikuri cxovrebis sferoSic. mmarTveloba exeba saxelmwifos politikuri kursis, gadawyvetilebebisa da dadgenilebebis regularuli miRebas da maT cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebas politikuri aparatis Tanamdebobis pirTa mier. politika warmoadgens saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT xelisufleba iyenebs Zalauflebas xelisuflebis saqmianobis masStabebsa da ZiriTad Sinaarsze zemoqmedebis mizniT. `politikuri~ sfero SeiZleba sakmaod scildebodes Tavad saxelmwifo instituts. am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT im ZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic politikur cxovrebaSi zemoqmedeben. Cven gavaanalizebT demokratiis bunebas da ganvixilavT politikuri partiebis rols. Cven vimsjelebT bolo wlebSi britaneTis politikaSi momxdar zogierT transformaciaze da Semdeg mimovixilavT politikas saerTaSoriso sferoSi. am Tavis bolos ki Cven ganvixilavT aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlidan momxdari 2 cvlilebis Sedegebs da SeviswavliT sazogadoebaze omis zemoqmedebas. Tumca, jer ganvixiloT politikuri cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis aucilebeli ramdenime ZiriTadi cneba _ Zalaufleba, xelisufleba da saxelmwifo. mTeli politikuri cxovreba, ama Tu im mniSvnelobiT, dakavSirebulia ZalauflebasTan: vin flobs mas, rogor aRweven mas da ras akeTeben isini misi meSveobiT. Zalaufleba da xelisufleba rogorc I TavSi aris aRniSnuli, sociologiisaTvis Zalauflebis Seswavlas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Zalaufleba aris individebis an jgufebis unari, 2 ganaxorcielon TavianTi interesebi an saqmeebi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sxvebi winaaRmdegobas uweven. is zogjer Zalis pirdapir gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, rogorc es CineTSi moxda, rodesac xelisuflebam tianmenis moedanze demokratiuli moZraoba CaaxSo. Zalaufleba TiTqmis yvela urTierTobis Semadgenel elements warmoadgens, rogoric aris, magaliTad, damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris urTierToba. am TavSi yuradReba aris gamaxvilebuli Zalauflebis ufro viwro aspeqtze, xelisuflebis Zalauflebaze. Zalauflebis am formas TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlavs ideologiebi, romlebic ZlierTa moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, CineTis xelisuflebis mier demokratiisTvis mebrZoli studentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba iyo komunisturi ideologiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi formis, dacva. xelisufleba aris mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis legitimuri gamoyeneba. legitimuroba niSnavs, rom adamianebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian xelisuflebis kanonier Zalauflebas, aRiareben mas. amgvarad, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba xelisuflebisagan. rodesac CineTSi demokratiis mxardamWeri demonstraciebi daiwyo, xelisuflebam demonstrantebis cixeSi CasmiTa da mokvliT upasuxa. es iyo Zalis gamoyeneba, magram es agreTve mianiSnebda mTavrobis avtoritetis dakargvaze. bevri adamianis Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratia ar aris mmarTvelobis erTaderTi tipi, romelsac xalxi legitimurad miiCnevs. diqtaturebs, agreTve, SeiZleba hqondeT legitimuroba. magram rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, amJamad demokratia legitimuri mmarTvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa. saxelmwifos cneba saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac funqcionirebs mmarTvelobis politikuri aparati (parlamenti an kongresis msgavsi institutebi da saxelmwifo samsaxuris Cinovnikebi), romelic marTavs garkveul teritoriaze, misi legitimuri Zalaufleba ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi sistemiT da SeuZlia samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba Tavisi politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. yvela Tanamedrove sazogadoeba eri-saxelmwifoa. es niSnavs, rom maTi mmarTvelobis sistema kanonier uflebas acxadebs garkveul teritoriebze, gaaCnia formalizebuli kanonis kodeqsebi da axorcielebs kontrols SeiaraRebul Zalebze. eri-saxelmwifoebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dros warmoiSva (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi 1776 wels, CexeTis respublika 1993 wels). maTi da tradiciuli civilizaciebis saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. • suvereniteti _ teritoriebi, romlebsac tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi marTavdnen, arasdros ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli, centraluri xelisufleba ver axerxebda maT saTanado kontrols. suvereniteti niSnavs, rom mTavroba flobs xelisuflebas garkveul teritoriaze, mkafiod gansazRvruli sazRvrebiT, sadac is aris uzenaesi Zalaufleba. tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi, es gansazRvreba ar aris relevanturi; yvela erovnuli saxelmwifo ki, piriqiT, suverenulia. • moqalaqeoba _ tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac mefe an imperatori umaRles xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, mosaxleobis umravlesobam ar icoda da arc ainteresebda, vin marTavda maT. maT arc politikuri 3 uflebebi da arc zegavlena gaaCndaT. Cveulebriv, mxolod gabatonebul klasebs an ufro mdidar jgufebs hqondaT imis SegrZneba, rom isini ekuTvnodnen saerTo politikur erTobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ki, piriqiT, im adamianebis umravlesoba, romlebic politikuri sistemis sazRvrebSi cxovroben, arian moqalaqeebi, gaaCniaT saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi da TavianT Tavs saxelmwifos nawilad miiCneven. Tumca arseboben politikuri ltolvilebi an `moqalaqeobis armqoneni~, dRes msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela garkveuli erovnuli politikuri wyobis wevria. • nacionalizmi _ eri-saxelmwifoebi nacionalizmis zrdasTan asocirdeba. nacionalizmi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc simboloebisa da rwmenebis erToba, romlebic gvaZlevs erTi politikuri erTobis wevrobis SegrZnebas. amgvarad, adamianebs siamayis grZnoba aqvT imis gamo, rom isini arian britanelebi, kanadelebi an rusebi. albaT adamianebs yovelTvis hqondaT garkveuli identoba romelime socialur jgufTan _ maT ojaxTan, sofelTan an religiur TemTan. magram nacionalizmi mxolod Tanamedrove saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad Cndeba. es aris garkveul suverenul erTobasTan identobis grZnobis mTavari gamoxatuleba. dRes, msoflioSi nacionaluri loialoba yovelTvis ar ganisazRvreba saxelmwifoebis teritoriebis aRmniSvneli fizikuri sazRvrebiT. faqtobrivad, yvela eri-saxelmwifo sxvadasxva modgmis Temebidan warmoiSva. amitom adgilobrivi nacionalizmi xSirad warmoiSoboda im adamianebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad, romlebsac saxelmwifoebi exmareboda. magaliTad, kanadaSi, kvebekis frangulenovani mosaxleobis erovnuli grZnobebi `kanadelobis~ grZnobis mqone adamianebisaTvis gamowvevas warmoadgens. da Tumca eri-saxelmwifosa da nacionalizms Soris urTierToba rTulia, orive maTgani warmoiSva, rogorc erTi da imave procesis nawili. demokratia sityva `demokratia~ warmoiSva berZnuli terminidan “demokratia~, romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisgan: demos (xalxi) da kratos (marTva). amitom demokratia, Tavisi sawyisi mniSvnelobiT, aris politikuri sistema, romlis drosac xalxi da ara monarqebi (mefeebi an dedoflebi) an aristokratebi (keTilSobili warmomavlobis adamianebi, magaliTad, lordebi) marTaven qveyanas. es martivad da gulaxdilad JRers, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. ras niSnavs xalxis mmarTveloba? rogorc devid heldma aRniSna, am frazis nebismier nawilis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxvebi. daviwyoT sityviT `xalxi~: • vin aris xalxi? • ra saxis monawileobis ufleba aqvs xalxs? • ra pirobebia saWiro monawileobis misaRebad? rac Seexeba `mmarTvelobas~: • ramdenad farTo an viwro unda iyos mmarTvelobis masStabi? unda Semoifarglos is, magaliTad, mmarTvelobis sferoTi, Tu demokratia SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa samrewvelo demokratia? 4 • SeiZleba mmarTvelobam moicvas xelisuflebis mier misaRebi yoveldRiuri administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi, Tu is exeba mxolod ZiriTad politikur gadawyvetilebebs? `vis mieraa marTulis~ SemTxvevaSi: • xalxis mmarTvelobas unda daemorCilon? valdebulebebsa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobas? ra • zogierTma adamianma unda daarRvios arsebuli kanoni usamarTloa? Tu kanoni, adgili maT uWiravs sjeraT, rom • rogor pirobebSi (Tuki aseTebi arsebobs) unda gamoiyenon demokratiulma xelisuflebebma Zala imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar eTanxmeba maT politikas? aseT kiTxvebze pasuxebi gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva periodsa da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, `xalxi~ sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeboda: rogorc qonebis mepatroneebi, TeTrkanianebi, ganaTlebuli adamianebi, kacebi, zrdasruli kacebi da qalebi. zogierT sazogadoebaSi oficialurad miRebuli demokratiis areali SezRudulia politikis sferoTi, zogierT sazogadoebaSi ki is socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebzec vrceldeba. monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTveloba monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis (anu pirdapiri demokratiis) dros, is adamianebi, romlebzec gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebebi, erToblivad iReben maT. es iyo demokratiis Tavdapirveli tipi, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo antikur saberZneTSi. isini, vinc iyvnen moqalaqeebi, sazogadoebis mcire nawili, regularulad ikribebodnen politikuri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. monawileobiT demokratiul mmarTvelobas didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleobis udides nawils gaaCnia politikuri uflebebi da amitom SeuZlebelia, yvela maTganma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos yvela im gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebaSi, romlebic maTze zemoqmedebas axdens. Tumca, monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis zogierTi aspeqti Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis erT-erTi formaa referendumebis Catareba, rodesac xalxi raime konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis Sexedulebas gamoxatavs. adamianTa didi raodenobis TaTbiri SesaZlebeli xdeba, rodesac sakiTxs vaadvilebT erT an or kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi refendumi regularulad tardeba erovnul doneze. monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi Tumca zogierT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos (rogoricaa, magaliTad, britaneTi da belgia) kvlavac keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba aqvs monarqebis mimarT, monarqiuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba iq, sadac aseTi saxis tradiciuli mmarTvelebi jer kidev gvxvdebian, maTi realuri Zalaufleba, Cveulebriv, SezRudulia an saerTod ar arsebobs. mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi, 5 rogoricaa saudis arabeTi da iordania, monarqebi inarCuneben garkveul kontrols mmarTvelobaze, magram, umetes SemTxvevebSi, isini ufro erovnuli identobis simboloebi arian, vidre realuri politikuri Zalauflebis mqone mniSvnelovani pirovnebebi. gaerTianebuli samefos dedofali, SvedeTis mefe da iaponiis imperatoric ki konstituciuri monarqebi arian. maTi realuri xelisufleba mkacrad aris SezRuduli konstituciiT, romelic uflebebs gadascems xalxis mier arCeul warmomadgenlebs. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis didi umravlesoba respublikebia _ iq arc mefea da arc dedofali. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, konstituciuri monarqiebis CaTvliT, Riad aRiarebs demokratiis erTgulebas. im qveynebs, sadac amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT or an met partias Soris gaakeTon arCevani da sadac srulwlovani mosaxleobis udides nawils xmis micemis ufleba aqvs, liberalur demokratiebs uwodeben. am kategorias miekuTvneba britaneTi da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. mesame samyaros zogierT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, arsebobs liberaluri demokratiuli sistema. liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, msoflios politikuri sistemebi iyofoda liberalur demokratiad da komunizmad, rogorc es iyo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi (da romelic kvlav arsebobs CineTsa da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi). komunizmi, arsebiTad, erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo. amomrCevlebs saSualeba hqondaT, arCevani gaekeTebinaT ara ramdenime partias Soris, aramed erTi partiis _ komunisturi partiis _ sxvadasxva kandidats Soris, xSirad kenWs mxolod erTi kandidati iyrida. amgvarad, realuri arCevani saerTod ar arsebobda. komunisturi partia, udavod, gabatonebuli Zalaufleba iyo sabWoTa stilis sazogadoebebSi; is ara marto politikur sistemas, aramed ekonomikasac akontrolebda. 1989 wlidan, rodesac daemxo sabWoTa kavSiris batonoba aRmosavleT evropaze, demokratizaciis procesebma moicva mTeli msoflio, jaWvuri reaqciis procesis msgavsad. iseTma qveynebma, rogoricaa nikaragua centralur amerikaSi da zairi da samxreT afrika afrikaSi, daamyares liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba. CineTSi, romlis mosaxleoba mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT mexuTeds warmoadgens, komunisturi mmarTveloba demokratizaciis procesebis Zlieri zewolis winaSe aRmoCnda. iq aTasobiT adamiani rCeba cixeSi imis gamo, rom maT demokratiisadmi TavianTi ltolva araZaladobrivi gziT gamoxates. magram CineTSi kvlav arian jgufebi, romlebic miuxedavad komunisturi xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobisa, aqtiurad muSaoben, rom uzrunvelyon demokratiul sistemaze usafrTxod gadasvla. ratom gaxda demokratia ase popularuli? mizezebi, romlebic socialur da ekonomikur cvlilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, am wignSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli. pirveli, demokratias tendencia aqvs, ekonomikur sistemaSi konkurentunarian kapitalizms daukavSirdes, da kapitalizmma aCvena, rom is saukeTesoa komunizmTan SedarebiT, rogorc keTildReobis Semqmneli sistema. meore, rac ufro metad globaluri xdeba socialuri aqtivoba da xalxi xedavs, rom maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze sul ufro met zegavlenas axdens maTgan Soris mimdinare 6 movlenebi, miT ufro meti daJinebiT moiTxoven isini met informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven maT da, Sesabamisad, ufro met demokratias. mesame aris masobrivi komunikaciebis, gansakuTrebiT televiziis, gavlena. demokratiis gavrcelebis jaWvur reaqciaze, albaT, Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis xilvadobam. dRes, msoflioSi televiziis axali teqnologiebis, kerZod, sateliturisa da sakabelos, danergvis gamo, mTavrobebi ver inarCuneben kontrols imaze, rasac maTi moqalaqeebi uyureben, magaliTad, tiananmenis moedanze momxdari konfrontacia. CineTis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi partiebi yovelTvis inarCunebdnen mkacr kontrols satelevizio qselebze, romlebic xelisuflebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da romlebsac xelisufleba marTavda. magram satelitis gavrcelebis Sedegad, dasavleTis satelevizio programebi uamravi adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. maT SesaZlebloba miecaT, maTi sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb orTodoqsi xelisuflebis propagandisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi moesminaT. demokratias safrTxe emuqreba? radgan liberaluri demokratia ase farTod vrceldeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom misi funqcionireba uaRresad warmatebulia, magram ase ar aris. demokratia TiTqmis yvelgan garkveul siZneleebs awydeba. es mxolod imitom ar xdeba, rom Zneli aRmoCnda stabiluri demokratiuli wyobis damyareba ruseTsa da yofil komunistur sazogadoebebSi. demokratias safrTxe emuqreba im qveynebSi, sadac is warmoiSva: britaneTSi, evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi. gamokiTxvebi aCveneben, rom sul ufro izrdeba im adamianTa raodenoba, romlebic ukmayofilo arian politikuri sistemiT an indiferentulobas iCenen mis mimarT. ratom aris amdeni adamiani guldamZimebuli swored im sistemis gamo, romelic, TiTqosda, yvela dabrkolebas umklavdeba Tavis gzaze mTel msoflioSi. ucnauria, magram pasuxebi dakavSirebulia im faqtorebTan, rolebmac xeli Seuwyves demokratiis gavrcelebas _ kapitalizmis zegavlena da socialuri cxovrebis globalizacia. rogorc sociologma daniel belma aRniSna, erovnuli xelisufleba Zalian pataraa imisTvis, rom gavlena moaxdinos iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogoricaa globaluri ekonomikuri konkurencia an msoflios garemos ganadgureba, magram is metad didi gaxda imisTvis, rom ganixilos iseTi sakiTxebi, problemebi, romlebic aRelvebs garkveul qalaqebsa da regionebs. mTavrobebs didi Zalaufleba ar gaaCniaT, magaliTad, giganturi biznes korporaciebis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi aqtorebis saqmianobaze. SeiZleba, SeerTebuli Statebis romelime korporaciam gadawyvitos misi produqciis gamomSvebi qarxnebi britaneTSi da, amis magivrad, gaxsnas axali fabrika meqsikaSi, im mizniT, rom fasebi daswios da sxva korporaciebs ufro efeqturi konkurencia gauwios. amis Sedegad, aTasobiT britaneli muSa dakargavs samsaxurs. albaT, maTi survilia, rom mTavrobam raime moimoqmedos, magram erovnul mTavrobebs ar SeswevT unari, gaakontrolon msoflio ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac mTavrobas SeuZlia, aris mcdeloba, Searbilos dartyma umuSevarTa daxmarebebisa da maTi gadamzadebis gziT. 7 qvemoT mocemulia gaerTianebuli samefos xarjebi 1992-3 wlebSi (£ miliardi) – wyaro HM xazina, hagCinsonisgan gallup info 95 (helikani, 1994). miliardi funti sterlingi sxvadasxva 7.2 ganaTleba 32.3 valis procenti 18.4 sxva 9.9 Tavdacva 23.8 saerTaSoriso servisi 3.6 soflis meurneoba 3.3 socialuri dazRveva 79.2 personaluri socialuri momsaxureba 5.4 janmrTeloba 34.6 erovnuli memkvidreoba 2.7 kanoni da wesrigi 14.3 garemo 8.6 sabinao mSenebloba 6.2 transporti 10.8 vaWroba, mrewveloba, energetika da dasaqmeba 3.3 garda imisa, rom am mTavrobebs ar xelewifebaT globaluri sakiTxebis gadaWra, isini, agreTve, daSordnen moqalaqeTa umravlesobis cxovrebas. bevri adamiani aRSfoTebulia im faqtiT, rom gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic maT cxovrebaze gavlenas axdens, iReben londonSi, maTgan Sors myofi `Zalauflebis Suamavlebi~ _ partiuli Tanamdebobis pirebi, interesTa jgufebi, lobistebi da Cinovnikebi. maT miaCniaT, rom maT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi problemebis mogvarebac, magaliTad, danaSaulisa da usaxlkarobis. amitom xelisuflebisadmi rwmena mniSvnelovnad Seirya. es, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens xalxis mzadyofnaze, monawileoba miiRos politikur procesebSi. Semdeg, cotaTi mogvianebiT, Cven vnaxavT, zogierTi es zegavlena rogor SeigrZnoba britanul politikaSi. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, liberaluri demokratia ramdenime partiis arsebobas gulisxmobs. pirvel yovlisa, Cven mimovixilavT partiuli sistemis sxvadasxva tipebs, romelTa dajgufeba liberaluri demokratiis saerTo iarliyiT SeiZleba. politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi xmis micema SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc organizacia, romelic orientirebulia, miaRwios mTavrobaze legitimur kontrols arCevnebis procesis meSveobiT. zogierT situaciaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi organizaciebi, romlebic Zalauflebis miRwevas cdiloben, magram maT amis sayovelTaod miRebuli saSualebebiT gakeTebis SesaZlebloba ara aqvT. umjobesia, aseTi organizaciebi ganvixiloT, rogorc politikuri seqtebi an moZraobebi, sanam isini aRiarebas ar miaRweven. magaliTad, social-demokratebi mecxramete saukunis bolos, germaniaSi, bismarkis mier kanongareSed iyvnen gamocxadebulebi. isini warmoadgendnen organizebul politikur moZraobas, romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xerxebis ignorirebiT moqmedebda. magram mogvianebiT, social-demokratebma miaRwies aRiarebas da XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenjerme movidnen xelisuflebaSi. 8 partiuli sistemebi arsebobs mravali saxis partiuli sistema. orpartiuli sistema iqneba warmatebuli Tu mravalpartiuli sistema, es, umTavresad, mocemuli qveynis saarCevno procedurebis xasiaTzea damokidebuli. ori partia aris gabatonebuli im politikur sistemaSi, sadac arCevnebi dafuZnebulia principze `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~. kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas agrovebs, arCevnebs igebs, miuxedavad imisa, man xmebis saerTo ricxvis ra wili miiRo. iq, sadac arCevnebi dafuZnebulia gansxvavebul principebze, rogoricaa proporciuli warmomadgenloba, operatiuli sistemebi naklebad gvxvdeba. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi sxvadasxva tipis partiuli organizaciebi gvxvdeba, magram yvela maTgani ar aris warmodgenili britaneTis politikaSi. zogi partia religiur denominaciazea dafuZnebuli (rogoricaa, belgiuri partiebi, socialqristianTa partia da kaTolikuri saxalxo partia); zogierTi eTnikuri partiaa, romelic specifikuri nacionalisturi an lingvisturi jgufebis interesebs gamoxatavs (rogoricaa Sotlandiuri nacionaluri partia britaneTSi an Sveduri saxalxo partia fineTSi); arsebobs, agreTve, soflis partiebi, romlebic soflis mosaxleobis agrarul interesebs warmoadgenen (magaliTad, centraluri partia SvedeTSi an Sveicaruli saxalxo partia SveicariaSi). amis garda, arsebobs garemos dacvis partiebi, romlebic ekologiuri problemebiT arian dainteresebulni (rogoricaa mwvaneTa partia germaniaSi). meore msoflio omis Semdeg, drois ama Tu im monakveTSi, dasavleT evropis sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi, socialisturma an leiboristulma partiebma Camoayalibes mTavrobebi. ukanasknel dromde, komunisturi partiebi oficialurad iyo aRiarebuli faqtobrivad yvela aseT qveyanaSi. zogierTi maTgani didi partia iyo (rogoricaa, magaliTad, italiaSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSi). aRmosavleT evropaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval, axla bevrma partiam Seicvala saxelwodeba. arsebobs bevri konservatuli partia (rogoricaa respublikuri partia safrangeTSi an konservatuli da unionistTa partia britaneTSi) da `centristuli~ partiebi, romlebsac `memarcxeneebsa~ da `memarjveneebs~ Soris `Sualeduri pozicia~ ukaviaT (rogoricaa liberalur-demokratiuli partia britaneTSi). (termini `memarcxene~ gamoiyeneba im radikaluri an progresuli politikuri jgufebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic socializmisken ixrebian. termini `memarjvene~ exeba ufro konservatul jgufebs). zogierT qveyanaSi, umravlesobis partiis an koaliciaSi Semavali erT-erTi partiis lideri avtomaturad xdeba premier-ministri, qveynis umaRlesi sajaro Tanamdebobis piri. sxva SemTxvevebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi), prezidents irCeven mTavar warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi, partiuli arCevnebisagan damoukideblad. dasavleTis qveynebSi arc erTi saarCevno sistema ar aris zustad erTnairi da umetesoba ufro rTulia, vidre gaerTianebul samefoSi. amis kargi magaliTia germania, sadac bundestagis (parlamentis) wevrebs irCeven iseTi sistemiT, romelSic gaerTianebulia `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~ da proporciuli arCevnebi. bundestagis wevrebis naxevars irCeven saarCevno olqebSi, sadac imarjvebs kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas iRebs. danarCen 50 procents irCeven im 9 xmebis wilis Sesabamisad, romlebic maT garkveul regionul mxareSi miiRes. es is sistemaa, romlis saSualebiTac mwvaneTa partiam moigo saparlamento adgilebi. dawesebuli iyo xuTprocentiani barieri, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT parlamentSi patara partiebis ricxvis gadaWarbebuli gazrda _ es aris xmebis mTliani raodenobis minimaluri wili, rac partias unda mieRo parlamentSi adgilebis dasakaveblad. msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis drosac. sistemebs, sadac, ZiriTadad, ori partiaa dominanturi, rogorc es britaneTSia, midrekileba aqvT, yuradReba gaamaxvilon `Sua adgilze~, sadac xmebis umravlesoba grovdeba da gamoricxon ufro radikaluri Sexedulebebi. aseT qveynebSi partiebi, Cveulebriv, zomier imijs iqmnian da zogjer imdenad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, rom maT mier SemoTavazebuli arCevani umniSvneloa. SesaZloa, TiToeulma partiam interesebis mravalferovneba gamoavlinos, magram, Zalian xSirad, isini aRireva xolme sakmaod sust programaSi sul ramdenime TvalsaCino politikuri strategiiT. mravalpartiuli sistemebi saSualebas iZleva, gansxvavebuli interesebi da Sexedulebebi ufro pirdapir da Riad iqnes gamoxatuli da, agreTve, uzrunvelyofs radikaluri alternativebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas; meore mxriv, albaT, verc erTi partia ver aRwevs srul umravlesobas. amis Sedegad, iqmneba koaliciebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani konfliqtebis, arCevnebisa da axali mTavrobebis swrafi monacvlebis gamo, ar SeswevT gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da, aseT situaciaSi, xelisuflebaSi didxans darCena ar SeuZlia, Sesabamisad, misi saqmianoba sakmaod SezRudulia. partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi mecxramete saukunemde, britaneTSi partiebs ganixilavdnen mxolod rogorc droebiT meqanizmebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda Zalebis mobilizacia specifikuri movlenebisa da krizisuli situaciebis mxardaWeris mizniT. rodesac partiebi ufro stabilur organizaciebad Camoyalibdnen, isini asocirdeboda ideasTan, rom maTi liderebis mxardaWeras SeeZlo garkveuli sargeblobis motana. partiis wevroba da misdami loialoba daukavSirda patronaJis sxvadasxva formas, rac gulisxmobda, rom erTguli adamianebi jildos saxiT miiRebdnen garkveul Tanamdebobebs axal administraciaSi. meoce saukunis udidesi periodis ganmavlobaSi, ori mTavari partia (leiboristuli da konservatuli) dominirebda erovnul politikur scenaze da imis Sedegad, rom izrdeboda ori alternatiuli samTavrobo gundis mxardaWera (TiToeuli gundi Sedgeboda mxolod erTi partiis wevrebisgan), Camoyalibda metoqeobis politika. britaneTis saarCevno politika mniSvnelovnad Seicvala daaxloebiT bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi. erTi faqtori struqturuli xasiaTisaa. am periodSi tradiciul mrewvelobaSi, gansakuTrebiT gadamamuSavebel warmoebaSi, dasaqmebuli, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. udavoa, rom am movlenam leiboristebis mxardamWer zogierT tradiciul wyaros TandaTanobiT niadagi gamoacala. meore faqtori aris is ganxeTqileba, romelic partiaSi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. aman social-demokratiuli partiis (sdp) daarseba gamoiwvia. marTalia, sdp ukve aRar arsebobs, magram sul axlaxans Camoyalibebulma liberalur-demokratiulma partiam mniSvnelovani mxardaWera moipova. mesame 10 faqtori aris 1979-1990 wlebSi konservatuli partiis premier-ministris m. TetCeris gavlena. qalbaton TetCerisa da misi kabinetis mier wamoyenebuli cvlilebaTa gabeduli programa mniSvnelovnad gaemijna adreul konservatul filosofias. TetCerizmma ZiriTadi yuradReba gaamaxvila ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos rolis SezRudvaze da sabazro meqanizmebis ganviTareba aRiara rogorc individualuri Tavisuflebis, ise ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvlad. 1970 wlamde orive ZiriTadi partia amomrCevelTa stabiluri mxardaWeriT sargeblobda (Heath et al . 1986). eleqtoratis umravlesoba konservatorebis an leiboristebis mimarT Zalian loialurad iyo ganwyobili. es gacnobierebuli hqondaT partiis kampaniebis dros, roca mTavar amocanad ufro amomrCevlebis gaerTianeba miaCndaT da ara alternatiuli Sexedulebis mqone adamianebis momxroba. 1974 wels Catarebulma orma arCevnebma aCvena, rom amomrCevlebis tradiciuli erTguleba SesamCnevad Sesustda. im amomrCevelTa wili, romlebic ambobdnen, rom gadawyvetileba bolo kampaniis dros miiRes, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. amitom, sarwmunoa, rom kampaniebi ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda arCevnebis saboloo SedegebisTvis, vidre es adre iyo. aq, albaT, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia televiziamac, rogorc partiebisa da politikosebis imijebis `gayidvis~ saSualebam. qceva xmis micemisas _ momxreTa CamoSoreba 1970-ian wlebamde, gaerTianebul samefoSi xmis micemisas qcevis modeli, romlis arsi ori ZiriTadi partiidan erTis an meoris mimarT erTgulebis gamoxatvaSi mdgomareobda, cnobili gaxda, rogorc momxreTa dajgufeba. momxreTa dajgufebis idea gulisxmobda, rom socialuri klasi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda qcevaze xmis micemisas da rom amomrCevlebi TavianT Tavs `aigivebdnen~ erT an meore partiasTan. sxva sityvebiT, isini TavianT Tavs `konservatorebad~ an `leiboristebad~ Tvlidnen. 1960 w. devid batlerisa da donald stoukis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mosaxleobis 90 procentze meti Tavs erT an meore partiasTan aigivebda. umravlesoba ambobda, rom isini TavianT Tavs `sakmaod Zlier~ an `Zalian Zlier~ aigivebdnen maT mier arCeul partiasTan. amJamad klassa da xmis micemas Soris korelacia bevrad ufro bundovania. garda amisa, axla amomrCevelTa bevrad ufro didi raodenoba acxadebs, rom xmis micemisas maT qcevaze gavlenas ufro partiebis politika da Sexedulebebi axdens, vidre maTi myari erTguleba erTi an meore partiis mimarT. amitom es aris mxardamWerTa Camocilebis procesi _ myari partiuli identifikaciisagan gamijvna. ra aris mxardamWerTa CamoSorebis zrdis mizezi? aivor qriu (1983) aRniSnavs ori tipis zegavlenas. pirveli dakavSirebulia adamianTa cxovrebis im aspeqtebis mzard mniSvnelobasTan, romlebic uSualod klasobriv gansxvavebaze ar aris damokidebuli _ magaliTad, adamianebi naqiraveb saxlebSi cxovroben Tu sakuTarSi, an arian Tu ara isini profkavSirebis wevrebi. amgvarad, profkavSiris wevrebi leiboristebs, konservatorebTan SedarebiT, Tanamimdevrulad sul ufro met xmas aZleven, da es xdeba imis miuxedavad, romeli profkavSiris wevrebi arian isini _ `TeTrsayeloianTa~ Tu `lurjsayeloianTa~ profkavSiris. meore is faqtoria, rom amomrCevlebi sul ufro naklebad arian im adre arsebuli politikuri damokidebulebebis tyveobaSi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT mier romelime partiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas. axla isini amjobineben, xma im 11 partias miscen, romelic, maTi azriT, maT interesebs yvelaze ukeT daicavs. amgvarad, 1970-iani wlebis bolos da 1980-ian wlebSi, qriu varaudobs, leiboristulma partiam eleqtorats SesTavaza is politikuri kursi, romelic mis bevr mxardamWers ar moswonda _ aman ganapiroba konservatorTa mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi periodi. 1992 wlis arCevnebi 1992 wlis arCevnebSi leiboristebs orprocentiani upiratesoba hqondaT, konservatorebma parlamentSi sruli umravlesoba SeinarCunes, Tumca am umravlesobis zoma Zalian Semcirda. im mosaxleobis nawili, romelic toris aZlevda xmas, sakmaod stabiluri rCeboda 1979 wlidan (44,9 procenti) 1992 wlamde (42,8 procenti). leiboristebis xmebis raodenobis wili ufro didi iyo, vidre odesme. yvelaze mcire upiratesoba (30%-ze naklebi 1983 wlis arCevnebze), romelic xmaTa 35,2%-s Seadgenda, leiboristebma 1992 wels miiRes, Tumca es wili mainc naklebi iyo partiis mier 1979 wels miRebul xmebze. mesame partiam, liberaldemokratebma, mTeli xmebis 18.3 procenti miiRo. wina or arCevnebTan SedarebiT, es TvalsaCino kleba iyo. samive partiis Tanamimdevruli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, rogorc arCevnebis dros Catarebulma gamokvlevebma daadastura, arsebobs meryevi xmebis soliduri raodenoba. daaxloebiT 1500 amomrCevlis reprezentatuli jgufis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 21 procentma saarCevno kampaniis mxolod bolo kviras airCia, rogor miscemdnen xmas. saerTod, arCevnebis Sedegebma daadastura Tezisi momxreTa CamoSorebis Sesaxeb, magram isic aCvena, rom es procesi, konservator amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT, ufro arakonservatorTa Soris progresirdeboda. es leiboristuli partiisaTvis mniSvnelovani problema gaxda. 1992 wlis arCevnebi zedized meoTxed mogebuli arCevnebi iyo. TetCerizmi da momdevno periodi rogorc adre iyo aRniSnuli, 1970-iani wlebis bolosa da 1990-ian wlebSi, britaneTis politikis erT-erTi yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo qalbaton TetCeris saxelTan dakavSirebuli politikuri ideebis gavlena. ra iyo TetCerizmis safuZvlebi? riT iyo is mimzidveli britaneTis amomrCevlebis aseTi didi nawilisTvis? advili dasaSvebia, rom xalxi qalbaton TetCeris mTavrobis mier gatarebul politikas ufro unificirebulad da Tanmimdevrulad miiCnevda, vidre es sinamdvileSi iyo. TetCerizms hqonda garkveuli ganmsazRvreli mimarTulebebi, magram bevr SemTxvevaSi, is iyo programebisa da iniciativebis sakmaod arazusti, gaurkveveli nakrebi. zogi maTgani pragmatuli mosazrebebis gamo iyo miRebuli, sxvebi ki mudmivad icvleboda an droTa ganmavlobaSi ukugdebul iqna (rideli, 1985; kavanagi, 1987). xelisuflebis saTaveSi yofnis pirveli vadis ganmavlobaSi, TetCeris politika ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli iyo monetarizmze. fulis maragis kontroli iTvleboda inflaciis Semcirebisa da ekonomikis keTilgonieri menejmentisaTvis xelSewyobis saSualebad, magram fuladi saxsrebis kontrolis gziT miznebis miRweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da amis Semdeg monetarizmi faqtobrivad 12 ugulebelyofil iqna. 1983 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, ekonomikis sakiTxebSi TetCerizmis mamoZravebeli Zalis SenarCuneba saxelmwifo kompaniebis privatizaciis gziT gaxda SesaZlebeli. aqciebis gayidvas iseT kompaniebSi, rogoricaa `British Telecom~, `British Gas~, `British Steel~, `British Airways~ da `British Petroleum~ didi reaqcia mohyva. rogorc amtkiceben, privatizacias mravalgvari upiratesoba aqvs. igi tardeba uzarmazari mouxerxebeli da araefeqturi saxelmwifo biurokratebis nacvlad, jansaRi ekonomikuri konkurenciis aRdgenis, saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebisa da marTvasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebSi politikuri Carevis Sewyvetis mizniT. TetCeris mier dawyebul privatizaciis politikas xangrZlivi zegavlena hqonda. Tavdapirvelad, leiboristebi gaafTrebuli ibrZodnen privatizaciis winaaRmdeg, magram mogvianebiT, maT arakeTilganwyobili pozicia Secvales da im daskvnamde mividnen, rom aseTi privatizacia gardauvali iyo. qalbatonma TetCerma Tavis erT-erT sakmaod cnobil sajaro gamosvlaSi ganacxada: `ledi gzidan ar gadauxvevs!~ SesaZloa, Tavad qalbaton TetCeris pirovneba da moraluri stili iyo TetCerizmis xangrZlivobis yvelaze Zlieri elementi. misma Sexedulebam kampaniis Catarebaze, eleqtoratis didi nawilis simpaTia ver daimsaxura, magram pirovnuli Tvisebebis gamo mas, rogorc erovnul liders, pativs scemdnen. argentinis mier folklendis kunZulebis okupaciis dros TetCeris uari ukan daxevaze bevrisTvis am Tvisebebis konkretuli gamoxatuleba iyo. misi dominanturi roli mTavrobaSi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gamyarda, rac man TandaTan, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT, daiTxova kabinetis is wevrebi, romlebic mis Sexedulebebs ar iziarebdnen. magram 1987 wlis arCevnebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis miuxedavad, qalbaton TetCeris popularoba eleqtorats Soris mkveTrad ecemoda, risi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebic iyo fuladi gadasaxadis arapopularoba, evropul TanamegobrobaSi britaneTis rolis Sesaxeb misi winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebebi da ekonomikis moZraoba recesiisken. misi xelmZRvanelobis gamo, ukmayofilebis donem konservatul partiaSi iseT zRvars miaRwia, rom 1990 wlis noemberSi, maikl hezeltainma SeZlo meore kenWisyrisTvis ebiZga, waarTva ra TetCers xmebis 15 procenti, rac mas absoluturi gamarjvebisTvis sWirdeboda. am situaciaSi ufrosma kolegebma TetCeri daarwmunes, rom mas monawileoba aRar mieRo brZolaSi. swored amis Sedegad, politikur arenaze gamoCnda jon meijori, rogorc konservatorTa axali lideri da qveynis premier-ministri. `axali leiboristebi~ jon meijoris premierministrobis periodSi, konservatorebi agrZelebdnen saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias iqac ki, sadac aseTi gegmebi eleqtoratSi naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda. magaliTad, `britaneTis rkinigza~ gayves da kerZo tenderiT gayides, Tumca gamokiTxvebma aCvena, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba aseT programas mxars ar uWerda. leiboristuli partia am gegmebs ewinaaRmdegeboda da rkinigzebis xalxis mflobelobaSi dabrunebis valdebuleba aiRo, Tu momaval erovnul arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwevda. 13 nawilobriv, TetCerizmis gavlenisa da, nawilobriv, didi globaluri movlenebis gamo, leiboristuli partia TandaTan cvlis Tavis ideologiur Sexedulebebs. es procesi daiwyo neil kinoqis dros. igi leiboristuli partiis liderobidan mas Semdeg gadadga, rac partiam 1992 wlis arCevnebi waago. es procesi gagrZelda axali lideris jon smitis dros. magram misi xelmZRvanelobis periodi xanmokle aRmoCnda, misi udroo gardacvalebis gamo. 1994 wels toni bleri gaxda partiis lideri da dauyovnebliv Seudga Semdgomi Sorsgamiznuli Sida reformebis ganxorcielebas. blerma Tavis reformirebul partias `axali leiboristebi~ uwoda da partiis SigniT warmatebul kampanias eweoda ybadaRebuli 3-4 muxlis gasauqmeblad _ partiis wesdebis im muxlisa, romelic avaldebulebda mas, ganexorcielebina mrewvelobis sayovelTao saxalxo sakuTrebaSi gadacema. amgvarad, leiboristulma partiam formalurad aRiara im sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, romlis gavrceleba TetCers mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili. amis gakeTebiT, partia imave cvlilebebs atarebs, rac dasavleT evropis bevr sxva socialistur partiaSi moxda. aq gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis ngrevam, rasac mokled mimovixilavT am TavSi. leiboristuli partiis Sexedulebebi yovelTvis sakmaod gansxvavdeboda komunisturi Tvalsazrisisagan _ komunistur sazogadoebebSi, saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi industriuli sawarmoebis raodenoba bevrad ufro meti iyo imaze, rasac leiboristuli partia odesme varaudobda. mainc, adamianTa umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom komunizmis dezintegracia agreTve imis niSania, rom saWiroa socializmis naklebad eqstremistuli ideebis radikaluri, saguldagulo gadasinjva. axla moZvelebulia is Sexeduleba, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikis `marTva~ SesaZlebelia, Tu mas saxelmwifos kontrols dauqvemdebareben. es idea mniSvnelovania rogorc komunizmisTvis, ise leiboristuli stilis socializmisTvis. qalebis monawileoba politikaSi xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi xmis micemas qalebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis mosapoveblad maT mier adre warmoebuli brZolis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac yvelgan didi dro dasWirda. adreuli periodis qalTa moZraobebis wevrebi saarCevno uflebas ganixilavdnen, rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis simbolos da ufro didi ekonomikuri da socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevis saSualebas. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac qalTa mcdeloba, mieRoT saarCevno uflebebi, ufro aqtiuri iyo da mas ufro meti Zaladoba xvdeboda, vidre sadme sxvagan, qalTa moZraobis liderebs, miznis misaRwevad, mniSvnelovani siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevdaT. dResac, yvela qveyanaSi qalebs ara aqvT mamakacebis Tanaswori xmis micemis uflebebi, Tumca saudis arabeTi aris erTaderTi saxelmwifo, sadac qalebs ar SeuZliaT xmis micema erovnul doneze. xmis micemis uflebebisaTvis Seupovarma brZolam gamoiRo qalebisTvis sasurveli Sedegi? 14 mokle pasuxi aris `ara~. dasavleTis mraval qveyanaSi, sadac qalebma pirvelad miiRes saarCevno uflebebi, qalebi kenWs mainc bevrad naklebi raodenobiT iyrian, vidre mamakacebi. 1929 wels, britaneTSi Catarebuli pirveli erovnuli arCevnebis dros, rodesac yvela Zalas hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, qalebis mxolod daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma misca xma, mamakacebis or mesamedTan SedarebiT. daaxloebiT igive Tanafardoba iyo SeerTebul StatebSi da msgavsi modeli gvxvdeba sxva saxelmwifoebSi adreul periodSi, sayovelTao xmis uflebis dawesebis Semdeg. dResac, bevr saxelmwifoSi qalebi ar monawileoben arCevnebSi imave proporciiT, rogorc mamakacebi, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi sxvaoba gaqra. amerikaSi amomrCevel qalTa raodenoba, bolo sami saprezidento arCevnebis dros, 36 procentiT naklebi iyo, mamakac amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi, 1970 wlidan moyolebuli, saparlamento arCevnebSi (im wlis CaTvliT) sxvaoba ar iyo 4 procentze meti. genderuli sxvaoba xmis micemis dros sruliad gaqra SvedeTSi, dasavleT germaniasa da kanadaSi, xolo italiaSi, fineTsa da iaponiaSi xmis mimcem qalTa raodenoba mamakacebze odnav metia. es cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom realuri dabrkoleba sqesTa Soris TanasworobisaTvis, iyo ara uaris Tqma saarCevno uflebaze, aramed ufro Rrma socialuri gansxvavebebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, ris gamoc qalebis saqmianoba mxolod ojaxiTa da saSinao saqmeebiT ifargleboda. swored cvlilebebma socialur sxvaobaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, gamoiwvia qalTa politikuri aqtiurobis Secvla. radgan TandaTan mcirdeba Zalauflebisa da statusis gansxvavebebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, qalebis xmis micemis done izrdeba. ramdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan qalebisa daa mamakacebis politikuri ganwyobebi? bevr sufraJists, qalTa xmis micemis uflebis adreul damcvels, sjeroda, rom qalebis politikaSi monawileoba radikalurad Secvlida politikur cxovrebas, masSi altruizmsa da zneobas Seitanda. isini, vinc qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis gazrdis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, aseve amtkicebdnen, rom qalTa politikur monawileobas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyveboda, magram es Sedegi damRupveli iqneboda. britaneTSi erT-erTi aseTi cnobili mamakaci oponenti afrTxilebda sazogadoebas, rom `aseTi didi mniSvnelobis revolucia ar SeiZleba moxdes inglisisTvis udidesi riskis gareSe~ (citirebulia qareli, 1974 w. gv. 2). sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, qalTa CarTva politikaSi, politikur cxovrebas trivialurs gaxdida da, amave dros, ojaxis stabilurobas Zirs gamouTxrida. magram arc erTi es ukiduresi daskvna ar gamarTlda. qalebis mier xmis micemis uflebis mopovebas politikis arsi didad ar Seucvlia. qalebis xmis micemis nimuSebi, iseve rogorc mamakacebisa, partiis arCevis, politikuri kursis SerCevisa da arsebuli kandidatebis arCevis SesaZleblobis gziT yalibdeba, Tumca zogierTi gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis xmis micemas Soris mainc gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad, amomrCeveli qalebi ufro konservatulebi arian, vidre mamakacebi, rogorc amis daskvnis saSualebas memarjvene partiebisaTvis xmis micemis done iZleva. amis dasturia, magaliTad, safrangeTi, germania da italia. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi es damokidebuleba ufro gaurkvevelia. britaneTSi leiboristul partias ufro meti axalgazrda qali aZlevs xmas, vidre axalgazrda mamakaci, magram ufro 15 asakovani qalebi araproporciulad xmas konservatorebs aZleven. ori tendencia met-naklebad abalansebs erTmaneTs. SeerTebul StatebSi konservatulma orientaciam ar SeiZleba advilad gamoiwvios uSualo asociacia ori ZiriTadi partiidan erT-erTTan, radgan respublikebsa da demokratebs Soris gansxvaveba ar gulisxmobs pirdapir opozicias politikur memarjveneebsa da memarcxeneebs Soris. Tumca, genderuli sxvaoba gamovlinda SeerTebuli Statebis xmis micemis modelebSi. TeTrkaniani mamakacebi ufro respublikelebs uWeren mxars, vidre demokratebs, gansxvavebaa 51 procenti 23 procentTan mimarTebaSi. xolo TeTrkaniani qalebis xmebi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli partiebs Soris. amave dros, orive sqesis Savkaniani da laTino-amerikeli amomrCevlebi demokratebi arian. Suaxnis daqorwinebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi gaxdnen respublikelebis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi, xolo dauqorwinebeli qalebi, TeTrkanianebic da Savkanianebic, demokratiuli partiis mTavari amomrCevlebi gaxdnen. qalebis gavlena politikaze ar SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod xmis micemis TvalsazrisiT. feministurma jgufebma zegavlena moaxdines politikur cxovrebaze, xmis uflebis mopovebisagan damoukideblad, gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebSi. 1960-iani wlebidan, SeerTebul StatebSi qalTa erovnulma organizaciam (NOW) da qalTa sxva jgufebma daJinebiT moiTxoves, politikur dRis wesrigSi SeetanaT mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romlebic uSualod qalebs Seexeboda. es sakiTxebia: Tanabari uflebebi samuSaoze, abortis SesaZlebloba, cvlilebebi ojaxisa da ganqorwinebis kanonSi, agreTve lesboselTa uflebebi. umetes evropul qveynebSi, yovelTvis SeimCneva qalTa erovnuli organizaciebis nakleboba, magram cvlilebebma, romlebic gavlenas axdens qalebis mdgomareobaze ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi, igive sakiTxebi daayena politikuri asparezis centrSi. bevri es sakiTxi, magaliTad, rodis iqneba SesaZlebeli abortis Tavisuflad gakeTeba, sakamaTo aRmoCnda rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs Soris. britaneTSi qalTa jgufebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes, magaliTad, 1967 wels `abortis aqtisa~ da samsaxurSi seqsualuri diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis miRebis saqmeSi. qalTa organizaciebma daJinebiT moiTxoves sxva cvlilebebic, romlebic kanoniT aris aRiarebuli, rogoricaa 1976 wels miRebuli ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofilia kanoniT `saojaxo Zaladobisa da saqorwino procedurebis Sesaxeb~. 1992 wels Catarebulma erovnulma gamokiTxvam wina planze wamoswia is sakiTxebi, romlebic Zalian prioritetulia qalebisaTvis, magram nakleb mniSvnelovania mamakacebisaTvis. maT ricxvSi Sedis, magaliTad, skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis sabavSvo baRebiT uzrunvelyofis politikis ganviTareba, agreTve bavSvTa daxmarebis politikis srulyofa (Kellner 1992). rac ar unda moxdes momavalSi, aSkaraa, bevri problema da sazrunavi, romlebic uSualod qalebze axdens gavlenas da romlebic adre ugulebelyofil iyo an iTvleboda `politikis miRma~ arsebulad, axla politikuri debatebis centraluri sakiTxi gaxda. 16 qalebis mier mamakacebTan gaTanabrebuli xmis micemis uflebis mopoveba 1 _ safrangeTi, ungreTi, italia, 1893 _ axali zelandia 1945 iaponia, vietnami, iugoslavia, bolivia 1902 _ avstralia 1946 _ albaneTi, rumineTi, panama 1902 _ fineTi 1947 _ argentina, venesuela 1913 _ norvegia 1948 _ israeli, korea 1915 _ dania, islandia 1949 _ CineTi, Cile 1917 _ ssrk 1950 _ el salvadori, gana, indoeTi 1918 _ kanada 1951 _ nepali 1919 _ avstria, germania, 1952 _ saberZneTi niderlandebi, poloneTi, SvedeTi, luqsemburgi, Cexoslovakia 1920 _ aSS 1953 _ meqsika 1922 _ irlandia 1954 _ kolumbia 1928 _ didi britaneTi 1955 _ nikaragua 1929 _ ekvatori 1956 _ egvipte, pakistani, senegali 1930 _ samxreT afrika 1957 _ libani _ espaneTi, Sri lanka, 1931 1959 _ maroko portugalia 1932 _ tailandi 1962 _ alJiri 1934 _ brazilia, kuba 1963 _ irani, kenia, libia 1936 _ kosta rika 1964 _ sudani, zambia 1937 _ filipinebi 1965 _ avRaneTi, gvatemala 1941 _ indonezia 1977 _ nigeria _ dominikis respublika, 1942 1979 _ peru, zimbabve urugvai globaluri Zalebi am Tavis danarCen nawilebSi, britaneTidan gadavinacvlebT ufro farTo saerTaSoriso arenaze arsebuli politikuri Zalebisa da gavlenebis ganxilvaze. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, demokratia globaluri Zala gaxda. globalizacia cvlis erovnuli politikisa da eri-saxelmwifos Zalauflebis bevr sxva aspeqtsac. evrokavSiri globalizaciis gamoZaxilia _ mcdeloba, moaxdinos eri-saxelmwifos Sesustebuli Zalauflebis kompensacia, evropuli saxelmwifoebis zenacionaluri asociaciis SeqmniT. rodesac adamianebi ekiTxebian `Tqven xarT evropis momxre Tu mowinaaRmdege?~ aq `evropa~ niSnavs evrokavSirs. `evropa,~ ra Tqma unda, ufro metia teritoriulad, vidre evrokavSirSi Semavali qveynebi; iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa norvegia da Sveicaria, romlebic evropas miekuTvnebian, ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi. ufro metic, evropaSi aseve Sedian aRmosavleT evropis yofili komunisturi qveynebic, romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi _ Tumca, zogierTs amis survili aqvs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, evropa omebiT gaxleCili kontinenti iyo. pirveli msoflio omi da meore msoflio omi evropaSi daiwyo. evropaSi omis ganmeorebis 1 wyaro: Liza Tutle, Encyclopedia of Feminism, 1986, gv. 370-371. 17 prevencia iyo im saxelmwifo moRvaweebis erT-erTi motivacia, romlebmac dasabami misces politikur kurss, ris Sedegac sabolood evrokavSiri Seiqmna. isini amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikurad integrirebuli da politikurad gadajaWvuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan oms ar daiwyebdnen. evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka kavSiris ganviTareba. 1946 wels, ciurixSi sityviT gamosvlis dros, uinston CerCilma ganacxada, `Cven raRac evropis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi unda avaSenoT.” magram is, vinc iniciativa gamoiCina da ZalRone ar daiSura amis gansaxorcieleblad, iyvnen ara britanelebi, aramed evropis sxva qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi da maSindeli dasavleT germania. 1951 w. parizis xelSekrulebam daafuZna evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba. amas mohyva evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianeba, mogvianebiT ki _ evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (EEC). 1958 wels, romis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seqmnilma evropulma ekonomikurma gaerTianebam daafuZna saerTo bazari, evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonliT vaWrobisaTvis. magram britaneTi ganze idga, igi ufro mTlianad iyo CarTuli Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebTan kavSirSi. 1973 wlamde qveyana evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevri ar gamxdara. radganac evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba sul ufro didi politikuri gaerTianebisaken miemarTeboda, misi saxelwodebidan sityva `ekonomikuri~ amovarda da is cnobili gaxda, rogorc evropuli gaerTianeba (EC). Semdgomi integraciis Sedegad, is evrokavSiri (EU) gaxda. dRes evrokavSiri Sedgeba warmomadgenlobiTi da biurokratiuli organizaciebis rTuli erTobliobisagan. umaRlesi mdgomareoba uWiravs evrosabWos, romelic Sedgeba wevri qveynebis saxelmwifo meTaurebisagan an mTavrobis meTaurebisagan. isini weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian. ministrTa sabWo Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa da msxvili Cinovnikebis sxva muSa jgufebisagan. is warmoadgens evrokavSiris politikis ganmsazRvrel mTavar organos da iRebs sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebs. adre aseTi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro iyo sruli erTsulovneba, magram axla gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas iReben xmebis umravlesobis safuZvelze _ es mniSvnelovani nabijia, radgan niSnavs, rom kanonmdeblobas SeuZlia ama Tu im qveynis survilebis winaaRmdeg wasvla. evropis komisia ministrTa sabWos gansaxilvelad Tavazobs moqmedebis kurss, sxvadasxva winadadebis misaRebad an Sesasworeblad da is pasuxismgebelia sabWos gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebaze. mas xelmZRvaneloben wevri saxelmwifoebis mier daniSnuli komisiis wevrebi. evropul parlamentSi 518 arCeuli wevria, romlebic gamoTqvamen Sexedulebebs sabWoSi warmodgenil winadadebebze da uzrunvelyofen forums maTi ganxilvisTvis. evroparlaments ar gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. es awuxebs bevr im adamians, romlebic Tvlian, rom dRes arsebuli formiT, evrokavSiri arsebiTad arademokratiulia. da bolos, arsebobs evrosasamarTlo, romelic ganmartavs da xels uwyobs evrokavSiris kanonebis ganxorcielebas. mas ar gaaCnia policiuri Zalebi Tavisi gadawyvetilebebis 18 mxardasaWerad, magram maTi Sesruleba aucilebelia wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebisTvis. Tavdapirvelad evrogaerTianebis wevrTa raodenoba iyo eqvsi. 1973 wels, rodesac dania da irlandia, britaneTTan erTad, gaerTianebas SeuerTdnen, maTi raodenoba cxramde gaizarda. TandaTan, wevri qveynebis ricxvma Tormets miaRwia, xolo 1996 wels ki _ TxuTmets. didma dapirispirebebma, gansakuTrebiT agrarul politikasTan dakavSirebiT, daRi daasva, agreTve Seaferxa Tanamimdevruli SeTanxmebebis formireba. 1987 wels miiRes erTiani evropis aqti, rasac mohyva mTeli rigi inovaciebi, romelTa mizani iyo ufro didi gaerTianebis Seqmna, yvela darCenili savaWro barieris gauqmebis CaTvliT. evrokavSiris Semdgomi ganviTareba problemuri gaxda im gansakuTrebuli cvlilebebis gamo, romlebmac aRmosavleT evropa da Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri moicva, 1989 wlidan moyolebuli. `evropas~ zusti sazRvrebi hqonda, rodesac is dasavleT evropis liberalur demokratiebad aRiqmeboda. igi aRmosavleTis komunisturi sazogadoebebisagan iyo gamijnuli. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam es yvelaferi Secvala. axla aRar aris naTeli, sad mTavrdeba `evropa~ da aRmosavleT evropis bevri axlad formirebuli liberaluri demokratia apirebs gawevriandes evrokavSirSi. ra saxis warmonaqmnia evrokavSiri? SesaZlebelia, is ubralod erTgvari ze-erisaxelmwifo gaxdes, an gansxvavdeba is adre arsebuli politikuri sistemebisgan? filip Smiteri (1991) miuTiTebs, rom axla evrokavSiri eri-saxelmwifosagan mravali niSan-TvisebiT gansxvavdeba. rogorc zeviT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ar gaaCnia umaRlesi xelisuflebis erTiani forma: sasamarTlos SeuZlia ugulebelyos misi wevri saxelmwifoebis garkveuli kanonebi, magram ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis universaluri saSualebebi. Tumca mas suverenuli saxelmwifos garkveuli niSnebi gaaCnia, magaliTad, is msoflios 130 saxelmwifos mieraa aRiarebuli, rogorc saxelmwifo warmonaqmni da maT evrokavSirTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebi aqvT damyarebuli. eri-saxelmwifoebi garkveul teritoriebze arseboben, magram Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, evrokavSirs Tavisi `sakuTari~ teritoria gaaCnia, ufro bundovania. evrokavSiri Tavad ar `marTavs~ Tavis teritorias da misi sazRvrebi ar aris zustad dadgenili, radgan uaxloes momavalSi albaT kidev araerTi saxelmwifo gaxdeba misi wevri. evrokavSirs difuzuri struqtura aqvs. zogierT `gare~ saxelmwifos masTan TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebebi aqvs gaformebuli. erisaxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi ar aris administraciuli dawesebulebebis ierarqia. winaswar, zogadad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo misi struqturis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva nawilis moqmedebebis nawilobrivi damTxveva Zalauflebisa da kompetenciis sxvadasxva sferoSi. komisias centraluri roli aqvs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebSi, magram Tavisi rolis Sesrulebis dros, is did yuradRebas aqcevs evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da misi sxva organizaciebis Sexedulebebs. Smiteri amtkicebs, rom evrokavSiri politikuri wyobis Zalian specifikuri formaa da mas SeuZlia, gza gaukafos im cvlilebebs, romlebic msoflios sxva regionebs misabaZ models sTavazobs. evrokavSiri ar aris arc eri da arc saxelmwifo, is ufro orives alternatiuli politikuri sistemaa. garkveuli azriT, is federaluria, magram ara tipuri federaluri saxelmwifos msgavsad, radgan is, 19 ubralod, Sedgeba ara erToblivad organizebuli regionebisagan, aramed sxvadasxva erTeulisa da qveerTeulis mTeli mravalferovnebisagan. garkveuli miznebisTvis, is aris erTiani politikuri aqtori, sxva amocanebisTvis ki _ agregati, romelic damokidebulia mudmivad `cvalebad SeTanxmebebze~. momavalSi evropuli gaerTianeba iqneba politikuri batonobis unikaluri forma. SeiZleba, is daemsgavsos zogierT arsebul saxelmwifos, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, germaniis federaciuli respublika, Sveicaria, kanada, espaneTi da a.S. misi aRwera SesaZlebeli iqneba nacnobi terminebiT: federaciuli, konfederaciuli, teqnokratiuli, demokratiuli, pluraluri da a.S., magram is gansxvavebuli iqneba (Schmitter, 1991, gv. 29). maastrixSi xelmowerili xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis bolosTvis evropa politikurad ufro integrirebuli gaxdeba, vidre axla aris. mas erTiani valuta eqneba. rac Seexeba 1996 wels, jer kidev ar aris naTeli, erTiani valuta iqneba Tu ara saukunis bolomde. albaT, mxolod ramdenime qveyana aris mzad, daakmayofilos misi gavrcelebisaTvis saWiro rTuli ekonomikuri kriteriumebi. miuxedavad amisa, axali valutis saxelwodeba ukve SerCeulia: `evro~. cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 weli safrangeTis revoluciis meorase wlisTavis iubile iyo. is, aseve, evropaSi axali `revoluciebis weli~ iyo, albaT, 1789 welze aranakleb mniSvnelovani Tavisi Sorsmimavali SedegebiT. 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropis komunisturma reJimebma, erTimeoris miyolebiT, dakarges Zalauflebaze kontroli (am movlenebis Semdgomi ganxilvisTvis, ixileT Tavi `revoluciebi da socialuri moZraobebi~). mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi gavrcelebuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic TiTqos myari da uryevi Canda, uceb daemxo. komunistebi daCqarebuli tempiT, Tanamimdevrulad, kargavdnen TavianT Zalauflebas im qveynebSi, sadac isini naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi batonobdnen: ungreTi (Tebervali), poloneTi (ivnisi), bulgareTi, aRmosavleT germania da Cexoslovakia (noemberi), rumineTi (dekemberi). aRmosavleT evropis TiToeul qveyanaSi, CamorCenil albaneTSic ki, 1992 wlis ianvrisTvis, Tavisufali arCevnebis Sedegad, Seiqmna axali mTavrobebi. da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amave periodisTvis, komunisturma partiam dakarga Zalaufleba Tavad sabWoTa kavSirSic, romelic mTel rig damoukidebel qveynebad daiSala. ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, aRmosavleT evropam, axali konstituciebis dawerisa da mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemebis Seqmnis procesSi, did warmatebebs miaRwia. umetes SemTxvevaSi, partiebis speqtri dasavleT evropis qveynebis partiebis msgavsia. zogierTi yofili komunisturi partia kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas, magram Zalian xSirad maT saxelwodeba aqvT gamocvlili. amasTanave, isini ukve veRar moqmedeben ise, rogorc erTpartiul sistemebSi, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Sua periodSi maT arCevnebSi saocrad karg Sedegebs miaRwies. magaliTad, 1995 wels ruseTis dumis (parlamentis) arCevnebis dros, xelaxla aRmocenebulma ruseTis komunisturma partiam xmaTa 22 procenti moagrova da parlamentSi yvelaze didi partia gaxda. aRmosavleT evropis yvela qveyana awydeba Zalian mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da politikur siZneleebs gardamaval periodSi, axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze. am sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs TavianT qveynebSi demokratiis ganviTarebis gamo, bevri ki Sewuxebulia danaSaulisa 20 da Zaladobis gazrdis gamo. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis monacemebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT evropis umetesi qveynebis ekonomikam did warmatebas miaRwia gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, demokratiuli kapitalizmis imedebi bevri adamianisaTvis fuWi aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropaSi, iq samocdaTxuTmeti milioni `axali Raribi~ gaCnda, umuSevrobisa da fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis pirobebSi, xalxis msyidvelobiTi unaris rRvevis gamo da es ricxvi moicavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa kavSiridanac. dasavleT evropis daxmareba aRmosavleTisaTvis sakmaod mcirea. momxdarma cvlilebebma, Cans, gansakuTrebiT araxelsayreli gavlena qalebze moaxdina. zogierT qveyanaSi qalebis wili parlamentsa da sxva politikur organoebSi mkveTrad daeca. magaliTad, cvlilebebis sawyis etapze, parlamentSi qali-wevrebis procenti CexoslovakiaSi 34-dan 4 procentamde Semcirda, poloneTSi _ 20-dan 3 procentamde, bulgareTSi _ 21-dan 8 procentamde. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis gamo, umuSevarTa ricxvi Zalian gaizarda da maT Soris didia qalebis raodenoba. ramdenad aRmatebuli iqneba aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan mmarTvelobis stabiluri liberaluri demokratiuli sistemebi? samuel hantingtonis (1990) azriT, arsebobs eqvsi faqtori, romlebic albaT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdenen am procesze: 1. Tavisi istoriis adreul periodebSi, ramdenad aqvs qveyanas gamocdili liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba. yofil Cexoslovakias, am mxriv, yvelaze sasurveli istoria aqvs, xolo albaneTs, piriqiT, araxelsayreli. magram CexoslovakiaSi Cexebsa da slovakebs Soris didi daZabuloba iyo da qveyana or damoukidebel saxelmwifod gaiyo. 2. qveynis mier miRweuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done. am mxriv, CexeTis respublikasa da ungreTs wamyvani adgili ukaviaT. 3. ramdenad efeqturad marTavdnen qveyanas wina komunisturi reJimis dros. arsebobs varaudi, rom saxelmwifo, romelic efeqturad marTavda avtoritaruli sistemis dros, savaraudod, aseTive efeqturi iqneba demokratiuli sistemis dros. 4. im socialuri da politikuri organizaciebis Zalaufleba da mravalferovneba, romlebmac SeZles damoukideblobis SenarCuneba komunisturi mmarTvelobis dros. 5. ramdenad kargad SeZleben axali mTavrobebi ekonomikuri reformis radikaluri politikis Seqmnasa da ganxorcielebas. 6. subnacionalur an eTnikur jgufebs, regionebs an klasebs Soris arsebuli gaTiSvisa da mtruli damokidebulebis done. aseTi dayofis gamo, iugoslaviam ver gauZlo dezintegracias da daiSala; Cexoslovakiac gaiyo. magram ramdenad gahyvebian sxvebi maT gzas, jerjerobiT ar aris cxadi. bevri aseTi msjeloba gamoiyeneba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad Seqmnili axali saxelmwifoebisa da Tavad ruseTis mimarT. maTi umetesoba, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro dabali donidan iwyebs axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobas. umravlesobas ar hqonia liberaluri demokratiis damoukidebeli istoria, zogierTi maTgani manamde saerTod arc ki arsebobda, rogorc calke saxelmwifo. rac ar unda moxdes momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi, evropis ruka 21 samudamod Seicvala, masTan erTad ki globaluri politikuri wyobac _ mas Semdeg, rac yofili sabWoTa kavSiri gaWimuli iyo Soreul aziamde. myarad moikidebs Tu ara fexs demokratia, albaT, damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli sabazro ekonomika. 1994 wlis bolos gamoqveynebul evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis angariSSi, yuradRebiT aris ganxiluli yofil komunistur qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. cvlilebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebia: mrewvelobis privatizaciis done da masStabi, biznesis restruqturizaciis xarisxi, marTvis wina stilis ukugdeba, Ria konkurencia da sagareo vaWroba, sabanko sistemis reforma. am maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, CexeTis respublikaSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi cvlilebaTa done yvelaze maRalia, xolo azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi, TurqmeneTsa da ukrainaSi _ yvelaze dabali. iugoslavia, yofili komunisturi qveyana, federaluri saxelmwifo, romelic 1989 wlamde erT-erT yvelaze mowinaved miaCndaT, daiSala iq gaCaRebuli sisxliani omis Sedegad. konfliqtma bosnia-hercogovinaSi, yofili iugoslaviis erT-erT Semadgenel nawilSi, romelic damoukideblobas iTxovda, 500 000 sicocxle Seiwira. rogori SemaZrwunebelic ar unda iyos es cifri, konfliqti bosniaSi SedarebiT lokaluri da Semofargluli iyo. aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tavidan aecilebinaT zogierTi sxva iseTi masStaburi omis gaCaReba, romlebic XX saukuneSi moxda. axla Cven vubrundebiT im problemebs, romlebic gamowveulia adamianTa socialur saqmianobaSi samxedro Zalauflebis da omis mudmivi mniSvnelobiT. omi da samxedroebi 1989 wlisa da Semdgomi movlenebi naTlad gviCveneben samxedro Zalauflebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas, socialuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gardamavali periodebis dros. samxedro Zalauflebis sociologia politikuri sociologiis mniSvnelovani nawilia da swored amas ganvixilavT am Tavis bolo nawilSi. pirvelad ganvixilavT omis istorias, Semdeg ki civ omsa da mis Sedegebs. lokaluridan totalur omamde meoce saukunemde, maSinac ki, rodesac didi brZolebi warmoebda, isini Semoifargluli iyo mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawiliT _ jariskacebiT, romlebic ibrZodnen (Cveulebriv, sazogadoebis zrdasruli mamakacebis mcire procenti) da samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, romelic uSualod im regionebSi cxovrobda, sadac omebi mimdinareobda. aseTi omebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc lokaluri omebi. magram I msoflio omi (1914-18), romelSic uamravma jariskacma miiRo monawileoba, namdvilad ar iyo lokaluri omi. totaluri omi moicavs ramdenime antagonistur saxelmwifos, maTi mosaxleobis mamakacTa maRal wils, mTeli maTi ekonomikis mobilizebasa da mTel msoflioSi brZolas. pirveli msoflio omi anu `didi omi,~ mravali aspeqtiT, wyalgamyofi iyo meoce saukunis samxedro saqmis 22 ganviTarebaSi. man mTlianad gaamarTla Tavisi saxelwodeba. masSi CarTuli qveynebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, evropuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, agreTve ruseTi, iaponia da SeerTebuli Statebi _ istoriuli paralelebi ar arsebobda. mokluli meomrebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis raodenoba bevrad ufro didi iyo, vidre romelime wina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. sul mcire orma mTavarma movlenam Seuwyo xeli lokaluridan totalur omze gadasvlas: omis industrializaciam da masobrivi militaristuli organizaciis warmoqmnam. omis industrializacia gulisxmobs Tanamedrove samrewvelo meTodebis gamoyenebas iaraRis warmoebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tanamedrove masobrivi samxedro sistemebi biurokratiul organizaciebad Camoyalibdnen da mniSvnelovnad Secvales omebis momzadebis da brZolis xasiaTi. garda amisa, mTavrobebma SemoiRes sayovelTao samxedro begara _ garkveul asakobriv farglebSi, samxedro samsaxurisTvis vargisi yvela mamakacis gawveva _ radgan omis masStabi gaizarda. samxedro xarjebi da civi omi kacobriobis istoriaSi meoce saukune, udavod, mravalricxovani da damangreveli omebiT gamoirCeva. aqamde, omebSi 100 milionze meti adamiani daiRupa, saSualod 3 500 dReSi. umravlesoba or msoflio omSi mokles. samxedro biujetebi 1989 wlamde progresulad izrdeboda; samxedro SeiaraReba sul ufro rTuli da damangreveli xdeba. didi zomis birTvul iaraRs milionobiT adamianis mokvla SeuZlia. 1980-iani wlebis bolomde, globalur samxedro xarjebs, ZiriTadad, civi omi gansazRvravda _ SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris arsebuli antagonisturi metoqeoba, romelic 1940-iani wlebis bolodan daaxloebiT 1990 wlamde gagrZelda. yovel weliwads TiToeuli mxare ara marto uzarmazar Tanxas xarjavda SeiaraRebis srulyofasa da samxedro personalis didi raodenobis Senaxvaze, aramed sxva qveynebTan aliansebis farTo sistemebsac qmnida da xSirad mokavSire saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Zalebs wvrTnida. sabWoelebi yuradRebas aRmosavleT evropaze amaxvilebdnen, magram isini Sua aRmosavleTis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebsac amaragebdnen iaraRiT da maTTvis samxedro kadrebs amzadebdnen. SeerTebulma Statebma Camoayalibes aliansebis sistema, maT Soris Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato), romelic msoflios udides nawilze vrceldeba. iaraRiT vaWroba SeiaraRebis sferoSi msoflio vaWrobis ZiriTadi nawils _ iaraRiT vaWrobas _ mesame msoflios qveynebisTvis industriuli qveynebis mier gayiduli SeiaraReba Seadgens. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebuli Statebi da ssrk iyvnen iaraRis msoflios wamyvani eqsportiorebi. 1991 wels, sparseTis yureSi omis dawyebamde, ssrk da dasavleTis zogierTi saxelmwifo erays awvdidnen da hyidnen iaraRsa da samxedro daniSnulebis sxva produqcias. erays im dros iranTan omis wagebis saSiSroeba emuqreboda. rogorc sparseTis yuris omis Sedegma aCvena, zogierTi iaraRi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiris mier miwodebuli, aRmoCnda moZvelebuli an 23 Seuferebeli, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis uaxlesi iaraRis teqnologiasTan SedarebiT. am omSi erayi sastikad daamarcxes gaerTianebuli erebis samxedro Zalebma, romlebsac, ZiriTadad, SeerTebuli Statebi afinansebda. Tumca, mowinave teqnologias sTavazoben yvelas, visac surs da SeuZlia misi SeZena. 1950-iani wlebidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde, msoflio samxedro xarjebi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. 1977 wels msoflio xarjebma SeiaraRebaze gadaaWarba 1 miliard amerikul dolars dReSi. es niSnavs, rom yovel saaTSi 50 milioni dolari ixarjeboda. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, realuri gamoTvliT (inflaciis faqtoris gamoklebiT), es maCveneblebi TiTqmis gaormagda. 1993 wels globaluri samxedro xarjebi Seadgenda msoflios mTliani Semosavlis daaxloebiT 5 procents. es bevrad ufro metia, vidre mTeli afrikuli kontinentis ekonomikuri warmoeba; is metia, vidre mTeli aziis (iaponiis gamoklebiT) ekonomikuri warmoeba. civi omis dasrulebis fonze, vinmem SeiZleba imedianad ganWvritos msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis samxedro danaxarjebis Semcireba. SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi mkveTrad Semcirda ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebSi. SeerTebulma Statebma, britaneTma da dasavleTis sxva qveynebmac Seamcires Tavdacvis xarjebi momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi. Tumca, es gazrdis dawolas iaraRis eqsportze saSinao bazrebis Sevsebis mizniT. ar SeiZleba darwmunebiT Tqma, rom civi omis dasruleba Seamcirebs usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs mesame msoflios qveynebSi, es moTxovnebi rogorc Sida, ise sagareo xasiaTisaa. rogorc Semdeg nawilebSi vnaxavT, jer kidev bundovania, ramdenad SeiZleba vendoT globaluri mSvidobis dividends. omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba xdeba Tu ara msoflio ufro usafrTxo adgili uaxlesi politikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad? ra Tqma unda, sayovelTao birTvuli ganadgurebis perspeqtiva Zalian Semcirda. magram birTvuli omis SesaZlebloba ar gamqrala. 1992 wels msoflioSi jer kidev arsebobda sul mcire 50 000 birTvuli iaraRi (Barnaby 1992), xolo 1994 wels _ 20 000 (ix. diagrama 13.2). iaraRis umravlesoba ekuTvnis SeerTebul Statebs, ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebs. britaneTi, safrangeTi da CineTi mniSvnelovan maragebs floben. ukve ramdenime xania, rac israeli birTvuli iaraRis saxelmwifoa. indoeTsa da pakistans, SesaZloa, hqondeT potenciuri SesaZlebloba, sxva saxelmwifoebs ki gaaCniaT saSualebebi, mibaZon maT. dRes mTavari problemaa, rogor Seakavon birTvuli proliferacia _ birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic amJamad maT ar floben (Levanthal & Tanzer 1991 ). Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom globaluri usafrTxoeba gaizrdeboda, Tu ocdaaT, ormoc Tu met saxelmwifos eqneboda birTvuli iaraRi. magram dasavleTis saxelmwifoebs, romlebic TavianTi birTvuli arsenalebis arsebobas amarTleben imiT, rom maTi saSualebiT isini akaveben agresias, albaT, ar gaukvirdebaT, Tu sxva qveynebic imave motiviT Seecdebian maT mopovebas. Tu romelime saxelmwifo miaRwevs mizans, misi metoqe Seecdeba, igive gaakeTos. amgvarad, prioliferaciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba. 24 sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli pirdapiri safrTxe, Cans, acilebul iqna. birTvuli iaraRi, gaSlili Tormeti damoukidebeli respublikis teritoriebze, koncentrirebul iqneba ruseTis teritoriaze, sadac SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis zomebis ufro drouli ganxorcieleba. magram radgan birTvuli iaraRebisa da masalebis karg pirobebSi Senaxva dakavSirebulia did xarjebTan, arsebobs eWvebi maT xangrZliv usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, sxva qveynebma SeiZleba gadaibiron yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebi, maTi kompetenturobis gamo. proliferaciis problemis arsi aris is, rom birTvuli iaraRis warmoebisaTvis saWiro ori nivTiereba, gamdidrebuli urani da plutoniumi, aucilebelia agreTve birTvuli energiis mSvidobiani warmoebisaTvis. teqnologiuri eqspertizis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi am nivTierebis flobis dros SesaZlebelia birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna. kerZod, iaponiasa da germanias aqvT plutoniumis maragebi, romlebic iseTive didia, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis birTvul arsenalebSi. am qveynebma rom moindomon, isini SeZleben birTvuli SeiaraRebis Zalian swrafad Seqmnas. atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi daxarjuli sawvavis xelaxali gadamuSaveba aseve qmnis farTo masStabis proliferaciis saSiSroebas. arsebuli gegmebis Tanaxmad, XXI saukunis damdegisTvis, evropisa da iaponiis gadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi gamoyenebuli sawvavidan, ori aTasi metruli tona plutoniumi iqneba miRebuli. TxuTmet funtze naklebia saWiro atomuri bombis Sesaqmnelad. radgan plutoniumi aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs Tavis Tvisebebs, misi usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobiani gamoyenebis garantiebis problema, Cans, Znelad gadasalaxia. msoflio omis gareSe? birTvuli iaraRi ar aris erTaderTi damangreveli SeiaraReba, romlis Seqmna adamianebs SeuZliaT. magaliTad, qimiuri iaraRis warmoeba iafia. 1980-ian wlebSi, iranTan omisas, erayma qimiuri SeiaraReba gamoiyena da imuqreboda, rom gamoiyenebda mas sparseTis yuris omSi 1991 wels. qimiuri iaraRi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba mtris samxedro danayofebis an samoqalaqo mosaxleobis momwamvleli gzebiT dabombvis dros, rac SeiZleba imwamsve fataluri iyos. erT-erTi aseTi xelovnurad Seqmnili momwamvleli gazi gamoiyenes tokios metroSi 1995 wels mgzavrebze Tavdasxmis dros, rodesac ramdenime adamiani mokles da bevri hospitalizebuli iyo. axla msoflio politikur wyobaSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis droa da arsebobs ufro usafrTxo msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZleblobebi. riskebis danaxva advilia. SesaZlo birTvul proliferaciasa da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRebs unda davumatoT nacionalizmis, eTnikuri da religiuri antagonizmebis axali formebis gavlena, mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli uTanasworoba, anu globaluri konfliqtebis yvela potenciuri wyaro. meore mxriv, zogierTi faqtori, rac warsulSi saomar moqmedebebs ganapirobebda, gansakuTrebiT ki swrafva, moepovebinaT axali teritoriebi dapyrobis gziT, dRes nakleb relevanturia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi bevrad ufro globalurad arian urTierTdamokidebulni, vidre adre da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi sazRvrebi zustad 25 aris dadgenili da aRiarebuli saxelmwifoTa msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier. Tanamedrove saomari moqmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT birTvuli omi, iseTi damangreveli gaxda, rom misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia realuri politikuri an ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad. sul ufro izrdeba imis Segneba, rom birTvul epoqaSi miuRebelia Zveleburi gamonaTqvami: `mSvidoba Tu ginda, emzade omisTvis~; es ki bolo wlebis erT-erTi imedis momcemi movlenaa. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxerxda birTvuli konfrontaciebis Tavidan acileba, SesaZloa, mainc ar Sewydes omebi, sadac Cveulebrivi tipis iaraRi iqneba gamoyenebuli, rac masobrivi ganadgurebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. magram imedis realuri safuZvelic arsebobs. maikl maqguaieri, Tavdacvis saqmis cnobili analitikosi, amtkicebs, rom momdevno oci an ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZlebloba arsebobs. birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflio iqneba iseTi msoflio, sadac birTvuli saxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdebian, rom jarTad aqceven mTel TavianT birTvul SeiaraRebas garkveul daTqmul vadaSi. misi azriT, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflio, proliferaciis SeCerebisa da agresiuli saxelmwifoebisa da teroristuli jgufebisagan birTvuli iaraRis dacvis erTaderTi saSualebaa. es realisturi arCevania, radgan bevri samxedro politikuri lideri mixvda, rom birTvuli iaraRi strategiuli miznebisTvis gamousadegaria. maTi flobis erTaderTi mizezi aris is, rom isini sxvebsac aqvT an SeiZleba SeiZinon. amis gamo, rac ar unda moxdes, omis riski yovelTvis iqneba. magram birTvuli iaraRisgan Tavisufali msoflio erTaderTi gzaa, rom Tavidan aviciloT kacobriobis damRupveli birTvuli konfrontaciebis SesaZlebloba, romelsac SeuZlia dedamiwis udidesi nawilis da, albaT, mTeli kacobriobis ganadgureba. Sejameba 1. saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac aris politikuri aparati, romelic marTavs garkveul dadgenil teritorias da romlis xelisufleba emyareba legalur sistemasa da kanonier uflebas, gamoiyenos Zala Tavisi politikuri kursis ganxorcielebis mizniT. 2. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi aris eri-saxelmwifoebi, sadac, Cveulebriv, kongresis an saparlamento sistema arsebobs. suverenitetis cneba (mTavrobis kanonieri Zalaufleba mkafiod gansazRvrul teritoriaze) gulisxmobs rogorc erisaxelmwifos aRiarebul legitimurobas, ise sxvebis mier saxelmwifo sazRvrebis aRiarebas. TiToeuli erToba iZens gamorCeul xasiaTs nacionalizmTan misi kavSiris gziT. 3. demokratia aris politikuri sistema, sadac xalxi marTavs. monawileobiTi demokratiis dros, gadawyvetilebebs iReben isini, viszec es gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdens. liberaluri demokratia aris warmomadgenlobiTi mravalpartiuli demokratia (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefo), sadac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, xma miscen erT-erTs sul cota ori partiidan. Tumca demokratia farTod gavrcelda, zogierTi siZnele mainc arsebobs. iseT qveynebSi, rogoric gaerTianebuli samefoa, xelisuflebas misi moqalaqeebis 26 gasaWiris mogvarebis unari ara aqvs. mTavrobiT ukmayofileba izrdeba, xolo politikuri monawileobis done klebulobs. 4. politikuri partia aris organizacia, romelic orientirebulia, arCevnebis gziT miaRwios xelisuflebaze legitimur kontrols. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi, yvelaze didi is partiebia, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad politikur interesebs gamoxataven: socializmi, komunizmi, liberalizmi an konservatizmi. Cveulebriv, arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri xmis micemis nimuSebsa da klasobriv gansxvavebebs Soris. bolo dros, dasavleTis bevr saxelmwifoSi SeimCneva tradiciuli partiebis mimarT erTgulebis Semcireba da, saerTod, imedgacruebis zrda partiuli sistemis gamo. 5. bolo wlebSi, britanulma politikam TetCerizmis Zlieri zemoqmedeba ganicada. TetCerizmi aris doqtrinebis erToblioba, romelic Tavad qalbaton TetCeris xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdegac arsebobs. TetCerizmi eyrdnoba saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebisa da Tavisufali bazris batonobis aucileblobis rwmenas. 6. TetCerizmma Secvala konservatuli partiis perspeqtiva. bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, leiboristulma partiamac ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi; kerZod, toni bleris xelmZRvanelobiT, `axalma leiboristebma~ xeli aiRes Zvel socialistur Sexedulebebze, maT Soris nacionalizaciasa da gegmur ekonomikur mewarmeobaze. 7. evropuli kavSiris Seqmnam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina yvela mis wevr saxelmwifoze. Tumca, srulad ar aris naTeli, rogori momavali eqneba evrokavSirs. is, albaT, ar gaxdeba `ze-eri-saxelmwifo~, magram SeinarCunebs Tavis gamorCeul xasiaTs. 8. evropis politikuri ruka Seicvala 1989 welsa da momdevno periodSi, komunizmis daSlis Sedegad. ruseTi da aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebi xdebian saparlamento demokratiebi da sabazro ekonomikis qveynebi, Tumca gadasvlis es procesi aris Zneli da problematuri. 9. omi politikaSi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi omis xasiaTi Zalian Seicvala. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, omis industrializaciis procesi daiwyo, rac omis warmoebis dros industriuli meTodebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. birTvul epoqaSi, arsebobs imedis safuZveli, rom didi omebis raodenoba Semcirdeba, radgan omis SesaZlo Sedegebi metad damRupvelia. damatebiTi literatura Christopher D andeker, Surveillance, Power and Modernity (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1990) . Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis sistemebis ganviTarebis mimoxilva, romelic gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalis rols usvams xazs. Stephen George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) . britaneTsa da evropuli gaerTianebis sxva qveynebs Soris daZabuli urTierTobis saintereso mimoxilva. David Held, Models of Democracy. Second Edition (Cambridge: P olity Press, 1996). klasikuri da mniSvnelovani angariSi demokratiis sxvadasxva formis Sesaxeb. 27 John K ingdom, Government and Pilitics in Britain (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1991) . yovlismomcveli da kritikuli teqsti britaneTis politikis Sesaxeb. James N. R orenan, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (London. Harvester, 1990) . mcdeloba, mogvces axali farTo formulireba imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda gavigoT globaluri politikuri wyoba. John S cott, Who Rules Britain? (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1991) . saukeTeso wigni britanul sazogadoebaSi elitebisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. D.W. Urwin and W.E. Petterson, Politics in Western Europe Today: Perspectives, Politics and Problems since 1980 (London: L ongman, 1990). sasargeblo zogadi mimoxilva, romelic warmoadgens Sesavals dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. mniSvnelovani terminebi legitimuroba suvereniteti moqalaqe nacionalizmi monawileobiTi demokratia konstituciuri monarqi liberaluri demokratia politikuri partia TetCerizmi qceva xmis micemisas interesebi axali leiboristebi evrokavSiri samxedro Zalaufleba lokaluri omi totaluri omi sayovelTao samxedro begara civi omi iaraRiT vaWroba birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba 28 masmedia da popularuli kultura Sinaarsi ZiriTadi cnebebi adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi gazeTebis gamocema televiziis gavlena sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba televiziis gavlena qcevaze sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs televizia da Janri Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb adreuli Teoriebi iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro jon tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba mediis globalizacia axali ambebi kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia media imperializmi mediis antrepreniorebi mediis regulaciis problema multimedia interneti daskvna Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi popularuli kultura masmedia komunikacia ideologia didi xnis win, saTamaSoebi saerTod ar arsebobda da yvela mowyenili iyo. Semdeg gaCnda televizori, miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi mainc mowyenilebi iyvnen. maT marTva surdaT, amitomac gamoigones `video TamaSebi~. aseTia kacobriobis istoria, rogorc amas marSa kinderis 8 wlis vaJi, viqtori, aRwers. marSa kinderi naSromis _ `ZalauflebiT TamaSi~ (1991) _ avtoria. es aris kvleva mozardebze televiziisa da videoTamaSebis gavlenis Sesaxeb. viqtori ojaxis nintendos Cempionia da agreTve televizoris Tavgadadebuli mayurebeli. marto viqtors ara aqvs aseTi gataceba. videoTamaSebi, gansakuTrebiT nintendo, iseTi masStabisa da mimzidvelobis masobrivi garTobaa, romelic Cvens globalur epoqamde ar arsebobda. magram dRes maT TiTqmis mTeli msoflios bavSvebi da mozardebi TamaSoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi TamaSebis umravlesoba Zviria, isini msoflios zogierT Rarib qveyanaSic ki didi raodenobiT iyideba. zogierT ufro mdidar qveyanaSi milionobiT aseTi saTamaSo gaiyida. gamomsaxvelobisa da bgeris sisufTave nintendosa da mzardi popularobis mqone sxva konkurentuli sistemebis mTavari aspeqtia. TamaSebi imdenad `realuri~ xdeba, rom Cndeba seriozuli kiTxva: nuTu viqtorisnairi biWebi nintendos samyaros iseve realurad aRiqvamen, rogorc gare samyaros? SesaZloa, es kiTxva yvelas unda davusvaT, radgan adamianebis umravlesoba popularuli kulturis mudmivi momxmarebeli gaxda. termini `popularuli kultura~ exeba iseT garTobebs, romlebsac asobiT aTasi an milionobiT adamiani uyurebs, kiTxulobs an masSi monawileobs. magaliTad, sapnis operebis mimzidveli istoriebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ~East Enders~, milionobiT mayurebels izidavs yovel kvira, zogs ki _ yovel dRe. am TavSi ganvixilavT popularuli kulturis iseTi formebis zegavlenas, romlebsac xSirad masmediis saxeliT moixsenieben. masmediaSi Sedis videoTamaSebi da televizia, agreTve, gazeTebi, filmebi, Jurnalebi, reklamebi, videoebi da sidi. rac Seexeba `popularuls~ `popularul kulturaSi~, isic `masobriv~ medias gulisxmobs, radganac uzarmazar auditoriebs moicavs _ auditoriebs, romlebic adamianTa Zalian did raodenobas aerTianebs. masmedias zogjer masobrivi komunikaciebis saxeliTac moixsenieben. masmedia xSirad asocirdeba mxolod garTobasTan _ rogoric nintendoa da mravali adamiani mas sakmaod marginalurad aRiqvams. magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi mikerZoebulia: masobrivi kounikaciebi Cveni socialuri saqmianobis mraval aspeqtSic aris CarTuli. medias, rogoricaa gazeTebi da televizia, didi gavlena aqvs Cvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da sazogadoebriv azrze. ase marto imitom ki ar xdeba, rom isini gansakuTrebulad zemoqmedeben Cvens ganwyobebze, aramed imis gamoc, rom maTi saSualebiT, xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, romelzec bevri socialuri saqmianoba aris damokidebuli, magaliTad, erovnul arCevnebSi xmis micema SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tu informacia mimdinare politikuri movlenebis, kandidatebisa da partiebis Sesaxeb sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi ar iqneboda. isinic ki, visac politika nakleb ainteresebT da cota ram ician masSi CarTuli pirebis Sesaxeb, met-naklebad gaTviTcnobierebulni arian erovnul da saerTaSoriso 2 movlenebSi. SesaZloa, mxolod gandegili yofiliyo mTlianad mowyvetili `axali ambebisagan~, romlebic yvela Cvenganze zemoqmedebs; Tumca, savaraudod, meoce saukunis gandegils radio mainc eqneba. masmediis Seswavlas misi erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formis _ gazeTebis ganxilviT viwyebT. amis Semdeg gavaanalizebT televiziis gavlenas. ganvixilavT ramdenime mniSvnelovan Teorias masmediis Sesaxeb da vimsjelebT iseTi media antrepreniorebis warmatebaze, rogoric rupert merdokia. da bolos, ganvixilavT axal eleqtronul medias: internetsa da sainformacio supermagistrals. adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi gazeTebi, Tanamedrove formiT, im pamfletebisa da sainformacio furclebis gagrZelebaa, romlebic 1700-ian wlebSi ibeWdeboda da vrceldeboda. mxolod mecxramete saukunis bolodan gaxda gazeTebi `yoveldRiuri~. maTi mkiTxvelebis raodenobam mraval aTassa Tu milions miaRwia. Tanamedrove mediis istoriaSi gazeTi, arsebiTad, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan is bevr sxvadasxva tipis informacias mokled da advilad aRsaqmeli formiT aqveynebda. gazeTebis erT nomerSi mocemulia informacia mimdinare sakiTxebze, garTobebsa da reklamaze. axali ambebi da reklama erTad viTardebodnen, amitom gansxvavebebi axal ambebs, reklamasa da garTobebs Soris xSirad icvleba da amis gamo maTi dadgena Znelia. magaliTad, cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gemi gadis an Camodis, erT konteqstSi SeiZleba axal ambebad CaiTvalos, meoreSi ki _ rogorc reklama. sxva konteqstSi, Tu is garkveul mgzavrebs exeba da maRali wris qronikis svetSi weria, is ukve gasarTobia. iafi yoveldRiuri presis gamoSveba, Tavdapirvelad, SeerTebul StatebSi daiwyes. erTcentiani yoveldRiuri gazeTi niu-iorkSi daarsda, Semdeg ki aRmosavleTis sxva didma qalaqebmac mibaZes. 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qalaqisa da regionuli gazeTebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis umravlesobaSi gamodioda (evropis ufro patara qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi erovnuli gazeTebi ar daarsebula). masobrivi emigraciis periodSi, SeerTebul StatebSi bevri ucxoenovani gazeTi qveyndeboda. magaliTad, 1892 wels yoveldRiurad oTxmocdaCvidmeti germanulenovani gazeTi ibeWdeboda qveynis Sua-dasavleTisa da CrdiloaRmosavleTis qalaqebSi. iafi sagazeTo qaRaldis gamogonebam, mecxramete saukunis bolodan dawyebuli da Semdgom, xeli Seuwyo gazeTebis masobriv gavrcelebas. XX saukunis miwurulisTvis, prestiJuli gazeTebis or saukeTeso nimuSs ~New York Times~ da londonis ~The Times~ warmoadgendnen. isini sxva qveynebis bevri gavleniani gazeTisTvis sanimuSod iqcnen. gazeTebi, romlebzec didi moTxovnileba iyo mkiTxvelTa bazarze, mTavar politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen da dRemde aseTad rCebian. naxevar saukuneze meti drois ganmavlobaSi, gazeTebi sazogadoebisTvis informaciis swrafad da amomwuravad miwodebis mTavari saSualeba iyo. magram radios, kinosa da, gansakuTrebiT, televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, maTi gavlena Semcirda. jer kidev 1960 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi erT ojaxze yoveldRe erTze meti gazeTi iyideboda, saSualod, yovel 100 ojaxze _ 112 gazeTi, magram amis Semdeg 3 Tanafardoba mudmivad klebulobs. dRes yovel 100 ojaxze 90-ze naklebi gayiduli gazeTi modis. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda axalgazrdebze gayiduli gazeTebis ricxvi. gazeTebis gamocema didi xania, gazeTebi yovlisSemZle magnatis, sagamomcemlo imperiis xelmZRvanelis saxesTan asocirdeba. suraTi sulac ar aris ararealuri. bevr qveyanaSi gazeTebi sul ramdenime didi korporaciis sakuTrebas warmoadgens. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es korporaciebi garkveuli pirebis an ojaxebis sakuTrebaa da maT didi gavlena aqvT. dRes bevri aseTi firma uzarmazar aqciebs flobs televiziasa da garTobis industriaSi. britaneTSi Zalian didi kompaniebi, romlebsac presis baronebi, lordebi norTklifi, biverbruki da kemsli marTaven, 1920-ain da 1930-ian wlebSi, maTi mravalricxovani tiraJis mqone gazeTebis warmatebis safuZvelze ganviTardnen. safrangeTi momswrea erzanis sainformacio imperiis Seqmnisa, germaniaSi Springerisa da grunebis uzarmazari organizaciebi gaCnda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi im qalaqebis ricxvi, sadac konkurenti gazeTebis firmebia, mudmivad klebulobs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xuTasze meti aseTi firma iyo, xolo 1984 wels maTi raodenoba ocdaaTamde Semcirda. amerikuli qalaqebis mxolod 3 procentSi aris konkurenti gazeTebi _ adgilobriv gazeTebis gamomcemloba monopolisturi sawarmo gaxda. SeerTebuli Statebis garda, dasavleTis yvela qveyanas SeuZlia iamayos ramdenime erovnuli gazeTiT. xSirad, es gazeTebi sxvadaxva politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxataven, amitom mkiTxvelebs didi arCevani aqvT. Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi mxolod adgilobrivi gazeTebi gamodis, rogorc wesi, maTi mflobelebi adgilobrivi moqalaqeebi ar arian: gazeTis 70 procentze mets gazeTebis koncerni akontrolebs. zogierTi maTganis, iseve rogorc evropis didi tiraJis mqone bevri gazeTis, saredaqcio politikas maTi mflobelebi gansazRvraven. aucilebelia, rom es politika redaqtorebma da Jurnalistebma daicvan. herstis gazeTebis koncernSi rva didi gazeTis redaqtorebs yoveldRiurad ugzavnian ramdenime mowinave statias, zogierTi maTgani aucileblad unda gamoqveyndes, sxvebi ki, SesaZloa, rom daibeWdos. Tavad redaqtorebi ar weren statiebs. dasavleTis qveynebis mTavrobebis umravlesobas awuxebs is faqti, rom gazeTi ramdenime adamianis sakuTrebaa. bevr qveyanaSi mTavrobebma garkveuli zomebi miiRes, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT didi koncernebis mier gazeTebis xelSi Cagdeba, magram aseTi mcdeloba xSirad marcxiT mvardeboda. zogjer saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen presaSi politikuri balansis damyarebas. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi, norvegiaSi miiRes kanon-proeqti sxvadasxva politikuri speqtris gazeTebSi investiciebis Tanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb da amJamad am qveyanaSi adgilobrivi erTobebis umravlesobas aqvs ori an meti mravalferovani informaciis Semcveli gazeTi, romlebic mkiTxvelebs erovnuli da saerTaSoriso ambebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss awvdian. SesaZloa, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvios gazeTebis ufro didi raodenobiT gamoSveba, radganac axla maTi dabeWdva da gamoSveba adrindelze bevrad ufro iafi gaxda. meore mxriv, eleqtronulma komunikaciam, SesaZloa, faqtobrivad, mospos gazeTebis tiraJireba. magaliTad, teleteqstis 4 sistemebis saSualebiT, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi xdeba axali ambebis Sesaxeb informaciis mudmivi ganaxleba, pirdapir televizoris ekranze. bolo wlebSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, faqtobrivad, daarsda ramdenime axali erovnuli gazeTi, magram maTgan mxolod erTma Tu orma miaRwia warmatebas. axali erovnuli gazeTebi 1980-ian wlebSi, britaneTSi gamoSvebul gazeTebs Soris iyvnen: ~Independent~, ~Today~, ~News on Sunday~ da ~Sunday Sport~. bolo ori gazeTis bedi Wkuis saswavlebeli da damamZimebelia imaTTvis, visac, SesaZloa, surdaT britanuli presis standartebis amaRleba. ~News on Sunday~ gamovida 1987 wels. gazeTi politikurad damoukidebeli iyo, misi mflobeli iyo koncerni da ara romelime antrepreniori. misi mizani iyo, yofiliyo `Ria demokratiuli bunebis~ gazeTi. mas surda, xeli Seewyo socialuri samarTlianobisTvis da `ewinaaRmdegeboda yovelgvari seqsizmis, rasizmisa da yvela sxva saxis diskriminacias, rac zRudavs pirovnebis unarebsa da potencials.~ ~Sunday Sport~, romlis mflobeli devid salivani gaxldaT, gansxvavebuli saxis kompania iyo. misi saredaqcio politika sakmaod ucnaurad iyo formulirebuli. gazeTi gamiznuli iyo Teqvsmetidan ocdaTxuTmetamde wlis mamakacebisTvis. ~News on Sunday~-is TanamSromlebi am gazeTs `Jurnalistikis makulaturad~ Tvlidnen. ~News on Sunday~-is pirveli gamocema iwyeboda ambiT laTinur amerikaSi saSineli siRaribis Sesaxeb, imave dRes ~Sunday Sport~-ma gamoaqveyna statia `samefo saxlis sqesobrivi orgia~ _ sagazeTo masala pornografiuli filmis Sesaxeb, romelic gadaiRes lord hertfordis mamulSi. ~News on Sunday~ ramdenime TveSi gakotrda, xolo ~Sunday Sport~ dResac qveyndeba da misi tiraJia 500,000 (Trowler 1994). mTlianobaSi, amJamad gazeTebi uwindel droze nakleb rols TamaSoben sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mediis sxva saSualebebis, kerZod, televiziis gavrcelebam, gamoiwvia maTi rols Semcireba. televiziis gavlena televiziis gavlena sul ufro izrdeba. SesaZloa, es yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevaa mediis sferoSi bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu televizoris yurebis axlandeli tendencia gagrZeldeba, dRes dabadebul TiToeul bavSvs, Tvrameti wlis asakisTvis, ufro meti dro eqneba daxarjuli televizoris yurebaze, vidre sxva raime saqmianobis Sesrulebaze, garda Zilisa. faqtobrivad, dRes yvela ojaxs aqvs televizori. gaerTianebul samefoSi, saSualod, ojaxebSi televizori dReSi xuTi-eqvsi saaTia CarTuli. igive suraTia SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSic (Goodhardt e t a l. 1987). ojaxis TiToeuli wevris mier televizorTan gatarebuli saaTebi, ra Tqma unda, naklebia, vidre am monacemebSia naCvenebi, radgan ojaxis sxvadasxva wevri televizors sxvadasxva dros uyurebs, magram britaneTSi, saSualod, zrdasruli moqalaqe dReSi daaxloebiT 3 saaTs atarebs televizorTan. 5 Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba asakis mixedviT, didi britaneTi, 1995 wlis maisi (saaTebi kviraSi)1 162535- 45- 60 da 24 34 44 59 zeviT televizia an radio 14 megobrebTan stumroba (SesaZloa moicavdes 7 Wamasac) kiTxva 1 saubari, socializacia da telefoniT megobrebTan 3 urTierToba gareT Wama-sma 6 hobi, TamaSebi da kompiuteri 2 seirnoba da sxva gamajansaRebeli aqtivobebi 2 arafris keTeba (avadmyofobis CaTvliT) 1 monawileoba sportSi 3 religiuri, politikuri da sxva Sexvedrebi koncertebi, Teatri, kino da sportuli 1 sanaxaobebi sxva 1 mTeli Tavisufali dro 40 wyaro: mikro-socialuri cvlilebis kvleviTi centri, Omnibus Survey, Social Trendsdan, 1996, gv. 217. bolo wlebSi videoteqnika farTod gamoiyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. adamianebi iweren sxvadasxva programas saxlSi videoze maTi naxvis an filmebis Cvenebis mizniT. aseve sayovelTaod vrceldeba sxvadasxva saxis videoTamaSebi. Tavis wignSi `videos bavSvebi~, iujin provenzo aanalizebs nintendos zegavlenas. SeerTebul StatebSi amJamad 19 milionamde nintendos TamaSebia da isini kidev ufro metia sxva qveynebSi. TiTqmis yvela maTgani bavSvebs ekuTvnis da Tavad isini marTaven maT. socialuri kodeqsebi da tradiciebi yalibdeba TamaSebisa da maTi moqmedi pirebis safuZvelze. 1990 wels, SeerTebul StatebSi im ocdaaTi saTamaSodan, rolebic yvelaze metad iyideboda, ocdaxuTi an video TamaSebi, an videomowyobiloba iyo. xSirad, TamaSebi uSualod filmebisa da satelevizio programebis personaJebTan an ambebTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tavis mxriv, satelevizio programebis Sedgena nintendos TamaSebis safuZvelze xdeba. provenzo askvnis, rom dRes videoTamaSebi kulturisa da bavSvobis gamocdilebis mTavari nawili gaxda. sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba dRes televizia, masobrivi gazeTebis msgavsad, didi biznesia da qveynebis umravlesobaSi saxelmwifo uSualod CarTulia mis marTvaSi. britaneTSi `britaneTis samauwyeblo korporacia,~ romelmac pirvelma Seqmna satelevizio programebi, saxelmwifo organizaciaa. misi dafinanseba xdeba salicenzio gadasaxadiT, romelsac televizoris mflobeli yvela ojaxi ixdis. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, BBC iyo britaneTSi erTaderTi organizacia, romelsac rogorc radio, ise satelevizio programebis gadacemis ufleba hqonda, magram dRes BBC-is ori telearxis - BBC 1-isa da BBC 2-is garda, arsebobs ori Cveulebrivi arxi (ITV 6 da me-4 arxi). reklamis sixSire da xangrZlivoba kanoniT kontroldeba, saaTSi dasaSvebia maqsimum eqvsi wuTi. es wesebi gamoiyeneba satelitur arxebzec, romlebic jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSi abonentebisTvis farTod misawvdomi gaxda. SeerTebul StatebSi, samive wamyvani satelevizio organizacia komerciuli qselebia _ amerikis samauwyeblo kompania (ABC), kolumbiis samauwyeblo sistema (CBC) da erovnuli samauwyeblo kompania (NBC). kanonis Tanaxmad, samauwyeblo qselebs ara aqvs ufleba, hqondeT xuTze meti licenzirebuli sadguri. am sami organizaciis sadgurebi qveynis udides qalaqebSi aris ganTavsebuli. amitom am `didi sameulis~ mauwyebloba, misi sadgurebis meSveobiT, moicavs arsebuli ojaxebis erT meoTxedze mets. daaxloebiT orasamde filiali aris mierTebuli TiToeul qselTan da, erTianad, isini qveyanaSi arsebuli Svidasamde telesadguris 90 procents Seadgenen. qselebis Semosavali damokidebulia sareklamo drois gayidvidan miRebul Tanxebze. mauwyeblobis erovnuli asociacia, kerZo organo, adgens saxelmZRvanelo wesebs, romlebic gansazRvravs reklamisTvis dawesebul satelevizio dros: saaTSi 9.5 wuTi `saukeTeso dros~ (`praim taim~-is dros) da 16 wuTi sxva gadacemebis dros. sareklamo gadasaxadebis dadgenis mizniT, telekompaniebi iyeneben regularulad mopovebul statistikur monacemebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamiani uyurebs specialur programebs. ra Tqma unda, reitingebi Zlier gavlenas axdens imaze, gagrZeldeba Tu ara programebis garkveuli seria. satelituri da sakabelo televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, didi qselebis SesaZleblobebi Semcirda. evropis bevr qveyanaSi, gaerTianebuli samefosa da amerikis didi qalaqebis CaTvliT, mayurebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva arxebsa da programas Soris SearCios misTvis sasurveli gadacema. aseT pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu amas videos zegavlenac emateba, adamianebi sul ufro met sakuTar `programas~ qmnian. isini Tavad adgenen sanaxavi programebis ganrigs da naklebad arian damokidebulni qselis mier winaswar mowodebul ganrigze. sateliturma da sakabelo televiziebma TiTqmis yvelgan Secvales televiziis buneba. rogorc ki maT daiwyes Cveulebrivi satelevizio arxebis sferoSi SeWra, mTavrobebisTvis gaZnelda teleprogramebis Sinaarsis gakontroleba, rasac adre isini yovelTvis akeTebdnen. amgvarad, Cans, rom televiziam da eleqtronulma mediam ZiriTadi roli Seasrules im movlenebSi, romlebmac 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi revoluciebi gamoiwvia. bibisis momavali. bevr sxva qveyanaSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobebis msgavsad, bibisis mdgomareoba mudmivad daZabulia da bevri urTierTsawinaaRmdego diskusiis sagania. BBC-is momavali problemuri gaxda. mediis axali teqnologiuri formebis gavrcelebis gamo, ganuwyvetliv fuZndeba axali arxebi; cifruli teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, asobiT sakabelo da satelituri arxebi advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba. 1995 wels, satelevizio auditoriaSi BBC-is wili 40 procentze odnav meti iyo. amJamad mas im adamianebis mxolod 33 procenti uyurebs, visac sakabelo an satelituri televizia aqvT. zogierTebis azriT, unda moxdes BBC-is privatizacia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, man sxva arxebis msgavsad, Tavisi wliuri Semosavali reklamis meSveobiT unda miiRos da, amis Sedegad, salicenzio gadasaxadis gauqmeba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. dRemde am ideas bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavs. mTavrobis 1994 wlis 7 oficialur moxsenebaSi BBC-is momavalTan dakavSirebiT, mocemulia rekomendacia salicenzio gadasaxadis gagrZelebis Taobaze. masSi kvlav aris dadasturebuli, rom BBC sazogadoebis sakuTrebaSi unda darCes. miuxedavad amisa, salicenzio sagadasaxado sistemis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu momavalSi bibisis auditoria kidev ufro Semcirdeba _ zogierTi fiqrobs, rom es gardauvalia. amas winaT, erT-erTma mimomxilvelma SeniSna: `SesaZloa, windauxedaobiT, saxelmwifo mauwyebloba teqnologiis ucnaurobad CaiTvalos, radgan daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod erTi sainformacio saSualebisTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, msgavsi masala miewodebina qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis” (Economist, 23 dekemberi, 1995, gv. 29). televiziis gavlena qcevaze uamravi gamokvleva Catarda satelevizio programebis gavlenis Sefasebis mizniT. aseTi kvlevebis umravlesoba bavSvebs exeba, rac savsebiT gasagebia. maTi amocana iyo, daedginaT im gadacemebis sruli moculoba, romlebsac bavSvebi uyureben, da ganesazRvraT, ra rols TamaSoben isini bavSvebis socializaciis procesSi. sami Tema, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad ikvleven, Semdegia: televiziis gavlena danaSaulisa da Zaladobisadmi midrekilebaze, satelevizio axali ambebis buneba da televiziis roli sazogadoebis socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. televizia da Zaladoba satelevizio programebSi Zaladobis Tema Zalian gavrcelebulia da es dokumenturad aris damtkicebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, yvelaze farTomasStabiani kvlevebi gerbnerma da misma kolegebma Caatares. 1967 wlidan moyolebuli, isini yovel wels, monacemebze dayrdnobiT, aanalizebdnen yvela mTavari amerikuli qselis im satelevizio gadacemebis SerCeviT erTobliobas, romlebic gadioda saukeTeso saeTero dros da aseve SabaT-kviras dRisiT. satelevizio programebis sxvadasxva tipis mixedviT, sqematurad iyo Sedgenili Zaladobrivi aqtebisa da epizodebis raodenoba da sixSire. am kvlevaSi Zaladoba gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc fizikuri Zalis muqara an gamoyeneba, rac mimarTulia Tavad pirovnebis an sxvebis mimarT da iwvevs fizikur daSavebas an sikvdils. aRmoCnda, rom satelevizio dadgmebi sakmaod gajerebulia ZaladobiT. saSualod, aseTi programebis 80 procenti Zalian gadatvirTulia ZaladobiT _ 7,5 Zaladobrivi epizodi saaTSi. sabavSvo programebSi Zaladobis kidev ufro maRali done gamovlinda, Tumca maTSi mkvleloba naklebad iyo naCvenebi. nebismier satelevizio gadacemasTan SedarebiT, multiplikaciuri filmebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT Seicavdnen Zaladobis aqtebsa da epizodebs (Gerbner et al. 1979, 1980; Gunter 1985). rogor moqmedebs telemayureblebze Zaladobis Cveneba, Tu aseTi zemoqmedeba saerTod arsebobs: andersonma Seagrova im samocdaSvidi gamokvlevis monacemebi, romlebic oci wlis _ 1956 wlidan 1976 wlamde _ ganmavlobaSi tardeboda. maTi mizani iyo, SeeswavlaT agresiisadmi bavSvebis midrekilebaze satelevizio Zaladobis gavlena. am gamokvlevebis sami meoTxedis monacemebis Tanaxmad, aseTi kavSiris arseboba dadasturda. SemTxvevebis 20 procentSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli 8 Sedegebi ar aris miRebuli, xolo kvlevebis sami procentis mixedviT, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom televiziiT Zaladobis yureba, faqtobrivad, amcirebs agresias (Anderson 1977; Liebert et al. 1982). Tumca, andersonis mier ganxiluli gamokvlevebi Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan gamoyenebuli meTodebiT, gamovlenili kavSiris doniTa da `agresiuli qcevis~ gansazRvrebiT. kriminalur dramebs, romlebSic Zaladobas aCveneben (agreTve bevr sabavSvo multfilms), safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobisa da Surisgebis Temebi. kriminalur dramebSi marTlmsajuleba ufro met borotmoqmeds sjis, vidre es realur cxovrebaSi xdeba, policielTa mier Catarebuli gamoZiebis dros. multfilmebSic, Cveulebriv, ulmobel da saSiS personaJebs `sakadrisi miezRvebaT~ xolme. daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom Zaladobis xSiri Cveneba uSualod iwvevs mibaZvis survils telemayureblebSi, ar aris marTebuli, SesaZloa, maTze met zemoqmedebas axdendes dramis safuZvelSi Cadebuli moraluri Temebi. zogadad, auditoriaze televiziis `gavlenis~ gamokvlevis mixedviT, mayureblebi _ bavSvebi da mozrdilebi _ pasiurebi da gulgrilebi arian televiziiT nanaxi gadacemebis mimarT. saeWvoa, rom videoTamaSebSi, telegadacemebsa da filmebSi naCvenebi Zaladobis gamomxatveli masala uSualod warmoqmnis Zaladobisadmi midrekilebas imaTSi, vinc am masalas uyurebs. aseve, sadaoa, rom viqtoris nintendoTi gataceba aucileblad zians ayenebdes mis warmatebebs skolaSi. videoTamaSebis gavlena, SesaZloa, ganpirobebulia sxva zegavlenebiT, romlebic skolis procesze zemoqmedeben. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iq, sadac Zlieria zewola, rom moswavleebma maTi saskolo saqmeebiT daintereseba sxva rameze gadaitanon, televiziiTa da videoTamaSebiT gatacebam, SesaZloa, am ganwyobebis gaZliereba gamoiwvios. videoTamaSebi da televizia SeiZleba gaxdes TavSesafari maTTvis arasasiamovno skolis garemosagan Tavis dasaRwevad. magram aseve SesaZlebelia, rom videoTamaSebma xeli Seuwyos im unarebis ganviTarebas, romlebic iqneba sasargeblo rogorc formaluri ganaTlebisTvis, ise sazogadoebaSi ufro farTo monawileobisTvis, rac bevradaa damokidebuli eleqtronul komunikaciaze. marSa kinderis azriT, im faqtma, rom misi vaJi viqtori nintendos kargi mcodnea, didi gavlena moaxdina sxva sferoebzec. magaliTad, rac ufro gaiwafa videoTamaSebiT, miT ufro dainteresda da daxelovnda multfilmebis xatvaSi. robert hoji da devid tripi xazs usvamen, rom bavSvebis reaqcia satelevizio gadacemaze gulisxmobs nanaxis interpretaciasa da wakiTxvas da ara ubralod programebis Sinaarsis damaxsovrebas. isini varaudoben, rom kvlevebis umetesobaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvebis gonebrivi procesebis sirTule. televizoris yureba, trivialuri programebisac ki, Tavisi arsiT, ar aris dabali donis inteleqtualuri aqtivobis gamovlena; bavSvebi `kiTxuloben~ programebs da akavSireben maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelobis mqone sxva sistemebTan. magaliTad, Zalian patara bavSvebic ki acnobiereben, rom mediaSi naCvenebi Zaladoba `ar aris marTali~. hojisa da tripis mixedviT, satelevizio programebSi naCvenebi Zaladoba ki ar moqmedebs adamianTa qcevaze, aramed im ganwyobebis zogadi struqtura, romlis CarCoebSic Zaladoba naCvenebia da `ikiTxeba.~ 9 sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs televiziis sociologiur gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba axal ambebs. mosaxleobis didi nawili gazeTebs ar kiTxulobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali ambebi informaciis ZiriTadi wyaroa msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. glazgos universitetSi, glazgos media jgufis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi swored satelevizio axal ambebs exeba. es gamokvlevebi Zalian cnobilia da, amasTanave, sakamaToc. jgufma gamoaqveyna ramdenime kritikuli Sroma axali ambebis wardgenis Sesaxeb: `cudi axali ambebi~, `ufro cudi axali ambebi~, `Zalian cudi axali ambebi~ da `axali ambebi omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb~. aq dasaxelebul TiToeul wignSi isini misdevdnen msgavs kvleviT strategiebs, Tumca cvlidnen TavianTi kvlevebis fokuss. `cudi axali ambebi~ (1976) iyo maTi pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani wigni. masSi mocemulia 1975 wlis ianvar-ivnisis periodSi yvela arxze (im dros me-4 arxi ar arsebobda) axali ambebis gadacemebis analizi. misi mizani iyo axali ambebis Sinaarsisa da gadmocemis stilis sistemuri da miukerZoebeli gaanalizeba. `cudi axali ambebi~ yuradRebas amaxvilebda sawarmoo disputebis gadmocemaze. Semdegi wignebi ufro koncentrirebuli iyo politikur reportaJebsa da folklendis omze. `cudi axali ambebis~ daskvna is iyo, rom axali ambebi sawarmoo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gadaicemoda SerCeviTi da tendenciuri formiT. iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa `usiamovneba~, `radikaluri~ da `uminzo gaficva~, profkavSirebis sawinaaRmdego azrebs iwvevdnen. rogorc Cans, es reportaJebi ufro metad gaficvebis im gavlenebs exeboda, rac sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebas iwvevda, vidre maT gamomwvev mizezebs. gamoyenebul masalebSi, xSirad ise iyo gaSuqebuli gaficvebi da protestebi, rom isini gamoiyureboda, rogorc iracionaluri da agresiuli. magaliTad, gaficvis Sesaxeb reportaJSi, SesaZloa, yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo imaze, Tu ra Sejaxebebs hqonda adgili, rodesac gaficulebi aCerebdnen qarxanaSi Semaval xalxs, Tumca realurad es konfrontaciebi SeiZleba Zalian iSviaTi yofiliyo. `cudi axali ambebi~ imasac miuTiTebdnen, rom isini, vinc axal ambebs adgens, moqmedeben, rogorc dRis wesrigSi moxvedrili nebismieri sakiTxis `karis mcvelebi,~ anu imis ganmsazRvrelebi, Tu ras moismens sazogadoeba. magaliTad, gaficvebi, sadac muSebsa da menejments Soris aqtiuri dapirispirebebi xdeboda, SesaZloa, farTod yofiliyo gaSuqebuli. ufro mniSvnelovani da xangrZlivi sawarmoo disputebi ki, SesaZloa, ugulebelyofiliyo. media jgufis azriT, axali ambebis Jurnalistebis Sexedulebebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli im dominanturi jgufebis Tvalsazriss asaxaven, romlebic gaficulebs aRiqvamen, rogorc saSiS da upasuxismgeblo adamianebs. kritikuli gamoZaxili media jgufis naSromebis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen rogorc mediis wreebSi, aseve akademiur sazogadoebaSi. axali ambebis zogierTma prodiuserma mkvlevrebi daadanaSaula, rom isini, ubralod, mikerZoebulad udgebodnen TavianT saqmes, rac, maTi azriT, gaficulebis gamo moxda. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom, Tumca wignSi `cudi axali ambebi~ erTi Tavi eZRvneboda sakiTxs `profkavSirebi da media~, ar iyo arc erTi Tavi iseTi Temis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa `menejmenti da media.~ mediis kritikosebi 10 amtkicebdnen, rom es sakiTxi aucileblad unda yofiliyo ganxiluli, radgan xSirad axali ambebis Jurnalistebs Tavad menejmenti adanaSaulebda gaficulebis mimarT mikerZoebul damokidebulebaSi. akademiuri wris kritikosebi msgavs sakiTxebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. martin harisonisTvis (1985) xelmisawvdomi gaxda im periodis ITN mauwyeblobis transkripti, romelsac Tavdapirveli kvleva moicavda. amis safuZvelze is amtkicebda, rom kvlevaSi gaanalizebuli xuTi Tvis masala ar iyo tipuri. dReebis udidesi raodenoba amovardnili iyo am periodidan. axali ambebisTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda yvelafris gadacema da amitom gasagebi iyo, rom aqcenti keTdeboda gamokveTil, mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebze. harisonis azriT, media jgufi ar iyo marTali, rodesac amtkicebda, rom axali ambebis gadacemebSi Zalian didi yuradReba eTmoboda gaficvis Sedegebs. bolos da bolos, gaficvebi ufro meti raodenobis adamianebze axdenen gavlenas, vidre maTSi monawile adamianebze. zogjer milionobiT adamianis cxovreba nadgurdeba erTi muWa adamianebis qmedebebis gamo. da bolos, harisonis analizis Tanaxmad, media jgufis mier gakeTebuli zogi daskvna, ubralod, mcdari iyo. magaliTad, imis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac jgufi amtkicebda, axal ambebSi sworad iyo dasaxelebuli disputebSi monawile profkavSirebi da imasac aRniSnavdnen, es gaficvebi oficialuri iyo Tu araoficialuri. aseTi kritikuli SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, jgufis wevrebma aRniSnes, rom harisonis kvleva nawilobriv dafinansebuli iyo ITN-is mier, ramac, SesaZloa, safrTxis qveS daayena misi akademiuri miukerZoebloba. harisonis mier zedmiwevniT Semowmebuli transkriptebi ar iyo sruli da mxolod ramdenime nawyveti iyo CarTuli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom, faqtobrivad, ITN saerTod ar mauwyeblobda. im droidan moyolebuli, media jgufis wevrebma kidev ramdenime gamokvleva Caatares. greg filom, erT-erTma wevrma, statiaSi `danaxva niSnavs dajerebas~ warmoadgina Tavisi kvlevis angariSi. kvleva exeboda adamianebis mogonebebs warsuli movlenebis Sesaxeb (Philo 19 91). mas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda mogonebebi 1984-5 wlebis meSaxteTa gaficvis, meSaxteTa profkavSirsa da misis TetCeris konservatul mTavrobas Soris farTomasStabiani da xangrZlivi konfrontaciis Sesaxeb. filo gaficvis amsaxvel suraTebs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufs aCvenebda da sTxovda maT, daeweraT axali ambebi maT Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini Jurnalistebi iyvnen. is, agreTve, ekiTxeboda maT, ra axsovdaT gaficvis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, is mSvidobiani iyo Tu ara. man aRmoaCina, rom maT mier dawerili ambebi Zalian hgavda teleprogramebis im Tavdapirvel cnobebs, romlebsac gaficvis dros gadascemdnen. bevri frazac ki identuri iyo. gamokiTxuli adamianebis naxevarze meti darwmunebuli iyo, rom gaficvis dros mimdinare piketireba ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi iyo (Tumca, Zaladoba, faqtobrivad, Zalian iSviaTi iyo). filom daaskvna, rom Zalian Zneli iqneba, gaakritiko gabatonebuli mediis angariSi, Tu informaciis alternatiuli wyaroebi naklebad aris xelmisawvdomi. aseT pirobebSi, ar unda davakninoT mediis Zalaufleba (gv. 177). wignSi `gzavnilis miReba~ media jgufma axali ambebis gadacemebze Seagrova bolo periodis kvlevis monacemebi. wignis redaqtori jon eldriji miuTiTebs, rom jgufis mier Tavdapirvelad Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad gamowveuli debatebi jer 11 kidev grZeldeba (Eldridge 1993 ). yovelTvis Zneli iqneba imis Tqma, Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos obieqturad axali ambebis reportaJebSi. xolo imaT sawinaaRmdegod, vinc ambobs, rom obieqturobis ideas mniSvneloba ara aqvs (ixileT Jan bodriaris Sesaxeb seqcia am TavSi), eldriji amtkicebs, rom mniSvnelovania kritikuli TvaliT ganvixiloT mediis produqcia. SesaZlebelia da aucilebelia, SeviswavloT axali abebis gadacemis sizuste. mTavari mainc is aris, rom axali ambebi arasdros ar aris imis ubralo `aRwera~, rac sinamdvileSi moxda mocemul dRes an mocemul kviraSi. `axali ambebi~ aris rTuli konstruqti, romelic mudmivad axdens zegavlenas imaze, ris `Sesaxebac~ is gvamcnobs. magaliTad, rodesac romelime politikosi Cndeba axali ambebis programaSi da komentars akeTebs sadavo sakiTxze _ davuSvaT, ekonomikis mdgomareobaze da imaze, ra unda gakeTdes amasTan dakavSirebiT _ Tavad komentari xdeba `axali ambebi~ Semdeg gadacemebSi. televizia da Janri dRes televizia uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs, SesaZloa, reklamam Sewyvitos programebi, magram intervalebi mainc ar arsebobs. Tu ekrani cota xniT gamoirTo, televiziis kompania Tavs yovelTvis valdebulad Tvlis, mayureblebs bodiSi mouxados. prodiuserebic da mayureblebic Tvlian, rom televiziis gadacemebi uwyvetia da, marTlac, bevri arxi saerTod ar wyvets mauwyeblobas. televizia aris nakadi, magram televiziis programebis Sedgena sruli uwesrigobaa. magaliTad, erTi saRamos gadacemebis ganrigi, Cveulebriv, mravali sruliad gansxvavebuli programisgan Sedgeba. Janris idea sasargebloa, radgan misi saSualebiT garkveul azrs iZens televiziis programebis Sedgenis moCvenebiTi qaoturoba. Janri gulisxmobs imas, Tu rogor esmiT programis Semdgenlebsa da mayureblebs, `ra~ aris is, rasac uyureben _ is xsnis, rogor aris programebi kategoriebad dayofili, magaliTad, axali ambebi, sapnis operebi, saTamaSo Sou, miuziklebi an Trilerebi. TiToeul Janrs axasiaTebs Tavisi wesebi da konvenciebi, romlebic mas sxvebisgan gamoarCevs. aseTi wesebi, nawilobriv, Sinaarssac exeba. magaliTad, sapnis operis moqmedeba mimdinareobs Sinaur garemoSi, vesternebi mecxramete saukunis istoriul konteqsts asaxavs. isini agreTve exeba gmirebsa da konteqstebs. sapnis operebis mTavari gmirebi, rogoricaa ojaxebi, TrilerebSi TiTqmis periferiulia. JanrebisTvis, agreTve, damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva saxis molodinebi, deteqtiuri seriebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia gaurkvevloba da saidumloeba, magram, Cveulebriv, es ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sapnis operebisTvis. saerTod, prodiuserebma kargad ician, ras moelian mayureblebi da amis farglebSi moqmedeben, rac saSualebas aZlevs, miaRwion dawesebul wesrigs im saqmeSi, rasac isini akeTeben. im msaxiobebis, reJisorebisa da scenaristebis gundebi, romlebic ama Tu im mocemul JanrSi specializdebian, SeiZleba TandaTan Camoyalibdes. butaforiebi, dekoraciebi da kostumebi SeiZleba mudmiv ganaxlebas eqvemdebarebodes. auditoriis erTguleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSin, rodesac adamianebi eCvevian ama Tu im Janris regularul programebs. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Janrebis sazRvrebi gafarTovdes, an zogjer isini ganzrax gascdnen zRvars, raTa 12 miaRwion garkveuli programis stils. magaliTad, gadacema `ara cxra saaTiani axali ambebi~ iyenebda axali ambebis Janrs komediis Sesaqmnelad. Tavdapirvelad, amas garkveuli Sokuri reaqcia hqonda, magram Semdeg auditoria swrafad mieCvia im faqts, rom programa namdvilad miekuTvneboda komediis Janrs. Janrebs Soris gansxvavebebi yovelTvis ar aris mkveTrad gamokveTili da maT Soris dayofa droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba iseve, rogorc icvleba programis Seqmnisa da yurebis konvenciebi. magaliTad, policiurma serialma, rogoricaa `Hill Street Blues,~ sapnis operisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi niSani SeiZina. dramisa da dokumenturi filmis Janrebi erwymian erTmaneTs. istoriuli warmodgenebis dadgmis dros, magaliTad, rodesac gadaiRes dramatuli seria prezident niqsonisa da uotergeitis skandalis Sesaxeb, masSi msaxiobebi niqsonisa da misi kolegebis rolebs asrulebdnen. sapnis opera sapnis opera televiziis mier Seqmnili Janria da is programis yvelaze popularuli saxeobaa. im teleSouebs Soris, romlebsac britaneTSi yvelaze xSirad uyureben yovel kviras, TiTqmis yvela sapnis operaa _ ~East Enders,~ ~Coronation Street,~ ~Brookside~ da bevri sxva. aravin icis, termini `sapnis opera~ sinamdvileSi saidan wamovida, garda imisa, rom is warmoiSva SeerTebul StatebSi. axla zogierTi seriali, romlebsac sapnis operis Janrad Tvlian, Tavidan ar iyo ase Cafiqrebuli _ isini im dros gadaiRes, sanam termins `sapnis opera~ gamoiyenebdnen gaerTianebul samefoSi. magaliTad, filmi ~Coronation Street~ manamde arsebobda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, sanam mas sapnis operis kategorias mianiWebdnen. sapnis operebi sxvadasxva gansxvavebul saxeobad anu qveJanrebad iyofa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es britaneTis televiziaSi aris warmodgenili. gaerTianebul samefoSi gadaRebuli sapnis operebi, rogoricaa ~Coronation Street,~ ufro gabeduli da realisturia da xSirad exeba Raribi xalxis cxovrebas. meore, arsebobs amerikuli importebic, romelTagan bevri, rogoricaa “Dallas” da “Dinasty,” asaxavs mdidari adamianebis cxovrebas. mesame kategoriaa avstraliaSi gadaRebuli filmebi, rogoricaa “Neighbours.” isini dabal-biujetian produqcias warmoadgenen da asaxaven saSualo klasis ojaxebsa da cxovrebis stils. mTlianobaSi, sapnis operebi televiziis msgavsia: isini uwyvetia. calkeuli ambebi SeiZleba damTavrdes, sxvadasxva personaJi Cndeba da qreba, magram Tavad sapnis operas dasasruli ara aqvs, sanam is mTlianad ar moixsneba eTeridan. epizodebs Soris daZabuloba, e.w. `sulis SemxuTveli siuJetebis~ meSveobiT iqmneba. epizodi uceb wydeba manam, sanam zogierTi gadamwyveti movlena moxdeba _ mayurebeli iZulebulia, Semdeg epizods daelodos imis sanaxavad, rogor ganviTardeba siuJeti. sapnis operis Janris ZiriTadi arsi is aris, rom saWiroa misi regularuli yureba. calkeuli epizodis naxvas azri ara aqvs. sapnis operebi gvTavazoben raime istorias, romelic erTgulma mayurebelma icis _ personaJebi, maTi pirovnuli Tvisebebi da cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba misTvis maxlobeli xdeba. aseTi ambis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro motivebi scildeba yovelgvar pirovnulsa da emociurs _ 13 umetes SemTxvevaSi, sapnis operebi ar exeba farTo socialur an ekonomikur struqturebs, romlebic mxolod garedanaa Tavsmoxveuli. swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamoa, rom sapnis operebs regularulad, umetesad, qalebi uyureben. sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi iTvleba, rom qalebi ara marto im ojaxuri cxovrebis meqanizmis specialistebi arian, sadac sapnis operebis moqmedebebi mimdinareobs da saidumloebebi ixsneba, aramed, agreTve, fiqroben, rom maT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba da mgrZnobeloba aqvT emociebis mimarT. sapnis operebis popularobis Sesaxeb sociologebs sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT _ marTlac, sapnis operebi mTel msoflioSia popularuli, ara marto britaneTsa da amerikaSi, aramed afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi. zogierTebi Tvlian, rom isini realuri cxovrebidan gaqcevis saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT im qalebisTvis, romlebic sakuTar cxovrebas mosawyenad da damTrgunvelad miiCneven. aseTi Tvalsazrisi maincdamainc damajerebeli ar aris, Tumca imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom bevri seriali iseT adamianebs asaxavs, romelTa cxovrebac aseve problemuria. ufro sarwmuno is azria, rom sapnis operebi pirovnuli da emociuri cxovrebis universalur Tvisebebs exeba. isini aaSkaraveben im dilemebs, romlebsac TiToeuli adamiani awydeba da, albaT, exmarebian zogierT mayurebels, ufro SemoqmedebiTad miudges sakuTar cxovrebas. rogor unda vifiqroT mediis ufro farTo mniSvnelobaze? es aris im adamianebis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi, romlebmac SeimuSaves socialur ganviTarebisa da socialuri organizaciis formirebaSi mediis rolis Teoriuli interpretacia. axla swored am Teoriebs mivmarTavT. Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb adreuli Teoriebi adreuli periodis ori gavleniani mediis Teoretikosi kanadeli avtorebi harold inisi da marSal makluhani iyvnen. inisi (1950, 1951) amtkicebda, rom sxvadasxva media Zlier gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis kontrastuli formebis organizaciaze. zogierTi media Zalian didxans Zlebs, magram maTi sivrceSi gadatana Znelia. amis magaliTia qvis ieroglifebi _ qvaze amokveTili warwera _ romlebic zogierT uZveles civilizaciaSi aRmoaCines. qvaze amotvifruli didxans Zlebs, magram misi gadazidva ar aris advili. is araxelsayreli saSualebaa Soreul adgilebTan dasakavSireblad. aqedan gamomdinare, is sazogadoebebi, romlebic aseTi formis komunikaciaze arian damokidebulni, ar SeiZleba gaxdnen Zalian didi. komunikacia gulisxmobs informaciis gadacemas erTi individidan an jgufidan meorisTvis, metyvelebis an sxva saSualebis gziT. msubuq masalaze dawerili gzavnilebis, rogoricaa papirusi (qaRaldis msgavsi masala, romelic mcenaris Rerosgan keTdeba), gadatana Soreul adgilebSi bevrad ufro advilia, es SesaZlebels xdis, Seiqmnas ufro didi sazogadoebebi. magaliTad, papirusis saSualebiT, romaelebma moaxerxes didi imperiis SenarCuneba mTavrobiT, romelmac SeZlo Tavisi kontrolis qveS moeqcia Soreuli regionebi. makluhanma (1964) ganaviTara inisis ramdenime idea da isini Tanamedrove, industriuli sazogadoebebis mediasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyena. makluhanis 14 SexedulebiT, `media aris gzavnili~, anu sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mediis buneba ufro metad axdens gavlenas mis struqturaze, vidre Sinaarsi an gzavnilebi, romlebsac media gadascems. magaliTad, televizia, dabeWdil wignTan SedarebiT, Zalian gansxvavebuli saSualebaa. is eleqtronulia, vizualuria da Sedgeba cvalebadi imijebisgan. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac televizia ZiriTad rols asrulebs, adamianebi yoveldRiur cxovrebas sxvanairad aRiqvamen, vidre iq, sadac mxolod beWdviTi sityva arsebobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali ambebi globalur informacias momentalurad gadascems milionobiT adamians. eleqtronuli media, makluhanis azriT, qmnis imas, rasac man globaluri sofeli uwoda _ mTel msoflioSi msgavsi informacia vrceldeba axali ambebis saSualebiT da amitom adamianebi erTi da imave movlenebis Tanamonawileebi xdebian. magaliTad, sxvadasxva qveynis milionobiT adamianma icis princesa daianas cxovrebisa da problemebis Sesaxeb da Tvals adevneben britaneTis samefo ojaxis sagis ganviTarebas. Jan bodriarze, romlis ideebsac erTi paragrafis Semdeg gavecnobiT, didi gavlena moaxdina inisisa da makluhanis ideebma, Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, germaneli sociologisa da filosofosis iurgen harbermasis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero germaneli filosofosi da sociologi iurgen habermasi, romlis naSromebsac pirvel TavSi SevxvdiT, `frankfurtis skolasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli. frankfurtis skola iyo marqsis ideebiT STagonebul avtorTa jgufi. miuxedavad amisa, maT swamdaT, rom saWiro iyo marqsis Sexedulebebis radikaluri revizia, raTa isini Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi gamxdariyo. maT, agreTve, sjerodaT, rom marqss saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kulturis zegavlenisTvis. frankfurtis skolis warmomadgenlebma vrceli gamokvleva Caatares im movlenis Sesaswavlad, rasac isini `kulturis industrias~ uwodebdnen, rac gulisxmobda filmebis, televiziis, popularuli musikis, radios, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gasarTob industriebs. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kulturuli industriis gavrceleba, misi arasaWiro da standartuli produqciiT, pirovnebebs kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unars arTmevs. komercializaciiT walekili xelovneba qreba _ `mocartis udidesi hitebi~. habermasma zogierTi es Tema gamoiyena, magram sxvanairad ganaviTara. igi aanalizebs mediis ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisidan dRevandel dRemde, ganixilavs `sazogadoebrivi sferos~ gamoCenasa da Semdgom dacemas. sazogadoebrivi sfero aris sajaro diskusiebis adgili, sadac SeiZleba yvelasTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjeloba da Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba. habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi sfero Tavdapirvelad londonis, parizisa da sxva evropuli qalaqebis salonebsa da yavis saxlebSi Caisaxa. adamianebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen xolme aseT salonebSi, sadac arCevdnen uaxles ambebs. aseTi debatebis mizniT, isini iyenebdnen iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa axali ambebis furclebi an uaxlesi gazeTebi. politikuri debatebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda. habermasi amtkicebs, rom Tumca maTSi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawili monawileobda, salonebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda demokratiis adreuli 15 ganviTarebisTvis, radgan swored maT Semoitanes, sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis gziT, politikuri problemebis gadawyvetis idea. sazogadoebrivi sfero, ZiriTadad, im pirebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc Tanasworni, erTad monawileoben forumSi, sajaro debatebis gamarTvis mizniT. Tumca, habermasi askvnis, sazogadoebrivi sferos adreuli ganviTarebis mier SeTavazebuli perspeqtiva, ar iyo srulad ganxorcielebuli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, kulturuli industriis ganviTarebis Sedegad, demokratiuli debatebi CaxSul iqna. masmediisa da masobrivi garTobebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi sferos TaRliTobad gadaqceva. politika aris parlamentsa da mediaSi dadgmuli sanaxaoba, xolo komerciuli interesebi sazogadoebriv interesebze maRla dgas. `sazogadoebrivi azri~ yalibdeba ara Ria, racionaluri diskusiis safuZvelze, aramed manipulaciebisa da kontrolis meSveobiT, rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, reklamaSi. bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro mediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavleniani Tanamedrove Teoretikosia frangi avtori Jan bodriari. igi Tanamedrove masmediis gavlenas ganxilavs, rogorc sxva nebismieri teqnologiis zemoqmedebisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulsa da ufro Rrmas. masmediis, gansakuTrebiT ki eleqtronuli mediis, rogoricaa televizia, warmoSobam Secvala Tavad Cveni cxovrebis arsi. televizia ara mxolod `warmogvidgens~ msoflios, aramed sul ufro metad gansazRvravs, Tu ras warmoadgens is msoflio, romelSic Cven sinamdvileSi vcxovrobT. rogorc magaliTi, ganvixiloT o.j. simpsonis sasamarTlo, cnobili sasamarTlo procesi, romelic gaimarTa los anjelesSi 1994-95 wlebSi. Tavidan simpsonma saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc amerikuli fexburTis varskvlavma, xolo mogvianebiT mTel msoflioSi gaxda cnobili sxvadasxva popularul filmSi TamaSis Sedegad, maT Soris iyo seriali “Naked G un.” mas brali dasdes meuRlis, nikolis, mkvlelobaSi, da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg, gaamarTles. procesi pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda televiziis saSualebiT da mas mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris britaneTSi, adevnebdnen Tvals. amerikaSi eqvsi satelevizio arxi uwyvet reJimSi gadascemda sasamarTlo process. sasamarTlo procesi sasamarTlos darbazSi ar mimdinareobda. es iyo satelevizio movlena, romelmac milionobiT telemayurebeli da komentatori gaaerTiana mediaSi; sasamarTlo procesi iyo imis ilustracia, rasac bodriari hiperrealobas uwodebs. ukve aRar arsebobs `realoba~, romlis naxvis saSualebas televizia gvaZlevs. `realoba~ sinamdvileSi aris msoflios teleekranebze naCvenebi imijebis mTeli wyeba. sasamarTlo procesi warmoaCines, rogorc globaluri movlena. 1991 wels sparseTis yureSi, zustad saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde, bodriarma gazeTSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT `sparseTis yuris omi ar SeiZleba moxdes~. rodesac sisxliani konfliqti daiwyo, vinmesTvis, SesaZloa, naTeli yofiliyo, rom bodriari cdeboda. magram sruliadac ara. omis damTavrebis Semdeg, bodriarma dawera meore statia `sparseTis yureSi omi ar momxdara~. ras niSnavda es? is gulisxmobda, rom es omi ar hgavda istoriaSi odesme warmoebul omebs. es iyo 16 mediis epoqis omi, satelevizio sanaxaoba, romelsac, mTeli msoflios mayureblebTan erTad, jorj buSi da sadam huseinic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen CNN-is saSualebiT, raTa daenaxaT, ra `xdeboda~ sinamdvileSi. bodriari amtkicebs, rom im epoqaSi, sadac masmedia aris yvelgan, arsebiTad, yalibdeba axali realoba _ hiperrealoba, romelic iqmneba adamianebis qcevisa da mediis gamosaxulebebis urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. hiperrealobis samyaro agebulia simulakris safuZvelze _ imijebisa, romlebsac mniSvnelobas mxolod sxva imijebi aniWeben da amitom maT ar gaaCniaT safuZveli `garegan realobaSi.~ magaliTad, ~Silk Cut~ sigaretebis axlandeli reklamebi saerTod ar exeba sigaretebs, aramed mxolod wina reklamebs, romlebic seriebis saxiT midioda. dRes arc erT politikur liders ar SeuZlia arCevnebis mogeba, Tu is mudmivad ar Cans televiziaSi. lideris teleimiji is `pirovnebaa~, visac mayureblebis umravlesoba icnobs. jon tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba eyrdnoba ra habermasis naSromebis nawils, jon tompsoni aanalizebs kavSirs mediasa da industriuli sazogadoebebis ganviTarebas Soris (Thompson 1990, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom beWdvis adrindeli formebidan moyolebuli, eleqtronul komunikaciamde, mediam Zalian mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove institutebis ganviTarebaSi. tompsoni Tvlis, rom sociologiis mTavarma fuZemdeblebma, marqsis, veberisa da diurkemis CaTvliT, umniSvnelo yuradReba dauTmes mediis rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adreuli ganviTarebis procesSic ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom tompsoni iziarebs habermasis zogierT Sexedulebas, is, agreTve, kritikulia mis mimarT, radgan frankfurtis skolisa da bodriaris mimdevaria. frankfurtis skolis damokidebuleba kulturuli industriis mimarT Zalian negatiuri iyo. tompsoni fiqrobs, rom Tanamedrove masmedia ar zRudavs kritikuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. faqtobrivad, masmedia uzrunvelyofs informaciis mraval formas, romlebic adre CvenTvis ar iyo xelmisawvdomi. frankfurtis skolis msgavsad, habermasi gvepyroba, rogorc mediis gzavnilebis Zalian pasiur recipientebs. tompsonis sityvebiT: `media gzavnilebs adamianebi, Cveulebriv, ganixilaven maTi miRebis procesSi da amis Semdegac... [isini] icvleba Txrobisa da xelaxali moyolis, interpretaciisa da xelaxla interpretaciis, komentarebis, sicilisa da kritikis mimdinare procesebis saSualebiT... gzavnilebis dauflebiTa da garkveuli wesiT Cvens cxovrebaSi maTi CarTviT... Cven ganuwyvetliv vqmniT da xelaxla vaZlevT formas Cvens unarebsa da codnis marags, vcdiT Cvens grZnobebsa da gemovnebas da vafarTovebT Cveni gamocdilebis Tvalsawiers~ (Thompson 1995, gv. 42-3). tompsonis Teoria mediis Sesaxeb efuZneba urTierTqmedebis sam tips Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. pirispir urTierTqmedeba, rogoricaa adamianebis saubari wveulebaze, gajerebulia cnobebiT, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben imisaTvis, rom gaigon, ras amboben sxvebi. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs mediateqnologiebs _ qaRaldebis, eleqtrokavSirebis, eleqtronuli impulsebis _ gamoyenebas. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom is vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, is sakmaod scdeba Cveulebrivi pirispir urTierTobis konteqstebs. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba pirdapir dgeba pirovnebebs Soris; magaliTad, ori adamiani telefoniT saubrobs, magram aq ar aris cnobebis 17 iseTive mravalferovneba, rogorc maSin, rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTis pirispir imyofebian. urTierTqmedebis mesame tipia gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba. es gulisxmobs socialuri urTierTobebis iseT saxes, romelic Seqmnilia masmediis mier. aseTi urTierTqmedeba vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, magram is adamianebs uSualod ar akavSirebs. aqedan modis termini `kvazi-urTierTqmedeba,~ pirveli ori tipi `dialoguria~: individebs erTmaneTTan pirdapiri, uSualo urTierToba aqvT. gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba `monologuria~: magaliTad, teleprograma aris komunikaciis calmxrivi forma. adamianebma, romlebic programas uyureben, SeiZleba ganixilon is da, albaT, ramdenime SeniSvnac gauCndebaT televizoris mimarT, magram, ra Tqma unda, is arafers pasuxobs. tompsonis Sexeduleba ar mdgomareobs imaSi, rom urTierTqmedebis mesame tipi TandaTan gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikavebs sxva orTan SedarebiT; arsebiTad, es aris bodriaris mier miRebuli Tvalsazrisi. piriqiT, dRes samive tipi erTmaneTs Seeria. rogorc tompsoni varaudobs, masmedia Cvens cxovrebaSi cvlis balanss sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos Soris. habermasis naTqvamis sapirispirod, amJamad bevrad ufro meti modis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, vidre adre, da Zalian xSirad es iwvevs debatebsa da polemikas. amisi magaliTia 1995 wels `panoramasTvis~ princesa daianas mier micemuli interviu. man Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvare mayurebelTa bevr SekiTxvas upasuxa. man isaubra Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb da, amave dros, bevri ram gamoaaSkarava monarqiis institutis Sesaxeb. intervius orive sakiTxma didi debatebi gamoiwvia ara marto gazeTebsa da televiziaSi, aramed saxlebSi, barebsa da kafeebSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. interaqciuli maxasiaTeblebi sivrcisa da drois Semadgenloba simboluri miniSnebebis diapazoni moqmedebis orientacia urTierTqmedebis tipebi1 pirispir gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba urTierTqmedeba Tanaarsebobis konteqsti; sivrcisa da drois gaziarebuli sistema simboluri miniSnebebis mravalferovneba orientirebuli specifikuri ,,sxvebis” mimarT dialoguri/monol dialoguri oguri konteqstebis gancalkeveba; gazrdili SesaZlebloba drosa da sivrceSi simboluri miniSnebebis diapazonis Seviwroveba orientirebuli specifikuri ,,sxvebis” mimarT dialoguri wyaro: John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, Polity Press, 1995. 18 gaSualebuli kvaziurTierTqmedeba konteqstebis gancalkeveba; gazrdili SesaZlebloba drosa da sivrceSi simboluri miniSnebebis diapazonis Seviwroveba orientirebuli potenciuri recipientebis ganusazRvreli arealis mimarT monologuri ideologia da media mediis gamokleva mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi ideologiis gavlenasTan. `ideologia~ gulisxmobs ideebis zegavlenas adamianTa rwmenebsa da qmedebebze. es cneba farTod gamoiyeneba mediis kvlevebSi, agreTve, sociologiis sxva sferoebSic. magram, miuxedavad amisa, mis Sesaxeb bevrs kamaToben. es sityva pirvelad frangma mweralma destiut de trasim gamoiyena 1700-iani wlebis bolos, `ideebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis~ mniSvnelobiT. magram, mogvianebiT, sxva avtorebma am termins ufro kritikuli mniSvneloba mianiWes. magaliTad, marqsi ideologias ganixilavda, rogorc `yalb cnobierebas~. Zalauflebis mqone jgufebs SeuZliaT, gaakontrolon sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli dominanturi ideebi, raTa gaamarTlon TavianTi pozicia. amgvarad, marqsis Tanaxmad, religia, xSirad, ideologiuria: is Raribebs aswavlis, rom iyvnen TavianTi bediT kmayofili. socialuri sferos analitikosma unda amxilos ideologiis damaxinjebebi, raTa umweo adamianebs saSualeba mieceT, moipovon TavianTi cxovrebis namdvili perspeqtiva da imoqmedon cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. tompsoni (1990) de trasis Sexedulebas ideologiis neitralur koncefcias uwodebs, xolo marqsis Sexedulebas _ ideologiis kritikul koncefcias. neitraluri koncefciebi `movlenebs axasiaTeben, rogorc ideologias an ideologiurs. amasTanave, isini ar miiCneven, rom es movlenebi aucileblad unda iwvevdes Secdomebs, rom isini iluzorulia an romelime garkveuli jgufis interesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. kritikuli Sexedulebebi ideologiis Sesaxeb `gamoxatavs uaryofiT, kritikul an damamcirebel azrs~ da, agreTve, `Seicavs arapirdapir kritikas an dagmobas~ (gv. 53-54). tompsoni amtkicebs, rom kritikul Sexedulebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos, radgan is ideologias ZalauflebasTan akavSirebs. ideologia exeba simboluri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas _ rogor xdeba ideebis gamoyeneba socialur wyobaSi gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebis damalvis, gamarTlebis an dakanonebis mizniT. glazgos media jgufi Tavis gamokvlevebSi, arsebiTad, aanalizebda televiziis axali ambebis gadacemis ideologiur aspeqtebs. axal ambebSi mTavrobisa da menejmentis mimarT keTilganwyoba iyo gamomJRavnebuli da es gaficulebis sazianod xdeboda. saerTod, tompsoni Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi masmediam _ ara mxolod axalma ambebma, aramed sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da Janris gadacemebma _ Zalian gaafarTova ideologiis sazRvrebi. isini aRweven masobriv auditoriebs da, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, efuZnebian `kvazi-urTierTqmedebas~ _ mayureblebs ar SeuZliaT, uSualod gascen pasuxi. mediis globalizacia Tu dRes yvelas gacnobierebuli gvaqvs, rom vcxovrobT `erT msoflioSi,~ es, umeteswilad, komunikaciuri mediis saerTaSoriso diapazonis Sedegia. nebismieri adamiani, vinc CarTavs televizors da uyurebs `msoflios axal ambebs,~ Cveulebriv, xedavs Semdegs: im movlenebis gadmocemas, rac moxda im dRes an cotaTi adre 19 msoflios bevr sxvadasxva regionSi. satelevizio programebi da filmebi iyideba msxvil saerTaSoriso bazrebze, asobiT milioni adamiani uyurebs aseT programebsa da serialebs. yvela es movlena gamoxatavs msoflio sainformacio wesrigis _ informaciis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistemis _ warmoSobas. globaluri sazogadoebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, axali sainformacio wesrigi araTanabrad ganviTarda da mowinave sazogadoebebsa da mesame msoflio qveynebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs. axali ambebi axali ambebis uwyvet nakadebs ganagebs axali ambebis saagentoTa mcire ricxvi, romelic uaxles informacias awvdis gazeTebs, radio da telesadgurebs mTel msoflioSi. am sferoSi erT-erTi pirveli iyo roiteri, britanuli saagento. 1870 wels, frangul kompania havasTan (HAVAS) erTad, man mTeli dedamiwa dahyo eqskluziuri axali ambebis teritoriebad. roiteri mauwyeblobda britaneTSi, holandiasa da maT imperiebze damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebic im dros afrikisa da aziis did nawils moicavdnen. ganawilebis Sedegad, havass Sexvda safrangeTi, italia, espaneTi, portugalia da Sua aRmosavleTis zogierTi regioni. 1876 wels roiterma aRiara havas-is gansakuTrebuli ufleba samxreT amerikaze, xolo Tavad man miiRo mTeli Soreuli aRmosavleTi, maSindeli indoCineTis gamoklebiT, agreTve avstralia da okeania. orive saagento yvelaze cnobil amerikul saagentosTan Associated Press-Tan (AP) awarmoebda maT xelT arsebul axali ambebis gacvlas. amgvarad, im dros AP didad iyo damokidebuli or evropul saagentoze, magram I msoflio omis Semdeg, wamyvanma amerikulma saagentoebma evropul metoqeebs dauwyes konkurenciis gaweva msoflios bevr nawilSi. aSS-is ori umsxvilesi saagento _ AP da UPI (United Press International) TavianTi wliuri Semosavlis did nawils kvlavac iReben SeerTebul StatebSi gamoqveynebuli gazeTebidan, radiosa da televiziidan, magram, amasTanave, isini Zalian gavleniani saagentoebi gaxdnen mTel msoflioSi, axali ambebis masalis miwodebis sferoSi. roiteris, AP da UPI saagentoebi da, agreTve, France Press saagento, romelmac Secvala havasi, akontroleben mTel msoflioSi gadacemuli saerTaSoriso axali ambebis udides nawils. dRes UPI aris yvelaze didi saagento zemoT dasaxelebul oTxeuls Soris. mas hyavs 6400 klienti 114 qveyanaSi, misi cnobebi iTargmneba 48 enaze. am saagentoebis mier mopovebuli informacia, romelic adre morzes anbaniT an telefoniT gadaicemoda, axla kompiuterisa da satelituri kavSirebis saSualebiT igzavneba. am arxebis meSveobiT, oTxi saagento dReSi 34 milion sityvas agzavnis da TavianT uflebas acxadebs axali ambebis mTeli raodenobis cxrameaTedze, romelic miewodeba msoflio presas, radiosa da televizias. kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia 20 amerikul wyaroebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT satelevizio programebis, filmebis, reklamebisa da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sxvadasxva formis warmoebisa da ganawilebis sferoSi. 1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrulma filmebma pirvelad ixiles dRis sinaTle, holivudi awarmoebda gadaRebuli filmebis oTx-mexuTeds. dResac SeerTebuli Statebi advilad inarCunebs udides gavlenas kinoindustriaSi. bevri qveynis mTavrobebi gamoyofen subsidiebs TavianTi kinoindustriebis dasaxmareblad, magram verc erTi sxva qveyana ver uwevs konkurencias SeerTebul Statebs, rogorc mxatvruli filmebis eqsportiors. magaliTad, britaneTSi amerikuli filmebi Seadgenen kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad naCvenebi filmebis ormoc procents. sxva qveynebis umravlesobas, sadac arsebobs filmebis eqsportis industria, rogoricaa italia, iaponia da germania, didi raodenobiT SeaqvT amerikuli filmebi. samxreT amerikaSi maTi wili 50 procents aWarbebs. tailandis kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad naCvenebi yvela filmis 90 procenti amerikulia. satelevizio programebis sferoSi, amerikulTan erTad, britanul korporaciebsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT mTel msoflioSi. Tu gamovricxavT didi ekranisTvis gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebis Cvenebas televiziiT, britaneTis satelevizio eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebi TiTqmis imdenivea, rac SeerTebuli Statebis. Tumca, britanuli programebis bevrad ufro didi nawili iyideba erTaderT bazarze _ Tavad SeerTebuli Statebis bazarze, xolo amerikuli produqciis SemTxvevaSi, sul sxva suraTia. amerikuli satelevizio programebis saerTaSoriso gavlena, sinamdvileSi, ufro mniSvnelovania. msoflioSi arsebuli aTi udidesi sareklamo firmidan cxra Crdiloamerikulia. kanadaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da avstraliaSi ganTavsebuli mTavari saagentoebis naxevari amerikulia. aziis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis udidesi saagentoebi an amerikulia, an SeerTebuli Statebis kompaniebs ekuTvniT. wamyvani saagentoebis pirveli aTeuli transnacionaluri korporaciebia, zogierT maTgans sxva qveynebSi uamravi Svilobili kompaniebi aqvs. giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebi did sareklamo saagentoebs iyeneben im sareklamo programebis koordinirebis mizniT, romlebsac bevr qveyanaSi erTdroulad uSveben. amerikuli zegavlena Zalian Zlieria im eleqtronul arxebze, romlebsac didi raodenobis informaciis gadacemis mizniT iyeneben. am informaciaze damokidebuli arian Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi da didi korporaciebi. amerikelebis xelSia, ZiriTadad, satelekomunikacio kavSirebi, romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT sabanko sistemisTvis, msoflios fuladi transaqciebis operaciebis warmoebisa da satelevizio da radiomauwyeblobis zogierTi saxeobisTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli firma `International Business Machines~ (IBM) aris erT-erTi yvelaze didi transnacionaluri korporacia da mas uzarmazari gavlena aqvs saerTaSoriso sainformacio nakadze, gansakuTrebiT, kompiuteruli resursebiT uzrunvelyofaze. dadgenilia, rom yvela im informaciuli Canaweris cxra meaTedi, romlebic msoflios monacemTa bazebSi inaxeba, xelmisawvdomia amerikuli mTavrobisTvis an SeerTebuli Statebis sxva organizaciebisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebis mier aris dafuZnebuli, agreTve, Time-Warner, msoflioSi yvelaze didi mediakompania. igi Camoyalibda 1989 wels, sxvadasxva kompaniis Serwymis Sedegad. masSi daaxloebiT 350 000 adamiani muSaobs, aqvs ramdenime 21 Svilobili kompania evropaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, aziasa da avstraliaSi. misi saqmianobis sferoSi Sedis filmebis warmoeba, televizia, video, wignebis gamocema da musikis Cawera. sxva didi korporaciebi (garda merdokisa da berluskonis imperiebisa, romlebsac Semdeg ganvixilavT) arian iaponuri sonis korporacia (Japanese Sony Corporation), romelic flobs CBS xmis Camwer kompaniebsa da holivudis studiebs; germanuli bertelsman jgufi (German Bertelsmann Group), RCA-is xmis Camweri kompaniebisa da SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli didi sagamomcemlo kompaniebis qselis mflobeli, da bolos, franguli sagamomcemlo kompania haSeti (Hachette). media imperializmi mediis warmoebasa da gavrcelebaSi industriul qveynebs, yvelaze metad ki SeerTebul Statebs, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT. am movlenaze dakvirvebis Sedegad, mkvlevarebma daiwyes saubari `media imperializmis~ Sesaxeb. isini amtkiceben, rom Camoyalibda kulturuli imperia. mesame msoflios qveynebi gansakuTrebiT zaraldebian amis gamo, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT resursebi sakuTari kulturuli damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. marTlac, eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT, dasavluri kulturis produqcia farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. piko aieri saubrobs `video-Rameebze katmanduSi~ da popularul diskoTekebze baliSi (Iyer 1989). rogorc amerikuli videofilmebi, ise dasavleTis popularuli musikis audio kasetebi axla Cveulebrivi ambavia iranis islamur respublikaSi; isini Sav bazarze SeaqvT (SrebernyMohammadis 1992). magram ara mxolod popularuli garTobis formebi warmoadgens kamaTis sagans. miaCniaT, rom dasavleTis saagentoebis mier msoflios axali ambebis gakontroleba informaciul velSi `pirveli msoflios Tvalsazrisis~ gabatonebas niSnavs. amgvarad, amtkiceben, rom axali ambebis gadacemis dros, mesame msoflios yuradReba eqceva, ZiriTadad, ubedurebis, krizisis an samxedro konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi. aseve Tvlian, rom sxva tipis axali ambebis yoveldRiuri `failebi~ gankuTvnilia industriuli msofliosTvis da es informacia mesame msoflios ar miewodeba. herbert Sileri acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mier globaluri komunikaciebis gakontroleba unda ganvixiloT sxvadasxva faqtorTan kavSirSi. is amtkicebs, rom amerikuli tele da radio qselebi sul ufro metad eqcevian federaluri mTavrobisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tavdacvis departamentis gavlenis qveS. Sileri miuTiTebs, rom RCA kompania, romelsac ekuTvnis NCB-is tele da radio qselebi, aris agreTve pentagonis _ SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Stab-binis _ Tavdacvis ZiriTadi subkontraqtori. amerikuli televiziis eqsporti, reklamebTan erTad, avrcelebs komerciul kulturas, rac anadgurebs adgilobrivi kulturis gamoxatvis formebs. iq, sadac mTavrobebi krZalaven komerciul mauwyeblobas TavianT qveynebSi, xSirad, SesaZlebelia radio da telegadacemebis miReba uSualod mezobeli qveynebidan. Sileri amtkicebs, rom, marTalia, amerikelebi iyvnen pirvelebi, vizec Zalian imoqmeda `korporaciuli gzavnilis abreSumis Wiam... magram, rac amJamad xdeba, es aris axali, totaluri korporaciuli 22 informaciul-kulturuli garemos Seqmna da globaluri gafarToeba~ (Schiller 1989, gv. 168, 128). radgan SeerTebuli Statebis korporaciebi da kultura mTel msoflioSia gabatonebuli, maT `msoflios mniSvnelovani nawili moicves~; amgvarad, amerikuli kulturis batonoba sazRvrebs uwesebs erovnul diskurss” (Schiller 1991, gv. 22). musikis industria: globaluri fenomeni firfitebis gayidvis msoflio cifrebi 1992 wels. fonografiuli industriis saerTaSoriso federaciis (IFPI) mier gamoqveynebuli statistikuri masalis mixedviT, 1992 wels msoflioSi diskebisa da firebis gayidva 9 procentamde gaizarda. IFPI-is mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, sacalo vaWrobam 59 qveyanaSi 28,7 miliardi dolari Seadgina. gayidvebis gazrdili raodenobis TiTqmis mTeli nawili Crdilo amerikasa da aziaze modioda. SeerTebul StatebSi `xmovani kasetebis~ bazarma TiTqmis 8,9 miliard dolars miaRwia, rac, ZiriTadad, gayiduli kompaqtdiskebis raodenobis 22 procentamde gazrdis Sedegia. 1992 wels msoflioSi gayiduli mTeli 1,5 miliardi kompaqtdiskidan, SeerTebuli Statebis momxmareblebma 400 milioni cali SeiZines. 1992 wels musikis gayidva, aseve, gaizarda samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi da am ricxvma 2 miliard dolars gadaaWarba. es 44-procentiani zrda iyo, 1991 wels gamoqveynebul cifrebTan SedarebiT. am regionSi kaseta Cawerili musikis mTavari formaa. aq msoflio firebis 40 procentze meti iyideba. SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg, indoeTi (240 milioni erTeuli) da CineTi (150 milioni erTeuli) udidesi erovnuli bazrebia musikaluri kasetebisTvis. aziisa da SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 weli SedarebiT cudi periodi iyo iaponiisa da evropis musikis Camweri industriisTvis. Tumca, iaponelebma 3 miliard dolarze meti daxarjes firfitebsa da firebze, es mxolod 6 procentiT meti iyo, vidre 1991 wels. 181 milionidan, iaponiaSi diskebis gayidvis raodenoba 6 procentiT gaizarda. evropaSi evrogaerTianebis TerTmeti wevridan eqvs qveyanaSi, romlebmac IFPI-is warudgines monacemebi, gamovlinda zusti danakargi 1992 wlis gayidvebis dros. saberZneTSi mdgomareoba kidev ufro uaresi iyo. iq firfitebis bazari 26 procentiT daeca. saukeTeso maCvenebeli iyo portugaliaSi, sadac gayidvebi 9 procentiT gaizarda, xolo safrangeTsa da germaniaSi umniSvnelo mateba aRiniSna. qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCvenebia msoflio musikalur bazarze sxvadasxva formatis yovelwliuri progresi. marTalia, kompaqtdiskebis gayidvebi 18 procentiT gaizarda, es, mainc, mniSvnelovnad naklebi iyo 1990 da 1991 wlebis 28-procentian matebasTan SedarebiT. kompaqtdiskebis revoluciis tempi, Cans, mniSvnelovnad Senelda ZiriTad industriul qveynebSi, SeerTebuli Statebis garda, da fasTan dakavSirebulma faqtorebma xeli SeuSales, rom kompaqtdiskebi gamxdariyo ZiriTadi xmovani diskebi aziaSi, afrikasa da laTinur amerikaSi. IFPI-is saerTo monacemebiT, kasetebiT vaWroba odnav gaizarda, Tumca ormocdaxuTwuTiani firfitebis gayidva Semcirda; es, SesaZloa, 1991 da 1992 wlebis angariSebSi arsebuli variaciebis Sedegi iyos. 1992 wlis msoflio CamonaTvalSi pirvelad moxvda ruseTi da am qveyanaSi, daaxloebiTi gamoangriSebiT, gayiduli kasetebis raodenoba 100 milion cals Seadgenda. IFPI-is 1992 wlis Semosavalma aCvena, rom 30 milioni 45-wuTiani firfita CineTSic gaiyida, Tumca wina wlebis monacemebze araferia naTqvami. im dros, roca `singlebis~ gayidva mTel msoflioSi TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba, orsimReriani an samsimReriani formati Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, iaponiis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleT evropis garda. 1992 wels msoflioSi gayiduli 100 singlidan 96 am qveynebze modis. 1992 wels msoflio gayidvebi formatis mixedviT (milionobiT erTeuli) `singlebi~ 331.6 (-0.4%) 126.1 (-19.5%) 45-wuTiani firfitebi (LP) kasetebi 1551.9 (+2.8%) 1152.9 (+18.0%) CD (kompaqtdiskebi) wyaro: Dave Laing, Popular Music, Cambridge University Press, 1903. 23 media antrepreniorebi rupert merdoki. rupert merdoki avstraliuri warmoSobis antreprenioria, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi media imperiis mflobelia. misi imperiis udidesi nawili, faqtobrivad, SeerTebul StatebSi aris dafuZnebuli. man Tavisi kariera daiwyo gazeTSi ~Adelaide News~, romelic misi ojaxis sakuTreba iyo. mogvianebiT, 1964 wels, man daaarsa pirveli erovnuli gazeTi ~Australian.~ gazeTma didi warmateba moipova. merdokis biznes-interesebi sul ufro izrdeboda. amis Sedegi iyo, rom 1969 wels man iyida ori britanuli gazeTi ~News of World~ da ~Sun,~ xolo 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodSi SeiZina ~New York Post,~ romelic mogvianebiT gayida, Semdeg ki ukan daibruna. SemdgomSi merdokis amerikuli SenaZeni gamdidrda san antonios, bostonis, Cikagos da sxva qalaqebis gazeTebiT. merdokma bevri es gazeTi sensaciur Jurnalistikad aqcia, romelic efuZneboda sam Temas: seqsi, danaSauli da sporti. ~Sun~ Zalian warmatebuli gazeTi gaxda, dReSi 4 milionze meti tiraJiT. 1992 wels, arCevnebSi jon meijoris gamarjvebis Semdeg, gazeTs aseTi saTauri hqonda _ `icodeT, swored Sun-ma gaakeTa es~. savaraudod, swored merdokis xelmZRvanelobiT, gazeTma gaaCaRa sastiki kapmania leiboristuli partiisa da, kerZod, misi lideris neil kinokis winaaRmdeg. 1981 wels merdokma gadalaxa winaaRmdegobebi da SeiZina gazeTebi ~The Times~ da ~Sunday Times~, bazarze arsebuli yvelaze warmatebuli gazeTebi. is TandaTan daeufla, agreTve, televiziis sferos da daafuZna ~Sky TV~ satelituri da sakabelo qseli, romelic, Tavdapirveli warumateblobis Semdeg, komerciulad warmatebuli aRmoCnda. is akontrolebs ~Star TV~-is, romlis mauwyebloba vrceldeba Soreuli aRmosavleTis mTel rig qveynebSi. merdoki flobs ~Star TV~-is qselis 64 procents. ~Star TV~ dafuZnebulia hong kongSi. igi daaarsa hatCison uampoam, iq adre Seqmnilma erT-erTma savaWro kompaniam. mis mier gacxadebuli strategia aris `cis gakontroleba~ satelituri gadacemis dros, iaponiidan TurqeTamde arsebul mTel teritoriaze, indoeTisa da CineTis giganturi bazrebis CaTvliT. is mauwyeblobs xuT arxze, erT-erTi maTgania BBC-is msoflio axali ambebi. satelitis saSualebiT, es qveynebi iReben iseT programebs, rogoricaa opra uinfris Sou, romelic aCvenebs Zalian gulaxdil diskusiebs seqsisa da urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. iTqva, rom jer kidev sakmaod tradiciul aziur qveynebSi, yvelaferi isea, TiTqos 1960-iani da 1990-iani wlebi erTad iyos gaerTianebuli _ es aris swrafi mediis saSualebiT gadacemuli seqsualuri revolucia. 1985 wels merdokma Seisyida kinokompaniis “XX Century Fox” aqciebis naxevari. Semdeg, kinokompaniaSi Tavis partniorebTan erTad, oficialurad daregistrirebuli metromediisagan SeiZina SeerTebuli Statebis Svidi telesadguri, aqedan erT-erTi maTgani maSinve gayida. merdokis ~Fox Broadcasting Company~ Camoyalibda 1987 wels. imave wels, man SeiZina SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli gamomcemlobebi ~Harper~ da ~Row~, romlebsac saxeli Seucvales da axla ~HarperCollins~ hqvia. mTavrobebma, SesaZloa, merdoks usiamovnebebi moutanon, radganac maT SeuZliaT, TavianTi qveynebis farglebSi mainc, gansaxilvelad waradginon kanoni, romelic zRudavs mediis jvaredin mflobelobas _ situacias, rodesac erTsa da imave firmas 24 ekuTvnis sxvadasxva gazeTi da telesadguri. evrokavSirma ukve gamoxata wuxili Zalian didi media kompaniebis gabatonebuli mdgomareobis gamo. magram merdokis Zalauflebis Sekaveba ar aris advili, radgan is mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli. is sakmaod mniSvnelovani pirovnebaa da SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mTavrobebze; magram Tavad telekomunikaciebis biznesis bunebaa iseTi, rom is aris yvelgan da arsad. merdokis Zalauflebis safuZveli Zalian didia, magram, amasTan, is mouxelTebelia. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi, merdokma gailaSqra imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc mis media imperias aRiqvams, rogorc safrTxes demokratiisa da debatebis TavisuflebisTvis. `radgan kapitalistebi yovelTvis cdiloben, erTmaneTs zurgSi xanjali Cascen,” amtkicebda merdoki, `Tavisufali bazrebi ar aris monopoliebis warmoSobis mizezi. ZiriTadad, monopoliebs mxolod maSin SeuZliaT arseboba, rodesac maT mTavrobebi uWeren mxars.~ man moiyvana jorj oruelis sityvebi erT-erTi misi romanidan: `rodesac xedavT quCis bazars, Tqven iciT, rom inglisisTvis jer kidev arsebobs imedi.~ merdokis TqmiT, ,,es namdvili artistuli STagonebis momentia _ Tumca yovelgvari racionaluri Tu mecnieruli mxardaWeris gareSe (rogorc zogjer xelovanebs emarTebaT xolme). Tavisufleba, quCis bazris Zaldautanebeli gacvlis procesi, mis mier adamianuri piradi interesis aRiareba da am interesis gardaqmna raRac urTierTsargeblobis momtanad _ niSnavs, rom jer kidev arsebobs imedi inglisisTvis da TiToeuli CvenganisTvis dasavlur samyaroSi.” ~News Corporation-Si Cven ganswavlulebi varT~ - ganagrZobs merdoki. man aRmoaCina, rom indoeTSi, sadac televizia ~Star~ mauwyeblobs, aTasobiT kerZo operatorma investiciebi satelituri antenis biznesSi Cado da ~Star~-is programebs aralegalurad yidda. ho, Cven amas taSi unda davukraT! - amtkicebs merdoki. ~News Corporation~ elodeba `xangrZliv TanamSromlobas am SesaniSnav antrepreniorebTan~, askvnis is (Murdoch 1994). cota xnis ganmavlobaSi, merdoki iyo msoflios udidesi, arnaxuli media organizaciis xelmZRvaneli, magram 1995 wels mas gauswres. im wels gamoacxades disneis kompaniisa da ABC-is, amerikuli satelevizio qselis, SeerTebis Sesaxeb. am gaerTianebis Sedegad, Seiqmna merdokis korporaciaze didi korporacia, romelsac disneis Tavmjdomare maikl aisneri xelmZRvanelobda. disnei flobda wilebs kinoindustriaSi, agreTve uamrav sxva sawarmos. gaerTianebamde, is ukve globaluri masStabis korporacia iyo. mas Semdeg, rac disneis filmebi da sxva media produqtebi TiTqmis yvelgan SeaRwevs, aisners eqneba uprecendento Zalaufleba msoflios mosaxleobis kulturuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze. 1995 wels axal kompanias 16.5 miliardi amerikuli dolari Semosavali hqonda, xolo merdokis ~News Corporation~-s _ 8 miliardi dolari. aisnerma naTlad aCvena, rom mas surda, konkurencia gaewia merdokisTvis aziis mzard bazrebze. merdokis reaqcia aRniSnul Serwymaze iyo aseTi: `axla isini orjer didebi arian, vidre me~. Semdeg man daamata: `ufro didi samizne jgufi~. manqanis epoqis adreul wlebSi bazarze fordi da jeneral motorsi dominirebdnen. Cans, merdoki da aisneri apireben, daeuflon sainformacio da gasarTobi epoqis (“infotainment”) adreul fazebs (Leadbetter da Helmore 1995). 25 silvio berluskoni. 1976 wels italiaSi televiziis regulireba gauqmda. amis Sedegad, eqvsasze meti sxvadasxva arxi dafuZnda. Tumca, male am patara kompaniebis umetesobas daeufla didi satelevizio korporacia Mondadore, romlis mflobeli iyo silvio berluskoni. dRes berluskonis qsels teleauditoriis daaxloebiT 40 procenti ekuTvnis; RAI-s, saxelmwifo samauwyeblo kompanias, telemayurebelTa TiTqmis imdenive procenti Seadgens, danarCeni ki im patara sadgurebze modis, romlebic jer kidev funqcionireben. berluskonim, agreTve, daaarsa me-5 arxi safrangeTSi. italiaSi, silvio berluskonim Tavisi media imperia gamoiyena uSualod politikaSi misvlis mizniT. misi daxmarebiT, man Tavis memarjvene partias “Forza Italia” 1994 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi gaamarjvebina da Tavad italiis premieri gaxda. magram misi mmarTveloba xanmokle aRmoCnda. Zalauflebis dakargvis Semdeg, mas sxvadasxva korufciul garigebaSi dasdes brali, rogoricaa sxva partiebis liderebis moqrTamva da sakuTari telesadgurebis gamoyeneba Zalauflebis mopovebis mizniT. si-en-en (CNN). ted terneri aris damfuZnebeli CNN-isa _ uwyvet reJimSi momuSave axali ambebis arxisa, romelic msoflios bevr qveyanaSi mauwyeblobs. CNN SedarebiT mcire biujetis bazaze Seiqmna da Tavidanve ganacvifra sxva media operatorebi miRweuli warmatebiT. terneris TqmiT, CNN iyo pirveli arxi, romelic dafuZnda globalizaciis gazrdili tempis fonze. ternerma aRiara, rom mTel msoflioSi Zalian bevri adamiani laparakobs inglisurad an swavlobs am enas. maT ainteresebT inglisurenovani axali ambebis programebis yureba, msgavsad uamravi inglisurad molaparake turistisa da biznesmenisa, romlebic Cerdebian yvelaze feSenebelur sastumroebSi mTeli msoflios masStabiT. terneri ambobs: `Cven varT pionerebi; da Cveni filosofia iyo da dResac aris is, rom Cven yovelTvis gvinda Sesvla iq, sadac Cvenze moTxovnilebaa da arasdros vcdilobT, ZaliT gavikafoT gza an iZulebiT mivceT vinmes mimarTuleba an forma~ (Turner 1994, gv. 39). CNN-s eqvsi ofisi aqvs aziaSi da swrafad farTovdeba iq, gadascems ra Tavis programebs oTxi satelitis saSualebiT. mediis regulaciis problema bevrs awuxebs media antrepreniorebisa da didi media kompaniebis aRzeveba da zegavlena, radgan es korporaciebi bizness ewevian ara produqciis gayidvis, aramed adamianTa Sexedulebebze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. aseTi korporaciis mflobelebi, magaliTad, merdoki da berluskoni, ar malaven maT memarjvene politikur Sexedulebebs, rac gansxvavebuli politikuri poziciebis mqone politikuri partiebisa da sxva jgufebis SeSfoTebis mizezia. WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals Seicavs merdokis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, mxolod mTavrobebi qmnian monopoliebs. merdoki ver uzrunvelyofs monopoliis arsebobas. mas uwevda uSvelebel finansur riskze wasvla (hqonda danakargebic), rom mieRwia dRevandeli mdgomareobisTvis. mas konkurencias uweven ara mxolod sxva media gigantebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad aisneris korporacia, 26 aramed uamravi sxva metoqe. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zalian saeWvoa is azri, rom bazris konkurencia xels uSlis did firmebs, gabatondnen mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargebSi. acnobiereben ra amas, yvela qveyanaSi miRebulia dadgenilebebi, romelTa mizania media sakuTrebis gakontroleba. magram ramdenad mkacri unda iyos es zomebi? media kompaniebis globaluri xasiaTis gamo, SeuZliaT erovnul mTavrobebs hqondeT maTi gakontrolebis didi imedi? media regulaciis sakiTxi ufro rTulia, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebas ainteresebs, arsebobdes mravalferovani media organizaciebi. es, albaT, iqneba imis garantia, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, bevri sxvadasxva jgufisa da politikuri perspeqtivis mosmena. magram SezRudvebis dawesebam imaze, Tu vis risi floba da media teqnologiis ra formebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos mediis seqtoris ekonomikur keTildReobaze. is qveyana, sadac SezRudvebi zedmetad mkacria, SeiZleba CamorCes saerTo ganviTarebas. media industriebi aris Tanamedrove ekonomikis yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtori. marto audio-video industria, savaraudod, Seqmnis 1 milion axal samuSao adgils momaval aT weliwadSi. media koncentraciis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom didi media kompaniebi floben metismetad did Zalauflebas. meore mxriv, biznesis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom Tu isini daeqvemdebarebian regulirebas, veRar miiReben efeqtur komerciul gadawyvetilebebs da damarcxdebian msoflio konkurenciaSi. garda amisa, sakiTxavia, vin unda areguliros isini? da vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi? faqtobrivad, Zalian cota gamokvlevaa Catarebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan mediis mflobeloba da mediis Sinaarsi (Purnell and Collins 1995). es sakiTxi adrec ki Zneli Sesaswavli iyo, mediis sxvadasxva formis arsebobis gamo, romelic 1970-ian wlebamde arsebobda. kidev ufro Znelia misi gamokvleva axla, rodesac gavrcelda axali interaqciuli media, magaliTad, video moTxovniT. regulirebis problemis garkvevis mizniT gadadgmuli nabijebi, ZiriTadad, damfuZneblebze iyo mimarTuli. magaliTad, 1991 wels masmediis politikisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze, evrosabWo, media regulirebis Sesaxeb ramdenime wlis msjelobis Semdeg, Seecada, mieRwia SeTanxmebisTvis. verc erT SeTanxmebul daskvnas ver miaRwies. media regulirebis politikis erT-erTi warmmarTveli xazi SeiZleba iyos imis aRiareba, rom bazarze ori an sami didi kompaniis mier mopovebuli gabatonebuli mdgomareoba maSinve uqmnis safrTxes rogorc saTanado ekonomikur konkurencias, aseve demokratias, radgan media mflobelebs ar irCeven. aq SeiZleba avamoqmedoT arsebuli antimonopolisturi kanonmdebloba, Tumca is Zalian gansxvavebulia mTel evropasa da sxva industriul qveynebSi. magaliTad, evrokavSirma axlaxans dabloka erToblivi sakabelo da fasiani televiziis sarisko wamowyeba germanul telekoms, bertelsmansa da kirh jgufs (Deutsche Telekom, Bertelsmann, Kirch Group) Soris. konkurencia pluralizms niSnavs an unda niSnavdes; albaT, pluralizmi kargia demokratiisaTvis. magram ramdenad sakmarisia marto pluralizmi? ganxilvis dros, bevri miuTiTebs SeerTebul Statebze da aRniSnavs, rom media arxebis simravle ar aris gadacemebis Sinaarsis xarisxisa da sizustis garanti. magaliTad, jei blumlerma, SeerTebuli Statebis televiziis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoaCina, rom 27 arsebobs `arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba mauwyeblobis mTeli speqtris mimarT _ iqneba es programis forma, sasurveli xarisxi, mayureblis efeqti Tu stimulirebuli gamocdileba” (Blumler 1986, gv. 141). zogierTi Tvlis, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis seqtoris SenarCunebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan es xels uSlis didi media kompaniebis gabatonebas. magram saxelmwifo samauwyeblo sistemebi, magaliTad, BBC britaneTSi, TavianT sakuTar problemebs qmnian. qveynebis umravlesobaSi, isini TavianT Tavs monopolistebad Tvlidnen xolme da bevr qveyanaSi maT efeqturad iyenebdnen, rogorc xelisuflebis propagandis saSualebas. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi, kvlav gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dgeba. erTi problema, romelic arTulebs media regulirebis sakiTxs, aris teqnologiuri cvlilebis Zalian swrafi tempi. media ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnikuri inovaciebis danergvis Sedegad. am momentisTvis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani inovacia exeba multimediisa da internetis gavlenas, romelsac am Tavis bolos ganvixilavT. multimedia Tumca, aqamde, Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT gazeTebze, televiziasa da `kulturis industriis~ sxva mxareebze, komunikaciis media mxolod maTiT ar Semoifargleba. rogorc kompiuteri axdens gansakuTrebul zegavlenas mediaze, iseve es ukanaskneli zemoqmedebs yvelaferze, rasac Cven vakeTebT bevr sxva sferoSi. magaliTad, axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebi dgas msoflios savaluto sistemebisa da saaqcio bazrebis Rrma cvlilebebis ukan. fuli ukve aRar aris oqro, arc naRdi fuli Tqvens jibeSi. sul ufro da ufro metad, fuli xdeba eleqtronuli, inaxeba ra msoflios bankebis kompiuterebSi. im fulis Rirebuleba, romelic xandaxan, SemTxveviT, aRmogaCndebaT jibeSi, ganisazRvreba savaluto bazarze birJis makleris saqmianobiT. aseTi bazrebi Seiqmna mxolod bolo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. isini kompiuterebisa da sakomunikacio satelituri teqnologiebis urTierTkavSiris Sedegia. naTqvamia: `teqnologia safondo birJas swrafad gardaqmnis mTlian globalur bazrad, romelic xelmisawvdomia dReSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi~ (Gibbons 1990, gv. 111). am movlenebs oTxma teqnologiurma mimarTulebam Seuwyo xeli, esenia: kompiuterebis SesaZleblobebis mudmivi gaumjobeseba, fasebis SemcirebasTan erTad; monacemTa cifruli gardaqmna, rac xels uwyobs kompiuteruli da satelekomunikacio teqnologiebis integracias; satelituri komunikaciebis ganviTareba; boWkovani optika, romlis meSveobiTac, bevri sxvadasxva gzavnili vrceldeba erTi patara kabelis saSualebiT. bolo wlebSi, komunikaciebis mkveTrma zrdam aCvena, rom tempis dacemis araviTari niSani ar arsebobs (ix. diagrama 14.1). nikolas negroponte, masaCusetis teqnologiis institutis media laboratoriis damfuZnebeli, Tavis wignSi “Being Digital” (1995), aanalizebs cifruli monacemebis udides mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove komunikaciur teqnologiebSi. nebismieri informacia, maT Soris suraTebi, moZravi gamosaxulebebi da bgerebi, SeiZleba gadaviyvanoT `bitebSi~. biti aris an 1 an 0, magaliTad, ricxvebis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 cifruli gamosaxuleba aris 1, 10, 11, 100, 101 da a.S. cifruloba da siCqare 28 multimediis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. adre gansxvavebul medias sxvadasxva teqnologiebi sWirdeboda (rogoricaa gamosaxulebebi da xma). axla es gansxvavebuli teqnologiebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes saerTo mediad (CDROM/kompiuteri da sxv.). kompiuterebis siCqare yovel Tvramet TveSi orjer izrdeba da axla teqnologiam im stadias miaRwia, sadac videofiri SeiZleba vaqcioT suraTad personaluri kompiuteris ekranze, da piriqiT. negroponte winaswarmetyvelebs, rom personaluri kompiuteri (PC) momavalSi iqneba multimediis savizito baraTi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs ukve gaaCnia multimediis SesaZleblobebis garkveuli diapazoni. magram momavalSi isini mkveTrad gaizrdeba. personaluri kompiuteri iqneba televizoric da `eleqtronuli gasayrelic~ kabelisTvis, telefonica da satelitic. momavalSi aRar iarsebebs damoukidebeli satelevizio industria. cifruloba xels uwyobs interaqtiuli mediis ganviTarebas, rac adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon masSi, an moaxdinon imis struqturireba, rasac xedaven an esmiT. informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen 1990 wlebis Sua periodSi. SeerTebuli Statebis vice-prezidenti el gori am termins xSirad iyenebda. supermagistrali ufro momavlis saxea, vidre Tanamedroveobis aRwera. is iTvaliswinebs situacias, sadac ojaxebis umravlesoba dakavSirebuli iqneba boWkovani optikuri kabeliT. yovel saxlSi gaixsneba is eleqtronuli Sesasvleli, romlis Sesaxeb laparakobs negroponte. amJamad, or damoukidebel teqnologias aqvs saxlSi Sesasvleli damoukidebeli eleqtronuli gza: telefons, miwiszeda mauwyeblobas, kabelsa da satelits (ra Tqma unda, yvela ojaxs es yvelaferi ar gaaCnia). momavalSi es yvelaferi gaivlis erTsa da imave kabelSi da maTi gamosasvleli iqneba calkeuli kopiuteri/televizia. SesaZloa, `informaciuli supermagistrali~ ar iyos yvelaze Sesatyvisi termini cifruli revoluciis mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad. is gvTavazobs rukas, radgan axali interaqtiuli teqnologiebis Sedegad, xdeba manZilis gauqmeba. termini gulisxmobs wesrigs, Tumca axali teqnologiebis gavlena, SesaZloa, sakmaod qaosuri da damangreveli iyos. interneti bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeiniSneba, rom mediisa da komunikaciebis titanebi awarmoeben oms cifruli teqnologiebis momavlisTvis: didi zarzeimiT, satelefono da sakabelo televiziis kompaniebi mravaljer Seecadnen, eCvenebinaT Cqari eleqtronuli qselebis maTeuli xedva. es qseli saxlebs akavSirebs informaciis, komunikaciis, ganaTlebisa da garTobis udides saganZurTan. es kompaniebi laslasiT miemarTebodnen sadeniani msoflios Soreuli miznebisken da imdenad dakavebulni iyvnen, rom ver SeamCnies im kompiuteruli hakerebis, inJinrebisa da studentebis jgufi, romlebic facifuciT akeTebdnen TavianT saqmes. maTTvis meti yuradReba unda mieqciaT. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, gigantebi mxolod informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen, WianWvelebi ki realurad aSenebdnen mas: internets (“The accidental superhighway”, The Economist, 1995 wlis 1 ivlisi). negroponte ambobs: `Cven unda davemSvidoboT personalur kompiuters, uxeS diskebsa (floppy discs) da failebis folderebs~. am Tvalsazriss bevri iziarebs. axla, TiTqos, personaluri kompiuteris (PC) eraa, magram, sinamdvileSi, personaluri kompiuteris batonoba TiTqmis damTavrda. lari elisoni, monacemebis bazis wamyvani 29 kompaniis ~Oracle~ mTavari administratori, ambobs, rom personaluri kompiuteri `ucnauri mowyobilobaa~ (citirebulia Kelly 1995, gv. 105). im adamianTa umravlesoba, romlebic erT kompiuters iyeneben, misi kompiuteruli Zalis mxolod erT nawils amuSaveben. es aris mowyobiloba, romelic adamianebs erTmaneTisgan hyofs. maTi azriT, momavali ekuTvnis ara personalur kompiuters, aramed urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis globalur sistemas _ da swored es aris interneti. axali lozungi aris: `qseli aris kompiuteri~, sxva sityvebiT, personaluri kompiuteri xdeba terminali sadRac momxdari movlenebisTvis, romlebic xdeba mTel planetaze gadaWimul qselSi, im qselSi, romelsac ar flobs arc erTi pirovneba an kompania (ix. diagrama 14.2). bil geitsma, amJamad msoflios erT-erTi udidesi korporaciis Microsoft-is damfuZnebelma, iwinaswarmetyvela, rom aseTi ram moxdeboda da rom amis realizacia mas saSualebas miscemda, moewyo Tavisi momavali. bolo dromde, kompiuteruli samyaros gamoCenili meocnebeebic ki fiqrobdnen, rom mrewvelobis momavali dakavSirebuli iqneboda teqnikur mowyobilobasTan _ individualur kompiuterTan. geitsma gaacnobiera, rom is iqneboda dakavSirebuli kompiuterul programasTan, romelic qmnis kompiuteris sxvadasxva funqcias. magram Tavad geitsic ki ver akontrolebs internets, romelic misi inovaciebis saSualebiT Seiqmna. interneti spontanurad Semovida, is aris ganuyofeli samyaros _ berlinis dacemis Sedegad Seqmnili samyaros _ produqti. Tumca, misi pirveli nimuSebi swored civi omis periodSi, 1989 wlamde arsebobda. qselis Seqmna Tavdapirvelad daiwyes pentagonSi, amerikis samxedro Zalebis Stab-binaSi. is 1969 wels Camoyalibda da ARPA qseli uwodes, pentagonis progresuli kvleviTi proeqtebis saagentos (Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency) aRsaniSnavad. misi mizani SezRuduli iyo. ARPA cdilobda, neba miecaT im mecnierebisaTvis, romlebic amerikis sxvadasxva regionSi samxedro kontraqtebze muSaobdnen, gaeerTianebinaT TavianTi resursebi da da gaenawilebinaT maT mier gamoyenebuli Zvirad Rirebuli aparatura. amis sapasuxod, mogvianebiT, misma gamomgoneblebma moifiqres Setyobinebebis gagzavnis saSualeba _ ase gaCnda eleqtronuli fosta ~e-mail,~ romelic korespondenciis sistemaa, sadac Setyobinebebi (`mesijebi~) pirdapir igzavneba erTi kompiuteridan meoreSi an bevr sxvaSi. dakavSireba momentaluria, radgan am dros ar arsebobs lodinis periodi, rogorc es Cveulebrivi werilis gagzavnis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, pentagonis interneti Sedgeboda xuTasi kompiuterisgan, yvela moTavsebuli iyo samxedro laboratoriebsa da universitetebis kompiuteruli mecnierebis departamentebSi. universitetebSi sxva adamianebmac daiwyes misi danergva da sistemis sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyeneba. 1987 wlisaTvis interneti ise gafarTovda, rom ukve moicavda 28 000 kompiuters bevr sxvadasxva universitetsa da kvleviT laboratoriaSi. internetis gamoyenebam maT saSualeba misca, SemoetanaT uamravi inovacia, SeeqmnaT axali programebi, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxda, individebs monawileoba mieRoT diskusiebSi da gamoeyenebinaT kvlevis monacemebi. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, interneti mxolod universitetebSi gamoiyeneboda. magram, mas Semdeg, rac gavrcelda saxlis personaluri kompiuterebi, is TandaTan gascilda maT farglebs da daiwyo misi Zalian swrafi gavrcelebis periodi. 30 internetSi “on-line” momsaxureba, `gancxadebebis dafebi~ _ eleqtronuli sadiskusio jgufebi _ da kompiuteruli programebis biblioTekebi ganaTavsa adamianebis saocrad didma raodenobam, romlebic ukve mxolod CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki ar imyofebodnen, aramed mTel msoflioSi. am saqmes korporaciebmac mohkides xeli. 1994 wels kompaniebma gaaswres universitetebs, rogorc qselis mTavar momxmareblebs. internetsa da informaciul supermagistrals Soris urTierToba problemuria. zogierTis azriT, rasac zemoT warmodgenili citatac adasturebs, interneti, faqtobrivad, informaciuli supermagistralia. is ubralod gansxvavebulad ganviTarda, vidre es dagegmili iyo sakabelo da satelefono kompaniebis (da mTavrobebis) mier. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom internets ramdenime ZiriTadi Tviseba aklia. maTi azriT, namdvili supermagistrali unda Seicavdes ara mxolod kompiuterebs, aramed yvela sxva sakomunikacio serviss, telefonidan televiziamde. internetis mTavari nawilia msoflio masStabis qseli _ World Wide Web. marTlac, budeSi myofi gugulis msgavsad, is cdilobs SeaSinos maspinZeli da ajobos mas. sinamdvileSi qseli aris globaluri multimediis biblioTeka. is gamoigona kompiuteruli programebis inJinerma, Sveicariis fizikis laboratoriaSi 1992 wels; programa, romelmac qseli popularuli gaxada mTel msoflioSi, dawerili iyo ilinoisis universitetis bolo kursis studentis mier. ucnobia, realurad ramdeni adamiania CarTuli internetSi. varaudoben, rom mTel msoflioSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni aseTi adamiania. mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobasTan SedarebiT, es ricxvi arc ise didia, magram iseTivea, rogorc saSualo zomis qveynis mosaxleoba. ufro mniSvnelovania misi gavrcelebis tempi. dadginda, rom 1985 wlidan interneti yovelwliurad 200 procentiT izrdeba. daskvna srulad gansacvifrebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebis samyaroSi, aravis SeuZlia darwmunebuli iyos, rogori iqneba momavali. aSkaraa, media teqnologiebis ganviTareba aseTi cvlilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. bevri Tvlis, rom interneti warmoadgens im msoflio wesrigis magaliTs, romelic warmoiSva meoce saukunis bolos. internetis momxmareblebi cxovroben `kibernetikul sivrceSi.~ kibersivrce niSnavs interaqciis sivrces, romelic Seqmna kompiuterebis globalurma sqelma. es qseli ki qmnis internets. kibersivrceSi, rogorc amas bodriari ityoda, `Cven ukve aRar varT `adamianebi~, aramed varT gzavnilebi erTmaneTis ekranebze. i-meilis farglebs gareT, sadac momxmareblebi axdenen TavianTi Tavis identificirebas, internetSi aravin icis, vin vin aris sinamdvileSi, kacia Tu qali, da sad imyofebian samyaroSi. internetis Sesaxeb arsebobs cnobili multfilmi, sadac ZaRli zis kompiuteris win, ekranze ki warweraa: `internetis sidiade isaa, rom aravin icis, ZaRli rom xar~. axali komunikaciuri teqnologiebis Sesaxeb sxva istoriac arsebobs: `Teologma hkiTxa yvelaze ufro mZlavr superkompiuters: arsebobs RmerTi? kompiuterma Tqva, rom amis codnisaTvis mas aklia gadasamuSavebeli Zala. man iTxova msoflios yvela superkompiuterTan dakavSireba. magram Zala kvlav ar iyo sakmarisi, amgvarad, kompiuteri miaerTes yvela mTavar sistemasTan msoflioSi, Semdeg ki yvela minikompiutersa da personalur kompiuterTan da, saboloo jamSi, 31 is daakavSires yvela kompiuterTan manqanebSi, mikrotalRovan RumelebSi, VCR-Si, cifrul saaTebsa da a.S. Teologma bolos ikiTxa `arsebobs RmerTi?~ da kompiuterma upasuxa: `axla arsebobs!~ (Naisbitt 1995, gv. 80). ambavi aerTianebs rogorc imedebs, ise SiSs, rasac interneti iwvevs. davkargavT Cvens identobas kibersivrceSi? kompiuterizebuli teqnologia gabatondeba Cvenze, Tu piriqiT moxdeba? gaanadgurebs eleqtronuli media komunikaciuri mediis yvela sxva formas, rogoric, vTqvaT, wignia? sabednierod, TiToeul am kiTxvaze pasuxi, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT, aris `ara~. adamianebi ar atareben video konferenciebs, Tu maT SeuZliaT erTad Sekreba. axla biznes administratorebi iyeneben bevrad ufro met sxvadasxva formis eleqtronuli komunikaciis saSualebebs, vidre odesme. amave dros, pirispir biznes konferenciis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba. rogorc adamianebi, Cven ver vakontrolebT teqnologiur cvlilebebs da aseTi cvlilebebis axlandeli tempi Cvens sicocxles ganadgurebiT emuqreba. Tumca mavTulebiT dakavSirebuli samyaros gaCenam, dRemde ver migviyvana ,,did Zmamde,” piriqiT, man xeli Seuwyo decentralizaciasa da individualizms. da bolos, Cans, wignebisa da sxva `wina-eleqtronuli~ mediis gaqroba ar aris mosalodneli; iseTi didi moculobis wignic ki, rogoric es aris, ufro mosaxerxebelia gamosayeneblad, vidre misi kompiuteruli versia. negropontes “Being Digital” dawerili iyo wignis saxiT da ar iyo gamoSvebuli im teqnikuri siaxleebis gamo, romlebsac is aRwers. bil geitsmac ki saWirod CaTvala, daewera wigni da aRewera axali teqnologiebis samyaro, romelsac winaswarmetyvelebs. amasobaSi, interneti iZireba Tavis miwier problemebSi. amaswinaT, gazeTSi ~Guardian~ gamoqveynebuli statiis saTaurma gvamcno, rom `internetze damokidebuli adamianebi ewevian mosawyen virtualur cxovrebas. statiaSi aRwerilia im adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic yoveldRe ramdenime saaTs atareben internetSi. arsebobs kidec internetze damokidebuli adamianebis mxardamWeri jgufi saxelwodebiT `qselSi gabmulebi~. ar SeiZleba kibersivrceSi kontaqtebi Caenacvlos cocxal adamianebTan urTierTobas da, Cans, arc aris ase. Sejameba 1. masmedia asrulebs fundamentur rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. masmedia aris komunikaciis saSualebebi _ gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia, radio, kino, video, kompaqtdiskebi da sxva formebi _ romlebic masobriv auditorias aRweven. 2. gazeTebi adreuli masmediis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaa. isini kvlavac Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asruleben, magram maT mediis sxva, ufro axali formebi, gansakuTrebiT, radio da televizia, daemata. 3. masmediis gavlena Cvens cxovrebaze Zalian mniSvnelovania. masmedia ara marto gvTavazobs gasarTob programebs, aramed gvawvdis da qmnis im informaciis did nawils, romelsac viyenebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. 4. televiziis da Zaladobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali gamokvlevis miuxedavad, jer kidev ar aris naTeli, ramdenad da ra gziT uwyobs xels televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba, agresiul qcevas realur cxovrebaSi. kvlevebis umetesoba saTanadod ver afasebs imas, Tu ramdenad seleqciurad akeTeben mayureblebi nanaxis interpretacias da ramdenad kompleqsuria `gamogonilisa~ da `realuris~ urTierTdamokidebuleba. 32 5. sociologebma didi yuradReba dauTmes satelevizio axali ambebis Seswavlas. satelevizio axali ambebis Sesaswavlad, mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi Caatara glazgos media jgufma _ glazgos universitetSi momuSave mkvlevrebis jgufma. maTma naSromma, romelic amtkicebda, rom axali ambebis reportaJebi, garkveulwilad, tendenciuri iyo, dasabami daudo xangrZliv polemikas, romelic dResac grZeldeba. 6. Janris idea mniSvnelovania teleprogramebis sxvadasxva tipis daxasiaTebisas. Janri gulisxmobs im urTierTgagebas, romelic arsebobs programis Semqmnelebsa da mayureblebs Soris imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu `ras~ uyureben. axali ambebi, sapnis opera, saTamaSo Sou da Trilerebi, sxvadasxva Janris magaliTebia. 7. Camoyalibda mTeli rigi sxvadasxva Teoria mediisa da popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb. inisi da makluhani amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebaze mediis gavlena ufro metad gansazRvrulia imiT, Tu rogor gadascems da ara ras gadascems media. makluhanis sityvebiT, `media aris Setyobineba~; magaliTad, televizia zegavlenas axdens adamianTa qcevasa da ganwyobebze, radgan is Tavisi bunebiT Zalian gansxvavdeba mediis sxva formebisgan, rogoricaa gazeTebi da wignebi. 8. habermasi, bodriari da tompsoni mniSvnelovani Teoretikosebi arian. habermasi miuTiTebs mediis rolze `sazogadoebriv sferoSi~ _ sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sazogadoebrivi debatebis sferoSi. bodriarze didi gavlena moaxdina makluhanis Sexedulebebma. mas swams, rom axali media, gansakuTrebiT televizia, faqtobrivad, cvlis `realobas,~ romelic gamocdilebaSi gveZleva. topsoni amtkicebs, rom masmediam Seqmna socialuri urTierTqmedebis axali forma _ `gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba~, romelic ufro SezRuduli, viwro da calmxrivia, vidre yoveldRiuri socialuri interaqcia. 9. dRes imis SegrZneba, rom vcxovrobT erT msoflioSi, umTavresad, imis Sedegia, rom komunikaciis media saerTaSoriso masStabisaa. Seiqmna msoflio informaciuli wesrigi _ informaciuli saqonlis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistema. msoflio informaciul wesrigSi, industriuli qveynebis dominanturi mdgomareobis gamo, bevrs sjera, rom mesame msoflios qveynebi media imperializmis axal formaze arian damokidebulni. 10. Zalian didi kompaniebis mcire raodenobas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia media industriebSi mTel msoflioSi. zogierT maTgans xelmZRvaneloben gamoCenili media antrepreniorebi, maTgan yvelaze cnobilia repert merdoki. bevri kritikosi SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom mediis Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia iseTi Zlieri pirovnebebis xelSi, romlebic, maTi TqmiT, ar arian angariSvaldebulni demokratiuli procedurebis winaSe. 11. bolo wlebSi warmoiSva multimedia, rac dakavSirebulia internetis ganviTarebisa da `informaciuli supermagistralis~ SesaZlo SeqmnasTan. `multimedia~ gulisxmobs sxvadasxva teqnologiis mqone gansxvavebuli mediis erTian mediad gaerTianebas im mizniT, rom, magaliTad, CD-ROM-s hqondes rogorc gamosaxulebebi, ise xma, da misi dakvra SesaZlebeli iyos kompiuterze. bevri pretenzia gamoiTqva am movlenebis SesaZlo socialuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb, magram jer kidev Zalian adrea gavakeToT daskvnebi, Tu ramdenad dadasturdeba es varaudebi. 33 damatebiTi literatura Nick Abercrombie, Television and Society (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1996) . Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi televiziis rolisa da im saSualebebis gacnoba, romelTa daxmarebiTac iqmneba da moixmareba teleprogramebi. James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989). eseebis saintereso da xelmisawvdomi krebuli tradiciul da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi komunikaciisa da mediis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Richard Collins and Cristina Murroni, New Media, New Policies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). axali komunikaciebis, media teqnologiebisa da maTi regulirebis mimoxilva. John Eldridge (ed.), Getting the Message: News, Truth and Power (London: Routledge, 1993). glazgos media jgufis naSromebis ganxilvis ganaxlebuli versia. John Eldridge (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1995). axali ambebis Sinaarsis enisa da gamosaxulebebis sasargeblo analizi. John Fiske, Understanding Popular Culture (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). masobrivi kulturis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso da maprovocirebeli kamaTi. James Lull, Media, Communication, Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1955). sasargeblo kvleva masobrivi komunikaciis kulturuli gavlenis Sesaxeb. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (London: Hobber and Stoughton, 1955). angariSi axali informaciuli teqnologiis gavlenis Sesaxeb. The Polity Reader in Cultural Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). John Thompson, The Media and Modernity: a Social Theory of the Media (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebaSi mediis rolis axali analizi. mniSvnelovani terminebi sazogadoebrivi azri gamosaxuleba Janri globaluri sofeli sazogadoebrivi sfero hiperrealoba simulakra pirispir urTierTqmedeba gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba simboluri Zalaufleba msoflio informaciuli wesrigi mediis regulacia multimedia sainformacio supermagistrali interneti kibersivrce 34 Tavi 15 ganaTleba ZiriTadi cnebebi wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba • • fasiani skolebi ganaTleba da politika skolis sistemaTa Sedareba dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba umaRlesi ganaTleba • • saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi sistema britaneTSi genderi da ganaTlebis sistema genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba ganaTleba da eTnikuroba Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb • • • bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi iliCi: faruli kurikulumi ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi ganaTleba da uTanasworoba • • • koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb ufro gviani kvlevebi skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva inteleqti da uTanasworoba • • ra aris inteleqti? emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti 1 ganaTlebis momavali • • ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia ganaTlebis teqnologiebi Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi • • ganaTleba kulturuli reproduqcia sakuTari Tavi Jan-pol didionis adgilas warmoidgineT. es aris glexi biWi, romelic daaxloebiT ori saukunis win, frang fermerTa TemSi izrdeboda. 1750 wels Jan-poli ToTxmeti wlis iyo. man wera-kiTxva ar icoda, magram im periodSi es sruliad Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda. mis sofelSi zrdasruli asakis ramdenime adamians Tu SeeZlo erT-or sityvaze metis wakiTxva. maxlobel regionebSi aris skolebi, romlebsac berebi da monazvnebi uZRvebian, magram Jan-polma am skolebis Sesaxeb araferi icis. misi garemocvidan, adgilobrivi mRvdlis garda, skolaSi aravis uswavlia. gasul rva-cxra weliwads, Jan-poli umetes dros yanaSi muSaobas andomebda da ojaxis wevrebs saSinao saqmeSi exmareboda. rac ufro metad gaizrdeba, miT ufro meti drois daxarjva mouwevs, mamis miwis dasamuSaveblad aucilebel mZime fizikur Sromaze. savaraudod, Jan-poli mSobliur adgils arasodes datovebs, is mTel cxovrebas sofelsa da mis garSemo ganlagebul yanebSi gaatarebs, sxva adgilobriv soflebsa da qalaqebs iSviaTad estumreba. mamiseuli miwis nakveTi mas, savaraudod, memkvidreobiT mxolod maSin gadaecema, rodesac is ormocdaaTi wlis asaks gadascdeba da miwas umcros ZmebTan erTad gankargavs. Jan-polma icis, rom is “frangia”, mis qveyanas erTi monarqi marTavs da safrangeTis sazRvrebs miRma sxva, ufro didi samyaro arsebobs. magram mas “safrangeTis,” rogorc gamokveTili politikuri erTeulis, Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs. Jan-pols sxvagan mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb regularuli informaciis wyaro ar gaaCnia. safrangeTis sazRvrebs miRma arsebuli didi samyaros Sesaxeb mas mxolod ufrosebisgan, maT Soris, ramdenime mogzauris monaTxrobidan smenia. Temis sxva wevrebis msgavsad, iseTi mniSvnelovani cnobebi, rogoric, magaliTad, mefis gardacvalebaa, man SeiZleba ramdenime dRis, kviris, zogjer ki, Tvis Semdeg Seityos. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jan-poli, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gaunaTlebelia, is sulac ar aris umecari. man Zalian kargad icis, rogor izrunos ojaxsa da bavSvebze, radgan mcire asakidan, mas umcrosi da-Zmebis movla 2 evaleba. zedmiwevniT erkveva miwis damuSavebis sakiTxebSi, mosavlis aRebis meTodebsa da sakvebis Senaxvis wesebSi. kargad icnobs adgilobriv wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs. sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis garda, mas bevri sxva xeloba, magaliTad, qsova da kalaTebis damzadebac xelewifeba. Jan-poli gamogonili personaJia, magram is adreuli periodis modernuli evropis tipuri warmomadgenelia. SevadaroT zemoT moyvanili magaliTi dRevandel situacias. industriul qveynebSi, wera-kiTxva, savaraudod, yvelam icis. Cven vacnobierebT, rom garkveuli sazogadoebis wevrebi varT da Cveni geografiuli mdebareobisa da warsulis Sesaxeb minimaluri warmodgena mainc gvaqvs. Cvens cxovrebaze, mcire asakidan moyolebuli, gavlenas axdens informacia, romelic wignebis, gazeTebis, Jurnalebisa da televiziis saSualebiT mogvewodeba. yovel Cvengans skolaSi formaluri ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. Cveni cxovrebis wesze, skolebisa da kolejebis mier uzrunvelyofil formalur swavlebasTan erTad, beWduri sityva da eleqtronuli komunikaciac axdens fundamentur gavlenas. am TavSi SeviswavliT, Tu rogor ganviTarda dRevandeli ganaTleba da mis socialur gavlenas gavaanalizebT. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor ganviTarda skolebi gaerTianebul samefoSi, gavaanalizebT ra skolis arsebul sxvadasxva tipsa da ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril politikur debatebs. Semdeg, erTmaneTs SevadarebT britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi skolebSi swavlebis process, sanam umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganxilvaze gadavalT. aRvwerT ra ZiriTad Teoriul midgomebs ganaTlebisadmi, momdevno TavebSi gavaanalizebT ganaTlebisa da uTanasworobis sakiTxebs. wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba termini “skola” berZnuli warmoSobisaa da dasvenebas Tu rekreacias niSnavs. preindustriul sazogadoebebSi, skolaSi swavla mxolod im mcire raodenobis adamianebs SeeZloT, visac amisTvis sakmarisi dro da saxsrebi gaaCndaT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, wera-kiTxvis unars srulyofilad mxolod mRvdlebi an saeklesio liderebi flobdnen da am codnas sakraluri teqstebis kiTxvisa da interpretaciis dros iyenebdnen. aRzrdis procesSi, adamianTa umravlesoba imave socialur da SromiT unar-Cvevebs iTvisebda, raSic maTi ufrosi ojaxis wevrebi iyvnen daostatebulni. rogorc aRvniSneT, bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, mcire asakidan saSinao saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni da ufrosebs miwis damuSavebasa da xelobaSic exmarebodnen. yoveldRiur yofaSi, kiTxvis codna maT srulebiT ar sWirdebodaT. wera-kiTxvis arcodnis kidev erTi mizezi is gaxldaT, rom yvela teqsti xeliT iyo gadawerili, Sesabamisad, iSviaTi iyo da ZviradRirebuli. situacia mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac CineTSi dawyebuli beWdvis praqtika evropaSic dainerga. pirveli sabeWdi presi dasavleTSi 1454 wels iohan gutenbergma gamoigona. beWdvis Sedegad, teqstebi da dokumentebi gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda. es, wignebisa da pamfletebis garda, kompleqsuri sazogadoebis marTvisTvis savaldebulo rutinuli 3 xasiaTis masalebsac moicavda. magaliTad, daiwera da farTod gavrcelda samarTlis kodeqsi. Canawerebi, angariSebi da rutinuli xasiaTis monacemebi mTavrobis, ekonomikuri sawarmoebisa da, zogadad, organizaciebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, naweri masalebis mzardi moxmarebis gamo, wera-kiTxvis codnis done (dawyebiT doneze kiTxvisa da weris unari), warsulTan SedarebiT, gaizarda. am periodSi gaCnda g a n a T l e b i s Tanamedrove gageba, rac sagangebod Seqmnil skolis garemoSi moswavleebis instruqtaJs gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, erTnaxevari saukunis Semdegac ki, SeZlebuli adamianebis Svilebi xSirad kerZo maswavleblebisgan iRebdnen ganaTlebas. mecxramete saukunis pirvel aTwleulebamde, mosaxleobis umravlesoba skolebSi ar swavlobda. am dros evropul qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo saskolo sistemis Seqmna daiwyo. industrializaciisa da qalaqebis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis Sedegad, gaizarda moTxovna specializebul skolebze. adamianebs mravali gansxvavebuli saqmianoba gauCndaT da maTi samuSao unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, mSoblebisgan SvilebisTvis gadacemuli codna aRar yofnida. codna mxolod specifikuri unar-Cvevebis gadacemas ki ara, aramed sul ufro met abstraqtul (maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis, literaturisa da a. S.) ganaTlebas gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, adamianebs ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis, kiTxvis, weris, angariSisa da maTi fizikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri garemos zogadi codnac moeTxovebaT. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom maT swavlis unarCvevebic hqondeT, raTa informaciis axali da zogjer Zalze teqnikuri formebis daufleba SeeZloT. britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis formireba, umravles dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, pirvelad mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda. sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, integraluri erovnuli sistema yvelaze gvian britaneTSi dafuZnda. SotlandiaSi ganaTleba ufro iyo ganviTarebuli, vidre inglissa da uelsSi. 1818 wels, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis Semswavlelma komitetma ganacxada, rom “inglisi, ganaTlebis sakiTxSi, kontinentze mis yvela sxva metoqes CamorCeba.” me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi, holandiaSi, Sveicariasa da germaniaSi, dawyebiT skolebSi, met-naklebad, mTeli mosaxleoba iRebda ganaTlebas, magram inglissa da uelsSi, am mxriv, gacilebiT uaresi mdgomareoba iyo. 1870 wlis Semdeg (rodesac britaneTSi pirvelad dafuZnda savaldebulo ganaTleba), meore msoflio omamde, arsebuli xelisuflebebis iniciativiT, sul ufro izrdeboda ganaTlebis dafinanseba. skolis damTavrebis asaki aTidan ToTxmet wlamde gaizarda, aSenda axali skolebi, magram ganaTleba mTavrobis intervenciis ZiriTad sferod mainc ar iqca. (Chapman 1986). skolebis umravlesobas, adgilobrivi samTavrobo sabWos kontroliT, kerZo piri an saeklesio xelisufleba marTavda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, ganaTlebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba Seicvala. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvevamdelebs, unarebisa da codnis Semowmebis mizniT, gamocda CautardaT. xelisuflebisTvis moulodnelad, Sedegebma ganaTlebis uaRresad dabali done gamoavlina. 4 omis Semdgom reformebs Soris, erT-erT perspeqtivad arsebuli ganaTlebis sistemis gadaxedva daisaxa. mTavrobam 1944 wlamde, britaneli bavSvebis didi umravlesoba mxolod ufaso dawyebiT skolebSi swavlobda, romelsac 14 wlis asakSi amTavrebdnen. saSualo skolebic dawyebiTi swavlebis sistemis paralelurad, arsebobda, magram saSualo ganaTlebis misaRebad, mSoblebs fuli unda gadaexadaT. am sistemis wyalobiT, bavSvebi mkveTrad iyvnen gamijnulni socialuri klasebis mixedviT – TiTqmis yvela xelmokle bavSvi mxolod dawyebiT ganaTlebas iRebda. universitetSi mosaxleobis ori procentic ar swavlobda. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis SemuSavebis Semdeg, ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganxorcielda. erT-erTi aseTi cvlileba sayovelTao ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis SemoRebas, skolis damTavrebis asakis TxuTmet wlamde gazrdasa da yvela adamianis Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobda. ganaTleba adgilobrivi arCeuli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxad iqca. kanonis amoqmedebis Sedegad, ganaTlebis adgilobrivi administraciis umravlesobam, bavSvebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, saSualo ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, akademiuri SerCeva daiwyo. TerTmeti wlis _ anu dawyebiTidan saSualo skolaSi gadasvlis _ asakSi akademiuri SerCeva, savaraudod, sicialuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, unariani da naklebad ganviTarebuli bavSvebis gadarCevis saSualebas iZleoda. TerTmeti wlis asakSi, bavSvebis umravlesobas utardebodaT gamocda, romlis Sedegad, isini an gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo (ufro “akademiur” bavSvze gaTvlil), an saSualo Tanamedrove (profesiul swavlebaze orientirebul) skolaSi rCebodnen. bavSvebis umciresoba teqnikur an specialur skolaSi agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas. ganaTlebis gagrZelebis msurvelebs, skolaSi swavlis SesaZlebloba Cvidmeti wlis asakamde hqondaT. 1960-iani wlebisTvis – nawilobriv, sociologiuri kvlevis wyalobiT – naTeli gaxda, rom TerTmeti wlis asakSi akademiuri SerCevis Sedegebma molodini ar gaamarTla. 1959 wels krouteris mier warmodgenilma angariSma daadastura, rom skolaSi Cvidmet wlamde swavla moswavleebis mxolod 12%-ma gaagrZela. skolaSi swavlis ufro adreul asakSi Sewyvetis mizezi klasobrivi warmomavloba ufro iyo, vidre akademiuri moswreba. leiboristulma mTavrobam, romelic qveyanas saTaveSi kvlav 1964 wels Caudga, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi daafuZna, riTic gaauqma gaZlierebuli swavlebisa da Tanamedrove saSualo skolebs Soris dayofa, ris Sedegad, gansxvavebuli klasobrivi warmomavlobis bavSvebma erTnair skolebSi daiwyes swavla. Tumca, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis SemoTavazeba bundovani xasiaTisa iyo: “sayovelTao gaZlierebuli swavleba” Tu sruliad axali tipis ganaTleba. problemis erTianad mogvareba ver moxerxda da sxvadasxva skolam da regionma sakuTari midgoma ganaviTara. zogierTi adgilobrivi xelisuflebisTvis, zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebi ramdenime regionSi dRemde arsebobs. 5 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze Zlier imoqmeda situaciis radikalurma cvlilebam. samuSao Zala Semcirda da ekonomikisTvis savaldebulo unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelmyof skolebze moTxovna gaizarda. am periodSi, umuSevroba gaizarda da samTavrobo dafinanseba Semcirda. omisSemdgomi periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis tendencia uecrad sapirispiro damokidebulebiT Seicvala da, am mimarTulebiT, samTavrobo xarjebis Semcirebis mcdelobebi ganxorcielda. Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisamde, saxelmwifos mier ganaTlebaze daxarjuli Tanxebi sazogadoebrivi xarjebis 6.3 procentidan 5 procentamde daeca. 1988 wels, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonis Sedegad, ramdenime mniSvnelovani reforma ganxorcielda – zogierT maTgans didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. sxva sferoebSi ganxorcielebul politikasTan erTad, konservatuli mTavroba ganaTlebaSi sabazro konkurenciis elementis damkvidrebas Seecada. skolis direqtorebs ufro didi finansuri pasuxismgebloba daekisraT da skolebs ganaTlebis sferoSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisuflebisa da “damoukidebeli saxelmwifo skolis” saxeliT moqmedebis ufleba miecaT. SemoRebul iqna saxelmwifo seqtorSi swavlebis universaluri struqturis ganmsazRvreli sayovelTao erovnuli kurikulumi (Johnson 1991). 1992 wels, axali safinanso saagento dafuZnda, romelsac damoukideblad moqmedi skolebis teritoriiT uzrunvelyofa daekisra. TeTr wignSi, romelic detalurad aRwers saagentos funqciebs, mTavroba imeds gamoTqvams, “rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, grantiT yvela skola dafinansdeba,” rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela skola damoukidebeli gaxdeba. Tumca, 1995 wlisTvis, 23 000 saxelmwifo skolidan, amgvari gza mxolod 1000-ma skolam airCia. fasiani skolebi sazogadoebrivi skolebi britaneTSi iSviaTi movlenaa. sazogadoebrivi skolebis nacvlad, aq, piriqiT, kerZo, fasiani institutebis simravle aRiniSneba. sxva qveynebis sistemisgan es skolebi, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebis sistemis damoukideblobis xarisxiTa da sazogadoebaSi maTTvis gankuTvnili mniSvnelovani roliT gansxvavdeba. sazogadoebrivi skolebi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, magram, realurad, maTze ganaTlebis kanonmdeblobis ramdenime mniSvnelovanma punqtma moaxdina gavlena. 1944 wels miRebuli kanonis farglebSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis SemoRebis Semdeg, am skolebSi araferi Secvlila; skolebis umravlesoba dRemde mxolod erTi sqesis moswavleebs emsaxureba. religiur dominaciebTan dakavSirebuli kerZo skolebi, yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi arsebobs, magram britanulis msgavs eqskluziur da mniSvnelovan kerZo skolebs, verc erT sxva sazogadoebaSi ver SexvdebiT. dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom saxelmwifo ganaTlebas saukuneze met xans iseTi adamianebi edgnen saTaveSi, romlebsac es sfero 6 TiTqmis srulebiT ar ainteresebdaT da sakuTar Svilebs amgvar skolaSi arasodes miabarebdnen. inglisSi daaxloebiT 2 300 fasiani skolaa, romlebSic mosaxleobis 7 procenti iRebs ganaTlebas. es skolebi sxvadasxva organizaciebs, maT Soris, iseT prestiJul institutebs, rogoric itoni, ragbi da Carterhausia da, farTo sazogadoebisTvis ucnob, e.w. mcire sazogadoebriv skolebs, moicavs. arsebobs izolirebul qalaqebSi ganlagebuli sadReRamiso skolebi, zogierTi maTgani ki, magaliTad, vestminsteri, qalaqebis centrSi, saqmian nawilSia ganTavsebuli. zogi skola religiur denominaciazea mibmuli; amgvari skolebis ricxvs eimplforTis kaTolikuri skola ganekuTvneba. 1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis kanonis miRebis Sedegad, yvela saxelmwifo skola standartul erovnul kurikulums daeqvemdara, romlis Tanaxmad, moswavleebs Svidi, TerTmeti, ToTxmeti da Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi, testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba daevalaT. erovnuli kurikulumis SemoRebas, pedagogiuri profesiis zogierTma jgufma aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gauwia. maT standartizebuli testirebis forma ar moiwones da miiCnies, rom kurikulumi usafuZvlo SezRudvebs gamoiwvevda. 1993 wlis zafxulSi, testirebuli gamocdis danergvis gamo, maswavleblebma gaficvis saprotesto formas mimarTes. erovnuli kurikulumis SeqmnaSi fasiani skolebis warmomadgenlebmac miiRes monawileoba; Tumca am skolebs kurikulumisadmi daqvemdebareba ar evalebaT. fasian skolebSi swavlebis procesi, survilis mixedviT xorcieldeba da maTTvis arc testirebuli gamocdis Catarebaa savaldebulo. skolebis umravlesobam Tavad arCia erovnuli kurikulumis mixedviT swavleba, Tumca zogierTma misi ignorireba moaxdina. zogierTi ganaTlebis specialisti ZiriTad fasian skolebs “sazogadoebriv skolebs” uwodebs. arsebobs direqtorTa konferenciis (HMC) wevri skolebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, 1871 wels Seiqmna. Tavidan konferencia sul ormocdaaT skolas aerTianebda. axla maTi ricxvi 233-mde gaizarda. konferenciis wevrebi zemoxsenebuli itoni, ragbi da sxva skolebia. HMC skolis kursdamTavrebulebs, britanul sazogadoebaSi, maRali poziciebi uWiravT. magaliTad, 1991 wels gamoqveynebuli ivan reidisa da sxvebis kvleva adasturebs, rom mosamarTleTa 84, bankis direqtorebis 70 da maRali Tanamdebobis samoqalaqo moxeleTa 49 procenti HMC skolebSi swavlobda (Reid et al. 1991). 1990 wels, jon meijorma, konservatuli partiis lideris Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad, kampania wamoiwyo da ganacxada, rom is “uklaso sazogadoebaze” ocnebobs. meijorma am idealisadmi erTguleba sakuTari karieris magaliTze daamtkica. man Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi skolaSi swavlas Tavi daaneba da arc ganaTlebis kvalifikaciebis simravliT gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad amisa, misi kabinetis pirveli Sekrebis Semdeg, naTeli gaxda, rom uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmna Soreuli momavlis 7 sakiTxi iyo (Walford 1993). kabinetis 22 wevridan 19-s fasiani skola hqonda damTavrebuli (am kabinetis yvela wevri mamakaci iyo). kabinetSi mxolod erTi iseTi warmomadgeneli aRmoCnda, romlis Svilebi saxelmwifo saSualo skolaSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas (ix. cxrili). konservatuli kabinetis wevrebis SvilebisTvis maTi mSoblebis mier SerCeuli skolebi ministri jon meijori Svilebis raodenoba 2 kenet klarki 2 norman lemonti duglas herdi 1 tom kingi kenet beikeri jon gumeri 2 3 2 2 4 toni niutoni maikl hovardi jon makgregori maikl hezelTaini lord makei piter bruki devid hanti ian langi piter lili devid melori kris pateni 2 2 3 3 1 3 4 2 0 2 3 melkolm rifkindi jon veikhemi 2 3 viliam voldergreivi 4 devid vedingtoni 5 wyaro: Guardian, 19 Tebervali, 1992 skolebi dawyebiTi saxelmwifo, saSualo kerZo dawyebiTi saxelmwifo, saSualo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo ori dawyebiTi saxelmwifo, erTi kerZo saxelmwifo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo saxelmwifo dawyebiTi/ erTi kerZo kerZo ori swavlobs kerZo skolaSi kerZo kerZo ganaTleba da politika ganaTleba, didi xania, politikuri davis sagania, rac 1990-ian wlebSic grZeldeba. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis gavlenaze, ganaTlebis standartebsa da farTo sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanasworobaze, am periodSi xangrZlivi debatebi mimdinareobda. Tavidan, zogad ganaTlebas mxars politikuri speqtris orive mimarTuleba uWerda. rogorc aRvniSneT, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema leiboristulma mTavrobam aamoqmeda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadi ganaTlebis mxardaWera, memarjvene politikosebTan SedarebiT, ufro memarcxene politikosebTan asocirdeba. zogadi ganaTlebis damfuZneblebs miaCndaT, rom axali skolebi moswavleebs ufro uzrunvelyofda Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT, vidre es SerCeviTi ganaTlebis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. isini kurikulums nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebis miRebis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. 1 pirveli qorwinebidan; meore qorwinebidan ori Svili ar aris moxseniebuli 8 rodesac premier ministris posti qalbatonma tetCerma daikava, konservatorebma zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo ganaTlebis kritika ufro Tamamad daiwyes. zogadsaganmaTleblo sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg, gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebis gaauqmeba daiwyo, rac maT dauSveblad miaCndaT. isini Tvlidnen, rom saSualo doneze sxvadasxva tipis skola unda arsebobdes, raTa mSoblebs hqondeT didi arCevani da Svilebs maTTvis sasurveli ganaTleba miscen. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, qalbatoni tetCeri skolebis marTvis sistemaSi “revoluciuri cvlilebebis” aucileblobaze alaparakda. revolucia giganturi zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis daSlasa da ganaTlebis sferoSi skolebis marTvaze pasuxismgebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gavlenis Semcirebas gulisxmobda. erovnuli kurikulumis dafuZnebis garda, 1988 wels, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis farglebSi, skolis menejmentis axali sistemac SemuSavda, saxelwodebiT “skolebis adgilobrivi menejmenti”. skolebis administracias im centralizaciis dabalanseba daevala, romelic uciloblad axlda erovnuli kurikulumis SemoRebas. aseve daigegma qalaqis teqnologiis kolejebis (CTC) axali jgufisa da grantiT dafinansebuli skolebis dafuZneba. CTC programam ar gaamarTla da 1993 wels moqmedeba Sewyvita. am periodSi, aseTi sul TxuTmeti koleji arsebobda. 1992 wels axali TeTri wigni gamoica, romelic skolebis damoukideblobis procesis daCqarebas isaxavda miznad. ganaTlebis sferoSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis roli sagrZnoblad unda Semcirebuliyo. grantiT dafinansebul skolebs, romlebmac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS yofna aRar isurves, amJamad axali samTavrobo organizacia, skolebis dafinansebis saagento marTavs. zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema da misi kritikosebi zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom man ormxriv ar gaamarTla. maTi azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemam araTu ver SesZlo Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa, aramed ukuprocesi gamoiwvia. xelmokle niWier bavSvebs, TerTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali testirebuli gamocdis Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi, warmatebis miRwevis saSualeba eZlevaT. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi ki, isini am mxriv, SezRudul pirobebSi arian. kritikosTa gancxadebiT, aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola dabali donis standartul ganaTlebas iZleva, radgan amgvar skolebSi ar xdeba warCinebuli swavlis waxaliseba da specializacias naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba. zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo sistemis SemoRebamde, moswavleTa 20 procenti TerTmeti wlis asakSi gardamaval testirebul gamocdas abarebda da gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolaSi agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas. reforma Sereuli skolebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, sadac unarian da naklebad unarian bavSvebs erTad unda mieRoT ganaTleba. savaraudod, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 20 procents unda eswavla. 9 movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. sagamocdo Sedegebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 20-procentiani an ufro didi maCvenebeli zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis mxolod 27%-Si dafiqsirda. 20-procentianze ufro maRali maCvenebeli skolebis 18 procentSi gamovlinda. gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis miuxedavad, es skolebi, realurad, gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebad iqca. am sistemaSi arsebuli naklebad warmatebuli skolebi, met-naklebad, saSualo Tanamedrove skolebis ekvivalenturi gaxda. am skolebis 38 procentSi, gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 10 procenti dafiqsirda, 16 procentSi ki _ maCvenebelma 5 procentsac ver miaRwia. SerCevis procesi, romelic am situaciias udevs safuZvlad, ramdenime gziT xorcieldeba. pirvel rigSi, TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba bolomde arasodes gauqmebula. arsebobs 95 gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skola, romlebic dResac iyeneben am tests. gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi amJamadac moqmedebs. zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, SerCeva araformalurad xorcieldeba, magram es procesi amis gamo aranakleb mniSvnelovania. skolebSi garkveuli bavSvebi upiratesobiT sargebloben. mSoblebi fuls ixdian, raTa bavSvebma skola saukeTeso SedegebiT daamTavron. maT sWirdebaT garantia, rom skola sworad SearCies. Svidi xerxi imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom Tqveni Svilebi “karg skolaSi” moxvdnen 1. gadaxda 2. sacxovreblad gadasvla iseT adgilas, sadac 11 wlis asakSi jer kidev bardeba gardamavali testi da bavSvis kerZo momzadebaze didi Tanxebis daxarjva. 3. informaciis gadamowmeba uZravi qonebis agentebTan; saWiro misamarTis moZiebis mizniT, grafikuli rukis Semdgenlis daqiraveba; Tanxis Sovnis mizniT, sesxis aReba; an sakuTari misamarTis arasworad miTiTeba 4. imaSi darwmuneba, rom Tqvens Svilebs ara aqvT gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebi 5. grantiT dafinansebuli skolis xelmZRvanel pirebTan daaxloveba, raTa bavSvs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion 6. inglisis eklesiis/ kaTolicizmis/ iudaizmis aRmsareblobis miReba 7. skolis xazinisTvis mniSvnelovani Semowirulobebis SeTavazeba wyaro: Observer, 7 ianvari, 1996 im skolebis mniSvnelovani wili, romlebmac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS yofna aRar isurves, moswavleebis skolaSi miRebisas, pirovnul da samedicino faqtorebsac iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, erTerTi aseTi faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, iTvleba Tu ara bavSvi “Znelad aRsazrdelad.” uaxlesi kvlevis mixedviT, amgvari skolebis 50 procenti, SerCevis kriteriumad, swored am faqtors iyenebs (Hugill 1996). 1996 wels, konservatorebis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo skolas moswavleTa 15 procenti gansakuTrebuli unaris flobisa an specialuri sagnebis mixedviT, rogoricaa bunebis mecnierebebi da musika, unda SeerCia. mTavrobisgan miRebuli sagangebo nebarTvis SemTxvevaSi, isini proporciulad ufro didi raodenobis SerCevasac SeZleben. xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisufleba, saskolo sistemaSi mravalferovnebis Setanas isaxavda miznad, rac mSobels ufro didi arCevanis saSualebas miscemda. magram am procesma, SesaZloa, uneburmad 10 arCevanis SezRudva gamoiwvios da sasurvel skolaSi swavlis dawyeba. bavSvebma ver SeZlon maTTvis leiboristul partias zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis dacva sakuTar valdebulebad miaCnia. magram toni bleris mTavrobam torebis mier SemoRebuli yvela reforma ver aamoqmeda. bleri adasturebs, rom britanuli saskolo swavlebis standartebi, saerTaSoriso sazomebiT, maRali ar aris da axal saganmanaTleblo reformebs prioritetul sakiTxad miiCnevs. is aseve aRiarebs, rom sasurvelia ganaTlebis mravalferovani sistemis arseboba. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor unda moxdes leiboristebis mier ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Semcirebaze orientirebuli valdebulebisa da am mravalferovnebis Sejereba. es marTlac Zalze mniSvnelovani problemaa. mravalferovani sistemis arsebobas fasiani da grantiT dafinansebuli skolebi uzrunvelyofen; amave dros, isini, ZiriTadad, privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebs emsaxurebian da amiT xels uwyoben ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis SenarCunebas. axla, vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas ganvixilavT, kidev erTi qveynis, SeerTebuli Statebis, skolebs gadavavloT Tvali. skolis sistemebis Sedareba SeerTebul StatebSi skolebi gaCnda, rogorc pasuxi bavSvebSi disciplinis ganviTarebis aucileblobaze. meCvidmete saukuneSi, puritanuli rwmenidan gamomdinare, damkvidrda mosazreba, rom yvela bavSvi sakuTar mSoblebs usityvod unda damorCileboda. Zvel amerikul koloniebSi es rwmena sakanonmdeblo kodeqsSic ki aisaxa. 1642 wlis iuridiuli dadgenilebiT, im bavSvebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic, “wvrTnis procesSi, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs ar damorCildebodnen,” ramdenime mkacri sanqcia SemuSavda. es zoma araefeqturi aRmoCnda, amitom puritanulma xelisuflebam yvela qalaqSi skolebis gaxsnis brZaneba gasca. 1647 wels, masaCusetsa da konektikutSi pirveli skolebi amoqmedda. ganaTlebis miReba amerikis Zlier gazrdili mosaxleobisTvis Cveulebriv movlenad mxolod ori saukunis Semdeg iqca. 1850-iani wlebisTvis, mosaxleobas ufaso dawyebiTi ganaTlebiT yvela Stati uzrunvelyofda, Tumca Tavidan skolaSi swavla savaldebulo ar iyo da mosaxleobis umravlesoba oficialur saskolo ganaTlebas ar iRebda. savaldebulo ganaTleba, umravles StatSi, mecxramete saukunis bolos dainerga. am periodSi Zlier gaizarda skolebisa da kolejebis mSenebloba. 1870 wels, qveyanaSi sul 160 sazogadoebrivi skola iyo, 1900 wlisTvis ki amgvari skolebis ricxvma 6 000-s miaRwia. saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas, saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT arTulebda amerikis kulturuli mravalferovneba. am periodSi, amerikaSi, evropidan da sxva qveynebidan, sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre emigrantebi dafuZndnen, didi samomavalo imedebiT. skola, emigrantebis gaanglikanurebis procesSi, enobrivi da kulturuli TvlsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan gardamaval etapad iqca. garda amisa, skolaSi 11 moswavleebi amerikul, Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebul idealebs eziarebodnen, rac emigrantebs axali cxovrebis dawyebaSi uwyobda xels. mosazrebam, rom yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tanasworia, SeerTebul StatebSi masobrivi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis ganviTareba gamoiwvia, sxva qveynebSi ki analogiuri sistema gacilebiT ufro gvian Camoyalibda. ganaTleba xels uwyobda mobilobas sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar scnobdnen aristokratul ideals, TiTqos zogierTi adamiani, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, dabadebidan upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Tanasworobis ideasTan erTad, skolebi, warsulSi da amJamadac, aSkarad Tu farulad, sxva amerikul Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebsac qadageben. dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba sxvadasxva qveynebis ganaTlebis sistema, skolaSi swavlis xangrZlivobiTa (ix. cxrili 15.1) da saganmanaTleblo sistemis organizebis gzebiT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. zogierTi sistema uaRresad centralizebulia; magaliTad, safrangeTSi yvela moswavle erovnulad dadgenil kurikulums eqvemdebareba da erTnair erovnul gamocdebs abarebs. amis sapirispirod, amerikuli sistema bevrad ufro fragmentuli xasiaTisaa. skolebi yoveli Statis mier individualurad da uxvad finansdeba. xarjebis 40 procents Stati uzrunvelyofs, 40 procents ki _ federaluri mTavroba. danarCeni xarjebi adgilobrivi regionis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mier ifareba. amis Sedegad, skolis administrireba sazogadoebrivi arCevnebis safuZvelze arCeuli adgilobrivi saskolo sabWos mier xorcieldeba, romlis uflebamosileba maswavleblebisa da skolis sxva oficialuri warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas, an teqstebisa da sxva sakiTxavi masalis SerCevas (zog SemTxvevaSi ki dablokvas) iTvaliswinebs. skolaze amgvari sazogadoebrivi kontrolis dawesebas, araerTgvarovani Sedegebi moaqvs. is, rom skola sakuTari regionis saWiroebebsa da interesebs pasuxobs, aSkarad, uaRresad dadebiTi faqtoria. meore mxriv, yvela Tems gansxvavebuli materialuri SesaZleblobebi aqvs, amitom am sistemidan gamomdinare, erTi ubnis skola, meore ubanTan SedarebiT, met dafinansebas iRebs. amis gamo, klasis moculoba, skolisTvis xelmisawvdomi pirobebi da kvalificirebuli maswavleblebis mozidvis gzebi, ubnebis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. cxrili 15.1 qveynebi, saskolo wlebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT, 1992 SeerTebuli AStatebi 1 2 kanada norvegia 3 4 avstralia 5 safrangeTi 6 gaerTianebuli samefo 7 germania 8 Sveicaria 9 avstria 10 SvedeTi 11 belgia 12.4 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.0 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.4 11.4 11.2 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 holandia dania fineTi iaponia axali zelandia luqsemburgi israeli ungreTi barbadosi samxreT korea argentina yofili Cexoslovakia islandia estoneTi latvia litva ruseTi 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 wyaro: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, Profile Books Ltd 1996 umaRlesi ganaTleba saerTaSoriso Sedareba sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan umaRlesi ganaTlebis (Cveulebriv, skolis dasrulebis Semdgom, universitetetsa an kolejSi swavlis) organizaciiTac gansxvavdeba. zogierT qveyanaSi, yvela universiteti da koleji sazogadoebriv saagentos warmoadgens, romelic uSualod samTavrobo wyaroebiT finansdeba. magaliTad, safrangeTis umaRlesi ganaTleba erovnulad aris organizebuli da masze iseTive centralizebuli kontroli xorcieldeba, rogorc dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze. yoveli kursis struqtura umaRlesi ganaTlebis ministris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi erovnuli maregulirebeli organizaciis mier fasdeba. umaRlesi ganaTlebis ori tipis xarisxi arsebobs; erTs individualuri universiteti aniWebs, meores ki _ saxelmwifo. specifikuri universitetis mier miniWebul xarisxTan SedarebiT, erovnuli xarisxi, zogadad, ufro prestiJulad da Rirebulad iTvleba, radgan is garantirebul universalur standartebs ufro Seesabameba. zogierT samTavrobo Tanamdebobaze muSaoba mxolod erovnuli xarisxis mflobelebs SeuZliaT. industriul damsaqmebelTa umravlesobac erovnul xarisxs aniWebs upiratesobas. safrangeTis skolebis, kolejebisa da universitetebis TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli TanamSromelia. xelfasis odenoba da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis struqtura centralurad aris gansazRvruli. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris, kerZo seqtoris kolejebisa da universitetebis didi raodenobiT SeerTebuli Statebi gamoirCeva. SeerTebul StatebSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis organizaciebis 54 procenti kerZoa. maT Soris aris Zalze prestiJuli universitetebi, magaliTad, harvardi, prinstoni da ieli. sazogadoebrivi da kerZo umaRlesi 13 ganaTleba amerikaSi erTmaneTisgan ise mkveTrad gamijnuli ar aris, rogorc sxva qveynebSi. kerZo universitetebis studentebs sazogadoebrivi grantebiTa da sesxebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT da am universitetebSi warmoebuli kvleviTi samuSao saxelmwofos mier finansdeba. sazogadoebrivi universitetebi xSirad uxvad finansdeba SemowirulobebiT, maT kerZo firmebis mierac didi Tanxebi ericxebaT. universitetebSi warmoebuli kvleviTi samuSao kerZo industriuli wyaroebidan Semosuli grantebis saSualebiTac xorcieldeba. britanuli sistema umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanuli sistema, safrangeTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro decentralizebulia, magram ufro unitaruli, vidre SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis sistema. universitetebi da kolejebi mTavrobis mier finansdeba da maswavlebels, saganmanaTleblo sistemis yvela doneze, erovnuli saxelfaso ganakveTiT dadgenil xelfass uxdian. amis miuxedavad, am qveyanaSi arsebuli institutebi da kurikulumebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris organizebuli. uSualod omamdel periodSi, britaneTSi 21 universiteti arsebobda. am universitetebis umravlesoba, dRevandeli standartebiT, Zalze mcire iyo. 1937 wels, britanuli universitetebis studentTa mTeli raodenoba odnav aWarbebda 1981 wels universitetebSi srulad dasaqmebuli akademiuri personalis raodenobas (Carswell 1985). universitetis damTavrebis maCvenebeli, iseT uZveles universitetebSic ki, rogoric kembriji da oqsfordia, Zalze dabali iyo. 1937 wels, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, kursdamTavrebulTa 75 procenti londonis universitetSi iyo registrirebuli. 1945-1970 wlebSi, britaneTis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema oTxjer gaizarda. gafarTovda Zveli da gaCnda axali, kapitalurad naSeni, universitetebi (saseqsi, kenti, stirlingi da iorki). politeqnikuri saswavleblebis Seqmnam, ordoniani sistemis danergva gamoiwvia. umaRlesi ganaTlebis meore done SedarebiT ufro masStaburi iyo, msurvelebs kursebis farTo arCevans oTxasi koleji sTavazobda. politeqnikuri saswavleblebi, universitetebTan SedarebiT, profesiul kursebze ufro amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Seiqmna Sefasebis erovnuli akademiuri sabWo, organizacia, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebiT miniWebuli xarisxebis universalur standartTan Sesabamisobis aRiarebas isaxavda miznad. dRes, umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanul institutebs “standartuli sistemis” institutebs uwodeben. es imas niSnavs, rom lestersa an lidsSi, Tundac Teoriulad, miniWebuli xarisxi imave standartisaa, rac kembrijSi, oqsfordSi an londonSi. amis miuxedavad, studentebis oqsfordsa da kembrijSi miReba yvelaze mkacri SerCeviT xdeba da am studentebis daaxloebiT naxevari fasiani skolebis kursdamTavrebulebi arian. kembrijisa da oqsfordis mier miniWebuli xarisxi ufro iZleva maRali ekonomikuri pozocis miRwevis Sanss, vidre sxva universitetebSi miRebuli kvalifikaciebi. 14 cxrili germania 2 holandia belgia safrangeTi dania SvedeTi kanada irlandiis respublika SeerTebuli Statebi gaerTianebuli samefo saberZneTi cxrili 15.1 Tvrameti wlis asakis studentebis procentuli raodenoba, romlebic ganaTlebas iReben da wvrTnas gadian (sruli an naxevari datvirTviT), saerTaSoriso Sedareba, 1992 wyaro: OECD. Social Trends-idan, 1996, gv. 75 imis miuxedavad, rom omisSemdgom periodSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTa raodenoba gaizarda, britaneTis im mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli, romelic universitetebSi swavlobda, an ufro zogadi wvrTnis saSualebiT agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas, ufro dabali iyo, vidre sxva dasavlur qveynebSi (ix. cxrili 15.1). universitetebSi ganaTlebis miRebis msurveli studentebis raodenobam, 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sagrZnoblad imata. am periodSi, universitetebSi axalgazrda mosaxleobis 25 procenti swavlobda. es faqti, nawilobriv, imiTac aixsneba, rom universitetis statusi politeqnikurma saswavlebelmac SeiZina. gafarToebis procesSi, universitetebs mTavrobis mier dawesebul fiqsirebul, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Semcirebul dafinansebasTan uxdebodaT Segueba. aman umaRlesi ganaTlebis dafinansebaSi krizisi gamoiwvia. Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelsac rod diaringi Caudga saTaveSi. komiteti universitetebisa da, zogadad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis momavlis kvlevas isaxavda miznad. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, universitetebi da kolejebi safinanso sistemaze morgebas cdiloben, bevri maTgani ki, gakotrebis zRvarze imyofeba. axla genderis, eTnikurobisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebs ganvixilavT da skolis Teoriebsac gavaanalizebT. 2 yofili federaluri respublika 15 genderi da ganaTlebis sistema Tu ar CavTvliT TamaSebSi monawileobas, skolaSi dawesebuli formaluri kurikulumi, biWebsa da gogonebs erTmaneTisgan sistemurad aRar mijnavs. Tumca, skolaSi miRebis dros aris sxva mravali sakiTxi, romelic xels uwyobs ganaTlebaSi genderuli gansxvavebis ganviTarebas. es faruli kurikulumis zogierT aspeqts, magaliTad, maswavleblebis damokidebulebasa da skolis ritualebs, moicavs. genderuli dayofis erT-erTi aSkara maCvenebeli is aris, rom zogierTi regulaciis mixedviT, gogonebs skolaSi kabis an qvedakabis Cacma evalebaT. am qmedebis Sedegi mxolod garegnuli faqtoriT ar Semoifargleba. amis gamo gogonebs Tavisuflad, mosaxerxebel pozaSi jdoma ar SeuZliaT, ver erTvebian aqtiur da moZrav TamaSebSi, zogjer swrafadac ki ver darbian. genderuli imijis SenarCunebas xels skolis sakiTxavi teqstebic uwyobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad am mimarTulebiT samuSao xorcieldeba, wignebSi, romlebsac dawyebiT skolebSi iyeneben, biWi iniciativis mqone da damoukidebel arsebad aris warmodgenili, gogona ki, Tu saerTod moixsenieben, ufro pasiur arsebad aris warmoCenili da mxolod Zmebis movla evaleba. sagangebod gogonebisTvis dawerili ambebi, xSirad, saTavgadasavlo elements moicavs, magram maTSi warmodgenili intriga an idumalebiT moculi istoria, ojaxis an skolis garemoSi viTardeba. biWebis saTavgadasavlo ambebi ufro masStaburi xasiaTisaa, maTi gmirebi Soreul adgilebSi mogzauroben an sxvamxriv amJRavneben damoukideblobas (Statham 1986). wlebis ganmavlobaSi, gogonebi skolaSi, saSualod, biWebTan SedarebiT, saSualo ganaTlebis Sua wlebamde ukeTesad swavlobdnen. Semdeg warmatebas biWebi ufro aRwevdnen: O daAA doneze da universitetSi biWebs ukeTesi akademiuri moswreba hqondaT. Tumca, am bolo dros, es tendencia Seicvala. britanul skolebSi gogonebma, biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Sedegebi gamoavlines. 1955 wels, qalTa skolebma xuTi saukeTeso skolis wodeba moipoves. 20 skolidan 14 saukeTeso skola qalTa iyo. 1970-iani wlebis bolosTvis, O done biWebis da gogonebis msgavsma raodenobam gadalaxa. momdevno wlebSi suraTi Seicvala. gogonebi O da A doneze, biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesad swavloben. msgavsi situacia dafiqsirda amerikaSic. gogonebTan SedarebiT, specialur ganaTlebas orjer meti biWi iRebs da swavlasac, damamTavrebel klasebSi, igive raodenoba wyvets. gansxvaveba Tavs umaRles ganaTlebaSic iCens. SeerTebul StatebSi, universitetSi ufro meti axalgazrda qali swavlobs, vidre mamakaci, universitetsac ufro meti qali amTavrebs da, damTavrebis Semdeg, doqtoranturas ufro meti qali agrZelebs (“karierasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi”, The Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995). zogierTebis azriT, es cvlileba mamakacebisa da qalebis poziciis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi transformaciiT aris gamowveuli. mamakacebis pozicia bevr sferoSi dominanturi aRar aris da bevri mwerali “saxeSecvlil maskulinobaze” saubrobs. amJamad ufro meti umuSevari mamakacia, vidre qali da ojaxis marCenlad, Zveleburad, mxolod mamakaci aRar iTvleba. biWebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, naklebad arian 16 darwmunebulni imaSi, Tu ra aris maTi samomavlo cxovrebiseuli mizani. (ix. Tavi 8, gv. 195-6). genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi, qalTa organizaciebi xSirad ilaSqreben skolebsa da umaRles ganaTlebaSi sqesobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. kolejebisa da universitetebis samuSao personalSi, jer kidev sagrZnoblad naklebia qalebis raodenoba. britaneTSi, amJamad, sul 120 profesori qalia, rac mTeli Semadgenlobis 4 procentia. 1988 wels, kontraqtiT momuSave mkvlevarebis 31 procents qalebi warmoadgendnen, Tanamdebobebze ki sul 7 procenti iyo dakavebuli (Bogdanor 1990). universitetSi srulad dasaqmebuli leqtori qalebis raodenoba proporciulad izrdeba, magram 17 procents mainc ver ascda. wignSi Storming the Tower (1990) siuzan li da virjinia o’liri mTel msoflioSi, didi britaneTis, SeerTebuli Statebis, germaniis, norvegiis, indoeTisa da israelis CaTvliT, umaRles ganaTlebaSi dasaqmebuli qalebis SedarebiTi statistikis analizs awarmoeben. maT mier Seswavlil yvela qveyanaSi, student qalTa wili Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebul StatebSi, israelsa da norvegiaSi, studenti qalebis ricxvi mTeli raodenobis naxevars Seadgens. Tumca, rac Seexeba akademiur poziciebs, aq situacia sakmaod mZimea. am qveynebSi, universitetis padagogTa mxolod mcire wili Seadgens qalebs da maTi ricxvi ufro dabal safexurebsa da Tanamdebobebzec disproporciulad dabalia. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli SedarebiTi kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom orive qveyanaSi qalebs, mamakac kolegebTan SedarebiT, ufro didi akademiur datvirTva aqvT. isini naklebad arian CarTulni doqtoranturis ganrigSi. mZime akademiuri datvirTvis gamo, qalebs kvlevisa da publikaciebisTvis naklebi dro rCebaT; publikaciebi da doqtorantebis xelmZRvaneloba ki dawinaurebisTvis mniSvnelovani kriteriumebia. ganaTleba da eTnikuroba britaneTSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul perspeqtivebze, sociologebis mier bevri kvleva Catarda. gamokvlevebis seria, maT Soris svonis komitetis angariSi ,,ganaTleba yvelasTvis,” mTavrobamac daafinansa. svonis angariSis mixedviT, ganaTlebaSi miRweuli warmatebis saSualo donesTan mimarTebaSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis jgufebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmoCinda. akademiuri moswrebis oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, vest indielTa ojaxebis Svilebi skolaSi uaresad swavlobdnen. aTi wliT adre, maT ufro savalalo mdgomareoba hqondaT. imis miuxedavad, rom azielebi, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, aziel da TeTrkanian bavSvebs Tanabari maCveneblebi hqondaT (Swann Committee 1985). mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, suraTi Seicvala. trevor jonsis (1993) mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, umciresobaTa yvela 17 jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi, Teqvsmetidan cxramet wlamde, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad agrZelebdnen srulyofili ganaTlebis miRebas. 1988-90 wlebSi, skolebSi TeTrkanianTa 37, vest indielTa 43, samxreT azielTa 50, da Cinelebis 77 procenti darCa. jonsi am process uaryofiTi mizeziT xsnis. eTnikur umciresobaTa bevri warmomadgeneli ganaTlebis miRebas, savaraudod, imitom agrZelebs, rom maT samuSaos povnis problema aqvT. Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi Tanamedrove ganaTlebis bunebasa da uTanasworobaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb ramdenime Teoriuli mosazreba arsebobs. erT-erTi midgoma lingvistur unar-Cvevebs usvams xazs. bazil bernStains miaCnda, rom sxvadasxva warmomavlobis bavSvebs adreul asakSi gansxvavebuli kodebi, metyvelebis gansxvavebuli formebi uviTardebaT, rac Semdgom maTze skolaSic axdens gavlenas (Bernstein 1975). mas tradiciuli kvlevis Tema leqsikur da verbalur unar-CevevebSi asaxuli gansxvavebebi - ar ainteresebs; bernStaini yuradRebas enis gamoyenebis sistemur gansxvavebaze amaxvilebs, rac xelmokle da SeZlebul bavSvebs mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan. bernStaini acxadebs, rom muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis metyveleba SezRudul kods gamoxatavs – isini Tvalsazriss bolomde ar ayalibeben, radgan fiqroben, rom sxva maT saTqmels isedac gaigebs. SezRuduli kodi dabali klasobrivi Temis an ubnis kulturuli garemosTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metyvelebaa. muSaTa klasis bevri warmomadgeneli mkacrad eqvemdebareba ojaxisa da ubnis kulturas, romelSic Rirebulebebi da normebi sayovelTaod dadgenili WeSmaritebis tolfasia da enaSi ar aisaxeba. mSoblebi bavSvebis socializacias da maTi qcevis koreqcias waxalisebiTa da sayveduriT cdiloben. SezRuduli kodis ena praqtikul yofaSi ufro gamoiyeneba, vidre abstraqtul ideebze, procesebsa da urTierTobebze diskusiebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SezRuduli kodirebuli metyveleba dabali klasis ojaxebisa da TanatolTa im jgufebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romlebTan erTad bavSvebi drois umetes nawils atareben. metyveleba jgufis normebzea orientirebuli da adamianebi verc ki xsnian, Tu ratom iqcevian amgvarad. bernStaini ambobs, rom, amis sapirispirod, saSualo klasis warmomadgenel bavSvTa enobrivi ganviTareba daxvewil kods ukavSirdeba. es aris metyvelebis stili, rodesac garkveuli situaciuri moTxovnis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia sityvebis mniSvnelobebis individualizeba. saSualo klasis warmomavlobis bavSvebis mier enis gamoyenebis Seswavla garkveul konteqsts naklebad ukavSirdeba. bavSvs abstraqtuli ideebis ganzogadeba da gamoxatva ufro martivad SeuZlia. rodesac saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli dedebi bavSvebs akontroleben, isini maT xSirad uxsnian, Tu ra mizezebiTa da principebiT aris gamowveuli bavSvis qcevaze gamovlenili reaqcia. amave dros, Tu muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli deda bavSvs bevri tkbileulis Wamis gamo sayvedurobs, 18 is mas ubralod eubneba “tkbileuls aRar SeWam!”; saSualo klasis warmoamdgeneli deda ki, savaraudod, Svils auxsnis, rom bevri tkbileulis Wama misi janmrTelobisa da kbilebis mdgomareobisTvis sazianoa. bernStaini acxadebs, rom bavSvebi, romlebsac metyvelebis daxvewili kodi aqvT, ufro ergebian oficialuri akademiuri ganaTlebis moTxovnebs, vidre SezRuduli kodis moswavleebi. es imas ar niSnavs, rom qveklasis warmomadgenel bavSvebs metyvelebis “Seuferebeli” stili an “miuRebeli” enobrivi kodi aqvT. ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli metyveleba skolis akademiur kulturas ar uTavsdeba. is, vinc daxvewil kods flobs, skolis garemos ukeT ergeba. Tumca bernStainis Teoriis sandooba dResac debatebis sagania, arsebobs garkveuli samxili mis mxardasaWerad. joan Toum muSaTa klasisa da saSualo klasis bavSvebis ena Seiswavla da maT Soris sistemuri gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. is mxars uWers bernStainis Teziss, rom dabali klasis bavSvebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxebs SekiTxvebze da maT sayveduris mizezebsac iSviaTad ganumartaven (Tough 1976). analogiur daskvnamde mividnen momdevno kvlevaSi Bbarbara tizardi da martin hiusi (1984). bernStainis ideebi imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aRweven nakleb warmatebas skolaSi dabali socioekonomikuri warmomavlobis bavSvebi. qvemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi SezRudul enobriv kods ukavSirdeba da uaryofiTad moqmedebs dabali klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvis ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul Sansebze: • • • • bavSvi, savaraudod, SezRudul pasuxebs iRebs SekiTxvebze, romlebsac saxlSi svams. aqedan gamomdinare, is daxvewili enobrivi kodis mflobel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb naklebad informirebulia da nakleb cnobismoyvarec; bavSvs uemocio da abstraqtul akademiur enasa da skolis disciplinis zogad principebze reagireba gauWirdeba; maswavlebeli sxvadasxva lingvistur formas iyenebs, mis mier warmoTqmul sityvaTa umravlesoba bavSvisTvis gaugebaria, radgan es moswavlisTvis nacnobi metyvelebisgan ganxvavebuli formaa. bavSvma, SesaZloa, maswavleblis enis misTvis nacnob enaze gadmoTargmna scados, magram amis gamo, savarudod, ver gaigebs maswavleblis mier gadmocemul ZiriTad principebs; bavSvs, SesaZloa, zepirad damaxsovreba da savarjiSoebis Sesruleba ar gauWirdes, magram misTvis Zneli iqneba konceptualuri gaazreba, rac ganzogadebasa da abstrahirebas moiTxovs. boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi semuel boulzis da herbert gintisis naSromi, ZiriTadad, skolis Tanamedrove sistemis ganviTarebis instituciur safueZvels exeba (Bowles and Gintis 1976). boulzisa da gintisis ideebi SeerTebuli Statebis 19 skolebs efuZneba, magram isini sxva dasavlur qveynebsac miesadageba. jenksis da misi kolegebis (1972) kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba ekonomikur Tanasworobaze did gavlenas ar axdens. maTi azriT, Tanamedrove ganaTleba industriuli kapitalizmis ekonomikur moTxovnebze reagirebis konteqstSi unda iqnas gagebuli. skola industriuli sawarmosTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri da socialuri unarCvevebiT uzrunvelyofs; is moswavleebs avtoritetebisadmi pativiscemisa da disciplinis grZnobas uviTarebs. skolis administracia da kontroli ierarqiuli xasiaTisaa da morCilebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; analogiuri urTierTobebi dominirebs samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis drosac. samsaxurSi waxalisebisa da dasjis igive meqanizmi moqmedebs, rac skolaSi. skola zogierT adamians “miRwevebisadmi swrafvas” da “warmatebis” motivacias uviTarebs, sxvebs ki warumateblobisken ubiZgebs da maT, savarudod, dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri elodebaT. boulzi da gintisi aRiareben, rom masobrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebas mravali sargebeli moaqvs. wera-kiTxva, savaraudod, yvelam icis, skola adamians Sinaganad amdidrebs da didi gamocdilebiT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom ganaTlebis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, ekonomikur moTxovnebs pasuxobs, skolis sistemam gacilebiT ufro didi datvirTva SeiZina, vidre amas ganmanaTlebeli reformatorebi elodnen. boulzisa da gintisis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove skolebi ususurobis SegrZnebas warmoSobs, rasac bevri adamiani sxva situaciaSic ganicdis. ganaTlebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani, pirovnul ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli, idealebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, Tu adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis gakontroleba, niWisa da TviTgamoxatvis unaris ganviTareba SeuZliaT. dRevandeli sistemis pirobebSi, “Tanamedrove skolebi samarTlebrivad uwyoben xels uTanasworobis damkvidrebas, zRudaven pirovnul ganviTarebas, radgan adamiani iZulebulia arbitraruli xelisuflebis moTxovnebs moergos da iseTi pirobebis warmoqmnas ganapirobeben, rom axalgazrdebs sakuTar bedisweraze uaris Tqma uxdebaT” (Bowles and Gintis 1976, gv. 266). boulzisa da gintisis azriT, samuSao adgilebze meti demokratia rom iyos da, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi adamianebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, ganaTlebis sistema adamianebis individualur ganviTarebas Seuwyobda xels. iliCi: faruli kurikulumi ganaTlebis Teoriis sferoSi erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo Tvalsazrisi ivan iliCs ekuTvnis. misi ideebi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kritikiT gamoirCeva. is aRniSnavs, rom am procesSi adamianebi, romlebic manamde TviTkmarni iyvnen, tradiciul unar-Cvevebs kargaven da janmrTelobis sakiTxSi _ eqimebze, swavlebaSi _ maswavleblebze, garTobisas _ televizorze da saarsebod _ damsaqmeblebze xdebian damokidebulni. iliCis azriT, mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli, savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis cneba gadaxedvas saWiroebs (Illich 1973). boulzisa da gintisis msgavsad, iliCi xazs usvams kavSirs ganaTlebis ganviTarebasa da disciplinasa da ierarqiaze orientirebul ekonomikas 20 Soris. misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, skola ganviTarebis procesSi oTx ZiriTad amocanas – skolis pirobebSi bavSze zrunvas, saqmianobis mixedviT adamianTa ganawilebas, dominanturi Rirebulebebis daswavlasa da socialurad dadgenili unar-Cvevebisa da codnis dauflebas iTvaliswinebs: skola sapatimros msgavs oirganiziaciad iqca, radgan skolaSi gakveTilebze daswreba savaldebuloa da moswavleebi, adreuli bavSvobidan samuSaos dawyebamde, “quCas moSorebulni,” mTel dros skolis kedlebSi atareben. skolaSi bavSvebi bevr rames swavloben, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo gakveTilebis formalur SinaarsTan. aq ganxorcielebuli disciplinisa da reJimis gamo, skolis organizacia, iliCis sityvebiT, pasiuri moxmarebis danergvas uwyobs xels – rac arsebuli socialuri wesrigis upirobo aRiarebas niSnavs. gakveTilebze moswavleebs masala gaucnobiereblad miewodebaT. es is masalaa, romelsac skolis procedura da organizacia gulisxmobs. faruli kurikulumi bavSvebs aswavlis, rom “maT sakuTari adgili unda icodnen da es adgili usityvod unda daikavon” (iqve). iliCi iseTi sazogadoebis momxrea, romelSic savaldebulo saskolo swavleba ar arsebobs. is aRniSnavs, rom skolaSi savaldebulo swavla SedarebiT axali movlenaa da ar arsebobs imis mizezi, rom is gardauvali iyos. Tu skola xels ar uwyobs Tanasworobisa da individualuri SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas, ratom ar SeiZleba uari vTqvaT mis amJamindel formaze? iliCi saganmanaTleblo organizaciis yvela formis gauqmebis aucileblobas ar gulisxmobs. is acxadebs, rom ganaTlebam swavlis mosurne adamiani – cxovrebis nebismier periodSi da ara mxolod adreul bavSvobasa an mozard asakSi _ xelmisawvdomi resursebiT unda uzrunvelyos. aseTi sistema codnis farTod gavrcelebisa da urTierTgaziarebis saSualebas iZleva da es ar aris privilegia, romliTac mxolod specialistebs SeuZliaT isargeblon. moswavleebi standartul kurikulums ar eqvemdebarebian, isini Tavad irCeven, ra iswavlon. es mosazreba, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, bolomde naTeli ar aris. skolebis nacvlad, iliCi ramdenime saganmanaTleblo struqturas gvTavazobs. oficialuri swavlebisTvis saWiro materialuri resursebi biblioTekebSi, gasaqiravebel saagentoebSi, laboratoriebsa da sainformacio bankebSi iqneba daculi da maTze xeli yvela moswavles miuwvdeba. Seiqmneba “sakomunikacio qselebi”, romlebSic SesaZlebeli iqneba monacemebis moZieba sxvadasxva adamianis unar-Cvevebisa da imis Sesaxeb, aqvT Tu ara maT maswavleblobis an erTobliv saswavlo aqtivobebSi CarTvis survili. studentebs gadaecemaT vauCerebi, romelTa saSualebiT isini, maTTvis sasurvel drosa da pirobebSi, saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebiT isargebleben. aris Tu ara es winadadebebi mTlianad utopiuri? bevri Tvlis, rom aris. Tumca, momavalSi, anazRaurebadi Sromis Semcirebis an SezRudis SemTxvevaSi, rac savsebiT mosalodnelia, es mosazrebebi naklebad ararealisturad mogveCveneba. Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmeba socialur cxovrebaSi naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdeba, adamianebma, SesaZloa, is 21 sxvadasxva saqmianobiT Caanacvlon. aseTi perspeqtivis pirobebSi, iliCis zogierTi idea yuradRebas imsaxurebs. ganaTleba aRar iqneba mxolod adreul asakSi specialur institutSi gavlili wvrTna. is nebismieri msurvelisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba. 1990-ian wlebSi, axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, iliCis ideebi kvlav popularuli gaxda. zogierTebis azriT, axali, uaRresad ganviTarebuli sainformacio saSualebebi, ganaTlebaSi revoluciur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs. am sakiTxze momdevno qveTavSi vimsjelebT. ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba am sami Teoriuli perspeqtivis zogierTi sakiTxis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, yvelaze TvalsaCinod k u l t u r u l i a R w a r m o e b i s cnebis saSualebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli (Bourdieu 1986, 1988; Bourdieu and Passeron 1977). kulturuli aRwarmoeba gviCvenebs, Tu rogor uwyobs xels skola, sxva socialur institutebTan erTad, socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis SenarCunebas. es uTanasworoba ramdenime TaobaSi aisaxeba. koncefcia skolis faruli kurikulumis im saSualebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelTa mizani moswavleTa mier Rirebulebebis, atitudebisa da Cvevebis SeTvisebaa. skola adreul asakSi danergili kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis Secvlas ganapirobebs. skolis gavlenis wyalobiT, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, zogierTi bavSvis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, zogierTi ki, piriqiT, sasargeblo unar-Cvevebs iZebs. eWvgareSea, rom farTo kulturul nairgvarobas, bernStainis mier identificirebuli enis gamoyenebis xerxebic ukavSirdeba, romlebic gansxvavebul interesebsa da gemovnebas usvams xazs. dabali klasobrivi warmomavlobis, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobaTa warmomadgenel bavSvebs, skolis dominanturi jgufisgan gansxvavebuli metyveleba da qceva aqvT. boulzisa da gintisis Tanaxmad, skola moswavleebisgan disciplinisadmi daqvemdebarebas moiTxovs, maswavlebelTa avtoriteti ki akademiur swavlazea orientirebuli. muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel bavSvebs, skolaSi swavlis dawyebis dros, privlegirebuli ojaxebis bavSvebTan SedarebiT, ufro meti kulturuli winaaRmdegoba xvdebaT. isini maTTvis ucxo kulturul garemoSi aRmoCndebian. bernStaini ambobs, rom isini maRali akademiuri moswrebisTvis naklebad arian motivirebulni; rogorc ar unda ecadon komunikaciis damyarebas, maTTvis damaxasiTebeli metyveleba da qceva maswavleblebisTvis miuRebelia. bavSvebi skolaSi did dros atareben. iliCi xazs usvams, rom isini am garemoSi ufro met codnas iZenen, vidre gakveTilebze. bavSvebi adreve swavloben, Tu rogori iqneba samuSao samyaro; isini xvdebian, rom maTgan punqtualobas moiTxoven da cdiloben, administraciis mier dasaxuli yvela amocana guldasmiT Seasrulon (Webb and Westergaard 1991). uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi 22 pol uilisis mier kulturuli aRwarmoebis Sesaxeb birmingemis skolaSi warmoebulma savele kvlevam Zalze mniSvnelovani diskusia gamoiwvia (Willis 1977). es kvleva imis dadgenas isaxavda miznad, Tu rogor iCens Tavs kulturuli aRwarmoeba, anu, rogorc Tavad avtori acxadebs, “rogor iReben muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi muSaTa klasis samuSao adgilebs.” bevrs miaCnia, rom skolaSi swavlis procesSi, dabali klasis an umciresobaTa jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi fiqroben, rom “isini gonebrivad naklebad ganviTarebulni arian” da samomavlod maRalanazRaurebadi da maRali statusis samuSaos miRebis imedic ki ar aqvT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dabali akademiuri moswrebis gamo, isini Tavs inteleqtualurad SezRudul adamianebad miiCneven; aRiareben ra sakuTar “arasrulfasovnebas,” isini iseT saqmianobas iwyeben, sadac karieris ganviTarebis perspeqtiva ar arsebobs. uilisi aRniSnavs, rom amgvari interpretacia adamianTa realur cxovrebasa da gamocdilebas ar Seesabameba. SeiZleba Rarib ubanSi aRzrdili adamianis “quCurma sibrZnem” akademiur warmatebaze ar imoqmedos, magram es gamocdileba iseTive daxvewil da kompleqsur unarebs moiTxovs, rogorsac skolaSi aswavlian. TiTqmis arcerTi bavSvi, romelic skolas amTavrebs, ar fiqrobs: “me iseTi suleli var, rom mTeli dRe qarxanaSi yuTebis zidvas vimsaxureb.” Tu naklebad privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebi dabali donis samuSaos eguebian da mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavs warumatebel adamianebad ar miiCneven, amis mizezi sxva faqtorebia. uilisma Seiswavla skolis moswavle biWebis erTi jgufi, romelTan erTad didi dro gaatara. am jgufis wevrebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs “magar biWebs” eZaxdnen, TeTkanianebi iyvnen. skolaSi bevri vest indieli da aziuri warmomavlobis bavSvi swavlobda. uilisma daadgina, rom magar biWebs skolis administraciis sistemis mimarT sakuTari kritikuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. isini sistemas ebrZodnen da naklebad cdilobdnen masTan TanamSromlobas. skolas maTTvis ucxo garemod miiCnevdnen, magram, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, skoliT manipulireba surdaT. maT gansakuTrebul siamovnebas aniWebdaT mudmivi konfliqti, samizned ki maswavleblebs irCevdnen. isini didi ostatobiT cdilobdnen individualuri sisustisa da im Secdomebis aRmoCenas, romlebsac maswavleblebi administraciuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas avlendnen. magaliTad, gakveTilze yvela bavSvs gaunZrevlad, Cumad jdoma da muSaoba evaleboda. magari biWebi ki am wess ar eqvemdebarebodnen, maTze maswavleblis gamWoli mzera ar moqmedebda. isini saubars agrZelebdnen, Riad gamoTqvamdnen SeniSvnebs, riTac TiTqmis arRvevdnen subordinaciis princips, magram, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebasac axerxebdnen. uilisi am process ostaturad aRwers: magari biWebi faruli winaaRmdegobis gawevis ostatebi arian, isini Ria konfrontaciaze arasodes midian. am jgufis wyalobiT, saklaso oTaxSi skamebis mudmivi gawev-gamoweva, maswavleblis martivi Txovnis sapasuxod ukmayofilebis gamoTqma ismis. maT merxebTan mSvidad jdoma an wola ar SeuZliaT. gakveTilze zogierTi maTgani Tavs merxze debs, 23 TiTqos daZinebas cdilobs, zogi merxisken zurgiT zis da fanjaraSi iyureba, an ubralod kedels Sescqeris.... saklaso oTaxSi mudmivad zuzunia, Tvalebis gansakuTrebuli gamometyvelebiT, isini gamalebiT CurCuleben, TiTqos erTmaneTs konspiraciuli saidumlo unda gaumxilon... derefanSi xmauriT dadian; maswavlebeli Tu SexvdebaT, an megobrulad esalmebian, an uecrad Cumdebian. saklaso oTaxSi isteriuli xarxari iwyeba. sicili SeiZleba im adamianma gamoiwvia, romelmac axlaxans derefanSi Caiara, an SeiZleba sxva mizeziT aris provocirebuli. is iseve usafuZvlod wydeba, rogorc iwyeba... skolisa da moswavleebis dapirispirebis mizezi, ZiriTadad, institutisa da misi wesebisgan simboluri da fizikuri gamijvna da im ZiriTadi miznis winaaaRmdeg brZolaa, romelic moswavles “muSaobas” aiZulebs. (Willis 1977, gv. 12-13, 26). magari biWebi konformist bavSvebs, anu maT, visTvisac maswavlebelTa avtoriteti misaRebia da akademiur moswrebas did yuradRebas aniWeben, “Semsruleblebs” eZaxodnen. Semsruleblebi maswavleblebs usmendnen da emorCilebodnen. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, isini warmatebas miaRwevdnen da, magar biWebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRalanazRaurebad da komfortul samsaxurs daiwyebdnen. magram, rogorc uilisi ambobs, skolis kompleqsuri garemos Sesaxeb maT gacilebiT naklebi icodnen, vidre magarma biWebma. maTTvis magari biWebis qmedeba upirobod misaRebi iyo. moswavleebis umravlesoba arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnoda. isini naklebad konfliqturebi iyvnen, vidre magari biWebi da naklebad konformulebi, vidre Semsruleblebi. dapirispirebis stilsa da gamoxatvis formebze eTnikuri dajgufebac Zlier gavlenas axdenda. maswavlebelTa umravlesoba TeTrkanianebi iyvnen da, skolisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, magar biWebs maTTan ufro meti saerTo hqondaT, vidre Savkanianebs. vest indielTa ojaxebis bavSvebi skolas ufro Riad da Tamamad upirispirdebodnen, vidre magari biWebi. Tavad magari biWebi aSkara rasistebi iyvnen da SavkanianTa bandebs mkveTrad emijnebodnen. magari biWebi samuSaosa da skolas Soris msgavsebas aRiarebdnen, magram aqtiurad elodnen samsaxuris dawyebas. samuSao garemosgan isini uSualo kmayofilebas ar elodnen, magram Zlier iyvnen dainteresebulni xelfasebiT. maT mier SerCeuli saqmianobis – saburavebis dayenebis, xaliCebis dagebis, santeqnikis, Rebvisa da saremonto samuSaoebis _ mimarT, arasrulfasovnebis gancdis nacvlad, maT iseTive qedmaRluri damokidebuleba hqondaT, rogorsac manamde skolis mimarT ganicdidnen. samsaxurTan erTad SeZenili zrdasrulobis statusi, maT siamovnebas aniWebdaT, magram warmatebuli karieriT ar iyvnen dainteresebulni. uilisi aRniSnavs, rom cisfersayeloianTa saqmianoba, xSirad, magari biWebis mier skolaSi, administraciasTan dapirispirebis procesSi, ganviTarebul kulturul Tvisebebs moiTxovs. es Tvisebebi uboroto iumori, sxarti azrovneba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,Eadministraciis moTxovnebisTvis ostaturad Tavis aridebaa. mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, maT mZime Sromas Tavi veRar daaRwion. am adamianebma, SesaZloa, mxolod daojaxebis Semdeg gaacnobieron, rom ganaTlebis miReba maTTvis erTaderTi gamosavali iyo, magram amJamad uimedo mdgomareobaSi arian. Tumca, maSinac ki, Tu isini ecdebian, TavianTi gamocdileba sakuTar Svilebs gauziaron, savaraudod, isini mSoblebze ufro warmatebulni mainc ar aRmoCndebian. 24 ganaTleba da uTanasworoba ganaTlebis ganviTareba yovelTvis mWidrod ukavSirdeba masobrivi demokratiis ideebs. reformatorebi, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv ganaTlebas afaseben, im unarebisa da SesaZlebobis gamo, romliTac is individebs uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, ganaTlebas mudmivad miiCneven adamianTa gaTanabrebis saSualebad. amboben, rom universaluri ganaTleba axalgazrdebs iseTi unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofs, romlebic maT sazogadoebaSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebaSi daexmareba, rac, Tavis mxriv, mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis privilegiebs Seamcirebs. ramdenad warmatebulad ganxorcielda dRemde es procesi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT, mravali sociologiuri kvleva Catarda. Sedegebi naTelia: cvlilebis nacvlad, ganaTleba arsebuli uTanasworobis gamoxatvasa da xelaxal damkvidrebas uwyobs xels. koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul uTanasworobis Sesaxeb StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli mTel rig qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi adasturebs, rom skolaSi warmatebaze Zlier gavlenas axdens socialuri da ojaxuri warmomavloba, rac, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis donezec aisaxeba. 1960-ian wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi erT-erTi klasikuri kvleva Catarda. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kanoni samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec, ganaTlebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs ganaTlebaSi arsebuli ganxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri da erovnuli warmomavlobiT ganpirobebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb angariSi mosTxoves. kvlevis programis direqtorad sociologi jeims koulmani dainiSna. es sociologiaSi warmoebuli erT-erTi yvelaze farTo kvleva iyo. misi Sedegebi 1966 wels gamoqveynda. informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, naxevar milion adamianze meti SeirCa. maT verbaluri da araverbaluri unarebis, kiTxvis doneebisa da maTematikuri unar-Cvevebis SefasebisTvis mravali testi CautardaT. oTxi aTasi skolis Sesaxeb monacemTa formebi samoci aTasma maswavlebelma Seavso. Sedegebma uzrunvelyo qveyanaSi skolaSi swavlebis zogadi mimoxilva. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi sakmaod moulodneli aRmoCnda da politikis dagegmvaze mniSvnelovani praqtikuli gavlena moaxdina. angariSSi dafiqsirda, rom skolis moswavleebis didi raodenoba Savkanianebad da TeTrkanianebad iyo segregirebuli. skolebis 80 procentSi, romlebSic, ZiriTadad, TeTrkaniani moswavleebi swavlobdnen, Savkaniani moswavleebis sul 10 an naklebi procenti dafiqsirda. TeTrkanianma da azielma moswavleebma akademiuri moswrebis testis Cabarebisas, Savkanian an sxva eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali qulebi miiRes. koulmani varaudobda, rom kvlevis Sedegad, SavkanianTa skolebSi uaresi pirobebi, ufro didi klasebi da uvargisi Senobebi gamovlindeboda, vidre im skolebSi, romlebSic ricxobrivad TeTrkanianebi Warbobdnen. Tumca, misi varaudi ar gamarTlda da am tipis gansxvaveba gacilebiT naklebi aRmoCnda, vodre koulmani eloda. 25 koulmani askvnis, rom skolis mier uzrunvelyofili materialuri resursebi akademiur moswrebaze did gavlenas ar axdens. ZiriTadi faqtori bavSvebis warmomavlobaa. koulmani ambobs: “saxliT, ubniT da Tanatolebis garemoTi ganpirobebuli uTanasworoba mozrdil asakSi, skolis damTavrebis Semdegac iCens Tavs” (Coleman et. al. 1996, gv. 325). Tumca, iseTi faqtebic arsebobs, rodesac dabali warmomavlobis moswavleebs SeZlebuli megobrebi hyavT da, savaraudod, skolaSic ufro warmatebulebi arian. koulmanis angariSma sazogadoebrivi debatebi gamoiwvia skolis integraciasTan dakavSirebiT, britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom umciresobaTa jgufebis bavSvebi skolaSi ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu moxdeba maTi SeZlebuli warmomavlobis moswavleebTan aRreva. ufro gviani kvlevebi koulmanis Semdeg warmoebulma kvlevam avtoris zogierTi aRmoCena daadastura, magram misi naSromis zogierTi aspeqti eWvqveS daayena. koulmanis kvlevam drois garkveuli monakveTi moicva, amitom masSi cvlilebebi ar iyo gaanalizebuli. maikl raterma londonSi Catarebul kvlevaSi, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, Cvidmeti wlis asakis biWebis jgufebis ganaTlebis ganviTareba Seiswavla. Sesaswavl bavSvebs, pirvelad, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis dasrulebis periodSi, 1970 wels daekontaqten. am dros Segrovda informacia socialuri warmomavlobisa da akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb. 1974 wels ganmeorebiTi kvleva Catarda. am dros biWebs saSualo skolaSi samwliani kursi hqondaT gavlili. intensiuri kvlevis mizniT, jgufi ramdenime skolidan SeirCa: gamoikiTxnen moswavleebi da maswavleblebi da ganxorcielda dakvirveba saklaso aqtivobaze. kvlevis SedegebiT dadasturda, rom skola bavSvis akademiur ganviTarebaze did gavlenas axdens. faqtorebi, romlebic raterma mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, magaliTad, maswavleblisa da moswavlis interaqciis xarisxi, TanamSromlobisTvis xelsayreli atmosfero, maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis urTierToba da kursis momzadebis maRal doneze organizeba, koulmanis kvlevaSi TiTqmis ar iyo gaanalizebuli. ukeTesi saswavlo garemoTi gamorCeuli skolebi yovelTvis ar iyvnen aRWurvilni keTilmowyobili SenobebiTa da materialuri resursebiT. rateris kvleva ar uaryofs Sedegebs, rom socialuri uTanasworobis SenarCunebas, skolaSi Sesvlis periodamde da mis gareT arsebuli faqtorebi uwyobs xels. imis gamo, rom es faqtorebi Tavs gansakuTrebiT iseT skolebSi iCens, sadac motivirebuli moswavleebis waxaliseba da maswavleblebis xelSewyoba xdeba, rateris mier mopovebuli Sedegebi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu ratom uwyobs skola xels uTanasworobis SenarCunebas. procesi mudmivad meordeba, SedarebiT privilegirebuli ojaxebis Svilebi garkveul skolebSi swavloben da skolis xarisxis SenarCunebas uwyoben xels; isini isev motivirebulebi arian da karg maswavleblebs izidaven. skolas, romelSic, ZiriTadad, xelmokle 26 bavSvebi swavloben, analogiuri Sedegis misaRwevad meti Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. Tumca, rateri askvnis, rom skolis organizaciisa da atmosferos TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli gansxvaveba, garegani faqtorebis miuxedavad, xels ar uSlis maRali akademiuri moswrebis miRwevas. swavlebis xarisxis, skolis socialuri klimatis da skolaSi muSaobis meTodebis gaumjobeseba xelmokle bavSvebs akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebaSi exmareba. mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad, koulmanmac msgavsi daskvnebi gamoitana (Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore 1981). 1972 wels jenksis “uTanasworoba” gamoqveynda, romelSic man, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebisa da uTanasworobis Sesaxeb SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebul kvlevaze dafuZnebuli empiriuli masala mimoixila (Jencks et al. 1972). jenksma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom ganaTlebasa da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul miRwevebs, umetesad, ara skola, aramed ojaxuri warmomavloba ganapirobebs da ganaTlebis reformebi arsebul uTanasworobaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs. jenksis Sromam, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, kritika daimsaxura, magram misi zogadi daskvnebi dResac damajereblad JRers (Oakes 1985). gaerTianebul samefoSi, ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis magaliTebis Sesaxeb dRes mdidari informacia arsebobs. 1980 wels a. h. helsim da misma kolegebma awarmoes kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli da “mosamsaxure klasis” (profesiuli da menejeruli warmomavlobis) biWebis ganaTlebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi Seadares. omisSemdgom periodSi, skolaSi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, Tvrameti wlis asakis mosamsaxure klasis warmomavlobis aTjer meti biWi swavlobda. universitetSi swavlas ki TeTrTmetjer meti studenti agrZelebda. skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva skolis moswavleTa gadarCevis – maTi unarebisa da miRwevebis mixedviT dayofisa da sxvadasxva tipis instruqtaJisadmi daqvemdebarebis – praqtika sxvadasxva skolaSi sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. zogierT skolaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva mxolod garkveul sagnebSi xdeba; zogan ki - yvela saganSi. arsebul socialur uTanasworobaze skolis mcire gavlena, nawilobriv, moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtikiT aixsneba. garkveul jgufSi moxvedril students unariani, an piriqiT, uunaro moswavlis iarliyi miekereba. rogorc iarliyebis mikerebasa da deviaciaze msjelobis dros davrwmundiT, mikerebuli iarliyis mocileba Zalze Znelia. privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebis ojaxebSi akademiur muSaobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba; es bavSvebi, amis gamo, maRali moswrebis jgufSi aRmoCndebian da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, bolomde am jgufSi rCebian. Jan ouksma (1985) SeerTebuli Statebis 25 skolis maRal da damamTavrebel klasebSi skolis moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtika Seiswavla. am qveyanaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva Cveulebrivi movlenaa. es skolebi qalaqisa da soflis did da mcire organizaciebs moicavda. man yuradReba skolis SigniT da ara skolebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze gaamaxvila. ramdenime skolam ganacxada, TiTqos is moswavleebs 27 jgufebad ar anawilebs, magram rogorc ouksma daadgina, maswavleblisTvis Sromis gaadvilebis mizniT, unarisa da miRwevebis mixedviT, moswavleebis gadarCevis meqanizmi realurad yovel maTgans gaaCnia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini am meTods iyeneben, termins ki ara. im skolebSic ki, sadac moswavleebis araformaluri gadarCeva mimdinareobs, maT Zlieri iarliyebi – unariani, dabali moswrebis, neli, saSualo da a.S _ miekerebaT. am jgufis individualuri wevri, maswavleblebis, sxva moswavleebisa da sakuTari Tavis mier, am iarliyidan gamomdinare fasdeba. moswavle, romelic “maRali moswrebis” jgufSi swavlobs, warmatebul – gonier da sxart – pirovnebad Seafases. “dabali moswrebis” jgufis moswavle ki nel, saSualoze dabali donis, an popularuli eniT Tu vityviT, CamorCenil moswavled aRiqmeba. ra gavlenas axdens “dabal” jgufSi moswavleebis gadarCeva? ouksis mier mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvleva adasturebs, rom maTTvis xelmisawvdomi saswavlo kursebis, maswavleblebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, es moswavleebi ufro dabali donis ganaTlebas iRebdnen (Oakes 1990). moswavleebis gadarCeva, Cveulebriv, imiT aixsneba, rom niWieri bavSvebi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis jgufSi ufro swrafad da efeqturad swavloben, Sereul jgufSi ki maTi swavlis procesi ferxdeba. faqtebis Seswavlis Sedegad, ouksma es mosazreba eWvqveS daayena. mogvianebiT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, magram maTi umravlesoba adasturebs, rom Tanabari SesaZleblobebis jgufSi, yvelaze niWieri studentebi ufro mets da ufro swrafad ar swavloben, saSualo da neli bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi ki, moswavleebis gadarCeva swavlebis ufro dabal dones ganapirobebs. gaerTianebul samefoSi, zogierT saganSi, magaliTad, inglisursa da maTematikaSi, erovnuli kurikulumi SemoiRes, romelsac yvela ingliseli da uelseli moswavle unda daqvemdebareboda; amis Sedegad, moswavleTa gadarCeva “normirebis” tendenciiT Seicvala. bavSvebis gadarCeva mxolod ZiriTadi kurikulumis sagnebSi xdeba, sxva, magaliTad, humanitarul sagnebs ki, isini Sereuli unarebis klasebSi swavloben. ouksi aRniSnavs, rom Tu SeerTebul StatebSi moswavleTa gadarCevas garkveuli Sedegebi axlavs, iarliyebis mikerebis negatiuri praqtikisgan arc normirebaa dazRveuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovan sagnebSi, anu ZiriTadi kurikulumis mixedviT, bavSvebi isev “maRali” da “dabali” moswrebis mixedviT iyofian. inteleqti da uTanasworoba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba imoqmedos unarze genetikurad miRebulma gansxvavebebma, mimdinare diskusiebSi ugulebelyofilia. arada, miRwevebi ganaTlebaSi, Semdeg ki samsaxurebriv poziciasa da SemosavlebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, swored diferencirebuli inteleqtiT aixsnebodes. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom adamianebs skolis sistemaSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT, radgan isini Tandayolili potencialis Sesabamisi donis ekvivalents irCeven. ra aris inteleqti? 28 fsiqologebi mravali welia daoben, gaaCnia Tu ara realurad adamians individualuri unari, romelsac SeiZleba inteleqti ewodos da Tuki gaaCnia, ramdenad gansazRvravs es Tviseba adamianTa Soris arsebul Tanadayolil gansxvavebas. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, radgan is bevr gansxvavebul, xSirad erTmaneTTan kavSirSi armyof Tvisebebs gulisxmobs. davuSvaT, rom inteleqtis yvelaze saimedo maCvenebeli abstraqtuli maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsnis unaria. magram adamianma, romelsac amgvari amocanebis amoxsna exerxeba, SeiZleba sxva sferoSi, magaliTad, istoriasa an xelovnebaSi, dabali unari gamoavlinos. sayovelTaod miRebuli definiciis SemuSavebis sirTulis gamo, fsiqologebma inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testis SemoReba SemogvTavazes (ganaTlebis yvela specialistma es SemoTavazeba erTxmad miiRo). aSkaraa, rom amgvari midgoma amomwuravi ar aris, radgan inteleqtis definicia Zalze zogad xasiaTs iRebs. inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis umravlesoba konceftualuri da gamoTvliTi magaliTebis narevs moicavs. testis struqturis mixedviT, saSualo Sefaseba 100 qulaa; 100 qulaze dabali quliT Sefasebul adamians, “saSualoze dabali inteleqtis” iarliyi miekereba, 100 qulaze maRali quliT Sefasebuls ki, “saSualoze maRali inteleqtis.” inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis fundamenturi sirTulis miuxedavad, es testebi kvlevebSi, skolebsa da biznesebSi farTod gamoyeneba. inteleqtis koeficienti da genetikuri faqtorebi inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis Sedegebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, akademiuri moswrebis Tanmxvedria (es arc aris gasakviri, radgan inteleqtis koeficientis testebi, Tavidan, skolaSi miRweuli warmatebis xarisxis dadgenis mizniT SemuSavda). testebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba socialur, ekonomikur da eTnikur gansxvavebebsac, radgan es faqtorebi ganaTlebaSi mopovebul gansxvavebul miRwevebTanac asocirdeba. TeTrkanian moswavleebs, Savkanian da umciresobaTa sxva warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro maRali qulebi aqvT. 1969 wels, artur jensenis mier gamoqveynebulma statiam furori gamoiwvia, radgan man SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa gansxvavebuli inteleqtis koeficienti, nawilobriv, genetikur variaciebs miawera (Jensen 1967, 1979). mogvianebiT, inteleqtis koeficientisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi debatebi kvlav ganaxlda fsiqolog riCard J. hernStainisa da sociolog Carlz miureis mier. wignSi The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) vkiTxulobT, rom inteleqtis koeficientsa da genetikur memkvdreobas Soris kavSiris arsebobis sul ufro meti damadasturebeli masala moiZebna. maTi azriT, nawilobriv, swored amiT aixsneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sxvadasxva rasobriv da eTnikur jgufTa inteleqts Soris. maT mier mopovebuli monacemebi, ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul kvlevebs efuZneba. hernStainisa da miureis azriT, es monacemebi adasturebs, rom zogierT eTnikur jgufs, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro maRali inteleqtis koeficienti aqvs. azieli, gansakuTrebiT, iaponeli da Cineli 29 amerikelebi, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, inteleqtis ufro maRal koeficients floben, Tumca Zalian didi gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila. azielebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficienti sagrZnoblad ufro maRalia, vidre Savkanianebis. hernStainisa da miureis mier warmoebuli 156 kvlevis Sejamebis mixedviT, am ori rasobrivi jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris gansxvaveba, saSualod, 16 qulaa. avtorebi acxadeben, rom amgvari memkvidreobiT miRebuli inteleqtualuri gansxvaveba, amerikul sazogadoeobaSi arsebul socialur dajgufebas ganapirobebs. rac ufro Wkviania adamiani, miT metia misi socialur safexurze aRmasvlis Sansi. adamianebs maRali Tanamdebobebi, nawilobriv, imitom ukaviaT, rom isini ufro Wkvianebi arian, vidre mosaxleobis danarCeni nawili; aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dabal safexurze naklebad Wkviani adamianebi rCebian. hernsteinisa da miureis Tvalsazrisis kritikosebi uaryofen, rom rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris inteleqtis koeficientis mixedviT gansxvavebas, genetikuri safuZveli aqvs. maTi azriT, inteleqtis gansxvavebul koeficients socialuri da kulturuli gansxvaveba ganapirobebs. isini acxadeben, rom inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testebi abstraqtuli azrovnebis unaris gamosavlen kiTxvebs moicavs, rasac Savkanian da eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, TeTrkaniani SeZlebuli bavSvebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs. inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testis qulebis raodenobaze, SesaZloa, ara gasazomma unarebma, aramed sul sxva faqtorebma, magaliTad, stresulma situaciam imoqmedos. kvlevam daadastura, rom rodesac tests TeTkaniani damkvirvebeli atarebs, afro amerikelebi eqvsi quliT nakleb Sefasebas iReben, vidre Savkaniani damkvirveblis SemTxvevaSi (Kamin 1977). SeerTebul StatebSi, afro amerikelebs, saSualod, inteleqtis koeficientis iseTive dabali maCvenebeli aqvT, rogorc sxva qveynebis xelmokle eTnikur umciresobebs, magaliTad, “xelSeuxeblebs” (kastobriv sistemaSi yvelaze dabal fenas) indoeTSi, maorisebs axal zelandiaSi da burakuminebs iaponiaSi. am jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficientis maCvenebeli, eTnikuri umravlesobis warmomadgenel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, 10-15 quliT dabalia. am mxriv, gansakurebiT saintereso magaliTia burakuminebi. maTma winaprebma meTvramete saukuneSi, adgilobrivi omebis Sedegad, kuTvnili miwa dakarges da gandegil da momTabare adamianebad iqcnen. isini fizikurad sxva iaponelebisgan sruliad ar gamoirCevian, magram, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, devnasa da diskriminacias ganicdian. am SemTxvevaSi, inteleqtis koeficientis saSualo maCvenebels genetikuri gansxvaveba ar ganapirobebs, radgan am adamianebsa da mosaxleobis umravles nawils Soris aranairi genetikuri gansxvaveba ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, am ori jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris iseTive gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba, rogoric TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris. amerikaSi burakumineli bavSvebisa da sxva iaponelebis mimarT erTnairi damokidebulebaa; amitom maTi da sxva iaponeli bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficienti erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. amgvari dakvirvebis safuZvelze SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom SeerTebul StatebSi afro amerikelebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficients 30 Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebis Sedegia. am daskvnas ToTxmeti qveynis (maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis) SedarebiTi kvlevac adasturebs, romlis mixedviT, gasuli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli mosaxleobis inteleqtis saSualo koeficienti sagrZnoblad gaizarda (Coleman 1987). inteleqtis koeficientis testebi regularul ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. rodesac adamianebis erTsa da imave jgufs Zveli da axali versiebi urigdebaT, isini Zvel versiebSi gacilebiT ufro maRal qulas iReben. Tanamedrove bavSvebma 1930-iani wlebis testebSi, 1930-iani wlebis jgufebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, 15 quliT maRali Sefaseba miiRes. igive gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba, saSualod, Savkanianebsa da TeTkanianebs Soris. es imas ar niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove bavSvebis Tandayolili inteleqti maTi mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis inteleqtze maRalia; maRal maCvenebels ukeTesi pirobebi da socialuri upiratesoba ganapirobebs. TeTrkanianebsa da afro amerikelebs Soris, saSualod, iseTive socialuri da ekonomikuri sxvaobaa, rogorc sxvadasxva Taobebs Soris. inteleqtis koeficientebs Soris gansxvavebac amiT aixsneba. SeiZleba inteleqtis koeficientze individebs Soris arsebulma genetikurma gansxvavebamac imoqmedos, magram mosazreba, rom zogierTi rasa sxva rasasTan SedarebiT ufro inteleqtualuria, usafuZvloa da daudasturebeli. Bell Curve Wars wignSi Bell Curve Wars (Fraser 1995) hernStainisa da miureis ideebi ramdenime cnobilma mecnierma Seiswavla. gamocemis redaqtori aRwers Bell Curve-s, rogorc “ukanasknel aTwleulSi socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi yvelaze Tamam nawarmoebs.” naSromSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs “Jurnalebsa da gazeTebSi redaqtoris misamarTiT dabeWdili uamravi werili da satelevizio da radio komentari mohyva” (gv. 3).E wignis Bell Curve Wars erT-erTi gamomcemeli stefan jei gouldi acxadebs, rom hernStaini da miurei oTx ZiriTad sakiTxSi cdebian. mas arasworad miaCnia mosazreba, rom inteleqtis Semowmeba mxolod inteleqtis koeficientiT aris SesaZlebeli; rom adamianebis ranJireba SeiZleba inteleqtis skalis mixedviT; rom inteleqts, ZiriTadad, genetikuri memkvidreoba ganapirobebs; da rom is cvlilebas ar eqvemdebareba. is yvela am mosazrebas eWvqveS ayenebs. kidev erTi avtori, hovard gardneri acxadebs, rom im periodSi, rodesac kvleva Catarda, “inteleqtis” cneba zogad kategoriad iyo gaazrebuli. arsebobs mxolod “mravalgvari” – praqtikuli, musikaluri, sivrciTi, maTematikuri da a.S. inteleqti. wignis Bell Curve Wars sxva avtorebi acxadeben, rom inteleqtis koeficientis qulebsa da Semdgom samuSao praqtikas Soris sistemuri kavSiri ar arsebobs. isini am ideebs, erTxmad, “rasistul fsevdo mecnierebas” uwodeben. gouldi askvnis: Bell Curve-is doqtrinas unda vebrZoloT, radgan es mcdari doqtrinaa da misi danergva nebismieri adamianis inteleqtis ganviTarebis yvela SesaZleblobis SezRudvas gamoiwvevs. ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani kosmosis mkvlevari mecnieri an tvinze momuSave qirurgi 31 ver gaxdeba, magram is, vinc am sferoSi warmatebas ver miaRwevs, SeiZleba rok musikosi an profesionali sportsmeni gaxdes (da, Sesabamisad, ufro maRali socialuri prestiJi da xelfasi hqondes)...” (Gould 1995, gv. 22). emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti amave saxelwodebis wignSi, deniel goulmani (1996) acxadebs, rom, materialuri pirobebiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, “emociuri inteleqti” SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc inteleqtis koeficienti. emociuri inteleqti gansazRvravs, Tu rogor iyeneben adamianebi sakuTar emociebs – motivaciis, TviTkontrolis, enTuziazmisa da Seupovrobis unars. es memkvdreobiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebi ar aris. rac ufro kargad SesZlebs bavSvi maT dauflebas, miT ukeT gamoiyenebs is Tavis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs. goulmani ambobs: “niWier adamians vnebisa da impulsebis marTva unda SeeZlos; ucnauria, magram maRali inteleqtis koeficientis mqone adamiani pirad cxovrebas yovelTvis ver agvarebs” (gv. 34). Ees aris imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom inteleqtis koeficientis maRali maCvenebeli yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs warmatebas. erT-erT kvlevaSi 1940 wlis 95 kursdamTavrebuli Seiswavles. studentebi, romlebmac universitetis dasrulebisas inteleqtis koeficientis testSi maRali qulebi miiRes, Sua xnis asakSi, karieris TvalsazrisiT, dabali moswrebis studentebze bevrad warmatebulebi ar iyvnen. kvlevis meore etapi inteleqtis koeficientis skalis sxva mxares Seexo. Seswavlil iqna 450 biWi, romelTagan 2/3 harvardis maxloblad RaribTa ubanSi cxovrobda da maTi ojaxebi keTildReobis programaSi iyo gaerTianebuli. am jgufis mesameds 90-ze dabali inteleqtis koeficienti hqonda. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, am maCvenebelma maT momaval karieraze umniSvnelod imoqmeda. magaliTad, 80-ze dabali inteleqtis koeficientis mamakacTa 7 procenti umuSevari iyo, magram aseve umuSevari iyo iseT mamakacTa 7 procenti, romlebsac 100-ze maRali inteleqtis koeficienti hqondaT. am mxriv, ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda bavSvobaSi SeZenili unar-Cvevebi, magaliTad, emociebis gakontrolebisa da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobis mogvarebis unari. rogorc hovard gardneri aRniSnavs: interpersonaluri inteleqti sxva adamianebis gagebis unaria: ra aris maTi motivacia, rogor muSaoben, rogor unda iTanamSromlo maTTan muSaobis procesSi. warmatebul gamyidvelebs, politikosebs, maswavleblebs, eqimebsa da religiur liderebs, savaraudod, maRali interpersonaluri inteleqti aReniSnebaT. intrapersonaluri inteleqti... ki sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb zusti, realisturi modelis formirebisa da am modeliT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi operirebis unaria. (Gardner 1993 gv. 9) ideebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb gadaxedvas saWiroebs, radgan cxovrebiseuli waramateba kidev mravalgvar faqtors gulisxmobs. msgavsi ram SeiZleba ganvacxadoT Tavad ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi. rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, ganaTleba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre skola. axali teqnologiuri miRwevebis, gansakuTrebiT sainformacio teqnologiebis gamo, SesaZloa, momavalSi aucilebeli gaxdes ganaTlebis procesebisadmi damokidebulebis gadaxedva. 32 ganaTlebis momavali ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia sainfrmacio teqnologiis gavrcelebam ganaTlebaze sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris, sakmaod fundamenturi, gavlena moaxdina. axali teqnologiebi samuSaos bunebaze zemoqmedebs, zogjer xdeba adamianuri Sromis manqanebiT Canacvleba. swrafi teqnologiuri cvlilebebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro aCqarebs samuSao Zalis denadobas. ganaTleba aRar miiCneva mosamzadebel safexurad, romlis dasrulebis Semdeg, adamianma muSaoba unda daiwyos. teqnologiur cvlilebebTan erTad, savaldebulo unar-Cvevebic icvleba. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganaTlebas mxolod profesiuli momzadebis kuTxiT SevxedavT da samuSaos Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis uzrunvelyofis wyarod ganvixilavT, momavalSi mainc aucilebeli gaxdeba, adamianma ganaTleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi miiRos. magaliTad, britaneTSi SemoTavazabul iqna “saswavlo bankis” danergva, romliTac adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, met-naklebad, nebismier dros isargebleben. bankSi fuls adamianebi, maTi damqiraveblebi an saxelmwifo daabandeben. Semdeg, ganaTlebis dafinansebis mizniT, maT SeuZliaT maRali procentiT gazrdili Tanxa gamoiTxovon da, axali teqnikuri an samuSao unar-Cvevebis dauflebis mizniT, gadaemzadon. jerjerobiT aravin icis, realurad ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi. zogierTebis azriT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis nacvlad, es procesi ufro samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas gamoiwvevs. saubaria “samuSaos dasasrulze” (samuSaos mniSvnelobis Semcirebaze diskusia ix. me-12 TavSi). Tu sakmarisi raodenobis anazRaurebadi samuSao aRar iarsebebs, bundovani warmosadgenia, Tu rogori iqneba Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. bevri adamiani da, maT Soris, qalebis sul ufro meti raodenoba, sakuTar cxovrebas maT mier Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirebs da, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefasebisas, centralur adgils samuSaos aniWebs. samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari damokidebuleba sul ufro arqaul xasiaTs SeiZens da gaxSirdeba umuSevrobis Tanmxlebi, ukve farTod gavrcelebuli usargeblobis gancdis SemTxvevebi. ganaTlebam aq mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos. magram es ar iqneba ganaTleba viwro gagebiT, romelic mxolod wvrTnasa da gadamzadebas gulisxmobs. Ees unda iyos ganaTleba, romelic ufro mravlismomcvel adamianur RirebulebebTan iqneba kavSirSi. ganaTleba unda iqces TviTganviTarebasa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gagebaze orientirebuli avtonomiuri TviTganaTlebis saSualebad. es idea srulebiT ar aris utopiuri. is ganmanaTlebeli filosofosebis humanur idealebs Seesabameba. amis magaliTi ukve arsebobs da mas “mesame asakis universiteti” hqvia. “mesame asaki” sapensio anu iseT asakovan adamianebs aerTianebs, romlebmac anazRaurebad samuSaos Tavi daanebes. pesiaze gasvlasTan Segueba zogjer iseve Znelia, rogorc umuSevrobasTan, radgan pensiaze gasvla, faqtobrivad, umuSevrobas niSnavs. mesame asakis 33 universiteti asakovan adamianebs, maTi arCevanisa da mixedviT, TviTganaTlebis SesaZleblobiT uzrunvelyofs. interesebis amgvari diskusiebi sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis tempiT aris gamowveuli, radgan is uSualod ganaTlebis procesis bunebazec moqmedebs. bolo qveTavSi swored am sakiTxze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. ganaTlebis teqnologiebi Tanamedrove gagebiT, ganaTlebis ganviTareba mecxramete saukuneSi ganxorcielebul sxva mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi aseTi cvlileba skolis ganviTarebaa. SeiZleba vinmem gulubryvilod ifiqros, rom im periodSi ganaTlebaze moTxovna arsebobda da skolebi da universitetebi am moTxovnis sapasuxod Seiqmna. realurad, movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. rogorc miSel fuko aRniSnavs, skolebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifos administraciuli aparatis Semadgeneli nawilis funqcia daekisra. “faruli kurikulumi” disciplinasa da bavSvebis kontrols isaxavda miznad. ganaTlebaze beWdvis ganviTarebisa da “wignis kulturis” damkvidrebamac moaxdina gavlena. industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi wignebis, gazeTebisa da sxva beWduri mediis masobrivma gavrcelebam iseTive mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, rogoric manqanebma da qarxnebma. werakiTxvisa da angariSis codnis uzrunvelmyofi ganaTlebis wyalobiT, adamianebs xeli beWduri mediis samyaroze miuwvdebodaT. skolis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel simbolod skolis saxelmZRvanelo iqca. suraTi cnobismoyvare Taoba avtorebi: toni rivi da stiv vei met, axla mTeli dRe kompiuteris ekranTan aRar zixar. amden Tavisufal dros raSi xarjav? wignis wakiTxva mindoda, magram ar vici, ra movuxerxo... Zalian mZimea? ara, mZime sulac ar aris. magram paroli ar vici. paroli araferSi gWirdeba, met.. ubralod gadaSale. ra magaria! interaqciaze weren! bevri adamianis azriT, situacia ganaTlebaSi kompiuterebisa da multimediis teqnologiebis mzardi moxmarebis gamo Seicvala. amboben, rom “mTel msoflioSi multimediis teqnologiebSi gamoyenebuli telekomunikaciebis 70-80% ganaTlebas ukavSirdeba an ganaTlebis komponents Seicavs” (citirebulia Kenway et. al.-Si 1995). Caanacvlebs Tu ara saxelmZRvanelos kompiuteri, CD-ROM da videokaseta? iarsebebs Tu ara tradiciuli formis skola, Tu bavSvi, merxTan jdomisa da maswavleblis mosmenis nacvlad, kompiuteris meSveobiT iswavlis? 34 amboben, rom axali teqnologiebi arsebul kurikulums ki ar Seavsebs, aramed mis rRvevasa da transformirebas gamoiwvevs. axalgazrdebi informaciasa da mediaze damokidebul sazogadoebaSi izrdebian; isini teqnologiebSi ufrosebze, maT Soris maswavleblebze, bevrad ukeT erkvevian. me-14 Tavs Tu gavixsenebT, isini Nnintendo Taobas warmoadgenen – teqnoaRzrdili da teqnologiasa da videoze ganswavluli bavSvebi arian. zogi “saklaso oTaxis revoluciaze,” kompiuteruli virtualuri realobis damkvidrebasa da kedlebis gareSe saklaso oTaxze saubrobs. TiTqmis aravis epareba eWvi, rom multimediis teqnologiebi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdeba. am process gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva qveynebSi politikurma partiebmac Seuwyves xeli. magram erT-erTi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala biznesia: skolebi da Sinauri garemo msxvili media kompaniebis samizned iqca. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis Sida kompiuterulma bazarma srulyofilebas miaRwia, rodesac, stimulirebis mizniT, saganmanaTleblo programebis axali formebis gayidva daiwyo. kompaniebi axali saganmanaTleblo programebis gayidvas internetis saSualebiTac gegmaven: dasaqmebuli zrdasruli mosaxleobis dakmayofilebis mizniT, Jones International Ltd “kibersivrcis biznes kolejs” daafuZnebs, sadac msurvelebs, internetis, sakabelo da satelituri teeleviziisa da videokasetebis saSualebiT, biznes komunikaciebis magistris xarisxi mieniWebaT. saerTaSoriso sauniversiteto kolejSi yovelwliuri swavlebis sawyisi fasi 12 280 dolaridan daiwyeba da swavlebis formati Jones’s Mind Extention University-is msgavsi iqneba, sadac studentebi profesorebs e-mail-ebis saSualebiT ekontaqtebian da eleqtronulad asruleben davalebas. “universitetebi ganaTlebaSi ZiriTad rols asruleben, magram milionobiT potenciuri studenti arsebobs, romelsac codnis miReba surs, magram amas ver axerxebs,” acxadebs prezidenti glen r. jounsi (Kenway et al. 1995, gv. 18) Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, bazari da sainformacio teqnologiebic ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul cvlilebebzec axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas. magaliTad, konservatuli mTavrobis mier danergil britanuli skolis sistemaze globalizaciis zewolam imoqmeda, radgan man xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. amgvari zewola ganaTlebis komerciuli da sabazro mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSic aisaxeba. skolebi, biznes korporaciebis msgavsad, restruqturizacias eqvemdebarebian. ganaTlebis sferoSi SeiZleba iseTi organiziaciebi CaerTos, romelsac skolebTan manamde araferi hqonia saerTo. es sakabelo kompaniebi, kompiuteruli programirebis ofisebi, satelekomunikacio jgufebi, filmebis DSemqmnelebi da aRWurvilobis mimwodeblebi arian. am organizaciebs skolebsa da universitetebze SeuzRudavi gavlena aqvT. isini, ganaTlebis miRebis tradiciuli formis paralelurad, zogadad, kompiuterul industriaze da muzeumebze, samecniero parkebsa da istoriul adgilebze mibmul, axal saganmanaTleblo industrias, e.w. “edu-tainment”-s qmnian. eqneba Tu ara axal teqnologiebs ganaTlebaSi gadamwyveti roli, kvlav Ria sakiTxad rCeba. kritikosebi acxadeben, rom, aseT SemTxvevaSi, maT SeiZleba ganaTlebis sistemaSi uTanasworobis zrdas Seuwyon xeli. swavlebis procesis ukve arsebul xelisSemSlel faqtors - materialur 35 siduxWires – savaraudod, “informaciuli siRatake” daemateba. “kedlebis gareSe saklaso oTaxis” arseboba dResdReobiT Soreuli momavlis movlenad gveCveneba. bevri skola da koleji finansebis naklebobasa da, zemdgomi organoebis mxridan, mudmiv gulgril damokidebulebas ganicdis. Sejameba 1. ganaTleba, Tanamedrove formiT, romelic specialurad mowyobil saklaso oTaxebSi moswavleebis instruqtaJs gulisxmobs, nabeWdi masalebisa da wera-kiTxvis maRal doneze codnis moTxovnis gaCenis Sedegad ganviTarda. codnis miReba, ganviTareba da moxmareba, meti adamianis mier sul ufro met adgilas xdeba SesaZlebeli. industrializaciis Sedegad, samuSaom ufro specializebuli xasiaTi miiRo da praqtikul codnaze – kiTxvis, werisa da angariSis unarze _ metad abstraqtul codnas mieniWa upiratesoba. 2. meoce saukuneSi, ganaTlebis gavrceleba ganswavlul da disciplinirebul samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdas ukavSirdeba. reformatorebi ganaTlebas uTanasworobis Semcirebis saSualebad miiCnevdnen, magram, am mxriv, misi roli sakmaod SezRudulia. ganaTleba arsebul uTanasworobas ufro usvams xazs, vidre axorcielebs cvlilebebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. 3. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis kanonis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebul samefoSi yvelas SeeZlo ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis miReba, skolis damTavrebis asaki ki 15 wlamde gaizarda. Tumca, fasian “sazogadoebriv skolebs” kvlav privilegirebuli adgili uWiravT da sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT. saxelmwifo saSualo skolebis funqcia, gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebma, Tanamedrove saSualo skolebma da mcire raodenobis teqnikurma skolebma gainawiles. TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi, moswavleebs gardamavali gamocda utardebaT, ris Sedegad xdeba, unaris mixedviT, maTi sxvadasxva tipis saxelmwifo skolebSi ganawileba. 4. 1960-ian wlebSi, skolebSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema dainerga. gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebsa da Tanamedrove saSualo skolebTan erTad, TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali gamocdac gauqmda. ukanasknel wlebSi, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaze mravali Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. kritikosTa azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemam am iniciativis avtorebis imedi ar gaamarTla, radgan maT mier dasaxuli saganmanaTleblo standartebi ver daakmayofila. 5. skolebis organizacia da swavlebis sistema genderuli uTanasworobis SenarCunebasac uwyobs xels. biWebisa da gogonebis gamorCeuli tansacmlisa da stereotipuli personaJebis monawileobiT Seqmnili teqstebis wyalobiT, sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenelTa gamijvnis waxaliseba xdeba. faqtebi adasturebs, rom maswavleblebi gogonebsa da biWebs sxvadasxvagvarad epyrobian, zogierTi sagnebi gogonebisTvis Sesaferis sagnebad ufro miiCneva, vidre biWebisTvis, da piriqiT. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi, studentebsa da maswavleblebs Soris, dResac naklebi raodenobis 36 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. qalia. vidre sxva faqtorebi ar Seicvleba, es situacia, savarudod, ar gamoswordeba. ganaTlebisa da saskolo swavlebis interpretaciebze sxvadasxva sociologiurma Teoriam iqonia gavlena. bernStainis Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebi, romlebsac daxvewili enobrivi kodi aqvT, ukeTesad umklavdebian formaluri akademiuri ganaTlebis moTxovnebs, vidre SezRuduli enobrivi kodis mqone bavSvebi. inteleqtis koeficientis testi “saWiro” unar-Cvevebis flobis dadgenas isaxavs miznad. unar-Cvevebi kulturasTan aris kavSirSi, Sesabamisad, maTi gamoyeneba SezRudulia. skolis formaluri kurikulumi kulturuli aRwarmoebis ufro zogadi procesis nawilia, romelzec swavlis, ganaTlebisa da skolis garemos bevri araformaluri aspeqti axdens gavlenas. kulturul aRwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovan rols “faruli kurikulumi” asrulebs. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, amitom, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. zogierTebis azriT, inteleqtis koeficients genebi gansazRvravs; zogi ki inteleqtis koeficientis maCvenebels socialuri faqtorebiT xsnis. faqtebi socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis sasargeblod metyvelebs. inteleqtis koeficientTan dakavSirebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba wignis saxelwodebiT The Bell Curve-is gamocemam gamowvia. wignis avtorebi acxadeben, rom rasebi memkvidreobiT miRebuli inteleqtis saSualo doniT gansxvavdebian. kritikosebi mTlianad uaryofen am Teziss. devid goulmani did mniSvnelobas aniWebs emociur inteleqts. emociuri inteleqti gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad axerxeben adamianebi emociebis marTvasa da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebis mogvarebas. misi azriT, karieraSi warmatebis miRwevisTvis, emociuri inteleqti inteleqtis koeficientze aranakleb mniSvnelovania. sainformacio teqnologias – kompiuterebsa da multimedias – skolebisa da ganaTlebis fundamenturad Secvla SeuZlia. skola SeiZleba naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdes, radgan moswavleebma Sin, kompiuteris saSualebiT, miiRon ganaTleba. damatebiTi literatura Andy G reen, Education and State Formation (London: Macmillan, 1990). inglisis, safrangeTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis aRzevebis analizi. Mark H olmes, Educaional Policy for the Pluralist Democracy: The Common School, Choice, and Diversity (Washington D.C: Falmer Press, 1992). ganaTlebis socialuri da politikur aspeqtebis mimoxilva. Sheila R iddell, Gender and the Politics of the Curriculum (London:Routledge, 1992). kurikulumsa da genderul identobas Soris kavSiris analizis mizniT, Seiswavlis SemTxvevebs or saSualo skolaSi. 37 mniSvnelovani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • • wera-kiTxvis codna saganmanaTleblo sistema umaRlesi ganaTleba SezRuduli kodi daxvewili kodi faruli kurikulumi skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva inteleqti inteleqtis koeficienti emociuri inteleqti mesame asakis universiteti saklaso oTaxi kedlebis gareSe informaciuli siRatakeE 38 Tavi 16 religia Ziridi cnebebi religiis daxasiaTeba • • ra ar aris religia ra aris religia religiis saxeebi • • • totemizmi da animizmi iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi religiis Teoriebi • • • • marqsi da religia diurkemi da religiuri rituali veberi da msoflio religiebi Sefaseba religiuri organizaciis tipebi • • • veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi bekeri: denominaciebi da kultebi Sefaseba genderi da religia • • religiuri xatebi qalebi religiur organizaciebSi milenaruli moZraobebi • • • ioakimes mimdevrebi aCrdilis cekva milenarul moZraobaTa buneba religiis mimdinare ganviTarebebi: islamuri revolucia • • • • islamuri rwmenis ganviTareba islami da dasavleTi aRorZinebuli islamis gavrceleba civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? religia gaerTianebul samefoSi 1 religia SeerTebul StatebSi • • • mravalgvaroba qristianuli fundamentalizmi “eleqtronuli eklesia” daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cnebebi • • • religia rituali sekularizacia vficav riJraJs da vficav Rames, roca is blantdeba. arc dagtova Sen ufalma Senma da arca mogiZula. zesTasofeli mjobi geqneba wuTisoflisa. giboZebs ufali Seni da kmayofil-iqnebi. gana ar gpova Sen uwin oblad da Segifara, da gpova Sen gzaabneuli da giwinamZRvra, da gpova Sen upovari da gagamdidra, xolo obols rac Seexeba, nu gauwyrebi! da maTxovars rac Seexeba, nu gaaZeveb. da aha, Seni uflis madliT ilaparake! es aris amonaridi wminda werilidan. is kargad aSuqebs im gavlenas, romelsac religia aTasobiT welia axdens adamianTa cxovrebaze. teqsti gvarwmunebs, rom RmerTi TiToeul Cvenganze zrunavs, siyvarulsa da simSvides gvaniWebs, sakvebiTa da TavSesafriT uzrunvelgvyofs. RmerTis Tayvaniscema da misi mowyalebis rwmena cxovrebiseul sikeTes gvaziarebs. Semdgom davrwmundebiT, rom am rwmenas yvela religia ar iziarebs, magram, ama Tu im formiT, religia CvenTvis nacnob yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. CanawerebSi uZvelesi sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul informacias eyrdnoba, naTlad Cans religiuri simboloebisa da ceremonialebis kvali. istoriis ganviTarebis procesSi r e l i g i a s, adamianTa gamocdilebasTan mimarTebaSi, kvlav centraluri adgili ekava da did gavlenas axdenda Cvens mier garemos aRqmasa da mis mimarT gamovlenil reaqciebze. Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli wminda werili religias piradi simSvidisa da mxardaWeris wyarod warmoaCens. Tumca religia bevrjer gamxdara mwvave socialuri dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis sababi. axla im rCevasa 2 da emociur ganwyobaze moZRvreba Seicavs: vimsjeloT, romelsac Semdegi bibliuri gTxovT, Zmebo, scaniT Tqvens Soris mSromelni da Tqveni winamZRolni ufalSi da Tqveni damrigebelni. uaRresi siyvaruli gamoiCineT maTdami, maTi saqmis gamo iyaviT mSvidobiT erTmaneTSi. da aha, SegagonebT Tqven, Zmano, daarigeT uwesoni, anugeSeT sulmokleni, mxari dauWireT uZlurT da sulgrZelni iyaviT yvelas mimarT. Tvali geWiroT, aravin miagos erTmaneTs borotis wil boroti. aramed mudam cdilobdeT sikeTe uyoT erTmaneTs da yvelas. medam xarobdeT. pirveli teqstis msgavsad, es sityvebic universalur siyvarulsa da RvTiur sikeTes RaRadebs. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom is, vinc pirvel moZRvrebas iziarebs, SeiZleba meore moZRvrebas ar daeTanxmos. magram saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, morwmuneTa am or jgufs Soris xSirad hqonia adgili sisxlian konfliqts. pirveli teqsti yuranidan, islamis wminda wignidan, aris citirebuli. meore ki qristianuli bibliis axal aRTqmas efuZneba. islamsa da qristianobas saerTo warmomavloba aqvT, orive religiaSi bevri msgavsi winaswarmetyveli gvxvdeba. Tumca isini erTmaneTis RmerTs uaryofen da alternatuli religiis an nebismieri sxva religiis mimdevrebs, auTsaiderebad miiCneven. XI-XIII saukuneebSi evropis jarebma Sua aRmosavleTis nawili daipyres. maT miznad musulmanebisgan (islamis mimdevrebisgan) wminda miwis gaTavisufleba da qristianobis gavrceleba hqondaT dasaxuli. am sastik da sisxlian omebSi, romlebsac qristianebma “jvarosnuli” uwodes, adamianebi alahisa da RmerTis saxeliT ibrZodnen. daiRupa aTasobiT adamiani da orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristiani da islamuri jarebi erTmaneTs sisastikeSi ejibrebodnen. pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg, evropelebma didi teritoriebi da mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, maT Soris, ierusalimic daipyres. magram 1272 wels, mecxre galaSqrebis Sedegad, wminda miwa isev musulmanebma daibrunes. jvarosnebis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli safrangeTSi klearvos monastris abati wminda bernari iyo. “netar arian brZolaSi daRupuli wamebulni”, werda abati. “Tu RvTis saxeliT cxovrob da ipyrob, gixaroden, magram Tu gardaicvlebi da RmerTs SeuerTdebi, dideba gelis” (Koenigsburger 1987). ratom aqvs religias adamianTa cxovrebaze iseTi gavlena, rom isini mzad arian misi idealebisTvis Tavi gawiron? ratom aris religia sazogadoebis aseTi mravlismomcveli aspeqti? ra pirobebi uwyobs xels religiis mier sazogadoebaTa gaerTianebas da ra pirobebSi xdeba sazogadoebebs Soris ganxeTqileba religiuri motiviT? es is kiTxvebia, romlebsac SevecdebiT, am TavSi gavceT pasuxi. am mizniT ki unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris realurad religia. religiuri rwmenisa da praqtikis gansxvavebul formebs ganvixilavT. aseve vimsjelebT religiis ZiriTad sociologiur Teoriebze; religiuri organizaciis sxvadasxva tips gavaanalizebT; da bolos, imaze vimsjelebT, Tu ra bedi ewia religias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, radgan bevri mkvlevris azriT, mecnierebisa da Tanamedrove industriis aRzevebis gamo, religias 3 socialur cxovrebaSi iseTi centraluri adgili aRar uWiravs, rogoric Tanamedrove epoqamde hqonda gankuTvnili. religiis Seswavla rTuli amocanaa, radgan is sociologiuri warmosaxvis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. religiuri praqtikis analizis dros, sxvadasxva kulturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli rwmenebisa da ritualebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba gvixdeba. idealebs, romlebsac morwmuneTa STagoneba efuZneba, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT da, amave dros, Cveni xedva maTTan mimarTebaSi unda davabalansoT. Cven iseT ideebTan gvixdeba dapirispireba, romlebic maradiul WeSmaritebas qadageben, radgan vacnobierebT, rom religiur jgufebs sruliad miwieri miznebic – magaliTad, finansebis moTxovna an mimdevarTa mozidvis mcdeloba – amoZravebT. unda vaRiaroT, rom bevri sxvadasxva religiuri rwmena da ganxvavebuli qceva arsebobs, magram religiis buneba zogadi fenomenis WrilSic unda ganvixiloT. religiis gansazRvreba Zalian bevri gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena da organizacia arsebobs, amitom mecnierebs uWirT religiis yvelasTvis misaRebi definiciis SemuSaveba. dasavleTSi adamianTa umravlesoba religias qristianobasTan – uflis rwmenasTan _ aigivebs, romelic am qveynad moraluri qcevisken mogviwodebs da imqveyniur cxovrebas gvpirdeba. ra Tqma unda, zogadad, religias am terminebiT ver davaxasiaTebT. amgvari rwmena da qristianobis sxva mravali aspeqti msoflio religiaTa umravlesobaSi ar gvxvdeba. ra ar aris religia? religiasTan mimarTebaSi, kulturuli mikerZoebis Tavis aridebis mizniT, albaT sjobs, jer imaze visaubroT, Tu, zogadi gagebiT, ra ar aris religia. pirvel rigSi, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli monoTeizmTan (erTi RmerTis rwmenasTan). religiaTa umravlesoba mraval RmerTs aRiarebs. qristianobis zogierT versiaSic ki, sakraluri Tvisebebi ramdenime salocavs _ RmerTs, iesos, wminda mariams, suli wmidas, angelozebsa da wmindanebs _ miewereba; iseTi religiebic arsebobs, romlebSic RmerTebi saerTod ar aris. meore, religia ar unda iyos gaigivebuli morwmuneTa qcevis makontrolebel, moralur receptebTan – amgvarad SeiZleba CaiTvalos moses mcnebebi, romlebic mas, TiTqos, RmerTma ukarnaxa. idea, rom RmerTebs Cveni miwieri qceva ainteresebT, ucxoa bevri religiisTvis. magaliTad, Zveli berZnebis azriT, RmerTebs adamianTa aqtivobis mimarT indiferentuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. mesame, religia yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs imis axsnas, Tu rogor Seiqmna samyaro. qristianoba pirveli adamianis gaCenas adamisa da evas miTiT xsnis, amgvar miTebs bevr religiaSi vxvdebiT, magram bevri iseTi religiac arsebobs, romelic amgvar ganmartebas ar moicavs. 4 meoTxe, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli zebunebrivTan, romelsac “grZnobadis miRma” arsebuli samyaro swams. magaliTad, konfucianizmi samyaros bunebriv harmonias aRiarebs da ar eZebs samyaros miRma arsebul realobas. ra aris religia? religiebs, savaraudod, Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebT: religia iseT simboloTa nakrebia, romlebic Tayvaniscemasa da SiSs iwvevs da morwmuneebis jgufis mier Sesrulebul r i t u a l e b s a da ceremoniebs (magaliTad, saeklesio wirvebs) ukavSirdeba. TiToeuli elementi ganmartebas moiTxovs. SesaZloa, religia RmerTebis arsebobas ar gulisxmobdes, magram is yovelTvis moicavs krZalvisa da SiSis gamomwvev cocxal arsebebsa an nivTebs. magaliTad, zogierT religiaSi adamianebs ara gapirovnebuli RmerTebis, aramed “RvTiuri Zalis” swamT. iseTi religiebic arsebobs, romlebSic adamianebi RmerTebs ki ar eTayvanebian, aramed iseT figurebs, rogoric buda da konfucia. religiasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. ritualuri aqti SeiZleba locvas, galobas, simReras, garkveuli sakvebis Wamas, an piriqiT, akrZalvas – garkveul dReebSi marxvas da a.S. moiTxovdes. imis gamo, rom ritualuri aqtebi religiur simboloebzea orientirebuli, isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cvevebisa da procedurebisgan Zlier gamoirCeva. Tu sanTels RvTis sadideblad vanTebT, es qmedeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sruliad gansxvavdeba im situaciisgan, rodesac sanTels ganaTebis mizniT viyenebT. religiur rituals pirovneba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganmartoebiT asrulebs, magram morwmuneTa mier ceremoniis koleqtiur Sesrulebas yvela religia gulisxmobs. regularuli ceremoniebi, Cveulebriv, specialur adgilebSi – eklesiebSi, salocavebSi, an ceremoniisTvis gankuTvnil moednebze sruldeba. sociologTa azriT, erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic religias magiisgan gamoarCevs, koleqtiuri ceremoniaa; Tumca maT Soris arsebuli sazRvrebi gamokveTili ar aris. magia movlenebis eleqsirebiT, galobiTa da ritualebis saSualebiT marTvaa. is, Cveulebriv, ara morwmuneTa jgufis mier, aramed individualurad sruldeba. adamianebi magias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warumateblobisa da mosalodneli safrTxis dros mimarTaven. Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi wynari okeanis auzis trobriandis macxovrebelTa Sesaxeb, bronislav malinovski sxvadasxva magiur rituals aRwers, romlebsac kunZulis macxovreblebi kanoeTi saxifaTo mogzaurobis win asrulebdnen (Malinowski 1982). isini amgvari ritualis Catarebas saWirod ar miiCnevdnen, Tuki lagunaSi mSvid amindSi midiodnen saTevzaod. magiis praqtika Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis aRmoifxvra, magram saxifaTo situaciebSi magiis msgavs crurwmenas mainc xSirad vawydebiT. saxifaTo an iseTi saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi, romlebzec SeiZleba SemTxveviTma faqtorebma imoqmedos, magaliTad, maRaroelebi, mezRvaurebi da sportsmenebi, mcire crumorwmuneobriv ritualebs asruleben, an stresul situaciaSi garkveul xerxebs mimarTaven. 5 zogierTi CogburTeli mniSvnelovani matCebis dros yovelTvis erTsa da imave beWeds ikeTebs. Zvel sazogadoebebSi arsebul, magiur ideebze dafuZnebul astrologiur rwmenas amJamadac didi gavlena aqvs, Tumca adamianTa umravlesoba maT seriozulad ar miiCnevs. religiis saxeebi tradiciul sazogadoebebSi religias socialur cxovrebaSi, Cveulebriv, centraluri adgili uWiravs. religiuri simboloebi da ritualebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis materialur da xelovnebis kulturasTan – musikasTan, xatvasTan, xis damuSavebasTan, ambis Txrobasa da literaturasTan aris integrirebuli. mcire kulturebSi profesionali mRvdlis instituti ar arsebobs, magram arian garkveuli adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul religiur (xSir SemTxvevaSi magiur) codnas avlenen. amgvari mcodne SeiZleba bevri iyos, magram erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Samania (termini pirvelad Crdilo amerikel indielebs Soris gavrcelda). Samani aris adamiani, romelsac, morwmuneTa azriT, ritualis saSualebiT sulebis an zebunebrivi Zalebis marTva SeuZlia. Samanebi magebi ufro arian, vidre religiuri liderebi. maT xSirad akiTxaven Temis religiuri ritualebiT ukmayofilo adamianebi. totemizmi da animizmi mcire kulturebSi xSirad gvxvdeba religiis ori forma, romlebsac totemizmi da animizmi ewodeba. sityva “totemi” pirvelad Crdilo amerikeli indielebis tomebSi gaCnda da mas zebunebrivi ZaliT dajildoebuli cxovelisa da mcenaris aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. sazogadoebaSi arsebul naTesaur jgufsa an klans, Cveulebriv, sakuTari totemi aqvs, romelsac sxvadasxva ritualuri aqtivoba ukavSirdeba. totemuri rwmena ucxoa industriuli sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis, Tumca totemizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi, SedarebiT viwro konteqstSi, aqac gvxvdeba – magaliTad, sportuli gundis emblemaze SeiZleba cxoveli an mcenare gamoisaxos. Tilismac totemia. animizmi sulebisa an aCrdilebis rwmenas niSnavs, romlebic, adamianTa azriT, maT samyaroSi binadroben. es suli SeiZleba keTili an boroti iyos da adamianTa qcevaze sxvadasxvagvarad imoqmedos. magaliTad, zogierT kulturaSi miaCniaT, rom sulebi avadmyofobasa da sigiJes iwvevs. maT SeiZleba adamianSi daibudon da misi qceva gaakontrolon. animisturi rwmena mxolod mcire kulturebiT ar Semoifargleba; is, sxvadasxva xarisxiT, bevr religiur garemoSi gvxvdeba. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi adamians, romelsac avi suli eufleboda, xSirad, borot jadoqrad naTlavdnen da sikvdiliT sjidnen. mcire, SedarebiT “primitiuli” sazogadoebebi, xSirad, religiuri rwmenis kompleqsuri sistemiT gamoirCeva. totemizmi da animizmi, msxvil sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, am sazogadoebebSi ufroa gavrcelebuli, magram zogierT mcire sazogadoebas bevrad ufro meti kompleqsuri religia gaaCnia. magaliTad, rogorc evans-pritCardi aRwers, samxreT sudanSi Teologiuri ideebis mravlismomcveli nakrebi gvxvdeba, romlis 6 centraluri figura “maRali RmerTi” an “cis sulia” (Evans-Pritchard 1956). monoTeizmisken mimarTuli religiebi SedarebiT naklebad aris mcire tradiciul kulturebSi. maTi umravlesoba poliTeisturia – mraval RmerTs aRiarebs. iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia iudaizmi, qristianoba da islamia. samive religia Sua aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva da TiToeulma maTganma sxva religiebze didi gavlena moaxdina. iudaizmi iudaizmi am sam religias Soris yvelaze Zveli religiaa, romelic Cv.w.mde daaxloebiT 1000 wlidan arsebobs. Zveli iudevelebi momTabare adamianebi iyvnen da Zvel egviptesa da mimdebare teritoriebze cxovrobdnen. misnebi anu religiuri liderebi, nawilobriv, regionis religiur rwmenaze dafuZnebul ideebs qadagebdnen, magram erTaderTi yovlisSemZle RmerTisadmi Tayvaniscemas sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatavdnen. maTi mezoblebis umravlesoba poliTeistebi iyvnen. iudevelebs swamdaT, rom RmerTi mkacri moraluri kodeqsis morCilebas moiTxovs, erTaderT WeSmaritebas aRiarebs da marTebul religiad mxolod maT rwmenas miiCnevs (Zeitlin 1984, 1988). meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan cota xnis Semdeg, israelis saxelmwifo daarsda. manamde iudaizmi arc erTi saxelmwifos oficialuri religia ar iyo. mudmivi devnis miuxedavad, ramac kulminacias miaRwia nacistebis mier II msoflio omis periodSi sakoncentracio banakebSi milionibiT ebraelis gaJletiT, ebrauli Temebi evropaSi, Crdilo amerikasa da aziaSi SemorCnen. qristianoba qristianobam iudevelTa bevri Tvalsazrisi gaiTavisa. ieso orTodoqsi ebraeli iyo da qristianoba Tavdapirvelad iudaizmis seqtad Camoyalibda. surda Tu ara iesos damoukidebeli religiis dafuZneba, amis mtkiceba Znelia. mowafeebi mas mesias uwodebdnen, rac ebraul enaze “mxsnels” niSnavs, am sityvis berZnuli Sesatyvisi ki “qristea” mxsneli, romelsac ebraelebi elodnen. qristianobis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi iniciatori berZnulad mosaubre romaeli moqalaqe pavle gaxldaT, romelic aqtiurad qadagebda mcire aziasa da saberZneTSi. qristianebis sastiki devnis miuxedavad, imperatorma konstantinem qristianoba, sabolood, romauli imperiis oficialur religiad gamoacxada. momdevno ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristianobas dasavleTis kulturaSi dominanturi adgili eWira. dRes qristianobas ufro meti mimdevari hyavs da mTel msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa. sakuTar Tavs qristians aTas milionze meti adamiani uwodebs, magram Teologiisa da eklesiis organazaciis 7 TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebaa. ZiriTadi ganStoebebi romauli kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi da aRmosavluri orTodoqsizmia. islami islams, romelsac religiebs Soris msoflioSi meore adgili uWiravs, (ix. cxrili 16.1), qristianobasTan bevri saerTo aqvs. islami winaswarmetyveli muhamedis swavlebas efuZneba, romelic Cv.w-iT meSvide saukuneSi moRvaweobda. islamis rwmeniT, adamianebsa da bunebas erTaderTi RmerTi _ alahi _ ganagebs. islami musulmanebisgan (islamis mimdevrebisgan) xuTi ZiriTadi religiuri valdebulebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs. pirveli valdebulebis Tanaxmad, “erTaderTi RmerTi alahia, muhamedi ki alahis mociquli”. meoris mixedviT, morwmunem locva dReSi xuTjer unda waikiTxos, rasac win ganbanvis ceremoniali uZRvis. sadac ar unda iyos mlocveli, man, am ritualis Sesrulebisas, saudis arabeTSi mdebare wminda qalaq meqas mimarTulebiT unda gaixedos. mesame valdebuleba ramadanis dacvaa; es aris erTTviani marxva, romlis ganmavlobaSi morwmunes dRisiT sakvebisa da sasmelis miReba ekrZaleba. meoTxe, islamuri kanoniT dadgenili Sesawiris gacemaa (fuli Raribebs unda daurigdes). am valdebulebas saxelmwifo xSirad gadasaxadebis akrebis mizniT iyenebs. da bolos, yvela morwmunes, Tundac erTxel, meqaSi molocva moeTxoveba. musulmanTa azriT, muhamedze adre moRvawe winaswarmatyvelnic, mosesa da iesos CaTvliT, alahis saxeliT qadagebdnen, magram muhamedis swavlebam misi survili yvelaze naTlad gamoxata. islami gavrcelebuli religiaa, mas mTel msoflioSi 1000 milioni mimdevari hyavs. umravlesoba CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da pakistanSia koncentrirebuli. (mokle diskusias musulmanuri rwmenis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT gaecnoT qvemoT, qveTavSi, romelic islamur revolucias exeba). cxrili 16.1 msoflios religiuri mosaxleoba, 1993 religia raodenoba qristianebi roameli kaTolikebi protestantebi marTlmadideblebi anglikanebi sxva qristianebi musulmanebi arareligiurebi indusebi budistebi aTeistebi Cinuri xalxuri religiebi axali religiebi 1 869 282 470 1 042 501 000 382 374 000 173 560 000 75 847 000 195 000 470 1 014 372 000 912 874 000 751 360 000 334 002 000 242 852 000 140 956 000 procentuli maCvenebeli 33.5 18.7 6.9 3.1 1.4 3.5 18.2 16.4 13.5 6.0 4.3 2.5 123 765 000 2.2 8 tomebis religiebi sikxebi ebraelebi sxvebi 99 19 18 49 736 000 853 000 153 000 280 000 1.8 0.4 0.3 1.0 wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis statistikuri mimoxilva, 1994, gv. 855 Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi induizmi iudaizms, qristianobas, islamsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. uZvelesi religia, romelic dResac didi popularobiT sargeblobs, induizmia. rwmena, romelsac es religia efuZneba, eqvsi aTasi welia arsebobs. induizmi poliTeisturi religiaa. is iseTi Sinagani mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rom, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mas monaTesave religiebis erToblioba unda vuwodoT da ara erTi religiuri orientacia; mraval adgilobriv kultsa da religiur praqtikas ramdenime sazogadod miRebuli rwmena aerTianebs. indusTa umravlesoba reinkarnaciis ciklis doqtrinas aRiarebs – rwmenas, rom yvela sulieri arseba dabadebis, gardacvalebisa da meored dabadebis mudmivi procesis nawilia. meore damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba kastobrivi sistemaa, romelic efuZneba rwmenas, TiTqos adamians dabadebisTanave socialur da ritualur ierarqiaSi garkveuli adgili eniWeba, rasac mis mier wina cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba ganapirobebs. TiToeul kastas sakuTari movaleobebi da ritualebi aqvs da adamianis bediswera momaval cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu rogor asrulebda is manamde am movaleobebs. induizmisTis misaRebia ramdenime gansxvavebuli religiuri Tvalsazrisis arseboba; am religiaSi ar xdeba morwmuneebis urwmunoTagan mkveTri gamijvna. induizms 750 milion adamianze meti misdevs, savaraudod, yvela indoeTis subkontinentis macxovrebelia. qristianobisa da islamisgan gansxvavebiT, induizmi sxvebis mozidvas da maT “WeSmarit morwmuneebad” moqcevas ar cdilobs. budizmi, konfucianizmi, taoizmi aRmosavleTis eTikuri religiebia budizmi, konfucianizmi da taoizmi. es religiebi RmerTebis Tayvaniscemas ar gulisxmobs. isini eTikur ideebze ufro amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic morwmunes benebisa da samyaros erTianobasTan akavSirebs. budizmi Cv.w-mde meeqvse saukuneSi moRvawe, samxreT nepalis patara samefos indusTa princis sidarta gautamas, budas (ganswavlulis), swavlebas efuZneba. buda qadagebs, rom adamianisTvis reinkarnaciis cikli savaldebulo aRar iqneba, Tu is yofiT survilebs uaryofs. gadarCenisTvis man TviTdisciplinisa da meditaciis gza unda ganvlos, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo miwieri samyaros amocanebTan. budizmis ZiriTadi mizani nirvanas, srulyofili sulierebis miRwevaa. buda indusTa ritualebsa da kastebs uaryofda. induizmis msgavsad, religiis 9 adgilobrivi variaciebi arc budizmisTvisaa miuRebeli. es religia mxolod erTi Tvalsazrisis arsebobas ar moiTxovs. budizmi dRes didi gavleniT sargeblobs Soreuli aRmosavleTis bevr saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris tailandSi, birmaSi, Sri lankaSi, CineTSi, iaponiasa da koreaSi. konfucianizmma tradiciuli CineTis mmarTveli jgufebis kulturas Cauyara safuZveli. ,,konfuci” (k’ung fu-cus laTinuri varianti) Cv.w-mde meeqvse saukuneSi, budas periodSi, cxovrobda. taoizmis fuZemdeblis lao-Tzus msgavsad, konfucic maswavlebeli iyo da ara axlo aRmosavleTis religiuri lideri anu misani. konfucianizmis mimdevrebi konfucs RmerTad ar aRiqvamen, isini mas ”brZenTa Soris ubrZenes kacs” uwodeben. konfucianizmi adamianis cxovrebas bunebis Sinagan harmonias ukavSirebs da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaparTa Tayvaniscemas. igive principebs iziarebs taoizmi. am religiis principiT, ukeTesi cxovreba meditaciiTa da mimteveblobiT miiRweva. Cinelma xalxma zemoT xsenebuli religiuri rwmenisa da praqtikis zogierTi elementi SeinarCuna, magram mTavrobis opoziciuri ganwyobis gamo, konfucianizmi da taoizmi CineTSi Zveleburi gavleniT aRar sargeblobs. religiis Teoriebi religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze jer kidev Zlier gavlenas axdens sami ,,klasikosi” sociologi Teoretikosis – marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis – ideebi. am sami mecnieridan, arc erTi ar iyo religiuri da samives miaCnda, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi religia naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdeboda. TiTeuli Teoretikosis azriT, religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, iluziaa. sxvadasxva rwmenis advokatebi darwmunebulni arian maTi rwmenisa da im ritualebis validurobaSi, romlebSic Tavad iReben monawileobas; samive moazrovenes miaCnia, rom mravalgvari religiebis arseboba da maTi aSkara kavSiri sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebasTan, am mosazrebaTa usafuZvlobaze metyvelebs. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebaSi dabadebul avstraliel adamians, indur kastobriv sistemaSi an Sua saukuneebis evropis kaTolikur eklesiaSi dabadebuli adamianisgan gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena aqvs. marqsi da religia miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis ideebma am sakiTxze didi gavlena moaxdina, mas religia detalurad arasodes Seuswavlia. misi ideebi, ZiriTadad, mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis ramdenime Teologisa da filosofosis naazrevs efuZneba. erT-erTi maTgani cnobili naSromis ,,qristianobis arsi” avtori ludvig foierbaxia (Feuerbach 1957; pirvelad 1841 wels gamoica). foierbaxis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religia iseTi ideebisa da Rirebulebebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic adamianTa kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi yalibdeba, magram maT warmoSobas, SecdomiT, RvTiur Zalebs an RmerTebs miaweren. imis gamo, rom adamianebma safuZvlianad ar ician sakuTari istoria, isini socialuri procesebis Sedegad Seqmnili Rirebulebebisa da normebis wyarod, RmerTisEaqtivobas miiCneven. magaliTad, aTi mcneba, romelic mosem RmerTisgan moismina, ebrael da 10 qristian morwmuneTa cxovrebis ZiriTadi moraluri wesebis miTiuri versiaa. foierbaxi acxadebs, rom Cven Cvens mier Seqmnili religiuri simboloebis buneba ar gvesmis; swored amitom veqceviT im istoriuli Zalebis tyveobaSi, romelTa gakontroleba Tavad ar SegviZlia. foerbaxi iyenebs termins gaucxoeba, am terminSi is RmerTebisa da RvTiuri Zalebis adamianebisgan gamijvnas gulisxmobs. adamianis mier Seqmnili Rirebulebebisa da ideebis warmoSoba ucxo an sadRac sxvagan myof arsebebs – religiur Zalebsa da RmerTebs _ miewereba. gaucxoebas warsulSi uaryofiTi Sedegi hqonda, magram, foierbaxis azriT, religiis, rogorc gaucxoebis, gageba, samomavlod imedismomcemi movlenaa. Tu adamiani gaacnobierebs, rom religiuri warmoSobis Rirebulebebi sinamdvileSi misi Seqmnilia, is am Rirebulebebis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi realizebis SesaZleblobaSi darwmundeba da mxolod imqveyniuris imedad aRar iqneba. unari, romelsac, qristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, mxolod RmerTi flobs, Tavad adamiansac gaaCnia. qristianebs miaCniaT, rom RmerTi yovlisSemZlea da kacTmoyvare, adamiani ki arasrulyofili arsebaa da mas bevri susti mxare axasiaTebs. foierbaxis azriT, siyvarulis, sikeTisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gakontrolebis potencia yvela adamianur socialur instituts gaaCnia da Tu amas bolomde gavacnobierebT, am SesaZleblobaTa realizeba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba. Tvalsazriss, rom religia adamianTa TviTgaucxoebas gulisxmobs, marqsic eTanxmeba. bevrs miaCnia, rom marqsi religias saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobda, magram es mosazreba simarTles ar Seesabameba. marqsi wers, rom ,,religia ugulo cxovrebis gulia” – yoveldRiuri sastiki realobidan gamosavlis Zieba. marqss miaCnda, rom religia, tradiciuli formiT, aRar iarsebebs da es gamarTlebulic iqneba; amis mizezi Tavad religiuri idealebisa da Rirebulebebis miuRebloba ar aris; pozitiuri religiuri ideebi SeiZleba kacobriobis ZiriTad idealebad iqces da samyaros ganviTarebisTvis uaRresad sasikeTo aRmoCndes. Cvens mier Seqmnili RmerTebis ar unda gveSinodes da maT ar unda mivaweroT Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizeba Tavad SegviZlia. marqsi Tavis cnobil frazaSi acxadebs: ,,religia adamianebisTvis opiumia.” religia gvaswavlis, rom adamiani amqveyniur pirobebs unda Seeguos, radgan im qveynad mas bedniereba da jildo elis. aqedan gamomdinare, is amqveynad arsebul uTanasworobasa da usamarTlobasTan Seguebas qadagebs da adamians imqveyniur sikeTes hpirdeba. religia Zlier ideologiur elements Seicavs: religiuri rwmena da Rirebulebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, simdidrisa da Zaluflebis araTanabari ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs. magaliTad, religiuri swavlebis mixedviT, ,,morCilebi daimkvidreben samyaros”, rac CagvrasTan Seguebas niSnavs. diurkemi da religiuri rituali marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, emil diurkemma Tavisi inteleqtualuri karieris didi nawili religiis Seswavlas dauTmo. man, ZiriTadad, mcire tradiciul sazogadoebebze gaamaxvila yuradReba. diurkemis naSromi 11 ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementaluri formebi,” romelic pirvelad 1912 wels gamoica, albaT, religiis sociologiis erTaderT, yvelaze gavlenian kvlevad unda CaiTvalos (Durkheim 1976). diurkemi religias, pirvel rigSi, Zalauflebis araTanabar socialur ganawilebas ki ar ukavSirebs, aramed sazogadoebrivi institutebis saerTo bunebas. misi naSromi avstraliur aborigenul sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli totemizmis Seswavlas efuZneba. diurkemis azriT, totemizmi religiis ,,elementalur” anu yvelaze martiv formas warmoadgens, rac misi wignis saTaurSi aisaxeba. rogorc aRvniSneT, totemi, Tavdapirvelad, jgufisTvis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli cxoveli an mcenare iyo. es aris sakraluri obieqti, romelic Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs da mis sadidebelad sxvadasxva ritualuri aqtivoba xorcieldeba. diurkemi orgvar, sakralur da profanul, religias gamoyofs. misi azriT, sakraluri sagnebi da simboloebi arsebobis rutinul aspeqtebSi – profanul realobaSi _ ar moiazreba. totemuri cxovelis an mcenaris Wama, Cveulebriv, mxolod specialur ceremonialzea daSvebuli. morwmuneebs sjeraT, rom totems, rogorc wminda obieqts, RvTiuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, rac mas sxva, nadirobisTvis gankuTvnili cxovelebisgan da sakvebad vargisi mcenareebisgan gamoarCevs. ratom aris totemi sakraluri? diurkemis mixedviT, amis mizezi is aris, rom totemi Tavad jgufis simboloa; is jgufis an Temis yvelaze mniSvnelovan RirebulebebTan aris gaigivebuli. mowiwebis grZnoba, romelsac adamiani totemis mimarT ganicdis, realurad, mniSvnelovani sicialuri Rirebulebebis pativiscemas efuZneba. religiaSi Tayvaniscemis obieqti, realurad, Tavad sazogadoebaa. diurkemi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom religia mxolod rwmeniT ar amoiwureba. yvela religia regularul ceremoniebsa da ritualur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba, romlis drosac morwmuneTa jgufi ikribeba. koleqtiuri ceremonia jgufuri solidarobis SegrZnebas aZlierebs. ceremoniebSi monawileobisas, adamianebs profanuli socialuri cxovrebiseuli problemebi aviwydebaT da hgoniaT, rom zebunebriv ZalebTan Sedian kontaqtSi. totemebisTvis miwerili zebunebrivi Zalebi, anu RmerTebis RvTiuri zemoqmedeba, sinamdvileSi, im gavlenis gamomxatvelia, romelsac koleqtivi individze axdens. diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, ceremonia da rituali jgufis wevrebis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom es movlenebi mxolod regularuli Tayvaniscemis gamomxatvel sityuaciebSi ki ar gvxvdeba, aramed cxovrebiseuli krizisisa da mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis, magaliTad, dabadebis, qorwinebis, an gardacvalebis periodSic. aseT SemTxvevebSi, TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi, ritualuri da ceremoniuli procedura sruldeba. diurkemis azriT, koleqtiuri ceremonia maSin ganamtkicebs jgufis solidarobas, rodesac adamians mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan uxdeba Segueba. amis maniSnebelia dasaflavebis ritualebi; jgufis Rirebulebebi, gardacvalebis faqtTan SedarebiT, ufro mtkicea da isini adamianebs axal situaciasTan SeguebaSi exmareba. glova dardis 12 spontanuri gamoxatuleba ar aris. gardacvlili realurad SeiZleba mxolod iseTma pirovnebam iglovos, romelzec sikvdilis faqtma uSualod imoqmeda. glova jgufis mier gamoxatuli valdebulebaa. diurkemi acxadebs, rom mcire kulturul jgufebSi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqti religiis mier imarTeba. religiuri ceremoniebi rogorc axal ideebs da azrovnebis kategoriebs uyris safuZvels, ise arsebul Rirebulebebsac amyarebs. religia mxolod gancdebisa da aqtivobebis nakrebi ar aris; is tradiciul kulturebSi individTa azrovnebis stils ganapirobebs. azrovnebis ZiriTadi kategoriebic ki, drosa da sivrcesTan dakavSirebuli naazrevis CaTvliT, Tavdapirvelad, religiuri kuTxiT moiazreboda. magaliTad, ,,drois” cneba, Tavdapirvelad, religiur ceremoniebs Soris arsebuli intervalebis aTvlas efuZneboda. ra religiur cvlilebas elis diurkemi diurkems miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTareba religiuri gavlenis Sesustebas gamoiwvevs. religiur dasabuTebas mecnieruli azrovneba Secvlis, da ceremoniebsa da ritualur aqtivobas adamianTa cxovrebaSi Zalze mcire adgili daeTmoba. diurkemi marqss eTanxmeba imaSi, rom tradiciul religias – anu religias, romelic RvTiuri Zalebisa da RmerTebis arsebobas gulisxmobs – gaqroba emuqreba. diurkemi wers: ,,Zveli RmerTebi gardaicvalnen.” amasTan erTad is acxadebs, rom religia saxecvlili formiT kvlav iarsebebs. Rirebulebebis gamamyarebel ritualebze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebic arian damokidebulni, Tumca, Zveli ceremoniebi SeiZleba axalma aqtivobebma Caanacvlos. diurkemi naTlad ar ganmartavs, Tu, savaraudod, ra saxis iqneba es aqtivobebi; rogorc Cans, is iseT humanur da politikur Rirebulebebs gulisxmobs, rogoric Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da socialuri TanamSromlobaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umravles industriul saxelmwifoebSi samoqalaqo religiebi ganviTarda (Bellah 1970). britaneTSi arsebuli simboloebi – droSa, simRerebi – magaliTad, imedisa da didebis miwa da mefed kurTxevis msgavsi ritualebi ,,britanuli cxovrebis wesis” ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels. am konteqstSi ,,religiaze” saubari sakamaTo sakiTxia; aseTi simboloebi da praqtika tradiciul religiebSic arsebobs. Tumca Znelia imis uaryofa, rom samoqalaqo simboloebi da ritualebi iseTive socialur meqanizmebs ukavSirdeba, romelTa msgavsi religiis tradiciul formebSic arsebobs. veberi da msoflio religiebi diurkemis argumentebi mcirericxovan magaliTebs efuZneba, Tumca is acxadebs, rom misi ideebi, zogadad, religias miesadageba. amis sapirispirod, maqs veberma msoflio religiebi safuZvlianad Seiswavla. aseTi masStaburi kvleva arc manamde, arc Semdgom, arc erT mecniers ar uwarmoebia. mTeli misi yuradReba im religiebze iyo koncentrirebuli, romlebsac is msoflio religiebs uwodebda, anu religiebze, romlebmac mravali morwmune miizida da globaluri istoriis kursze didi gavlena moaxdina. man detalurad Seiswavla induizmi, budizmi, taoizmi da Zveli 13 iudaizmi (Weber 1951, 1952, 1958, 1963), wignSi ,,protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” (1976; pirvelad 1904-5 wels gamoica) da sxva naSromebSic, is safuZvlianad ganixilavs qristianobis gavlenas dasavleTis istoriaze. mas islamis Seswavlac hqonda ganzraxuli, magram es naSromi ar daasrula. veberis naSromebi religiis Sesaxeb imiT gansxvavdeba diurkemis naSromebisgan, rom es ukanaskneli religiasa da socialur cvlilebas Soris kavSirs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. is arc marqsis Tvalsazriss eTanxmeba da acxadebs, rom religia yovelTvis konservatuli Zala ar aris; piriqiT, religiiT STagonebuli moZraoba xSirad yofila mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis mizezi. magaliTad, protestantizmma, gansakuTrebiT puritanizmma, Tanamedrove dasavleTis kapitalistur Tvalsazriss Cauyara safuZveli. Zveli mewarmeebi, ZiriTadad, kalvinistebi iyvnen. warmatebisadmi miswrafebas, Tavidan, RvTis msaxurebis survili ganapirobebda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, dasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. materialur warmatebas isini zeciuri wyalobis niSnad miiCnevdnen. vebers msoflio religiebze erTjeradi kvlevis warmoeba hqonda ganzraxuli. msjeloba imis Taobaze, Tu ra zegavlena iqonia protestantizmma dasavleTis ganviTarebaze, im mravalmxrivi mcdelobis nawilia, romelic sxvadasxva kulturis socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze religiis gavlenis gaazrebas isaxavda miznad. aRmosavluri religiebis analizisas, veberi askvnis, rom isini Zlier abrkolebdnen dasavluri tipis industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebas. es aradasavluri civilizaciebis CamorCenilobiT ki ar aixsneba, ubralod, maTTvis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi iyo misaRebi, evropaSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebas ki sxva dominanturi Rirebulebebi uZRoda win. veberi aRniSnavs, rom tradiciul CineTsa da indoeTSi, garkveul periodSi, komercia, manufaqtura da urbanizmi ganviTarda, magram amas ar mohyva is radikaluri socialuri cvlileba, romelic dasavleTis industriuli kapitalizmis aRzevebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amgvari dabrkoleba, ZiriTadad, religiis gavlenam gamoiwvia. magaliTad, veberi induizms ,,miRmuri samyaros” religias uwodebs, radgan misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba materialisturi samyarosTvisTvis Tavis aridebasa da umaRles sulier arsebobaSi mdgomareobs. induizmis religiuri ganwyobisa da motivaciisTvis materialuri samyaros formireba naklebad mniSvnelovania. piriqiT, induizmi materialur realobas safarad aRiqvams; is adamians xels uSlis, gaacnobieros is WeSmariti sazrunavi, romelzec unda iyos orientirebuli kacobrioba. Zalisxmevis dasavluri tipis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawinaRmdegod warmarTvas cdilobs konfucianizmic. is samyarosTan harmoniis Ziebaze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre samyaros mier warmoebuli produqtiT aqtiur sargeblobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri da kulturulad ganviTarebuli civilizacia iyo, misTvis dominanturma religiurma Rirebulebebma ekonomikuri ganviTarebis seriozuli dabrkoleba gamoiwvia. 14 veberi qristianobas xsnis religiad miiCnevs. qristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, adamians xsna im SemTxvevaSi elodeba, Tuki is religiis rwmenasa da mis moralur principebs gaiziarebs. am religiaSi codvas da mowyale RmerTis mier codvili adamianis Sendobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. qristianoba daZabulobas emociuri dinamizmiT cvlis, rac, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ucxoa aRmosavluri religiebisTvis. xsnis religiebi ,,revoluciuri” aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. aRmosavleTis religiebi pasiuri damokidebulebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, qristianoba ki codvasTan gamudmebul brZolas, anu realobis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas gulisxmobs. religiuri liderebi, rogoricaa ieso, arsebuli doqtrinebis gadafasebas axdenen, raTa Zalauflebis arsebul struqturas daupirispirdnen. Sefaseba marqsma, diurkemma da veberma religiis mniSvnelovani zogadi maxasiaTeblebi gamoavlines; maTi Tvalsazrisi, garkveulwilad, avsebs erTmaneTs. marqsi marTebulad aRniSnavda, rom religia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ideologias gulisxmobs, romelic mmarTveli jgufis interesebs emsaxureba da, Sesabamisad, wamgebiania sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisTvis. istoriaSi amis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad, gavixsenoT, Tu rogor uwyobda xels qristianoba evropeli kolonizatorebis mier sxva kulturebis marTvis mcdelobas. misionrebi ,,barbarosebis” qristianebad moqcevis saqmes gulwrfelad emsaxurebodnen, magram maTi swavlebis Sedegi tradiciuli kulturebis ngreva da TeTrkanianebis gabatoneba iyo. mecxramete saukunemde, SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi gavrcelebuli tyveoba TiTqmis arc erTi qristianuli denominaciisTvis ar iyo miuRebeli. imdroindeli doqtrinebis mixedviT, tyveoba zeciur kanons efuZneboda; urC monebs rogorc maTi mepatroneebis, ise RmerTis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi debdnen brals. marTali iyo veberic, rodesac arsebul socialur wyobaze religiuri idealebis revoluciur gavlenas usvamda xazs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvelad eklesia xels uwyobda SeerTebul StatebSi monobis ganviTarebas, mogvianebiT, misi gauqmebisTvis brZolis saqmeSi, bevrma religiurma liderma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. religiurma rwmenam mraval socialur moZraobas Cauyara safuZveli, romelic xelisuflebis usamarTlo sistemis daSlas isaxavda miznad. magaliTad, religias mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1960-ian wlebSi, samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis mizniT ganviTarebul moZraobaSi. religiam socialur cvlilebazec iqonia gavlena – religiuri motiviT xSirad sisxlic daRvrila – is mravali SeiaraRebuli Setakebisa da omis mizezi gamxdara. istoriaSi mravlad aris imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor xdeboda religia uTanxmoebis mizezi, magram diurkemi Tavis naSromebSi religias am kuTxiT naklebad ganixilavs. diurkemi xazs usvams, rom religias, sxva funqciebTan erTad, socialuri erTianobis xelSewyobis rolic akisria. solidarobis garda, misi ideebiT SeiZleba religiuri dajgufeba, konfliqti da cvlilebac aixsnas. sxva religiuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg 15 gamovlenil uaryofiT ganwyobas, morwmuneTa TemSi arsebuli religiuri Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs. sxva aspeqtebis garda, diurkemis naSromebi kidev imiT aris Rirebuli, rom isini yuradRebas amaxvilebs ritualsa da ceremoniaze. ritualuri wesebis dacvasa da morwmuneTa regularul TavSeyras yvela religia moiTxovs. diurkemi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom ritualuri aqtivoba, ZiriTadad, cxovrebiseul gardaqmnebs – dabadebas, zrdasrul asakSi gadasvlas (bevr kulturaSi gvxvdeba momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi), qorwinebasa da gardacvalebas ukavSirdeba (van Gennep 1977). am Tavis momdevno nawilSi samive avtoris ideebs gamoviyenebT. pirvel rigSi, religiuri organizaciis gansxvavebul tipebs SeviswavliT da religiisa da genderis sakiTxs ganvixilavT. Semdeg arsebuli socialuri wyobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Sua saukuneebis evropis milenarul moZraobebze da meoce saukunis zogierT araevropul kulturaze vimsjelebT. mimdinare periodSi religiuri aRorZinebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan magaliTs, islamuri fundamentalizmis aRzevebas ganvixilavT, bolos ki dRevandeli dasavluri sazogadoebebis religiaze visaubrebT. religiuri organizaciis tipebi veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi yvela religia morwmuneTa Tems aerTianebs, magram es Temebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris organizebuli. religiuri organizaciebis klasificirebis modeli pirvelad maqs veberma da misma kolegam religiaTmcodne ernst trelCma SeimuSaves (Troeltsch 1981). veberma da trelCma ermaneTisgan gamijnes eklesiebi da seqtebi. eklesia msxvili religiuri saxelmwifo organizaciaa, rogoricaa kaTolikuri an inglisis eklesia. seqta erTgul morwmuneTagan Semdgari ufro mcire, naklebad organizebuli dajgufebaa, romelic, Cveulebriv, eklesiis winaaRmdeg protestis gamoxatvis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis MmagaliTia kalvinistebi da meTodistebi. robert vuTnou: sociologi religiuri morwmunis rolSi bevri sociologi, romelic religias Seiwavlis, SeiZleba eklesiis an religiuri dawesebulebis wevri iyos. maT SeiZleba gulis siRrmeSi miaCndeT, rom zogierTi religiuri Tvalsazrisi, sxva realiebTan SedarebiT, ufro axlos aris RvTiur WeSmaritebasTan. rogor aRweven sociologebi obieqturobas profesiuli valdebulebisa da piradi rwmenis dabalansebis xarjze? am kiTxvas robert vuTnou pasuxobs. misi wigni ,,qristianoba 21-e saukuneSi: mosalodneli sirTuleebi” (1993) qristianobis momaval perspeqtivebs exeba. vuTnous sfero socialuri mecnierebebia, magram is xazs usvams, rom kvlevis sagans qristianisa da sociologis kuTxiT ganixilavs. vuTnous, rogorc qristians, Zlier ainteresebda, SeinarCunebda Tu ara eklesia TviTmyofadobas 21-e saukuneSi. vuTnou, rogorc sociologi, imis gagebas cdilobda, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens socialuri cvlileba eklesiasa da mis wevrebze. vuTnous kvlevis meTodi eklesiis wevrebis gamokiTxva iyo. am diskusiam is im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom qristianuli identoba sul ufro globalur xasiaTs iZens. 16 denominanturi sazRvrebi iSleba. ,,warsulSi qristianebi baptistebi iyvnen an presbiterelebi, axla ki qristianebi sakuTar Tavs mTeli msoflios qristianul saZmosTan aigiveben.“ rogori iqneba denominanturi eklesiis roli globalizaciis gazrdili gavlenis fonze? vuTnous azriT, eklesiis wevrebs ,,globaluri azrovneba da lokaluri qmedeba surT”. es imas niSnavs, rom isini msoflios sxva morwmuneebTan identobas eZeben, magram urTierToba maT siaxloves myof erTmorwmuneebTan surT. magaliTad, lili da semi presbiterelebi imitom ki ar arian, rom denominaciis erTguleba amoZravebT, aramed imitom, rom ,,moZRvari moswonT, mrevlSi gaerTianebul adamianebTan erTad Tavs komfortulad grZnoben, eklesiis Senoba maT arqiteqturul gemovnebas akmayofilebs da maTTvis mosaxerxebelia eklesiis teritoriuli siaxlovec.” vuTrou acxadebs, rom eklesia moqnilobas im SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs, Tu is ,,adamianebs iseTi Temisadmi kuTvnilebisESegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs, sadac isini mxardaWeras da TavSesafars ipovian da RvTis samsaxurSi iqnebian.” miuxedavad imisa, rom vuTnou qristiania, is sociologiuri kuTxiT azrovnebs da obieqtur analizs awarmoebs. misi midgoma universitetis profesoris Tvalsazriss efuZneba da ara qristianuli mrevlis wevris. es imas niSnavs, rom vuTnous, rogorc qristianis, mikerZoebulma ganwyobam monacemTa Segrovebaze gavlena ar moaxdina. rodesac iseT sociologiur sakiTxebs ixilavT, rogoric sekularizacia da fundamentalizmia, religiis Sesaxeb sakuTari azrebi analizSi xels xom ar giSliT? eklesia, Cveulebriv, formaluri, biurokratiuli struqturiTa da oficialur religiur pirTa ierarqiiT gamoirCeva. is religiis konservatuli formis SenarCunebas cdilobs, radgan arsebul instituciur ganawesTan integrirdeba. Cveulebriv, eklesiis wevrebi mSoblebi, Semdeg ki maTi memkvidreebi arian. seqta wevrTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Semoifargleba; is, Cveulebriv, ,,WeSmariti gzis” aRmoCenasa da am gziT siaruls emsaxureba. misi wevrebi sazogadoebidan gamijvnas da calkeul TemebSi gaerTianebas cdiloben. seqtis wevrebi saxelmwifo eklesias korumpirebul organizaciad miiCneven. maT umravlesobas mcire raodenobis oficialuri warmomadgeneli hyavs, an saerTod ar hyavs oficialuri lideri. yvela wevri Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs. seqtaSi dabadebidan cota adamiani Tu wevriandeba, wevrTa umravlesobas rwmenis ganmtkicebis mizani amoZravebs. bekeri: denominacia da kultebi veberisa da trelCis mier SemoTavazebuli, eklesiis seqtisgan ganmasxvavebeli tipologia sxva avtorebmac ganaviTares. amis magaliTs hovard bekeris naSromi warmoadgens, romelmac maT mier SemuSavebul klasifikacias kidev ori tipi - denominacia da kulti – daumata (Becker 1950). denominacia seqtis “Serbilebuli” formaa, romelSic opoziciurad ganwyobili aqtiuri jgufi instituciurma organizaciam Caanacvla. xangrZlivi arsebobis Semdeg, seqta sabolood denominaciad gardaiqmneba. magaliTad, formirebis sawyis periodSi, kalvinizmi da meTodizmi seqtebi iyo da radikalurad ganwyobili wevrebi hyavda; magram wlebis Semdeg maT ,,respeqtabeluri” ieri SeiZines. eklesia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli xarisxiT, aRiarebs denominaciebs, isini gverdigverd arseboben da zogjer harmoniuli TanamSromlobac ki akavSirebT. 17 kultsa da seqtas erTmaneTTan bevri saerTo aqvs, magram maTi aqcenti gansxvavebulia. es dajgufebebi ar arian myar kavSirSi sxva religiur organiziciebTan da maTi wevrebi maTTvis ucxo sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs uaryofen. isini yuradRebas individualur gamocdilebaze amaxvileben da erTnairad moazrovne individebs uyrian Tavs. adamiani kultSi formalurad ar erTiandeba, is ubralod garkveul Teoriebs iziarebs da qcevis dadgenil wesebs misdevs. Cveulebriv, wevrebs sxva religiuri kavSirebis SenarCunebis uflebac eZlevaT. seqtis msgavsad, kultic, xSirad, iseTi lideris garSemo formirdeba, romelic wevrTa STagonebis wyarod iqceva. dasavleTSi arsebuli kultebi spiritualizmis, astrologiisa da transcendenturi meditaciis mimdevrebs moicavs. Sefaseba zemoT ganxiluli oTxi cneba Zalze sasargebloa religiuri organizaciis aspeqtebis analizis TvalsazrisiT, magram maT didi sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, radgan isini mxolod qristianul tradiciebs asaxavs. islamis magaliTiT vrwmundebiT, rom araqristianul religiebSi eklesia sxva institutebs mkveTrad ar emijneba da sxva saxelmwifo religiebs ganviTarebuli biurokratuli ierarqia ara aqvT. magaliTad, induizmi Sinaganad imdenad heterogenuli religiaa, rom mis struqturaSi biurokratuli organizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi TiTqmis ar moiZebneba. ,,denominacias” verc induizmis sxvadasxva qvedajgufebas vuwodebT. seqtisa da kultis cnebebi, savaraudod, farTod gamoiyeneba, magram am sakiTxSic didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs. msoflio religiebSi xSirad arsebobs seqtis msgavsi dajgufebebi. isini dasavluri seqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri TvisebiT – valdebulebis grZnobiT, gamorCeulobis SegrZnebiT, orTodoqsulobis wesebidan gadaxvevis miswrafebiT – gamoirCeva. Tumca, am jgufTa umravlesobas, magaliTad, im jgufebs, romlebic induizmSi gvxvdeba, tradiciul eTnikur TemebTan ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre qristianul seqtebTan (B. Wilson 1982). am jgufebis umravlesoba ,,WeSmariti morwmuneebisTvis” damaxasiaTebel grZnobebs ise mwvaved ar gamoxatavs, rogorc es qristianobis mimdevrebs axasiaTebT. amis mizezi is aris, rom aRmosavleTis ,,eTikuri religiisTvis” gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi ufro misaRebia. romeliRac jgufi “sakuTar gzas irCevs” da mas ufro myarad dafuZnebuli organizaciis mxridan araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba. termini ,,kulti” farTod gamoiyeneba, mas zogierT milenarul moZraobas usadageben. Tumca am moZraobaTa definicia seqtebs ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre bekeris mier formulirebuli kultis cnebas. eklesiis, seqtisa da denominaciis cneba SeiZleba kulturasTan iyos kavSirSi, magram es cnebebi im daZabuli viTarebis analizSi gvexmareba, romelsac yvela religia gaivlis aRorZinebidan institucionalizaciamde. religiuri organizaciebi, dafuZnebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg, ufro biurokratiul da mouqnel xasiaTs iZens, magram religiur simboloebs morwmuneebze Zlieri emociuri zemoqmedeba aqvT, rac xels uSlis maT rutinul simbolikad gadaqcevas. axali 18 seqtebisa da kultebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo iqneba diurkemis mosazrebis gamoyeneba, romelic erTmaneTisgan mijnavs sakralursa da profanuls. rac ufro metad standartuli xdeba religiuri aqtivoba, anu rac ufro gauTviTcnobiereblad sruldeba misi kanonebi, miT ufro ikargeba sakralurobis elementi da rituali da rwmena yoveldRiuri miwieri cxovrebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. meore mxriv, ceremoniebi religiuri gamocdilebis gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebis axleburi kuTxiT gaazrebaSi gvexmareba, amgvari STagonebiT miRebuli gamocdileba ki SeiZleba dadgenili orTodoqsuli Tvalsazrisisgan gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. jgufebi, SesaZloa, mowydnen ZiriTad Tems, moaxdinon saprotesto an separatistuli moZraobebis mobilizacia, an dafuZnebuli rwmenisa da ritualebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis nimuSebi SeimuSavon. genderi da religia rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, eklesiebi da denominaciebi iseTi religiuri organizaciebia, romlebic marTvis gamokveTili sistemiT xasiaTdeba. socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, am ierarqiaSic qalebs wamyvani poziciebi naklebad uWiravT. es naTlad ikveTeba qristianobaSi, magram sxva ZiriTadi religiebisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli. religiuri xatebi mamrobiTi sqesi ara marto qristianuli religiis ierarqiaSi, aramed mis simbolikaSic dominirebs. wminda mariams, ieso qristes dedas, zogjer RvTiur Tvisebebs miaweren, magram ufali mamakacia, mama RmerTi; qriste dedamiwas mamakacis saxiT moevlina. bibliis mixedviT, qali mamakacis neknisgan Seiqmna. bibliur teqstSi bevri qali personaJia, zogierTi maTgani qvelmoqmedebiTa da simamaciT gamoirCeva, magram wamyvani rolebi mamakacebs miewerebaT. magaliTad, moses mdedrobiTi sqesis ekvivalenti ar arsebobs. axal aRTqmaSi yvela mociquli mamakacia. es faqtebi uyuradRebod ar datoves qalTa moZraobebSi gaerTianebulma aqtivistebma. 1895 wels elizabeT qeidi stentonma, ,,qalis bibliis” saxelwodebiT, bibliur teqstTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime komentari gamoaqveyna, (Stanton 1985). is acxadebs, rom RmerTma qali da mamakaci Tanaswor arsebebad Seqmna da bibliaSi es faqti srulad unda iyos asaxuli. misi azriT, mamakac personaJTa siWarbe RmerTis WeSmarit xedvas ki ar adasturebs, aramed imas, rom biblia mamakacebis mier daiwera. 1870ian wlebSi inglisis eklesiam daafuZna komiteti, romelsac manamde araerTxel ganxorcielebuli qmedeba – bibliuri teqstebis gadaxedva da ganaxleba – daevala. rogorc elizabeT stentonma aRniSna, komitetis SemadgenlobaSi arc erTi qali ar iyo. misi gancxadebis Tanaxmad, imis mtkicebis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, TiTqos RmerTi, eWvgareSe, mamakacia. bibliaSi gasagebad weria, rom RmerTma yvela adamiani Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna. misma erT-erTma kolegam qalTa uflebebisadmi miZRvnili konferencia RvTis sadidebeli locviT gaxsna, romelic Semdegi sityvebiT daiwyo: ,,ufalo, dedao Cveno”. saeklesio xelisuflebis mxridan amas agresiuli reaqcia mohyva, magram stentonma 19 mainc ganagrZo 23 qalisgan Semdgari, qalTa cvlilebebze momuSave komitetis organizeba, romlebmac mas qalTa bibliis momzadeba urCies. winaTqmaSi man sakuTari pozicia Seajama: saeklesio kanoni da samoqalaqo samarTali, eklesia da saxelmwifo, mRvdlebi da kanonmdeblebi, politikuri partiebi da religiuri denominaciebi gvaswavlian, rom jer mamakaci Seiqmna, Semdeg ki - qali. qali mamakacisgan, mamakacisTvis Seiqmna. is masze qvemdgomiEarsebaa, romelic mamakacs unda daemorCilos. Cacmuloba, forma, sazogadoebrivi ceremoniebi da wes-Cveulebebi, saeklesio wesebi da disciplina yvelaferi am ideas efuZneba... is, visac am sabralo arsebis amaRlebul Rirseul pirovnebad gardaqmna da misi, rogorc kacobriobis dedis, Tayvaniscema SeuZlia, aRmosavlel mahaTmasebis mistikur saidumlo ZalebTan ziareba unda mivulocoT. (Stanton 1985, gv. 7-8; aseve ix. Gage 1980, pirvelad 1893 wels gamoica) qalRmerTebi msoflios bevr religiaSi gvxvdeba. maT qalur, mosiyvarule da naz arsebebTan aigiveben; zog SemTxvevaSi, qalRmerTs SiSis momgvreli damangreveli RmerTis imiji aqvs. magaliTad, xSirad gvxvdeba meomari qalRmerTebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom realur socialur yofaSi mdedrobiTi sqesis samxedro liderebi iSviaTia. aqamde sxvadasxva religiaSi qalTa simboluri an fizikuri CarTuloba masStaburad aravis Seuswavlia, radgan, simboluri an realuri TvalsazrisiT, qali TiTqmis arc erT religiaSi ar gvevlineba dominantur figurad (Bynum et al. 1986). magaliTisTvis budizmi ganvixiloT. zogierT budistur swavlebaSi qalebs mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT. religiis erT-erT ganStoebaSi, mahaiana budizmSi, qalebi gansakuTrebulad dadebiTi kuTxiT arian warmoCenilni. magram rogorc am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli naSromis cnobili avtori aRniSnavs, zogadad, budizmi, iseve rogorc qristianoba, Zlieri patriarqaluri struqturiT marTuli, mamakacis mier Seqmnili institutia da masSi qali, ZiriTadad, yofiT, umweo, profanul da arasrulyofil arsebasTan asocirdeba” (Paul 1985, gv. XIX). budistur teqstebSi qalTa kontrastuli daxasiaTeba, miwier samyaroSi qalebis mimarT mamakacTa ambivalentur damokidebulebas asaxavs. erTi mxriv, qali brZen, dedobrivi Tvisebebis matarebel, naz arsebad, meore mxriv ki, idumalebiT mocul, damangrevel da borot Zalad aris warmoCenili. foierbaxis TvalsazrisiT, religia sazogadoebis siRrmiseul Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs; vinc am mosazrebas iziarebs, arc is unda gaukvirdes, rom religiebi mamakacTa saxeebze amaxvileben yuradRebas. qalebi religiur organizaciebSi budizmSi qals, tradiciulad, eqTnis movaleobis Sesrulebis ufleba hqonda; igive religiuri samsaxuri SeeZlo gaewia qals qristianobaSic. monastrebSi cxovreba, pirvelad, adreulma qristianulma jgufebma daiwyes, romlebic ukiduresi siRaribiT gamoirCeodnen da mTel dros meditacias uTmobdnen. am adamianebs (romelTagan bevri gandegil cxovrebas eweoda) da jgufebs, zogjer, cota ram Tu akavSirebdaT saxelmwifo eklesiasTan, magram Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi eklesiam TiTqmis yvela monastris mier dafuZnebuli ordenis gakontroleba daiwyo. monastrebi stabilur dawesebulebebad iqca da maTi binadrebi kaTolikuri eklesiis saxelisuflebo sistemas daeqvemdebarnen. mamaTa 20 monastris zogierTi yvelaze gavleniani ordeni, magaliTad, cistersianelebi da avgustinianebi, meTormete da mecamete saukuneebSi, anu jvarosnuli moZraobis periodSi dafuZnda. qalTa ordenebis umravlesoba mxolod ori saukunis Semdeg gaCnda. Tumca, me-19 saukunemde, maTi Semadgenloba SedarebiT mcirericxovani iyo. me-19 saukuneSi qalebi monazvnebad, nawilobriv, imitom iRkvecebodnen, rom maT mxolod am SemTxvevaSi hqondaT maswavleblebad da eqTnebad muSaobis ufleba. am saqmianobebs religiuri organizaciebi akontrolebdnen. rodesac profesiebi eklesiebs gaemijna, religiur organizaciebSi qalTa proporciuli raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela religiur organizacias gansxvavebuli ritualebi da wesebi aqvs, monazons yvelgan “qristes sarZlos” uwodeben. 1950-60-ian wlebSi zogierT ordenSi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda, manam ki monazvnad aRkvecis dros “qorwinebis” ceremoniali sruldeboda, momaval monazons Tmas aWridnen, religiurad naTlavdnen da saqorwino beWdiT asaCuqrebdnen. samonazvnes Tavidan arCevanis ufleba eZleva, mas SeuZlia darCes an datovos monasteri. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki is fics sdebs da monastris mudmivi wevri xdeba. qalTa dRevandeli religiuri ordenebi, rwmenisa da cxovrebis wesis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gasnxvavdeba. zogierT monasterSi dedebs tradiciuli tansacmeli acviaT da dadgenil rutinul cxovrebis wess misdeven. amis sapirispirod, iseTi religiuri erTobebic arsebobs, romlebic Tanamedrove SenobebSi cxovroben da bevr Zvel wess uaryofen; magaliTad, dedebs saero tansacmeli acviaT. naklebi simkacriT moqmedebs akrZalva, romlis mixedviT, dedebs dRis garkveul monakveTSi ara aqvT saubris ufleba, maT gulxeldakrefili siaruli da xelebis kabis qveS damalva aRar moeTxovebaT. es cvlilebebi 1960-ian wlebSi, saeklesio xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli sagangebo brZanebis safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli. monastrebSi moRvawe pirebs saeklesio ierarqiaSi, Cveulebriv, Zalze mcire avtoriteti aqvT, an saerTod ara aqvT avtoriteti; Tumca isini eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian. qalTa religiuri ordenebis arsebobis miuxedavad, qalebi msxvil religiur organizaciebSi uSualo gavelniT ar sargeblobdnen. TiTqmis yvela kaTolikur da anglikanur eklesias dResac mxolod mamakacebi marTaven, Tumca isini qalTa organizaciebis mxridan Zlier zewolas ganicdian. 1977 wels romSi, rwmenis doqtrinis saxeliT, sakraluri kongregacia Seikriba da oficialurad ganacxada, rom qalebi kaTolikur samRvdeloebaSi ar daiSvebian. amis mizezad is dasaxelda, rom, rodesac iesom mociqulebi Sekriba, mas arc erTi qali ar mouwvevia (Noel 1980). kaTolikurma eklesiam 1987 weli, oficialurad, ,,wminda mariamis wlad” gamoacxada da qalebs maTi tradiciuli movaleobis, meuRlisa da dedis rolis, Sesrulebisken mouwoda. 1994 wlis maisSi gamoqveynebul werilSi papma ioane pavle II-m kidev erTxel daadastura, rom kaTolikuri eklesiis akrZalvis Tanaxmad, qals ar hqonda sasuliero pirad kurTxevis ufleba. werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,sakiTxis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT... vacxadeb, rom eklesias ara 21 aqvs qalis mRvdlad kurTxevis uflebamosileba morwmune eklesia unda daeqvemdebaros.” da am wess yvela 1992 wlamde inglisis eklesiaSi qals mxolod diakvnad, magram ara mRvdlad, msaxurebis ufleba hqonda. oficialurad, is saero pirad iTvleboda da mniSvnelovani religiuri ritualebis, magaliTad, dalocvis an saqorwino ceremonialis, warmarTva ekrZaleboda. diakvan qals zogierTi saeklesio ritualis Sesruleba mxolod mRvdlis xelmZRvanelobiT SeeZlo. sxva movaleobebTan erTad, mas monaTvlis uflebac hqonda. 1986 wels inglisis eklesiis mmarTvel organos, generaluri sinodis mudmivmoqmed komitets, kanonmdeblobis Seswavla daevala, ris Sedegadac unda mieRoT gadawyvetileba, eqneboda Tu ara qals mRvdlad msaxurebis ufleba. samuSao jgufi aTi mamakacisa da ori qalbatonisgan Sedgeboda. maTi ZiriTadi amocana iyo dasabuTebis SemuSaveba ,,inglisis eklesiis im wevrebisTvis, romlebisTvisac, raime mizeziT, qalTa mRvdelmsaxureba miuRebeli iqneboda” (citirebulia Aldrige-dan, 1987, gv. 377). qalebis gancdebsa da survilebs naklebi yuradReba daeTmo. qristianuli religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, revoluciuri moZraobis safuZvelze Seiqmna, magram qalebisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, zogierTi wamyvani qristianuli eklesia Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi yvelaze konservatuli organizaciebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. mRvdeli qalebi didi xania misaRebia zogierTi seqtisa da denominaciisTvis, magram kaTolikuri da anglikanuri eklesia, kvlav genderuli uTanasworobis formalur mxardaWeras ganagrZobs. londonis anglikan episkopos grehem leonards, 1987 wlis agvistoSi, qristianul radio programaSi hkiTxes, imoqmedebs Tu ara RmerTis qristianul gagebaze qalebis regularuli xilva sakurTxevelTan. man upasuxa: ,,Cemi azriT, imoqmedebs. rodesac qals Sevxedav, instinqturad, misi gulSi Cakvris survili gamiCndeba...” misi azriT, qalebis samRvdeloebis sruluflebian wevrebad miuReblobis mizezi is aris, rom qal mRvdelsa da kongregaciis wevrebs Soris seqsualuri ltolvis gaRviZebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. religiaSi, iseve rogorc sxva sferoebSi, ,,iniciativa mamakacs ekuTvnis, qali ki am iniciativiT sargeblobs.” (Jenkins 1987). 1992 wels inglisis eklesiam, bolos da bolos, xmaTa umravlesobiT, dauSva qalTa mRvdelmsaxureba. am gadawvetilebas mravalma jgufma, maT Soris, Mmargaret braunis mier formirebulma organizaciam ,,qalebi qalTa mRvdelmsaxurebis winaaRmdeg” gauwia winaaRmdegoba. margaret braunisa da mamakacTa ramdenime anglikanuri jgufis azriT, qalTa sruluflebiani mRvdelmsaxureba bibliur WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba. zogierTma jgufma eklesiaSi msaxurebaze, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, Tqva uari. sxva adamianebTan erTad, grehem leonardmac ganacxada, rom is tovebs inglisis eklesias da kaTolikur eklesiaSi iwyebs moRvaweobas. 22 milenaruli moZraobebi milenaruli moZraobebis arseboba da sixSire naTlad adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom religia xSirad aqtiuri qmedebisa da socialuri cvlilebis STagonebis wyarod iqceva. milenaruli jgufi, mimdinare periodSi, zogierT kataklizmur cvlilebebze reagirebis an, savaraudod, warsulSi arsebuli oqros xanis aRorZinebis motiviT, morwmuneebs swrafi koleqtiuri xsnis gzas hpirdeba (termini “milenaruli” (aTaswleuli) qristes aTaswlovan batonobas, bibliaSi nawinaswarmetyveleb mileniums efuZneba). milenaruli moZraobebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba qristianobis istorias. am moZraobebma Tavi orgvar konteqstSi – warsulSi, dasavleTSi mcxovreb xelmokle adamianebs Soris da, SedarebiT axlo periodSi, msoflios sxva regionebSi mcxovreb kolonizebul adamianebs Soris – iCina. ioakimes mimdevrebi Sua saukuneebSi ioakimizmis saxeliT cnobili milenaruli moZraoba ganviTarda da aRorZinebas mecamete saukuneSi miaRwia (Cohn 1970a, 1970b). am periodSi evropaSi ekonomika swrafad viTardeboda da dominanturi kaTolikuri eklesia materialurad sul ufro Zlierdeboda. mravali abatis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, monastrebi mdidrul cixe-simagreebad gadakeTda, episkoposebma sasaxleebi aiges da saero feodalebma, lordebis msgavsad, fufunebaSi daiwyes cxovreba. aseTive didebul mefur cxovrebas eweodnen papebic. ioakimizmi oficialur eklesiaSi arsebul amgvar tendenciebze protestis niSnad ganviTarda. mecamete saukunis Sua wlebSi franciskanelma berebma (maTi ordeni materialur siamovnebasa da simdidres uaryofda) saeklesio oficialuri pirebis miwieri Cvevebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres. maTi moZraoba, ormocdaaTi wliT adre gardacvlili, fioreli abatis ioakimes misnobriv nawerebs daefuZna. ioakimes winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, 1260 wels, “spiritualebis” (ase uwodebdnen isini sakuTar Tavs) moZraobiT qristianuli epoqis mesame da ukanaskneli faza unda dawyebuliyo. amas mohyveboda aTaswleuli, romelSic yvela adamiani, imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevari iyo manamde, qristes moZRvrebis erTguli unda yofiliyo da sakuTari surviliT, siRaribeSi cxovrebis gza aerCia. misi winaswarmetyvelebiT, arsebuli eklesia daiSleboda da sasuliero pirebs germaniis imperatori gaanadgurebda. rodesac 1260-ma welma amgvari kataklizmebis gareSe Caiara, nawinaswarmetyvelebi mileniumis TariRmac gadaiwia da es procesi dausruleblad gagrZelda. ioakimes mimdevrebi kvlav Zveleburi TavdadebiT qadagebdnen. religiuri xelisuflebis mier devnili ioakimisti spiritualebi oficialur eklesias babilonis codvasTan aigivebdnen, paps ki antiqristesa da apokalifsis mxecs uwodebdnen. isini mxsnelis gamoCenas sakuTar mimdevarTa Soris elodnen, romelic ,,angelozi papis” saxeliT daikavebda papis Tanamdebobas; es RmerTis rCeuli mTel samyaros gardaqmnida, romelSic yvela adamians nebayoflobiT siRaribeSi unda ecxovra. am moZraobis erT-erTi jgufis winamZRoli fra dolCino iyo; is CrdiloeT italiaSi, aTasze met 23 SeiaraRebul adamianTan erTad, papis jarebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda; bolos damarcxda, misi meomrebi ki gaanadgures. dolCino boZze gaakres da dawves, rogorc eretikosi, magram misi sikvdilis Semdeg, dolCinos STagonebiT, sxva saprotesto jgufebi gaCnda. aCrdilTa cekva milenaruli moZraobis sruliad gansxvavebuli magaliTia aCrdilTa cekvis kulti, romelic mecxramete saukunis bolos, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, dablobze mcxovreb indielebSi ganviTarda. misnebi katastrofis momaswavebeli mileniumis moaxloebas qadagebdnen; maTi mtkicebiT, qariSxlebis, miwisZvrebis, qarbuqebisa da wyaldidobebis simravliT gamorCeul aTaswleuls TeTrkaniani dampyroblebis ganadgureba mohyveba. mxolod indielebi gadarCebian da bizonTa jogebiT savse preriebs daibruneben. katastrofis Semdeg, yvela eTnikuri jgufi gaerTiandeba da indielTa miwaze dasaxlebuli TeTrkanianebi da indielebi megobrulad icxovreben. aCrdilTa cekvis rituali am teritoriaze dasaxlebul TemebSi gavrcelda; swored ase gavrcelda bolo dros, soflidan sofelSi, religiuri kultebi axal gvineaSic. aCrdilTa cekvis ritualebi, romelic cekvas, galobasa da transis magvar mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas gulisxmobda, nawilobriv, qristianul ideebs, nawilobriv ki, indielebis teritoriaze TeTrkanianTa Semosvlamde indielTa tomebis mier ganxorcielebul tradiciul rituals _ mzis cekvas _ efuZneboda. aCrdilTa cekvis moZraoba dasrulda vundid nis sisxliani Jletis Semdeg, rodesac TeTrkanianma jariskacebma 370 indieli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi daxoces. milenarul moZraobaTa buneba ram gamoiwvia milenarul moZraobaTa ganviTareba? mravali iseTi elementis identificireba SeiZleba, romelic umravles an yvela moZraobas aerTianebs. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani misanTa (,,STagonebul” liderTa an maswavlebelTa) aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. maTi mizani dadgenili religiuri ideebis uaryofasa da maTi ganaxlebis aucileblobis moTxovnaSi mdgomareobs. misani mimdevrebs warmatebiT izidavs, Tu imis verbalur gadmocemas axerxebs, rasac adamianebi, garkveulwilad, iziareben, magram bolomde ver acnobiereben. is mizans im SemTxvevaSic aRwevs, Tu adamianebSi iseT emociebs gaaRvivebs, romlebic maT garkveuli qmedebisken ubiZgebs. misnoba yovelTvis mWidrod ukavSirdeboda xsnis religiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, qristianobas. koloniebSi milenarul moZraobaTa mqadageblebis umravlesoba kargad icnobda qristianul rwmenasa da praqtikas. bevr maTgans, faqtobrivad, misionrebis funqcia hqonda dakisrebuli. Tumca maT SeTvisebuli religia sakuTari maswavleblebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. milenaruli moZraoba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, radikaluri kulturuli cvlilebis an siRaribis uecari gamwvavebis periodSi viTardeba (Worsley 1970). is iseT adamianebs izidavs, romlebic am cvlilebaTa Sedegad devnas ganicdian da Zvel statuss aRar floben. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi milenarul moZraobas zogjer ukidures siRaribeSi aRmoCenili, sasowarkveTili adamianebi afarebdnen Tavs. magaliTad, SimSilobis 24 periodSi, misnebis mimdevrebi fermerebi iyvnen, radgan isini maT ,,samyaros Tavdayira dayenebas hpirdebodnen.” am axal samyaroSi dedamiwa RaribTa gankargulebaSi unda yofiliyo. milenarul moZraobaTa dawyeba koloniebSi, dasavleli kolonizatorebis zewolis Sedegad, tradiciuli kulturis ngreviT aris gamowveuli. aseTi moZraobis magaliTi aCrdilTa cekvaa. milenarianizms zogjer privilegirebuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg RaribTa galaSqrebas an mCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg Cagrulebis amboxs uwodeben (Lantenari 1963). bevr SemTxvevaSi, es marTlac mniSvnelovani faqtoria. magram es Zalze primitiuli ganmartebaa: zogierT milenarul moZraobas, magaliTad, ioakimist spiritualebs, materialur deprivaciasTan cota ram Tu akavSirebs. religiis mimdinare ganviTarebebi: islamuri revolucia Tvalsazrisi, romelsac samive mecnieri _ marqsi, diurkemi da veberi – iziarebs, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tanamedrove samyarosTvis tradiciuli religia sul ufro marginaluri xdeba da sekularizacia gardauvali procesia. am sami moazrovnidan, savaraudod, mxolod veberi eWvobda, rom iseTi tradiciuli religiuri sistema, rogoric islamia, aRorZinebis Zireul process gaivlis da, meoce saukunis bolos, mniSvnelovan politikur ganviTarebas Cauyris safuZvels. swored amgvarad warimarTa movlenebi iranSi 1980-ian wlebSi. ukanasknel periodSi, islamurma fundamentalizmma (xazgasma uSualod wminda werilis teqstis interpretaciidan momdinareobs) sxva qveynebze, maT Soris, egvipteze, siriaze, libansa da alJirzec, mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. riT aixsneba islamis masStaburi ganaxleba? islamuri sarwmunoebis ganviTareba am fenomenis gasagebad islami unda ganvixiloT, rogorc tradiciuli religia da im yofiT cvlilebebzec vimsjeloT, romlebmac Zlier imoqmedes Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebze. islami aris religia, romelic, qristianobis msgavsad, mudmiv aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs: yurani – islamis wminda werili – morwmuneebs ,,RmerTis saxeliT brZolisken” mouwodebs. es aris brZola urwmunoTa da im adamianebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic musulmanTa TemSi xels uwyoben korufciis ganviTarebas. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi musulman reformatorTa warmatebuli Taobebi arsebobda da islami, qristianobis msgavsad, Sida mimdinareobebad daiyo. xarigizmi da Siizmi, orTodoqsuli islamis adreuli istoriis periodSi, islamis safuZvelze Seiqmna. xarigitebi pirveli gamokveTili seqtaa, romelic islamis farglebSi ganviTarda. maT mkacri egalitaruli rwmena hqondaT, materialuri privilegiis yvela formas uaryofdnen da acxadebdnen, rom adamiani veRar iqneba musulmani, Tu mas seriozuli codva aqvs Cadenili. xarigizmi seqtis statusiT did xans ar darCenila, aramed, garkveulwilad, yvela momdevno fundamenturi reformistuli musulmanuri moZraobis winamorbedi gaxda – rac imas niSnavs, rom moZraobaTa principebi kvlav islamis ,,ZiriTad safuZvlebs” ubrundeba. 25 gavlena meore mniSvnelovanma seqtam _ Siizmmac _ SeinarCuna. Siizmi dRes iranis (Zveli sparseTis) oficialuri religiaa. iranis revoluciis ideebi swored am religiiT iyo STagonebuli. Siitebis mimdinareobas safuZveli Cauyara meSvide saukuneSi moRvawe religiurma da politikurma liderma imam alim, romelic, imdroindel msoflio mmarTvelebs Soris, RmerTisadmi piradi erTgulebiTa da sxva gansakuTrebuli RirsebebiT gamoirCeoda. Siitebs miaCndaT, rom islamis lideris movaleobis Sesrulebis uflebamosileba mxolod alis STamomavlobas hqonda, radgan, mmarTveli dinastiebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini winaswarmetyveli muhamedis ojaxis warmomadgenlebad iTvlebodnen. maT muhamedis Rirseuli memkvidris gabatonebisa da arsebuli tiranuli da usamarTlo reJimis dasrulebis sjerodaT. muhamedis memkvidre uSualod RmerTisgan miiRebda miTiTebebs da yuranis moZRvrebis mixedviT imoqmedebda. Siizmi meTeqvsmete saukunidan iranis oficialuri religiaa. Siitebis mravalricxovan mosaxleobas axlo aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris eraySi, TurqeTsa da saudis arabeTSi, agreTve indoeTsa da pakistanSic vxvdebiT. Tumca, am qveynebSi islamis liderebi mosaxleobis umravlesobis warmomadgenlebi, sunitebi, arian. sunis musulmanebi ,,gakvalul gzas”irCeven, anu yuranis im tradiciebs iziareben, romlebic SiitTa mkacrad dadgenil xedvas emijnebian da gansxvavebul azrTan Seguebisken mouwodeben. ukanaskneli ori-sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dasavluri gavlenis gavrcelebis Sedegad, sagrZnobi cvlilebebi Tavad sunis doqtrinebmac ganicada. islami da dasavleTi Sua saukuneebSi, qristianul evropasa da im musulmanur saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic axlandeli espaneTis, saberZneTis, iugoslaviis, bulgareTisa da rumineTis did nawils akontrolebdnen, metnaklebad uwyveti brZola mimdinareobda. musulmanebis mier dapyrobili miwebis umravlesobaze evropelebi acxadebdnen pretenzias, musulmanTa kuTvnili Crdilo afrikis teritoriebi ki, dasavleTis koloniebad iqca da meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebSi aq dasavluri gavlena kidev ufro gaizarda. es musulmanuri religiisa da civilizaciis katastrofuli marcxi iyo; musulmani morwmuneebis azriT, islami religiebs Soris yvelaze mowinave da progresuli religiaa da yvela danarCeni religia mas efuZneba. mecxramete saukunis bolos musulmanurma samyarom dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebas efeqturi winanaRmdegoba ver gauwia; aman kvlav ganapiroba iseTi moZraobebis ganviTareba, romlebic Zveli, WeSmariti da Zlevamosili islamis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad. ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom islamma, sakuTari rwmenisa da praqtikis identobis ganmtkicebiT, dasavleTis gamowvevaze unda moaxdinos reagireba. meoce saukuneSi es idea sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda da 1978-9 wlebSi iranis ,,islamis revoluciis” fonis formireba ganapiroba. revoluciuri moZraoba Sahis Sida opoziciam, muhamed rezam, wamoiwyo, romlisTvisac dasavluri modernizaciis formebi - miwis reforma, qalebis gazrdili saarCevno uflebebi da saero ganaTlebis ganviTareba - misaRebi iyo da 26 is am formebis danergvas Seecada. moZraobam, romelmac Sahis taxtidan Camogdebas Seuwyo xeli, gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone adamianebi gaaerTiana, zogierT maTgans islamur fumdamentalizmTan araferi ar akavSirebda, magram moZraobis dominanturi figura yvelasTvis aiaTola xomeini iyo, romelic SiitTa ideebis radikalur reinterpretacias moiTxovda. xomeinis mTavroba tradiciuli islamuri kanonis mixedviT iyo organizebuli. man am mTavrobas ,,alis warmomadgenloba” uwoda. islamurma revoluciam yuranis moZRvreba gaiziara da iranis politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovreba uSualod religias daefuZna. ganaxlebuli islamuri kanonis mixedviT, mamakacebi da qalebi mkacr segregacias eqvemdebarebian, qalebs sazogadoebaSi sxeulis da Tmis gamoCena ekrZalebaT, homoseqsualebs damsjel razmebSi uSveben, colqmruli Ralati ki CaqolviT isjeba. am mkacr kodeqss, dasavluri gavlenis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erovnuli Tvalsazrisic amyarebs. imis miuxedavad, rom revoluciurma ideebma, savaraudod, mTeli islamuri samyaro dasavleTis winaaRmdeg unda gaaerTianos, qveynebi, romelSic Siitebi umciresobaSi arian, sakuTar Tvalsazriss iranis islamur revolucias mWidrod ar ukavSireben. Tumca islamurma fundamentalizmma am saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi garkveul popularobas maiRwia da, misi STagonebiT, sxvadasxva formiT, islamuri aRorZineba sxva qveynebSic daiwyo. iranis islamuri respublikis mizani islamis mTel saxelmwifoSi gavrceleba – mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis imgvarad organizebaa, rom islamuri swavleba yvela sferosTvis gaxdes dominanturi. es procesi jer ar dasrulebula, radgan mas garkveuli Zalebi uweven winaaRmdegobas. zubaidam (1996) sami, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli, jgufi gamoyo. radikalebs islamuri revoluciis gagrZeleba da gaRrmaveba surT. amasTan, maT miaCniaT, rom revolucia aqtiurad unda gavrceldes sxva islamur qveynebSic. konservatorTa rigebs, ZiriTadad, religiuri funqcionerebi Seadgenen, romelTac miaCniaT, rom revolucia sakmarisad ganviTarda. maT sazogadoebaSi gavleniani pozicia uWiravT da am poziciis daTmoba ar surT. pragmatistebi sabazro reformasa da ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Semosvlas uWeren mxars. isini qalebze, ojaxsa da samarTlebriv sistemaze gavrcelebul mkacr islamur wesebsac ewinaaRmdegebian. es jgufi aqtiur konfliqtSia radikalebTan. zubaida acxadebs, rom islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, ,,dasavluri” reJimidan gacilebiT meti gadmonaSTi SemorCa, vidre miaCniaT xolme. magaliTad, islamuri mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli sajaxo kanonis punqtebis umravlesoba, am reJims efuZneba. qalebs iranSi, sxva islamur qveynebTan, magaliTad, saudis arabeTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi roli aqvT. islamuri aRorZinebis gavrceleba islamuri aRorZineba wminda religiuri kuTxiT ar unda iqnes gagebuli. es erovnul da kulturul TviTdamkvidrebaze orientirebuli 27 moZraobaaa, romelic, nawilobriv, dasavleTis gavlenaze saprotesto reaqcias gamoxatavs. saeWvoa, rom Tundac yvelaze fundamentalisturi formis islamuri ganaxleba, mxolod tradiciuli ideebis aRdgenas emsaxurebodes. islamuri aRorZineba gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri movlenaa. tradiciuli praqtika da cxovrebis wesi aRdga, magram moxda maTi Tanamedrove problemebTan kombinireba. gasuli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, islamurma fundamentalisturma moZraobebma CrdiloeT afrikis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreT aziis mraval qveyanaze moaxdina gavlena (ix. naxati 16.1). erT-erTi maTgani alJiria. islamuri xsnis frontma, 1991 wlis dekemberSi, uproblemod gaimarjva erovnuli krebis arCevnebis pirvelive turSi. misi programa alJiris iranis tipis islamur saxelmwofod Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda. magram am procesSi jari Caeria da arCevnebis Sedegebi gaauqma (Pilkington 1992). civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? bevri SiSobs, rom islamur samyaros konfrontacia aqvs dagegmili msoflios im regionebTan, romlebic mis rwmenas ar iziareben. islamur qveynebze TiTqos ar gavrcelebula demokratizaciis is talRa, romelic msoflios udides nawilSi aRiniSna. im 39 qveynidan, romlebSic islami dominantur religias warmoadgens, mxolod ramdenimes SeiZleba ewodos liberaluri demokratiuli qveyana. amis erT-erTi magaliTi TurqeTia, Tumca 1960 da 1980 wels samxedro mmarTvelobis ramdenime mcdeloba aqac ganxorcielda. zogierT qveyanaSi, romelic garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod demokratiuli iyo, magaliTad, alJirSi, demokratia SeizRuda an savsebiT aRmoifxvra. alJiris mTavrobam 1991 wels Tavisufali arCevnebi dauSva, magram rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom arCevnebSi religiuri fundamentalizmis gavlenis qveS myofi islamuri partia imarjvebs, man meore turis Catarebaze uari Tqva. qveyanaSi samxedro mmarTveloba gamocxadda; mTavrobasa da ,,gorilebis” islamur moZraobas Soris samoqalaqo omis msgavsi movlenebi ganviTarda. Tu alJirSi islamuri moZraoba gaimarjvebs, am mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba sxva maxlobeli qveyanac aRmoCndes. egvipteSi 55 milioni adamiani cxovrobs, romelTa Soris religiuri saxelmwifos damkvidrebis mosurne, islamis mimdevari meamboxeebic arian. bevri analogiuri SemTxvevaa marokosa da libiis musulmanTa Soris. politologi semuel hantingtoni (1993) acxadebs, rom dasavlur da islamur xedvas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoma, SesaZloa, msoflio ,,civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” mizezad iqces da civi omiTa da globalizaciis aRzevebiT dasruldes. erovnuli saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze gavlenas veRar axdens; amitom dapirispireba da konfliqtebi ufro farTo kulturebsa da civilizaciebs Soris iCens Tavs. aseT konfliqts hqonda adgili eqsiugoslaviaSi, bosniaSi, sadac bosnieli musulmanebi qristianuli kulturis warmomadgeneli serbebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. 28 orive religia – qristianobac da islamic – sakuTari religiis utyuarobas iCemebs da acxadebs, rom mas RvTis moZRvrebis gadmocema SeuZlia. qristianobisTvis misaRebi gaxda kapitalizmi da demokratia, da, Tu maqs vebers davimowmebT, am mimdinareobebis adreuli ganviTareba qristianobiT iyo STagonebuli. islamur morwmuneebs bevrad uWirT kapitalimzmsa da demokratiasTan Segueba. kapitalistur warmoebasa da liberalur demokratias isini dasavluri kulturis gavlenasTan aigiveben. garda amisa, islami erTmaneTisgan ar mijnavs pirad da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. Tumca, am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili citatebi adasturebs, rom am or ,,civilizacias” - qristianobasa da islams - saerTo ufro meti aqvT, vidre gansxvaveba, radgan maT erTi warmoSobis wyaro aqvT. TiToeulma maTganma, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, asobiT sisxliani omi gamoiara. amis sapirispirod, maT Semgueblobisa da zomierebis Zlieri tradiciebic aqvT. imedi unda viqonioT, rom es faqtorebi SesaZlebels gaxdis am ori kulturis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas. axla dasavleTSi religiis ganviTarebis uaxles periods mivubrundeT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebze gavamaxviloT. mniSvnelovani islamuri regionebi 1. dasavleT sanapiro da Raza fundamenturi jgufi, hamazi, romelic uars ambobs israelTan Tanaarsebobaze. warmoiSva palestinis Tavisuflebis organizaciis safuZvelze; aqvs mxardaWera israelis okupaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli palestinelebis mxridan. 2. TurqeTi keTildReobis partia, romelic islamur samyarosTan ufro mWidro kavSirebis damyarebas cdilobs; Seqmna aliansi or nacionalistur partiasTan erTad da monawileoba miiRo 1991 wlis arCevnebSi; moipova xmaTa 17%, magram xelisuflebaSi mainc ver moxvda. ramdenime mcire fundamenturi jgufi teroristur organizaciebSic aris gaerTianebuli. 3. siria musulmanTa aralegaluri saZmo, romelic sastikad idevneba 1980-iani wlebidan. magram, amboben, rom is kvlav mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. 4. libani Sia musulmanTa ori jgufi, hazbola da amali, iranisa da siriis gansakuTrebuli mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. am or jgufs Soris upiratesoba hazbolas eniWeba. 5. erayi Sia fundamentalistTa iatakqveSa jgufebi samxreT eraySi Zlieri mxardaWeriT sargebloben. maT monawileoba miiRes sparseTis yuris omis Semdeg mowyobil amboxSi. yvelaze didi dajgufeba, dava, 1968 wels dafuZnda da sastik devnas ganicdis; am dajgufebis bevri lideri da aqtivisti sikvdiliT daisaja. 29 6. irani 1979 wlidan islamuri respublika. mTavroba, ZiriTadad, SiitTa elitisa da maT mokavSireTagan Sedgeba. gavlena dapatimrebebiT, sasikvdilo ganaCenebiTa da Tavisufali azris gamoTqmis SezRudviT miiRweva. islamuri samarTali 1983 wels SemuSavda, magram, xelisuflebaSi gansxvavebuli politikuri orientaciis liderebis arsebobis gamo, bolomde ar dainerga. sikvdiliT 100-meti danaSauli isjeba. 7. avRaneTi sunitTa oTxi fundamentalisturi partia – hizb-i-islami, hizb-i-islami-xalisi, jamiaT i-islami, iTihad–i-islami da SiitTa ramdenime mcire jgufi, prezident najibulas upirispirdebian. isini mkacri reJimis islamuri respublikis daarsebas iTxoven, rasac avRanelTa umciresoba uWers mxars. 8. centraluri azia damoukidebeli Aazerbaijani, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi da tajikeTi islamuri aRorZinebis periodSi arian, aq mravali meCeTi Sendeba da religiuri ritualebi sruldeba. am regionSi gavlenis mopovebas irani da saudis arabeTi cdilobs; zogs iranis msgavsi islamuri saxelmwifo surs; zogs ki TurqeTis msgavsi saero saxelmwifo urCevnia. fundamentalisturi islamuri renesansis partiam centralur aziaSi erTaderTi islamuri moZraobis dawyeba ganizraxa, magram es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda. 9. pakistani islamuri demokratiuli aliansi (IDA), romelic erTmaneTTan ramdenime islamur da memarjvene partias akavSirebs, islamizaciis ganviTarebis momxrea. man 1990 wlis oqtomberSi, arCevnebis Sedegad, 217_wevrian parlamentSi 105 adgili moipova da mTavrobis formireba moaxerxa. IDA-s SemadgenlobaSi fundamentalisturi jamaaT-iislami Sedis, romlis mizani islamuri saxelmwifos daarsebaa. 1979 wlidan aq islamuri kanonmdebloba moqmedebs, magram, Tu gamaTraxebas ar CavTvliT, sasjeli islamuri formiT iSviaTad xorcieldeba. 10. saudis arabeTi vaxabistTa fundamentalistur reJims ramdenime iatakqveSa radikaluri jgufi upirispirdeba. 1979 wlis noemberSi erT-erTma jgufma meqas didi meCeTi ZaliT daikava. saudis mosamarTleebi sasjelis SariaTis formebs – sajaro TaviskveTasa da qurdobisTvis xelebis amputacias _ mimarTaven. 11. iordania 22_adgilian parlamentSi yvelaze didi erTaderTi bloki musulmanTa saZmos ukavia. 1991 wlis ianvarSi, sparseTis yuris omis moaxloebisas, maT samTavrobo kabinetSi xuTi Tanamdeboba eWiraT, magram ivnisSi Tamadebobebis datoveba mouxdaT, radgan mefe huseini israelTan samSvidobo molaparakebas gegmavda, saZmo ki am gadawyvetilebas upirispirdeba. 12. sudani 1989 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida samxedro xunta, romelsac generalleitenanti omar baSiri meTaurobda; aq sul ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs fundamentalistTa nacionaluri fronti, hasan turabis xelmZRvanelobiT. xuntas kavSirebi aqvs iranTan, romelmac sudanSi revolucionerTa 2 000 sajaro SenaerTi gagzavna. 1990 wels, SariaTis kanonis safuZvelze, axali sadamsjelo kodeqsi SemuSavda, romelic sami qristianuli provinciis garda, mTel qveyanaSi dainerga da wels srulad amoqmedda. samxreTis winaaRmdeg, jihadis mizniT, radikaluri jgufebi fuls saudis arabeTSi agroveben. 30 13. egvipte 1928 wels dafuZnebulma musulmanTa saZmom brZolisa da devnis periodi ganvlo. am politikur partias axlac ar eZleva moRvaweobis saSualeba. 1887 wels man or saero partiasTan Seqmna aliansi, arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba da 37 adgili moipova. jihadis (sadaTis mkvlel) msgavs radikalur jgufebTan erTad, isini iatakqveSa saqmianobas ewevian. xSirad aqvs adgili policiasTan Setakebas, 1992 wels asobiT aqtivisti daapatimres. 14. libia reJims Sida safrTxe iseTi islamuri jgufebisgan emuqreba, romlebic aranair struqturas ar eqvemdebarebian. am jgufebsa da usafrTxoebis Zalebs Soris xSirad aqvs adgili Setakebebs. ramdenime aseuli aqtivisti patomrobaSi imyofeba. 15. tunisi enadas (renesansuli) partiis wevrebma 1989 wlis aprilis arCevnebSi damoukideblad miiRes monawileoba. partia, romelic arasodes yofila legaluri, 1990 wlidan devnas ganicdis, misi gazeTi daixura da partiis aqtivistebi policiasTan Setakebisa da ,,islamur revoluciasTan” dakavSirebuli aralegaluri gegmis aRmoCenis Sedegad, cixeSi aRmoCdnen. 1991 wels partiis xelmZRvaneloba daiSala. 16. alJiri xsnis islamurma frontma (FIS) legaluri statusi 1989 wels SeiZina. 1989 wlis ivnisis regionul arCevnebSi man xmaTa 55% moipova, 1991 wlis dekembris saerTo arCvenebis pirvel turSi ki - 49%. mTavrobam meore turi gaauqma. FIS –is liderTa umravlesoba daapatimres. partias moRvaweoba, formalurad, 1992 wlis martSi aekrZala. FIS–is kontrolis qveS myofi adgilobrivi sabWo daiSala. 17. maroko 1990-1991 wlebSi, islamuri jgufebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen mTavrobis winaaRmdeg saprotesto aqciebSi. yvelaze didi dajgufeba, ,,samarTali da keTildReoba”, arasodes yofila legaluri. 1990 wels misi daSlis brZaneba gaica, moZraobis liders Sina patimroba miesaja, zogierTi wevri ki daapatimres. partiam iatakqveSa, aralegaluri moqmedeba daiwyo; partiaSi ufro radikaluri jgufebi gaerTiandnen; erT-erTi maTgani ,,islamuri axalgazrdobaa”. naxati 16.1 1992 (Savad moniSnuli qveynebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba musulmanebi arian; ar aris miTiTebuli bangladeSi, indonezia da malaizia) wyaro: The Economist, 4 aprili, 1992, gv.73 yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebs evangelistebi Seesien komunizmis ngrevis Sedegad, yofil ssrk-Si religiur misionerTa msvlelobis talRa daiwyo. ruseTis mTavarma, aRmosavlurma orTodoqsulma eklesiam SeSfoTeba gamoTqva axal religiur moZraobaTa, maT Soris hari kriSnasa da sxva evangelistur da fundamentalistur qristianul jgufTa, Semosvlis gamo. es SeSfoTeba yvela ZiriTadma saxelmwifo eklesiam, magaliTad, romaulma kaTolikurma da baptisturma eklesiam gaiziara. dRes, mxolod ruseTSi, 300 amerikuli misioneruli jgufi moqmedebs; erT-erTi maTgani damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobasa (dsT) da aRmosavleT evropaSi weliwadSi 2 000-ze met misioners agzavnis. am jgufTa religiuri swavleba qveyanaSi arsebuli Zveli eklesiebis moZRvrebisgan gansxvavdeba. bevr misionerul jgufs miaCnia, rom 31 Zveli eklesiebi ar aris validuri qristianuli eklesiebi. misionrebi sakuTar saqmes didi mondomebiT asruleben, radgan sjeraT, rom Zveli eklesiebi gandgomilia da SeiZleba eSmaksac ki emsaxurebodes. bevr jgufs miaCnia, rom WeSmarit qristianul yofas yvelaze zustad amerikuli cxovrebis wesi asaxavs. es Zalze macdunebeli mosazrebaa im adamianebisTvis, romlebsac dasavleTis momxmarebluri cxovrebis stili izidavs. ZiriTadi eklesiebis liderebi SiSoben, rom es Rirebulebebi dsT-s qveynebSi mxolod qristianul moZrvrebasTan dakavSirebul azrTa sxvadaxvaobas ki ar gamoiwvevs, aramed sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan tradiciul religiur Rirebulebebsac Selaxavs da uaryofiTad imoqmedebs solidarobaze, romelic xalxma komunisturi reJimis drosac ki SeinarCuna, axla ki mas SeerTebuli Statebis evangelisturi momxmarebluri moZRvreba emuqreba. wyaro: Hutchinson Gallup, INFO 1995 (Helicon 1994), gv. 183 religia gaerTianebul samefoSi 1851 wlis, religiasTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, inglissa da uelsSi saeklesio wirvas yovel kviras zrdasrul adamianTa 40 procenti eswreboda; 1900 wels es maCvenebeli 35 procentze davida, 1950 wels _ 20 procentze, dRes ki _ 10 procents uaxlovdeba. 1980-ian wlebSi mTavar britanul denominaciebSi mrevlis raodenobam, saSualod, 5 procentiT iklo, gansakuTrebuli kleba (8 procenti) romaul kaTolikur eklesiebSi aRiniSna (HMSO 1992). Tumca es zusti monacemebi ar aris. magaliTad, arsebobs gansxvaveba trinitarul da aratrinitarul eklesiebs Soris. trinitaruli – anglikanuri, kaTolikuri, meTodisturi, presbiterianuli da sxv. _ eklesiebi wminda samebas, rogorc erT RmerTs, aRiareben. trinitaruli eklesiis Semadgenloba 1970 wels 8.8 milioni iyo, 1994 wels ki es ricxvi 6.5 milions Seadgenda. amis sapirispirod, aratrinitarul eklesiebSi, magaliTad, mormonebsa da ieRovas mowmeebSi, igive periodSi, morwmuneTa raodenoba gaizarda (ix. cxrili 16.2). britaneTis zrdasruli mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tavs religiuri organizaciis wevrad miiCnevs. gamokiTvis dros, britanelTa mxolod 5%ma ganacxada, rom is arc erT sarwmunoebas ar iziarebs. mTeli mosaxleobis 70 procenti Tavs inglisis eklesiis wevrad miiCnevs, Tumca, maTi umravlesoba, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, wirvas sul ramdenimejer an saerTod ar daswrebia. inglisis eklesiis, Sotlandiis presbiterianuli eklesiisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis garda, britaneTSi ebraelebis, mormonebis, musulmanebis, sikxebisa da indusebis religiuri jgufebic cxovroben. ufro mcire seqtebi plimutis saZmos, rastafarelebsa da RvTiuri naTebis misias moicavs. axalma religiurma moZraobebma Tavi dasavlur qveynebSi, maT Soris gaerTianebul samefoSic, iCina. es moZraobebi bevr religiur tradicias efuZneba, romelTa Sesaxeb aqamde dasavleTSi TiTqmis aravin araferi icoda. ramdenime maTgani, magaliTad, esTeriusis sazogadoeba da eminis fondi, ukve arsebobda adreuli periodis britaneTSi, danarCeni moZraobebi ki sxva evropuli qveynebidan Semovida. umravlesoba 32 SeerTebul Statebsa an aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva. maTi wevrebi axali rwmenis gavrcelebas ki ar isaxaven miznad, aramed adamianTa moqcevas maT mier qadagebul sarwmunoebaze. moZraobis wevrebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi, kargi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli da warmomavlobiT saSualo klass ekuTvnian. axal religiur moZraobaTa umravlesobas sakuTari wevrebis mimarT, Zvel saxelmwifo religiebTan SedarebiT, valdebulebebisa da drois mimarTebaSi, ufro maRali moTxovnebi aqvT. zogierTi jgufi adamianebis mxridan totaluri erTgulebis misaRwevad, ,,siyvaruliT ieriSis” teqnikas iyenebs. im adamianis mimarT, romelic, potenciurad, misioneris mier qadagebul rwenaze unda moeqces, mudmiv yuradRebasa da siTbos iCenen, sanam is jgufSi emociurad ar CaerTveba. zogierT axal moZraobas mimdevarTa ,,tvinis gamorecxvaSi” adanaSauleben – isini am adamianTa gonebis gakontrolebas cdiloben, raTa maT gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miReba veRar SeZlon. amgvari praqtikis gamo brals ,,munistebs” deben (ix. qvemoT), Tumca kvlevebi adasturebs, rom es xelovnuri interpretaciaa. moZraobebi sakuTar wevrTa gonebas amgvari xarisxiT ar da ver akontroleben. potenciur wevrTa umravlesobas, Tuki moesurvebaT, SeuZliaT uari Tqvan moZraobaSi gawevrianebaze. gaerTianebul samefoSi religiuroba asakis, sqesis, klasisa da geografiis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. asakovani adamianebi, axalagazrdul asakobriv jgufebTan SedarebiT, zogadad, ufro religiurebi arian. eklesiaSi siaruli axalgazrdebs Soris kulminacias TxuTmeti wlis asakSi aRwevs, Semdeg eklesiis mimarT yuradRebis done, saSualod, dabla iwevs; ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSi adamianebs enTuziazmi ubrundebaT da asakis matebasTan erTad, isini eklesias sul ufro xSirad akiTxaven. qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro erTvebian organizebul religiaSi. anglikanur eklesiebSi es marginaluri SemTxvevaa, magram qristianul saiantistur eklesiaSi, qalTa raodenoba mamakacTa ricxvs oTxjer aRemateba. zogadad, saeklesio wirvebis daswreba da religiuri rwmenis mimdevroba, Rarib jgufebTan SedarebiT, SeZlebul adamianebs Soris ufro aRiniSneba. inglisis eklesias uwodes ,,konservatuli partia locvisas” da es saxelwodeba simarTlis garkveul marcvals Seicavs. muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad, kaTolikebi arian. klasobrivi orinetacia Tavs arCevnebis drosac iCens: anglikanebi xmas, ZiriTadad, konservatorebs aZleven, kaTolikebi da meTodistebis umravlesoba ki – leiboristebs. leoboristuli partiis aRzeveba Tavidan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli meTodizmTan. religiurobaze adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilic axdens gavlenas: mdinare mersis mimdebare teritoriaze mcxovreb zrdasrulTa 35 procenti da lankaSiris mcxovrebTa 32 procenti eklesiis wevrebi arian; amis sapirispirod, hambersaidSi amgvar adamianTa raodenoba 9 procentia, notingemSirSi ki _ 11 procenti. amis erT-erTi mizezi emigraciaa – liverpulSi mravali irlandieli kaTolike cxovrobs, CrdiloeT londonSi _ ebraeli, bredfordSi ki _ musulmani da sikxi. 33 yoveldRiur qcevaSi gamovlenili religiuri gansxvavebebiT, mTel britaneTSi, yvelaze metad, CrdiloeT irlandia gamoirCeva. protestantebsa da kaTolikebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebaSi, orive mxridan umciresoba aris CarTuli, magram es dapirispireba xSirad mwvave da sastik xasiaTs iRebs. am antagonizms, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli religiuri gavlenac ganapirobebs; ,,irlandiis erTianobis” ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, eire da Crdilo irlandia erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi unda iyos, Cveulebriv, kaTolikebi iziareben, protestantebi ki am gegmas uaryofen. religiuri rwmenis garda, politikur mosazrebebsa da nacionalistur ideebsac mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba. cxrili 16.2 (milionebSi) eklesiebis wevrTa raodenoba 1970 1980 trinitaruli eklesiebi romauli 2.7 2.4 kaTolikuri (mesaze daswreba) anglikanuri 2.6 2.2 presbiterianuli 1.8 1.4 meTodisti 0.7 0.5 baptisti 0.3 0.2 sxva Tavisufali 0.5 0.5 eklesiebi orTodoqsuli 0.2 0.2 yvela 8.8 7.4 trinitaruli eklesia aratrinitaruli eklesiebi mormonebi 0.1 0.1 ieRovas mowmeebi 0.1 0.1 sxva 0.1 0.2 aratrinitaruli eklesiebi yvela 0.3 0.4 aratrinitaruli eklesia sxva religiebi musulamnebi 0.1 0.3 sikxebi 0.1 0.2 indusebi 0.1 0.1 ebraelebi 0.1 0.1 sxvebi 0.0 0.1 yvela sxva 0.4 0.8 religia wyaro: qristianuli kvleva. Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, gaerTianebul 1992 1994 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.8 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.3 6.6 0.3 6.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 samefoSi 1996. religia SeerTebul StatebSi mravalgvaroba 34 religiuri organizaciebis pozicia SeerTebul StatebSi, ramdenime niSniT, sakmaod uCveuloa. religiuri Tavisuflebis gamoxatva gacilebiT adre gaxda amerikuli konstituciis erT-erTi punqti, vidre nebismieri dasavluri sazogadoeba Seegueboda gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmenisa da praqtikis arsebobas. SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrebuli adreuli mosaxleoba, politikuri xelisuflebis mier religiur niadagze devnili ltolvilebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas moiTxovdnen. SeerTebul StatebSi ar arsebobs, inglisis anglikanuri eklesiis msgavsi, ,,oficialuri” eklesia. SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva nebiesmier industriul qveyanasTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mravalgvari religiuri jgufebi moRvaweoben. umetes dasavlur qveynebSi, mosaxleobis umravlesoba, formalurad, erTi eklesiis erTgulia, magaliTad, britaneTSi _ anglikanuri, italiaSi ki _ kaTolikuri eklesiis. amerikuli mosaxleobis 90 procenti qristianebi arian, magram sxvadasxva eklesiebsa da denominaciebs ekuTvnian. zogierTi jgufi sul as adamians aerTianebs, magram oTxmocdaaTze met religiur organizacias ormocdaaTi aTasze meti wevri hyavs; oci iseTi organizaciac arsebobs, romelTa wevrebis raodenoba milions aWarbebs. SeerTebul StatebSi, dRemde dafiqsirebuli yvelaze didi religiuri organizacia kaTolikuri eklesiaa, romelic daaxloebiT ormocdaaT milion wevrs aerTianebs. Tumca es religiur organizaciebSi gawevrianebul adamianTa sul 27 procentia. mosaxleobis 60 procenti protestantebi arian da mravalricxovan denominaciebSi arian gadanawilebulni. maT Soris yvelaze didi samxreTis baptisturi konvenciaa, romelsac camet milionze meti wevri hyavs; rigiT meore _ gaerTianebuli meTodisturi eklesiaa; Semdeg _ nacionaluri baptisturi konvencia, luTeranuli da episkopaluri eklesiebi. araqristianul jgufebs Soris yvelaze didi ebraelTa kongregaciebia, romlebic eqvs milion wevrs iTvlis. amerikuli mosaxleobis 40 procenti saeklesio wirvas kviraSi erTxel eswreba. eklesiebSi, sinagogebsa da sxva religiur organizaciebSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis samocdaaTi procenti dadis da, umravlesobis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, aqtiurad monawileobs kongregaciis msaxurebaSi. 1995 wels bosniaSi SeerTebuli Statebis sahaero Zalebis kapitnis skot o’gradis TviTmfrinavi Camoagdes. is serbeTis samxedro Zalebis mier datyvevebas gadaurCa, eqvsi dRis Semdeg ki samSvidobos iqna gayvanili. ,,zRvarze viyavi”, ganucxada kapitanma msoflio medias, ,,pirvel rigSi, RmerTs unda gadavuxado madloba. rom ara Cemdami RvTis siyvaruli da Cemi siyvaruli RvTis mimarT, amas ver gadavitandi. aq RmerTis wyalobiT aRmovCndi, gulis siRrmeSi amis Zlier mjera.” britaneli an frangi pilotis mier msgavs situaciaSi warmoTqmuli amgvari sityvebi gaocebas gamoiwvevda, magram amerikeli pilotis naTqvamma sruliad bunebrivad gaiJRera. amerikaSi, umravles evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, religiurobis ufro maRali donea. yovel amerikul banknotze Semdegi sityvebi weria: ,,Cven RmerTis gvjera,”eeeeoooooooooeoeeeeeeexeooo rac gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs, Tu raoden didi gavleniT sargeblobs religia SeerTebul StatebSi. 35 gamokiTxvis Sedegad vrwmundebiT, rom amerikelebis 95 procentis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, maT RmerTis wamT; 80 procents saswaulebis da saiqios arsebobis sjera, 72 procents angelozebis sjera, 65 procents ki eSmakis (Stark and Bainbridge 1985). 1994 wels msoflio RirebulebaTa kvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveynda. am Sedegebis mixedviT, respondentTa 82 procenti Tavs ,,religiur adamianad” Tvlis, aseTi adamianebis ricxvi britaneTSi _ 55%, dasavleT germaniaSi _ 54%, safrangeTSi ki – 48%-ia. igive gamokiTxvis mixedviT, amerikelTa 44% acxadebs, rom isini eklesiaSi kviraSi erTxel mainc dadian; gaerTianebul samefoSi amgvari adamianebis ricxvi 14%, safrangeTSi _ 10%, SvedeTSi ki _ sul 4% Seadgens (ix. cxrili 16.2 da The Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 20). meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi religiur moZraobaTa yvelaze masStaburi momravleba aRiniSna, es periodi denominaciebis gaerTianebisa da dayofis uprecendento matebiT gamoirCeva. umravlesobam did xans ver iarseba, magram bevr maTgans mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. erT-erTi magaliTi korean sun muung munis mier daarsebuli gaerTianebuli eklesiaa. es seqta SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda; is milenaruli moZraobis yvela maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeoda. munis mimdevarTa winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, samyaros aRsasruli 1967 wels unda damdgariyo; mas mere cxovreba Cveuli riTmiT gagrZelda, magram amis gamo seqtas arseboba ar Seuwyvetia. milenarul moZraobaTa sxva liderebis msgavsad, munma am arSemdgar winaswarmetyvelebas axali ideebi miusadaga. misma axalma doqtrinebma kidev ufro meti mimdevari miizida. amJamad es seqta ormoci aTas wevrs aerTianebs. gaerTianebuli eklesiis rwmena aRmosavlur swavlebebs, fundamenturi qristianobis zogierT aspeqts da antikomunistur ideebs efuZneba. seqtis axali wevrebi mkacr religiur wvrTnas eqvemdebarebian. qristianuli fundamentalizmi gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi qristianuli fundamentalisturi religiuri organizaciebis raodenobrivi zrda aRiniSna. fumdamentalistebis azriT, ,,biblia aris wigni, romelic adamians politikis, mTavrobis, ojaxis da yvela sxva saqmis gaZRolaSi exmareba” (Capps 1990). fundamentalizmi liberaluri Teologiisa da im adamianTa winaaRmdeg gamovlenili reaqciaa, romlebic wirvas eswrebian, magram religiis mimarT aqtiur interess ar iCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze gavleniani fundamentalisturi jgufebi samxreTis baptisturi konvencia, RvTis asamblea da meSvide dRis adventistebi arian. cxrili SeeTebuli Statebi meqsika kanada espaneTi 36 britaneTi dasavleT germania safrangeTi SvedeTi mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba Tavs religiur adamianebad miiCneven religiur wirvas kviraSi erTxel an ufro xSirad eswrebian cxrili 16.2 religis mimarT valdebuleba, qveynebis mixedviT 1990-1993 wyaro: msoflio RirebulebaTa Semswavleli jgufi, politikuri da socialuri kvlevis intersauniversiteto konsorciumi. Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 8 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 20 ,,eleqtronuli eklesia” eleqtronuli media (televizia da radio) aqtiurad aris CarTuli im cvlilebebSi, romlebic 1960-iani wlebidan gavlenas axdens religiaze SeerTebul StatebSi. misi uwmindesoba bili grehemi iyo pirveli sasuliero piri, romelmac sahaero talRebis saSualebiT regularuli qadageba daiwyo. mediis efeqturi moxmarebis wyalobiT,Bbaptist moZRvars mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. gasuli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mediis saSualebiT religiuri gzavnilebis gavrcelebisa da saeklesio Tanxebis mozidvis praqtika ufro daixvewa da sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo. gaCnda ,,eleqtronuli eklesia” – religiuri organizacia, romelic kongregaciis adgilobrivi TavSeyris nacvlad, mediis saSualebiT moqmedebs. satelituri komunikaciebis wyalobiT, religiur programebs mesame samyaros yvela qveyana (magaliTad, afrika da azia) da sxva industriuli sazogadoebebic uyureben. eelqtronuli eklesiis mTavari pionerebi fundamentalistebi da sxva jgufebi iyvnen, romlebsac urwmunoTa moqceva hqondaT dasaxuli miznad. amis erT-erTi mizezi ,,varskvlavTa sistemaa” – STagonebuli moZRvrebi, romlebic piradi zemoqmedebiT cdiloben mimdevarTa mozidvas. am tipis moZRvarTaTvis eleqtronuli media idealuri saSualebaa, radgan maT qarizmatul Tvisebebs, erTdroulad, aTasobiT an milionobiT adamiani ecnoba. bili grehemis garda, media Tavis ZiriTad saqmianobad SeerTebul StatebSi sxva ,,eleqtronulma moZRvrebma” – oral robertsma, jeri felvelma, jimi svegertma, pet robertsonma, jimi bekerma da misma yofilma meuRlem temi feimac aqcies. mimdevrebs isini TiTqmis mudmivad saeTero gadacemebis saSualebiT izidaven. zogierTi religiuri wamyvani, maT Soris jim da temi bekeri da jimi svegerti, seqsualur da finansur skandalSi gaexvia, ramac maT reputaciaze Zalze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. zogierTebis varaudiT, am usiamovno SemTxvevis gamo, eleqtronuli eklesia Zveleburi gavleniT veRar isargeblebda. SeiZleba revivalisturi da fundamentalisturi jgufebi marTlac Tmoben dominantur pozicias, magram religiur 37 organizaciebsa da eleqtronul medias Soris kavSirebi, savaraudod, gafarTovdeba da kvlav iarsebebs. me-14 TavSi vkiTxulobT, rom televizia, radio da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sxva formebi yvelaze did gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove samyaroze, es ki religiuri programirebis samomavlo stimulirebasac ukavSirdeba. cnobilma teleevangelistma pet robertsonma moisurva, rom 1988 wels respublikur partias is prezidentobis kandidatad daesaxelebina, magram misi mcdeloba marcxiT dasrulda. amgvari warumateblobis Semdeg, man religiurad orientirebuli politikuri moZraoba, qristianuli koalicia daarsa, romelmac sakmao gavlena moipova. koalicia 1.6 milion wevrs aerTianebs da didi finansuri resursi aqvs, rac mas lobirebisa da reklamirebis saSualebas aZlevs. 1995 wels koaliciam warmoadgina ,,kontraqti amerikul ojaxTan,” rac abortis akrZalvas, saojaxo gadasaxadebis Semcirebis xelSewyobas, cixis disciplinasa da pornografiis kontrols gulisxmobda. amis sapasuxod, liberaluri eklesiis liderebma ,,ganaxlebisken mowodeba” SeimuSaves. maTTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda qristianuli koaliciis argumenti, rom moralur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT politikuri debatebi unda daiwyos, magram, maTi moTxovnis Tanaxmad, es Rirebulebebi mimtevebloba da humanuroba unda iyos da ara respublikeli memarjveneebis konservatuli Rirebulebebi. religiis eleqtronuli qadageba gansakuTrebuli popularobiT laTinur amerikaSi sargeblobs, sadac eTerSi Crdilo amerikuli programebi gadis. amis Sedegad, iseT qveynebze, rogoric Cile da braziliaa, didi gavlena moaxdines protestantulma moZraobebma, romelTa umravlesoba ormocdaaTianelebis mimdevrebi iyvnen. manamde isini ZiriTadad kaTolikuri qveynebi iyo. daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba gamokiTxul britanelTa 70 procenti Tavs ama Tu im sarwmunoebis mimdevrad asaxelebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebul StatebSi, saxelmwifo eklesiebTan erTad, mravali seqta da kulti moqmedebs. iransa da axlo aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSi, afrikasa da indoeTSi, vesternizacias uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dinamikuri islamuri fumdamenetalizmi upirispirdeba. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi protestanizmi da kaTolicizmi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, oficialurad Tanabari reputaciiT sargebloben, Tumca denominaciis aqtivisti wevrebi Riad ibrZvian meore denominaciis winaaRmdeg. papi xSirad Cadis samxreT amerikaSi, sadac mas didi enTuziazmiT emxroba milionobiT adgilobrivi kaTolike. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ucnauri iqneba imis mtkiceba, TiTqos Tanamedrove samyaroze religiis gavlena mcirdeba. Tumca sociologebi zogadad acxadeben, rom, Tu am movlenas grZelvadiani tendenciebis fonze ganvixilavT, adgili namdvilad aqvs gavlenis Sesustebas. religiis mxridan socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtze gavlenis dakargvis procesi s e k u l a r i z a c i i T aixsneba. sekularizacia ganzomilebaTa mravali aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. 38 erT_erTi maTgani religiur organizaciaTa wevrebis raodenobas exeba – ramdeni wevri hyavs ama Tu im eklesias da religiur organizacias da ramdeni adamiani eswreba aqtiurad wirvas an sxva ceremonias. amgvari midgomiT, SeerTebuli Statebis garda, yvela industriuli qveyana masStaburi sekularizaciis procesSi imyofeba. religiurobis kleba, britaneTis garda, dasavleT evropis umravles, maT Soris iseT kaTolikur qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da italia, dafiqsirda. SedarebiT, italielebi ufro saeklesio wirvebs, frangebTan regularulad eswrebian da mniSvnelovan ritualebSi (magaliTad, saaRdgomo ziarebaSi) iReben monawileobas. magram, zogadad, saeklesio wesebis dacvis Semcireba orive SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba. sekularizaciis meore ganzomileba imas gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad SeZles eklesiebma da sxva religiurma organizaciebma socialuri gavlenis, materialuri uzrunvelyofisa da prestiJis SenarCuneba. Zvelad religiur organizaciebs mTavrobasa da socialur saagentoebze didi gavlena hqonda da sazogadoebis mxridan uaRresi pativiscemiT sargeblobda. ra mdgomareobaa amJamad? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi naTelia. Tu am saukunis magaliTze vimsjelebT, davinaxavT, rom religiuri organizaciebis socialuri da politikuri gavlena iseTi Zlieri aRar aris, rogorc Zvelad. es msoflio tendenciaa, Tumca gamonaklisebic arsebobs. eklesiis liderebs aRar aqvT imis molodini, rom isini xelisuflebaze avtomaturad moaxdenen gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo eklesia, nebismieri standartis mixedviT, isev materialuri siZlieriT gamoirCeva da am kuTxiT warmatebis miRwevas swrafad axerxeben axali religiuri moZraobebic, bevri xangrZlivi istoriis mqone organizacia, materialuri pirobebis TvalsazrisiT, daucvelia. eklesiebi da salocavebi iyideba, radgan isini SesakeTebel samuSaoebs aRar eqvemdebareba. sekularizaciis mesame ganzomileba rwmenasa da Rirebulebebs exeba. amas SeiZleba religiurobis ganzomileba vuwodoT. saeklesio wirvebis daswrebis sixSire da eklesiis socialuri gavlena, ar aris savaldebulo, uSualod adamianis rwmenasa da idealebs gamoxatavdes. bevr adamians religiuri rwmena aqvs, magram wirvebs regularulad ar eswreba da sazogadoebriv ceremoniebSi monawileobas ar iRebs; meore mxriv, regularuli daswreba da monawileoba yovelTvis religiuri xedvis siZliereze ar mianiSnebs _ adamiani wirvas SeiZleba Cvevis an imis gamo eswrebodes, rom misi Temi sakuTari wevrebisgan amgvar qmedebas moiTxovs. imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad aris dRes Semcirebuli religiuroba, sekularizaciis ganzomilebebis garda, warsulic safuZvlianad unda SeviswavloT. bevr tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, Sua saukuneebis evropis CaTvliT, religiuri rwmenis valdebuleba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, savarudod, arc Tu Zlieri da mniSvnelovani iyo. magaliTad, inglisis istoriis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom rigiT adamianebs religiuri rwmenis mimarT gulgrili damokidebuleba hqondaT. religiuri skeptikosebi TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, did tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, moiZebneba (Ginzburg 1980). 39 miuxedavad amisa, eWvgareSea, rom dRes religiuri ideebi, tradiciul samyarosTan SedarebiT, naklebi gavleniT sargeblobs – es mosazreba kidev ufro swori iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ,,religiis” terminis qveS im yvela zebunebriv ideas vigulisxmebT, romlisac swamdaTAadamianebs. umravlesoba Cvengani aRar fiqrobs, rom garemo RvTiuri an spiritualuri movlenebiT imarTeba. msoflioSi arsebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani konfliqti, magaliTad, konfliqti israelsa da mezobel islamur respublikebs Soris, uSualod an nawilobriv religiur niadagze warmoiSva. magram omebisa da konfliqtebis umravlesoba yofiTi interesebiT _ gansxvavebuli politikuri SexedulebebiTa da materialuri interesebiT _ aris gamowveuli. religiis gavlena, sekularizaciis samive ganzomilebasTan mimarTebaSi, Semcirda. SegviZlia Tu ara ganvacxadoT, rom mecxramete saukuneSi moRvawe mecnierTa mosazreba WeSmaritebas Seesabameboda? iqneb religiis gaqrobas ufro didi dro sWirdeba, vidre isini varaudobdnen? amgvari daskvna mraval kiTxvas badebs. moTxovna religiaze, tradiciuli Tu axali formiT, savarudod, kidev did xans iqneba. Tanamedrove racionalistur azrovnebasa da religiur Tvalsazriss Soris daZabuli urTierTobaa. Cveni arsebobis bevri aspeqti racionalisturma perspeqtivam daipyro da misi gavlena uaxloes momavalSi ar Sesustdeba. magram racionalizmis winaaRmdeg garkveuli reaqciebi arsebobs, romlebsac religiuri aRorZinebis periodebamde mivyavarT. albaT, dedamiwaze Zalian cota adamiani Tu arsebobs, romelsac arasodes ganucdia religiuri emociebi. mecnierebasa da racionalistur azrovnebas ar gaucia pasuxi fendamentur kiTxvaze – raSi mdgomareobs cxovrebis sazrisi da mizani – es sakiTxebi mudmivad religiis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia. Sejameba 1. religia yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, Tumca religiuri rwmena da praqtika kulturebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. yvela religias simboloTa nakrebi aqvs, romelic mowiwebis grZnobasTan asocirdeba da morwmuneTa Temis mier ganxorcielebul ritualebs ukavSirdeba. 2. totemizmi da animizmi mcire kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiis tipebia. totemizmis mimdevrebs swamT, rom garkveuli jiSis cxoveli an mcenare zebunebriv Zalas flobs. animizmis mimdevrebs iseTi sulebis an aCrdilebis sjeraT, romlebic adamianTa samyaroSi cxovroben da zogjer maT suls euflebian. 3. msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia (religia, romelic mxolod erT RmerTs aRiarebs) iudaizmi, qristianoba da islamia. poliTeizmi (ramdenime an bevri RmerTis aRiareba) sxva religiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. zogierT religiaSi, magaliTad, konfucianizmSi, RmerTebi da zebunebrivi arsebebi saerTod ar arian. 4. religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze yvelaze didi gavlena sami ,,klasikosi” moazrovnis – marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis – ideebma moaxdina. samive mecniers miaCnia, rom religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, iluziaa. maTi azriT, religiis mier Seqmnili ,,saiqio” 40 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. sinamdvileSi, religiuri simbolizmis kuTxiT gaSuqebuli, Cveni samyaroa. marqss miaCnda, rom religia Zlier ideologiur elements Seicavs: religia sazogadoebaSi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis araTanabari ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs. diurkems miCnda, rom religia gamaerTianebeli funqciis gamo aris mniSvnelovani; adamianebi saerTo rwmenisa da Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebis gamoxatvis mizniT, regularulad ikribebian. veberis azriT, religia mniSvnelovania im rolis gamo, romelsac is socialur cvlilebaSi asrulebs, es ki gansakuTrebiT dasavluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas exeba. religiuri organizaciis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs. eklesia msxvili saxelmwifo religiuri organizaciia, romelic, Cveulebriv, formaluri biurokratiuli struqturiTa da ofocialur religiur pirTa ierarqiiT gamoirCeva. seqta morwmuneTa ufro mcire, naklebad formaluri jgufia, romelic ZiriTadad saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebas isaxavs miznad. xangrZlivi arsebobisa da institucionalizaciis SemTxvevaSi, seqta denominaciad iqceva. seqtasa da kults bevri saerTo aqvs, magram saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebis nacvlad, kulti axali religiis formirebas cdilobs. religiur organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, mamakacebi marTaven. umravles religiebSi, gansakuTrebiT qristianobaSi, religiuri saxeebi da simboloebi ZiriTadad mamrobiTi sqesisaa; Tumca, zogierT religiaSi mdedrobiTi sqesis wmindanebic gvxvdeba. milenaruli moZraoba swraf koleqtiur xsnas gvpirdeba – es an awmyoSi ganxorcielebuli fundamenturi cvlileba, an didi xnis dakarguli oqros xanis aRdgena iqneba. TiTqmis yvela amgvari moZraoba misanTa aqtivobas gulisxmobs – isini an profesionalebi arian, an ,,STagonebuli” adamianebi, romlebic dafuZnebuli religiuri ideebis axlebur interpretacias gvTavazoben. msoflios sxvadasxva religiur jgufSi fundamentalizmi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. isini sakuTar Tavs “fundamentalistebs” eZaxian, radgan maT Zveli religiuri doqtrinebis dabruneba surT. iranis revoluciis ZiriTadi wyaro islamuri fundamentalizmi iyo; am revoluciis Sedegad, qveyanaSi religiurad STagonebuli mTavroba gabatonda. gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva umravles evropul qveynebSi saeklesio wirvebze daswrebis maCvenebeli Zalze dabalia. amis sapirispirod, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesiaSi regularulad dadis mosaxleobis proporciulad ufro didi raodenoba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi sul ufro meti adamiani acxadebs, rom mas RmerTis swams, magram saeklesio wirvas regularulad ver eswreba. sekularizacia religiis gavlenis Semcirebaa. sekularizaciis donis gazomva rTulia, radgan mas cvlilebis ramdenime ganzomileba ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis gavlena aSkarad mcirdeba, mas gaqroba ar emuqreba da misi saxeliT adaminebis gaerTianeba da dajgufeba Tanamedrove samyaroSic grZeldeba. religia sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba rogorc konservatuli, ise revoluciuri Zala iyos. 41 damatebiTi literatura Eileen B arker, New Religious Movements (London: HMSO, 1991). gamokiTxva gaerTianebul samefoSi axal religiur moZraobaTa gavlenis Sesaxeb Peter B . C larke and Peter B yrne, Religion Defined and Explained (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993). mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo religiis bunebis Sesaxeb Sir James G eorge F razer, The Golden Bough: A study in Magic and Religion (London: Macmillan, 1995). miTologiis, magiis, crurwmenisa da religiis klasikuri Seswavla Ernest G ellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: Routledge, 1992). cxare diskusia Tanamedrove periodSi religiis aRorZinebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Gilles K epel, The Revenge of God (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). fundamentalizmis Seswavla Joseph M . K itagaura (ed.), The History of Religions: Retrospect and Prospect (London: Macmillan, 1985). statiebis krebuli, romelSic mocemulia religiis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva perspeqtiva Josh Mcdowell and Don Stewart, Concise Guide to Today’s Religions (Amersham-on-the-Hill: Scripture Press, 1988). religuri sakiTxebis farTo mimoxilva. mniSvnelovani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • monoTeizmi magia Samani totemizmi animizmi poliTeizmi eTikuri religiebi gaucxoeba sakraluri profanuli samoqalaqo religia eklesia seqta denominacia kulti milenarizmi fundamentalizmi 42 Tavi 17 qalaqebi da Tanamedrove urbanizmis ganviTareba ZiriTadi cnebebi tradiciuli qalaqi Tanamedrove urbanizmis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura urbanizmis Teoriebi • • • Cikagos skola urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo Sefaseba dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi • • urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi urbanizmi britaneTSi urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena globaluri qalaqi urbanizacia mesame msoflios qveynebSi • • • • deli mexiko qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba cvlilebis perspeqtivebi daskvna Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cneba • urbanizmi tradiciuli qalaqi tradiciul qveynebSi, Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, umetesad, Zalian patara qalaqebi iyo. magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTis erT-erT yvelaze did da uZveles qalaq babilons sul 3.2 kvadratuli mili ekava, umaRlesi ganviTarebis periodSi misi mosaxleobis raodenoba 15-20 aTasi Tu iqneboda. msoflios pirveli qalaqebi daaxloebiT Cv.w.-mde 3500 wels egvipteSi _ nilosis, tigrosisa da evfratis mimdebare dablobebis, agreTve dRevandeli erayisa da pakistanis teritoriaze gaCnda. imperator avgustusis mmarTvelobis periodSi, CineTs Tu ar CavTvliT, yvelaze didi Zveli qalaqi romi iyo, romelsac 300 000 macxovrebeli hyavda. Zveli samyaros qalaqTa umravlesoba saerTo TvisebebiT gamoirCeoda, imis miuxedavad, rom am qalaqebSi gansxvavebuli civilizaciis adamianebi cxovrobdnen. qalaqs, Cveulebriv, gars galavani ertya, rasac, pirvel rigSi, samxedro Tavdacvis, Semdeg ki _ qalaqis soflisgan gamijvnis daniSnuleba hqonda. centralur adgilas, zogjer Sida kedliT garSemortymuli, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrce iyo. centSi, Cveulebriv, bazari ewyoboda, magram is Zlier gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove qalaqis mniSvnelovani saqmiani ubnebisgan. mTavar Senobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis religiuri an politikuri daniSnuleba hqonda, es salocavebi iyo an sasaxleebi, romlebSic sasamarTloebi imarTeboda. mmarTveli klasisa da elitis sacxovreblebi, Cveulebriv, centrSi an centris maxloblad iyo koncentrirebuli, naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebi ki qalaqis ganapiras cxovrobdnen. zogierTi saxli galavans miRma iyo ganlagebuli, magram, qalaqze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, macxovreblebi umal qalaqs afarebdnen Tavs. gansxvavebuli eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebi xSirad sxvadasxva ubnebSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni; maTi wevrebi erTsa da imave adgilas cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen. zogjer galavniT amgvari ubnebic iyo gamoyofili. ceremoniebisTvis gankuTvnili centraluri moedani, Cveulebriv, didi zomisa ar iyo da moqalaqeTa Zalze mcire raodenobas itevda; amitom qalaqis macxovreblebis urTierToba naklebi stabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; sazogadoebrivi gancxadebebis dros, oficialur pirebs yvirili uwevdaT. tradiciuli qalaqebi xmauriani prospeqtebiT ar gamoirCeoda da maT umravlesobaSi ,,quCis” Tanamedrove gagebasTan miaxloebul quCebs iSviaTad Tu SexvdebodiT; gzebad jer kidev gauSenebel miwis nakveTebs iyenebdnen. adamianTa umravlesoba erTsa da imave SenobaSi, zogjer ki _ erTsa da imave oTaxSi cxovrobda da muSaobda. samuSaoze wasvlis praqtika, metnaklebad, ar arsebobda. ramdenime tradiciul saxelmwifoSi qalaqebs erTmaneTTan, ZiriTadad, samxedro miznebze gaTvlili, daxvewili sagzao sistemebi akavSirebda, magram udides nawilSi neli da SezRuduli komunikacia iyo. mogzauroba 2 mxolod specialuri mizniT xorcieldeboda; regularulad sazRvao vaWrebi da mezRvaurebi Tu mogzaurobdnen. tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi qalaqebi mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kosmopolituri kulturis centrebi iyo, magram maTi gavlena soflebze SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo. qalaqSi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire wili cxovrobda da qalaqebi da soflebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli. adamianTa umravlesoba soflis mcire TemebSi iyo dasaxlebuli da maTi iSviaTi qalaquri kontaqtebi mxolod ofocialur pirebTan da vaWrebTan urTierTobiT Semoifargleboda. am TavSi, Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganxilvisas, im ZiriTad cvlilebebs gavaanalizebT, romlebic Cvens samyaros tradiciuli urbanuli garemosgan ganasxvavebs. yvela industriul qveyanaSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba urbanul teritoriebze cxovrobs. garda amisa, Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovreba ara mxolod qalaqis macxovreblebze, aramed yvela adamianze zemoqmedebs. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor gaizarda qalaqis macxovrebelTa raodenoba gasul saukuneSi; urbanizmis zogierT mniSvnelovan Teorias gavaanalizebT, Semdeg ki, britaneTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da mesame msoflios qalaqebis kontrastul magaliTze, erTmaneTs urbanizaciis gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs SevadarebT. Tanamedrove urbanizmis maxasiaTeblebi yvela Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba mkveTrad urbanizebulia. industriuli qveynebis yvelaze did qalaqebSi oc milionamde adamiani cxovrobs, konurbaciebi ki – did teritoriaze mdebare qalaqTa dajgufebebi – SeiZleba ufro did raodenobasac moicavdes. urbanuli cxovrebis yvelaze eqstremalur formas e.w. megapolisi, ,,qalaqTa qalaqi”, warmoadgens. termini qalaq-saxelmwifos Zvel berZnul ganmartebas efuZneba; es yvela civilizaciis sanimuSo qalaqi unda yofiliyo, magram axlandel definicias im saocnebo qalaqTan cota ram akavSirebs. pirvelad termini, Tanamedrove periodSi, SeerTebuli Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvao sazRvris, CrdiloeT bostonidan vaSingtonamde 450 milze ganlagebuli konurbaciis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes. am regionSi daaxloebiT 40-milioniani mosaxleoba uaRres simWidroveSi, kvadratul milze 700 adamiani, cxovrobs. aseTive mravalricxovani da mWidrod koncentrirebuli mosaxleobaa SeerTebul StatebSi greiT leiqsisa da kanadis teritoriaze. britaneTi pirveli industriuli sazogadoebaa da, Sesabamisad, es iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelic soflis tipis qveynidan urbanul qveyanad gardaiqmna. 1800 wels 10 000 macxovreblidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis 20 procenti cxovrobda. 1900 wlisTvis es proporcia 74 procentamde gaizarda. britaneTis dedaqalaq londonSi 1800 wels 1.1 milioni adamiani cxovrobda; misi mosaxleoba meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis 7 milionamde gaizarda. londoni im periodSi msoflios yvela drois udidesi qalaqi iyo, mzardi britanuli imperiis farTo manufaqturuli, komerciuli da finansuri centri. mogvianebiT urbanizaciis procesi sxva evropul qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSic daiwyo – zog SemTxvevaSi, is sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro 3 swrafad warimarTa. 1800 wels SeerTebuli Statebi ufro soflis tipis sazogadoeba iyo, vidre igive periodis sxva wamyvani evropuli qveynebi. 2500-ze meti Semadgenlobis TemebSi mosaxleobis 10 procentic ar cxovrobda. dRes am pirobebSi amerikelebis sam meoTxedze meti cxovrobs. 1800-1900 wlebSi niu iorkis mosaxleoba 60 000-dan 4.8 milionamde gaizarda. meoce saukunis urbanizacia globaluri procesia da am procesSi sul ufro erTveba mesame msoflioc. (ix. naxati 17.1). 1900 wlamde mzardi qalaqebiT, ZiriTadad, dasavleTi gamoirCeoda; momdevno ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqebi mesame msoflios qveynebSic gafarTovda, magram gansakuTrebuli zrdiT gasuli ormoci weli aRiniSna. 1960-1992 wlebSi mTel msoflioSi qalaqis macxovrebelTa ricxvi 1.4 miliardiT gaizarda. momavali TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi is, savaraudod, kidev 1 miliardiT gaizrdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi qalaqSi mcxovreb adamianTa raodenobis zrda espaneTis mosaxleobis wliuri matebis ekvivalenturia. urbanuli mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre mTeli msoflios mosaxleoba: qalaqebSi 1975 wels msoflio mosaxleobis 39 procenti cxovrobda. gaerTianebuli erebis gaangariSebis mixedviT, 2000 wels es cifri 50 procenti unda yofiliyo, 2025 wels ki _ 63 procenti iqneba. 2025 wels msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari aRmosavleT da samxreT aziaSi icxovrebs, am droisTvis afrikisa da samxreT amerikis urbanuli mosaxleoba evropis mosaxleobas gadaaWarbebs. naxati 17.1 qalaqebis msoflio: urbanuli teritoriebi, romelTa mosaxleobam 1950 da 1994 wels 10 milions gadaaWarba; ras unda velodoT 2015 wels wyaro: msoflio banki, Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 29 ivlisi, gv. 5 1950 didi londoni niu iorki (niu jersis CaTvliT Crdilo aRmosavleT nawilis) 1994 tokio niu iorki san Ppaulo mexiko Sanxai bombei 4 los anjelesi beijingi kalkuta seuli jakarta buenos airesi osaka tianjini 2015 wlis prognozi tokio bombei lagosi Sanxai jakarta san Ppaulo karaCi beijingi daka mexiko kalkuta deli niu iorki tianjini manila kairo 5 los anjelesi seuli buenos airesi stambuli rio de Janeiro laxori haiderabadi banqoqi osaka lima Teirani Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura statistikosebma da socialurma mkvlevarebma mcire da didi qalaqebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan daiwyes. didi raodenobis mosaxleobiT gamorCeuli qalaqebi, mcire centrebTan SedarebiT, ufro kosmopoliturad iqna miCneuli; maTi gavlena im erovnuli sazogadoebis farglebs miRma vrceldeba, romlebsac es didi qalaqebi ekuTvnian. qalaqebis gafarToeba mosaxleobis zrdam da fermebidan, soflebidan da patara qalaqebidan axali macxovreblebis migraciam gamoiwvia. migracia xSirad internacionaluri xasiaTisa iyo, fermeruli warmomavlobis emogranti pirdapir did qalaqSi saxldeboda. amis aSkara magaliTi SeerTebul StatebSi Rarib evropel fermerTa farTomasStabiani emigraciaa. sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebis masStaburi imigracia Tavad evropuli qveynebis qalaqebSic Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli. glexebi da soflis macxovreblebi qalaqebSi modiodnen sacxovreblad (es masobrivi movlenaa dRevandeli mesame msoflios qveynebSi), radgan sofelSi maT naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT da qalaqi ufro mimzidvelad eCvenebodaT. maTi azriT, aq ,,quCebi oqroTi iyo mokirwyluli” (anu simdidre, samuSao da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis didi arCevani iyo). qalaqebi finansur da industriul centrebad iqca, mewarmeebi TiTqmis daugegmavad qmnidnen axal urbanul teritoriebs. Cikago 1830-ian wlebamde TiTqmis dausaxlebeli teritoria iyo, 1900 wels ki misma mosaxleobam or milions gadaaWarba. 6 Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTarebam, Cvevebisa da qcevis stilis garda, azrovnebasa da grZnobebzec imoqmeda. meTvramete saukeneSi msxvili urbanuli aglomeratebis warmoSobam, socialur cxovrebaze qalaqis zegavlenasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis polarizeba gamoiwvia da es procesi dResac grZeldeba. zogierTi qalaqs ,,civilizebul Rirsebad,” dinamizmisa da kuturuli Semoqmedebis wyarod aRiqvamda. am avtorebis azriT, qalaqi ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis maqsimalur SesaZleblobas iZleva da komfortuli da normaluri arsebobis saSualebas uzrunvelyofs. jeims bosueli xSirad asxamda xotbas londonis Rirseul mxareebs. is mas ,,muzeums, walkots, dausrulebel musikalur kombinaciebs adarebda” (Byrd 1978, gv. 92). magram zogierTi qalaqs agresiuli da erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobiT ganwyobili adamianebiT savse mxrColav feCs adarebda, adgils, sadac danaSauli, sisastike da korufcia mefobda. qalaquri cxovrebis interpretaciebi mecxramete da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac qalaqebi Zlier gaizarda, zemoT warmodgenili kontrastuli Sexedulebebi axali formiT warmoCinda. kritikosTa argumentebi ufro safuZvliani gaxda, radgan swrafad ganviTarebad urbanul teritoriebze Raribebs xSirad gausaZlisi sacxovrebeli pirobebi hqondaT. ingliselma romanistma da socialurma analitikosma jorj jisingma 1870-ian wlebSi, londonsa da CikagoSi cxovrebis dros, ukiduresi siRaribe sakuTar Tavze gamoscada. mis mier aRwerili qalaqis yvelaze Raribi nawili, ist endi, Zalze mZime STabeWdilebas axdens. jisingi ist ends Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: ayrolebuli bazriT, qarxnebiT, xis sawyobebiT, binZuri TavSesafrebiT savse quCebi, gasasvlelebi, sadac wvrili xelosnebi vaWroben da sibinZure da sibnele sufevs; yoveli adamiani mZimed, uaRresad degradirebuli formiT, Sromobs; quCebSi datvirTuli urikebis xmauri ismis, qvafenilebze uxeSi garegnobis muSebi darbian, yovel kuTxeSi saSineli siduxWire igrZnoba. (Gissing 1973 gv.25-6) am periodSi amerikuli qalaqebis siRaribe, evropasTan SedarebiT, nakleb yuradRebas iqcevda. Tumca saukunis bolos reformatorebma niu iorkis, bostonis, Cikagosa da sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebis mouvleli nawilebis kritika daiwyes. danieli emigranti iakob riisi, romelic Semdeg New York Tribune–is Jurnalisti gaxda, intensiurad mogzaurobda SeerTebul StatebSi, siRaribis amsaxveli pirobebis dokumentacias awarmoebda da reformebis aucileblobaze kiTxulobda leqciebs. riisis wignma ,,rogor cxovrobs meore nawili,” romelic 1890 wels gamoqveynda, farTo sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro (Riis 1957; Lane 1974). mas sxvebic SeuerTdnen. erTma poetma bostonel Raribebs leqsi miuZRvna: did qristianul qalaqSi umegobrod, SimSilisgan daiRupa! SimSilisgan daiRupa maSin, roca bevri sabanketo darbazi CaxCaxebs! saavadmyofoebis qalaqSi cixeSi daiRupa! daiRupa usaxlkarod iseT miwaze, sadac TiTqos yvelas aqvs ufaso saxli! milionrebis qalaqSi ufulod daiRupa! (citirebulia Lees-dan, 1985, gv. 128-9) 7 urbanuli siRaribis zrdam da qalaqis ubnebs Soris arsebulma didma gansxvavebam im periodis urbanuli cxovrebis sociologiuri analizi moiTxova. ar aris gasakviri, rom Tanamedrove urbanuli pirobebis Sesaxeb pirvel mniSvnelovan siociologiur kvlevebsa da Teoriebs CikagoSi Caeyara safuZveli, radgan es qalaqi ganviTarebis fenomenaluri tempiTa da gamorCeuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda. urbanizmis Teoriebi Cikagos skola urbanuli sociologiis Teoria da kvleva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 19201940-ian wlebSi Cikagos universitetSi moRvawe ramdenime mwerlis, robert parkis, ernest burgesisa da luis virtis, mier SemuSavebul ideebs efuZneboda. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ,,Cikagos skolis” mier SemuSavebuli ori koncefcia imsaxurebs. pirveli, urbanuli analizisadmi e.w. ekologiuri midgomaa; meore, u r b a n i z m i s, rogorc cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTeba; meore idea virts ekuTvnis (Park 1952; Wirth 1938). urbanuli ekologia ekologia fizikis terminia da mcenarisa da cxoveli organizmebis garemosTan adaptaciis Seswavlas niSnavs. (zogadad, ,,ekologia” garemosTan dakavSirebuli problemebis konteqstSi ixmareba, ix. Tavi 19.) bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis ganawileba sistemuri reJimiT xdeba, rac sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris wonasworobasa da balanss uwyobs xels. Cikagos skolas miaCnia, rom didi urbanuli dasaxlebebisa da sxvadasxva tipis ubnebis ganawilebac am principiT unda aixsnas. qalaqebi spontanurad ar izrdeba, qalaqebis zrda garemos xelsayrel pirobebze gamovlenili sapasuxo reaqciaa. magaliTad, Tanamedrove qveynebSi didi urbanuli teritoriebi, Cveulebriv, mdinaris sanapiros gayolebaze, nayofier dablobebze, savaWro sarkinigzo gzajvaredinebzea ganlagebuli. parki ambobs: ,,rodesac qalaqi Sendeba, is TiTqos damaxarisxebel meqanizmad iqceva... is mosaxleobidan iseT individebs irCevs, romlebic garkveul regions an garemos saukeTesod ergebian” (Park 1952, gv. 79). konkurenciis, dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sedegad, qalaqi ,,bunebriv teritoriad” yalibdeba – es ki biologiuri ekologiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebia. Tu bunebriv garemoSi tbis ekologias davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom saxeobaTa SedarebiT stabiluri gadarCeva sxvadasxva saxeobis Tevzebis, mwerebisa da organizmebis konkurenciis xarjze miiRweva. balansi mxolod iseTi axali saxeobebis ,,SemoWris” SemTxvevaSi irRveva, romlebic tbaSi Casaxlebas cdiloben. organizmebi, romlebic tbis centralur nawilSi mravldebodnen, iZulebulni arian maTi kuTvnili teritoria datovon, ris gamoc isini arasaimedo pirobebSi aRmoCndebian. centralur nawilSi axla Tavdamsxmeli saxeobebi gabatondebian. 8 qalaqebSi dasaxleba, gadaadgileba da gadasaxleba, ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, analogiuri formiT mimdinareobs. ramdenime ubani im macxovrebelTa adaptaciis safuZvelze iqmneba, romlebic qalaqSi damkvidrebas cdiloben. Tu qalaqs rukaze gadavitanT, vnaxavT, rom is gamokveTili da socialurad kontrastuli teritoriebisgan Sedgeba. Tanamedrove qalaqebis zrdis adreul safexurze, industriebi Tavs iyrida nedleulis mopovebis da momaragebis TvalsazrisiT xelsayrel adgilebSi. adamianebi samuSao adgilebis garSemo saxldebodnen; es ubnebi, qalaqis macxovrebelTa raodenobriv zrdasTan erTad, sul ufro mravalferovan iers iZenda. sacxovrebeli pirobebi ufro mimzidveli gaxda da adamianTa Soris konkurencia am kuTxiT gaZlierda. miwis Rirebuleba da kerZo sakuTrebis begara gaizarda, ris Sedegad ojaxebs centralur ubnebSi sakuTrebis SeZena uWirT. isini siviwroveSi an Zvel SesakeTebel saxlebSi axerxeben dasaxlebas, radgan aseT saxlebSi ufro dabali qiris gadaxda uwevT. centri, ZiriTadad, biznessa da gasarTob adgilebs eTmoba. aq ufro SeZlebuli kerZo macxovreblebi saxldebian, romlebic centris perimetris garSemo axali gareubnebis formirebas uyrian safuZvels. am process satransporto samarSruto xazebis SemoRebac axlavs, rac samuSaoze gamgzavrebis dros minimumamde amcirebs; samarSruto xazebs Soris teritoriebi ufro nela viTardeba. qalaqs SeiZleba koncentrirebuli wreebis forma hqondes da segmentebad iyos dayofili. centrSi Sida qalaqis teritoriebia, romlebSic paralelurad arsebobs warmatebuli biznesi da ngrevis procesSi myofi kerZo saxlebi. garda amisa, qalaqSi didi xnis istoriuli ubnebic aris, romlebSic fizikuri saqmianobiT stabilurad dakavebuli muSebi saxloben. moSorebul gareubnebSi, Cveulebriv, maRalSemosavliani jgufebi cxovroben. dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis procesi qalaqis koncentirirebuli wreebis segmentebSic mimdinareobs. Tu centralur an aracentralur teritoriaze Senoba mwyobridan gamodis, is SeiZleba eTnikur umciresobaTa jgufebma daikavon. amis Semdeg Zveli macxovreblebi Senobas toveben da qalaqis sxva ubnebsa an gareubnebSi saxldebian. urbanuli ekologia garkveul periodSi Zveli reputaciiT aRar sargeblobda, magram mogvianebiT es Teoria isev aRorZinda da sxvadasxva avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT, amos holis (Hawley 1950, 1968) naSromebSi ganviTarda. mis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, holim deficitur resursebTan dakavSirebul konkurenciaze ki ar gaamaxvila yuradReba, aramed qalaqis sxvadasxva ubnebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebas gausva xazi. diferenciacia – jgufTa da okupaciuri rolebis specializacia – is ZiriTadi faqtoria, romlis saSualebiT, adamiani garemosTan adaptirdeba. dominanturia jgufebi, romlebzec bevri sxva adamiania damokidebuli, rac xSirad maT centralur geografiul poziciaSic aisaxeba. magaliTad, msxvili bankebis an sadazRvevo kompaniis msgavsi saqmiani jgufebi sazogadoebis did nawils mniSvnelovani momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs, amitom es organizaciebi, Cveulebriv, centralur adgilebSia ganTavsebuli. magram, holis azriT, urbanul teritoriebze ganviTarebuli zonebi ara mxolod sivrciT, aramed droiT ganpirobebul urTierTobaTa safuZvelzec warmoiSoba. magaliTad, biznesSi mopovebul gavlenas mxolod miwis moxmareba ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed 9 yoveldRiur aqtivobaTa riTmi; amis naTeli magaliTi pikis saaTis arsebobaa. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis riTmi qalaqis ubnebis ierarqias asaxavs. ekologiurma midgomam empiriul kvlevebSic mniSvnelovani roli Seitana, radgan am kvlevebis Sedegad, misi Rirebuleba Teoriul perspeqtivaSi warmoCinda. ekologiuri azrovneba qalaqisa da konkretuli ubnebis Semswavleli mravali kvlevis mizezi gaxda, romlebic, magaliTad, zemoT xsenebuli ,,dapyrobisa” da ,,memkvidreobiT gadacemis” procesis problemiT iyvnen dainteresebuli. Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT samarTliani kritikac arsebobs. ekologiurma perspeqtivam SeiZleba gacnobierebuli dizaini da qalaqis organizaciis dagegmareba daCrdilos da urbanuli ganviTareba ,,bunebriv procesad” miiCnios. parkis, burgesisa da maTi kolegebis mier SemuSavebuli sivrciTi organizaciis modeli amerikul gamocdilebas efuZneboda da mxolod SeerTebuli Statebis zogierTi tipis qalaqisTvis iyo misaRebi, rom araferi vTqvaT evropaze, iaponiasa da mesame msoflios qveynebze. urbanizmi, rogorc cxovrebis wesi virtis Teziss urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, naklebad aRelvebs qalaqebis Sida diferenciacia, vidre urbanizmi, rogorc socialuri arsebobis forma. virti acxadebs: ,,urbanulobis” xarisxis zusti gazomva SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qalaqSi mcxovrebi mTeli mosaxleobis wilis dadgeniT. socialur cxovrebaze qalaqi gacilebiT ufro did gavlenas axdens, vidre es urbanuli mosaxleobis koeficientSi aisaxeba; qalaqi Tanamedrove adamianebs mxolod mzardi sacxovrebeli da samuSao adgilebiT ki ar uzrunvelyofs, aramed im ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli centris Seqmnis iniciatori da makontrolebeli erTeulic aris, romelic adamianebs msoflios Soreuli regionebidan izidavs da mravalgvar teritoriebs, adamianebsa da aqtivobebs erTian kosmosad gardaqmnis (Wirth 1938, gv. 342) virti aRniSnavs, rom qalaqebSi adamianebi teritoriulad axlos cxovroben, magram maTi umravlesoba erTmaneTs piradad arc ki icnobs – patara tradiciul soflebSi ki am mxriv sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTia. qalaqis macxovreblebs erTmaneTTan xanmokle da arastabiluri kontaqtebi akavSirebT, romelTa dros, sasiamovno urTierTobebis Ziebis nacvlad, maT sruliad sxva miznebi amoZravebT. maRaziebis gamyidvelebTan, bankis molareebTan, mgzavrebTan an bileTebis SemmowmeblebTan interaqcia xanmokle kontaqts moiTxovs, romelsac adamiani sakuTari surviliT ki ar amyarebs, aramed garkveuli miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. qalaqSi mcxovrebi adamianebi mobilobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian, amitom isini stabiluri kavSirebis damyarebas ar eswrafvian. adamianebi sxvadasxva yoveldRiur aqtivobasa da situaciaSi arian CarTulni – qalaqebSi, soflebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Cqari ,,cxovrebis riTmia.” TanamSromlobas konkurencia gadaswonis. virti adasturebs, rom qalaqis daZabuli socialuri cxovreba gamorCeuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone ubnebis formirebas uwyobs xels; zogierTma ubanma SeiZleba mcire Temis Tvisebebi SenarCunos. magaliTad, emigrantebiT dasaxlebul 10 ubnebSi ojaxebi tradiciul kavSirebs inarCuneben da macxovrebelTa umravlesoba piradad icnobs erTmaneTs. rac ufro metad iTqvifeba ubani mravalferovan qalaqur cxovrebaSi, miT naklebia misi Zveli Tvisebebis SenarCunebis albaToba. virtis ideebi damsaxurebuli popularobiT sargeblobda. utyuari faqtia, rom Tanamedrove qalaqebSi yoveldRiurma kontaqtebma privatulobis elementi dakarga – garkveuli xarisxiT, es Tviseba zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri cxovrebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. virtis Teoria Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan misi mtkicebiT, urbanizmi mxolod sazogadoebis nawili ki ar aris, aramed is farTo socialuri sistemis bunebas gamoxatavs da masze garkveul gavlenas axdens. zogadad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa socialuri cxovrebisTvis urbanuli cxovrebis wesis aspeqtebia damaxasiaTebeli da ara did qalaqSi mcxovreb konkretul adamianTa aqtivobebi. virtis ideebs garkveuli SezRudvebic axlavs. ekologiuri perspeqtivis msgavsad, romelTanac virtis mosazrebebs bevri ram akavSirebs, misi Teoriac ZiriTadad amerikul qalaqebze warmoebul dakvirvebas efuZneba, rasac is urbanizmis saerTo konteqstSi ganazogadebs. urbanizmi yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairi ar aris. magaliTad, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Zveli qalaqebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa qalaqebisgan mravali niSniT gansxvavdeboda. Zveli qalaqebi, iseve rogorc soflis Temebi, usaxuri, pirovnul urTierTobebs moklebuli cxovrebiT ar gamoirCeoda. virtis mosazreba Tanamedrove qalaqebSi pirovnuli urTierTobebis naklebobis Sesaxeb gazviadebulia. Tanamedrove urbanul Temebs gacilebiT ufro myari da mWidro megobruli da naTesauri urTierTobebi akavSirebT, vidre virti miiCnevs. virtis kolega Cikagos universitetidan, everet hiusi, Tavisi kolegis Sesaxeb werda: ,,luisi mudmivad amtkicebda, rom qalaqSi pirovnuli urTierTobebi ar arsebobs – sinamdvileSi ki naTesavebisa da megobrebis uzarmazar klanTan mas swored aseTi urTierTobebi akavSirebs” (citirebulia Kasandra and Janowitzdan 1974). Tanamedrove qalaqSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa jgufebi, romlebsac herbert gansi ,,urbanel soflelebs” uwodebs (Gans 1962). mis mier moxseniebuli ,,urbaneli soflelebi” bostonis Sida qalaqis ubanSi mcxovrebi italieli amerikelebi arian. TeTkanianTa es ,,eTnikuri” dajgufeba amerikul qalaqebSi Zveleburad aRar gamoirCeva, magram Sida qalaqSi maT adgils axal emigrantTa Temebi ikaveben. gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, rodesac ubnebs, mWidro naTesauri da pirovnuli kavSirebis safuZvelze, Tavad qalaqis cxovreba qmnis; am ubnebs mxolod Zveli cxovrebis wesi ar aerTianebs, romelic, qalaqSi arsebobis garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, maT TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebaSi exmareba. klod fiSeri Seecada aexsna, Tu ratom uwyobs xels masStaburi urbanizmi sxvadasxva subkulturis ganviTarebas, rom yvela adamiani anonimur masaSi ar aiTqvifos. fiSeri aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis macxovreblebs, adgilobrivi kavSirebis ganviTarebis mizniT, sxva saerTo warmomavlobisa da interesebis mqone adamianebTan TanamSromloba SeuZliaT. isini gamokveTil religiur, eTnikur, politikur an sxva subkulturul jgufSi erTiandebian. patara qalaqi da sofeli aseTi subkulturuli mravalgvarobis ganviTarebis saSualebas ar iZleva (Fischer 1984). magaliTad, qalaqis eTnikuri Temis 11 wevrebi SeiZleba sakuTar qveyanaSi erTmaneTs arc ki icnobdnen. qalaqSi Camosvlis Semdeg, isini iseT teritoriebze saxldebian, sadac igive lingvisturi da kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebi cxovroben da amis safuZvelze axali qvesazogadoebrivi struqturebi iqmneba. mxatvarma SeiZleba patara qalaqSi an sofelSi ramdenime adamianTan daamyaros urTierToba, magram did qalaqSi is, savaraudod, garkveuli samxatvro da inteleqtualuri subkulturis nawili xdeba. didi qalaqi ,,ucnobebis samyaroa”, Tumca is qmnis da xels uwyobs piradi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. es paradoqsuli movlena ar aris. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT ucnob adamianebTan kontaqtebis sazogadoebrivi sfero da ojaxis, megobrebisa da kolegebis ufro piradi samyaro. rodesac adamiani did qalaqSi gadadis sacxovreblad, man, SesaZloa, Tavidan bevri adamianis gacnoba ver moaxerxos. magram patara, didi xnis win dafuZnebul soflis TemSi, is macxovrebelTa keTilganwyobas igrZnobs, radgan TemSi gaerTianebul adamianebs amgvari damokidebuleba zrdilobian qcevad miaCniaT, Tumca ,,sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad aRiarebas” SeiZleba wlebi dasWirdes. qalaqSi ki, am amxriv, sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. edvard krupati aRniSnavs: urbanul kvercxs... ufro magari naWuWi aqvs da misi gatexva Znelia. imisTvis, rom gaRiaron, xelsayreli SemTxveva da garemoebebia saWiro. bevri adamiani erTmaneTs yoveldRiurad avtobusis an rkinigzis sadgurSi, kafeSi an samuSao dawesebulebis derefanSi xvdeba, magram isini erTmaneTisTvis mxolod ,,nacnobi ucnobebi” arian. zogierTi adamiani, SesaZloa, socialuri unar-Cvevebis an iniciativis naklebobis gamo, sazogadoebas saerTod ver SeeTvisos. amgvari WeSmaritebis ucnauroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ucnob adamianTa mravalgvarobis gamo, TiToeuli maTgani potenciuri megobaria; qalaqSi gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili da interesebia, amitomac modian adamianebi sacxovreblad soflidan qalaqSi. rodesac isini romelime jgufSi an qselSi wevriandebian, maTi kavSirebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba sagrZnoblad izrdeba. faqtebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, SeiZleba ganvacxadoT, rom qalaqSi, damabrkolebel garemoebebTan SedarebiT, pozitiuri SesaZleblobebi ufro metia, ris gamoc adamianebs maTTvis sasurveli urTierTobebis ganviTareba da SenarCuneba SeuZliaT. (Krupat 1985, gv. 36) virtis ideebma, garkveulwilad, validuroba SeinarCuna, magram Tu mis naazrevs mogvianebiT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis kuTxiT ganvixilavT, am mosazrebebma zedmetad ganzogadebuli elferi SeiZina. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi xSirad aqvs adgili gaucxoebasa da pirovnuli socialuri urTierTobebis naklebobas, magram is, amave dros, mravalgvari interesebisa da kavSirebis, zogjer intimurobis wyarodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo urbanizmis bolodroindeli Teoriebis mixedviT, urbanizmi avtonomiuri procesi ar aris da is politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebTan kavSirSi unda gavaanalizoT. urbanul analizTan mimarTebaSi, sayuradReboa ori wamyvani mecnieris _ devid harvisa da manuel kastelsis _ naSromebi; orive avtori marqsis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis (Harvey 1973, 1982, 1985; Castells 1977, 1983). 12 harvi: sivrcis restruqturizacia harvi urbanizms industriuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebis Sedegad Seqmnili garemos erT-erT aspeqts uwodebs. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi qalaqi da sofeli erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo diferencirebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi industriam es gansxvaveba bundovani gaxada. soflis meurneoba, industriuli samuSaos msgavsad, meqanizebulia, mas mxolod safasuri da mogebasTan dakavSirebuli interesi marTavs, rac qalaqisa da soflis macxovrebelTa socialuri cxovrebis stils Soris arsebul zRvars amcirebs. harvi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove urbanizmSi sivrce mudmiv restruqturizacias eqvemdebareba. es procesi imazea damokidebuli, Tu romel adgils irCeven msxvili firmebi maTi qarxnebis, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis centrebisa da a.S. gansaTavseblad; rogor akontrolebs mTavroba miwas da industiul warmoebas da rogoria kerZo investorTa aqtivoba - saxlebisa da miwebis Sesyidva da gayidva. magaliTad, saqmiani firmebi mudmivad ganixilaven axali lokaciebis upiratesobas, ukve arsebul lokaciebTan SedarebiT. rodesac garkveul adgilas warmoeba iafdeba, an firma sxva produqtis warmoebaze gadadis, qarxnebi da ofisebi SeiZleba mocemul adgilas daixuros da sxvagan amoqmeddes. aqedan gamomdinare, sargeblis mopovebis mizniT, didi qalaqis centrebSi SeiZleba mravalsarTuliani ofisebis gamalebuli mSenebloba gaCaRdes. rodesac ofisebis mSenebloba mTavrdeba da centraluri teritoriis ,,xelaxali aTviseba” xdeba, investorebi axali mSeneblobis dasawyebad adgils eZeben. is, rac odezRac momgebiani iyo, finansuri klimatis cvlilebis Semdeg, SesaZloa, wamgebiani aRmoCndes. saxlebis SesyidviT dainteresebuli kerZo pirebis aqtivobaze Zlier gavlenas axdens faqtori, Tu sad da ra raodenobiT yiduloben miwebs saqmiani firmebi da ra moculobisaa adgilobrivi da centraluri xelisuflebis mier miwaze dawesebuli qira da gadasaxadi. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis ZiriTadi qalaqebis gareubnebSi, mSeneblobis uaRresi zrda aRiniSna. es, nawilobriv, eTnikuri diskriminaciiTa da TeTrkanianTa Sida qalaqis teritoriebidan gasvlis tendenciiT iyo gamowveuli. harvis azriT, am process xelisuflebis mier saxlebis myidvelebisa da samSeneblo firmebis dabegvris pirobebis Serbilebam da finansuri organizaciebis mier kreditebis gacemis specialuri struqturis Seqmnamac Seuwyo xeli. aman qalaqis periferiebSi axali saxlebis mSeneblobasa da Sesyidvas Cauyara safuZveli da, amave dros, erT-erT industriul saqonelze avtomobilze - gazarda moTxovna. 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg, inglisis samxreT nawilSi qalaqebis gafarToeba da maTi materialuri SesaZleblobebis zrda, uSualo kavSirSi iyo CrdiloeTSi ganlagebuli mcire industriebis Semcirebasa da, Sesabamisad, axali industriuli SesaZleblobebis investirebasTan. kastelsi: urbanizmi da socialuri moZraoba 13 harvis msgavsad, kastelsac miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis sivrciTi forma mWidrod ukavSirdeba misi ganviTarebis zogad meqanizmebs. qalaqis aRsaqmelad, unda gaviazroT, Tu ra procesebs moiTxovs qalaqis sivrciTi formis warmoSoba da transformireba. qalaqisa da misi ubnebis dagegmareba da arqiteqturuli maxasiaTeblebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebasa da konfliqts gamoxatavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanuli garemo farTo socialuri Zalebis simbolur da sivrciT manifestaciebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, caTambjeni SeiZleba imitom aSendes, rom mSenebeli am saqmidan mogebas elis, magram giganturi Senobebi aseve ,,qalaqSi macxovrebeli adamianisTvis, teqnologiiTa da TavdajerebiT mopovebuli, fuladi Zaluflebisa da korporaciuli kapitalizmis aRzevebis simboloa” (Castells 1983, gv. 103). Cikagoeli sociologebisgan gansxvavebiT, kastelsi qalaqs mxolod gamokveTil lokaciad – urbanul teritoriad _ ar miiCnevs. qalaqi misTvis koleqtiuri moxmarebis procesis integraluri nawilia, rac, Tavis mxriv, industiuli kapitalizmis ganuyofel aspeqts warmoadgens. adamianebi Tanamedrove industriis produqcias saxlebSi, skolebSi, transportiT momsaxurebisas da dasvenebis dros ,,moixmaren”. maT, vinc saxls qiraobs, yidulobs an aSenebs, dabegvris sistemasTan aqvs Sexeba. im msxvil korporaciebs, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebs, romlebic samSeneblo proeqtebisTvis saWiro kapitals uzrunvelyofen, am procesebze didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. magram qalaqis cxovrebis bevr aspeqtze, uSualod zemoqmedebs samTavrobo saagentoebic, radgan maT gzebisa da saxelmwifo saxlebis mSenebloba, mwvane zonebis dagegmva da sxv. evalebaT. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis fizikuri forma sabazro Zalebisa da xelisuflebis erToblivi produqtia. magram Seqmnili garemos bunebas mxolod mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis aqtivoba ar ganapirobebs. kastelsi im naklebad privilegirebul jgufTa Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobasac usvams xazs, romlebic sakuTari sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvlas cdiloben. urbanuli problemebi mraval socialur moZraobas – sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovnas, haeris dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg brZolas, parkebisa da mwvane zonebis dacvas da garemosTvis Seuferebeli mSeneblobis SeCerebis mcdelobas uyris safuZvels. magaliTad, kastelsma san-franciskoSi geebis moZraoba Seiswavla, romlebmac TavianTi kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT, ubnebis restruqturizacia daisaxes miznad da warmatebasac miaRwies – amis Sedegad geebma bevri organizacia, klubi da bari aamoqmedes da adgilobriv politikaSi mniSvnelovani pozicia daikaves. harvi da kastelsi aRniSnaven, rom qalaqi Cvens mier Seqmnili, TiTqmis xelovnuri garemoa. adamianTa intervenciasa da Tanamedrove teqnologiis gavlenas soflebic ki ver gaurbian, radgan adamianTa aqtivobam bunebrivi samyaros formisa da struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. sakvebi adgilobrivi macxovreblebisTvis ki aRar iwarmoeba, aramed misi warmoeba erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanazea orientirebuli. meqanizebul fermebSi miwis zusti da miznobrivi ganawileba xdeba; axal fizikur maxasiaTeblebsa da garemos bunebriv maxasiaTeblebs 14 erTmaneTTan cota aqvT saerTo. fermebisa da izolirebuli soflebis macxovreblebs SeiZleba qalaqelebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis stili hqondeT, magram ekonomikurad, politikurad da kulturulad isini farTo sazogadoebasTan mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli. Sefaseba kastelsisa da harvis Sexedulebebma farTo debatebi gamoiwvia. am Sromebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT, radgan maT urbanuli analizi axali mimarTulebiT warmarTes. ekologiuri midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, es mecnierebi, ,,bunebriv” sivrcul procesebTan SedarebiT, imaze ufro amaxvileben yuradRebas, Tu rogor aisaxeba Zalauflebis socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi miwasa da Seqmnil garemoze. es imas niSnavs, rom amjerad kvlevis gansxvavebul obieqtTan gvaqvs saqme. harvisa da kastelsis ideebi zogjer Zalze abstraqtulad JRers da, Cikagos skolis SromebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT nakleb kvlevas efuZneba. harvisa da kastelsis da Cikagos skolis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs avsebs. es sasargeblo kombinacia urbanuli procesebis mravlismomcvel suraTs qmnis. qalaqis teritoriebs Soris arsebuli kontrastebi, aRwerili urbanuli ekologiis mier, da qalaqur cxovrebaSi pirovnuli urTierTobebis nakleboba, realurad marTlac arsebobs. magram Cikagos skola am procesebs naklebad cvalebad movlenebad miiCnevda; cvlilebebi ki, ZiriTadad, harvisa da kastelsis mier gaanalizebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri gavleniT aixsneba. jon loganisa da harvi molotCis mier SemoTavazebuli midgoma harvisa da kastelsis mier dasaxul perspeqtivebs uSualod ekologiuri Tvalsazrisis zogierT mxares ukavSirebs (Logan and Molotch 1987). isini iziareben harvisa da kastelsis Sexedulebas da acxadeben, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zogadi, erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze asaxuli maxasiaTeblebi uSualod urbanul cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs. magram, maTi azriT, es masStaburi ekonomikuri faqtorebi adgilobriv organizaciebze, maT Soris, ubnis biznesebze, bankebsa da samTavrobo saagentoebze, aseve saxlebis individualuri myidvelebis aqtivobazea fokusirebuli. loganisa da molotCis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sxva saqonelTan erTad, nakveTebis _ miwisa da Senobebis – Sesyidva da gayidva mimdinareobs; magram qalaqis struqturis ganmsazRvrel bazarze gavlenas is faqti axdens, Tu rogor iyeneben sxvadasxva jgufebi maT mier SeZenil an gayidul miwas. es procesi mraval daZabulobasa da konfliqs iwvevs _ qalaqis ubnebis warmoSobis ZiriTadi faqtoric swored es aris. magaliTad, mravalsarTulian Senobas binadari sakuTar saxlTan aigivebs, saxlis mepatronisTvis ki es Semosavlis wyaroa. saqmosnebi miwis SesyidviTa da gayidviT, warmoebisTvis Sesaferisi adgilis moZiebiT, an miwis gayidvis an gaqiravebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebiT arian dainteresebulni. maTi interesi da sazrunavi binadarTa interesebisgan sruliad gansxvavdeba, radgan binadarTaTvis ubani aris ,,adgili, sadac isini cxovroben”. 15 rogorc logani da molotCi aRniSnaven, Tanamedrove qalaqebSi msxvili finansuri da saqmiani firmebi mudmivad cdiloben miwis sfecifikur teritoriebad Semofargvlas. am mxriv miRweuli warmateba ufro meti teritoriis Sesyidvasa da gayidvas da axali sarfiani mSeneblobebis dawyebas niSnavs. am kompaniebs naklebad aRelvebT, Tu ra socialur da fizikur Sedegs gamoiRebs maTi aqtivoba mocemul ubanze – magaliTad, daingreva Tu ara lamazi Zveli saxli imisTvis, rom mis nacvlad axali uzarmazari mravalsarTuliani saofise Senoba aRimarTos. samSeneblo firmebis mier waxalisebuli zrdis procesebi da adgilobrivi saqmosnebisa da binadarTa interesebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, rac am ukanasknelTa mxridan, savaraudod, aqtiuri winaaRmdegobis gawevis mcdelobas gamoiwvevs. sakuTari interesebis dacvis mizniT, erTi ubnis binadarni jgufebad erTiandebian. aseTma adgilobrivma asociaciebma, SesaZloa, teritoriebis zonebad gamocxadebis sababiT, farTo kampania wamoiwyon, mwvane an parkisTvis gankuTvnil miwis zonaSi dagegmili mSeneblobebi dablokon da qiris gadaxdis ufro misaRebi wesebi moiTxovon. dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi urbanul procesebze SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro meti kvleva Catarda, magram omisSemdgomi periodis gaerTianebuli samefos urbanuli ganviTareba, zogadad, SeerTebul StatebSi manamde ganviTarebul movlenebs emTxveva. amitom, vidre gaerTianebuli samefos urbanul problemebsa da sakiTxebs ganvixilavT, amerikul gamocdilebaze vimsjelebT. urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi suburbanizacia erT-erTi siaxle, romelic omis Semdeg SeerTebuli Statebis qalaqebSi gamoikveTa, gareubnebis (Suburbia) ganviTareba iyo. sityva “saberbi” (gareubani) laTinuri warmoSobisaa - termini sub urbe ,,qalaqis kontrolis qveS yofnas” niSnavs. urbanizmis istoriaSi es termini am mniSvnelobas zustad Seesabameboda. gareubnebi mcire zomis, urbanul centrebze damokidebuli sacxovrebeli adgilebi iyo. dRevandel dRes es sityva didi qalaqis mimdebare gaSenebul teritorias niSnavs. SeerTebul StatebSi suburbanizaciis procesma kulminacias 1950-1960-ian wlebSi miaRwia. am aTwleulebSi centraluri qalaqebis 10-procentiani zrda aRiniSna, gareubnis teritoriebisa ki _ 48-procentiani. gareubnebSi, ZiriTadad, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebi saxldebodnen. skolebSi rasobrivi aRrevis daSvebis gamo, TeTrkanianebi Sida qalaqebs tovebdnen, radgan umravlesobas surda, rom maT Svilebs mxolod TeTrkanianebisTvis gankuTvnil skolebSi eswavlaT. ra Tqma unda, am procesis ganviTarebas sxva mizezebic hqonda. qalaqis centraluri ubnebis macxovreblebi haeris dabinZurebas, transportis mozRvavebasa da mZafr kriminalur situacias gaurbodnen; maT kerZo sakuTrebaze dawesebuli dabali gadasaxadebi da didi saxlebis perspeqtivac izidavdaT. isini binebs iseT saxlebs amjobinebdnen, romlebsac baRebic hqonda. amave dros, gzebis 16 mSeneblobis eqstensiuri programebis wyalobiT, am teritoriebidan samuSao adgilze gadaadgilebac gamartivda da industriebi da momsaxureba gareubnebSic dafuZnda. bevri gareubani Tavad iqca damoukidebel qalaqad, romelic sxva qalaqebs swrafi magistralebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeboda. 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli gaerubnebis wili, qalaqTan dakavSirebul gareubnebTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro gaizarda (dRevandel gaerTianebul samefoSi analogiuri situaciaa). SeerTebul StatebSi, gareubnebSi umetesad TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba cxovrobs, magram iq rasobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa sul ufro meti warmomadgeneli saxldeba. 1980-dan 1990 wlamde gareubanSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba 34.4, laTinosTa 69.3, azielebisa ki 125.9 procentiT gaizarda. amis sapirispirod, gareubanSi mcxovrebi TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba sul 9,2 procentiT gaizarda. umciresobebi gareubanSi imave mizeziT saxldebian, rac maT winamorbedebs amoZravebdaT – isini ukeTesi saxlebis, skolebisa da pirobebisken miiltvian. im adamianebis msgavsad, romlebmac 1950-ian wlebSi gareubnebSi gadasaxlebis talRa wamoiwyes, axali mosaxleebic saSualo klasis profesionalebi arian. Cikagos gansaxlebis samsaxuris Tavmjdomarem ganacxada: ,,suburbanizacia rasasTan aRar aris kavSirSi; es klasobrivi movlenaa. Raribebis maxloblad cxovreba aravis unda, radgan RaribebTan erTad cxovrebas RaribTa problemebi – Raribuli skolebi, daucveli quCebi da bandebi – axlavs.” (citirebulia DeWitt-dan 1994). miuxedavad amisa, gareubnebi mainc TeTrkanianTa ubnebad miiCneva. umciresobaTa jgufebi 1990 wels gareubnebis mTeli mosaxleobis 18 procents Seadgendnen. oTxidan sami afro amerikeli, oTxidan erTi TeTrkanianis sapirispirod, kvlav Sida qalaqSi agrZelebs cxovrebas. gareubnis Savkanian macxovrebelTa umravlesoba, qalaqis mosazRvre SavkanianTa mcire dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs. Sida qalaqis rRveva ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, yvela did amerikul qalaqSi Sida qalaqis rRveva aRiniSna, rac uSualod gareubnebis zrdam gamoiwvia. maRalSemosavliani jgufebis qalaqidan gasvla, maT mier Setanili adgilobrivi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli mogebis danakargs niSnavs. qalaqSi darCenili an qalaqidan gasuli mosaxleobis nacvlad dafuZnebul adamianTa umravlesoba Raribebi arian, amitom dakarguli Semosavlis anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba Zalze mcirea. centralur qalaqSi dabegvris gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlebuli jgufebisa da saqmosnebis gareubanSi gadasaxlebis tendencia gagrZeldeba. situacias is faqtic amZimebs, rom centralur qalaqSi samSeneblo inventari, gareubnebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia, da danaSaulisa da umuSevrobis ufro maRali maCvenebelia. Sesabamisad, keTildReobis programebze, skolebze, Senobebis garemontebaze, policiasa da saxanZro samsaxurze ufro didi Tanxa ixarjeba. rac ufro viTardeba gareubnebi, miT ufro izrdeba qalaqis centrTan 17 dakavSirebuli problemebi. bevri amerikuli gareubnis ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT Zvel qalaqebSi, magaliTad, niu iorkSi, bostonsa da vaSingtonSi, uaRresad mZime Sedegi mohyva. am qalaqebis zogierTi ubani, mTeli industriuli samyaros did urbanul teritoriebs Soris, yvelaze savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. ngrevis procesSi myofi, mitovebuli da damwvari Senobebi qvaRorRian Tavisufal miwaze icvleba. urbanuli rRveva da urbanuli konfliqti 1992 wlis gazafxulze los anjelesSi amboxebaTa talRa daiwyo. saqmis viTarebis Seswavlis mizniT, qalaqSi piradad gansaxlebisa da urbanuli ganviTarebis departamentis mdivani henri sisnerosi Cafrinda. kvamlSi gaxveuli qalaqi vnaxe. yvelgan damwvari sadenebisa da plastmasis suni igrZnoboda. iseTi buRi idga, rom gzis gakvleva im vertmfrenis pilotsac ki uWirda, romelic qalaqis Tavze gvatarebda. yovel ramdenime wamSi sirenis xma ismoda. es saxanZro manqanebis xmaa, romlebic jguf-jgufad moZraoben, kaliforniis sagzao sapatrulo maqanebis TanxlebiT – oci manqana, romelsac patruli, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, icavs – mexanZreebi xanZris erTi keridan meore keris Casaqrobad garbodnen... im xuTSabaTs narinjisfer kvamlSi gaxveuli saRamos los anjelesi namdvil urbanul apokalifss mogagonebdaT. gafarToebuli TvalebiT momzirali SeSinebuli adamianebi da xmauri, romelic mudmiv panikas Tesavs. (Cisneros 1993) albaT, fiqrobT, rom los anjelesi gasxvavebuli qalaqia. aq, umravles qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ufro daZabuli cxovrebis riTmia. is, geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, saxifaTo zolzea ganlagebuli. 1994 wlis TebervalSi momxdarma seriozulma miwisZvram zemoT aRwerili situaciis analogiuri scenebi gamoiwvia. amis miuxedavad, los anjeless bevri aqvs saerTo SeerTebulio Statebis, britaneTisa da samyaros sxva regionebis did qalaqebTan. qalaqi mTeli amerikuli sazogadoebis socialur problemebs koncentrirebulad da gaZlierebulad gamoxatavs. erT-erTi aseTi problema siRaribea; meore _ eTnikuri dajgufeba da antagonizmi, romelsac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris aqvs adgili; mesame _ danaSauli; meoTxe _ ubralod daucveloba. SeiZleba pirvelma samma faqtorma uSualod adamianebze ar imoqmedos, magram daucvelobasa da Tavdajerebis naklebobas swored es faqtorebi ganapirobeben. gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda siRaribe. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, oficialuri maCvenebliT, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wilma 25wliani periodis Semdeg kulminacias miaRwia. usaxsrod darCenili qveklasis warmoSobam mosaxleobis didi nawilis farTo sazogadoebisgan gamijvna gamoiwvia; ukidures siRaribeSi mcxovrebi bevri jgufi rRvevis procesSi myof Sida qalaqSi an nangrevebSia koncentrirebuli. eTnikuri da klasobrivi dajgufeba erTiani procesia. 1980-ian wlebSi, 1920-iani wlebis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva aTwleulebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze meti emigranti Camovida. maTi umravlesoba did qalaqebSi dasaxlda, ris Sedegad manamde arsebuli feradkanaini mosaxleobis raodenoba gaizarda. atlantis, vaSingtonis, baltimoris, Cikagos, detroitis, axali orleanisa da oklendis mosaxleobis 60 18 procents ,,umciresobebi” Seadgenen – albaT xvdebiT, rom es termini realobas aRar Seesabameba. yvelaze segregirebul amerikul qalaq detroitSi ,,umciresobebi” mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80 procents Seadgenen. TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis umravlesobam, romlis mimarT danarCen nawils undobloba da uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqonda, qalaqi ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi datova. ZaladobiT gamowveuli danaSaulis sixSire epidemias mogagonebT. amerikis mosaxleobis gacilebiT didi wili imyofeba patimrobaSi, vidre nebismieri sxva qveyanis mosaxleobis. SeerTebuli Statebis quCebSi iaraRiT yovel dRe aTi axalgazrda kvdeba, 30 ki _ iWreba. Sida qalaqis ubnebSi saxlis xelmisawvdom fasad SeZena imdenad rTulia, rom qalaqis Raribi mosaxleoba iZulebulia Semosavlis ori mesamedi saxlis qiraSi gadaixados. sisnerosi amas ,,siduxWiresa da tragikul Zaladobas” uwodebs: es mxolod los anjelesSi ar xdeba – yvelgan analogiuri situaciaa. uyuradRebobis, Cveni xalxis daxmarebis uunarobisa da usulgulobis Sedegad, nel-nela asobiT Temi nadgurdeba... Tundac qalaqSi nakleb dros vatarebdeT, urbanuli cxovreba mTeli qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan is produqtiulobas uwyobs xels, axali SesaZleblobebis wyaroa da ukeTes momavals gvpirdeba. (1993) los anjelesi: eTnikuri konfliqti da ekonomikuri restruqturizacia sami eTnikuri jgufi – Savkanianebi, laTinosebi da koreelebi _ samuSaosTan, gansaxlebasa da sazogadoebrivi resursebis naklebobasTan dakavSirebiT, erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven da mudmiv konfliqtSi arian. am konfliqts, nawilobriv, ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, los anjelesis restruqturizaciiT gamowveuli savalalo ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ganapirobebs. restruqturizaciam, erTi mxriv, tradiciul kavSirebSi gaerTianebul manufaturebSi maRalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebis Semcireba, meore mxriv ki, maRalteqnologiur, specializebul manufaqturebsa da maRali donis momsaxurebis ekonomikur seqtorebSi dasaqmebis zrda gamoiwvia. centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilSi – qalaqis tradiciul industriul centrSi – manufaqturebSi dasaqmebis Semcireba aRiniSna, 19781982 wlebSi stabiluri maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri 70 000-ma adamianma dakarga. centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilSi, stabiluri da maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis dakargvis periodSi, adgilobrivi damsaqmeblebi manufaturuli aqtivobisTvis alternatul adgilebs eZebdnen. am TiTqosda rutinuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, san fernando veliSi, san gabriel veliSi da los anjelesis olqSi, aeroportis maxloblad, eli segundosa da orinjis olqSi ,,teqnopolebis” saxiT dasaqmebis axali perspeqtivebi gaCnda. garda amisa, am dekoncentraciis procesSi, los anjelesSi dafuZnebuli firmebi monawileobdnen, satelegrafo sahaero ekipaJis, norTrofis, rokuelisa da mcire firmebis CaTvliT. kapitalis amgvarma gadinebam, qarxnebis daxurvasTan erTad, centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilis binadrebs Zveli maRalanazRaurebadi, kavSirebis mier daculi samuSao adgilebis dawyebis SesaZlebloba daakargina. unda aRiniSnos, rom los anjelesis olqSi (orinjis olqis maxloblad da amerikisa da meqsikis sazRvris gayolebaze) axali industriuli sivrce Seiqmna, ris Sedegad, centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilis industriul centrSi an mis maxloblad, dasaqmebis axali SesaZleblobebi gaCnda. magram Zvel manufaqturaSi arsebuli samuSao adgilebi konkurentulma seqtorulma industriebma Secvala, sadac samuSao Zala registracias ar gadis da xelfasic minimaluria. 19 naxati: l o s a n j e l e s i s ol q i msxvili teqnopoli mcire teqnopoli specializirebuli industriebi tansacmlis kerva 100 TanamSromelze meti 25-99 1-24 samkaulebis damzadeba 30-ze meti 20-30 1-19 avejis damzadeba dominanturi eTnikur-rasobrivi jgufi TeTrkanianebi espanuri warmoSobis Savkanianebi azielebi Sereuli rasa wyaro: Maya Blum, Kathryn Carlson, Exteln J. Morales, Ross Nussbaum and Patricia J. Wilson, “Bleck Male Joblessness, Spatial Mismatch, and Employer Preferences: a Case Study of Los Angeles”, unpublished paper, Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, University of California, Los Angeles, May 1993. rukis avtori Chase Langford. urbanizmi britaneTSi suburbanizacia da Sida qalaqis rRveva 20 omis Semdgomi periodis amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebel urbanul cvlilebaTa umravlesobam Tavi britaneTSic iCina. gasuli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi didi centraluri qalaqebi Semcirda, rac umetesad mosaxleobis gareubnebSi da ganapira qalaqebsa (es qalaqebi qalaqis sazRvars emijneboda da aq, ZiriTadad, qalaqSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi cxovrobdnen) da soflebSi gadasaxlebam gamoiwvia. 1970-85 wlebSi didi londonis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT naxevari milioniT Semcirda, patara qalaqebis, magaliTad, kembrijis, ifsviCis, norvikis, oqsfordisa da lesteris mosaxleoba ki, igive periodSi, gaizarda. Sida qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTSi, manufaqturuli industriis swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna. Tu zogierT gamonakliss ar CavTvliT, ,,gareubnebSi gadasaxleba” britaneTSi, SeerTebul StatebTan SedarebiT, naklebad ganxorcielda da, Sesabamisad, Sida qalaqis rRvevac iseTi mkveTri ar yofila. amis miuxedavad, Sida qalaqis zogierTi teritoria, magaliTad, liverpulSi, SeerTebuli Statebis bevri ubnis msgavsad, savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. inglisis eklesiam, 1985 wels, Tavis angariSSi saxelwodebiT ,,rwmena qalaqSi” Sida qalaqis teritoriebis mZime mdgomareoba asaxa: ,,nacrisferi kedlebi, nagviT savse quCebi, Carazuli fanjrebi, WuWyiani kedlebi, Senobis nangrevebi _ qalaqis ubnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli suraTia da samRvdeloeba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams... Sida qalaqSi sacxovrebeli saxlebi, sxva adgilebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Zvelia. uxeSi gamoTvliT, inglisis saxlebis erTi meoTxedi 1919 wlamdea aSenebuli, magram Sida qalaqebSi aseTi saxlebis wili 40-dan 60 procentamdea” (inglisis eklesia, 1985, gv. 18). SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, axali industria fexs Sida qalaqis gareT, qalaqis sazRvrebTan, an patara qalaqebSi ikidebs. am process, nawilobriv, axali qalaqebis, magaliTad, bukingemSirSi Mmilton kinsis, gegmazomierma Seqmnam Seuwyo xeli. sxvadasxva erovnuli sqema – rogoric mflobelebisTvis saxlis sareabilitacio grantebis gacema, an biznesis mozidvis mizniT, dabegvris pirobebis Semsubuqebaa – Sida qalaqebis aRorZinebas isaxavs miznad, magram am mcdelobam, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ar gaamarTla. 1982 wels briqstonSi erTi wliT adre momxdari amboxebebis Sesaxeb warmoebuli oficialuri gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb skarmenis angariSi adasturebs, rom Sida qalaqis problemebis mimarT koordinirebuli midgoma ar arsebobda (Scarman 1982). amboxi ramdenime adgilas 1985 welsac dafiqsirda (kidev erTxel briqstonSi da CrdiloeT londonSi, totenhemSi broduoteris fermaze, rasac policielis mkvleloba mohyva). urbanul amboxs 1990 da 1991 wels oqsfordSi, bristolsa da sxva qalaqebSi hqonda adgili. amboxebebi 1995 wels briqstonSi kvlav ganmeorda. pol harisoni londonis erT-erTi damTrgunvel atmosferos aRwers: policia britanul recesiiTa policias yvelaze Raribi ubnis, haknis, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli amocanis winaSe dgas, radgan dinamiti, romelic sazogadoebaSi devs, Sida qalaqis asafeTqeblad emzadeba. es dinamiti da umuSevrobiT gamowveuli, danaSaulis maRali maCvenebelia. amis gamo aq sazogadoebasTan, rogorc potenciur eWvmitanilTan, ufro xSiri da 21 arasasiamovno kontaqti uwevs, rac xSirad usamarTlo gansjisa da Zaladobis mizezi xdeba. (Harrison 1983, gv. 369) es procesebi mankierebaTa wres warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom danaSaulis msxverplni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze usaxsro adamianebi arian, maT policiasTan yvelaze xSiri kontaqti aqvT. mosalodneli kriminaluri danaSaulis motiviT, yvelaze metad isini idevnebian. harisoni acxadebs, rom haknis magvar ubnebSi ,,sazogadoeba Tavdacvis mizniT barikadebs aSenebs” da, amasTan erTad, ,,mudmivad ilaxeba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebac.” 1995 wels londonis zogierT ubanSi 25 wlis qvemoT asakis mamakacTa 40 procenti umuSevari iyo, axalgazrda SavkaniaTa Soris es maCvenebeli zogjer 60 procents aRwevda. londonsa da niu iorkSi usaxlkarobis problemac mwvaved dgas; londonSi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1990iani wlebis dasawyisamde usaxlkaroTa ricxvi 4-5-jer gaizarda. samTavrobo komisiam 1987 wels londonis Sida qalaqis urbanuli menejmenti uaryofiTad Seafasa: sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis naklebobam niu iorkSi problemebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli da londonSic igive tendencia igrZnoboda. 1988 wlis samTavrobo programam ,,qalaqebisTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedeba”, saxelmwifo intervenciasTan SedarebiT, kerZo investiciebsa da Tavisufal bazars ufro didi yuradReba dauTmo. Tumca ministri maikl heseltaini, romelsac uSualod exeboda es sakiTxi, ,,TanamSromlobis” – kerZo iniciativisa da sazogadoebrivi Zalisxmevis kombinaciis momxrea. mTavroba acxadebs, rom 1990 wlisTvis grantebma da sazogadoebrivma fondebma, problemuri ubnebis gaSenebis mizniT, kerZo pirebisgan 900 milioni girvanqis odenobis Tanxis mozidva SeZles. magram saqmiani wreebis reaqcia gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre isini elodnen. kvleva adasturebs, rom sanimuSo proeqtebis garda, kerZo warmoebis stimulireba da saqmeSi CarTva araefeqturia, radgan amgvari midgoma centralur qalaqebSi arsebul fundamentur socialur problemebs ar iTvaliswinebs. Sida qalaqSi Tavs imdeni damTrgunveli garemoeba iyris, rom Tu rRvevis ukuqceviT procesebs saTanado yuradRebis gareSe davtovebT, maTi gakontroleba sul ufro rTuli gaxdeba. am problemis mogvarebas didi saxelmwifo xarjebi sWirdeba, rasac mTavroba, savaraudod, ar gaiRebs. dafinansebis gareSe ki radikaluri gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva saTuo xdeba (Macgregor and Pilmott 1991). finansuri krizisi britanul qalaqebSi finansurma krizisma britaneTis bevr Sida qalaqze imoqmeda. 1972 wlis adgilobrivi samTavrobo aqtis safuZvelze eqvsi ,,qalaqis olqi” – mersisaidi, didi manCesteri, samxreT iorqSiri, dasavleT midlendsi, dasavleT iorqSiri, taini da veari – Seiqmna. am teritoriebis saolqo sabWoebs urbanuli regionebis mTliani dagegmarebis pasuxismgebloba daekisraT; mcire ubnebis sabWoebs ki ganaTlebiT, socialuri momsaxurebiT, gansaxlebiTa da sxva saWiroebebiT uzrunvelyofa daevalaT. londonSi gansxvavebuli sistema iyo. 21 wlis ganmavlobaSi administraciul samsaxurs londonis didi sabWo (GLC) marTavda, 22 romelic 1965 wels dafuZnda. qalaqis olqebis Semosavlis TiTqmis naxevars centraluri samTavrobo wyaro uzrunvelyofs; GLC-ac, 1985 wlamde anu gauqmebamde, centraluri mTavroba afinansebda. 1970-iani wlebis bolodan, adgilobrivi xelisufleba Zlier zewolas ganicdida, rom biujetisa da adgilobrivi momsaxurebis xarjebi Seemcirebina. es safrTxe rRvevis procesSi myof Sida qalaqebsac daemuqra. 1980 wlis parlamentSi kanonproeqti SemuSavda, romlis mixedviT, Tu pasuxismgebeli piri an organizacia mTavrobiT dadgenili xarjebis zRvars gadascdeboda, mas jarima ekisreboda. zogierTi Sida qalaqi uaRresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo, amitom sabWoebi, misi saqmeebis mogvarebisas, biujetis mier dadgenil CarCoebSi ver eteodnen; amgvari situacia mTavrobasa da qalaqis sabWoebs _ gansakuTrebiT leiboristuli partiis mier kontrolirebad, magaliTad, liverpulis an Sefildis sabWoebs _ Soris intensiuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. zogierTma maTganma uaiTholis mier dadgenili limitis aRiarebaze Tavidanve uari ganacxada, ris gamoc, 1986 wlis martSi, liverpulisa da lambetis rva mrCeveli arakolegialobis gamo personalurad dajarimda. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, adgilobriv samTavrobo dafinansebaze suladobis mixedviT dabegvris SemoRebam imoqmeda (rasac oficialurad ,,sazogadoebrivi gadasaxadi” ewoda). is, vinc arCevnebSi monawileobda da adgilobrivi samTavrobo xarjebiT sargeblobda, gadasaxadi yovel mdidar Tu Rarib individze dawesebuli dabegvris mixedviT unda Seetana da ara kerZo sakuTrebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadis mixedviT. modifikaciebis miuxedavad, gadasaxadis axali wesiT akrefa ufro rTuli aRmoCnda. sabolood, dabegvra gauqmda, magram mas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva. qalaqis bevr sabWos Semosavali Seumcirda, ris gamoc maT mniSvnelovani momsaxurebis xarjze mouxdaT ekonomiis gakeTeba. im adamianTa wili, romlebmac gadasaxadis Setanaze uari ganacxades, sxva adgilebTan SedarebiT, Sida qalaqis teritoriaze gacilebiT ufro maRali aRmoCnda. gadasaxadisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, RaribTa jgufebis bevrma warmomadgenelma arCevnebSi registracias Tavi aarida da xmis micemis uflebac dakarga. saxelmwifo sacxovreblis kerZo sacxovrebliT Secvla 1980 wels SemuSavebuli aqtis safuZvelze, mosaxleobas saxelmwifo adgilobrivi mTavrobisgan daqiravebuli - saxlebis 60-procentiani fasdaklebiT Sesyidvis ufleba mieca. saxlis safasuri binebSi cxovrebis xagrZlivobiTac ganisazRvra. es Zalze popularuli politika aRmoCnda da am SeTavazebiT mravalma adamianma isargebla. gayiduli sacxovrebeli adgilebis 85 porcenti saxlebi iyo da ara binebi, rac sacxovreblis qalaqgareT SeZenis tendencias asaxavda. 1988 wlisTvis qveyanaSi daqiravebul saxlTa raodenoba 1.3 milioniT naklebi iyo, vidre rva wliT adre. es situacia, nawilobriv, sabWos mier gayiduli saxlebis ekvivalentTa ararsebobam, nawilobriv ki _ gaqiravebuli sakuTrebis bazris SezRudvam ganapiroba. gaqiravebis kerZo seqtori aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida Semcirebas, magram adre mas axladaSenebuli saxelmwifo 23 gasaqiravebeli sacxovreblebi enacvleboda. 1988 wels SemuSavebuli aqtis Sedegad, gaqiravebis bazris regulireba moxda, rasac gaqiravebaze manamde dawesebuli kontrolis zogierTi samsaxuris gauqmeba mohyva. amis miuxedavad, xelmisawvdomi saqiravebeli farTis raodenoba minimalurad gaizarda. saxelmwifo saxlebs SeZlebuli binadrebi ufro yiduloben. aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis umravlesobas arCevanis saSualeba ara aqvs. iqmneba imis safrxe, rom zogierT adamians wasasvleli aRar darCeba da degradirebul mdgomareobaSi myof saxlSi mouwevs cxovreba. sabWoebis dafinansebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri saxelmwifo saxli dazianebulia (Raynsford 1991). 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebulma xangrZlivma recesiam saxlebis Rirebulebis mkveTri vardna gamoiwvia. bevrma adamianma farTis, maT Soris saxelmwifo saxlebis, iafad SeZenisa da momavalSi sarfianad gayidvis mizniT, grZelvadiani sesxiT isargebla. magram maTi molodini ar gamarTlda, samagierod gaizarda iseT adamianTa ricxvi, romlebmac ver SeZles sesxis dafarva. gaerTianebul samefoSi, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, sacxovrebeli farTis gacilebiT meti mflobeli arsebobs. adamianTa umravlesobas, naqiraveb farTSi cxovrebas, samSeneblo kompaniisTvis valis gadaxda da sakuTari saxlis floba urCevnia. Tumca saxelmwifo saxlebis Sesyidvam im adamianebis imedi ar gaamarTla, vinc am saqmidan seriozul mogebas eloda. jentrifikacia anu ,,urbanuli ganaxleba” urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis axali mizniT gamoyeneba – did qalaqebSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. es dagegmarebis programis nawilad miiCneva, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, is qalaqis migdebul ubnebSi ngrevis procesSi myofi Senobebis aRdgenis Sedegia, riTac Semdgom maRalSemosavliani jgufebi sargebloben. am ubnebSi uzrunvelyofis obieqtebi, magaliTad, maRaziebi da restornebic Sendeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTi londonis doklendsis ubnis aRdgenaa. rogor unda Sefasdes es procesi – rogorc urbanuli regeneraciis unikaluri warmatebuli nimuSi Tu metnaklebad sruli katastrofa? orive Sexedulebas Tavis advokatebi hyavs, Tumca orive mxare aRiarebs, rom doklendsis ganaxleba ekonomikis recesiis pirobebSi ise progresulad ar warimarTa, rogorc amas mocemuli ideis mxardamWerni elodnen. doklendss ist londonSi rvanaxevari kvadratuli mili uWiravs da is temzas esazRvreba – es teritoria, dokis umoqmedobisa da industriuli warmoebis Semcirebis gamo, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, funqciis gareSe darCa. am ubans ,,dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze didi axlad gaSenebuli teritoria” da ,,londonis xanZris Semdeg, saukeTeso xelsayreli SesaZlebloba” uwodes. doklendsi londonis finansuri ubnis, siTis, maxloblad mdebareobs, magram meore mxridan, muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul Raribul teritoriebs esazRvreba. 1960-iani wlebidan dRemde, teritoriis samomavlo gegmebTan 24 dakavSirebiT, intensiuri brZola mimdinareobs. isini, vinc doklendsSi an doklendsis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, Temis ganviTarebis programiT motivirebel mSeneblobas uWerdnen mxars, sadac yvelaze Raribi binadrebis interesebi iqneboda daculi. 1981 wels, doklendsis samSeneblo korporaciis dafuZnebis Semdeg, doklendsi centralur startegiul obieqtad iqca, romelic ubiZgebda kerZo mflobelebs, urbanul ganaxlebaSi CarTuliyvnen. dResdReobiT ubani mimdebare Raribi teritoriebisgan aSkarad da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. aq Tanamedrove saintereso dizainis Senobebis siWarbe igrZnoba. saxelosnoebi keTimowyobil binebad gadakeTda da, paralelurad, mravali axali maRalsarTuliani saxli aSenda. qeneri varfze bevri didi ofisi da centraluri Senoba aSenda, romlis danaxva londonis sxva mxareebidanac aris SesaZlebeli. Tumca am fufunebis fonze bevr dangreul Senobasa da gauSenebel miwebsac SexvdebiT. saofise sivrce, iseve rogorc axali sacxovrebeli saxlebi, xSirad auTvisebeli rCeba, radgan Senobebis Sesyidvisas gadaxdili safasuri, samomavlod, realur Rirebulebas ar Seesabameba. doklendsis ubanSi qveynis yvelaze Raribi dasaxlebebic arsebobs; am saxlebis mobinadreebs maTi ubnis gaSenebiT TiTqmis ar usargebliaT. bevri saxli ,,xelmisawvdom” fasad iyideboda, magram maTi SeZenis survili da SesaZlebloba adgilobriv mosaxleTa Zalze mcire raodenobas gaaCnda. 1991 wels qeneri varfi seriozul finansur krizisSi aRmoCnda da SenobaTa umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, carieli iyo. iSviaTia doklendsis magvari adgili, sadac mdidarni da uqonelni erTmaneTs amgvari xarisxiT emijnebian. imis miuxedavad, rom aq axali mSenebloba da ganaxleba mimdinareobs, integrirebuli ubani mainc ar warmoiSva. ,,uqmeebis gasatarebeli mitovebuli adgili, romelic fulis keTebas isaxavs miznad” – ase uwodeben ubans, ,,sadac verc WeSmarit sulierebas Sexvdebi da verc simSvidis momgvrel klasikur arqiteqturas, aq arc normaluri satransporto moZraobaa da arc sazogadoebrivi adgilebi” (Brownhill 1990, gv. 177). riCard seneti Tavis wignSi qalaqis istoriis Sesaxeb, ,,Tvalis sindisi” (1993), doklendsis magvar mSeneblobebs uaryofiTad afasebs. mas miaCnia, rom is, vinc urbanul dagegmarebaze muSaobs, e.w. ,,adamianuri qalaqis” SenarCunebasa da aRdgenas unda Seecados. bevr qalaqSi arsebuli didi usaxuri Senobebi adamianTa karCaketilobasa da gaucxoebas uwyobs xels. qalaqis daxmarebiT, adamiani SeiZleba gaixsnas da sxvadasxva kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis adamianebTan daamyaros kontaqti. Cven ara mxolod usafrTxo, aramed ,,sicocoxliT savse” qalaquri quCebis Seqmnas unda vecadoT; quCa ar unda iyos mxolod moZravi ,,satransporto arteria.” gareubnis savaWro centrs standartuli derefnebiTa da maRaziebiT, ,,adamianur qalaqTan Zalian cota aqvs saerTo”; igive SeiZleba iTqvas satransporto trasebzec. aseTi obieqtebis nacvlad, Cven italiuri qalaqis centrebis msgavsi, adamianze orientirebuli, Zveli tipis qalaqebi unda vaSenoT, sadac mravalferovneba elegantur dizainTanaa Serwymuli. urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena 25 urbanuli analizis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis analizis dros, mzad unda viyoT globaluri da adgilobrivi sakiTxebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad. Sida qalaqze zemomqmed zogierT faqtors londonis sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli cvlilebebi ganapirobebs. magaliTad, liverpulis an Tisaidis problemebi iq ganlagebuli mniSvnelovani industriebis SemcirebiT aris gamowveuli, romlebmac saerTaSoriso konkurencias ver gauZles. logani da molotCi imaze msjeloben, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba sul ufro metad urbanuli teritoriebi ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saerTaSoriso sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, maT qalaqis xuTi axali forma ganasxvaves (Logan and Molotch, 1987, Tavi 7). erT-erTi maTgani saTao qalaqia. am tipis centrSi transnacionaluri korporaciebi mniSvnelovan saqmeebs uZRvebian da globaluri sazrunaviT arian dakavebulni. magaliTad, msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani qalaqi, londoni, saTao qalaqad _ finansuri da industriuli transaqciebis, aseve mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebuli komunikaciisa da satransporto qselebis centrad iqca. qalaqis meore tipi inovaciis centria. es iseTi urbanuli teritoriaa, romelSic kvlevisa da ganviTarebis industriebia koncentrirebuli; isini im teqnikuri da mecnieruli procesebis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, romlebic Semdeg sxva adgilas warmoebuli saqonlisTvis gamoiyeneba. amis magaliTia kembriji; kembrijis universitets did ,,samecniero parkTan” aqvs kavSirebi. msoflioSi yvelaze gavleniani centri CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi ganlagebuli silikon velia. inovaciuri centrebi SeerTebul Statebsa da naklebi xarisxiT britaneTSi, xSirad uSualo kavSirSia samxedro warmoebis moTxovnebTan. Tavdacvis departamentis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis biujetis mesamedi srulad ixarjeba SeerTebuli Statebis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis programaze. mniSvnelovani kontraqtebi pirdapir kavSirSia inovaciuri centrebis warmatebis xarisxTan. silikon veli did teritoriebze gadaWimul qalaqTa erTobliobaa. analogiur movlenas SeiZleba sxva industriebSic hqondes adgili. magaliTad, CrdiloeT italiaSi mdebare po veliSi italiis avejis industriebia Tavmoyrili. am adgilTan erTmaneTze damokidebuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi – dizainerebi, mkeravebi, mqsovelebi da mRebavebi _ arian dakavSirebulni. teritoria patara, erT zolze ganlagebuli qalaqebisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa pratsi da biela, sadac mTeli qveynis matylis qsovilis 80 procenti iwarmoeba. mesame tipi modulTa warmoebis adgilia. Sromis amJamindeli kompleqsuri saerTaSoriso ganawilebis pirobebSi, saqonlis damzadeba da awyoba, mTel msoflioSi, erTmaneTisgan daSorebul regionebSi xdeba. zogierTi urbanuli teritoria produqtis Semadgeneli nawilebis warmoebis adgilad iqceva, aRniSnuli produqti ki sabolood sxva regionSi an qveyanaSi iwyoba. magaliTad, belfastSi qarxnebi bevrma transnacionalurma kompaniam gaxsna, sadac im produqciis nawilebs amzadeben, romelic sabolood sxva adgilas moixmareba. 26 meoTxe forma mesame msoflios karibWea, romelic, qalaqis danarCen tipebTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro metadaa damokidebuli saerTaSoriso gavlenaze. am tipis qalaqebi, ZiriTadad, mesame msoflios qveynebis emigrantebiT dasaxlebuli sasazRvro centrebia. amis magaliTad Crdilo afrikelTa mier safrangeTis sazRvris gadmolaxvis ZiriTadi punqti, marseli, gamodgeba. SeerTebul StatebSi saukeTeso magaliTi samxreT amerikelebiT dasaxlebuli maiamia, sadac kubidan emigrirebuli bevri adamiani cxovrobs, agreTve mzardi meqsikuri teritoriebiT savse los anjelesia. da bolos, iseTi qalaqebic arsebobs, romlebic pensionerTa centrebis saxiT viTardeba. bevri pensioneri karg klimatur pirobebSi dasaxlebas cdilobs. es, nawilobriv, Sida migraciis procesia. magaliTad, ingliselebi samxreT sanapiroze, bornmuTSi an vorTingSi saxldebian. sapensio teritoriebs saerTaSoriso elferi aqvs: espaneTSi saagarako saxlebis mflobeli ingliselebi, SesaZloa, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, sacxovreblad espaneTSi gadavidnen. globaluri qalaqi wamyvan saTao qalaqebs saskia saseni (1991) globalur qalaqebs uwodebs. misi naSromi am tipis sami qalaqis, niu iorkis, londonisa da tokios kvlevas efuZneba. is acxadebs, rom msoflio ekonomikis Tanamedrove ganviTarebam mniSvnelovan qalaqebs axali strategiuli roli daakisra. am qalaqebis umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrebi iyo, magarm amJamad maT oTxi axali Tviseba SeiZines: 1. isini ,,brZanebis gamcem punqtebad” – globaluri ekonomikis warmarTvisa da misTvis aucilebeli politikis SemuSavebis centrebad _ iqcnen. 2. amgvar qalaqebSi finansuri da specializebuli momsaxurebis firmebia ganTavsebuli, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis warmoebaze ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda. 3. aq axladgafarToebuli industriebis warmoeba da inovacia xorcieldeba. 4. es aris bazrebi, sadac finansuri da momsaxurebis industriis ,,produqtis” Sesyidva, gayidva an sxva mizniT moxmareba xdeba. niu iorki, londoni da tokio gansxvavebuli istoriis qalaqebia: Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT im cvlilebebs, romlebic am qalaqebis bunebam gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ganicada. dRevandeli, uaRresad mravalferovani msoflio ekonomikis pirobebSi, centraluri kontroli da gadamwyveti operaciebi amgvar qalaqebSi xorcieldeba. saseni acxadebs, rom, rac ufro globalizebul xasiaTs iZens ekonomikuri cxovreba, miT ufro metad xdeba menejmentis ramdenime wamyvan centrSi koncentrireba. globaluri qalaqi mxolod koordinaciis adgili ar aris, is warmoebis konteqsts gansazRvravs. aq marto materialuri saqonlis warmoeba ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed specializebuli momsaxurebis warmoeba, romelsac msoflioSi mimobneuli administraciuli ofisebisa da qarxnebis biznes 27 organizaciebi, axali finansuri inovaciebi da bazrebi moiTxovs. globaluri qalaqi momsaxurebasa da finansur saqonels uzrunvelyofs. globaluri qalaqebis saqmiani centrebi imgvarad aris koncentrirebuli, rom bevrma sxvadasxva ,,mwarmoebelma” erTmaneTTan mWidro interaqcia SeZlos, rac zogjer pirovnul kontaqtsac gulisxmobs. globalur qalaqSi adgilobrivi firmebi erovnul da mravalerovan organizaciebTan, maT Soris, bevr ucxour kompaniasTan aris aRreuli. magaliTad, niu iokSi 350 ucxour banks aqvs gaxsnili ofisi, aq 2 500 ucxouri finansuri korporaciaa; bankis oTxidan erTi TanamSromeli ucxour bankSi muSaobs. globaluri qalaqebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven, magram isini erTmaneTze damokidebul sistemasac qmnian, romelic nawilobriv emijneba qveyanas, romlebSic es qalaqebia ganTavsebuli. globalur qalaqs uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. mas, vinc finansuri da globaluri momsaxurebis sferoSi muSaobs, maRali xelfasi aqvs, amitom am tipis mosaxleobis sacxovrebeli adgilebi jentrifikacias eqvemdebareba. amave dros, Zvel warmoebaSi samuSao adgilebi uqmdeba da jentrifikaciis procesi xels uwyobs restornebSi, sastumroebsa da maRaziebSi dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis warmoSobas. am procesis Tanmdevi movlena siRaribec aris, rac mkveTrad aisaxa londonis doklendsis kontrastul peizaJebSi. mesame msoflios urbanizacia urbanuli ubnebi, romlebic swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios qveynebSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba industriuli qveynebis qalaqebisgan. mesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi did qalaqebSi sacxovreblad an soflis warmoebis tradiciuli sistemis dezintegraciis gamo gadadian, an imitom, rom qalaqi maT ukeTes samuSao pirobebs sTavazobs. maT SeiZleba qalaqSi migracia xanmokle droiT hqondeT ganzraxuli da sakmarisi raodenobis fulis gamomuSavebis Semdeg, kvlav sofelSi dabrunebas gegmavdnen. zogierTi maTgani marTlac brundeba sofelSi, magram umravlesoba iZulebulia qalaqSi darCes, radgan maT, ama Tu im mizeziT, dakarges is Zveli pozicia, romelic soflis TemSi ekavaT. migrantebi qalaqis sazRvarze zonebad erTiandebian. dasavleTis qalaqebSi axalCamosulebi qalaqis centraluri ubnebis maxloblad cdiloben dasaxlebas, magram mesame msoflios qveynebSi gansxvavebuli tendenciaa. migrantebiT dasaxlebul urbanul ubnebs aq ,,septikur danamats” uwodeben. bevri maTgani, dasavluri gagebiT, warmoudgenel pirobebSi, dangreul, sacxovreblad uvargis ubnebSi cxovrobs. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia indoeTisa da laTinuri amerikis qalaqebi ganvixiloT. indoeTis mosaxleoba kvlav didi siswrafiT izrdeba da soflis tradiciuli ekonomika moWarbebul mosaxleobas veRar akmayofilebs. qalaqSi migraciis maCvenebeli, mesame msoflios qveynebis standartebisTvisac ki, ukiduresad maRalia. indoeTis dedaqalaqi deli yvelaze swrafad mzardi qalaqia, Tumca kalkutaSi, bombeisa da madrasSi ramdenime milioni adamiani cxovrobs. qalaqi, transportis mxrivac, Zlier gadatvirTulia. qalaqis bevr ubanSi mravali adamiani mTel dRes 28 quCaSi atarebs da Ramec quCaSi sZinavs. maT aranairi TavSesafari ar gaaCniaT. zogierTebi muyaosgan damzadebul saxlebSi cxovroben, romlebsac qalaqis ganapiras, yvela SesaZlebel adgilas ageben. romelime emigrantma samuSao romc iSovos, urbanuli emigraciis uaRresad maRali maCveneblis gamo, mudmiv sacxovrebelSi dasaxlebas mainc ver moaxerxebs. indoeTis qalaqebis arastabilur saxlebSi mcxovreb adamianebs sakuTari qoneba ar gaaCniaT, magram amgvari ubnebi xSirad Temisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobiTa da wevrebis xelSemwyobi organizaciebiT gamoirCeva. axla ukve megapolisi: jakarta axal aziur qalaqebs, evropelebis mier gaidealebul da Ria baraTebze gamosaxul, toskanur mTagorian qalaqebTan an parizis bulvarebTan araferi aqvT saerTo. es daZabuli, qaosuri da uzarmazari teritoriebia. aq savaWro centrebi, maRalsarTuliani Senobebi, aeroportebi da saqmiani parkebia ganlagebuli. qalaqisTvis Cveulma dagegmarebam aziaSi saxecvlileba ganicada da dasavluri tipis qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli elferi SeiZina. aqauri arqiteqtorebi gaprialebul TeTr filebs, sarkeebsa da yviTel fers aniWeben upiratesobas. sazogadoebrivi TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrceebi, grandiozuli proeqtebi da STambeWdavi caTambjenebi realurad ar arsebobs. evropaSi aRarc ki axsovT, rogor SeiZleba icxovro qalaqSi, romelSic mosaxleoba, cxovrebis erTi ciklis manZilze, orjer an ufro metad mravldeba, sadac triali mindori SeiZleba fotografiuli siswrafiT caTanmbjenebis mwkrivad iqces. swored ase viTardeba movlenebi wynari okeanis auzis garSemo, sadac iseTi gamalebuli mSenebloba mimdinareobs, romlis msgavsi mxolod me-19 saukuneSi dafiqsirda da am procesis Sedegad londoni da parizi msoflioSi yvelaze did qalaqebad iqca. amis fonze, evropis mwvane zonasTan da Sida qalaqis rRvevasTan dakavSirebuli dRevandeli sazrunavi, trivialurad gamoiyureba. deli imisTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba aRmosavluri ubnis organizacia dasavlurisgan, indoeTis dedaqalaq delis magaliTs ganvixilavT. deli ,,Zvel qalaqsa” da bevrad ufro gvian aSenebul axal delis aerTianebs. samTavrobo Senobebi axal ubanSia koncentrirebuli. sxva didi induri qalaqebis msgavsad, zogierT, SedarebiT mcire ubanSi, mosaxleoba uaRresad mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli, zog teritoriaze ki es maCvenebeli dabalia. Zveli qalaqi patara quCebis labirinTebisgan Sedgeba, zogierTi mimdebare ubani ki farTo prospeqtebiT gamoirCeva. mosaxleobis umravlesoba motorizebul transports, velosipediT an fexiT gadaadgalebas amjobinebs. dasavluri qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebel saqmian ubans aq ver naxavT. bankebisa da ofisebis umravlesoba centridan moSorebiT mdebareobs. Zvel qalaqSi uamravi mcire biznesia, romlebic, ZiriTadad, komerciul miznebs emsaxureba. maRaziebis farTi ramdenime futs ar aRemateba. 29 zogierT adgilas warmoeba da gayidva erToblivad mimdinareobs. qalaqSi bevr quCis vaWars SexvdebiT. axali delis ubnebi SedarebiT gaxsnilia da mSvidi. aq dasaqmebuli adamianebi, urbanuli teritoriis sazRvrebidan ramdenime milis daSorebiT, ufro keTilmowyobil ubnebSi cxovroben. qalaqis bolos ganlagebul droebiT dasaxlebul punqtebs qalaqTan mravali samarSruto xazi akavSirebs. droebiTi dasaxlebebi axlad ganTavisuflebel an gauSenebel teritoriebze, maT Soris, sazogadoebriv parkebSi da odezRac keTilmowyobil ubnebSi Cndeba. droebiTi dasaxleba zogjer mcire dajgufebas, zogjer ki aTasobiT adamians aerTianebs. qalaqis xelisufleba qalaqs amgvari dasaxlebebidan periodulad aTavisuflebs, ris Sedegad isini sxva adgilas inacvleben. mexiko laTinuri amerikis mniSvnelovan qalaqebs gars didi, naxevrad dangreuli ubnebi akravs, romlebSic, axal emigrantebTan erTad, urbanuli ganaxlebisa an gzebis mSeneblobis Sedegad, usaxlkarod darCenili ojaxebic cxovroben. mexikoSi mosaxleobis mesameds gamdinare wyliT sargebloba ar SeuZlia, SenobaTa meoTxedi ki ar aris aRWurvili kanalizaciis milebiT. qalaqi Zvel centrs, saqmian da gasarTob ubnebsa da keTilmowyobil sacxovrebel teritorias moicavs (turistebis umravlesoba mxolod am ubnebs naxulobs). mTel gare perimetrze dangreuli Zveli saxlebia ganlagebuli. qalaqSi saxelmwifos mier subsidirebuli bevri saxlia, magram amgvari binis mflobelobas iseTi Semosavali sWirdeba, romelic qalaqis mosaxleobis 40 procents Tu gaaCnia. saxlis kerZo bazarze SeZena an daqiraveba mosaxleobis mxolod 10 procents SeuZlia. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobas sacxovrebel farTze xeli ar miuwvdeba. adamianebi Tavad cdiloben sacxovreblis moZiebas. isini miwas aTavisufleben da sakuTar saxlebs aSeneben. amgvari gansaxleba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ukanonoa, magram qalaqis xelisufleba am qmedebaze Tvals xuWavs. mexikoSi ,,popularuli sacxovreblisTvis” gankuTvnili sami tipis ubani arsebobs. colonias proletarias TviTnagebi droebiTi sacxovreblebia, romlebic, rogorc wesi, qalaqis ganapiras ukanonod Sendeba. mexikos mosaxleobis naxevarze meti amgvar saxlebSi cxovrobs. am teritoriis binadrebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, spontanurad ki ar saxldebian, aramed isini adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da kerZo, ukanonod momqmedEdeveloperTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelzea organizebuli. developerebs organizatorTa sakuTari adgilobrivi qseli aqvT, romelsac mosaxleebi regularulad fuls uxdian. colonias mier dakavebuli teritoriebi Tavidan sazogadoebriv an komunalur mflobelobaSi imyofeba da, konstituciis Tanaxmad, gayidvas da gasxvisebas ar eqvemdebareba. sacxovreblis meore tipi vecindadas an dangreuli gareubnebia. aseTi ubnebi, ZiriTadad, Zveli qalaqisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, sadac dazianebul gaqiravebul saxlSi erTad mravali ojaxi cxovrobs. aseTi sacxovrebliT ori milioni adamiani sargeblobs, maT iseTive mZime pirobebi aqvT, rogorc droebiT saxlebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. mesame tipi ciudades perdidas an dangreuli qalaqebia. es qalaqi colonias proletarias 30 hgavs, magram, periferiis nacvlad, qalaqis centrSi mdebareobs. bolo dros qalaqis xelisuflebam zogierTi aseTi dasaxleba gaauqma da mosaxleebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen. mexikos federaluri raionis 94 procenti gaSenebuli teritoriebisgan Sedgeba, Tavisufali sivrce sul 6 procentia. aq gacilebiT ufro naklebi ,,gamwvanebuli sivrce” - parkebi da didi gamwvanebuli miwebia vidre mWidrod dasaxlebul Crdilo amerikul an evropul qalaqebSi. am qalaqis yvelaze didi problema haeris dabinZurebaa, rasac, ZiriTadad, avtomobilebiT, avtobusebiTa da satvirTo manqanebiT araadekvaturad gadatvirTuli gzebi da sxva damabinZurebeli industriebi iwvevs. gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom mexikoSi cxovreba dReSi ormoci sigaretis mowevis ekvivalenturia. 1992 wlis martSi haeris dabinZurebam umaRles dones miaRwia. maSin, rodesac janmrTelobisTvis ozonis damakmayofilebeli done 100 quliT fasdeba, erT TveSi aqaurma maCvenebelma 398 qulas miaRwia. mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, qarxnebi daexura, skolebSi swavla Sewyda da maqanebis 40 procents quCaSi moZraoba aekrZala. erT-erTma damkvirvebelma im periodis qalaqi Semdegnairad aRwera: ,,zemodan Tu gadmoixedav... monacrisfro-moyavisfro burusSi verafers dainaxav; iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos mexikoSi arnaxuli TqeSia. sinamdvileSi qalaqi mSralia da mtvriani – is mxolod ,,ozonSi” banaobs (Reid 1992). sul ocdaaTi wliT adre karlos fuentesma romans mexikos Sesaxeb La Region Mas Transparente – ,,sadac aseTi sufTa haeria” uwoda. qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba mesame msoflios yvelaze did qalaqebSi uamravi xalxi cxovrobs, rac, nawilobriv, mosaxleobis zrdiT, nawilobriv ki, samuSaos Ziebisa da sakuTar regionebSi siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis mcdelobiT aris ganpirobebuli. am adamianebis mdgomareoba qalaqSi bevrad ar umjobesdeba, magram qalaqSi dasaxlebul macxovrebelTa umravlesoba ukan aRar brundeba. industriul qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianebs albaT hgoniaT, rom mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis zrda maTi sazrunavi ar aris da am sazogadoebebma, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavad unda gadaWran maTi problema. es swori midgoma ar aris da Tu msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis mimarT moralur valdebulebas gamovricxavT, amis dasabuTeba kidev ori mizeziT aris SesaZlebeli. pirveli mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mesame msoflios mosaxleobis zrdas dasavleTis gavlena ganapirobebs. es, garkveulwilad, sasargeblo gavlenaa, romelic higienasa da jandacvas gulisxmobs. magram dasavleTis gavlenis gamo, es qveynebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze gaxdnen damokidebuli, ramac maTi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRveva gamoiwvia. Tu dRevandeli maCvenebeli ar Seicvleba, msoflio mosaxleoba imdenad gaizrdeba, rom samyaro globaluri katastrofis winaSe dadgeba. SezRudul resursebze zewola globalur konfliqts gamoiwvevs, rac seriozuli omebiT dasruldeba. 31 TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove industriuli qveyana, warsulTan SedarebiT, Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis dabali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. maS, ratom gaizarda ase sagrZnoblad msoflios mosaxleoba? mesame msoflios umravles qveynebSi Tanamedrove medicinisa da higienis danergvam sikvdilianobis swrafi Semcireba gamoiwvia. magram Sobadobis maCvenebeli mainc maRali darCa. am kombinaciis wyalobiT, mesame msoflios qveynebSi, industriuli qveynebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli asakobrivi struqtura Camoyalibda. magaliTad, mexikoSi TxuTmet wlamde asakis mosaxleobis radenoba 45 procents udris. industriul qveynebSi ki es asakobrivi jgufi mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens. araindustriul qveynebSi araTanabari asakobrivi ganawileba axal socialur da ekonomikur sirTuleebs ganapirobebs. axalgazrda mosaxleobas mxardaWera da ganaTleba esaWiroeba da es asakobrivi jgufi naklebi ekonomikuri produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva. mesame msoflios qveynebi ki universaluri ganaTlebiT uzrunvelsayofad sakmaris resurss ar floben, amitom bavSvebma an sruli datvirTviT unda imuSaon, an quCebSi icxovron da imaTxovron. momwifebis periodSi quCis bavSvebis umravlesoba umuSevaria, zogierTs saxlic ar gaaCnia, zogi ki orives naklebobas ganicdis. cvlilebis perspeqtivebi mesame msoflios qveynebi, didi ojaxisadmi tradiciuli midgomis SenarCunebis wyalobiT, isev nayofierebiT gamoirCeva. bevri Svilis yolas kvlav mravali ojaxi cdilobs, fermerebisTvis es damatebiTi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofis saSualebac aris. zogierTi religia Sobadobis kontrols ewinaaRmdegeba an mravalSviliani ojaxebis prioritets adasturebs. kontracefcia mravali qveynis islamis liderisTvis da kaTolikuri eklesiisTvisac miuRebelia, rac, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da centralur amerikaSi igrZnoba. nayofierebis Semcirebis waxaliseba arc politikuri xelisuflebis mxridan aris mosalodneli. 1974 wels argentinaSi amoqmedda programa, romelic mosaxleobis rac SeiZleba swrafad gaormagebis mizniT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis akrZalvasac gulisxmobda. es procesi qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro ganviTarebis saSualebad iqna miCneuli. Tumca mesame msoflios zogierT did qveyanaSi nayofierebis Semcireba sabolod mainc aRiniSna. magaliTad, CineTSi amJamad 1 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs, rac TiTqmis msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedia. CineTis mTavrobam mosaxleobis kontrolis erT-erTi yvelaze eqstensiuri programa aamoqmeda, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis amJamindeli donis stabilur SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. mTavrobam erTSviliani ojaxebis waxalisebis saSualebebi (magaliTad, ukeTesi sacxovrebeli da ufaso jandacva da ganaTleba) SemoiRo. ojaxs ki, romelsac erTze meti Svili hyavs, specialurad dawesebul sirTuleebTan (mesame Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, xelfasi eqviTebaT) uxdeba gamklaveba. am samTavrobo programis amoqmedebis Semdeg, zogierTma ojaxma eqstremalur gzebs mimarTa da mdedrobiTi sqesis Cvilebis mokvla daiwyo. faqtebi imaze metyvelebs, rom Sobadobis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma CineTis sastikma politikam mosaxleobaze 32 mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. Tumca, meore mxriv, am midgomas qveyanaSi didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. erTSviliani mSoblebi normalur ojaxebad rTulad aRiqmeba. CineTSi ganxorcielebuli programa centralizebul samTavrobo kontrols moiTxovs, rac sxva bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis miuRebeli da xelmiuwvdomeli amocanaa. magaliTad, indoeTSi ojaxis dagegmvis xelSewyobis bevri sqema da kontraceptivebis moxmarebac mosinjes, magram am mcdelobas didi warmateba ar mohyolia. indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba 1988 wels 789 milioni iyo. 1975-1985 wlebSi yovelwliuri zrdis saSualo maCvenebeli 2.3 procents udrida; 1980-dan 2000 wlamde, oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobis zrdis 1.8-procentiani kleba iyo navaraudevi. 2000 wlisTvis indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba, savaraudod, 1 miliardi unda yofiliyo. mosaxleobis zrdis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki indoeTSi Zalze mravalricxovani mosaxleoba iqneba. Znelia winaswar ganWvrito, rogor ganviTardeba soflis meorneobisa da industriis teqnologia, amitom veravin ityvis, ramdenad SeZlebs sabolood msoflio uzarmazari mosaxleobis xelSewyobas. mesame msoflios qveynebSi, globaluri resursebiT uzrunvelyofili standartebi, industriul qveynebTan SedarebiT, dResac gacilebiT ufro dabalia. energiis, nedleulisa da sxva produqtis moxmarebis done dasavlur qveynebSi bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi. SeerTebuli Statebis yoveli moqalaqe CineTis an indoeTis erT moqalaqeze 320-jer met energias moixmars. moxmarebis done, nawilobriv, mesame msoflios regionebidan Semosul resursebzea damokidebuli. Tu msoflioSi energiis moxmarebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar moxdeba – magaliTad, ar gaizrdeba mzisa da qaris energiis gamoyeneba – saeWvoa, rom yovelma adamianma iseTive raodenibis energiis moxmareba SeZlos, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebSi xdeba. amJamad, ramdenadac cnobilia, amisTvis energiis sakmarisi resursi ar arsebobs. daskvna ra momavali elis qalaqsa da qalaqis macxovreblebs, mosaxleobis zrdis pirobebSi? am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebi rTul Tavsatexs mogvagonebs, romelSic erTi yvelasTvis misaRebi tendencia ar ikveTeba. industriul qveynebSi qalaqebis gafarToeba, metnaklebad, SeCerebulia. komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli sistemis wyalobiT, adamianebs axla samuSao adgilebidan moSorebiT cxovreba SeuZliaT. garda amisa, maT Tavad samuSao adgilebic uaxlovdebaT, radgan axali industriebic qalaqis centridan moSorebiT aris ganTavsebuli. zogierT, gansakuTrebiT Zvel manufaqturul industriebze damokidebul qalaqebSi, mosaxleobis Semcireba gagrZeldeba, radgan adamianebi aseT qalaqebs toveben da sacxovreblad sxva regionebSi gadadian. es garemoeba xels uwyobs jentrifikaciis ganviTarebas. rac ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia centraluri qalaqebi, miT ufro didia jentrifikaciis ganviTarebis albaToba; miwa imdenad iafdeba, rom aRdgenas didi Tanxebi aRar sWirdeba. 33 maSin, rodesac industriul qveynebSi qalaqebi stabilur dones inarCunebs da mosaxleoba mcirdeba, ganviTarebadi sazogadoebebi isev farTovdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebis qalaqebSi pirobebi kidev ufro uaresdeba, gansakurebiT urbaneli RaribebisTvis. rogori mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos industriuli qveynebis problemebi, mesame msoflios problemebTan SedarebiT, isini martivad mogeCvenebaT. Sejameba 1. tradiciuli 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. qalaqi Tanamedrove urbanuli teritoriebisgan mravali niSniT gansxvavdeboda. Tanamedrove standartis mixedviT, Zveli qalaqi patara iyo, gars kedeli ertya, centrSi ki religiuri Senobebisa da sasaxleebis siWarbe igrZnoboda. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, urbanul teritoriebze mosaxleobis Zalze mcire raodenoba cxovrobda. dRevandel industriul qveynebSi, qalaqSi mosaxleobis 60-dan 90 procentamde cxovrobs. urbanizmi swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios qveynebSic. urbanuli sociologiis adreul midgomebze didi gavlena moaxdines Cikagos skolis Sromebma. am skolis warmomadgenlebi urbanul procesebs biologiidan aRebuli ekologiuri modelebis fonze ganixilavdnen. luis virtma urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis, koncefcia SeimuSava. misi azriT, qalaqis cxovreba xels uwyobs karCaketilobasa da socialur distancias. am midgomebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia, magram aqtualoba SeinarCuna. kritikosTa azriT, qalaqis cxovreba yovelTvis karCaketilobas ar gulisxmobs da piradi axlo kavSirebis damyareba urbanul ubnebSic aris SesaZlebeli. devis harvisa da manuel kastelsis bolodroindeli Sromebi urbanizms farToO sazogadoebas ukavSirebs da urbanul procesebs ganyenebulad ar ganixilavs. cxovrebis stili, romelic qalaqis macxovreblebs uviTardebaT, agreTve sxvadasxva ubnis fizikuri ganlageba, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis zogad Tvisebebs gamoxatavs. gareubnebis gafarToebam Sida qalaqis rRvevas Seuwyo xeli. SeZlebuli jgufebi da saqmosnebi centraluri qalaqidan gasvlas cdiloben, raTa ufro dabali adgilobrivi gadasaxadebiT isargeblon. ngrevis cikli mudmivad grZeldeba – rac ufro izrdeba gareubani, miT meti problemis winaSe dganan centraluri qalaqis macxovreblebi. urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis axali mizniT gamoyeneba _ bevri didi qalaqisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram Sida qalaqis rRvevas es procesi naklebad exeba. dRevandel dRes urbanuli analizis dros mzad unda viyoT globaluri da lokaluri sakiTxebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad. urbanul ganviTarebaze zemomqmedi adgilobrivi faqtorebi zogjer ufro masStaburi procesebis nawilia. adgilobrivi ubnebis struqtura, maTi zrdisa da Semcirebis maxasiaTeblebi, xSirad, saerTaSoriso industriul warmoebaSi arsebul cvlilebebs asaxavs. 34 7. sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, globalizaciis procesi urbanizmzec axdens gavlenas. klasifikaciis axalma modelma xuTi axali tipis qalaqi gamoavlina: saTao qalaqi, inovaciuri centri, modulTa warmoebis adgili, mesame msoflios karibWe da pensionerTa centrebi. 8. mesame msoflios qveynebSi urbanuli ganviTarebis masobrivi procesebi mimdinareobs. am sazogadoebebis qalaqebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba dasavleTis qalaqebisgan, radgan isini droebiTi ukanono mSeneblobebiTa da uaRresad mZime pirobebiT gamorCeva. damatebiTi literatura Jim K emeny, Housing and Social Theory (London: Routledge, 1991). kvleva, romelic gansaxlebis problemas mecnierebisa da sociologiis sferoSi mimdinare debatebs ukavSirebs. Anthony D . K ing, Global Cities (London: Routledge, 1991). amtkicebs, Tanamedrove qalaqis gageba globalur midgomas moiTxovs. rom Paul Lawless, Britain’s Inner Cities (London: Chapmen, 1989). msjelobs Sida qalaqis ganviTarebasa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis SesaZlebel politikaze. Suzanne Ma cgregor and Ben P imlott, Tackling the Inner Cities (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).ganixilavs britaneTis dRevandeli Sida qalaqebis mdgomareobas. Richard Se nnet, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (London: Faber and Faber, 1993). istoriul WrilSi ganxiluli, urbanuli cxovrebis bunebis warmosaxviTi interpretacia. Philip J. Waller, Town, City and Nation: England 1850-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991). mecxramete - meoce saukuneebis urbanizaciis socialuri mdgomareobis analizi mniSvnelovani terminebi • • • • • • • • • • • • urbanizacia konurbacia megapolisi ekologiuri midgoma Sida qalaqi urbanuli ekologia Seqmnili garemo koleqtiuri moxmareba suburbanizacia urbanuli ganaxleba saTao qalaqi inovaciis centri 35 • • • modulTa warmoebis adgili mesame msoflios karibWe globaluri qalaqi 36 Tavi 18 revoluciebi da socialuri moZraobebi ZiriTadi cnebebi revoluciis gansazRvreba rusuli revolucia Teoriebi revoluciis Sesaxeb marqsis Teoria. jeims devisi: ratom xdeba revoluciebi? Carlz Tilis protestis Teoria. brbo, amboxi da koleqtiuri qmedebis sxva formebi socialuri moZraobebi socialuri moZraobebis klasificireba. Ffeministuri moZraobebi. socialuri moZraobebi da sociologia Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi revolucia, Zaladoba, Kkoleqtiuri qmedeba, socialuri moZraoba 1989 wels, berlinis cnobili kedeli, romelic dasavleT berlins imisagan yofda, rac Semdeg komunisturi germania gaxda, daingra dasavleT germaniis xelisuflebis mier. aTasobiT aRmosavleT germaneli, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT SesaZlebloba, Casuliyvnen gayofili qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi, niaRvariviT wamovida. es movlena erT-erTi udidesi dResaswauli iyo. adamianebi kedlis orive mxares, romlebsac TavianTi naTesavebi oci wlis manZilze ar enaxaT, kvlav SeuerTdnen maTTvis Zvirfas adamianebs. Bberlinis warmoadgenda kedlis dacema Tanamedrove arsebiTi msoflios cvlilebis istoriaSi: simbolos civi omis dasasrulis simbolos. Ees iyo im uzarmazari cvlilebebis jaWvis nawili, rac ufro adre iyo aRwerili (Tavi 13) da ramac jer aRmosavleT evropuli komunizmis gaqrobasTan migviyvana, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris saboloo daSlasTan. ZiriTadi socialuri Zala, ramac es cvlilebebi moitana, masobrivi mRelvareba iyo. amave wels, aTasobiT adamiani gamovida quCaSi protestis gamosaxatavad, aRmosavleT germaniis garda, aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi _ poloneTSi, CexoslovakiaSi, bulgareTSi da rumineTSi _ maT qveynebze sabWoTa kavSiris batonobis winaaRmdeg da politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis moTxovniT. maTma qmedebebma gamoiwvia am qveynebSi komunisturi mTavrobebis saboloo ngreva da maTi Secvla mTavrobis formebiT, romlebic Seiqmna dasavleT evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis modelebis mixedviT. 1989 weli `revoluciis wlad~ iqna aRiarebuli; da marTlac, transformaciebi, aRmosavleT romlebic evropasa da maSin sabWoTa da momdevno kavSirSi moxda, periodSi, namdvilad 2 gamorCeuli iyo. socialuri pirobebi, mivyavarT? ra magram gziTaa ra aris romelsac SesaZlebeli revolucia? revoluciur saprotesto rogoria is cvlilebamde moZraobebis da amboxis saukeTeso analizi? Ees aris kiTxvebi, romlebsac unda vupasuxoT winamdebare TavSi. erTma revoluciam yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio istoriaze meoce saukuneSi: es iyo 1917 wlis revolucia ruseTSi. igi sabWoTa kavSiris SeqmniT dasrulda da komunisturi sazogadoebebi aRmosavleT evropaSic gavrcelda. es swored is sazogadoebebi iyo, romlebic 1989 wlis revoluciebis Sedegad daeca. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad unda gairkves, ras niSnavs Tavad termini `revolucia.~ revoluciis gansazRvreba saWiroa, zedmiwevniT zustad ganisazRvros cneba revolucia. mas mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs: • revolucia masobrivi socialuri moZraobaa. igi gamoricxavs iseT situacias, rodesac romelime partia arCevnebis gziT modis mTavrobaSi, an rodesac mcire jgufi, magaliTad, samxedro meTaurebi xelSi igdeben Zalauflebas. • reformebisa revolucia da cvlilebebis farTomasStabian procesebs iwvevs (Skocpol 1979). rogorc jon dani miuTiTebs, es niSnavs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosulebi namdvilad ukeTesad SeZleben sazogadoebis marTvas da kontrolis ganxorcielebas, vidre isini, vinc maT Camoagdes; liderebma unda SeZlon, Tundac zogierTi dasaxuli sazogadoebaSi, sadac miznis aseTi ganxorcieleba moZraoba (Dunn Zalauflebis 1972). im mxolod formalur niSnebs iZens, magram Semdeg efeqturi marTva ar 3 ZaluZs, ar SeiZleba sazogadoeba, iTqvas, SesaZloa, rom qaosis revolucia Sedga; mdgomareobaSi aseTi aRmoCndes an daSla daemuqros. • revolucia gulisxmobs Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaras an mis realur gamoyenebas mis monawileTa mxridan. revoluciebi politikuri cvlilebebia, ganxorcielebuli wina xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo am xelisuflebis darwmuneba, daeTmo Zalaufleba, Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaris an misi realuri gamoyenebis gareSe. am sami kriteriumis kombinirebiT, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT revolucia, rogorc Zalauflebis gulisxmobs, masobrivi gamoyenebas, politikuri Semdgom xelSi moZraobis liderebis Zalauflebis gamoyenebulia Cagdeba, socialuri rac mier Zaladobis mosapoveblad, reformis xSirad romelic mniSvnelovani procesebis inicirebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, 1989 wlis movlenebi namdvilad revoluciebi iyo. maTSi masobrivi socialuri moZraobebi iyo CarTuli. Zaladobis muqara zogjer (magaliTad, rumineTSi) realurad warmomadgenelTa iyo winaaRmdeg; gamoyenebuli da am xelisuflebis movlenebma gamoiwvia socialuri reformis arsebiTi procesebi. 1989 wlis revoluciebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, yvelaze axalia revoluciuri cvlilebebis istoriaSi, romelic me-18 saukunidan iwyeba. 1776 wlis amerikuli revolucia da 1789 wlis franguli revolucia, yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTebi iyo meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobis da Tanasworobis idealebi, romlis saxeliTac es revoluciebi iyo Cafiqrebuli, fundamentur politikur Rirebulebebad gadaiqca. marTlac, swored es Rirebulebebi daedo safuZvlad 1989 wlis moZraobas aRmosavleT evropaSi. Ffaqtobrivad, meTvramete saukunis revoluciebma iTamaSes ZiriTadi roli, umetesi dasavluri 4 sazogadoebebis politikuri sistemebis CamoyalibebaSi, da ara mxolod SeerTebul Statebsa da safrangeTSi. Tumca, TiTqmis yvela revolucia, romelic msoflioSi meoce saukuneSi moxda, 1989 wlis movlenebis CaTvliT, ganviTarebad qveynebSi dafiqsirda, rogoricaa ruseTi, CineTi, meqsika, TurqeTi, egvipte, vietnami, kuba da mesame msoflios sxva qveynebi. Mmomdevno nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT rusuli revoluciis warmoSobasa da mis Sedegebs; Cven mas viyenebT, rogorc magaliTs imis gasarkvevad, zogadad, Tu ratom ganvixilavT xdeba revoluciebi. revoluciis erT-erT Semdeg, ufro umniSvnelovanes aspeqts – socialur moZraobebs. Yyvela revolucia gulisxmobs socialur moZraobebs, revoluciuri Tumca cvlilebis socialuri situaciebs. moZraobebi socialuri scildeba moZraobebi sxvadasxva formiTa da zomiT vlindeba da Zalze Zlieri gavlena aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze. rusuli revolucia 1917 wlis wina periodSi, ruseTi ekonomiurad CamorCenili sazogadoeba marTavdnen soflad, iyo, avtokratuli (imperatorebi siRaribeSi an mmarTvelobiT; mefeebi). cxovrobda, da mas Mmosaxleobis caristuli carebi umetesoba reJimi maTi umravlesobisTvis diqtatoruli iyo, romelic saidumlo policias da informatorebs iyenebda disidentebis CamosaSoreblad. batonymoba (anu monoba) gadawyvetileba sazogadoebis CamorCeboda ruseTSi ymebis wlamde ganTavisuflebis modernizacias wamyvan 1860 evropul arsebobda. Sesaxeb, emsaxureboda, Zalebs imis samxedro mTavrobis nawilobriv, gamo, saqmeSi. rom ruseTi damarcxda yirimis omSi 1854-5 wlebSi da kvlav damarcxeba ganicada 1904-5 wlis brZolebSi iaponiasTan. UumTavresad am damarcxebebis 5 sapasuxod, miRebul ganviTarebaSi; iqna kerZod, sainvesticio axali gzebis da programebi industriis rkinigzis mSenebloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli ekonomikuri warmatebebi miRweul iqna, caristuli mTavroba Zalze tradiciuli iyo imisaTvis, rom daTanxmeboda safuZvliani socialuri reformebis ganxorcielebas, rogorc es evropul qveynebSi moxda. 1905 wlisTvis, mniSvnelovani rusul daZabuloba. sazogadoebaSi swrafi ukve SeiniSneboda industrializaciis dawyebam, samrewvelo muSebis axali klasi warmoSva, romelTa cxovrebis pirobebi iseTive gausaZlisi iyo, rogoric glexTa umetesobis. muSebi, romlebic CamoSorebulni iyvnen politikaSi monawileobas da aseve, mtrulad sakuTari profkavSirebis ganwyobilni xdebodnen organizebas, mTavrobis sul mimarT. ufro (glexebis ukmayofileba mefeebis mimarT kidev ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mwifdeboda.) 1904-5 wlis ruseT-iaponiis omis dros, qarxnis muSebsa da samxedro Zalebs imedgacrueba daeufla omis ganviTarebaSi da ajanyeba moawyves. igi mxolod imis gamo Cawynarda, rom mTavrobam saswrafod dado zavi iaponelebTan, dasaja amboxebuli razmebi da aiZula isini, CaexSoT muSaTa ajanyeba. nikoloz meorem gaatara ramdenime umniSvnelo warmomadgenlobiTi reforma, parlamenti, magaliTad, Tumca gaauqma Camoayaliba igi, rogorc ki igrZno, rom kvlav gaamyara Tavisi Zalaufleba. 1905 da SeiniSneboda gamoixata. partia, 1917 wlebs muSebsa zogierT romelic da Soris, mniSvnelovani glexebSi, ajanyebas rac bolSevikebi socializmisa da ukmayofileba mraval ajanyebaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen, marqsizmis erTgulebas aRiarebda. AaseTi partiebis zegavlena, pirveli msoflio omis (191418) dasawyisSi gaizarda, romlis drosac ruseTs Zalian ar gaumarTla da gacilebiT mZime Sedegebi miiRo, vidre winandel omebSi, vinaidan aq adamianebis Zalze didi raodenoba iyo CarTuli. 6 ruseTs 15-milioniani sakmarisad armia aRWurvas, hyavda, Tumca germanelebis ver axerxebda dasamarcxeblad. mis mravali milioni adamiani iyo mokluli, daWrili da datyvevebuli am omSi. sursaTisa da sawvavis nakleboba did sasowarkveTilebas iwvevda mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi, vinaidan mTeli resursebi omis warmoebas xmardeboda. rogorc SeZlebulebis, aseve Raribebis jgufebi mtkiced daupirispirdnen mTavrobas. nikoloz meore Tavis xelisuflebas absoluturi mmarTvelobiT amyarebda da Tavisi ucnauri mrCevlis rasputinis mier iyo marTuli; igi sul ufro da ufro izolirebuli muSebma da xdeboda. jariskacebma 1917 wlis gaficvebisa martSi, da petrogradSi, amboxebebis seria wamoiwyes, rac mTel dasavleT ruseTSi swrafad gavrcelda. mefe iZulebuli gaxda, gadamdgariyo; Seiqmna axali, droebiTi mTavroba. am droisTvis, armia met-naklebad daiSala da jariskacebis umravlesoba saxlebs daubrunda. Gglexebma daiwyes memamuleebisgan ZaliT miwis warTmeva, xolo droebiTi mTavroba uZluri iyo, gamklaveboda muSebisa da demobilizebuli jariskacebis mudmiv mRelvarebas. leninma, bolSevikebis liderma, gadawyvita xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba; misi cnobili lozungi `qarxnebi muSebs, miwa - glexebs, mSvidoba - jariskacebs,~ iyo mimarTva uuflebo masebis misamarTiT. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi, bolSevikebma Zalis gamoyenebiT gadaadgdes droebiTi mTavroba. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reorganizaciis, misi wiTel armiad Camoyalibebis da umZimesi samoqalaqo omidan warmatebuli gamosvlis Semdeg, sabWoTa mTavroba Seudga fundamenturi socialuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas; ase Caeyara safuZveli imas, rac Semdeg gadaiqca meore yvelaze Zlier samrewvelo da samxedro Zalad msoflioSi. ruseTis revolucia, garkveuli azriT, uCveulo iyo. Ggaficvebma, romlebmac Ziri gamouTxara caristul reJims, ufro spontanuri iyo da ufro masStaburad mimdinareobda, vidre sxva 7 revoluciebSi Cvens saukuneSi. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi, bolSevikebic ki ar moelodnen imas, rom revolucia SeiZleba ase mokle droSi momxdariyo. amasTan, rusuli gamocdileba bevrs gvaswavlis zogadad Tanamedrove revoluciebis Sesaxeb. Ppirveli, Cven vxedavT, rom revoluciebi, savaraudod, omis fonze xdeba – Tumca, 1989 wels ase ar momxdara. gaWianurebuli omi daZabulobas matebs arsebul instituciebs da, SesaZloa, mTavrobis mxardaWeris mkveTri vardniT dasruldes. ukmayofileba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, uunaros xdis xelisuflebas, daTrgunos opoziciis winaaRmdegoba. meore, glexebma – soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulebma – SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSon. rusuli revoluciis win, mraval admians (leninis CaTvliT) sjeroda, rom glexebi konservatuli Zala iqneboda, naklebad mihyvebodnen SesaZlebeli cxovrebis iqneboda, tradiciul SeerTebodnen raime gzas da moZraobas radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebisaTvis. Ees mosazreba, rogorc davinaxeT, mcdari aRmoCnda. revoluciis Teoriebi imis gamo, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze, revoluciebma ase mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa msoflio istoriaSi, ar aris gasakviri mravali gansxvavebuli Teoriis arseboba, romelic maT axsnas cdilobs. zogierTi Teoria socialuri mecnierebebis istoriis adreul periodSi Seiqmna; maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani karl marqsis Teoriaa. marqss, romelic imaze karga xniT adre cxovrobda, vidre misi ideebiT nakarnaxevi revoluciebi moxdeboda, surda, misi ideebi ara marto revoluciuri cvlilebis pirobebis analizisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, aramed amgvari cvlilebebis gamosawvevad. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi sandooba, marqsis ideebma 8 uzarmazari gavlena iqonia meoce saukuneSi momxdar socialur cvlilebebze. revoluciis Sesaswavlad, ganvixilavT sam Teorias. es aris: marqsis Sexedulebebi, jeims devisis mier SemoTavazebuli revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri molodinebis gazrdis Teoria, da istoriis sociologis Carlz Tilis mier SemoTavazebuli koleqtiuri protestis interpretaciis Teoria. Mmarqsis Teoria marqsis Tvalsazrisi revoluciaze efuZneba zogadad kacobriobis istoriis miseul interpretacias (ix. Tavi 1). Mmarqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebebis ganviTareba perioduli klasobrivi konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba, da rodesac es konfliqtebi mwvavdeba, isini revoluciuri cvlilebis procesiT sruldeba. Kklasobrivi brZolebi sazogadoebebSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebidan _ gadauWreli daZabulobidan warmoiSoba; winaaRmdegobis ZiriTadi wyaro, SesaZloa, ekonomikur cvlilebaSi an sawarmoo Zalebis cvlilebaSi vipovoT. Nnebismier stabilur sazogadoebaSi arsebobs balansi ekonomikur struqturas, socialur urTierTobebsa da politikur sistemas Soris. sawarmoo Zalebis SecvlasTan erTad, winaaRmdegoba mZafrdeba, rac klasebis Ria Sejaxebas iwvevs – da sabolood revolucias. marqsma es modeli miuyena rogorc feodalizmis warsul ganviTarebas, aseve samrewvelo kapitalizmis SesaZlebel momaval evolucias. evropis tradiciuli feodaluri sazogadoebebi glexur warmoebaze iyo dafuZnebuli; mwarmoeblebi ymebi iyvnen, romlebsac miwaTmflobeli aristokratebi an wvrili memamuleebi marTavdnen. am sazogadoebebSi momxdarma ekonomikurma cvlilebebma qalaqebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia, sadac vaWroba da warmoeba 9 ganviTarda. es axali ekonomikuri sistema feodaluri sazogadoebis farglebSi Seiqmna, tradiciul rac mis baton-ymur Zireul safuZvlebs damokidebulebebze daeumuqra. damyarebuli urTierTobebis nacvlad, axali ekonomikuri wesrigi xels uwyobda, mwarmoeblebs ewarmoebinaT saqoneli Ria bazrebze gasatanad. sabolood, winaaRmdegoba Zvel feodalur da axlad warmoqmnil ekonomikas Soris Zalze gamwvavda, ramac Zlieri konfliqtis forma miiRo aRmaval kapitalistur klassa da feodal miwaTmflobelebs Soris. am procesis Sedegi revolucia gaxda, risi yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi 1789 wlis safrangeTis revolucia iyo. marqsi Tvlida, cvlilebebis xdeboda, rom amgvari saSualebiT, kapitalisturma revoluciebisa rac sxva klasma da evropul SeZlo revoluciuri sazogadoebebSic gabatonebuli gavlena moepovebina. Tumca, marqsis mixedviT, industriuli kapitalizmis mosvla axal winaaRmdegobebs iwvevs, rasac sabolood revoluciebis Semdgom seriebTan mivyavarT da rac komunizmis idealebiT aris gamowveuli. flobas Kkomunizmis qveS, sazogadoebis, marqsi rogorc gulisxmobda mTelis, da mrewvelobis ara calkeuli indvidebis mier. samrewvelo kapitalizmi _ ekonomikuri wesrigi, romelic dafuZnebulia pirad mogebaze da firmebs Soris konkurenciaze produqtis gasayidad _ qmnis ganxeTqilebas mdidar umciresobas, romelic daqiravebuli muSebis akontrolebs Rarib samrewvelo umravlesobas resurebs, Soris. muSebi da da kapitalistebi sul ufro mZafr konfliqtSi modian erTmaneTTan. muSaTa moZraobebi da politikuri partiebi, romlebic warmoadgenen muSa mosaxleobis masis interesebs, bolosdabolos gamowvevas ucxadeben kapitalisturi klasis mmarTvelobas da amxoben arsebul politikur sistemas. Mmarqss sjeroda, rom, rodesac gabatonebuli klasis poziciebi gansakuTrebiT gamyarebulia, Zaladoba 10 aucilebelia, saWiro cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad. sxva pirobebSi, es procesi SeiZleba mSvidobianad moxdes, saparlamento qmedebebis saSualebiT da revolucia (zemoTmotanili gansazRvrebiT) aRar iyos aucilebeli. jeims devisi: ratom xdeba revoluciebi? sociologi jeims devisi, akritikebda ra marqss, aRniSnavda, rom iyo periodebi siRaribeSi istoriaSi, cxovrobdnen, rodesac Tumca adamianebi protests ar gausaZlis mimarTavdnen. gamudmebuli siRaribe an gaWirveba adamianebs revolucionerebad ar aqcevda. Uufro metad, isini am gaWirvebas moTminebiT an utyvi sasowarkveTilebiT protesti da, itandnen. sabolood, deviss revolucia miaCnia, ufro rom metad socialuri maSin xdeba, rodesac SeiniSneba adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba. rodesac cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobeseba iwyeba, adamianebis molodinebic izrdeba. xolo, Tu realur pirobebSi gaumjobesebis tempi klebulobs, mzardi molodinebis gacruebis gamo, iqmneba pirobebi amboxisTvis (Davies 1962). amgvarad, protests absoluturi deprivacia ki ar iwvevs, aramed SedarebiTi deprivacia – winaaRmdegoba im cxovrebas Soris, romelsac adamianebi iZulebulni arian misdion, da imas Soris, risi ganxorcielebac maT realisturad miaCniaT. devisis Teoria sasargebloa revoluciasa im da kavSirebis Tanamedrove gasagebad, romelic socialur da arsebobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris. progresis idealebis zegavlena, ekonomikuri zrdis molodinebTan erTad, met molodinebs iwvevs, romlebic, Tu Semdeg gacruvda, protests aRvivebs. aseTi protesti met Zalas ikrebs Tanasworobis da demokratiuli politikuri monawileobis ideebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze. 11 Tumca, rogorc amas Carlz Tili aRniSnavda, devisis Teoria ar gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor da ratom axdenen sxvadasxva jgufebi mobilizebas marTlac, revoluciuri SeiZleba cvlilebisTvis. gaCndes mzardi protesti molodinebis xSirad, fonze; imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor gadaiqceva igi revoluciur qmedebad, Cven unda davadginoT, rogor organizdebian jgufebi koleqtiurad, efeqturi politikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad. Carlz Tilis Pprotestis Teoria Carlz Tili, Tavis wignSi `mobilizaciidan revoluciamde,~ aanalizebs revoluciuri cvlilebis Zaladobis ufro ganasxvavebs qmedebis, farTo koleqtiuri romelic formebis konteqstSi qmedebis arsebul procesebs, protestisa oTx (Tilly 1978). ZiriTad wesrigTan komponents sabrZolvelad an da igi _ mis dasamxobad aris mimarTuli: 1. monawle jgufis an jgufebis organizacia. saprotesto moZraobebi mravalnairad spontanurad aris formirebuli organizebuli, dawyebuli Tavyrilobebidan, mkacrad disciplinirebul revoluciur jgufebamde. MmagaliTad, moZraoba, romelsac lenini xelmZRvanelobda, aqtivistebis mcirericxovani jgufidan daiwyo. 2. mobilizacia sakmaris _ gzebi, resursebs romlis moipovebs saSualebiTac koleqtiuri jgufi qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. aseTi resursebi SeiZleba iyos materialuri momarageba, politikuri mxardaWera an SeiaraReba. Lleninma SesZlo materialuri da moraluri TanamgrZnobi glexobisgan, mxardaWeris aseve qalaqSi mopoveba rogorc mcxovrebi mravali adamianisgan. 12 3. saerTo imaTi interesebi, vinc koleqtiur qmedebaSia CarTuli; ra miaCniaT maT maTi politikis ganxorcielebiT miRweul monapovrad da danakargad. koleqtiuri qmedebis mobilizacias yovelTvis udevs safuZvlad garkveuli saerTo miznebi. leninma SesZlo mxardamWerTa farTo koaliciis darazmva, vinaidan bevr adamians amoZravebda saerTo survili, daemxo arsebuli mTavroba. 4. xelsayreli pirobebi. SesaZloa SemTxveviTi movlenebis ganviTareba, romlebic ganxorcielebis iZleva SesaZleblobas. revoluciuri koleqtiuri miznebis qmedebis mravali forma, revoluciis CaTvliT, didad aris ganpirobebuli amgvari SemTxveviTi movlenebiT. Lleninis warmateba ar iyo gardauvali; igi mraval SemTxveviT warmatebaze faqtorze brZolaSi. iyo Llenini damokidebuli rom moeklaT, – maT gana Soris iqneboda SesaZlebeli revolucia? koleqtiuri qmedeba ganisazRvros, rogorc gaziarebuli interesebis demonstraciis TavisTavad, adamianebis mowyoba SesaZloa, erToblivi ganxorcielebis maTi saerTo martivad Zalisxmeva, mizniT. saqmis maTi magaliTad, dasacavad. am adamianebidan zogierTi SeiZleba Zalze aqtiurad iyos Cabmuli, sxvebi SeiZleba uWerdnen ufro mxars. pasiurebi Eefeqturi iyvnen, an koleqtiuri regularulad qmedeba, ver romelic revoluciiT mTavrdeba, Cveulebriv, oTxive stadias gadis. Tilis TvalsazrisiT, mobilizebuli jgufuri jgufebs aqvT ara saSualebebi, an socialuri resursi, sakuTari rodesac maTi moZraobebi, viTardeba xmis miwvdenis moTxovnebi maSin, rogorc rodesac instituciuri pirdapir iTrguneba qveynis xelisuflebis mier. Tumca, koleqtiuri qmedeba, garkveul etapze, politikur xelisuflebasTan Ria konfrontacias anu `quCaSi gasvlas~ gulisxmobs. Ees mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac amgvari qmedebis ukan mudmivad organizebuli jgufebi dgas da, 13 rogorc Cans, did zegavlenas axdens Zalauflebis arsebul sistemaze. koleqtiuri qmedebis tipiuri modelebi icvleba istoriuli da kulturuli garemoebebis mixedviT. MmagaliTad, britaneTSi, dRes, Cveulia demonstraciis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa masobrivi marSebi, didi mitingebi da quCis aqciebi, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobs Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba amgvar aqtivobebSi. Tumca, koleqtiuri protestis sxva tipebi naklebad misaRebi gaxda an savsebiT gaqra Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis umetes nawilSi (aseTebia brZolebi soflebs Soris, manqanebis damtvreva an linCi). protestebi, SesaZloa, magaliTi gaxdes sxva qveynebisTvisac: magaliTad, gorilebis moZraobebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi gavrcelda, rodesac warmatebuli ukmayofilo SeiZleba iyos jgufebma gorilebis gaiges, Tu qmedebebi rogori regularuli armiebis winaaRmdeg. rodis da ratom iZens koleqtiuri qmedeba Zaladobriv xasiaTs? mravali SemTxvevis Seswavlis Sedegad, rac dasavleT evropaSi 1800-iani wlebis Semdeg xdeboda, Tili askvnis, rom TiTqmis yvela koleqtiuri Zaladoba iwyeba iseTi qmedebebisgan, romelsac Tavdapirvelad Zaladobrivi xasiaTi ara aqvs. Zaladobis warmoqmna imdenad aqtivobis xasiaTze ar aris damokidebuli, rogorc sxva faqtorebze, kerZod, xelisuflebis reaqciaze. karg magaliTs quCis demonstracia warmoadgens. amgvari demonstraciebis umetesoba safrTxes ar uqmnis adamianebsa da maT qonebas. umciresobas demonstraciebi ZaladobasTan mihyavs, rasac Semdeg areulobebi mohyveba. xelisufleba, zogjer, iZulebulia Caerios ukve momxdar ZaladobaSi; Tumca, rogorc istoriuli Canawerebi gvidasturebs, ufro iniciatori. Tilis xSirad Tavad sityvebiT, xelisuflebaa `Tanamedrove Zaladobis evropuli gamocdilebiT, Tavad represiuli Zalebia koleqtiuri Zaladobis 14 iniciatorebi da Semsruleblebi~ (1978). Uufro metic, roca Zaladobrvi dapirispireba xdeba, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi pasuxismgebelni umravlesobaze. samxedro arian Ees daWrisa gasakviric disciplina maT da ar xelSia. sikvdilis aris, amis SemTxvevaTa vinaidan iaraRi sapirispirod, da jgufebi, romlis kontrolsac xelisufleba cdilobs, did zians ayeneben sxvadasxva obieqtsa Tu qonebas. Tilis qmedebebis mixedviT, erT-erTi revoluciuri tipia, moZraobebi, romelic iseT koleqtiuri situaciebSi xdeba, romelsac igi mravaljerad suverenitets uwodebs. es maSin xdeba, rodesac mTavroba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ver axorcielebs srul kontrols im sferoebze, romelsac unda marTavdes. mravaljeradi suvereniteti SeiZleba gamoiwvios gare omma, Sida politikurma dapirispirebam an orivem erTad. Mmoxdeba Tu ara Zalauflebis revoluciuri Secvla, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad akontrolebs mmarTveli xelisufleba samxedro Zalebs, ramdenad Zlieria winaaRmdegoba Tavad mmarTvel wreebSi, da imazec, Tu ramdenad organizebulia saprotesto moZraoba, romelic Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobs. Tilis naSromi warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze srulyofil analizs koleqtiuri Zaladobisa da revoluciuri brZolis Sesaxeb. Mmosazrebebs, romlebsac igi aviTarebs, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs, da igi maT zustad iyenebs istoriuli droisa da adgilis mravalgvarobis mixedviT. rogor aris organizebuli moZraobebi, rogoria resursebi, xelisuflebaze interesebi da romlis pretenziis xelsayreli mqone pirobebi mobilizeba jgufebs, _ yvela xelewifebaT rogoria es saerTo revoluciuri gardaqmnis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tili Zalze cotas saubrobs im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, rasac mravaljerad suverenitetTan mivyavarT. 15 es ki revoluciis gagebis imdenad fundamenturi mxarea, rom misi gamotoveba mixedviT, seriozul Tilis xarvezs miaCnia, warmoadgens. rom Teda skoqpolis revoluciuri moZraobebi, gacnobierebuli da winaswarganzraxuli interesebiT imarTeba da revoluciuri cvlilebis xorcieldeba, rodesac warmatebuli adamianebs procesebi SeuZliaT, maSin gaiTavison es interesebi. amis sapirispirod, skoqpoli revoluciur moZraobebs ganixilavs, rogorc Tavis miznebSi ufro gaurkvevelsa da aramyars. igi xazs usvams, rom revoluciebi umTavresad warmoiSoba, rogorc ufro kerZo miznebis winaswarganuzraxavi Sedegebi: faqtobrivad, istoriulad arsebul revoluciebSi, sxvadasxva adgilze myofi da sxvadasxvagvarad motivirebuli jgufebi gadaiqcnen mravalmxrivi konfliqtebis gaCaRebis monawileebad. Ees konfliqtebi mniSvnelovanwilad formirebuli da gansazRvrulia arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da saerTaSoriso mdgomareobiT. isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warimarTebian imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aRmoCnda yoveli revoluciuri situacia pirvel adgilze (1979). warwera suraTze: franguli nuklearuli testirebis ganaxlebam muraroas kunZulze 1995 wels, masobrivi aRSfoTeba da demonstraciebi gamoiwvia azia/wynari okeanis regionSi. brbo, amboxi da koleqtiuri Qqmedebis sxva formebi yvela revolucia koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, rogorc Tilis revoluciuri hqondes cvlilebis adgili, qalaqebis potenciur Teoria roca ganviTarebis safrTxes miuTiTebs, garda, erTad sxva iyris dasawyisSive koleqtiur qmedebas, viTarebebSic SeiZleba Tavs mravali `urbanuli warmoadgendnen adamiani. mdabioebi~ politikuri xelisuflebisTvis. soflis mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebiT, qalaqur 16 ubnebSi adamianebi SeuZliaT Zalian SedarebiT axlos iolad cxovroben gavidnen quCebSi, erTmaneTTan raTa da gamoxaton TavianTi mxardaWera an ukmayofileba raimes mimarT. qalaquri jgufebis qmedebebi, brbos aqtivobis erTi magaliTia. Bbrbo – es aris im adamianebis nebismieri sakmaod didi TavSeyra, romlebic uSualo urTierTqmedebaSi arian erTmaneTTan sajaro adgilas. yoveldRiuri TavSeyrebze, vgulisxmobT, brboebi, nawilia. TeatrSi rom SemosazRvrul raRac Cven an azriT, vlaparakobT gasarTob mravali am cxovrebis savaWro adgilebSi parkSi adamiani sivrceSi. qalaquri TavSeyraze, moqceulia SemTxvevaSi, da fizikurad adamianebi arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis pirobebSi arian (ix. Tavi 4): isini fizikurad erTidaimave garemoSi arian da acnobiereben erTmaneTis yofnas, magram patara jgufebs an calkeul adamianebs aqvT sakuTari miznebi da sakuTar gzas misdeven. Tumca, rodesac saqme exeba areulobas, demonstracias, an panika isadgurebs, yoveli adamianis qmedebebi dakavSirebulia sxvebis qmedebebTan. situacia. ucabedad, fokusirebul urTierTqmedebad iqceva; brbo, droebiT, iwyebs qmedebas, rogorc erTi mTeli. Bbrbos es qmedeba kargaxania sociologebis da istorikosebis interess iwvevs, faqtobrivad, 1789 wlis safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg. rogorc Tili aRniSnavs, brbos qmedeba da areulobebi umTavresad im adamianebis imedgacruebas gamoxatavs, romlebmac ver miaRwies kanonieri gzebiT TavianTi ukmayofilebis gamoxatvas an imas, rom zewola moexdinaT aucilebeli reformebis gatarebaze. yvela tipis mmarTvel xelisuflebas yovelTvis eSinoda brbos aqtivobis, ara marto misi uSualo safrTxis gamo, aramed imitom, rom igi iZleva socialuri usamarTlobis sajaro da TvalsaCino formiT SegrZnebas. Tumca, areulobebmac ki, rac negatiurad 17 gamoiyureba da xSirad darbevebs, zogjer ki sikvdilsac iwvevs, SesaZloa, ukeTesobisken cvlilebas Seuwyos xeli. socialuri moZraobebi Tanamedrove sazogradoebebSi, socialuri moZraobebis mravali saxeobis garda, romlebic revoluciiT mTavrdeba, aris moZraobebi, romlebsac socialuri xangrZlivi moZraobebi iseve msofliosTvis, rogorc biurokratiuli organizaciebi. an droebiTi formebi damaxasiaTebelia maTi sapirispiro MmaTi Tanamedrove formaluri xasiaTisa aqvs. da da gavlenis Seswavla sociologiis ZiriTadi interesis sferos Seadgens. socialuri moZraoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc koleqtiuri mcdeloba, gaRvivdes saerTo interesi an dacul iqnas saerTo mizani, dadgenili institutebis sazRvrebs miRma ganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedebiT.Ddefinicia sakmaod farTo unda iyos, Tavad moZraobebis sxvadasxva tipis gamo. zogierTi socialuri moZraoba Zalze pataraa, romelic sul ramdenime aTeul wevrs iTvlis; sxvebi, SesaZloa, Seicavdes aTasobiT an sulac milionobiT adamians. zogierTi moZraoba Tavis aqtivobas im sazogadoebis kanonebis farglebSi axorcielebs, romelSic arsebobs, maSin rodesac sxvebi moqmedeben, rogorc aralegaluri an iatakqveSa jgufebi. zogjer, socialuri moZraobebis qmedebis Sedegad, sazogadoebaSi kanonebi icvleba. magaliTad, muSaTa jgufebi, romlebic TavianT wevrebs gaficvisken mouwodebdnen da CarTulni iyvnen ukanono qmedebebSi, mkacrad isjebodnen TavianTi qveynebis droTa kanonmdeblobiT ganmavlobaSi, gaTaliswinebuli kanonebSi Setanil iqna sasjeliT. Tumca, cvlilebebi, rac gaficvas sawarmoo konfliqtis dasaSveb taqtikad miiCnevda. sxva saxis ekonomikuri protesti, rogoricaa mjdomare gaficva 18 qarxnebSi an samuSao adgilebSi, umetes qveynebSi kvlav kanongareSe qmedebad rCeba. gamyofi xazi organizacias Soris socialur zogjer moZraobasa bundovania, da formalur vinaidan moZraobebi, romlebic kargad organizebuli xdeba, Cveulebriv, biurokratiul niSnebs iZens.MmagaliTad, xsnis armia daiwyo rogorc socialuri moZraoba, magram axla ufro mudmivmoqmedi organizaciis xasiaTi aqvs. naklebad xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac organizacia gardaiqmneba socialur moZraobad, roca, magaliTad, politikuri partia aikrZaleba da iZulebulia iatakqveSeTSi gadavides; igi, SesaZloa, gorilebis moZraobad gadaiqces. socialuri moZraobebis klasifikacia socialuri moZraobebis klasifikaciis mravali varianti iyo SemoTavazebuli. SesaZloa, maT Soris yvelaze zusti da amomwuravi devid aberlis klasifikaciaa, romelic ganaxsvavebs oTxi tipis moZraobas (David Aberle 1966). transformatoruli moZraobebi miznad isaxavs Sors cvlilebas moZraobebi mravali mimaval, kataklizmur sazogadoebaSi.Aamis da zogierTi milenaruli da xSirad magaliTebi radikaluri moZraoba Zaladobriv revoluciuri religiuri aseve moZraobaa; winaswarmetyvelebs sazogadoebis met-nakleb gardaqmnaze, rodesac xsnis xana dadgeba. reformatoruli moZraobebi miiltvis arsebuli socialuri wyobis mxolod ramdenime aspeqtis cvlilebisken. isini dakavSirebulia uTanasworobis an usamarTlobis gansakuTrebul saxeebTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ,,sicocxle” da abortis sawinaaRmdego sxva jgufebi. transformatoruli mimarTulia sazogadoebaSi da reformatoruli cvlilebebis moZraobebi gasatareblad. aberlis 19 momdevno ori tipi, umTavresad, gulisxmobs individebis Cvevebisa da Sexedulebebis CamoaSoros mravali cvlilebas. adamianebi religiuri koncentrirebulia cxovrebis moZraoba mankier moZraoba wess. ganekuTvneba, am xsnaze. magaliTs seqtebi, romlebsac swamT, ganviTareba rogorRac uxerxulad moZraobebi miznad misi Rirsebis isaxavs individebSi kategorias igi warmoadgens rom WeSmariti dasaTaurebuli, cdilobs ramdenadac pirovnul ormocdaaTianelebis sulieri gamosasyidi adamianis indikatoria. cvlilebis gamomwvevi nawilobrivi cvlilebis gamowvevas. isini ar cdilobs adamianis Cvevebis mTlianad Secvlas, aramed daintersebulia garkveuli specifiuri Tvisebis SecvliT. risi ilustraciaa ,,anonimuri alkoholikebis” sazogadoeba. mwvaneTa moZraoba: qronologia 1798 Tomas malTusis naSromi “An Essay on the Principle of Population~ gamoqveynda, romelic gvacnobs ideas, rom adamianebi SeboWilni arian ekologiuri SezRudvebiT. 1865 dafuZnda sakiTxs, Commons rom Preservation sasoflo Society, garemo romelic saxalxod ayenebda xelmisawvdomi gamxdariyo, romelic Semdgom aitaces 1930-ian wlebSi. 1893 National Trust momxdariyo dafuZnda miwis gaerTianebul Sesyidva, samefoSi, bunebrivi raTa silamazis da kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobis dasacavad. 1930 qloroflurokarbonati (CFCs) Seiqmna; igi iyo Zalze sasargeblo kacobriobisTvis, vinaidan ara marto iafi iyo da araaalebadi, aramed iTvleboda, rom zians ar ayenebda garemos. 1934 gvalviT gaZlierebuli niadagis erozia, romelic iwvevda `mtvris qariSxals~ CrdiloeT amerikis udides dablobebze da romelic 350 milion tonamde niadagis nayofier fenas 20 anadgurebda. 1948 gaerTianebulma erebma, garemos dacvis specialuri saagento Seqmna, saxelwodebiT ,,saerTaSoriso kavSiri bunebis konservaciisTvis.” 1952 haeris dabinZurebam masiuri smogi gamoiwvia londonSi, ramac 4000 adamiani mokla, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna ,,sufTa haeris kanonmdebloba.” 1968 garet hardinis adamianebi, essem `sayovelTao gaecnobierebinaT tragedia~ pirovnuli aiZula pasuxismgebloba garemos gadagvarebaSi, rogorc cxovrebis stilis arCevis Sedegi. 1969 dedamiwis megobrebi (Friends of the Earth) daarsda aSS-Si, rogorc konservatuli ,,sieras jgufi. dinamikuri klubisgan” Semdgom gamijnuli, ufro arsebobda ufro wlebSi radikaluri aqtiuri jgufebi garemos dacvis moZraobaSi. 1974 CFC-is mier, pirveli mecnieruli gafrTxileba, atmosferos maRal fenebSi ozonis damcavi fenis gaTxelebis Sesaxeb. 1980 SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis jimi karteris komisiebis Global angariSi, 2000 romelic asaxavs garemos dacvis problemebis Sesvlas politikuri sakiTxebis wiaRSi. 1983 germanelma mwvaneebma (Die Grunen) saarCevno xmis uflebis 5% moipoves da 27 adgili miiRes parlamentSi. 1985 mwvaneTa dazvervis xomaldi Rainbow agentebma gamoixata axali protesti Warrior CaZires zelandiis safrangeTis safrangeTis yureSi, birTvuli rodesac gamocdis winaaRmdeg wynari okeanis samxreTSi. ekipaJis erTi wevri moklul iqna. 1989 evropulma politikuri arCevnebma dRis mwvaneTa wesrigSi; sakiTxi mwvaneTa myarad Seitana partiebma, mTels evropaSi, uprecedento mxardaWera moipova, gansakuTrebiT, 21 gaerTianebul samefoSi, sadac mwvaneebma xmaTa 15% miiRes (Tumca ar miuRiaT saparlamento adgilebi). 1992 rio de JaneiroSi Catarebulma gaerTianebuli erebis dedamiwis samitma udidesi media interesi gamoiwvia, Tumca Zalze mcire progress miRwia globaluri garemos rTuli sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. 1994 gaerTianebul samefoSi ,,gzis sawinaaRmdego” protestma axal simaRles miaRwia `uanstoniis brZolaSi~, vinaidan mwvaneTa aqtivistebma daikaves Senobebi da xeebi uanstedSi, aRmosavleT londonSi, imisaTvis, rom SeeCerebinaT M11 saavtomobilo gzis mSenebloba. wyaro: 1994 Hutchinsow Gallup, INFO 1995, Helicon, gv. 514. feministuri moZraobebi revoluciis socialuri Teoriebi moZraobebis aucileblobiT TeoriebTan. magaliTad, gadajaWvulia Carlz Tilis aqcenti resursis mobilizaciaze, gamoyenebul iqna iseT socialur moZraobebSi, rogoricaa feministuri ganvixilavT. feministuri moZraobebi moZraoba, ar iyo rasac axla gamoyofili socialuri moZraobis sxva formebidan. Ffeminizmze didi gavlena moaxdina revoluciebma – meTvramete saukunis franguli da amerikuli revoluciebis CaTvliT. qalTa uflebebis damcavi pirveli organizaciebi TariRdeba periodiT, romelic uSualod mosdevda xsenebul or revolucias. 1790-ian wlebSi, franguli revoluciis mier Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis idealebiT STagonebulma adamianebma, Camoayalibes mravali qalTa klubi parizSi da umTavres provinciul qalaqebSi. klubebi uzrunvelyofdnen qalebisTvis Sexvedris adgilebs, aseve adgendnen moTxovnebs ganaTlebis, Sromis da marTvis Tanaswor 22 uflebebze. Seadgina EerT-erTi mowodeba romelic aseTi klubis saTauriT efuZneboda xelmZRvanelma `qalTa `adamianisa mari uflebebis da Juzma deklaracia~, moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracias~ - revoluciis ZiriTad konstituciur dokuments. is amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo, miRweuliyo WeSmariti Tanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis naxevari moklebuli iyo im privilegiebs, romlebic mamakacebs hqondaT miniWebuli. es mowodeba gaziarebuli ar iyo revolucioneri liderebis mier – mari Juzi 1793 wels sikvdiliT dasajes, braldebiT, rom `man daiviwya saTnoeba, romelic mis sqess axasiaTebs~. mTavrobis dekretis Sesabamisad, qalTa klubebi daiSala. dasavleTis qveynebSi feministuri moZraobebi maleve aRdga, Tumca, TiTqmis yvelgan, mtrul damokidebulebas ejaxeboda da zogjer Zaladobasac iwvevda mmarTveli xelisuflebis mxridan. Mmari Juzi erTaderTi qali ar iyo, romelmac sicocxle gaswira Tavisi feminizmi ufro sqesisTvis Tanaswori uflebebis mopovebisTvis. Mme-19 saukuneSi, SeerTebul StatebSi mowinave moZraoba iyo, vidre sadme sxvagan, da qalTa moZraobebis liderTa umetesoba sxva qveynebSi, amerikeli qalebis brZolas samagaliTod miiCnevda. feministebi mWidrod romlebic monebis 1840-ian iyvnen da 1850-ian CarTulni im wlebSi, amerikeli jgufebis muSaobaSi, gaTavisuflebisTvis ibrZodnen. Tumca, formaluri politikuri uflebebis uqonlobis gamo (konstitucia ar aZlevda xmis micemis uflebas qalebs), qalebs ekrZalebodaT politikuri lobireba, romlis saSualebiTac reformatorebs SeeZloT mieRwiaT TavianTi miznebisTvis. arc erT qals ar mieca ufleba, monawileoba konvenciaSi, romelic mieRo msoflios monobis Sedga londonSi, 1840 sawinaaRmdego wels. Aam faqtma aiZula qalTa jgufebi, ufro swori mimarTulebiT midgomodnen genderuli uTanasworobis sakiTxs. 1848 wels, iseve rogorc 23 naxevari saukunis SeerTebul win StatebSi, `grZnobebis maTi qalTa deklaraciis~ Tavisuflebis frangi deklaraciis Tanamoazreebi liderebi misaRebad, modelis moiqcnen, Sexvdnen romelic mixedviT erTmaneTs amerikuli gakeTda. TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia is WeSmariteba~, iwyeboda `Cven igi, `rom yvela mamakaci da qali Tanasworad aris Seqmnili~. deklaraciaSi Setanili iyo im usamarTlobebis grZeli CamonaTvali, romlis subieqtebi qalebi iyvnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, am periodSi, qalebis socialuri an politikuri poziciis mxriv, Zalze mcire realuri warmateba iqna mopovebuli. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, kongresma xmis micemis ufleba mxolod monobisgan ganTavisuflebul mamakacebs daudgina. SeerTebul StatebSi, qalTa moZraobis adreuli ganviTarebis periodSi, afro-amerikeli qalebi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen moZraobaSi, Tumca xSirad uxdebodaT TavianTi TeTrkaniani debis mtruli damokidebulebis mogerieba. erT-erTi maTgania sojurner truTi, romelic xmas imaRlebda rogorc monobis, ise qalebisTvis samoqalaqo uflebebis warTmevis winaaRmdeg, da am or sakiTxs mWidrod ukavSirebda erTmaneTs. rodesac 1850-ian wlebSi, indianas StatSi monobis sawinaaRmdego masobriv mitingze igi mtkiced da mgznebared laparakobda, TeTrkanianma mamakacma xmamaRla SesZaxa mas: `ar mjera, rom namdvilad qali xar~; maSin, truTma gaiSiSvla gul-mkerdi yvelas winaSe, imis dasamtkiceblad, rom mamakaci tyuoda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom truTma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im periodis qalTa moZraobebSi (Hooks 1981), sxva Savkaniani qalebi, romlebic Seecadnen, monawileoba mieRoT maTSi, imedgacruebulebi darCnen im mtruli ganwyobis gamo, romelsac isini Seejaxnen. EerT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena evropaSi feministuri moZraobis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi, iyo 1500 qalis mier xelmowerili peticia, romelic wardgenil iqna britaneTis 24 parlamentSi 1866 wels; qalebi moiTxovdnen, gansaxilveli saarCevno uflebebis reformebSi, CaerToT sruli saarCevno ufleba qalebisTvis. peticia ugulebelyofil iqna, amis sapasuxod, Semdeg wels, misma sazogadoeba organizatorebma qalTa saarCevno Camoayalibes uflebebisTvis.Aam nacionaluri sazogadoebis wevrebi Semdgom sufraJistebis saxeliT gaxdnen cnobili, da mTeli mecxramete saukunis mimarTvas ganmavlobaSi parlamentisadmi, isini qalebze agrZelebdnen peticiiT gaevrcelebinaT saarCevno uflebebi. meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis, britanuli feminizmis msoflio zegavlena feministur konkurencias moZraobas. demonstraciebi orive xSiri uwevda SeerTebuli saprotesto qveyanaSi iyo Statebis marSebi da quCis organizebuli. 1908 wlis ivnisSi, londonSi, gareT mowyobilma mitingma naxevari milioni adamiani moicva. am xnis ganmavlobaSi, qalTa moZraobebi sokoebiviT momravlda yvela did evropul qveyanaSi, aseve avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi. 1920 wlisTvis, mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi, qalebma saarCevno xmis ufleba feministuri moipoves. Tumca, moZraobebis muxti am uflebis daeca. mopovebis Semdeg, radikaluri qalebi cdilobdnen sxva moZraobebs mierTebodnen, magaliTad, rogoric iyo faSizmTan brZola, radikaluri memarjvene politikuri doqtrina, ramac niadagi hpova germaniaSi, italiaSi da sxvagan 1930ian wlebSi. feminizmisgan, rogorc gamokveTili moZraobisgan, romelic mamakacebis dominirebul institutebs ebrZoda, cota ram darCa. Tanaswori politikuri uflebebis miRwevam Zalze cota ram Secvala qalTa cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic Tanasworobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. Ffeminizmis aRorZineba 25 1960-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis, qalTa moZraobebma kvlav aRidgina didi mowinave zegavlena msoflios poziciebi. moipova bevri qveynis Semdgom msoflios CaTvliT. aTwleulebSi, mraval Mmisi feminizmma qveyanaSi, aRorZineba mesame SeerTebul StatebSi daiwyo, razec zegavlena moaxdina moZraobam samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis da im periodis studentTa aqtivobam. aqedan igi msoflios sxva nawilebSic gavrcelda. qalebi, romlebic aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni moZraobaSi, xvdebodnen, rom samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraobis liderebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen qalTa uflebebis CarTvas maT mier Sedgenil Tanasworobis manifestSi. amitom qalTa jgufebma daiwyes damoukidebeli organizaciebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalTa sakiTxebze iqneboda mimarTuli. dResdReobiT, qalTa moZraobebi sakiTxTa gacilebiT farTo sferos exeba, vidre maTi winamorbedebi. isini ibrZvian ekonomikuri TanasworobisTvis, abortis daSvebisTvis da moiTxoven ganqorwinebis kanonmdeblobis Secvlas. MmniSvnelovan praqtikul miRwevebTan erTad, feministebma inteleqtualuri zegavlenac moaxdines, rac yvela warsul miRwevaze mniSvnelovania. MmagaliTad. feministma avtorebma ubiZges mTeli rigi cnebebisa da Teoriebis Tavidan gaazrebas socialur mecnierebebSi. kvlevebis didi nawili, romelic bolo wlebSi ganxorcielda, istoriuli da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenis Sesaswavlad qalebis poziciaze da, ufro zogadad, genderul urTierTobebze, Tanamedrove feminizmis zegavleniT gaxda SesaZlebeli. Ffeminsturi moZraobebi: interpretacia Ggasul saukuneSi qalTa moZraobebis aRmoceneba, SeiZleba advilad iqnes interpretirebuli im koncefciebis mixedviT, romlebic Carlz Tilim Camoayaliba. Tilis azriT, socialuri 26 moZraobebi warmoqmna, rodesac adamianebs aRar darCaT Sansi, vinmes miawvdinon xma an SeZlon maTi suliskveTebis Riad gamoxatva. mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, feministuri moZraobebis ganviTarebis yvelaferTan erTad, pirvel cdilobdnen politikur procesebSi, sxva uflebis mopovebas. warmomadgenlebi fazaSi, feministi liderebi, xmis mopovebas qalebisTvis sityvebiT, arCevnebSi xmis meore cdilobdnen, fazaSi, qalTa gaefarTovebinaT micemis moZraobebis is warmatebebi, romlebsac miaRwies da ibrZodnen, rom qalebisTvis moepovebinaT rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri Tanasworoba. Oorive fazaSi, koleqtiuri qalTa resursebis moZraobebis mobilizeba, liderebma raTa sakmaod SeZles efeqturi zewola moexdinaT mmarTvel xelisuflebaze. adreul periodSi, qalTa aqtivistebis mTavari resursi marSebi da demonstraciebi iyo. MmogvianebiT ki, organizaciebs ukve SeeZloT, ewarmoebinaT brZola qalTa Tanmimdevruli jgufebis uflebebisTvis gziT. liderebi saerTo ufro organizebuli interesebi, usvamdnen xazs, romelTac moicavda iseT da qalTa sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qalebis roli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, survilis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurebadi samuSaos qona da Tanaswori uflebebi ganqorwinebis samarTalwarmoebaSi. da bolos, feministi aqtivistebis SesaZleblobebi, gavlena moexdinaT socialur ganpirobebuli. daexmara romlebic maT cvlilebaze, magaliTad, saarCevno Cabmuli iyo CarTvas saWiroebda. moZraoba samoqalaqo mravali pirveli xmis omSi, msoflio uflebis qalebis feminizmis faqtoriT miRebaSi: mxardaWerasa ganviTarebis uflebebisTvis omis iyo is iyo gaCaReba mTavrobebi, da meore naperwkali, aqtiur fazaSi, ramac aqtivobis axali talRa gamoiwvia. 27 socialuri moZraobebi da sociologia socialuri moZraobebi sociologebis ormag interess iwvevs. isini iZleva karg masalas kvlevisTvis, Tumca, amasTan erTad, exmareba sociologebs, axleburad Sexedon qcevis garkveul sferoebs. MmagaliTad, qalTa moZraoba marto imitom ar iwvevs sociologTa interess, rom igi masalas iZleva kvlevisTvis. man sociologiuri azrovnebis naklovanebebis identificireba (magaliTad, patriarqati), ukve Camoyalibebuli moaxdina romlebic da struqturis Seqmna gvexmareba cnebebi genderisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis garkvevaSi. es aris mudmivi dialogi ara marto socialur organizaciebs moZraobebsa Soris, aramed da maT socialur dapirispirebul moZraobebsa da Tavad socialogias Soris. Sejameba 1. gasuli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, revoluciebi msoflios mraval qveyanaSi moxda. 1776 wlis revoluciam amerikaSi da 1789 wlis safrangeTis suliskveTeba, revoluciam rac Semdeg warmoSves farTod is idealebi gavrcelda da politikur cxovrebaSi. 2. revolucia imisTvis, rom CaiTvalos, igi gansasazRvrad politikuri unda Zalze cvlilebis Seicavdes masobriv romelic mzadaa, miznis misaRwevad SeuZlia rogorc xelSi Caigdos mouxelTavi procesi revoluciad socialur Zaladoba Zalaufleba, cnebaa. moZraobas, gamoiyenos ise da gaataros Tanmimdevruli reforma. 3. revoluciis mravali sxvadasxva Teoria iyo warmodgenili. revoluciis marqsiseuli interpretacia gansakuTrebiT 28 mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod misi inteleqtualuri wvlilisTvis, rac eWvqveS SeiZleba iyos dayenebuli sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, aramed imitom, rom man erTgvarad samsaxuri gauwia am saukuneSi revoluciis realuri procesis Camoyalibebas. 4. vinaidan revolucia aseTi rTuli fenomenia, im pirobebis ganzogadeba, rasac revoluciur cvlilebasTan mivyavarT, Znelia. revoluciebis umetesoba iseT garemoebebSi xdeba, sadac saxelisuflo Zalaufleba danawevrebuli xdeba (magaliTad, omis Semdeg), da sadac daCagruli jgufi SeZlebs, Camoayalibos da gaamyaros kerZo masobrivi miznebis moZraoba. revoluciebi, winaswarganusazRvreli Cveulebriv, Sedegebia, ufro romelTa miRwevasac aseTi moZraobebi Tavdapirvelad cdilobs. 5. brbos aqtivoba mxolod revoluciebis dros ar xdeba, aramed sxva, nakleb dramatuli socialuri cvlilebis drosac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, quCis mRelvarebebi qalaqebSi. mRelvare masis qmedebebi, SesaZloa, savsebiT destruqciuli da SemTxveviTi mogveCvenos, Tumca isini, xSirad, monawileTa gansazRvrul miznebs emsaxureba. 6. socialuri moZraobis mravali tipi SeiZleba moiZebnos Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. socialuri moZraobebi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis mxardaWeris mcdelobas erToblivi qmedebis saSualebiT, romelic ukve Seqmnili institutebis farglebs scdeba. sociologia ara marto swavlobs amgvar moZraobebs, aramed pasuxobs kidec maT mier wamoWril SekiTxvebs. 7. Tanamedrove socialuri moZraobis ZiriTadi tipi feminizms ukavSirdeba. pirveli mniSvnelovani feministuri moZraoba Seiqmna mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, romelic konkretulad mimarTuli iyo qalebisTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis mosapoveblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-ian wlebSi am moZraobam dacemis periodi ganicada, 1960-ian wlebSi feminizmma kvlav moipova mowinave poziciebi da mas 29 Semdeg, mas didi gavlena aqvs socialuri cxovrebis da inteleqtualuri aqtivobis mraval sferoSi. DdamatebiTi literatura Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure (London: McDonald, 1989). Mmeoce saukuneSi, komunizmis aRzevebisa da dacemis Sesaxeb gamokvleva, sadac miCneulia, rom komunizmi warmoadgens `istoriul tragedias~. John Dunn, “Understanding Revolutions~ mis naSromSi Rethinking Modern Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). diskusia Tanamedrove revoluciebis gaazrebis problemebis Sesaxeb. Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison, Social Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991). Tanamedrove Teoriuli azrovnebis sasargeblo gamokvleva da analizi, socialuri moZraobebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba axal socialur moZraobebs eTmoba. Chester Hartman and Pedro Vilanova, Paradigms Lost: The Post-Cold War Era (London: Pluto, 1991). diskusia msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rac komunizmis ngrevas mohyva sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi. Max Weber, The Russian Revolutions (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). veberis Sexedulebebi ruseTSi revoluciuri movlenebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani terminebi socializmi brbos aqtivoba klasobrivi konfliqti amboxi dapirispireba transformatoruli moZraoba komunizmi reformatoruli moZraoba mobilizacia gamosasyidi moZraoba 30 gorilebis moZraoba cvlilebis gamomwvevi moZraoba mravaljeradi suvereniteti feministuri moZraoba 31 Tavi 19 Gglobaluri cvlileba da ekologiuri krizisi ZiriTadi cnebebi cvlilebis gansazRvra gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze fizikuri garemo. Ppolitikuri organizacia. Kkulturuli faqtorebi cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi ekonomikuri gavlena. Ppolitikuri gavlena. Kkulturuli gavlena mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi postindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT? Ppostmodernizmi da istoriis dasasruli. Sefaseba safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis safrTxis wyaroebi garemo: sociologiuri problema? globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 1 ZiriTadi cnebebi socialuri cvlileba. Ppostindustriuli sazogadoeba adamianebi dedamiwaze daaxloebiT naxevari milioni welia arseboben. soflis meurneoba, rac myari dasaxlebis safuZvelia, Tormetiode aTas weliwads iTvlis. civilizaciebi araumetes eqvsi aTasi wliT TariRdeba. adamianis arsebobis mTlian xangrZlivobas erT dRed Tu warmovidgenT, soflis meurneobis damkvidreba SeiZleba dRis 11,56 wuTze warmovidginoT, xolo civlilizaciis gaCena _ 11,57 wuTze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis warmoSoba moxda mxolod 11,59 wuTze da 30 wamze! Tumca, SesaZloa, imdeni cvlileba moxda bolo 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic mTlianad mis winamorbed periodSi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi cvlilebis tempi advilad warmosadgenia, Tu Tvalyurs mivadevnebT teqnologiuri ganviTarebis siswrafes. rogorc ekonomikis istorikosi devid lendisi aRniSnavs mis cnobil kvlevaSi: Tanamedrove teqnologia ara marto ufro swrafad awarmoebs ufro mets, igi qmnis iseT produqts, romelic ver erT SemTxvevaSi ver iwarmoeboda warsulis xelosnuri meTodebiT. yvelaze saukeTeso indieli xeliT mrTvelic ki ver SesZlebda iseTi mSvenieri da sufTa narTis miRebas, rogoric sarTav dazgas SeuZlia; meTvramete saukuneSi, qristianuli samyaros yvela samWedlo erTad ver SesZlebda daemzadebina iseTi didi, gluvi da homogenuri foladis furceli, rogorc amas Tanamedrove saglini dgani akeTebs qarxanaSi. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom Tanamedrove teqnologiam iseTi sagnebi Seqmna, rac warmoudgeneli iyo preindustriuli epoqisTvis; fotoaparati, avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi, eleqtronuli mowyobilobis mTeli CamonaTvali, dawyebuli radiodan, damTavrebuli maRalsiCqariani kompiuteriT, atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi da a.S. TiTqmis usasrulod.... Sedegad, miviReT saqonlis da servisis uzarmazari zrda da mravalferovneba; da mxolod aman Secvala adamianis cxovrebis wesi ufro metad, vidre raime sxvam, cecxlis aRmoCenis Semdeg. 1750 wlis ingliseli mamakaci [da SegviZlia davamatoT ingliseli qalic], materialuri sagnebiT, ufro axlos iyo keisris legionerebTan, vidre Tavis SvilTaSvilebTan (Landes 1969). 2 Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis stili da socialuri institutebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba Tundac axlo warsulisgan. Mmxolod ori an sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi – drois wuTieri gaelveba kacobriobis adamianis socialuri cxovreba Zalze istoriis konteqstSi – daSorda socialur wyobas, romelSic adamianebi aTaswleulobiT cxovrobdnen. Cvens winamorbed nebismier Taobaze metad, Cven vdgavarT gaurkveveli momavlis winaSe. ra Tqma unda, cxovrebis pirobebi wina TaobebisTvisac katastrofebis, Savi ar iyo Wirisa usafrTxo: da adamianebi SimSilis bunebrivi tyveobaSi iyvnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes, industriul qveynebSi Cven TiTqmis daculni varT Savi Wirisa da SimSilisgan, unda gavumklavdeT axal socialur Zalebs, romlebic Tavad gavanTavisufleT. Aam Zalebs gamudmebiT moaqvs socialuri cvlileba Cvens cxovrebaSi. cvlilebis gansazRvra rogor unda ganvsazRvroT socialuri cvlileba? Aarsebobs mosazreba, rom yvelaferi yovelTvis icvleba. Yyoveli dRe, axali dRea; yoveli momenti, drois axali wamia. berZeni filosofosi heraklite aRniSnavda, rom adamiani erTsadaimave mdinareSi orjer ver Seva; meorejer mdinare gansxvavebulia, vinaidan wyali mdinarea. adamianic SeumCnevlad icvleba. Tumca es dakvirveba garkveuli azriT sworia, Cven, ra Tqma unda, Cveulebriv vambobT, rom es igive mdinarea da orive SemTxvevaSi erTidaigive adamiani Seabijebs am mdinareSi. Aarsebobs aSkara uwyvetoba, mdinaris moxazulobaSi an formaSi da pirovnulobaSi fexebdasvelebuli imisaTvis, rom adamianis vTqvaT, fsiqikasa miuxedavad da momxdari cvlilebisa, TiToeuli `igive~ rCeba. 3 cvlilebis identificireba gulisxmobs imis Cvenebas, Tu ramdenad Seicvala mocemuli obieqtis an situaciis siRrmiseuli struqtura, drois garkveul monakveTSi. adamianuri sazogadoebebis SemTxvevaSi, imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad da rogor aris CarTuli sistema cvlilebis procesSi, Cven unda vaCvenoT, Tu ra doneze xorcieldeba ZiriTadi institutebis modifikacia, garkveuli drois periodSi. cvlilebis yvelanairi aRricxva gulisxmobs imis Cvenebasac, Tu ra rCeba ucvleli, rogorc ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba cvlilebebi. dRevandel swrafad cvalebad samyaroSic ki, arsebobs uwyvetoba sakmaod daSorebul warsulTan. magaliTad, ZiriTadi religiuri sistemebi, rogoricaa qristianoba an islami, inarCuneben kavSirs im ideebsa da praqtikasTan, romlebsac ori aTasi wlis win Caeyara safuZvveli. Tumca, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, instituciebis umetesoba, aSkarad ufro swrafad icvleba, vidre amas tradiciuli samyaroSi hqonda adgili. Mmocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT im cvlilebebis interpretaciis mcdelobebs, istoriaze; ramac Semdeg gavlena iqonia ganvixilavT mTlianad sakiTxs, Tu kacobriobis ratom aris asocirebuli Tanamedrove periodi aseT Rrma da swraf socialur cvlilebasTan. Bbevri cvlileba dRes globaluria –an erTdroulad msoflios bevr nawilSi xdeba, an gavlenas axdens planetis, rogorc mTelis, momavalze. gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze Bbolo ori saukunis manZilze, socialuri Teoriis mimdevrebi Seecadnen, SeeqmnaT grandiozuli Teoria, romelic axsnida socialuri cvlilebis xasiaTs. Tumca, arc erT Teorias ara aqvs imis Sansi, rom amomwuravad gadmogvces kacobriobis socialuri 4 ganviTarebis sruli SemgrovebelTa, suraTi, aseve dawyebuli monadireTa sasoflo-sameurneo da sazogadoebidan, tradiciuli civilizaciis CaTvliT da DdRevandeli Zalze rTuli socialuri sistemiT SesaZlebloba myarad damTavrebuli, gvaqvs, zemoqmedebs davadginoT socialur sami miuxedavad ZiriTadi cvlilebaze: amisa, faqtori, fizikuri Cven rac garemo, politikuri organizacia da kulturuli faqtorebi. Ffizikuri garemo Ffizikuri garemo xSirad axdens gavlenas adamianis socialuri organizaciis ganviTarebaze. Ees Zalze cxadia ufro eqstremalur garemo pirobebSi, sadac adamianebs TavianTi cxovrebis mowyoba uxdebaT klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. polaruli regionebis mkvidrni aucileblad ganaviTareben Cvevebsa da cxovrebis wess, romelic gansxvavdeba subtropikebSi mcxovrebTa wesisgan. alaskaze mcxovrebi adamianebi, sadac zamTari xangrZlivi da mkacria, socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebul wess iziareben, vidre is adamianebi, romlebic xmelTaSua zRvis Tbil qveynebSi cxovroben. alaskelebi SenobebSi atareben; gamonakliss cxovrebis umetes mxolod mokle nawils zafxuli warmoadgens, rodesac isini dagegmil gare samuSaos ewevian, im arasaxarbielo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic isini cxovroben. Nnaklebad eqstremalurma fizikurma pirobebma SeiZleba aseve iqonios gavlena sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebs arasodes SeuwyvetiaT monadireoba da rom kontinentze TiTqmis ar Semgrovebloba imis gamo, moiZebneboda kultivirebadi mcenareebi, da iseTi cxovelebic ar iyo, romelTa moSinaurebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda meurneobis warmoeba. msoflios adreuli 5 civilizaciebi, umTavresad, nayofier miwebze iqmneboda, magaliTad, mdinaris SesarTavebSi. gaadvilebuli aseve komunikaciebi Zalze mniSvnelovani xmeleTze da iyo sazRvao gzebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba. sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan mowyvetili iyo mTis qedebiT, gauvali junglebiT an udabnoebiT da amitomac, xSirad, SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi. Dda mainc, garemos uSualo zegavlena socialur cvlilebaze arc ise didia. xSirad, adamianebi axerxeben, Seqmnan mniSvnelovani sawarmoo simdidre, SedarebiT Seexeba alaskelebs, magaliTad, arasaxarbielo romlebmac garemoSi. SesZles es, navTobis mopovebisa da mineraluri resursebis ganviTareba, miuxedavad maTi garemos mkacri SemgrovebelTa xasiaTisa. kulturebi, amis sapirispirod, xSirad, Zalze monadireTa nayofier da regionebSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca mainc ar erTvebodnen sasoflo-sameurneo an mesaqonleTa warmoebaSi. magaliTad, vankuveris kunZulis kvakutis indielebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes gasuli sakuTari naxevari cxovrebis saukunis wesi xelSeuxeblad periodamde, cxovrobdnen iseT garemoSi, romelic mdidari iyo TevziT, xiliT da sxva sakvebi mcenareuliT. isini agrZelebdnen cxovrebas nadirobiTa da SegrovebiT da arasodes ucdiaT, gadaeqciaT TavianTi garemo myar sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxlebad. uSualo kavSiri garemosa da warmoebis sistemas Soris didi ar aris. amitom adaptaciaze, evolucionistebis naklebad aqcenti garemos mimarT vidre marqsis ideebi damajerebelia, socialuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan marqsi xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom adamianebi xSirad ver eguebian garemomcvel pirobebs, rogorc es cxovelebis SemTxvevaSia. adamiani yovelTvis cdilobs, ufro metad daimorCilos mis garSemo arsebuli samyaro, vidre igi mzamzareulad miiRos. ufro metic, udavoa, rom warmoebis tipebi Zlier gavlenas axdens socialuri cvlilebis 6 donesa da xasiaTze, Tumca, maT iseTi yovlismomcveli zegavlena ara aqvs, rogorsac marqsi miawers. Ppolitikuri organizacia Mmeore faqtori, cvlilebaze, romelic politikuri monadireTa da Zlier zemoqmedebs organizaciis SemgrovebelTa tipia. socialur es sazogadoebebSi zegavlena minimumamdea dayvanili, vinaidan aq ar aris politikuri xelisufleba, romelic Temis wevrebis mobilizebas SesZlebda. Tumca, sazogadoebis yvela danarCen tipSi, arsebobs garkveuli politikuri organo _ beladi, memamule, mefe Tu mTavroba – romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kursze Zlier gavlenas axdens. politikuri sistemebi ar warmoadgens safuZvelmdebare ekonomikuri organizaciis uSualo gamoxatulebas, sistemis mqone rogorc es marqss sazogadoebebSi, sjeroda. SesaZloa, msgavsi warmoebis politikuri wyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli tipebi arsebobdes. magaliTad, industriul kapitalizmze dafuZnebul zogierT sazogadoebas avtoritaruli politikuri aparteidis sistema qveS hqonda myofi (magaliTad, samxreT nacisturi afrika), maSin germania roca an sxvebi gacilebiT metad demokratiulebi arian (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi, britaneTi an SvedeTi). Uumetesi fundamentur tradiciuli rols samxedro saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebaSi Zala is asrulebda; erTnairad axdenda zemoqmedebas rogorc am qveynis Semdgom gadarCenaze, aseve mis mier moxdenil eqspansiaze. Tumca, kavSiri warmoebis donesa da samxedro Zlierebas Soris, kvlav arapirdapiria. magaliTad, mmarTvels SeuZlia mTeli resursi samxedro Zlierebis aSenebas moaxmaros, maSin rodesac es mosaxleobis umravlesobas siRaribeSi agdebs, rogorc es sadam huseinis mmarTvelobis dros eraySi moxda. 7 kulturuli faqtorebi Mmesame ZiriTadi kulturuli zegavlena faqtorebiTaa socialur ganpirobebuli, cvlilebaze rac gulisxmobs religiis, komunikaciuri sistemebis da lideris gavlenas. rogorc me-16 TavSi davinaxeT, konservatuli, religiuri muxruWs aseve rwmenis religia inovaciuri zogierTi warmoadgenda da, SeiZleba Zala forma upirveles iyos socialur da cxovrebaSi. praqtika yovlisa, rogorc cvlilebis xazs usvamda tradiciuli Rirebulebebisa da ritualebis aRiarebis saWiroebas. Tumca, rogorc maqs veberi aRniSnavda, religiuri mrwamsi, xSirad, mamobilizebel rols asrulebda socialuri cvlilebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani kulturuli zegavlena, rac zemoqmedebs cvlilebis saxesa da tempze, sakomunikacio sistemebia, magaliTad, damwerlobis SemoRebam Seqmna Canawerebis Senaxvis saSualeba, gaaZliera kontroli materialur resursebze da xeli Seuwyo msxvili organizaciebis ganviTarebas. garda amisa, damwerlobam Secvala adamianebis warmodgena warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis kavSirze. sazogadoebebi, romlebsac damwerloba aqvs, inaxavs warsuli movlenebis Canawerebs da acnobierebs, rom gaaCnia istoria. istoriis mTliani dinamikis sazogadoeba, da gagebam an SeiZleba xazis adamianebi, warmoSvas SegrZneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarebis romelsac misdevs aqtiurad Seecadon saTauris qveS mis Semdgom xelSewyobas. Kkulturuli faqtorebis zogadi SeiZleba movaqcioT liderobac. msoflio istoriaSi calkeul liderebs uzarmazari zegavlena hqondaT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT udidesi religiuri figurebi (qristes msgavsad), politikuri da samxedro liderebi (rogoricaa iulius keisari), an axali mecnierebis da 8 filosofiis Semqmnelebi (rogoricaa niutoni). liders SeuZlia gaataros dinamiuri politika, masiurad miizidos mimdevrebi, an radikalurad Secvalos azrovnebis arsebuli modeli, SeuZlia daamxos adre damyarebuli wesrigi. Tumca, individebs liderobis miRweva da efeqturi marTva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT, Tu xelSemwyobi socialuri pirobebi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi, germaniaSi adolf hitlerma Zalauflebis gamowveuli iyo xelSi Cagdeba daZabulobiTa da rom SeZlo, krizisiT, rasac nawilobriv qveyana im periodSi ganicdida, Tu ara arsebuli garemoebebi, igi albaT umniSvnelo figurad darCeboda romelime politikur fraqciaSi. aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT mahaTma gandi, gamoCenili pacefisti lideri indoeTSi, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi moRvaweobda. gandim SeZlo efeqturad daecva Tavisi qveynis damoukidebloba britaneTis mmarTvelobisgan imis gamo, rom omma da sxva movlenebma daangria arsebuli koloniuri institutebi indoeTSi. cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi riTi Tanamedrove aixsneba is, periodSi, rom bolo socialuri orasi wlis cvlilebis manZilze, tempis anu amgvari daCqareba SeimCneva? es rTuli sakiTxia, Tumca Zneli ar aris zogierTi masSi Semavali faqtoris zusti gansazRvra. Ggasakviri ar aris, rom maTi kategoriebad dayofa im erTiani xazis mixedviT SegviZlia, romlis msgavsma faqtorebmac gavlena iqonia socialur cvlilebaze mTeli istoriis manZilze; garda im siaxlisa, rom fizikuri garemos gavlenas ganvixilavT ekonomikuri faqtorebis saerTo mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. 9 Eekonomikuri gavlena Eekonomikuri gavlenebidan, yvelaze farTo samrewvelo kapitalizmis zegavlenaa. Kkapitalizmis fundamenturi gansxvaveba manamde arsebuli warmoebiTi sistemebisgan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi gulisxmobs warmoebis mudmiv gafarToebas da simdidris mzard dagrovebas. tradiciul sawarmoo sistemebSi, warmoebis done sakmaod statikuri iyo, vinaidan ucvlel da Cveul moTxovnebze iyo damokidebuli. kapitalizmi xels uwyobs sawarmoo teqnologiis mudmiv ganaxlebas; am procesSi Zalze didia mecnierebis wvlili, Tanamedrove warmoebaSi koeficienti teqnologiuri gacilebiT maRalia, inovaciebis vidre manamde gamoyenebis arsebuli ekonomikuri wesis romelime tipSi. Mmecnierebisa wesze, da SesaZloa, teqnologiis ekonomikuri zegavlena faqtorebiT Cveni cxovrebis didad iyos ganpirobebuli, Tumca igi ekonomikuri sferos miRmac vrceldeba. mecniereba da teqnologia, udavod, axdens gavlenas, Tumca Tavadac politikuri mecnieruli da da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenas ganicdis. teqnologiuri ganviTareba, komunikaciis iseTi Tanamedrove formebis SeqmnaSi daexmara, rogoricaa, magaliTad, radio da eleqtronuli politikaSi. televizia. formebi, radio, rogorc bolo televizia davinaxeT, wlebSi, da sxva komunikaciis es cvlilebebs iwvevs eleqtronuli media saSualebebi, aseve, ayalibeben Cvens azrovnebis wessa da samyaros xedvas. P politikuri gavlena Tanamedrove periodSi, socialur cvlilebaze gavlenis momxdeni meore ZiriTadi faqtori politikuri movlenebia. erebs 10 Soris brZola sakuTari Zalauflebis damkvidrebisTvis, miswrafeba simdidris SeqmnisTvis da samxedro upiratesoba yvela konkurentze – es iyo cvlilebis energetikuli muxti, bolo ori Tu sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi. tradiciul civilizaciebSi, politikuri cvlileba, Cveulebriv, elitiT Semoifargleboda. magaliTad, erT aristokratiul ojaxs cvlida meore mmarTveli, maSin rodesac mosaxleobis umravlesobis cxovreba SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda. Tanamedrove politikur sistemebSi ase ar xdeba; aq politikuri liderebis da mTavrobis wevrebis aqtivoba mudmivad aisaxeba mosaxleobis cxovrebaze. politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, rogorc sagareo, aseve saSinao saqmeebSi, mxars uWeren da warmarTaven socialur cvlilebas gacilebiT farTod, vidre es adre xdeboda. Bbolo ori ganviTarebam cvlilebaze, politikur Tu sami garkeveuli Tumca saukunis manZilze, zemoqmedeba iseve, ganviTarebaze. rogorc amJamad, politikurma moaxdina ekonomikurma mTavrobebi ekonomikur cvlilebam umTavres – rols asruleben ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis saqmeSi (zogjer ki aneleben mas); yvela maRali xarisxiT industriul ereva sazogadoebaSi, warmoebaSi, vinaidan saxelmwifo mTavroba gaSualebulad Tavad aris udidesi damsaqmebeli. AZalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs samxedro Zalas da omebsac. me17 saukunidan dawyebuli, dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro Zalebis warmatebebma, saSualeba msoflioze da sayovelTao gavrceleba. misca maT, uzrunveleyoT Mmeoce zegavlena dasavluri saukuneSi, moexdinaT cxovrebis orma msoflio mTel wesis omma Zalze Rrma gavlena iqonia – mravali qveynis gaCanagebam, romelsac mohyva aRdgenis procesebi, mravali instituciuri cvlileba gamoiwvia, magaliTad. Ggermaniasa da iaponiaSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg. gamarjvebulma qveynebmac ki, rogoric gaerTianebuli 11 samefoa, mravali Sinagani cvlileba ganicada, rac ekonomikaze omis Sedegebis gavlenas warmoadgenda. Kkulturuli gavlena Kkulturul faqtorebs Soris, ramac, Cvens droSi, gavlena iqonia socialuri ganviTarebam da cvlilebis azrovnebis procesebze sekularizaciam – _ mecnierebis xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove msoflmxedvelobis kritikuli da inovaciuri xasiaTis Camoyalibebas. Cveulebebi Cven ukve misaRebia aRar mxolod miviCnevT, imitom, rom rom Cvevebi maT da wes- saukunovani tradicia aqvs. amis sapirispirod, Cveni cxovrebis wesi, sul ufro met `racionalur~ safuZvels moiTxovs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos dizaini ar unda eyrdnobodes ZiriTadad tradiciul gemovnebas, aramed saavadmyofos ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes – avadmyofis efeqtur mkurnalobas. AamasTan erTad, Seicvala Cveni azrovnebis wesi da Cveni ideebis Sinaarsi. TviTsrulyofis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da demokratiuli monawileobis idealebi, umTavresad, gasuli ori-sami saukunis produqtia. aseTi idealebi, socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis procesebis mobilizebas emsaxureboda, revoluciebis CaTvliT. es ideebi ar SeiZleba tradiciebTan yofiliyvnen mibmulni, aramed ufro metad miuTiTebdnen cxovrebis wesis mudmivi ganaxlebis aucileblobas, adamianis srulyofis mizniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es universaluri idealebi da dasavleTSi globaluria, da Caisaxa, xels isini uwyobs namdvilad cvlilebas msoflios umetes regionebSi. mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi 12 sad mivyavarT dRes socialur cvlilebas? GganviTarebis ra ZiriTadi tendenciebia, romelmac, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos Cvens cxovrebaze ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi? sociologiis Teoretikosebi ver Tanxmdebian am SekiTxvebis pasuxebze, radgan isini mraval savaraudo varauds Seicavs. perspeqtivas: postindustrul aq ganvixilavT mosazrebas, sazogadoebaSi sam rom vcxovrobT; sxvadasxva Cven ideas, amJamad rom Cven mivaRwieT postmodernul periods; da Teorias, rom Cven mivaRwieT `istoriis dasasruls.~ Ppostindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT? zogierTi mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom is, rac dRes xdeba, gardamavali safexuria axali sazogadoebisken. romelic ukve aRar efuZneba industrializms. ganviTarebis fazaSi, isini romelic acxadeben, rom Cven SevdivarT mTlianad industriuli epoqis miRmaa. axali socialuri wesrigis aRsaniSnavad, mravali axali termini Seiqmna, informaciuli rogoricaa sazogadoeba, momsaxurebis sazogadoeba da codnis sazogadoeba. Tumca termini, romelic damkvidrda SeerTebul StatebSi postindustriuli (niSnavs _ pirvelad da alen sazogadoebaa `Semdgomi~) ganmartavs gamoiyenes turenma deniel safrangeTSi (Bell 1973; Touraine, 1974). azrs, rom belma Cven – `post~ vmoZraobT industriuli ganviTarebis Zveli formebis miRma. saxelwodebebis mravalgvaroba ukve migvaniSnebs im uamrav ideaze, romelic cvlilebebis mudmivad SemoTavazebulia interpretaciisTvis. Cndeba, es aris mimdinare Tumca, informaciis Tu erTi socialuri Tema, codnis romelic mniSvneloba momavlis sazogadoebaSi. Cveni cxovrebis wesi, romelic efuZneba materialuri saqonlis warmoebas, da dazgisa da fabrikis Zalas 13 eyrdnoba. iseTi warmoebiT icvleba, sadac informacia warmoadgens sawarmoo sistemis safuZvels. postindustriuli sazogadoebis yvelaze cxadi da amomwuravi suraTi mogvca deniel belma Tavis wignSi “The Coming of the Postindustrial Society” (1973). beli miuTiTebs, rom postindustriuli wesrigi gamoirCeva nacvlad, momsaxurebis romlis sferos safuZvelze iwarmoeba.Llurjsayeloiani gazrdiT, im samuSaos materialuri muSa, romelic saqoneli fabrikaSi an dazgasTanaa dakavebuli, ukve aRar warmoadgens daqiravebuli muSis aucilebel tips. TeTrsayeloiani muSebi (klerkebi da kvalificirebuli specialistebi) lurjsayeloianebze metni arian; profesiuli da teqnikuri specialobebi yvelaze swrafad izrdeba. Aadamianebi, romlebic ufro maRali donis TeTrsayeloianTa profesiebs floben, warmoebaSi. specializdebian warmoeba da informaciisa kontroli imisa, da rasac codnis beli kodificirebul codnas uwodebs – sistematur, koordinirebul informacias – sazogadoebis ZiriTadi resursia. isini, vinc am codnas qmnis specialistebi, da avrcelebs ekonomistebi, profesionalebi – yalibdebian da Zveli adgils ikaveben. industrializmisTvis ugulebelyofa; TandaTan sistemis – mecnierebi, inJinrebi wamyvan da ufro Ria da doneze, damaxasiaTebeli adamianebi yvela socialur mwarmoeblebisa kulturis kompiuteris arian `samuSao saxis jgufebad mewarmeTa SeiniSneba eTikis~ inovaciebisTvis da siamovnebas Rebuloben rogorc TavianTi samuSaosgan, ise kerZo cxovrebisgan. ramdenad safuZvliania Tvalsazrisi, rom Zveli industriuli wesrigi axali postindustriuli sazogadoebiT Seicvleba? miuxedavad imisa, rom xsenebuli Tezisi farTod iqna miRebuli, 14 empiriuli mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac igi eyrdnoba, Semdegi saxis eWvebs iwvevs: 1. tendencia momsaxurebis sferos mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan axlavs samuSao adgilebis Semcireba sawarmoo seqtorebSi, TiTqmis industrializaciis sawyisebidan daiwyo; es ar aris axali movlena _ adreuli 1800-iani wlebidan warmoebac da momsaxurebac soflis meurneobis xarjze gafarTovda; amasTan, momsaxurebis seqtori sul ufro swrafad viTardeboda, vidre warmoeba. lurjsayeloiani muSa, realurad, arasodes gavrcelebuli tipi; iyo daqiravebuli daqiravebuli muSebi, muSis yvelaze yovelTvis, soflis meurneobaSi da momsaxurebaSi muSaobdnen; amasTan, momsaxurebis sfero izrdeboda maSin, roca soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa ricxvi mcirdeboda. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba sawarmoo samuSaodan momsaxurebaze gadasvla ki ar iyo, aramed sasoflo saqmianobidan yvela sxva saqmianobaze gadasvla. 2. momsaxurebis seqtori Zalze mravalferovania. momsaxurebis profesia ar SeiZleba ubralod gavaigivoT TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobasTan; momsaxurebis mravali saqmianoba (magaliTad, benzin gasamrT mizeziT, sadgurze rom is momuSave) xeliT lurjsayeloianebs samuSaoa. ganekuTvneba TeTrsayeloianTa im dasaqmebis umetesoba mcire, magram mainc specializebul codnas moiTxovs da, garkveulwilad, meqanizebuli xdeba. asea mravali dabali rangis saofise samuSaos SemTxvevaSi. 3. momsaxurebis seqtorSi, mravali saqmianoba CarTulia procesebSi, romelic, sabolood, materialur produqts qmnis da amitom igi warmoebis nawilad unda CaiTvalos. Aamrigad, kompiuteris programisti, romelic sawarmoo firmaSi muSaobs da manqana-iaraRebis daproeqtebas da monitorings axorcielebs, uSualodaa CarTuli materialuri produqtis Seqmnis procesSi. 15 4. veravin mikroprocesuli ityvis da darwmunebiT, eleqtronuli Tu rogori sakomunikacio iqneba sistemebis zegavlena Soreul momavalSi. amJamad, igi ufro integrirebulia samrewvelo sawarmoebaSi da naklebad aviwroebs mas. naTlad Cans, rom aseTi teqnologiebi gaagrZelebs inovaciis maRali reitingis Cvenebas da Tumca, jer socialuri cxovrebis kidev sazogadoebaSi, sadac gaurkvevelia, met sferoebSi gavrceldeba. ramdenad kodificirebuli codna vcxovrobT ZiriTad iseT resurss warmoadgens. 5. postindustriuli ekonomikuri aseTi faqtorebis sazogadoeba sazogadoebis mniSvnelobas koncefcia socialur daxasiaTebulia, azviadebs cvlilebebSi. rogorc ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegi, rac sxva institutebSic iwvevs cvlilebas. postindustriuli hipoTezis mravali mimdevari Zalze mcire gavlenas ganicdida an aSkarad kritikulad iyo ganwyobili marqsis mimarT; Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi pozicia kvazimarqsistulia, gansakuTrebiT imaSi, rom maTi SexedulebiT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi ganageben socialur cvlilebas. Mmravali movlena, romlis citirebasac axdenen postindustriis Teoretikosebi, Tanamedrove epoqis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa, Tumca aradamajerebelia, rom postindustruli sazogadoebis koncefcia saukeTeso gzaa mis gamosaxatavad. Uufro metic, Zalebi, romlebic dRes cvlilebis ukan dgas, politikuri da kulturulia, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri. Ppostmodernizmi da istoriis dasasruli zogierTi avtori ise Sors wavida, rom ambobs, rom movlenebi, romlebic amJamad xdeba, gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre industrializmis dasasrulze signali. rac xdeba, mxolod da mxolod moZraobaa 16 modernizmis miRma asocirebuli rwmenas – damokidebulebebi Tanamedrove progresSi, SesaZleblobas, sazogadoebebTan, mecnierebis vmarToT da cxovrebis wesi, gulisxmobs Cvens upiratesobas Tanamedrove samyaro. da Cvens Ppostmodernuli epoqa modis an ukve mosulia. Ppostmodernizmis sazogadoebebi Tavisi damcvelebi STagonebulni moxazuloba – is acxadeben, arian ideiT, `miemarTeba rom rom Tanamedrove istorias sadRac~ da aqvs mivyavarT progresisken – da rom es warmodgena daingra. ukve aRar arsebobs `didi narativebi~ _ istoriis yovlismomcveli koncefciebi romlebic raime sazrisis matarebelia (Lyotard 1985). _ ar arsebobs ara marto progresis zogadi cneba, romelic SeiZleba davicvaT, aramed saerTod amgvarad, ar arsebobs postmodernuli iseTi samyaro ram, rasac Zalze istoria pluralisturi hqvia. da mravalgvaria. uamravi filmis, video da satelevizio programis gziT, warmosaxvebi cirkulirebs mTel msoflioSi. Cven veziarebiT mraval ideasa da Rirebulebas, Tumca amas Zalze susti kavSiri aqvs im konkretuli adgilis istoriasTan, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, an Tundac Cvens pirad istoriebTan. yvelaferi mudmiv moZraobaSia. avtorTa erTi jgufi ase gamoxatavda amas: Cveni samyaro axlidan iqmneba. Mmasobrivi warmoeba, masobrivi moxmareba, didi qalaqi, dangreuli mikroraioni, ufrosi Zmasaxelmwifo, eri-saxelmwifo dacemas ganicdis. Warbobs moqniloba, gansxvavebuloba, diferenciacia, mobiloba, komunikacia, decentralizacia da internacionalizacia. am procesSi, Cveni identoba, Cveni meobis SegrZneba, Cveni subieqtivoba gardaiqmneba. Cven vimyofebiT axali epoqis gardamaval periodSi (S. Hall et al. 1988). amboben, rom istoria mTavrdeba modernizmTan erTad, vinaidan aRar arsebobs gza, zogadi terminebiT aRwero pluralisturi samyaro, romelic Semovida Cvens yofaSi. Ffukuiama da istoriis dasasruli 17 Mmwerali, romlis saxeli gaigivebulia frazasTan `istoriis dasasruli~ frensis dasasrulis fukuiamaa. fukuiamas Sesaxeb, erTi koncefcia SexedviT, istoriis postmodernizmis Teoretikosebis mier wamoyenebuli ideebis savsebiT sapirispiros warmoadgens. Mmisi Sexedulebebi dafuZnebulia ara modernizmis ngrevaze, aramed mis msoflio triumfze, kapitalizmisa da liberaluri demokratiis saxiT. Ffukuiama Tvlis, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlis revoluciebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT da sxva regionebSi mravalpartiuli adreuli epoqebis dasasruli, demokratiisTvis moZraobiT, ideologiuri brZolebi dasrulda. istoriis alternativebis monarqizms, xolo komunizmsac, dasavluri dasasrulia. faSizmi warsulis demokratiis ukve aRaravin fenomenia. ZiriTad daicavs es metoqes. exeba marqsis winaswarmetyvelebis sapirispirod, kapitalizmma mougo xangrZlivi brZola socializms da liberalurma fukuiama amtkicebs, rom Cven mivaRwieT evoluciis bolo universalizacias, wertils rogorc demokratiam gaimarjva. `kacobriobis ideologiuri da adamianuri dasavluri demokratiis mmarTvelobis saboloo formas~ (1989). Tumca, istoriis dasasrulis ori versia, ise daSorebuli ar aris erTmaneTisgan, rogorc SeiZleba mogveCvenos. liberaluri demokratia aris struqtura gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis da interesebis gamosaxatavad. is ar adgens, rogor unda moviqceT, garda imisa, rom moiTxovs sxvebis Sexedulebebis pativiscemas; amitom igi uTavsdeba pluralistur Sexedulebebsa da cxovrebis wess. Sefaseba Zalze saeWvoa, rom istoria SeCerdeba, im azriT, rom Cven amovwuravT yvela arsebul SesaZleblobas. vis SeuZlia Tqvas, 18 rogori ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli wyobis axali formebi gaCndeba momavalSi? iseve rogorc Suasaukuneebis moazrovneebs ar hqondaT warmodgena industriul sazogadoebaze, romelic feodalizmis daqveiTebis Semdeg unda gaCeniliyo, Cvenc, am momentisTvis, ar SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rogor Seicvleba msoflio momaval saukuneSi. Aamitom, dasasrulis Cven unda ideis, Ppostmodernizmis gansxvavebulobasa axali formebis gvqondes aseve varaudebi ideis Sesaxeb. zedmetad fragmentacias, xarjze. istoriis postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi da rogorc usvamen globaluri pluralizmi xazs integraciis mniSvnelovania, Tumca kacobrioba dRes saerTo problemebis winaSe dgas, im problemebis, romelTa gadawyveta saerTo wamowyebebs kapitalisturi eqspansia ar SeiZleba moiTxovs. erTi mxriv, usazRvrod gagrZeldes; msoflios mxolod sasruli resursebi gaaCnia. rogorc erTian kacobriobas, Cven gvWirdeba, gadavdgaT nabijebi im ekonomikuri dayofis gadasalaxad, romelic mdidar da Rarib qveynebs mijnavs erTmaneTisgan, iseve rogorc segmentaciebis gadasalaxad. sazogadoebebis amiT Cven aseve SigniT vicavT arsebuli resursebs, romlebzec yvela varT damokidebulni. politikuri wyobis doneze, mxolod liberaluri demokratia sakmarisi ar aris. rogorc struqtura, SezRuduli eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebiT, is ver wyvets problemas, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seiqmnas Zaladobisgan Tavisufali globaluri pluralisturi wyoba. safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis Pproblema, romlis winaSec yoveli adamiani dgas, garemos ekologias ukavSirdeba. samrewvelo warmoebis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad, garemos, SesaZloa, ukve miadga gamousworebeli ziani. 19 ekologiuri problema marto imas ki ar gulisxmobs, Tu rogor gavumklavdeT perioduli gzis da SevaCeroT samrewvelo gamonaxva garemosTvis katastrofebi, industriuli zianis aramed miyeneba cxovrebis sazogadoebebis da swori farglebSi. Tu gamudmebuli ekonomikuri zrda unda SeCerdes, SesaZloa warmoiSvas axali socialuri winaswargaTvla faqtobrivad, institutebi. SeuZlebelia, gaiRos da teqnologiuri SesaZlebelia, sakmarisi resursebi progresis rom dedamiwam, industrializaciis procesisTvis, Tumca, arsebuli momentisTvis, amis miRweva Znelia, da Tu mesame msoflios qveynebma unda miaRwion dasavleTSi miRebul standartebs, globaluri gardaqmna aucilebeli gaxdeba. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis Semdeg, rac aTaswleulebis win moxda, adamianebma SemgrovebelTa kvali sazogadoebebi, kmayofildebodnen; isini daaCines bunebas. ZiriTadad, imiT monadireTa bunebisgan arsebobdnen, da boZebuliT riTac garemo uzrunvelyofda, da TiTqmis ar cdilobdnen, maT irgvliv arsebuli garemos gardaqmnas. soflis situacia Seicvala. meurneobis marcvleulis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mosayvanad, miwa unda gasufTavebuliyo, xeebi unda moeWraT da sarevela da veluri mcenareebi unda amoeZirkvaT. im dros, primitiuli sasoflo- sameurneo samuSaoebic ki niadagis erozias iwvevda. roca bunebrivi tyeebi iWreboda da wmenda dasruldeboda, qarebs SeeZlo, gaefanta niadagis nayofieri fena. Semdeg fermeruli Temebi wmendnen miwis nakveTebs da ase grZeldeboda procesi. zogierTi landSafti, romelic dRes bunebrivi gvgonia, rogoricaa, magalTiad, kldovani adgilebi da daRaruli miwebi saberZneTis samxreT dasavleTSi, sinamdvileSi, niadagis eroziis Sedegia, rac fermerebis saqmianobiTaa gamowveuli, xuTi aTasi wlis win. Tumca, Tanamedrove mrewvelobis ganviTarebamde, adamianTa cxovrebaSi bunebas gacilebiT meti upiratesoba eniWeboda, vidre 20 raime sxvas. dRes, adamianis SeWra bunebaSi iseTi intensiurobiT xdeba, rom Zalze cota bunebrivi procesi SeiZleba davasaxeloT, razec adamianis aqtivoba ar axdendes zegavlenas. TiTqmis mTeli nayofieri miwa sasoflo-sameurneo produqts aqvs dakavebuli. is, rac TiTqmis fondad daubegravi gadaiqca, veluri rasac adgilebi iyo, yoveldRiurad axla bunebis aTasobiT turisti moinaxulebs. TviT msoflios klimatic ki, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, mrewvelobis globaluri ganviTarebis gavlenas ganicdis. `mwvaneTa~ megobrebi an globalur moZraobebi grinpisi) da partiebi romlebic, organizaciebs, (rogoricaa, zogjer garemosTan Tavad dedamiwis warmoadgenen dakavSirebuli axali saSiSroebis pasuxad Camoyalibdnen. Tumca arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari filosofiebi mwvaneTa rigebSi, ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa, ganaxorcielos qmedebebi msoflio garemos dasacavad, ufro mis konservaciaze izrunos, vidre gamofitos misi resursebi; aseve, SeinarCunos cxovelTa darCenili saxeebi. AaseulobiT cxovelTa saxe gadaSenda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze da es procesi axlac grZeldeba. Ggaremos gansakuTrebiT dacvasTan mwvavea dakavSirebuli specifikur zogierTi teritoriebze. problema, AaRmosavleT evropis yofil komunistur sazogadoebebSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi, mdinareebi, tyeebi narCenebiT. Aam da haeri dabinZurebis Zalze dabinZurebulia Sedegebi, Tu zRvars warmoebis gascdeba, potenciurad, mTel msoflios edeba. rogorc viciT, sazogadoebebi dedamiwaze gacilebiT metad urTierTdamokidebulni gaxdnen, vidre odesme iyvnen. rogorc `dedamiwis kosmosuri xomaldis~ mgzavrebi, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sad vcxovrobT, yvela Cveni garemos koroziis saSiSroebis winaSe varT. Ggermaneli sociologis ulrix bekis sityvebiT, amgvari situacia ubiZgebs globaluri riskis sazogadoebis Seqmnas (Beck, 1992). Cven axla globalur wesrigSi 21 vcxovrobT, sadac safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT, ekologiuri safrTxis CaTvliT, rac wina Taobebs ar gamoucdiaT. moxmareba da garemo msoflio moxmarebis revolucias ganicdis. 1950-iani wlebidan energiis, xorcis, spilenZis, foladis da a.S. moxmarebis gaormageba moxda. manqanis mflobelebis ricxvi gaoTxmagebulia, plastikatis gamoyenebam Zalze farTo saxe miiRo, xolo TviTmfrinaviT mgzavroba gaxSirda daaxloebiT 33-jer. resursebis gamoyeneba erTnairad ar xdeba. Mmsoflios mosaxleobis mexuTedi ar iTvleba momxmareblad, Tumca dasavlelTa saSualo klasis umetesoba CarTulia moxmarebaSi. SeerTebul StatebSi, adamianebis mxolod meaTeds umgzavria TviTmfrinaviT. miuxedavad amisa, momxmarebelTa es mcire jgufi yvelaze Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze. AaraaRdgenadi da SezRuduli resursebis daCqarebuli gamoyeneba, ekosistemas riskis qveS ayenebs. kakao ganviTarebad qveynebSi izrdeba, Tumca mas umTavresad CrdiloeTSi miirTmeven. magaliTad, afrika mis mier warmoebuli kakaos mxolod 3 procents moixmars. Tumca, bunebrivi ekosistemebi nadgurdeba Sokoladis warmoebis gamo. Ggaremos mzardi dabinZureba zians ayenebs tyeebs, sasmel wyals da okeaneebs. germanelma mkvlevarebma gamoiTvales, rom aTi wlis manZilze, saSualod, manqana gamoyofs 2,040 milion kub. m (cu m) / 72,040 milion kub. ft (cu ft) dabinZurebul haers, 26,5 t / 29,9 t. narCenebs, pasuxismgebelia 3 mkvdar xesa da 30 `daavadebul~ xeze, misi wvliliT mJavur wvimebSi, agreTve 200 kv. metri / 2,200 kv. futi gzebis gudronis feniT da betoniT dafarvaSi. momxmarebloba gansakuTrebul zewolas sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze da saTevzao adgilebze axdens. Tinusis mopoveba meqsikaSi weliwadSi 50-100 aTas delfinis sicocxles iwiravs. sinTeturi badeebiT 60 saxis zRvis frinvelis daWera xdeba mTels msoflioSi da pingvinebi uSualo safrTxis qveS arian. Mmiuxedavad bevri saubrisa, samxreTSi `mosaxleobis siWarbis~ Sesaxeb, msoflio resursebze zewola mdidari qveynebidan modis. mTeli msoflios mosaxleobisTvis, ubralod SeuZlebeli iqneboda, hqondeT moxmarebis iseTi done, rogoric CrdiloeTSia. aseTi problemebis mogvareba advili ar aris. konservacias, gadamuSavebas da grZelvadian produqtebs SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva. mgrZnobiare sakiTxi, mdidrebs Soris moxmarebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, Znelad midis adresatamde da albaT ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdeba momavalSi. wyaro: 1994 Hutehinson Gallup, INFO 1995, Helicon, gv. 527. 22 safrTxis wyaroebi Ggaremos dabinZureba, globaluri narCenebis mokle droSi, da safrTxe warmoqmna, resursebis mravali romlebic saxisaa: ver amowurva, romelic garemos gadamuSavdeba ver Seivseba. Sinauri narCenebis uzarmazari grova – rac nagvis bunkerebSi midis – da rac yoveldRe warmoiqmneba industriul sazogadoebebSi, SemaZrwunebelia; am sazogadoebebs zogjer `nagvis civilizacias~ uwodeben, radgan maTSi gadayrili sagnebis raodenoba Zalian didia. magaliTad, sakvebs umetesad yiduloben paketebSi da am paketebs dRis bolos yrian. zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba gadamuSavdes, zogierTi ki _ ara. zogierTi, farTod gamoyenebuli celofanis paketi, gadamuSaveba ubralod SeuZlebeliaDda gamoyenebul amitom is narCenad iqceva; misi damarxuli unda iyos bunkerebSi. rodesac garemos Sesaxeb analizebi narCenebis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva, es narCenebi ara marto gadagdebul saqonels niSnavs, aramed aseve datumbuli airis Semcvel narCenebs; amis magaliTia naxSirmJava, romelic atmosferoSi aRwevs, navTobis an naxSiris wvis Sedegad, manqanebSi da gasamarTav sadgurebSi; gazic aRwevs haerSi, aerozolis, kondicioneris an saizolacio masalis gamoyenebiT; naxSirmJava umTavres gavlenas axdens globaluri daTbobis procesze, rac, bevri mecnieris azriT, ukve xdeba (ix. diagrama 19.1), Tumca sxva airebic axdens zegavlenas ozonis safarze. fiqroben, mimdinareobs: atmosferoSi rom globaluri naxSirmJavas moqmedebs, daTboba TandaTanobiTi rogorc sarke Semdegnairad dagroveba saTburSi. igi dedamiwis SeRwevis saSualebas aZlevs mzis sxivebs, Tumca moqmedebs rogorc barieri, 23 xels uSlis sxivebis dedamiwis gaxurebaa. `saTburis efeqts~ adgili, yinulis sanapirosTan azriT, albaT, erTad, safari am dabrunebas. uwodeben. Sedegebi, movlenebTan ukan globalur Tu procesis globalur donis aweva okeaneebi gaSenebuli da zogjer daTbobas iqneba. moxdeba daTbeba qalaqebi Sedegi daTbobas gamanadgurebeli zRvis dadneba, am da da eqneba danarCen polaruli gafarTovdeba. dablobi adgilebi daitboreba da sacxovreblad uvargisi gaxdeba. Nnayofieri miwebis umetesoba udabnod gadaiqceva. ozonis SreebSia, safari, qmnis gamosxivebisgan. gamoiyeneba, romelic safars, Aairi, warmoqmnis dedamiwis romelic romelic atmosferos icavs ultraiisferi aerozolebSi nawilakebs, romelic zeda da macivrebSi reaqciaSi Sedis ozonis safarTan imgvarad, rom asustebs mas. Ffiqroben, rom es qimikatebi orive polusze warmoqmnian SesamCnev naxvretebs ozonis safarSi da aTxeleben am safars sxvaganac. radiacia, rogorc Sedegi, aRwevs potenciurad dedamiwis zianismomtan atmsoferos, efeqtebs, qmnis magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvar, iwvevs Tvalis kataraqtis gavrcelebas (ramac, SesaZloa, sibrmave gamoiwvios) da sxvadasxva xarisxis kanis kibos. Tanamedrove mrewvelobam, romelic jer kidev farTovdeba mTel msoflioSi, uCveulod gazarda moTxovnebi energiis wyaroze da nedleulze. Tumca, aseTi energis wyaro da nedli masala SezRudulia. magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili navTobis resursebis moxmarebis arsebuli koeficienti, sruliad amoiwureba 2050 wlisTvis. SesaZloa, aRmoCenil iqnes navTobis axali rezervebi an gamogonebul iqnes iafi energiis wyaro, Tumca namdvilad aris zRvari, rodesac zogierTi arsebiTi resursi amoiwureba, Tu globaluri moxmareba ar SeizRudeba. 24 Ggaremo: sociologiuri problema? ratom unda iyos garemo sociologebis sazrunavi? Ggana ar vmsjelobT sakiTxebze, teqnologebis fizikuri sferoa? ar teqnologiebiT aris, rac Ggana mxolod bunebis adamianebis industriuli gamowveuli? Ddiax, mecnierebisa zemoqmedeba warmoebis Tumca da bunebaze Tanamedrove unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove mrewvelobam da industriam arseboba moipova garkveul socialur institutebTan kavSirSi. Ggaremoze Cveni zemoqmedebis warmoSoba socialuria, da aseTivea mravali misi Sedegic. Aamitom, globaluri garemos gadarCena, niSnavs socialur, iseve rogorc teqnologiur cvlilebas. mocemul globalur uTanasworobaSi, Zalze mcire Sansia, rom mesame msoflios Raribi qveynebi daTmoben ekonomikur zrdas, garemos problemebis gamo, romlebze pasuxismgebelnic mdidari qveynebi arian. Tumca, dedamiwaze ar aris sakmarisi resursi imisaTvis, rom planetaze mcxovrebma yvela adamianma miaRwios cxovrebis im standarts, rac industriul sazogadoebebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesobisTvis TavisTavadi mocemulobaa. amitom, Tu msoflios uRaribesi seqtorebi unda daewion ufro mdidrebs, am ukanasknelebma unda gadaxedon maT molodinebs mudmiv ekonomikur zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. zogierTi `mwvane~ avtori miiCnevs, rom mdidari qveynebis adamianebi unda gamovidnen momxmareblobis winaaRmdeg da daubrundnen cxovrebis ufro martiv wess, Tu gvinda, rom globaluri ekologiuri katastrofa acilebul iqnes. globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva vinaidan momavals Cveni saukunis TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT, ver ganvWvretT, aRiniSneba Tu ara momavali asi weli mSvidobiani 25 socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebi momravldeba, SesaZleblobas ganviTarebiT, romelTa aRemateba. Tu gadaWrac gansxvavebiT im globaluri kacobriobis sociologebisgan, romlebic ori saukunis win werdnen, Cven naTlad vxedavT, rom Tanamedrove mrewvelobas, teqnologias da mecnierebas namdvilad ar moutaniaT savsebiT warmatebuli Sedegebi. dRes, msoflio gacilebiT mravalricxovani da mdidaria, vidre odesme; Cven gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, vakontroloT Cveni bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT cxovreba, rac warmoudgeneli iyo wina TaobebisTvis; miuxedavad amisa, msoflio katastrofasTan. Zalze Aamisma damokidebulebis gvTavazobs, aris pasuxismgeblobis axloa Tqmam ekonomikur xeli ar ganviTarebas.EerTi, socialuri Rrma da unda Seuwyos rasac institutebis cnobiereba. Cvens ekologiur mier uimedo sociologia adamianuri Tanamedrove socialuri cvlilebis uaryofiTi mxaris gacnobiereba, xels ar SegviSlis, mxari davuWiroT realistur da imedismomcem Tvalsazriss momavlis Sesaxeb. riskis qveS myofi axali saxeoba industriul qveynebSi, SesaZloa, metad viyoT daculni iseTi saSiSi movlenebisgan, rogoricaa Savi Wiri, naRmebi da sxva bunebrivi ubedurebebi, da Cveni gauTviTcnobiereblobac msgavsi masStabisaa. es yvelaferi warmoiSva teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ramac erT-erTma pirvelma moaxdina gavlena socialur cvlilebaze. yvelaze ufro saSiSi am gaurkvevlobebidan aris radiaciisa da sxva saxis toqsikuri mowamvla. ubedureba moxda iseT adgilebSi, rogorcaa sami milis kunZuli pelsilvaniaSi, bhopalSi indoeTSi da CernobilSi, ukrainaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ubeduri SemTxvevebi TavisTavad, SesaZloa, lokaluri iyo, maTi Sedegebi Zalze Sor distanciebs miswvda da Segvaxsena, rom samyaro Cvens garSemo sul ufro metad aris urTierTdakavSirebuli. safrTxe imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom dRemde arsebul nebismier Taobaze metad, Cven vdgavarT gaurkveveli bedis winaSe. 26 NnaSromSi “A New Species of Trouble” (1994) eriqsoni, sociologi ielis universitetidan, fiqrobs, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebi ar hgavs bunebriv ubedurebebs, romlebmac ngrevebi gamoiwvia adreul sazogadoebebSi, vinaidan `toqsikuri sawamlavi adamianebze axleburad da sxva gzebiT zemoqmedebs.~ eriksonma didi dro moandoma iseT adgilebSi mogzaurobas, romlebmac ganicades bunebrivi da adamianuri ubedurebebi. igi intervius iRebda TviTmxilvelebisgan. rogorc sociologma, man am interviuebidan monacemebi Tavis naSromebSi gamoiyena, magram aseve ganmeorebiT Seamowma sasamarTlo procesebis Sedegebi, romlebic aseTi katastrofebis mxsverplT Seexeboda, raTa misi samecniero eqspertiziT Seefasebina arsebuli problemebi. rogorc sazogadoebrivi katastrofebis kvlevis pioners, eriqsons miaCnia, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebrivi katastrofebi, rogoricaa qariSxlebi da SimSili, TvalsaCino da dakvirvebadia, toqsikuri Sxamebis umetesi formebi `ar gamoicnoba Cveuli adamianuri SegrZenebebiT~. Aadamianebma xSirad arc ician mavne zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. meore gansxvaveba bunebriv da adamianis mier gamowveul katastrofebs Soris isaa, rom bunebriv katastrofas garkveuli dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs, maSin rodesac adamianis mier gamowveul katastrofas `ara aqvs xangrZlivoba, bunebrivi dro; da amitom misi msxverplni mudmivi safrTxisa da SiSis mdgomareobaSi arian.~ gazis gaJonvis Sedegad, erTma dazaralebulma auxsna eriqsons: `me mgoni, Cemi uimedobis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom Cven gvaqvs SegrZneba, rom es grZeldeba, grZeldeba da grZeldeba da arasodes dasruldeba. es iseTi uimedo SegrZnebaa, iyo amgvar situaciaSi da gindodes Seni momavali cxovrebis dagegmva.DSen ar SegZilia amis gakeTeba, vinaidan xel-fex Sekruli xar imiT, rom ar ici, SegiZlia Tu ara gayido saxli, SegiZlia Tu ara gadaadgilde. gWirdeba qalaqSi yofna? SegiZlia datovo qalaqi? es rom bunebrivi ubedureba yofiliyo, romelic dasrulda – tornado Tu miwisZvra – Cven gvecodineboda, ra mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT, da SevZlebdiT win wasvlas da cxovrebasTan Seguebas.” M Sejameba 1. Tanamedrove dRevandel dRemde periodma – – cvlilebis daaxloebiT procesSi me-18 saukunidan eqstraordinaluri aCqareba ganicada.AalbaT am periodSi, rac kacobriobis istoriaSi drois Zalze mcire segmentia, ufro meti cvlileba moxda, vidre mTel winamorbed periodSi. 27 2. verc erTi `erTi faqtoris~ Teoria ver axsnis mTlian socialur cvlilebas. SesaZlebelia, ganvasxvaoT ramdenime mTavari gavlena cvlilebaze, romelTagan pirveli materialur garemosTan Seguebaa. sxvebia _ fizikuri garemo, politikuri organizacia da kulturuli faqtorebi. 3. Tanamedrove faqtorebs socialuri Sorisaa cvlilebis industriuli kapitalizmis centralizebuli eri-saxelmwifoebis industrializacia; mecnierebis mniSvnelovan ganvrcoba; ganviTareba; aRmavloba da omis azrovnebis `racionaluri~ anu kritikuli modelis ganviTareba. 4. zogierTi damkvidrebaze. Aam saubrobs `postindustriuli~ Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Zveli sazogadoebis industriuli wyoba CamorCeba axali socialuri wyobis ganviTarebas, romelic dafuZnebulia codnasa da informaciaze. Aam mosazrebebSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli, Tu ramdenad aris momsaxureba danergili mrewvelobaSi, aseve zedmetadaa xazgasmuli ekonomikuri faqtorebis roli. 5. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Cven mivuaxlovdiT modernizmis dasasruls, rom mivemarTebiT `postmodernul~ samyaroSi. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom Cven unda visaubroT `istoriis dasasrulze~. amiT igi ar gulisxmobs, rom istoriuli cvlileba mivida dasasrulTan, aramed imas, demokratiis rom ar arsebobs momavali kapitalizmis alternativa, da romlebmac liberaluri globalurad gaimarjva yvela konkurent sistemaze. 6. tradiciuli debatebi Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmis da socializmis damcvelebs Soris, moZvelda. axali, globaluri sakiTxebi iwevs win, romelTa wvdoma an maTze pasuxis gacema ioli ar aris, sociologiur TeoriaSi miRebuli poziciebis farglebSi. 7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi warmoiSva, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze didi saSiSroeba, rac ki kacobriobis winaSe 28 dgeba axlo momavalSi. AaseTi safrTxeebis umravlesoba globaluria – isini saSiSroebas uqmnis dedamiwas, rogorc mTels. garemos safrTxeebis sami ZiriTadi tipia: narCenebis dagroveba, garemos dabinZureba da mineraluri resursebis amowurva. garemoze zrunva ara marto teqnologiuri, aramed socialuri sakiTxicaa; adamianis Zaladoba bunebaze, dasavluri socialuri institutebis ganviTarebas da globalur ganvrcobas mohyva, radgan maTTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania mudmivi ekonomikuri zrda. damatebiTi literatura KMartin Albrow, The global Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). kritikuli diskusia globalizaciis ideis modernistuli da postmodernistuli xedvis Sesaxeb. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society (London: Heinemann, 1974). erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani wigni, postindustriuli wyobis ideis Sesaxeb. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992). farTod diskusirebuli naSromi, romelic amtkicebs, rom istoriuli alternativebi amowurulia, kapitalizmis da liberaluri demokratiis garda. Margaret A. Rose, The Post-modern and Post-industrial: A Critical Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). istoriuli da kritikuli cnobari debatebze, postmodernizmisa da postindustriuli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. GDanilo Zolo, Cosmopolis: Prospects for World Government (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). gamomwvevi kritika kosmopolisis anu ,,globaluri” mTavrobis ideis Sesaxeb. M mniSvnelovani terminebi 29 • informaciuli sazogadoeba • kodificirebuli codna • istoriis dasasruli • garemos ekologia • riskis sazogadoeba 30 sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi Sinaarsi ZiriTadi cneba kvlevis procesi kvlevis problema problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva kvlevis problemis dazusteba kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba kvlevis Catareba Sedegebis interpretacia Sedegebis angariSis saxiT wardgena realoba sul sxvaa! kvlevis meTodebi savele gamokvleva masobrivi gamokiTxvebi eqsperimentebi cxovrebis istoriebi istoriuli analizi SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi roi velisi da saientologia sociologiis gavlena danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi sociologiuri Jurnalebi sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva ufro Sors Wvreta Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi ZiriTadi cneba kvlevis meTodebi problemebi, romlebsac sociologebi Teoriebsa da kvlevebSi exebian, xSirad im problemebis msgavsia, romlebic bevr sxva adamians awuxebs. magaliTad, rogoria pirobebi, romlebSic mcire eTnikuri jgufebi cxovroben? rogoraa SesaZlebeli, masobrivi SimSili arsebobdes msoflioSi, romelic dRes bevrad ufro mdidaria, vidre odesme? ra gavlenas moaxdens Cvens cxovrebaze informaciuli teqnologiis sul ufro mzardi gamoyeneba? iwyeba Tu ara ojaxis, rogorc socialuri institutis, dezintegracia? sociologebi cdiloben, am da sxva mraval problemas gascen pasuxi. ra Tqma unda, maTi daskvnebi saboloo ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, sociologiuri Teoriuli msjelobebisa da kvlevis mizans yovelTvis im spekulaciuri xerxebisagan Tavis daRweva warmoadgens, romelTa saSualebiTac rigiTi pirovneba, Cveulebriv, aseT sakiTxebs ganixilavs. karg sociologiur naSromSi, Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, SeZlebisdagvarad, zustadaa dasmuli. mkvlevari cdilobs, daskvnebis gakeTebamde faqtobrivi monacemebi Seagrovos. am miznebis misaRwevad, unda vicodeT, ama Tu im konkretul kvlevaSi ra meTodebis gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili da yvelaze ukeT rogor unda gavaanalizoT miRebuli Sedegebi. rigi sakiTxebisa, romelsac sociologi kvlevaSi ayenebs, ZiriTadad, faqtebs anu empirias exeba. magaliTad, danaSaulisa da samarTlianobis bevri aspeqtis Sesaswavlad, uSualo da sistemuri gamokvlevis Catareba aris saWiro. amgvarad, Cven SegveZlo gvekiTxa: danaSaulis romeli formebia yvelaze gavrcelebuli? policia kriminalSi CarTuli adamianebis ra nawils iWers? sabolood, ramden maTgans scnoben damnaSaved da apatimreben? pasuxi rom gavceT faqtebTan dakavSirebul aseTi saxis kiTxvebs, xSirad, saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamokvlevis Catareba. danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebuli oficialuri statistika sando ar aris kriminaluri saqmianobis realuri suraTis saCveneblad. mkvlevarebma, romlebmac Seiswavles danaSaulis done, aRmoaCines, rom policiisTvis yvela seriozuli danaSaulis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari xdeba cnobili. ra Tqma unda, faqtobrivi informacia erTi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar gviCvenebs, saqme kerZo SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs Tu gavlenaTa zogad erTobliobasTan. sociologebs xSirad surT, dasvan SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, romlebic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis SigniT, erTi socialuri konteqstis meoresTan kavSirs, an sxvadasxva sazogadoebidan aRebul magaliTebs erTmaneTs adarebs. mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs, magaliTad, britaneTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis socialur da sakanonmdeblo sistemebs Soris. tipuri SedarebiTi kiTxva SeiZleba iyos: ra gansxvavebaa ori qveynis kriminaluri qcevisa da kanonis gatarebis nimuSebs Soris? (sinamdvileSi, maT Soris aRmoCenilia zogierTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba). sociologiaSi unda ganvixiloT ara marto arsebuli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, aramed, agreTve, unda SevadaroT maTi awmyo da warsuli. kiTxvebi, romlebsac sociologebi aq svamen, aris ganviTarebadi. Tanamedrove msoflios arsis gasagebad, Cven unda SeviswavloT sazogadoebis wina formebi da gavaanalizoT is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic cvlilebebis am procesebisTvis 2 iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT, magaliTad, rogor Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad cixeebi da rogoria isini dRes. faqtobrivi anu, rogorc sociologebi uwodeben, empiriuli kvlevebis mizania, Seiswavlon, rogor viTardeba movlenebi. miuxedavad amisa, sociologia ar aris mxolod faqtebis Segroveba, rac ar unda mniSvnelovani da saintereso iyos isini. Cven yovelTvis unda avxsnaT, ras niSnavs faqtebi da, am mizniT, unda viswavloT Teoriuli kiTxvebis dasma. bevri sociologi, ZiriTadad, empiriul kiTxvebze muSaobs, magram, Tu kvlevisas isini ar xelmZRvaneloben garkveuli TeoriiT, saeWvoa, maTma samuSaom naTeli mohfinos faqtebs. es im SemTxvevaSic ki marTalia, Tu gamokvleva mxolod praqtikuli miznebiT tardeba. am TavSi gavecnobiT sociologiur kvlevaSi CarTul ramdenime sakvanZo elements. Semdeg ganvixilavT kvlevis meTodebis sxvadasxva formas, romlebsac sociologebi TavianTi muSaobis dros iyeneben. Cven, agreTve, gavaanalizebT zogierT arsebul gamokvlevas _ radgan, xSirad, gansxvavebaa kvlevis idealurad Catarebasa da namdvil cxovrebiseul gamokvlevebs Soris. kvlevis procesi pirvelad im etapebs gavecnoT, romlebisgan, Cveulebriv, kvleviTi samuSao Sedgeba. kvlevis procesi ramdenime gansxvavebul safexurs moicavs, im etapidan dawyebuli, rodesac gamokvleva igegmeba da im periodiT damTavrebuli, rodesac kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi qveyndeba an xelmisawvdomi xdeba naweri formiT. kvlevis problema yvela kvleva kvlevis problemiT iwyeba. zogjer es aris faqtebis arcodnis sfero: Cven, SesaZloa, ubralod, gvsurs, gavafarTovoT Cveni codna garkveuli institutebis, socialuri procesebis an kulturebis Sesaxeb. romelime mkvlevars, SeiZleba, hqonoda survili, mieRo pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebze, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis ra nawils aqvs myari religiuri rwmena? dRes adamianebi namdvilad arian ukmayofiloni `didi politikiT?~ ramdenad CamorCeba qalebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mamakacebis mdgomareobas? magram, saukeTeso sociologiuri kvleva iseTi problemebiT iwyeba, romlebic bevr Tavsatexs Seicavs. Tavsatexi aris ara mxolod informaciis nakleboba, aramed Cvens codnaSi arsebuli xarvezic. kargi sociologiuri kvlevis Catarebis unari, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia am Tavsatexebis sworad gansazRvrasTan. imis magivrad, rom ubralod vupasuxoT SekiTxvas: `ra xdeba aq?~, kvleva, romlis mizania Tavsatexis gadaWra, cdilobs, dagvexmaros, gavigoT, ratom xdeba raime movlenebi ise, rogorc xdeba. amgvarad, Cven SegveZlo gvekiTxa: ratom icvleba religiuri rwmenis formebi? ra axdens gavlenas imaze, rom icvleba mosaxleobis raodenoba, romelmac bolo wlebSi arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba? ratomaa, rom qalebi nakleb ikaveben maRali statusis mqone samsaxurebriv poziciebs? gamokvlevis arc erTi nawili ar aris damoukidebeli. kvlevis problemebi Cndeba muSaobis procesSi. erTma kvlevis proeqtma, SesaZloa, advilad migviyvanos 3 sxva proeqtamde, radgan is gamoavlens sxva sakiTxebs, romlebic mkvlevarma adre ver gaiTvaliswina. sociologma, SeiZleba, Tavsatexebi aRmoaCinos wignebsa da specializebul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebul, sxva mkvlevrTa naSromebis kiTxvisas, an sazogadoebaSi arsebuli specifikuri tendenciebis gacnobis Semdeg. magaliTad, bolo wlebSi Zalian izrdeba im programebis raodenoba, romelTa mizania, sulierad avadmyofebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTva da ara fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi moTavseba. sociologebs, SeiZleba, daebadoT Semdegi kiTxvebi: ram gamoiwvia sulieri avadmyofebisadmi damokidebulebis aseTi Secvla? savaraudod, ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas rogorc Tavad pacientebisTvis, ise sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisTvis? problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva rogorc ki problemas ganvsazRvravT, Semdegi nabiji gamokvlevis procesSi, Cveulebriv, aris am sferoSi arsebuli masalis mimoxilva. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom wina gamokvlevam ukve sakmaod kargad axsna problema, magram, Tu aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT sicxade ar arsebobs, mkvlevarma guldasmiT unda Seiswavlos sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli yvela arsebuli gamokvleva, raTa darwmundes, ramdenad sasargebloa isini misi momavali kvlevisTvis. SeamCnies wina mkvlevrebma igive Tavsatexi? rogor Seecadnen isini mis gadawyvetas? problemis ra aspeqtebi ver gaaanalizes maT TavianT kvlevaSi? sxvebis Sexedulebebis gamoyeneba sociologs exmareba, zustad axsnas is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba kvlevis dros wamoiWras da gansazRvros is meTodebi, romelTa gamoyeneba mizanSewonili iqneboda mocemul gamokvlevaSi. kvlevis problemis dazusteba mesame faza kvlevis problemis mkafio formulirebas Seicavs. Tu Sesabamisi literatura ukve arsebobs, mkvlevari biblioTekidan unda dabrundes zusti warmodgeniT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miudges mocemuli problemis gadawyvetas. zogjer varaudi problemis bunebis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, am stadiaze Camoyalibdes garkveul hipoTezad. hipoTeza aris mecnieruli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rac xdeba. kvleva rom efeqturi iyos, hipoTeza imgvarad unda iqnes formulirebuli, rom Segrovebulma faqtobrivma masalam mogvces misi damamtkicebeli an uarmyofeli monacemebi. kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba Semdeg mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, rogor Seagrovos kvlevis masalebi. arsebobs bevri sxvadasxva kvlevis meTodi da romeli maTgani iqneba arCeuli, damokidebulia rogorc gamokvlevis saerTo miznebze, ise qcevis gasaanalizebel aspeqtebze. zogierTi miznisTvis, SesaZloa, masobrivi gamokiTxva (romelSic, Cveulebriv, kiTxvarebi gamoiyeneba) iyos Sesaferisi meTodi, sxva SemTxvevebSi, interviu an dakvirveba gamoviyenoT. mogvianebiT, ufro mets gavigebT sxvadasxva kvlevis meTodis Sesaxeb. 4 kvlevis Catareba kvlevis Catarebis dros, SeiZleba, moulodnelad gaCndes praqtikuli xasiaTis siZneleebi. magaliTad, SeiZleba, ar moxerxdes kontaqtis damyareba zogierT respondentTan, visac anketebi unda gaugzavnon an visi interviuireba mkvlevars surs. kerZo (komerciulma) firmam an saxelmwifo dawesebulebam, SeiZleba, mkvlevars ar misces dagegmili samuSaos Catarebis ufleba. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari Seiswavlis sakiTxs, rogor asruleben komerciuli korporaciebi qalebisTvis Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis programebs, kompaniebs, romlebmac ar Seasrules es programebi, SeiZleba, ar undodeT, rom maTTan Catardes gamokvleva. amis Sedegad, aRmoCndeba, rom monacemebi ar aris zusti. Sedegebis interpretacia gasaanalizebeli masalis Segrovebis Semdeg, mkvlevris siZneleebi jer kidev ar mTavrdeba _ isini SeiZleba swored maSin daiwyos! Segrovebuli monacemebis mniSvnelobis dadgena da Semdeg maTi dakavSireba sakvlev problemasTan, rogorc wesi, Znelia. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, miviRoT mkafio pasuxi Tavdapirvel kiTxvebze, bevri gamokvleva, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba nakleb damajerebeli aRmoCndes. Sedegebis angariSis saxiT wardgena kvlevis angariSi, Cveulebriv, qveyndeba Jurnalis statiis an wignis saxiT. igi warmoadgens kvlevis bunebis axsnas da cdilobs miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTebas. magram es mxolod individualuri kvlevis proeqtis bolo etapia. angariSebis umravlesoba im kiTxvebze miuTiTebs, romlebzec pasuxebis gacema ver moxerxda da gvTavazobs Semdgom kvlevas, romlis Catareba, SesaZloa, sasargeblo iyos momavalSi. yvela individualuri mecnieruli gamokvleva warmoadgens im uwyveti kvleviTi procesis nawils, romelic sociologiuri sazogadoebis CarCoebSi warmoebs. sociologiuri kvlevis procesis safexurebi 5 gansazRvre problema SearCie gamokvlevis Tema mimoixile literatura gaecani Temis Sesaxeb arsebul gamokvlevebs Camoayalibe hipoTeza ris Semowmebas apireb? ra kavSiria cvladebs Soris? SearCie kvlevis dizaini airCie erTi an meti kvlevis meTodi: eqsperimenti, gamokiTxva, dakvirveba, arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis gamoyeneba Caatare gamokvleva Seagrove monacemebi, Cawere miRebuli informacia axseni miRebuli Sedegebi ganmarte Segrovebuli monacemebis mniSvnelobebi warmoadgine kvlevis monacemebi ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT? ra kavSiri aqvT maT wina kvlevebis SedegebTan? Tqveni monacemebi registrirebulia da ganxilulia ufro farTo akademiuri sazogadoebis mier _ es, albaT, Semdgomi kvlevis safuZveli gaxdeba realoba sul sxvaa! zemoT mocemuli kvlevis nabijebis Tanamimdevroba aris imis gamartivebuli varianti, rac namdvili kvlevis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis dros xdeba. realur sociologiur gamokvlevaSi es etapebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba zustad aseTi TanamimdevrobiT da TiTqmis yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli raodenobis gamokvlevebi, romlebsac Zlivs amTavreben. es gansxvaveba cotaTi imis msgavsia, rac samzareulo wignSi mocemul receptebsa da saWmlis momzadebis namdvil process Soris arsebobs. adamianebi, romlebic gamocdili mzareulebi arian, xSirad, ar iyeneben receptebs, da, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, ukeT amzadebdnen kerZebs, vidre isini, vinc receptebs iyeneben. Tu zedmiwevniT davicavT mkacrad dadgenil sqemebs, aman SeiZleba Zalian SegvzRudos. cnobili gamokvlevebis umravlesobaSi, 6 faqtobrivad, ar aris mkacrad daculi kvlevis aRniSnuli Tanamimdevroba, Tumca zogierTi safexuri mainc gamoyenebulia. safexurebis kvlevis meTodebi axla ganvixiloT kvlevis sxvadasxva Cveulebriv, TavianT samuSaoSi iyeneben. meTodi, romlebsac sociologebi, savele gamokvleva savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros (xSirad es sityvebi urTierTCamnacvlebelia), mkvlevari jgufTan an erTobasTan erTad cxovrobs da, albaT, mis saqmianobaSi uSualod monawileobs. mkvlevars ar SeuZlia ubralod imyofebodes mocemul erTobaSi. man mis wevrebs unda auxsnas da gaamarTlos Tavisi iq yofna. mkvlevarma unda miaRwios erTobasTan TanamSromlobas da es urTierToba SeinarCunos garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, Tu surs, mniSvnelovan Sedegebs miaRwios. didi xnis manZilze, CarTul dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevis dros, Cveulebriv, ar xdeboda im safrTxeebisa da problemebis aRniSvna, romelTa gadalaxvac mkvlevars uwevda. mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul mogonebebsa da dRiurebSi, mkvlevrebi amis Sesaxeb ufro gulaxdilad weren. xSirad, mkvlevars uwevs martoobis grZnobis gadalaxva _ ar aris advili, Seeguo im socialur konteqsts, romelsac Sen, sinamdvileSi, ar miekuTvnebi. mkvlevari, SesaZloa, mudmivad daTrgunuli iyos, radgan jgufis wevrebs TavianT Tavze gulaxdilad saubari ar surdeT. pirdapiri kiTxvebi, SesaZloa, uproblemod miiRon zogierT konteqstSi, magram sxva konteqstebSi aseT kiTxvebs samariseburi siCumiT xvdebodnen. zogierTi tipis savele gamokvleva, SesaZloa, fizikurad saSiSic ki iyos. magaliTad, mkvlevari, romelic ikvlevs damnaSaveTa kriminalur bandas, SeiZleba policiis informatorad miiCnion an, SemTxveviT, moqiSpe bandebTan konfliqtSi CarTuli aRmoCndes. savele gamokvlevis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi Tu savele gamokvleva warmatebulia, is socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb ufro met informacias gvaZlevs, vidre bevri sxva kvlevis meTodi. radgan vxedavT, rogor gamoiyureba faqtebi, movlenebi da sagnebi uSualod mocemuli jgufis Signidan, albaT, ukeTesad gavigebT, ratom iqcevian adamianebi swored ise, rogorc iqcevian. savele kvlevisas, mkvlevars lavirebis meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre sxva kvlevis meTodebis umetesobis gamoyenebisas. mkvlevars SeuZlia, Seeguos axal da moulodnel pirobebs da misdios nebismier orientirs, romelic SeiZleba ganviTardes. savele gamokvleva, albaT, iZleva ufro moulodnel Sedegebs, vidre kvlevis sxva meTodebis umravlesoba, radgan gaognebulma mkvlevarma, SesaZloa, aRmoaCinos, rom misi winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi jgufis Sesaxeb sruliad mcdari iyo. 7 magram savele gamokvlevas aqvs garkveuli SezRudvebic. am meTodiT mxolod sakmaod patara jgufebis an erTobebis Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli. bevri ram aris damokidebuli Tavad mkvlevris unarze, moipovos kvlevaSi CarTuli adamianebis ndoba. am unaris gareSe, kvlevam, saeWvoa, saerTod raime Sedegi gamoiRos. sapirispiroc aris SesaZlebeli. zogjer, mkvlevari muSaobis procesSi iwyebs sakuTari Tavis gaigivebas jgufTan ise mWidrod, rom is xdeba zedmetad ,,Sinauri” da garedan damkvirveblis perspeqtivas kargavs. masobrivi gamokiTxvebi savele kvlevebis Sedegebis interpretacia, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia ganzogadebis problemebTan. radgan savele gamokvlevisas adamianebis mxolod mcire raodenobas SeviswavliT, Cven ar SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom is, rasac erT konteqstSi aRmovaCenT, sxva situaciebzec vrceldeba. arc imaSi SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom ori sxvadasxva mkvlevari, erTi da imave jgufis Seswavlis dros, erTsadaimave daskvnamde miva. Cveulebriv, aseTi problema naklebad dgas masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. am meTodis gamoyenebisas, kiTxvarebs ugzavnian an pirdapir aZleven respondentebs _ adamianTa specialurad SerCeul jgufs. zogjer, SesaZloa, am jgufSi ramdenime aTasi adamiani iyos. savele gamokvleva yvelaze metad gamosadegia socialuri cxovrebis mcire fragmentebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis mizniT; masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegad ki, Cven viRebT naklebad detalur informacias, magram, Cveulebriv, misi ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia socialuri cxovrebis farTo speqtrze. standartizebuli da Ria kiTxvebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi masobriv gamokiTxvebSi ori saxis kiTxvari gamoiyeneba. zogierTi kiTxvari Seicavs standartizebuli anu fiqsirebuli arCevanis kiTxvebs, romlebzec mxolod fiqsirebuli pasuxebia SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, `diax/ara/ar vici~ an `savsebiT SesaZlebelia/SesaZlebelia/SeuZlebelia/sruliad SeuZlebelia.~ aseT gamokiTxvebs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom advilia pasuxebis Sedareba da Sejameba, radgan maTSi kategoriebis mxolod mcire raodenobaa mocemuli. meore mxriv, radgan gamokiTxvebis dros ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Sexedulebebis an verbaluri gamoxatvis detalebi, miRebuli informacia, garkveulwilad, SezRuduli iqneba. meore saxis kiTxvarebi Ria kiTxvebs Seicavs. respondentebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, TavianTi Sexedulebebi sakuTari sityvebiT gamoxaton. isini ar arian SezRudulebi fiqsirebuli arCevanis pasuxebiT, anu imiT, rom mkvlevris mier winaswar mocemuli pasuxebidan romelime airCion. rogorc wesi, Ria kiTxvarebi, standartizebulTan SedarebiT, ufro detalur informacias gvawvdis. mkvlevars SeuZlia, CaeZios pasuxebs, raTa ufro gulmodgined gamoikvlios respondentis azrebi. meore mxriv, standartizaciis nakleboba niSnavs, rom pasuxebis statistikurad Sedareba, SesaZloa, ufro rTuli iyos. kiTxvaris SekiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, isea ganlagebuli, rom interviuerebis gundma SeZlos kiTxvebis dasma da pasuxebis Cawera winaswar gansazRvruli TanamimdevrobiT. informaciis yvela erTeuli advilad gasagebi unda iyos rogorc interviuerebisTvis, ise respondentebisTvis. didi moculobis erovnuli gamokiTxvebis dros, romlebsac saxelmwifo organoebi regularulad atareben, 8 interviuebi mTel qveyanaSi TiTqmis erTdroulad tardeba. isini, vinc atareben intervius da isini, vinc aanalizeben intervius Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebs, ver SeZlebdnen TavianTi samuSaos efeqturad Sesrulebas, Tu maT mudmivad mouwevdaT, gadaemowmebinaT erTmaneTTan kiTxvebsa da pasuxebTan dakavSirebuli bundovani sakiTxebi. kiTxvarebSi, agreTve, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos respondentTa maxasiaTeblebi. mixvdebian Tu ara isini, ras gulisxmobda mkvlevari garkveuli kiTxvis dasmis dros? aqvT Tu ara maT sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom maTi pasuxebi gamosadegi iyos? upasuxeben ki isini, saerTod, dasmul SekiTxvebs? kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli terminebi respondentebisTvis, SeiZleba, ucnobi iyos. magaliTad, kiTxvam, `rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri statusi?~ SeiZleba zogierTi respondenti daabnios. ufro mizanSewonilia, davsvaT aseTi SekiTxva: `xarT martoxela, daojaxebuli, gaSorebuli Tu ganqorwinebuli?~ bevr gamokiTxvas win uswrebs piloturi gamokvleva, romlis mizania im problemebis gamovlena, romlebic mkvlevarma winaswar ver gaiTvaliswina. piloturi kvleva aris moklevadiani sacdeli gamokiTxva, romlis drosac mxolod ramdenime adamiani avsebs kiTxvars. amis Sedegad, ZiriTadi gamokiTxvis Catarebamde, SesaZlebelia yovelgvari siZnelis Tavidan acileba. SerCeva xSirad sociologebs individTa didi raodenobis maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebT, magaliTad, britaneTis mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebi. SeuZlebeli iqneboda uSualod yvela maTganis Seswavla, amitom aseT situaciebSi gamokvleva yuradRebas amaxvilebs SerCeviT erTobliobaze, anu mTeli jgufis mcire nawilze. Cveulebriv, SegviZlia, darwmunebuli viyoT, rom mosaxleobis SerCeviTi erTobliobisgan miRebuli Sedegebi, Tu es erToblioba wesis mixedviT aris SerCeuli, SegviZlia mTel mosaxleobaze ganvazogadoT. mxolod ori-sami aTasi amomrCevlis gamokiTxvam, SeiZleba, mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebisa da xmis micemis miznebis suraTi mogvces. magram imisaTvis, rom aseT sizustes mivaRwioT, SerCeviTi erToblioba reprezentatuli unda iyos: individebis jgufi, romelTanac gamokvleva tardeba, mTeli mosaxleobisTvis tipuri unda iyos. SerCeva ufro rTulia, vidre is SeiZleba Candes. amitom statistikosebma SeimuSaves wesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba SerCeviTi erTobliobebis zusti zomisa da ZiriTadi niSnebis gansazRvra. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania procedura, romelic imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom SereviTi erToblioba iyos reprezentatuli. es procedura SemTxveviTi SerCevaa, romlis drosac SerCeviTi erToblioba isea arCeuli, rom mosaxleobis nebismier wevrs aqvs gamokvlevaSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba. SemTxveviTi SerCevis gamoyenebis yvelaze ufro miRebuli gzaa is, rom sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs mivaniWoT garkveuli nomeri da Semdeg kompiuteri gamoviyenoT SerCevis siis Sesadgenad. am siis saSualebiT, davadgenT SerCeviT erTobliobas, magaliTad, SerCevis siaSi yoveli meaTe nomris arCevis gziT. 9 `xalxis arCevani?~ masobrivi gamokiTxvis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili adreuli magaliTia `xalxis arCevani?~, kvleva, romelic jer kidev naxevari saukunis win, pol lazarsfeldma da ramdenime misma kolegam Caatares (Lazarsfeld et al. 1948). am gamokvlevis mizani iyo eris olqis (ohaios Stati) mosaxleobis saarCevno miswrafebebis Seswavla, 1940 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis kampaniis dros. am kvlevaSi pirvelad gamoiyenes masobrivi gamokiTxvis sxvadasxva ZiriTadi meTodika, romlebic dResac gamoiyeneba. imisaTvis, rom sakiTxi ufro guldasmiT da siRrmiseulad gamoekvliaT, vidre es erTjeradi gamokiTxvis dros iqneboda SesaZlebeli, mkvlevrebma amomrCevelTa SerCeviTi erTobliobis TiToeul wevrTan Svidjer, sxvadasxva dros, Caatares interviu. aseTi gamokiTxvis mizani iyo: dakvirvebodnen da gaegoT xmis micemis atitudebis cvlilebis mizezebi dinamikaSi. mkvlevrebs, kvlevis dawyebis dros, ramdenime hipoTeza hqondaT. erT-erTi hipoTezis mixedviT, eris olqis amomrCevlebisTvis, axlo urTierTobebi da movlenebi bevrad ufro did gavlenas axdenda maTi xmis micemis miznebsa da miswrafebebze, vidre maTgan daSorebuli msoflio movlenebi. kvlevis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma, ZiriTadad, daadastura es hipoTeza. politikuri atitudebis gasaanalizeblad, mkvlevrebma gazomvis rTuli teqnikebi SeimuSaves. amave dros, maTma muSaobam didi wvlili Seitana Teoriul azrovnebaSi. im cnebebs Soris, romlebic maTi daxmarebiT damkvidrda mecnierebaSi, iyo `azris liderebi~ da `komunikaciis orsafexuriani nakadi.~ gamokvlevam aCvena, rom azris liderebs midrekileba aqvT, maT garSemomyof adamianebs politikuri Sexedulebebi Camouyalibon. adamianTa Sexedulebebi ar yalibdeba uSualod, aramed es orsafexuriani procesia. pirvel safexurze, azris liderebi politikur movlenebze reagireben, xolo meore safexurze, es liderebi sxvebze axdenen zegavlenas; magaliTad, naTesavebze, megobrebsa da kolegebze. gamokiTxvebis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi masobrivi gamokiTxvebi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiur gamokvlevaSi ramdenime mizezis gamo. kiTxvaris SekiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis gansazRvra da maTi gaanalizeba ufro advilia, vidre im masalis, romelic mravali sxva kvlevis meTodis saSualebiTaa Segrovebuli. gamokiTxvis saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia adamianTa didi raodenobis Seswavla. sakmarisi Tanxebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon saagentoebi, romlebic gamokiTxvisas pasuxebis SegrovebaSi arian daxelovnebulebi. Tumca, bevri sociologi masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodis mimarT kritikuladaa ganwyobili. isini amtkiceben, rom damuSaveba qmnis monacemebis sizustis moCvenebiTobas maSin, roca maTi siswore SeiZleba saeWvo iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gamokiTxvis pasuxebis umravlesobis SedarebiT zedapirul xasiaTs. xSirad, pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvarebis raodenoba didia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maT fostiT gzavnian da abruneben. xSirad, kvlevis Sedegebi im monacemebze dayrdnobiT qveyndeba, romlebic SerCeviTi erTobliobis naxevarze odnav meti raodenobis respondentebis pasuxebis safuZvelzea miRebuli _ Tumca, Cveulebriv, mkvlevrebi cdiloben, xelaxla daamyaron kontaqti im respondentebTan, vinc kiTxvarebi ar Seavso, an isini sxva adamianebiT Caanacvlon. cota ram aris cnobili im adamianebis 10 Sesaxeb, romlebsac intervius micemaze. urCevniaT, ar gamoexmauron gamokiTxvebs an uars amboben eqsperimentebi eqsperimenti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc mcdeloba, SevamowmoT hipoTeza mkvlevris mier Seqmnil da kargad kontrolirebul pirobebSi. eqsperimentebi xSirad gamoiyeneba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, radgan maT, sxva kvleviT procedurebTan SedarebiT, didi upiratesobebi aqvT. eqsperimentul situaciaSi mkvlevari uSualod akontrolebs im pirobebs, romlebsac ikvlevs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan SedarebiT, sociologiaSi eqsperimentirebis sfero Zalian SezRudulia, laboratoriaSi Cven mxolod adamianis mcire jgufebis moTavseba SegviZlia; aseTi eqsperimentebis dros adamianebma ician, rom mimdinareobs gamokvleva da, SeiZleba, isini arabunebrivad moiqcnen. miuxedavad amisa, sociologiaSi eqsperimentuli meTodebi zogjer warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. amis magaliTia filip zimbardos mier Catarebuli originaluri eqsperimenti. mkvlevarma aago e.w. `cixe,~ man moxalise studentebis erT jgufs cixis mcvelebis rolis Sesruleba daavala, meores ki _ patimrebis (Zimbardo 1972 ). zimbardos mizani iyo gaerkvia, am gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesruleba, ramdenad cvlis adamianTa atitudebsa da qcevas. Sedegebi mkvlevrebisaTvis moulodneli da Sokis momgvreli iyo. studentebma, romlebic mcvelebis rols asrulebdnen, qcevis avtoritaruli manera swrafad aiTvises. isini `patimrebis~ mimarT namdvil mtrul damokidebulebas avlendnen, sastikad epyrobodnen, sityvier Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen da aSinebdnen; moxalise patimrebma, piriqiT, aCvenes erTdroulad rogorc apaTia, ise meamboxe suli, rac xSirad axasiaTebT namdvil patimrebs cixeSi. es efeqtebi imdenad SesamCnevi iyo da daZabulobis done _ imdenad maRali, rom mkvlevari iZulebuli iyo, eqsperimenti sawyis etapze Seewyvita. magram kvlevis Sedegebi mniSvnelovani iyo. zimbardom daaskvna, rom cixeSi myof adamianTa qcevas ufro metad gansazRvravs Tavad cixis situacia, vidre masSi myofi adamianebis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi. cxovrebis istoriebi cxovrebis istoriebi, eqsperimentebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sociologiasa da sxva socialur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba. isini sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ar gamoiyeneba. cxovrebis istoriebi Sedgeba biografiuli masalisgan, romelic garkveuli individebis Sesaxeb aris Segrovebuli; rogorc wesi, faqtebi Tavad individebis mier aris gadmocemuli. kvlevis sxva meTodebi, Cveulebriv, ar iZleva imden informacias, ramdensac cxovrebis istoriis meTodi gvawvdis, garkveul periodSi ganviTarebuli rwmenebisa da atitudebis Sesaxeb. magram cxovrebis istoriis kvlevebi iSviaTad emyareba mxolod adamianTa mogonebebs. Cveulebriv, iseTi dokumenturi wyaroebi, rogoricaa werilebi, Tanamedrove ambebi da sagazeTo aRwerebi, gamoiyeneba individebis mier mowodebuli informaciis gasafarToeblad da misi utyuarobis Sesamowmeblad. sociologebis Sexedulebebi cxovrebis istoriebis Rirebulebis Taobaze gansxvavdeba. zogierTi maTganis azriT, es istoriebi ar aris sando, sasargeblo informaciis misaRebad. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom es meTodi sakiTxis 11 arsSi Rrmad Cawvdomis saSualebas iZleva da mxolod ramdenime kvlevis meTods Seswevs unari, metoqeoba gauwios mas. cxovrebis istoriebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda Zalian mniSvnelovan gamokvlevebSi. erT-erTi ganTqmuli adrindeli gamokvleva iyo u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis `poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi,~ romlis xuTtomeuli pirvelad 1918-1920 wlebSi gamoqveynda (Thomas and Znaniecki 1966). istoriuli analizi istoriuli xedva, xSirad, arsebiTia sociologiur kvlevaSi, radgan Cven xSirad gvWirdeba drois perspeqtiva, rom gavigoT garkveuli problemis Sesaxeb mopovebuli monacemebis mniSvneloba. xSirad, sociologebs surT, uSualod warsuli movlenebi ikvlion. istoriis zogierTi periodis Seswavla SeiZleba pirvelwyaroebis meSveobiT, rodesac jer kidev cocxlebi arian im garkveuli periodis mowmeebi, rogorc es meore msoflio omis dros evropaSi holoqostis SemTxvevaSi moxda. zepiri istoriebis meTodiT kvleva niSnavs adamianebis interviuirebas im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mowmeebic isini iyvnen TavianTi cxovrebis garkveul periodSi. cxadia, aseTi kvleva SeiZleba Seexos, sul didi, samoci an samocdaaTi wlis winandel ambebs, radgan ufro adreuli periodis istoriuli gamokvlevis dros, sociologebi iyeneben dokumentebsa da werilobiT monacemebs, romlebic biblioTekebisa da erovnuli arqivebis specialur koleqciebSi inaxeba. istoriul konteqstSi, dokumenturi kvlevis saintereso magaliTia sociolog entoni eSuortis gamokvleva, pirveli msoflio omis periodSi, sangrebSi warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb (Ashworth 1980). eSuorts ainteresebda, gaeanalizebina, rogori iyo im adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic iZulebulni iyvnen, moeTminaT xalxmraval sangrebSi yofna ganuwyveteli cecxlis srolis dros, zedized ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. am mizniT, man sxvadasxva saxis dokumenturi wyaroebi Seagrova: oficialuri cnobebi omis Sesaxeb (maT Soris werilobiTi masalebi sxvadasxva samxedro diviziisa da batalionis Sesaxeb), im periodis oficialuri publikaciebi, jariskacebis mier araoficialurad Senaxuli Canawerebi da omis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb piradi STabeWdilebebi. aseTi mravalferovani masalis gacnobis Sedegad, eSuortma SeZlo, waredgina sangrebSi meomrebis cxovrebis mdidari da detaluri suraTi. man aRmoaCina, rom jariskacebs CamouyalibdaT Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad xSirad apirebdnen isini mterTan brZolaSi Cabmas da ramdenad xSirad arafrad agdebdnen maTi oficrebis brZanebebs. magaliTad, Sobis dRes mowinaaRmdege mxareebma _ germanelma da mokavSireTa jariskacebma – droebiT mtruli moqmedebebi Sewyvites da erTxel araoficialuri fexburTis matCic ki Caatares. SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma eSuortis kvleva drois SedarebiT xanmokle periodze iyo koncentrirebuli. bevrad ufro xangrZlivi periodis gamokvlevis magaliTia Teda skoqpolis Sroma `saxelmwifoebi da socialuri revoluciebi~ (1979). es aris erT-erTi yvelaze 12 saukeTeso gamokvleva socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. masSi mkvlevarma gamoiyena SedarebiTi analizi istoriul konteqstSi. skoqpolma ambiciuri amocana daisaxa _ Seeqmna iseTi Teoria revoluciis warmoqmnis mizezebisa da bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic daefuZneboda detalur empiriul kvlevas. man revoluciis procesebi sam gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi Seiswavla: safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia, ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucia (romlis Sedegad, xelisuflebaSi komunistebi movidnen da Seqmnes sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic 1989 wels daiSala) da CineTis 1949 wlis revolucia (romlis Sedegad, komunisturi CineTi Seiqmna). gaaanaliza ra sxvadasxva dokumenturi wyaro, skoqpolma SeZlo damajereblad aexsna revoluciuri cvlileba. man gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa socialur struqturul mdgomareobas, romelic safuZvlad udevs revoluciur cvlilebas. mkvlevarma aCvena, rom socialuri revoluciebi, mniSvnelovnad, gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebiTaa gamowveuli. magaliTad, ruseTis revoluciamde, sxvadasxva politikuri jgufi cdilobda, daemxo arsebuli reJimi, magram arc erTi maTgani (maT Soris bolSevikebi, romlebic, sabolood, xelisuflebaSi movidnen) ar eloda revolucias, romelic moxda. mTeli rigi Setakebebisa da konfrontaciebis Sedegad, daiwyo socialuri transformaciis procesi, romelic bevrad ufro radikaluri aRmoCnda, vidre es vinmem ganWvrita. sociologiur kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi kvlevis meTodi savele gamokvleva masobrivi gamokiTxvebi Zlieri mxareebi SezRudvebi Cveulebriv, sxva meTodebTan misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia SedarebiT, ufro mdidar da mxolod patara jgufebis an ersiRrmiseul informacias agro- Tobebis gamokvlevis dros. vebs. monacemebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, SeiZleba mxolod gamokvleul Secvalos strategiebi da jgufebSi an erTobebSi. gulmodgined misdios axal orientirebs. advili ar aris Sedegebis ganzogadeba mxolod erTi savele gamokvlevis safuZvelze. maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia individTa didi raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebis kvalificiurad Segroveba. Segrovebuli masala SeiZleba iyos zedapiruli; Tu kiTxvari Zalian standartizebulia, SesaZlebelia respondentTa pasuxebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebeSesaZlebelia respondentTa bis miCqmalva. pasuxebis zusti Sedarebebi. respondentTa pasuxebi SeiZleba asaxavdes ara maT namdvil Sexedulebebs, aramed iseT mosazrebebs, rac sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebia. 13 dokumenturi kvleva SesaZlebelia rogorc siRrmiseuli masalebis Semcveli wyaroebis gamoyeneba, aseve adamianTa didi raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebis miReba, Sesaswavli dokumentebis tipis mixedviT. xSirad is ZiriTadi meTodia, rodesac gamokvleva an mTliaan aqvs nad istoriulia gamokveTili istoriuli ganzomileba. eqsperimentebi mkvlevari damokidebulia arsebul wyaroebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, sruli ar iyos. SesaZloa, Zneli iyos dokumenturi wyaroebis interpretacia, im TvalsazrisiT, rom rTulia imis dadgena, Tu rogor asaxaven isini namdvil tendenciebs, rogorc es zogierTi oficialuri statistikuri masalis SemTxvevaSia. mkvlevars SeuZlia gaakontro- socialuri cxovrebis bevri aslos gansazRvruli cvladebis peqtis laboratoriaSi gadatana SeuZlebelia. gavlena. Cveulebriv, sxva mkvlevrebis- Sesaswavli pirebis pasuxebze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos eqTvis advilia maTi gameoreba. sperimentulma situaciam. kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi kvlevis yvela meTods, rogorc adre xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, aqvs rogorc upiratesobebi, ise SezRudvebi, amitom farTodaa gavrcelebuli erT kvlevaSi ramdenime meTodis Serwyma. maTi erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizania, TiToeulma meTodma Seavsos da Seamowmos sxva meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli Sedegebi. Cven SegviZlia gavigoT meTodebis Serwymis mniSvneloba da, ufro zogadad, namdvili sociologiuri kvlevis problemebi da Secdomebi, Tu gavecnobiT religiis sociologiaSi metad mniSvnelovan gamokvlevas: roi uolisis gamokvlevas saientologiuri moZraobis Sesaxeb. roi uolisi da saientologia saientologiis fuZemdebelma l. ron habardma Camoayaliba religiuri doqtrinebi, romlebic eklesias daedo safuZvlad. saientologiis Tanaxmad, Cven yvelani varT sulieri arsebebi _ Tetanebi, magram Cven uarvyaviT Cveni sulieri buneba. Cven SegviZlia aRvadginoT daviwyebuli zebunebrivi Zalebi wvrTnis Sedegad, rac Cveni namdvili sulieri unarebis Secnobis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. Tavidan uolisma gamokvleva daiwyo saientologiis `egzotikuri~ bunebis gamo. moZraoba Zalian winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, magram man bevri mimdevari miizida. ratom gaxda es moZraoba, erT-erTi uamrav axal religiur jgufs Soris, aseTi cnobili? gamokvlevis dawyebas problemebi axlda. uolisma icoda, rom moZraobis liderebs, SesaZloa, ar undodaT sociologiur gamokvlevaSi monawileoba, radgan adre sxvadasxva samTavrobo organizaciam maTTan ukve Caatara gamokvleva. rodesac uolisi moZraobis istorias ecnoboda, is SemTxveviT waawyda am moZraobis erT-erTi yofili wevris wigns. is daukavSirda avtors da Semdeg, saboloo jamSi, gaicno misi 14 ramdenime nacnobi, romlebmac aseve gawyvites kavSiri saientologiasTan. bevri maTgani daTanxmda intervius micemaze. am pirvelma respondentebma uoliss miawodes mTeli rigi dokumentebi da literatura, maT Soris saientologiis organizaciis literaturis xelmomwerTa sia. uolisma kiTxvari Seadgina da siaSi miTiTebuli gvarebidan miRebul SerCeviT erTobliobas daugzavna, magram sia moZvelebuli aRmoCnda. SerCeviTi erTobliobidan bevri adamiani ukve sxvagan iyo gadasuli aRniSnuli misamarTebidan, sxvebis gvarebi ki siaSi mxolod imitom moxvdnen, rom maT, ubralod, SeiZines wigni saientologiis Sesaxeb da sinamdvileSi, araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT am moZraobasTan. amgvarad, gamokiTxvas naklebi Rirebuleba hqonda iseve, rogorc mTlianad saientologebis SerCeviT erTobliobas. magram, misi meSveobiT, uolisma SeZlo Semdgomi kontaqtebis damyareba. anketuri gamokiTxvis zogma monawilem miuTiTa, rom isini mkvlevars siamovnebiT miscemdnen intervius. amitom, interviuebis Catarebisa da, amave dros, ufro meti dokumenturi informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, uolisi bevrs mogzaurobda britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. man daiwyo fiqsirebuli kiTxvebiT, magram Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom ufro sasargeblo iyo SedarebiT moqnili stilis gamoyeneba, rac respondentebs saSualebas miscemda, ufro detalurad esaubraT maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. zog respondents surda, rom misi naambobi firze CaeweraT, zogi ki amis winaaRmdegi iyo. uolisi maleve darwmunda, rom saWiro iyo, meti gaego saientologiis specifikuri doqtrinebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT, is Caewera ,,komunikaciis” Sesaval kursze, romelsac saientologTa jgufi aswavlida. amgvarad, is gaxda CarTuli damkvirvebeli, magram ar gaumxelia, rom mkvlevari iyo. mTeli kursis manZilze, is saientologTa saxlSi imyofeboda da male aRmoaCina, rom gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli damkvirveblis rolis atana Zneli iyo. sxva wevrebTan saubari moiTxovda, rom uoliss eCvenebina im ideebisadmi erTguleba, romlebsac is, sinamdvileSi, ar eTanxmeboda; radgan amis gakeTebis survili ar hqonda, man kursis damTavrebisa da damSvidobebis gareSe, Cumad daaRwia Tavi iqaurobas. mogvianebiT uolisma moZraobis liderebs miswera da auxsna, rom is iyo sociologi, romelic saientelogiis gamokvlevas atarebda. is aRniSnavda, rom saientologiuri moZraoba xSirad ieriSis obieqti iyo, da varaudobda, rom mis gamokvlevaSi ufro gawonasworebuli Tvalsazrisi iqneboda mocemuli. Semdeg man britaneTSi moinaxula seqtis Stab-bina da esaubra erT-erT xelmZRvanel pirs. es pirovneba Sewuxebuli iyo imiT, rom uolisma datova komunikaciebis kursi. man, agreTve, icoda im kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mkvlevarma bevr saientologs daugzavna siis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, man uoliss organizaciis zogierTi wevrisa da studentebis interviuirebis ufleba misca. am piris daxmarebiT, mkvlevarma miiRo im adamianebis misamarTebi, romlebTanac mas kontaqti unda daemyarebian SeerTebul StatebSi. sabolood, uolisma moaxerxa sakmarisi masalis mopoveba, rom daemTavrebina Tavisi naSromi. gamokvlevis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom adamianebs saientologia izidavs ara imdenad im ideebis gamo, romelTa propagandas es religiuri organizacia eweoda, aramed imiT, rom is aqtiurad cdilobda axali wevrebis mizidvas da konformulobis wnexis qveS aqcevda mas Semdeg, rac isini moZraobaSi CaerTvebodnen. 15 kvlevis eTikuri problemebi: respondentebis negatiuri reaqcia yvela kvlevam, romlebic adamianebs exeba, SeiZleba eTikuri dilemebi warmoSvas. uolisi nakleb gulaxdili iyo imaTTan, vis qcevasac is swavlobda. man ar gaamJRavna Tavisi pirovneba, rogorc sociologma, rodesac saientologiis kursze Caewera. is Seecada, pirdapir ar eTqva tyuilebi, magram ar daasaxela Tavisi monawileobis namdvili mizezi. iyo es qceva eTikuri? Tu yvela garemoebas kargad avwoniT, albaT, iyo. Tu uolisi savsebiT gulaxdili iqneboda kvlevis yvela etapze, gamokvleva ar gagrZeldeboda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sazogadoebisTvis sainteresoa icodes, ra xdeba saidumlo organizaciebSi. amis safuZvelze, SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom misi strategia gamarTlebuli iyo. publikaciis problemebi: uolisis gamocdileba eTikuri problemebi, agreTve, xSirad wamoiWreba gamokvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis gamoqveynebis potenciuri Sedegebis gamo. Tavisi wignis gamoqveynebamde, uolisma xelnaweri saientologiis Stab-binaSi gagzavna. Semdeg man garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana, rom daekmayofilebina saientologTa zogierTi moTxovna. miuxedavad amisa, maT xelnaweri gaugzavnes advokats, romelic, saerTod, ciliswamebis saqmeebs awarmoebda. misi rCeviT, uolisma xelnaweridan zogierTi adgili amoiRo. gamokvlevis Sesaxeb komentari gaakeTa sociologma, romelic Tavad iyo saientologi. man uolisis kvlevis meTodebi da daskvnebi sastikad gaakritika. aRniSnuli komentari, garkveuli periodis Semdeg, Setanil iqna gamoqveynebul wignSi, rogorc danarTi. saientologebma erT-erT Tavian periodul gamocemaSi gamoaqveynes statia, sadac gaanalizebuli iyo uolisis gamokvleva. statiaSi moyvanilia citatebi kvlevis saidumloebisa da mkvlevris qcevis Semswavleli komisiis daskvnidan, Seqmnili SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ofisis mier. daskvnaSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom mkvlevrebma, romlebic adamianebs Seiswavlian, unda miiRon maTi ,,informirebuli Tanxmoba.” saientologebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles imaze, rom mkvlevrisTvis ar miuciaT informirebuli Tanxmoba da, amasTan erTad, uolisis gamoqveynebuli Sroma efuZneboda im informacias, romelic mkvlevarma miiRo saientologiis eklesiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili adamianebis mcire wrisagan. uoliss saqme hqonda didi Zalauflebis mqone da kargad organizebul jgufTan, romelmac SeZlo misi darwmuneba, Seecvala gamokvlevis angariSebis pirvandeli variantebi. sxva individebsa da jgufebs, romlebsac sociologebi Seiswavlian, msgavsi gavlena ara aqvT. im adamianebis Seswavlis dros, romlebic sustebi da uZlurebi arian, magaliTad, fsiqiatriuli avadmyofebi an patimrebi, mkvlevars garkveuli valdebuleba aqvs, Seafasos Tavisi kvlevis eTikuri mniSvneloba. radgan aseTi adamianebis SesaZlebloba, uSualod hqondeT negatiuri reaqcia, albaT, SezRudulia. gamokvlevis subieqtebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom gamoqveynebuli Sedegebi Seuracxmyofelia imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, maTi azriT, isini arasasiamovno saxiT arian warmodgenilebi (magaliTad, saientologebis reaqcia), an, meore mxriv, rom kvlevis Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad, sajaro xdeba is atitudebi da qceva, romlebic, urCevnodaT, konfidencialuri yofiliyo. adamianebs ar surT, rom 16 sajaro gaxdes socialuri cxovrebis mravali is sfero, romlebSic isini, sinamdvileSi, CarTulebi arian. zogierTi adamiani, romelic muSaobs fabrikaSi an ofisSi, regularulad ezideba saxlSi garkveul nivTebs (sagnebs, masalas); saavadmyofos meddebi, zogjer, momakvdav pacientebs morgis zewrebSi axveven jer kidev manam, sanam isini mokvdebian da TiTqmis ar aqceven maT yuradRebas. cixis zedamxedvelebma, SesaZloa, miiRon qrTami patimrebisgan da zogierTi maTgani aRiaron `sandod~ da miandon im samuSaos Sesruleba, rasac Tavad unda akeTebdnen. sociologiis gavlena sociologiuri gamokvleva iSviaTad aris saintereso mxolod sociologTa inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisTvis. xSirad, misi Sedegebi ufro farTod vrceldeba. igive moxda uolisis naSromis SemTxvevaSi, ramac ase SeaSfoTa saientologebi. xazgasasmelia, rom sociologia ar aris mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Seswavla; is am sazogadoebebis uwyveti cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani elementia. magaliTad, SegviZlia aviRoT mimdinare transformaciebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qorwinebaze, sqesTa Soris gansxvavebasa da ojaxze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb adamianTa mxolod mcire nawilma Tu ar icis am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, rac sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebis gaJonvis Sedegia. Cvens azrovnebasa da qcevaze mniSvnelovnad axdens gavlenas sociologiuri codna da, am gziT, Tavad sociologiuri kvlevis sfero icvlis formas. am movlenis aRweris erT-erTi gza (sociologiis specialur terminebs Tu gamoviyenebT) aris imis aRniSvna, rom sociologias refleqsuri kavSiri aqvs im adamianebTan, vis qcevasac swavlobs. `refleqsuri~ aRwers urTierTgacvlas sociologiur kvlevasa da adamianTa qcevas Soris. ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom sociologiuri monacemebi, xSirad, mWidro korelaciaSia yoveldRiur rwmenebTan. amis mizezi is ki ar aris, rom sociologia, ubralod, gvacnobs CvenTvis ukve nacnob monacemebs, aramed is, rom sociologiuri kvleva gamudmebiT axdens gavlenas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Cvens yoveldRiur codnaze. danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi sociologiuri kvlevis monacemTa analizis dros, mkvlevari xSirad statistikur teqnikas iyenebs, romlis nawili Zalian rTuli da kompleqsuria, magram is, rac yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, gasagebad advilia. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia centraluri tendenciis sazomebi da korelaciis koeficientebi. arsebobs saSualo sidideebis gamoangariSebis sami meTodi, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs garkveuli upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi. magaliTad, aviRoT cameti individis mflobelobaSi myofi piradi simdidris raodenoba (iseTi qonebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa saxlebi, manqanebi, sabanko angariSebi da kapitaldabandebebi). davuSvaT, rom am camet adamians aqvs Semdegi odenobis qoneba: 17 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . £ 000 (nuli) £ 5.00 £ 10.000 £ 20.000 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . £ 40.000 9. £ 100.000 £ 40.000 10. £ 150.000 £ 40.000 11. £ 200.000 £ 80.000 12. £ 400.000 13. £ 10.000.000 saSualo ricxvi aq Seesatyviseba saSualo sidides, romelic miRebulia yvela cameti adamianis piradi qonebis SekrebiTa da Sedegis 13-ze gayofiT. saerTo jami aris £11.085.000. Tu am ricxvs 13-ze gavyofT, mivirebT saSualo ricxvs £852.692.31. es saSualo ricxvi, xSirad, aris sasargeblo kalkulacia, radgan is emyareba miRebuli monacemebis mTel moculobas. magram am proceduram SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos iq, sadac erTi an ramdenime SemTxveva umravlesobisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi, erTi didi ricxvis _ 10.000.000 _ arseboba yvela sxva danarCens amaxinjebs. SesaZloa, iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, TiTqos, adamianTa umravlesobas imaze ufro meti qoneba aqvs, vidre es sinamdvileSia. aseT SemTxvevebSi, sxva ori sazomidan erT-erTi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. moda aris ricxvi, romelic yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arsebul monacemebSi. Cvens magaliTSi es aris £40.000. modas problema is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs monacemebis saerTo ganawilebas, e.i. mocemuli yvela ricxvis mTel diapazons. ar aris aucilebeli, rom SemTxveva, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ricxvebSi, reprezentatuli iyos mTeli ganawilebisTvis da amitom is SeiZleba ar iyos sando saSualo sidide. Cvens SemTxvevaSi £40.000 Zalian axlosaa qveda zRvarze myof ricxvebTan. mesame sazomi aris mediana, romelic ricxvebis nebismieri erTobliobis SuaSi mdebareobs. aq es meSvide ricxvia _ £40.000. Cvens magaliTSi, cifrebis kenti raodenoba gvaqvs. aq rom luwi ricxvi yofiliyo, magaliTad, 12, medianas gamoviTvlidiT SuaSi myofi ori SemTxvevis, 6 da 7 ricxvebis, saSualo ricxviT. modas msgavsad, mediana ar gvaZlevs warmodgenas gazomili monacemebis namdvili diapazonis Sesaxeb. zogjer mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos ZiriTadi tendenciis erTze meti sazomi, raTa Tavidan aicilos saSualo sididis mcdari suraTi. sakmaod xSirad, mkvlevrebi iTvlian standartul gadaxras gansaxilveli monacemebisTvis. es aris ricxvebis erTobliobis dispersiis xarisxis Tu diapazonis gamoTvlis saSualeba _ romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi nulidan 10.000.00-mdea. korelaciis koeficientebi gvTavazobs sasargeblo gzas imis gamosaxatad, Tu rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori (an meti) cvladi. Tu ori cvladi erTmaneTTan srul korelaciaSia, Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT srul dadebiT korelaciaze, romelic gamoixateba rogorc 1,0. rodesac or cvlads Soris veraviTar kavSirs ver aRmovaCenT _ maT Soris saerTod ar arsebobs Tanamimdevruli kavSiri _ koeficienti aris nuli. sruli uaryofiTi korelacia, gamoxatuli rogorc -1,0, arsebobs maSin, rodesac ori cvladi mTlianad inversiul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. socialur mecnierebebSi srulyofili korelaciis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia. 0,6 an meti korelacia, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, 18 rogorc nebismier gasaanalizebel cvladebs Soris mWidro kavSiris maCvenebeli. am doneze pozitiuri korelaciebis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia, vTqvaT, klasobriv warmoSobasa da xmis micemasTan dakavSirebul qcevas Soris. danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva cxrilis nimuSi avtomobilebis floba: ramdenime SerCeuli qveynis saerTaSoriso Sedareba avtomobilebis ricxvi mozrdili mosaxleobis 1000 pirze 1 wlebi qveynebis dasaxeleba 1971 1981 1984 brazilia gaerTianebuli samefo dasavleT germania iaponia irlandia italia saberZneTi safrangeTi SeerTebuli Statebi SvedeTi Cile 12 224 247 100 141 210 30 261 448 291 19 78 317 385 209 202 322 94 348 536 348 45 84 343 312 207 226 359 116 360 540 445 56 1989 98 366 479 286 228 424 150 475 607 445 67 1993 da Semdgom _ 360 470 2 300 _ 500 _ 420 570 410 _ cxrilSi moyvanil cifrebSi Cven SegviZlia ramdenime saintereso tendencia davinaxoT. pirveli, kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi: SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi 1000 sul mosaxleze TiTqmis 10-jer metia, vidre CileSi. meore, cxrili aCvenebs aSkara kavSirs kerZo avtomobilebis raodenobasa da qveynis simdidris dones Soris. faqtobrivad, kerZo avtomobilebis Tanafardoba, albaT, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, rogorc keTildReobis gansxvavebuli donis maCvenebeli. mesame, cxrilSi mocemul yvela qveyanaSi kerZo avtomobilebis raodenoba 1971 wlidan 1993 wlamde gaizarda, magram zogierT qveyanaSi zrdis tempi ufro maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi, es, albaT, aCvenebs ekonomikuri zrdis sxvadasxva xarisxs. meoTxe, es monacemebi unda ganvixiloT ufro farTo politikur konteqstSi. magaliTad, 1993 wels, germaniaSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvis Semcireba asaxavs dasavleT da aRmosavleT germaniis gaerTianebis process. 1 Seicavs yvela licenzirebul manqanas. gaerTianebuli germania _ 1993 w. wyaro: saerTaSoriso satransporto federacia, gaerTianebuli erebis transportis statistikis yovelwliuri biuleteni. cxrili mocemulia “Social T rends” (londoni, H MSO, 1987, gv. 68); evrogaerTianebis statistikuri ofisi “Basic Statistics of the Community” (luqsemburgi, evrokavSiri, 1991); 1993 wlis da ufro gviani monacemebi _ “The Economist, Pocket World in Figures,” 1996. 2 19 mexuTe, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT monacemebis wyaroebi. magaliTad, gaerTianebul samefoSi, safrangeTSi, SvedeTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, 1993 wels, kerZo avtomobilebis SedarebiT naklebi raodenoba, 1989 welTan SedarebiT, rac SeiZleba aixsnas monacemTa wyaroebis gansxvavebiT. monacemebTan muSaobis dros, saWiroa sifrTxile da, idealur SemTxvevaSi, statistikis jvaredini Semowmeba. sociologiuri literaturis kiTxvisas, Tqven xSirad waawydebiT cxrilebs. zogjer isini rTuli geCvenebaT, magram maTi gaSifvra advilia, Tu Tqven daicavT qvemoT CamoTvlil ramdenime ZiriTad princips; muSaobis procesSi, es moqmedebebi avtomaturi gaxdeba. cdunebas nu ahyvebiT da cxrilebs nu gadaaxtebiT. isini Seicaven erTad Tavmoyril informacias, romlis wakiTxva ufro swrafad SeiZleba, vidre es SesaZlebeli iqneboda sityvebiT gamoxatuli imave masalis wakiTxvis dros. rodesac Tqven gaiwafebiT cxrilebis interpretaciaSi, agreTve SeZlebT, gansazRvroT, ramdenad safuZvliania mocemuli masalis avtoris mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi. 1. saTauri waikiTxeT mTlianad. xSirad, cxrilebs grZeli saTaurebi aqvT. es warmoadgens mkvlevris cdas, zustad gansazRvros warmodgenili informaciis arsi. warmodgenili cxrilis saTauri, Tavdapirvelad, miuTiTebs monacemebis sagans, Semdeg _ faqts, rom cxrili gvawvdis masalas SedarebisTvis, mesamec _ faqts, rom cxrilis monacemebi qveynebis garkveul ricxvs asaxavs. 2. moZebneT axsna-ganmartebiTi komentarebi an SeniSvnebi monacemebis Sesaxeb. cxrilis pirveli svetis qveS moTavsebuli SeniSvna miuTiTebs, rom monacemebi mxolod licenzirebul manqanebs exeba. es mniSvnelovania, radgan zogierT qveyanaSi, swored licenzirebuli satransporto saSualebebis wili SeiZleba naklebi iyo, vidre sxva qveynebSi. SeniSvnebSi SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos, rogor Segrovda masala da ratom aris is garkveuli saxiT naCvenebi. Tu monacemebi mkvlevris mier araa Segrovebuli da isini efuZneba sxvagan gamoqveynebul pirvandel masalas, cxrilSi wyaro iqneba miTiTebuli. wyaro zogjer gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, CavwvdeT, ramdenad sando SeiZleba iyos informacia; is imasac gviCvenebs, sad moviZioT pirvandeli monacemebi. Cvens cxrilSi wyaroze miTiTeba naTels xdis, rom monacemebi aRebulia erTze meti wyarodan. 3. waikiTxeT saTaurebi cxrilis zeviT da marcxena mxares (zogjer cxrilebSi saTaurebi SeiZleba iyos qveviT da ara zeviT). am saTaurebis saSualebiT gaigebT, ra tipis informacias Seicavs TiToeuli rigi da sveti. cxrilis wakiTxvisa da cifrebis daTvalierebis dros, daimaxsovreT yvela saTauri. Cvens magaliTSi, marcxena mxares moTavsebuli saTaurebi exeba mocemul qveynebs, xolo zeviT aRniSnuli saTaurebi ki _ kerZo manqanebis raodenobasa da wlebs. 4. gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli erTeulebi. cxrilSi mocemuli ricxvebi SeiZleba aRniSnavdnen SemTxvevebs, procentebs, saSualo sidideebs da sxva sazomebs. zogjer SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, Tu cifrebs TqvenTvis ufro gamosadeg formas miscemT; magaliTad, Tu procentebi ar aris mocemuli, saWiroa maTi gamoangariSeba. 5. gaiazreT daskvnebi, romelTa miReba SesaZlebelia cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis saSualebiT. cxrilebis umetesobis komentars Tavad avtori akeTebs da, ra Tqma unda, Tqven unda mixvdeT, risi Tqma unda mas. magram isic unda gaarkvioT, ra damatebiT sakiTxebs Tu SekiTxvebs gvTavazobs cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi. 20 danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi biblioTekebi, gansakuTrebiT didi zomis, SeiZleba naklebad mimzidvel adgilebad mogveCvenos. bevri adamiani sakmaod ibneva, rodesac pirispir xvdeba biblioTekebSi ganTavsebuli informaciis uricxv wyaros. amitom maT, SesaZloa, mxolod mcire nawili gamoiyenon imisa, risi SeTavazebac biblioTekebs SeuZliaT, rac, albaT, uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens maT akademiur muSaobaze. kargia, Tu Tqveni kursis dasawyisSi gaecnobiT mTel im resursebs, romlebic biblioTekebSia. Tu amas adre gaakeTebT, Tqveni `dakargulobis~ SegrZneba didxans ar gagrZeldeba! biblioTekaSi arsebuli yvela informacia Senaxulia da daxarisxebulia sistemurad, maTi moZebna rom advili iyos. patara biblioTekebis umetesobaSi dgas Ria stelaJebi _ Taroebze wignebis Tavisuflad daTvaliereba SeiZleba da momxmarebels SeuZlia Tavad airCios misTvis saWiro nebismieri wigni. ufro didi koleqciebis umetesobaSi, wignebis mxolod nawili devs Ria Taroebze, danarCeni ki Senaxulia sacavebSi, sadac maT Sesanaxad naklebi farTobia saWiro. am biblioTekebSi nebismierma adamianma, visac surs, biblioTekaSive isargeblos wigniT an droebiT iTxovos is, pirdapir unda moiTxovos is an Seavsos SekveTis ganacxadi. zogierT biblioTekaSi wignebi orive sistemiT gaicema. Tu Tqven eZebT garkveul wigns, misi moZebna SegiZliaT avtoris an saTauris indeqsis saSualebiT, an katalogis daxmarebiT. es SeiZleba iyos kompiuterSi mocemuli sia, indeqsis baraTebis ujrebi an mikrofiSebi _ an samive erTad. rogorc ki ipoviT TqvenTvis saWiro wignis katalogis nomers, SegiZliaT ganacxadis baraTSi aRniSnoT es nomeri da wigni biblioTekis TanamSromlebs SeukveToT an Tavad moZebnoT Ria Taroebze, sadac wignebi yovelTvis katalogis nomrebis mixedviT aris dalagebuli. yvela sociologiuri wigni an maTi umravlesoba erTad iqneba dalagebuli. nebismieri biblioTekari SeZlebs agixsnaT, rogor aris mowyobili katalogis sistema. garkveul Temaze dawerili wignebis moZebnis dros, rodesac ar iciT arc avtorTa gvarebi da arc wignebis saTaurebi, saWiroa, gamoiyenoT Tematuri indeqsi (esec SeiZleba iyos kompiuterizebuli an baraTebze). Tematur indeqsSi wignebi Setanilia Temebis mixedviT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `klasi~, `biurokratia~ da a.S. didi biblioTekebis umravlesobaSi aris kompiuteruli sistemebi, romelTa marTva advilia. isini, Cveulebriv, biblioTekis yvela momxmareblisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi. Tqven, ubralod, miuTiTebT kompiuterSi im sferos Tu sferoebs, romelTa Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informacia gainteresebT da kompiuteri Sesabamisi saTaurebis sias SemogTavazebT. biblioTekebis umravlesoba momxmarebels zustad aseTive momsaxurebas sTavazobs, magram sxvadasxva biblioTeka amas sxvadasxvanairad akeTebs. gansxvavebulia katalogebis sistemebic. nurasdros SegeSindebaT, biblioTekars an asistentebs sTxovoT daxmareba, Tu biblioTekis teqnologiuri procesis romelime aspeqti sagonebelSi CagagdebT an rCeva dagWirdebaT. nu idardebT, Tu mogiwevT maTi Sewuxeba. biblioTekarebi namdvili profesionalebi arian. isini valdebulebi arian, daarwmunon momxmareblebi, rom biblioTekis resursebi xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis, visac surs maTi gamoyeneba. Cveulebriv, isini biblioTekaSi arsebul mTel masalas Zalian kargad icnoben da surT, mkiTxvelebs rCeviT daexmaron. 21 zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi Tu Tqven iwyebT sociologiaSi raime garkveuli Temis Seswavlas da gsurT mis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi informaciis moZieba, amisTvis arsebobs mravali sasargeblo saSualeba. arsebobs sociologiis sxvadasxva leqsikoni. maTSi mocemulia sagnis ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle ganxilva, agreTve, im gamoCenil mecnierTa Sexedulebebis Sefaseba, romlebmac didi wvlili Seitanes am disciplinaSi. didi leqsikonebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad ~Encyclopaedia Britannica~, Seicavs sociologiuri Temebis Sesabamis bevr statias. leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi gamoqveynebul statiebs, faqtobrivad yovelTvis, Tan axlavs wignebisa da statiebis mokle CamonaTvali, rac damatebiT sakiTxav masalad gamodgeba. arsebobs sxva mravali gza mocemuli problemis an sakiTxis Sesabamisi wignebisa Tu statiebis mosaZieblad. Jurnali ~The International Bibliography of the Social Scinces~, romelsac yovelwliurad gamoscems iunesko, aqveynebs im Sromebis amomwurav sias, romlebic ibeWdeba socialuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva disciplinebSi yovel wels. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT saTauri `ganaTlebis sociologia~ da moZebnoT uamravi Tanamedrove masala am sferoSi. aseve sasargeblo wyaroa ~Sociological Abstracts~, sadac ara marto CamoTvlilia wignebi da statiebi, romlebic exeba sociologiis sxvadasxva sferos, aramed mocemulia TiToeuli maTganis Sinaarsis mokle mimoxilva. sociologiuri Jurnalebi aucilebelia gaecnoT sociologiis ZiriTad Jurnalebs. isini, Cveulebriv, weliwadSi samjer an oTxjer gamodis. maTSi gamoqveynebuli informacia da diskusiebi ufro Tanamedrovea, vidre wignebSi dabeWdili masala, radgan wignis dawerasa da gamoqveynebas ufro meti dro sWirdeba. zogjer, JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da im pirovnebisTvis, romelmac jer kidev ar icis sociologia kargad, Zneli gasagebia. magram yvela wamyvani Jurnali regularulad aqveynebs zogadi xasiaTis statiebs, romlebic imaTTvisac ki gasagebia, visac am sagnis mwiri codna aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani Jurnalebia ~Sociology~ (britaneTis sociologiuri asociaciis oficialuri Jurnali), ~British Journal of Sociology~, ~Sociological Review~ da ~American Journal of Sociology~. sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, Tqveni biblioTeka gamoiyenoT garkveuli kvlevis proeqtis ganxorcielebis mizniT, albaT, disertaciis weris dros. aseTi amocana iwvevs Sesabamisi wyaroebis ufro `siRrmiseuli~ kvlevis Catarebas, vidre es Cveulebriv saWiroa. Tu Tqven gWirdebaT statistikuri informacia britaneTis Sesaxeb, kargia, Tu daiwyebT wigniT `Social T rends~, romelsac yovelwliurad aqveynebs mTavroba (HMSO). 22 is Seicavs specialurad SerCeul statistikur informacias britaneTis socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb. damatebiT informacias Seicavs ~General Household Survey~ da ufro detaluri statistikuri informacia mocemulia yovelwliur ~Annual Abstract of Statistics.~ orives mTavroba gamoscems. sagazeTo statiebi mkvlevrisTvis mniSvnelovani informaciis wyaros warmoadgens. arsebobs mxolod ramdenime gazeTi, romlebsac, zogjer `faqtebis Jurnalebs~ uwodeben. es niSnavs, rom isini ara marto axal ambebs Seicaven, aramed aqveyneben nawyvetebs saparlamento gamosvlebidan, mTavrobis cnobebs da sxva oficialur dokumentebs. ~The Times~, ~Guardian~ da ~Independent~ Zalian mniSvnelovani britanuli gazeTebia da TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs im Temebisa da gvarebis indeqss, romlebic mis gverdebze qveyndeba. ufro Sors Wvreta rogorc ki daiwyebT biblioTekis regularulad gamoyenebas, albaT, aRmoaCenT, rom ufro Cveulia, iyoT aRelvebuli garkveul sferoSi arsebuli naSromebis simravlis gamo, vidre Sesabamisi literaturis moZiebis siZneles ganicdideT. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi gzaa, wignebis an statiebis arCeva literaturis im siebis gacnobas efuZnebodes, romlebsac Tqven leqtorebi da tutorebi gaZleven. Tu aseTi sia ar arsebobs an Tqven gindaT damatebiTi masalis moZieba, yvelaze ukeTesi iqneba, Tu, rac SeiZleba zustad gansazRvravT TqvenTvis saWiro informacias. es saSualebas mogcemT, arCevanis areali SeZlebisdagvarad daaviwrovoT. Tu Tqvens biblioTekaSi Ria stelaJebia, saWiroa, daaTvalieroT potenciurad Sesaferisi wignebis an statiebis garkveuli raodenoba, sanam TqvenTvis aucilebel literaturas aarCevT. Tu gaqvT wigni, romelsac endobiT, SegiZliaT masSi mocemuli bibliografia gamoiyenoT orientiris saxiT. gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, wignis Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad, unda gaxsovdeT, rodis daiwera wigni. sociologia, iseve rogorc sxva socialuri mecnierebebi, mudmiv ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba da, ra Tqma unda, Zveli wignebi ar asaxavs am cvlilebebs. Sejameba 1. yvela gamokvleva iwyeba kvlevis problemiT, romelic mkvlevars aRelvebs an sagonebelSi agdebs. kvlevis problemebi SeiZleba warmoSvas arsebul literaturaSi warmoCenilma xarvezebma an Teoriulma debatebma, an socialur samyaroSi arsebulma praqtikulma sakiTxebma. kvleviTi strategiis SemuSavebaSi, SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT ramdenime mkafiod Camoyalibebuli etapi, Tumca realur gamokvlevaSi isini iSviaTad mihyveba erTmaneTs zusti TanmimdevrobiT. 2. seriozuli sociologiuri gamokvleva gulisxmobs, garkveuli socialuri fenomenis analizis mizniT, sando midgomis gamoyenebas. kvlevis meTodebi exeba imas, Tu rogor tardeba gamokvleva. savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros, mkvlevari did dros atarebs Sesaswavl jgufTan an erTobasTan. meore meTodi, masobrivi gamokiTxva, gulisxmobs kiTxvarebis fostiT gagzavnas an pirdapir darigebas im adamianebisTvis, romlebic warmoadgenen didi populaciebis SerCeviT erTobliobebs. sxva meTodebia eqsperimentebi, agreTve cxovrebis istoriebis, dRiurebis da dokumenturi masalebis gamoyeneba. 23 3. TiToeul kvlevis meTods aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. amitom mkvlevrebi, xSirad, iyeneben or an met meTods erTi da imave gamokvlevis dros; TiToeulis mizania sxva meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebis Semowmeba da Sevseba. sociologiuri kvlevis saukeTeso nimuSebSi SeerTebulia istoriuli da SedarebiTi perspeqtivebi. 4. sociologiuri gamokvlevis dros, mkvlevris winaSe xSirad dgeba eTikuri dilemebi. isini SeiZleba wamoiWras an maSin, rodesac mkvlevari kvlevis pirebs ar eubneba simarTles, an roca kvlevis monacemebis gamoqveynebam, SesaZloa, arasasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Sesaswavli adamianebis grZnobebze an cxovrebaze. ar arsebobs gza, romelic mTlianad gadaWris aseT problemebs, magram yvela mkvlevari gulisxmierad unda moekidos wamoWril dilemebs. 5. iseTi kvlevis analizis dros, romlis mizania raodenobrivi monacemebis mogroveba, sxvadasxva statistikuri teqnika gamoiyeneba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi tendenciis sazomebi da korelaciis koeficientebi. centraluri tendenciis sazomebi aris ricxvebis mocemuli diapazonidan saSualo sidideebis gamoTvlis saSualebebi. korelaciis koeficientebi zomavs erTi cvladis meoresTan Tanamimdevruli kavSiris xarisxs. damatebiTi literatura Margaret F onow a nd J udith A . C ook, Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived Research (Bloomington: Indiana U niversity P ress, 1 991). eseebis krebuli, romelic Seiswavlis feminizmis gavlenas socialuri mecnierebebis kvlevis meTodebze. Lee Harvey, M orag M acDonald and A nne D evany, Doing Sociology (London: Macmillan, 1992) . sociologiis axalbeda studentebisTvis dawerili proeqtze dafuZnebuli midgoma meTodologiisadmi. Catherine M arsh, Exploring Data (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1988). monacemTa analizis SesaniSnavi Sesavali, romelSic, statistikuri teqnikis ilustrirebis mizniT, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia realuri problemebis Seswavlaze. Ken P lummer, Documents of Life (London: R outledge, 1990 ). socialur mecnierebebSi Tvisebri kvlevis Sesavali. Lynne W illiams a nd A udrey D unsmuir, How to do Social Research (London: Carper C ollins, 1990 ). praqtikaze orientirebuli socialuri kvlevis Sesavali, exeba sociologiuri kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebis aspeqtebis umravlesobas. mniSvnelovani terminebi kiTxvebi faqtebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi kiTxvebi ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi empiriuli kvleva Teoriuli kiTxvebi hipoTeza SerCeva reprezentatuli SerCeviTi erToblioba SemTxveviTi SerCeva eqsperimenti cxovrebis istoriebi dokumenturi kvleva 24 CarTuli dakvirveba masobrivi gamokiTxva standartizebuli kiTxvarebi Ria kiTxvarebi SedarebiTi analizi yoveldRiuri rwmenebi korelacia 25 Tavi 21 sociologiuri Teoria ZiriTadi cnebebi Teoriuli midgomebi funqcionalizmi. struqturalizmi. simboluri interaqcionizmi. Mmarqsizmi Teoriuli dilemebi dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba dilema II : konsensusi da konfliqti dilema III: genderis problema dilema IV: Tanamedrove msoflios formireba Teoriebi magaliTi: protestantuli eTika Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi Sejameba damatebiTi literatura mniSvnelovani terminebi 2 ZiriTadi cnebebi Kkonsensusi. Kkonfliqti. socialuri struqtura. Teoriuli midgoma. Teoria. winamdebare sociologiaSi, TavSi, im gavaanalizebT dilemebis ZiriTad Teoriul identificirebiT, midgomebs romlebzec isini miuTiTeben. Cven, aseve, ganvixilavT Tanamedroveobis ZiriTad Teoriul transformaciebs. Teoriuli midgomebi sociologiis sawyisebi – marqsis, durkemisa da veberis naSromebSi – umTavresad evropuli iyo. Tumca, Cvens saukuneSi am disciplinam myarad moikida fexi TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi da umniSvnelovanesi ganviTareba ganicada SeerTebul StatebSi. sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdina amerikeli filosofosis herbert midis (1863-1931) naSromebma, romelic Cikagos universitetSi aswavlida da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. Mmidi xazs usvamda enis da, mTlianobaSi, simboloebis ganmsazRvrel rols adamianis socialur cxovrebaSi. midgomas, romelic man ganaviTara, Semdeg simboluri interaqcionizmi ewoda. midi naklebad ikvlevda sazogadoebas, rogorc mTels, igi met yuradRebas mcire masStabis socialur procesebs uTmobda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod adre warmoiSva, simboluri interaqcionizmi mxolod mogvianebiT gaxda gavleniani. amitom Cven mas funqcionalizmisa da struqturalizmis Semdeg ganvixilavT. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgom amerikeli sociologi talkot produqtiuli avtori periodSi, yvelaze parsonsi (1902-1979) iyo. gaxldaT, romlis Sromebi cnobili igi sakmaod exeboda rogorc sociologiis empiriul sferoebs, aseve Teorias. sxva sferoebTan erTad, man didi wvlili Seitana ojaxis, biurokratiis, profesiebis da politikis kvlevis saqmeSi. igi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc xeli Seuwyo funqcionalizmis ganviTarebas; es aris Teoriuli mdgoma, romlis damfuZneblebi diurkemi da konti arian. funqcionalisturi midgomis mixedviT, nebismieri sazogadoebis Seswavlisas, unda davakvirdeT, 3 rogor arian dakavSirebulni sazogadoebis sxvadasxva ,,nawilebi” Tu institutebi, misi uwyveti arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. Tumca, mogvianebiT, ukve evropelma moazrovneebma gaiTqves saxeli TavianTi romelmac romelic wvliliT sociologiuri gansakuTrebul sociologiur Teoriis warmatebas analizs ganviTarebaSi. miaRwia, mWidrod aris midgoma, struqturalizmi, ukavSirebs enis kvlevas. struqturalisturi azrovneba, Tavdapirvelad, lingvistikaSi dafuZnda da mogvianebiT gadatanil iqna socialur mecnierebebSi anTropolog klod levi-strosis mier (1908-). am midgomis saTaveebi jer kidev grZeldeboda misi diurkemTan da marqsTan SeiniSneba. Mmarqsis naazrevis Sesaxeb msjeloba gardacvalebidan asi wlis Semdegac ki. Mmarqsis mimdevrebis moRvaweoba Semdeg marqsizmis saxiT Camoyalibda. Ffunqcionalizmi rogorc aRiniSna, funqcionalistur azrovnebas safuZveli daudo diurkemma, romelic funqcionalur analizs sociologiuri Teoretizirebisa da kvlevis amocanebis miseuli formulirebis sakvanZo nawilad miiCnevda. Tumca funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove saxiT ganviTareba anTropologebis damsaxurebaa. Cveni saukunis dasawyisamde, anTropologia, umTavresad, efuZneboda im angariSebsa da dokumentebs, romelsac awvdidnen. koloniuri amitom, spekulaciuri da administracia, mecxramete misionrebi saukunis araadekvaturad da anTropologia dokumentirebuli mogzaurebi ufro iyo. metad avtorebi TavianT wignebs mTel msoflioSi Segrovili magaliTebis saSualebiT qmnidnen da didad ar wuxdnen maT auTenturobaze an im kulturul konteqstze, saidanac es magaliTebi mohqondaT. magaliTad, religiis analizi xdeboda rwmenisa da praqtikis mravali magaliTis SedarebiTi analiziT, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebuli kulturebidan iyo aRebuli. Tanamedrove anTropologia im droiT TariRdeba, rodesac mkvlevarebs ukve aRar akmayofilebdaT amgvari praqtika da daiwyes savele kvlevebi msoflios qveynebis sxvadasxva kulturebSi. 4 AanTropologiuri savele praqtikis fuZemdeblebi iyvnen a. r. radklifbrauni (1881-1955), romelic diurkemis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida, da bronislav malinovski (1884-1942), poloneli mkvlevari, romelmac Tavisi karieris umetesi nawili britaneTSi gaatara. Mmalinovskim Caatara erTerTi yvelaze cnobili anTropologiuri kvleva, rac mis mier wynari okeanis trobriandis kunZulebze xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegia. radklifbraunma Seiswavla andamanis kunZulebis binadarTa yofa, romlebic cxovrobdnen arqipelagze birmis sanapirosTan. Oorive avtori amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeba Tu kultura unda SeviswavloT, rogorc erTi mTliani, Tu gvinda, gavigoT misi ZiriTadi institutebis arsi da avxsnaT, ratom iqcevian misi wevrebi swored amgvarad. MmagaliTad, Cven SegviZlia gavaanalizoT sazogadoebis religiuri mrwamsi da zne-Cveulebebi imisaTvis, rom vaCvenoT, rogor urTierToben isini sxva institutebTan erTi sazogadoebis farglebSi, radgan sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawili erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi viTardeba. socialuri praqtikis Tu institutis funqciis Seswavla niSnavs im wvlilis gaanalizebas, rac am praqtikas Tu instituts Seaqvs sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. Aamisi gagebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens adamianis sxeulTan analogia, ris Sedarebasac axdenen konti, diurkemi da bevri sxva momdevno xanis funqcionalistebi. Aadamianis sxeulis garkveuli organos, magaliTad, gulis Sesaswavlad, saWiroa vicodeT, Tu rogor urTierTobs igi sxeulis sxva nawilebTan. mTel sxeulSi sisxlis gadatumbviT, guli ZiriTad rols asrulebs organizmis msgavsad amisa, socialuri funqciis sicocxlis analizi gaxangrZlivebaSi. niSnavs, misi rolis Cvenebas sazogadoebis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. MmagaliTad, diurkemis mixedviT, religia ganamtkicebs adamianebis erTgulebas ZiriTadi socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi, riTac xels uwyobs socialuri erTobis mxardaWeras. Ffunqcionalizmis mertoniseuli versia Ffunqcionalizmi sociologiis wiaRSi talkot parsonsis (1952, 1966) da robert mertonis Sromebis meSveobiT `dabrunda~, romlebsac 5 funqcionalizmi ZiriTad saSualebad miaCndaT, sociologiuri Teoriisa da sociologiuri kvlevis ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. funqcionalizmis mertonis mier SemoTavazebuli versia gansakuTrebuli gavleniT sargeblobda, ramac amerikeli sociologebis mTeli Taobis muSaoba gansazRvra, mertonma Tumca sxvaganac aseve funqcionalisturi analizis ufro farTod rTuli gamoiyeneboda. modeli Seqmna, vidre es radklif-braunis an malinovskis mier iyo SemoTavazebuli. amasTan, man moargo igi industriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlas, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda anTropologebis mier Seswavlili ufro martivi kulturebisgan. mertoni ganasxvavebs aSkara da latentur funqciebs. AaSkara funqciebi isaa, romlebic cnobili da nagulisxmevia gansakuTrebuli tipis socialuri aqtivobis monawileTa mier. Llatenturi funqciebi im aqtivobis Sedegebia, romlis Sesaxeb monawileebma araferi ician (Merton 1957). am gansxvavebis sailustraciod, mertons wvimis cekvis magaliTi moaqvs, romelic indielebs niu-meqsikos swamT, rom es hopi indielebma ceremoniali warmoadgines. wvimas moitans, rac hopi maT mosavlisTvis sWirdebaT (aSkara funqcia). swored amitom awyoben isini ceremonials da monawileoben masSi. Tumca, diurkemis religiis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, mertons miaCnia, rom wvimis cekvas sazogadoebis erTianobis SenarCunebis efeqtic gaaCnia (latenturi funqcia). mertonis mixedviT, sociologiuri axsnis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens socialuri aqtivobebisa da institutebis latenturi funqciebis gamoaSkaraveba. Mmertoni aRniSnavs, rom aseve ganasxvavebs anTropologebis funqciasa mier disfunqcias. da Seswavlili mcire igi kulturebi gacilebiT integrirebuli da solidarulebia, vidre farTo-masStabiani industriuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic sociologiis mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens. radklif-brauns da malinovskis SeeZloT yuradReba marto maidentificirebel romlebsac Tumca, isini funqciebze aanalizebdnen, Tanamedrove msoflios gaemaxvilebinaT, stabiluri Seswavlisas, vinaidan da kulturebi, integrirebuli Cven iyo. dezintegraciuli tendenciebic unda gavarkvioT. Ddisfunqcia socialuri aqtivobis im 6 aspeqtebs exeba, romlebic cvlilebebs iwvevs, radgan is socialur erTianobas emuqreba. socialuri socialuri wyobas qcevis cxovrebis gamowvevas religia mudam erTianobas disfunqciuri im niSnebze aspeqtebis fokusirebas, Seswavla romlebic ucxadebs. MmagaliTad, mcdaria funqcionaluria uwyobs xels. – rodesac rom ori igi jgufi niSnavs imis arsebul daSveba, rom mxolod socialur sxvadasxva religias misdevs, an Tundac erTi religiis sxvadasxva versias, aq SesaZlebelia didi socialuri konfliqtebi, farTomasStaburi socialuri ganxeTqilebiT. amitomac xSirad CaRdeboda omebi religiur erTobebs Soris, rogoric protestantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris Setakebebi iyo evropis istoriaSi. funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove ganviTareba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Ffunqcionalisturi azrovneba, SesaZloa, wamyvan Teoriul tradicias warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi. Bbolo wlebSi, misma popularobam kleba daiwyo, vinaidan cxadi gaxda misi naklovanebebi – Tumca, am midgomas dResac hyavs aSkara damcvelebi (Alexander 1985) . miuxedavad imisa, rom es mertons ar exeba, mravali moazrovne funqcionalisti zedmet yuradRebas im faqtorebze (magaliTad, talkot parsonsi) amaxvilebda, rasac socialur erTianobasTan mivyavarT, da naklebad ikvlevda im faqtorebs, romlebic dayofasa da konfliqtebs iwvevs. amasTan, bevri kritikosis azriT, funqcionaluri analizi sazogadoebas iseT Tvisebebs miawers, rac mas ar gaaCnia. funqcionalistebi xSirad weren, TiTqos sazogadoebebs hqondes `moTxovnilebebi~ da `miznebi~, Tumca es cnebebi azrs maSin iZenen, rodesac adamianis mimarT gamoiyeneba. aviRoT, magaliTad, mertonis analizi hopis wvimis cekvis Sesaxeb. mertoni wers, Tu Cven SevZlebT davinaxoT, integracias, Cven ukve rom ceremoniali avxseniT, ratom exmareba arsebobs hopi igi kulturis `realurad~ - vinaidan, yvelaferTan erTad, yvelam viciT, rom cekvas, sinamdvileSi, ar moaqvs wvima. ase ar aris, Tu ar warmovidgenT, rom hopis sazogadoeba `ubiZgebs~ mis wevrebs, imoqmedon ise, rogorc maTi erTianobisTvisaa 7 aucilebeli. magram es ar SeiZleba ase iyos, vinaidan sazogadoebas ar SeiZleba hqondes nebisyofa an miznebi; igi mxolod adamianebs gaaCniaT. struqturalizmi iseve rogorc Sromebis gavlena funqcionalizmma, ganicada, Tumca struqturalizmmac misi diurkemis ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala lingvistikaa. Sveicareli lingvistis ferdinand de sosiuris (1857-1913) mniSvnelovani Sromebi adreuli wyaro struqturalisturi iyo. Mmiuxedavad ideebis imisa, rom yvelaze sosiuri mxolod enis Sesaxeb werda, Sexedulebebi, romlebic man ganaviTara, mogvianebiT socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mraval disciplinaSi aisaxa. sosiuris moRvaweobamde, enis Seswavla, umTavresad, sityvaTa gamoyenebis gzebis detalur cvlilebebze dakvirvebiT Semoifargleboda. sosiuris mixedviT, es procedura uyuradRebod tovebs enis ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas. Cven verasodes davadgenT enis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs – anu struqturas – Tu mxolod im sityvebs davakvirdebiT, romlebsac adamianebi saubrisas iyeneben (Saussure 1974) . Eena Sedgeba gramatikuli wesebisgan da mniSvnelobisgan, rac sityvebis `miRma Zevs~, magram ar vlindeba maTSi. aviRoT martivi magaliTi: inglisur enaSi zmnas, Cveulebriv, “ed” emateba, rodesac warsulis ambebs vexebiT. Ees erT-erTia im aTasobiT wess Soris, rac am enaze mosaubrem icis, da rac gamoiyeneba saubris konstruirebisTvis. sosiuris mixedviT, enis struqturis analizi niSnavs, eZebo wesebi, rac Cveni metyvelebis qveS imaleba. Aam wesebis umetesoba CvenTvis mxolod implicituradaa cnobili: Cven ar SegviZlia advilad davadginoT, ras warmoadgenen isini. faqtobrivad, lingvistebis amocanaa imis gamoaSkaraveba, rac impliciturad viciT, anu viciT mxolod enis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis doneze. ena da mniSvneloba sosiuri miiCnevs, rom sityvebis mniSvneloba enis struqturidan warmoiSoba da ara im obieqtebidan, romlebsac es sityvebi aRniSnaven. 8 Cven SeiZleba gulubryvilod gvjerodes, rom sityva `xe~-s mniSvneloba aris is foTliani obieqti, romelsac termini gulisxmobs. Tumca, sosiuris mixedviT, es ase ar aris. es SegviZlia davinaxoT im faqtiT, rom enaSi arsebobs Zalze bevri sityva, romelic arafers ar aRniSnavs, magaliTad, `da~, `Tumca~ an `miuxedavad amisa.~ ufro metic, aris mniSvnelobis Semcveli bevri sityva, romelic miTosur obieqtebs Seexeba da realobaSi saerTod ar arsebobs, magaliTad, `martorqa.~ Tu sityva ar warmoiSoba obieqtisgan, romelsac igi miekuTvneba, maSin saidan movida is? sosiuris pasuxia, rom mniSvneloba iqmneba dakavSirebul cnebebs Soris gamoicnoba. gansxvavebulobis sityva `xe~-s safuZvelze, mniSvneloba modis rac im enis faqtidan, wesebiT rom Cven vasxvavebT `xes~ `buCqis,~ `jagnaris,~ `tyis~ da sxva mravali msgavsi, Tumca gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvisgan. Ggansxvavebebi iqmneba Sinaganad, enis farglebSi, da ara gare obieqtebis saSualebiT, romlebsac am sityvebiT aRvniSnavT. struqturalizmi da semiotika zemoT moyvanil analizs, sosiuri mniSvnelovan dakvirvebas umatebs, rom ara mxolod bgerebs (laparaki) an qaRaldze niSnebs (wera) SeuZlia SegviZlia mniSvnelobis Seqmna. ganvasxvavoT nebismieri sxva obieqti, obieqtisgan, romelic mudmivad mniSvnelobis SeiZleba Sesaqmnelad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amisi magaliTia SuqniSani. Cven viyenebT kontrasts mwvanesa da wiTels Soris, romelic niSnavs `gaiare~ da `SeCerdi~ (yviTeli niSnavs `moemzade gasavlelad~ an `moemzade gasaCereblad~). daakvirdiT, rom swored gansxvaveba qmnis mniSvnelobas da ara Tavad ferebi. sul erTia, mwvanes gamoviyenebdiT gasaCereblad Tu wiTels gasavlelad, gansxvavebulobaze. sosiuri Tu myari warmodgena aralingvisturi gveqneboda mniSvnelobis maT Seswavlas semiologias uwodebs, Tumca dRes mas semiotikas vuwodebT. semiotikuri kvlevebi, SesaZloa, kulturis mravali aspeqtis SeswavliT ganxorcieldes. EerTi magaliTia tansacmeli da moda. ra xdis tansacmlis garkveul stils modurad, mocemul droSi? Ees, rasakvirvelia, is tansacmeli ar aris, romelsac vatarebT, vinaidan, 9 magaliTad, mokle qvedakaba SeiZleba erT weliwads moduri iyos, momdevno wels ki _ aramoduri. is, rac raimes modurs xdis, kvlav gansxvavebaa maT Soris, vinc `icis,~ ra Caicvas da imaT, vinc CamorCeba. kidev erTi magaliTi tansacmlis sferodan aris Savi tansacmlis Cacma glovis dros. Cvens kulturaSi glovis niSani Savi tansacmelia. meore mxriv, zogierT sxva kulturebSi, mgloviare adamianebi TeTr tansacmels atareben. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba Tavad fers ki ara aqvs, aramed faqts, rom samgloviaro tansacmeli gansxvavdeba maTi yoveldRiuri stilisgan. struqturalisturi midgoma, ufro farTod anTropologiaSi gamoiyeneboda, vidre sociologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi. levi-strosis kvalad, struqturalizms, romelmac popularoba SesZina analizi gamoyenebul struqturalisturi termin iqna naTesauri kavSirebis, miTis, religiis da sxva sferoebis sakvlevad. Tumca sociologiuri Teoriis mravali avtori im cnebebis gavlenis qveS moeqca, romlebic struqturalizmidan aris aRebuli. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ar surda, struqturalistad yofiliyo wodebuli, miSel fuko, romlis Sromebs SevexeT wignis bevr TavSi, mraval ZiriTad termins struqturalisturi azrovnebidan iyenebda. struqturalisturi koncefciebi gamoyenebul iqna mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia), ideologiis da, zogadad, kulturis kvlevisTvis. struqturalistur azrovnebas sisusteebic aqvs, rac zRudavs mis, rogorc zogadi Teoriuli midgomis, gamoyenebas sociologiaSi. struqturalizmi warmoiSva enis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT da sxvebze ufro gamosadegi gamodga adamianis qcevis garkveuli aspeqtebis analizisTvis. igi sasargebloa komunikaciisa da kulturis kvlevisTvis, Tumca naklebi gamoyeneba aqvs socialuri cxovrebis ufro praqtikul sferoebSi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri an politikuri aqtivoba. simboluri interaqcionizmi simboluri interaqcionizmi ufro met mniSvnelobas aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT individebs aniWebs, vidre romelime sxva Teoriuli midgoma. Mmidis moRvaweobis Semdeg, es midgoma bevrma sxva avtorma ganaviTara da 10 SeerTebul StatebSi igi funqcionalisturi Tvalsazrisis principuli metoqe gaxda. iseve rogorc struqturalizmis SemTxvevaSi, simboluri interaqcionalizmis warmoSoba enis problemebiT dainteresebidan iwyeba; Tumca midma igi sxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTara. simboloebi Mmidi acxadebs, rom swored ena gvaZlevs saSualebas, TviT- cnobieri arsebebi viyoT – SevicnoT sakuTari individualoba, xolo ZiriTadi elementi am procesSi _ simboloa. simbolo iseTi ramea, rac raRac sxvas aRniSnavs. sosiuris mier motanil magaliTs Tu gavixsenebT, sityva `xe~ aris simbolo, romlis saSualebiTac Cven warmovidgenT sagans, xes. midis mtkicebiT, Tuki erTxel daveuflebiT amgvar cnebas, Cven SeiZleba vifiqroT xeze maSinac ki, Tu irgvliv araviTari xe ar Cans. Cven azrovneba viswavleT, vifiqroT gvaTavisuflebs obieqtze imisgan, rom simbolurad. viyoT simboluri SezRudulni Cvens gamocdilebaSi mxolod imiT, rasac vxedavT, gvesmis an vgrZnobT. cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi cxovroben simboloebiT mdidar samyaroSi. Ees Cvens TviTcnobierebas exeba. (cxovelebs ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari, rogorc es adamianur arsebebs aqvT.) adamiani TviTcnobieri arsebaa, sakuTar Tavs – garedan vinaidan davinaxoT Cven Cveni SegviZlia Tavi, `SevxedoT~ rogoradac sxvebi gvxedaven. rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sityva `me~-s gamoyenebas, im obieqtTan (sakuTar TavTan) mimarTebaSi, romelsac sxvebi `Sen~-s eZaxian, is avlens TviTcnobierebis sawyisebs. Ffaqtobrivad, yvela urTierTqmedeba individebs Soris, rogorc interaqcionistebs miaCniaT, gulisxmobs simboloebis gacvlas. rodesac vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, Cven mudmivad veZebT `gasaRebs~, Tu rogori saxis qceva iqneba Sesabamisi am kontesqtSi da rogori interpretacia mivceT sxvebis ganzraxvebs. simboluri interaqcionizmi mimarTavs Cvens yuradRebas interpersonaluri urTierTqmedebis detalebze, da rogor gamoiyeneba esa Tu is detali imis misaxvedrad, Tu ras amboben an akeTeben sxvebi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mamakacsa da qals pirveli 11 Sexvedra aqvT daniSnuli. TiToeuli maTgani, albaT, Sexvedris met nawils gaatarebs imis mcdelobaSi, rom Seiqmnas STabeWdileba meoreze da Seafasos, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi urTierToba, Tu is ganviTardeba saerTod. Aarc erTs ar unda amis Riad gamoaSkaraveba, Tumca orive acnobierebs, rac xdeba. Oorive frTxilad iqceva da surs, Tavi saukeTeso saxiT warmoaCinos; Tumca, imis gamo, rom yvelaferi es ician, orive gamoamJRavnebs Seecdeba mis moZebnos namdvil is aspeqtebi ganzraxvebs. meoris simboluri qcevaSi, rac interpretaciis rTuli da zedmiwevniT faqizi procesi ayalibebs urTierTqmedebas am or adamians Soris. sociologebi, ganicdian, romlebic Cveulebriv, simboluri interaqcionizmis gavlenas amaxvileben pirispir yuradRebas urTierTqmedebaze yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kontesqtSi. irvin gofmanma, visi wignic ganxiluli iyo me-4 TavSi (`Social Interaction a nd E veryday Life~), gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino wvlili Seitana am tipis kvlevaSi, da misca gonebamaxvili da cocxali saxe imas, rasac midTan ufro mSrali, abstraqtuli Teoriuli midgomis saxe hqonda. Ggofmanisa da sxvebis damsaxurebiT, simbolurma interaqcionizmma xeli Seuwyo yoveldRiur socialur cxovrebaSi Cveni simboluri interaqcionizmi sakmaod mcire qmedebebis yovelTvis masStabebzea xasiaTis Riaa amocnobas. kritikisTvis, koncentrirebuli. Tumca rom igi simboluri interaqcionistebi yovelTvis ganicdidnen sirTuleebs farTomasStabian struqturebTan da procesebTan urTierTobisas – im fenomenebTan, romelTac danarCeni ori tradicia yvelaze met yuradRebas uTmobs. marqsizmi funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi da simboluri interaqcionizmi ar aris Teoriuli tradiciebis sruli CamonaTvali, romelic angariSgasawevia sociologiaSi; aseve, arc mocemuli dayofaa erTaderTi gza, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia Teoriuli midgomebis klasifikacia. Mmidgomebis kidev erTi Zalze gavleniani tipi, romelic ar ganekuTvneba am dayofas, aris marqsizmi. marqsistebi, cxadia, TavianT 12 Sexedulebebs, ama Tu im saxiT, marqsis Sromebs ukavSireben; Tumca, marqsis ZiriTadi ideebis mravali interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli da dResac arsebobs Zalze gansxvavebul poziciaze mdgomi marqsistuli skolebi. ufro farTod rom vimsjeloT, marqsizmi SegviZlia movaqcioT sami aRniSnuli tradiciis CarCoebSi. Bbevri marqsisti, Riad Tu farulad, istoriuli materializmis mimarT funqcionalistur midgomas iyenebs. marqsizmis maTeuli versia Sexedulebebisgan, yvelaze sruliad romlebic TvalsaCino avtori, gansxvavebulia struqturalizmis romelmac es im marqsistebis gavlenis qveS Tvalsazrisi arian; ganaviTara, frangi lui alTuseria (Althusser 1969) . marqsistuli Sexedulebebis es ori tipi gansxvavdeba im marqsistebisgan, romlebic met upiratesobas aniWebdnen adamianis qcevis aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs. aseTi avtorebis mxolod mcire nawili ganicdida simboluri interaqcionizmis uSualo gavlenas, Tumca emxrobodnen masTan sakmaod miaxloebul pozicias. Aamis magaliTi iurgen habermasia, romlis naSromi ganxiluli iyo 1 TavSi da sxvaganac (ix. Habermas 1987). yvela Tavisi aramarqsistuli versiiT, marqsizmi tradiciebisgan. gansxvavdeba Mmarqsisti avtorebis sociologiis umravlesoba, marqsizms sociologiuri analizis da politikuri reformis nawilad ganixilavs. MmiCneulia, rom marqsizmi qmnis radikaluri politikuri cvlilebis programas. Uufro metic, marqsistebi ufro met aqcentebs akeTeben klasobriv dayofaze, konfliqtze, xelisuflebaze da ideologiaze, vidre bevri aramarqsisti sociologi, gansakuTrebiT imaTi umetesoba, vinc funqcionalizmis gavlena ganicada. UukeTesia, marqsizmi ganvixiloT, ara rogorc sociologiuri midgomis erT-erTi tipi, aramed rogorc arsebobs; Sexedulebebis isini sistema, erTmaneTs romelic gadakveTen sociologiis da gverdigverd sakmaod xSirad urTierTgavlenas ganicdian. Maramarqsistuli sociologia da marqsizmi yovelTvis imyofeboda erTmaneTis gavlenisa da opoziciis pirobebSi. 13 Teoriuli dilemebi rogor unda moxdes am oTxi Teoriuli midgomis Sefaseba? miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel maTgans Tavisi erTguli momxre hyavs, arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebSic isini avseben erTmaneTs. Ffunqcionalizmi da marqsizmis umetesi versiebi koncentrirebas axdens socialuri jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis ufro farTomasStabian Seswavlaze. isini, arsebiTad, mimarTulia `grandiozul sakiTxebze,~ magaliTad, `rogor inarCunebs sazogadoeba erTianobas?~ an ,,ra ZiriTadi pirobebi iwvevs socialur cvlilebas?“Aamisagan interaqcionizmi pirispir ufro metad gansxvavebiT, fokusirebulia urTierTqmedebis konteqstze. simboluri socialuri cxovrebis struqturalizmi sxva midgomebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi, umTavresad, fokusirebulia socialuri aqtivobis kulturul maxasiaTeblebze. A amgvarad, Cven specifikuri SegviZlia, TeoriiT; Tumca, sociologiuri garkveulwilad, garkveuli problemebis seleqciurad azriT, isini ganxilvisas, visargebloT mkveTrad yvela upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilema – mudmivi davisa da kamaTis sagani – rac swored Sexedulebebis am dapirispirebulobiT izidavs Cven yuradRebas; zogierTi maTgani Zalze zogad Temas exeba, Tu rogor unda movaxdinoT adamianuri qmedebebisa da socialuri institutebis interpretacia. aq oTx amgvar dilemas ganvixilavT. 1. erTi dilema exeba adamianur qmedebas da socialur struqturas. sakiTxi SemdegSia: ramdenad warmovadgenT Semoqmed aqtorebs, romlebic aqtiurad akontroleben sakuTari cxovrebis garemoebebs? Aaris Tu ara imis didi nawili, rasac vakeTebT, Cvens kontrols miRma arsebuli socialuri Zalebis arsebobis Sedegi? es sakiTxi yovelTvis mijnavda da agrZelebs sociologebis gamijvnas. simboluri interaqcionizmi xazs usvams adamianis qcevis aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT komponentebs. danarCeni sami midgoma (marqsizmis zogierTi variantis gamoklebiT) gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Cvens qmedebebze socialuri gavlenis SemzRudav xasiaTs. 14 2. meore Teoriuli sakiTxi konsensuss exeba konfliqts da sazogadoebaSi. sociologiaSi zogierTi Tvalsazrisi _ imaTi CaTvliT, vinc funqcionalizmTanaa dakavSirebuli – xazs usvams adamianuri sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebel wesrigsa da harmonias. isini, vinc am Sexedulebas emxrobian, sazogadoebebis rogoricaa, yvelaze magaliTad, niSandobliv talkot maxasiaTeblad parsonsi, uwyvetobas da konsensuss miiCneven, rogorc ar unda icvlebodnen es sazogadoebebi droSi. Mmeore mxriv, sxva sociologebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc marqsis an veberis Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, xazs usvamen socialuri konfliqtis dominanturobas. isini sazogadoebaSi xedaven mudmiv danawevrebas, mtkiceba, rom erTmaneTis daZabulobas adamianebi, mimarT, da umetesad, iluziaa; maSinac brZolebs. MmaTi azriT, megobrulad arian ganwyobilni ki, rodesac ar imis SeimCneva Ria konfrontacia, arsebobs interesTa Rrma sxvadasxvaoba, rac garkveul dros mzadaa, Ria konfliqtebSi gadaizardos. 3. arsebobs Teoriis mesame ZiriTadi dilema, romelic TiTqmis ar figurirebs sociologiis orTodoqsul tradiciebSi, Tumca misi ugulebelyofa aRar SeiZleba. Eis aris problema, Tu rogor unda CavrToT genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sociologiuri analizis farglebSi. sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi, yvela ZiriTadi figura mamakaci iyo; TavianT nawerebSi, isini TiTqmis uyuradRebod tovebdnen faqts, rom adamianebi sqesis mixedviT arian dayofilni (Sydie 1987). maT naSromebSi, individebi `usqesoebad~ arian warmodgenilni – isini ufro abstraqtuli `aqtorebi~ arian, vidre diferencirebuli qalebi da mamakacebi. Tumca, Zalze patara safuZveli gagvaCnia imisTvis, rom genderis sakiTxebi Teoriuli azrovnebis ukve Camoyalibebul formebs davukavSiroT sociologiaSi. amJamad, es albaT yvelaze mwvave problemaa, oTx gadasaWrel problemas Soris. genderTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi dilema Semdegia: SevZlebT Tu ara `genderis,~ rogorc zogadi kategoriis `CaSenebas~ Cvens sociologiur genderuli romlebic azrovnebaSi? Aan sxvagvarad, gvWirdeba sakiTxebis Seexeba danawevreba qalebisa da ufro konkretul mamakacebis qcevas Tu ara faqtorebad, gansxvavebul 15 konteqstebSi? Aan, sxva formulireba rom mivceT: arsebobs Tu ara maxasiaTeblebi, rac yvela kulturaSi ganasxvavebs mamakacebs da qalebs, maTi identobis da socialuri qcevis mixedviT? an, axsnili unda iyos Tu ara yovelTvis genderuli gansxvavebebi sxva gansxvavebebis mixedviT, rac hyofs sazogadoebebs (rogoric, magaliTad, klasobrivi dayofaa)? 4. meoTxe problema exeba ara imdenad adamianis qcevis an sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, aramed ufro Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis niSan-Tvisebebs. saqme exeba ZiriTad faqtorebs, romelic gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove sazogadoebis warmoSobasa da bunebaze, da aramarqsistul da marqistul midgomebs Soris gansxvavebebidan iRebs safuZvels. es dilema Tavs iyris Semdegi sakiTxis garSemo: ramdenad ganisazRvreba Tanamedrove samyaro marqsis mier aRniSnuli ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, kerZod, kapitalisturi ekonomikuri warmoebis meqanizmebiT? meore mxriv, ramdenad gansazRvravs sxva faqtorebi (socialuri, politikuri an kulturuli faqtorebi) socialur ganviTarebas Tanamedrove epoqaSi? TiToeul dilemas Tanmimdevrulad ganvixilavT. dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba ZiriTadi Tema, romelsac diurkemi da sxva sociologi avtorebi aviTareben, gulisxombs, rom sazogadoebebi, romlis wevrebic Cven varT, axorcieleben Cveni qmedebebis socialur SezRudvas. diurkemi Tvlida, rom sazogadoebas gaaCnia upiratesoba calkeul individze; sazogadoeba gacilebiT metia, vidre individebis qmedebebis jami; rodesac socialur struqturas vaanalizebT, Cven vikvlevT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac `simtkice~ Tu `simyare~ gaaCnia, msgavsad struqturebisa materialur garemoSi. warmovidginoT adamiani, romelic imyofeba oTaxSi mravali karebiT; oTaxis garemocva zRudavs mis SesaZlebel aqtivobebs. kedlebis da karebis ganlageba gansazRvravs Semosasvlelsa da gasasvlels. msgavsad amisa, socialuri struqtura, diurkemis mixedviT, zRudavs Cvens aqtivobebs, gviwesebs sazRvrebs, Tu ra SegviZlia gavakeToT, rogorc individebma. Ees Cvens `gareTaa~ iseve, rogorc oTaxis kedlebi. 16 Ees rodesac Tvalsazrisi gamoxatulia Zmis, meuRlis an moqalaqis valdebulebebs, romelic aRebuli diurkemis movaleobas maqvs, es is cnobil vasruleb, movaleobebia, mosazrebaSi: an vaxorcieleb rac kanoniTa da CveulebebiT aris gansazRvruli, da rac CemTan da Cems qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi – garegania... igive SeiZleba iTqvas morwmune adamianze; igi dabadebidanve aRmoaCens misi religiuri cxovrebis mza mrwamssa da praqtikas; Tu yvelaferi es mis dabadebamde arsebobda, maSasadame, isini mis gareT arsebobs. niSanTa sistema, romliTac vsargeblob sakuTari azrebis gamosaxatavad, fuladi sistema, rasac valebis dasafarad viyeneb, sakredito saSualebebi, romliTac vagvareb finansur urTierTobebs, praqtika, rasac mivdev Cems profesiaSi da a.S. – yvelaferi es imisgan damoukideblad funqcionirebs, viyeneb maT Tu ara. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Sesaxeb (Durkheim, 1982, gv. 50-1). Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss bevri momxre hyavs, zogjer igi mZafr kritikasac xvdeba. ra aris `sazogadoeba,~ kiTxuloben kritikosebi, Tu ara mravali individualuri qmedebis erTianoba? rodesac raime jgufs vikvlevT, Cven ar ganvixilavT mas, rogorc koleqtiur urTierTqmedebaSi mravali myof individis mTlianobas, sxvadasxva aramed, individebs. mowesrigebuli rogorc erTmaneTTan `sazogadoebas~ urTierToba qmnis erTmaneTTan. kritikosebis azriT (romelTa umravlesoba simboluri interaqcionizmis mimdevaria), Cven, rogorc adamianur arsebebs, gvaqvs miznebi, risTvisac viRwviT, da vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic kulturuli mniSvnelobebiT aris ganmsWvaluli. MmaTi azriT, socialuri fenomenebi `sagnebis~ msgavsi ki ar aris, aramed damokidebulia simbolur mniSvnelobebze, rasac Cvens qmedebebs vaniWebT. Cven sazogadoebis mier Seqmnilebi ki ara varT, aramed misi Semqmnelebi. Sefaseba rogorc Cans, es winaaRmdegoba bolomde da srulad ar gadawydeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mas Semdeg arsebobs, rac Tanamedrove moazrovneebi pirvelad Seecadnen, aexsnaT adamianis qceva. amasTan, es aris debati, romelic mxolod sociologiiT ar SemoisazRvreba; igi socialuri mecnierebebis yvela sferos warmomadgenlis interess iwvevs. 17 am naSromis wakiTxvisas, Tavad unda gadawyvitoT, romeli pozicia migaCniaT ufro sworad. Ggansxvavebebi gazviadebulia, sakmaod am Tumca, advilad or ar Sexedulebas SeiZleba dasanaxia Soris, orive kavSirebi maT SesaZloa, savsebiT Soris. mainc marTali garkveuli iyos, azriT, diurkemis Tvalsazrisi ufro safuZvliania. socialuri institutebi win uswrebs nebismieri individis arsebobas; es cxadia iqidanac, rom isini SezRudvebs axorcieleben Cvenze; ase magaliTad, me ar Semiqmnia fuladi sistema, romelic arsebobs britaneTSi, aseve ar gamikeTebia arCevani, minda Tu ara visargeblo am sistemiT, roca msurs, vflobde qonebas an momsaxurebas, risi SeZenac am fuliT xdeba. Ffuladi sistema, iseve rogorc yvela sxva Seqmnili instituti, arsebobs sazogadoebis nebismieri individualuri wevrisagan damoukideblad da zRudavs am individebis aqtivobebs. Mmeore mxriv, aSkarad mcdaria mosazreba, rom sazogadoeba iseTive garegania CvenTvis, rogorc fizikuri samyaro. faqtia, rom fizikuri samyaro ganagrZobs arsebobas cocxali adamianebis arsebobis gareSe, rac warmoudgenelia garegania calke sazogadoebis aRebuli SemTxvevaSi. TiToeuli Tumca individis sazogadoeba mimarT, Tavisi gansazRvrebiT, is ar SeiZleba iyos garegani erTad aRebuli yvela individis mimarT. Uufro `socialur metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom imas, rasac diurkemi faqtebs~ uwodebs, SeuZlia SezRudos Cveni saqmianoba, is ver axdens Cveni qmedebis gansazRvras. me SemiZlia fulis gamoyenebis gareSe cxovreba avirCio da mtkiced mivsdio am princips, Tundac yoveldRiurad Tavis gatana Zalian rTuli aRmoCndes. rogorc cocxalma arsebebma, Cven unda gavakeToT arCevani da ubralod pasiuri ar unda viyoT Cvens garSemo arsebuli movlenebis mimarT. magaliTad, Cems mier fuladi sistemiT sargeblobas, mcire, magram aucilebeli wvlili Seaqvs am sistemis arsebobaSi. Tu yoveli adamiani an Tundac adamianebis didi nawili gadawyvets, uari Tqvas fuliT sargeblobaze, fuladi sistema aRar iarsebebs. 18 dilema II: konsensusi da konfliqti konsensusisa rodesac vasxvavebT, doebas umjobesia, kvlav diurkemiT damoukidebeli funqcionalisti konfliqtis da nawilebis moazrovneebisTvis Sesaxeb daviwyoT. Tvalsazrisebs diurkemi erTianobad sazogadoeba sazoga- ganixilavs. integralur mTels warmoadgens, romelic erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul struqturebs moicavs. Ees namdvilad exmianeba diurkemis Tvalsazriss `socialuri faqtebis~ `garegan,~ SemzRudav xasiaTze. Tumca aq analogebi Senobis kedlebs ki ar exeba, aramed sxeulis fiziologias. sxeuli, sxvadasxva specializebuli nawilebisgan Sedgeba (rogoricaa tvini, guli, filtvebi, RviZli da a.S.); TiToeuli maTgani xels uwyobs organizmis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebas. aucilebelia maTi erTmaneTTan harmoniuli muSaoba; Tu es ase ar aris, maSin organizmis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba. diurkemis (da parsonsis) mixedviT, asevea sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSic. imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam SeinarCunos arseboba, misi specializebuli institutebi (politikuri sistema, religia, ojaxi da saganmanaTleblo sistema) erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi unda funqcionirebdnen. Aamgvarad, sazogadoebis arsebobis SenarCuneba TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, saerTo konsensuss gulisxmobs, misi wevrebis SeTanxmebas ZiriTad RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT. maT, vinc umTavresad konfliqtzea fokusirebuli, Zalze gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi gaaCniaT. maTi mTavari mosazrebebi advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT, marqsis mier aRniSnuli klasobrivi konfliqtis magaliTis motaniT. resursebis mqone marqsis klasebad mixedviT, arian sazogadoebebi dayofilni. vidre araTanabari es aRniSnuli uTanasworoba arsebobs, aris aseve interesTa sxvaoba, rac socialur sistemaSia `CaSenebuli.~ interesTa es konfliqti, garkveul momentSi, klasTa Soris radikaluri aqtiur cvlilebis brZolaSi procesebi gadaizrdeba, warmoSvas. yvela rasac SeuZlia misi mimdevari msgavsi xarisxiT ar iziarebda marqsis klasobriv Tvalsazriss; sxva saxis dayofac ganixileboda mniSvnelovan pirobad konfliqtis 19 gasaRviveblad, magaliTad, dayofa rasobriv jgufebs an politikur fraqciebs Soris. Tumca, romeli konfliqturi jgufebis aqcentirebac ar unda moxdes, sazogadoeba arsebiTad ganixileba, rogorc daZabulobiT aRsavse – yvelaze stabiluri socialuri sistemac ki antagonisturi dajgufebebis aramdgrad balansad miiCneva. Sefaseba iseve rogorc struqturis an qmedebis SemTxvevaSi, es Teoriuli debatic bolomde ar amoiwureba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gansxvaveba konsensusisa da konfliqtis Tvalsazrisebs Soris ufro farTo gveCveneba, vidre sinamdvileSia. Ees ori pozicia, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom savsebiT SeuTavsebelia. yvela sazogadoeba gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis garkveul saxes saerTo RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, da yvela, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs konfliqtsac. Uufro metic, sociologiuri analizis saerTo wesidan gamomdinare, Cven yovelTvis unda vikvlioT kavSirebi konsensussa da konfliqts Soris socialuri sistemis SigniT. Rirebulebebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva jgufebi iziareben da miznebi, romliskenac misi wevrebi miiltvian, xSirad, gamoxatavs. magaliTad, daxasiaTebaSic iziareben, saerTo ki, samuSao gansxvavebuli klasobrivi sxvadasxva miuxedavad kapitalistebi da imisa, Zalas klasebi rom interesebis konfliqtis garkveul mudmivad eyrdnobian marqsiseul saerTo interesebs ebrZvian sakuTar naerTs erTmaneTs. warmoebaSi iseve, rogorc muSebi arian damokidebulni TavianTi xelfasis miRebaze. AaseT viTarebaSi, Ria konfliqti xangrZlivi ar aris; ufro metad, orive mxares axasiaTebs saerTo tendencia, gadalaxon maTi gansxvavebebi, Tumca sxva SemTxvevebSi sawinaaRmdegoc xdeba. sasargeblo cneba, romelic gvexmareba konfliqtsa da konsensuss Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis analizSi, ideologiaa – Rirebulebebi da mrwamsi, SenarCunebaSi, romelic naklebad exmareba Zlieri ufro Zlier jgufebis jgufebs xarjze. poziciis Zalaufleba, ideologia da konfliqti yovelTvis mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. Bbevri konfliqti Zalauflebis gamo xdeba _ im upiratesobebis gamo, rac mas 20 moaqvs. Zalauflebis eyrdnobian mqoneni, dominirebuli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, umTavresad, poziciis SeuZliaT ideologiis zegavlenas SesanarCuneblad, Zalis gamoyenebac. Tumca, magaliTad, feodalizmis periodSi, aristokratuli mmarTveloba mxardaWerili iyo ideiT, rom adamianebis umciresoba `dabadebuli iyo samarTavad~, Tumca aristokrati mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTavdnen Zaladobas imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc gabedavda win aRdgomoda maT Zalauflebas. dilema III: genderis problema Tanamedrove sociologiis problemas naklebad nawyvetebi, sadac ukavia isini fuZemdebelTa centraluri genderis naSromebSi, pozicia. sakiTxebs genderis Tumca, exebodnen, mcire saSualebas gvaZlevs, davadginoT ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilemis Sinaarsi – miuxedavad imisa, rom maT naSromebSi Zalian cotaa naTqvami am problemis gadaWris Taobaze.Aam dilemis daxasiaTebis saukeTeso gzaa, im sakiTxis, romelic drodadro diurkemis naSromebSi gvxedeba, Sedareba sakiTxTan, romelic marqsTan gvxvdeba. diurkemi, erT-erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs, rom mamakaci `TiTqmis mTlianad sazogadoebis produqtia,~ maSin roca qali `gacilebiT metad warmoadgens bunebis produqts.~ igi afarToebs Tavis dakvirvebas da ambobs mamakacis Sesaxeb: `mis gemovnebas, miswrafebebs da iumors, umTavresad, koleqtiuri warmomavloba aqvs, maSin roca misi kompanioni qalis gemovneba, umTavresad, misi organizmiT ganisazRvreba. amitom misi moTxovnilebebi sruliad gansxvavdeba qalis moTxovnilebebisgan...~ (Durkheim 1952, gv. 385). sxva sityvebiT, mamakacebsa da qalebs gansxvavebuli identoba, gemovneba da midrekilebebi aqvT imis gamo, rom qalebi naklebad socializebuli arian da `ufro axlos arian bunebasTan,~ vidre mamakacebi. DdRes aravisTvis iqneboda misaRebi amgvarad formulirebuli Tvalsazrisi. qaluri identoba iseve yalibdeba socializaciiT, rogorc mamakacisa, Tumca, garkveuli modificirebis Semdeg, diurkemis gancxadeba warmoadgens erT SesaZlebel Tvalsazriss genderis bunebisa 21 da formirebis Sesaxeb. es niSnavs, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi fundamenturad erydnoba biologiurad arsebul gansxvavebebs mamakacsa da qals Soris. genderuli aseTi Tvalsazrisi gansxvavebebi aucileblad umeteswilad ar niSnavs, Tandayolilia. ufro rom metad ivaraudeba, rom qalebis socialuri pozicia da identoba umTavresad yalibdeba (rogorc amas Codorou miiCnevs; ixileT, Tavi 5, `genderi da seqsualoba~) maTi CarTviT reproduqciisa da bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi. Tu es Tvalsazrisi Rrmadaa simarTles danergili yvela Seesabameba, genderuli sazogadoebaSi. gansxvavebebi Zalauflebis flobis uTanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris aisaxeba im faqtiT, rom qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da arian maTi uSualo aRmzrdelebi im dros, rodesac mamakacebi aqtiurebi arian `sazogadoebriv~ sferoebSi, politikaSi, dasaqmebaSi da omSi. marqsis genderuli Sexeduleba gansxvavebebi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. Zalauflebasa da statusSi marqsisTvis, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, umTavresad, sxva gansxvavebebs asaxavs, kerZod, klasobriv dayofas. marqsis mixedviT, adamianuri sazogadoebis adreul formebSi ar iyo arc Zalaufleba genderuli qalebze da arc mxolod klasobrivi klasobriv dayofa. dayofas mamakacebis mohyva. qalebi, mamakacebis `kerZo sakuTrebis~ formad gadaiqcnen qorwinebis institutis meSveobiT. Qqalebi, TavianTi monuri mdgomareobidan gaTavisufldebian, rodesac klasobrivi dayofa daiZleva. Zalze cota adamiania, vinc dRes am analizs gavxadoT, daeTanxmeba, Semdgomi Tumca is ganzogadebis SegviZlia safuZvelze. gacilebiT Kklasi misaRebi erTaderTi faqtori ar aris socialuri dayofisTvis, romelic zegavlenas axdens mamakacebisa da qalebis qcevaze. sxva faqtorebia eTnikuri kuTvnileba da kulturuli Sesaxeb, rom warmomavloba. qalebis magaliTad, umciresobaTa SeiZleba jgufebs vikamaToT (vTqvaT, imis Savkanianebs SeerTebul StatebSi) ufro meti saerTo aqvT amave jgufis mamakacebTan, vidre umravlesobis warmomadgenel qalebTan (anu TeTrkanian qalebTan). an, SesaZloa, qalebs garkveuli kulturebidan (monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa mcire kulturis msgavsad), igive kulturis mamakacebTan meti saerTo hqondeT, vidre industriuli sazogadoebis qalebTan. 22 Sefaseba sakiTxebi, romlebic mesame dilemaSia dasmuli, Zalze mniSvnelovania, da im gamowvevas exeba, romelic feministma avtorebma gamoucxades sociologias. sociologiuri analizis veravin didi ikamaTebs nawili an imaze, rom warsulSi ugulebelyofda qalebis sakiTxebs, an qaluri identobisa da qcevis araadekvatur interpretacias iZleoda. miuxedavad bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi qalebTan dakavSirebuli axali klevebisa, jer kidev bevri sferoa, sadac qalebis gamorCeuli aqtivobebi da interesebi ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili. `qalTa problemebis Seswavlis Semotana sociologiaSi~ TavisTavad ar niSnavs genderuli problemebis daZlevas, vinaidan genderi exeba urTierTobebs qalebisa da mamakacebis identobasa da qcevas Soris. amJamad, Riadaa darCenili sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba iqnes gaSuqebuli genderuli sxvaoba sxva sociologiuri cnebebis gamoyenebiT (klasi, eTnikuroba, kulturuli warmomavloba da a.S.), an piriqiT, ramdenad sWirdeba sxva socialur gansxvavebebs axsna genderis terminebiT. ra Tqma unda, sociologiis, rogorc amxsneli mecnierebis, mTavari amocana momavalSi damokidebuli iqneba am dilemis efeqtur gadawyvetaze. dilema IV: Tanamedrove samyaros saxe marqsistuli perspeqtiva marqsis analizs, nawerebma rac mZlavri yuradRebis gamowveva miRma ar gamoucxada darCenila. sociologiur misi moRvaweobis periodidan dRevandel dRemde, marqsis ideam Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis rogorc Sesaxeb adrec uamravi debati aRvniSneT, gamoiwvia marqsi (Marx an d E ngels 1968). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs ganixilavda, rogorc kapitalisturs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, socialuri cvlilebis mamoZravebeli transformaciis impulsia mimarTulebiT, rac zewola mudmivi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri warmoebis 23 integralur dinamikuri nawils warmoadgens. ekonomikuri sistemaa, kapitalistebi ejibrebian kapitalizmi vidre erTmaneTs gacilebiT romelime manamde saqonlis ufro arsebuli. momxmareblisTvis gasaRebaSi da imisaTvis, rom gadairCinon Tavi konkurentul bazarze; firmebma unda efeqturad, Seqmnan amas TavianTi mivyavarT nawarmi rac teqnologiur SeiZleba iafad inovaciamde, da vinaidan teqnologiis efeqturobis gaumjobesebiT sawarmoo procesSi, kompaniebs SeuZliaT SeinarCunon upiratesoba TavianT konkurentebze. Aarsebobs aseve Zlieri stimuli axali bazrebis moZiebisa, iafi nedleulis kapitalizmi, romelic SeZenisa da marqsis mTel iafi samuSao mixedviT, aris Zalis mopovebisa, ganuwyvetlad msoflioSi vrceldeba. ase xsnis mzardi radgan sistema, marqsi dasavluri industriis globalur gavrcelebas. Kkapitalizmis mxardamWeri ipova gavlenis da marqsiseulma Semdgomma interpretaciam avtorebma mniSvnelovnad marqsis es daxasiaTeba. Mmeore mxriv, mravali bevri srulyves kritikosi Seecada, uareyo marqsis Sexeduleba, moeca alternatuli analizi im gavlenebisa, romelic Tanamedrove samyaros formirebas axdens. sinamdvileSi, TiTqmis yvela aRiarebs, rom kapitalizmma ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula im samyaros CamoyalibebaSi, romelSic dRes vcxovrobT. Tumca, arian sociologebi, romlebic daobdnen rogorc imaze, rom marqsma gaazviada wminda ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlena momxdar cvlilebebze, aseve imaze, rom kapitalizmi naklebadaa centraluri faqtori Tanamedrove socialuri umravlesoba sabolood, ganviTarebisTvis, aseve vidre skeptikuria socialisturi igi marqsis sistema acxadebda. im Secvlis rwmenis am avtorTa mimarT, kapitalizms. rom MmaTi skepticizmi gamarTlda im movlenebiT, romlebic 1989 wels da momdevno periodSi moxda aRmosavleT evropaSi. veberis Tvalsazrisi marqsis erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze Zlieri kritikosi marqs veberi iyo. veberis nawerebi, faqtobrivad, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc 24 brZola `marqsis arCdilTan~ - marqsis mier datovebul inteleqtualur memkvidreobasTan. dResac alternatuli pozicia, romelic inarCunebs mniSvnelobas. veberis veberma daamuSava, mixedviT, Tanamedrove socialur ganviTarebaSi, gadamwyveti roli araekonomikurma faqtorebma iTamaSa. Tavis cnobil naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ veberi amtkicebs, rom religiur Rirebulebebs – gansakuTrebiT puritanizmTan dakavSirebuls – fandamenturi mniSvneloba hqonda kapitalisturi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi. es msoflmxedveloba uSualod ekonomikuri cvlilebebidan ar gaCenila, rogorc es marqss miaCnda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebis dasavluri modelis bunebis da gavrcelebis mTels msoflioSi mizezebis veberiseuli gageba, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba marqsis gagebisagan. veberis mixedviT, kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri warmoebis organizebis gansakuTrebuli gza – erT-erTia im ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris, romelic Tanamedrove periodSi, gansazRvravs socialur ganviTarebas. ZiriTadi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri meqanizmebi, da garkveulwilad, maTze ufro mniSvnelovani meqanizmebia, mecnierebisa da biurokratiis gavlenaa. mecnierebam Camoayaliba Tanamedrove teqnologia da, savaraudod, gaagrZelebs am saqmianobas nebismier momaval socialistur sazogadoebaSi. biurokratia erTaderTi saSualebaa, romelsac SeuZlia adamianebis didi ricxvis organizeba da amitom aucileblad farTovdeba ekonomikur da politikur zrdasTan erTad. Mmecnierebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiis da biurokratiis ganviTarebas veberi krebiTad racionalizacias uwodebs. racionalizacia organizebas niSnavs efeqturobis socialuri da ekonomikuri principebis mixedviT, cxovrebis teqnikuri codnis safuZvelze. Sefaseba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis interpretaciis romeli tipia swori _ is, romelic marqsTan warmoiSva, Tu is, romelic veberidan modis? mecnierebi kvlav gayofilni arian am sakiTxis gamo. qvemoT warmodgenil cxrilSi, am gansxvavebebis CamonaTvalia warmodgenili (unda gvaxsovdes, 25 rom yvela banakis SigniT arsebobs gansxvavebebi, ase rom, yvela Teoretikosi ar daeTanxmeba yvela punqts). kontrasti marqsistul da veberiseul Tvalsazrisebs Soris sociologiis bevr sferos exeba. Ees ara marto imaze axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor vaanalizebT industriuli sazogadoebebis bunebas, aramed, aseve, Cvens Sesaxeb. Sexedulebaze AamasTan, es ori naklebad perspeqtiva ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul politikur poziciebTan; erT mxares arian avtorebi, romlebic emxrobian memarcxene Sexedulebebs, meore mxares ki _ liberalebi da konservatorebi. Tumca, faqtorebi, romelTac es konkretuli dilema exeba, ufro empiriuli xasiaTisaa, vidre isini, romelTac sxva dilemebi moicavs. Tanamedrove ganviTarebis gzebis sazogadoebebisa faqtobrivi da Seswavla mesame msoflios gvexmareba qveynebis SefasebaSi, Tu ramdenad marTebulad xsnis erTi an meore mxare cvlilebebis xasiaTs. Mmarqsis da veberis Sedareba zogadad marqsistuli ideebi zogadad veberiseuli ideebi Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi dinamika mdgomareobs kapitalistu- mamoZravebelia warmoebis racionari ekonomikuri meqanizmebis gafar- lizacia. ToebaSi. klasi uTanasworobis erTi tipia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi gaxle- uTanasworobis sxva saxeebs Soris, Cilia klasobrivi uTanasworobiT, magaliTad, uTanasworobas mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Tanarac maTi bunebis ganmsazRvrelia. medrove sazogadoebebSi. Zalauflebis iseTi dayofa, rac gavlenas axdens mamakacebis da qalebis poziciebze, umTavresad, warmoSobilia ekonomikuri uTanasworobidan. Zalaufleba ekonomikur sistemaSi, SeiZleba gamovyoT sxva wyaroebidan.MmagaliTad, qalisa da mamakacis uTanasworobebi ar SeiZleba aixsnas ekonomikuri terminebiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi, rogorc maT dRes vicnobT (kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi), gardamavali tipisaa – momavalSi SesaZlebelia movelodeT maT radikalur reorganizacias. socializmis esa Tu is forma aucileblad Secvlis kapitalizms. racionalizacia dakavSirebulia progresTan Soreul momavalSic, socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. Yyvela Tanamedrove sazogadoeba damokidebulia socialuri da ekonomikuri organizaciis imave ZiriTad modelebze. 26 dasavluri gavlenis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi, umTavresad, kapitalisturi ekonomikuri warmoebis eqspansionisturi tendenciebis Sedegia. dasavleTis globaluri gavlena modis misi xelmZRvaneli poziciidan industriul resursebze da, aseve, samxedro Zalaze. Teoriebi saWiroa, ganvavsxvavoT Teoriuli midgomebi da Teoriebi. Mmocemul TavSi, ukve ganvixileT Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic sociologiis saganSi orientirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Teoriebi ufro viwro fokusis mqonea da cdilobs axsnas calkeuli socialuri pirobebi Tu movlenebi. Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, yalibdeba rogorc kvlevis procesis nawili da, Tavis samuSaoebi unda mxriv, ayenebs mieZRvnas. problemebs, MmagaliTis saxiT romelTac gamodgeba kvleviTi diurkemis TviTmkvlelobis Teoria. Kkvlevis Zalze bevri sxvadasxva Teoria sferoebSi, Seiqmna. sadac zogierTi sociologebi Teoria iseTi muSaoben, sizustiTaa warmodgenili, rom zogjer maTematikuri formiT aris gamoxatuli – Tumca es sxva socialur mecnierebebs ufro exeba (gansakuTrebiT ekonomikas), vidre sociologias. zogierTi tipis Teoria cdilobs, gacilebiT meti axsnas, vidre sxvebma; gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad saWiro da sasurvelia sociologebisTvis farTomasStabiani Teoriuli kvlevebis Catareba. magaliTad, robert mertoni dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom sociologebma TavianTi yuradReba unda mimarTon, rogorc Tavad saSualo uwodebs, rangis Teoriebze (Merton 1957). grandiozuli Teoriuli sqemebis Seqmnis mcdelobis nacvlad (magaliTad, parsonsis msgavsad), umjobesia, ufro mokrZalebulebi viyoT. saSualo rangis Teoriebi sakmaod specifikuria imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi uSualod empiriuli Semowmeba; Tumca, sakmarisad zogadi imisaTvis, Sesaferisi gulisxmobs, rom SemTxvevaa rom SeZlos SedarebiTi adamianebis mier gansxvavebuli deprivaciis sakuTari fenomenebis Teoria. es mdgomareobis mocva. Teoria Sefaseba damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareben Tavs. ase rom, deprivaciis grZnoba 27 uSualod ar ukavSirdeba materialuri keTildReobis dones, romelsac individebi ganicdian. Oojaxi, romelic patara saxlSi, RaribTa ubanSi cxovrobs, sadac yvela met-naklebad erTnair pirobebSia, Cans, nakleb gariyulad grZnobs Tavs, vidre is ojaxi, romelic msgavs saxlSi cxovrobs, xolo garSemo myofi saxlebi ufro didi da mdidrulad mowyobilia. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro farTomasStabiani da ambiciuria Teoria, miT ufro Znelia misi empiriuli Semowmeba. Tumca, aSkara mizezi imisa, Tu ratom `saSualo unda SemoisazRvros rangiT,~ ucnobia. Teoriuli amis azrovneba dasadgenad, sociologiaSi magaliTisTvis aviRoT Teoria, romelic veberma warmogvidgina Tavis naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli.~ MmagaliTi: protestantuli eTika `protestantul cdilobs, eTikaSi~ (1976; pirvelad gadawyvitos fundamenturi gamoica 1904-5), veberi problema: ratom ganviTarda kapitalizmi dasavleTSi da ara sadme sxvagan. Zveli romis dacemis raRac cametiode saukunis Semdeg, sxva civilizaciebs gacilebiT ufro SesamCnevi adgili faqtobrivad, rodesac mZlavr ekava evropa CineTi, sakmaod indoeTi saxelmwifoebs msoflio da istoriaSi, umniSvnelo otomanTa warmoadgendnen. vidre dasavleTs. iyo dedamiwaze, adgili imperia ram axlo gamoiwvia aRmosavleTSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aRmavloba evropaSi me-17 saukunidan moyolebuli? veberis azriT, imisaTvis, rom am SekiTxvas vupasuxoT, aucilebelia vaCvenoT, ra ganasxvavebs Tanamedrove mrewvelobas ekonomikuri aqtivobis adre arsebuli formebisgan. simdidris dagrovebis survils mraval sxvadasxva civilizaciaSi vxvdebiT da amis axsna Zneli ar aris: adamianebi afaseben simdidres imis gamo, rom mas moaqvs komforti, usafrTxoeba, Zalaufleba da garToba. maT surT, ar ganicdidnen siduxWires, da simdidris dagrovebiT, komfortul pirobebs iqmnian. DdasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tu ganvixilavT, ambobs veberi, raRac sruliad gansxvavebuls aRmovaCenT: qonebis dagrovebis mimarT damokidebuleba, romelic sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba istoriaSi. es 28 damokidebuleba, rasac kapitalizmis veberi suls uwodebs, aris rwmenebisa da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen pirveli kapitalisti vaWrebi da mewarmeebi. am adamianebs simdidris dagrovebis dauokebeli swrafva hqondaT. Tumca, yvela sxva mdidrebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini dagrovil simdidres fufunebaSi cxovrebisTvis ar iyenebdnen. isini, faqtobrivad, momWirned da SezRudvebiT cxovrobdnen; isini gonivrul da zomier cxovrebas eweodnen da eridebodnen TavianTi simdidris gamomzeurebas. maxasiaTeblebis ekonomikis es veberi uCveulo adreuli cdilobs Sexameba, gvaCvenos, gadamwyveti ganviTarebisTvis. wina iyo rom dasavluri epoqebis da sxva kulturebisgan gansxvavebiT, es jgufebi ar flangavdnen TavianT qonebas. amis magivrad, isini xelaxla debdnen investiciebs warmoebebSi, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobdnen, maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT. veberis Teoriis ZiriTadi azria, rom ganwyobebi, romlebic kapitalizmis sulSia nagulisxmevi, religiidan warmoiSva. Qqristianobam, zogadad, arsebiTi monawileoba da gansakuTrebiT miiRo ZiriTadi misi amgvari motivi erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis SeqmnaSi, protestantizmis ganStoebis gavlena puritanizmis. _ Tumca iyo, adreuli kapitalistebi, umetesad, puritanebi iyvnen, da bevri maTgani kalvinistur Tvalsazriss iziarebda. veberi Tvlida, rom kalvinisturi doqtrinebis nawili, kapitalizmis sulis uSualo wyaro iyo. erT-erTi iyo azri, rom adamianuri arsebebi RmerTis instrumentebi arian dedamiwaze, romlebsac moeTxovebaT, iSromon profesiis Sesabamisad, RmerTis sadideblad. K kalvinizmis meore winaswargansazRvrulobis winaswargansazRvruli sikvdilis Semdeg doqtrinis mixedviT, mniSvnelovani cneba, individebi Sevidnen arc romlis unda erT mixedviTac, iyvnen sasufevelSi. adamians aspeqti garkveuli `rCeulTa~ kalvinis dedamiwaze iyo Soris – originaluri ar SeuZlia gansazRvros, Tu vin iqneba rCeulTa Soris; es RmerTis mier aris winaswargansazRvruli. Tumca, am mrwamsma iseTi mRelvareba gamoiwvia mis mimdevrebs Soris, rom igi modificirebul iqna, rac nebas rTavda morwmuneebs, amoecnoT rCeulobis garkveuli niSnebi. profesiuli warmateba SromaSi, rac materialuri keTildReobiT iyo gamoxatuli, 29 ganmsazRvrel niSnad gadaiqca, rom es adamiani namdvilad RmerTis erTerTi rCeuli iyo. am ideebis gavlenis qveS myof jgufebSi, uzarmazari stimuli gaCnda ekonomikuri warmatebis mosapoveblad. Tumca, yvelafer amas Tan axlda morwmuneTa survili, mokrZalebulad da momWirned ecxovraT. puritanebs sjerodaT, rom fufuneba eSmakiseulia da amitomac simdidris dagrovebas, mkacr da Seulamazebel cxovrebis stils uxamebdnen. Ppirveli uwyobdnen mewarmeebi Zalze did TiTqmis ver cvlilebebs acnobierebdnen, sazogadoebaSi; rom isini, xels umetesad, religiuri motivebiT iyvnen damuxtulebi. puritanebis asketuri anu TviTSezRuduli cxovrebis stili, SemdgomSi Tanamedrove civilizaciis Sinagan mxared gadaiqca. rogorc veberi ambobs: puritanebs viSromoT. surdaT, vinaidan, emuSavaT rodesac zemodan asketizmi mowodebiT; gadmotanil iqna Cven iZulebulni samonastro varT, kedlebidan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da gabatonda msoflio moralSi, man Tavisi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wesrigis mqone uzarmazari samyaros mSeneblobaSi... miuxedavad imisa, rom asketizmma iTava samyaros Tavidan modelireba da misi idealebis gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi, materialurma sikeTeebma moipova Zalze farTo da iseTi uryevi Zalaufleba adamianebis cxovrebaze, rac istoriaSi manamde ar dafiqsirebula... movaleobis idea ipareba Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc mkvdari religiuri rwmenebis aCrdili. sadac am Zaxilis dakmayofileba uSualod ar aris dakavSirebuli umaRles sulier da kulturul RirebulebebTan, an rodesac, meore mxriv, is ar ganicdeba, rogorc ekonomikuri aucilebloba, individi saerTodac ukuagdebs misi gamarTlebis mcdelobas. misi umaRlesi ganviTarebis adgilas, SeerTebul StatebSi, simdidris gamodevneba, misTvis religiuri da eTikuri mniSvnelobis mocilebiT, asocirebuli xdeba wminda miwier vnebebTan... (Weber 1976, gv. 181-2). veberis Teoria mravali kuTxiT iyo gakritikebuli. magaliTad, zogierTi msjelobda imaze, rom Tvalsazrisi, rasac igi `kapitalizmis suls~ uwodebda, qalaqebSi, smenoda. imaze meoreni SeiZleboda aRmogveCina gacilebiT adre, acxadebdnen, rom adreul vidre italiur kalvinizmze protestantizmTan savaWro vinmes raime dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi cneba `muSaoba mowodebis mixedviT,~ razec veberi miuTiTebs, ukve arsebobda SemoTavazebul kaTolikur debulebebs sarwmunoebaSi. dResac bevri Tumca, iziarebs veberis da mier Tezisebi, romlebic man wamoayena, ZalaSi rCeba iseve, rogorc es maTi pirveli formulirebis dros iyo. Tu veberis Tezisi safuZvliania, Tanamedrove 30 ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba Zlier gavlenas ganicdis, erTi SexedviT misgan metad daSorebuli, mTeli rigi religiuri idealebisgan. veberis Teoria mraval kriteriums akmayofilebs, rac mniSvnelovania sociologiis Teoriul azrovnebaSi. 1. igi aris kontrintuiciuri – igi gvTavazobs interpretacias, romelic daSorebulia saRi azrovnebidan.Aamgvarad, es Teoria aviTarebs axal perspeqtivas gansasxilveli sakiTxebisadmi. avtorTa umravlesoba, veberis moRvaweobamde, nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda im SesaZleblobebs, rom religiur idealebs SeeZloT fundamenturi roli eTamaSaT kapitalizmis warmoqmnaSi. 2. es Teoria `individualuri~. arc wmindad Kkapitalizmis `struqturulia~ adreuli da ganviTareba arc wmindad winaswarganuz- raxveli Sedegi iyo imisa, riskenac puritani biznesmenebi miiswrafvodnen – ecxovraT umwikvlod, RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad. 3. es Teoria mniSvnelobas sZens movlenas, romelic sxvagvarad gagvaocebda: ratom cxovroben adamianebi momWirned maSin, roca did Zalisxmevas andomeben simdidris dagrovebas. 4. Teorias ZaluZs, gaaSuqos movlenebi, romlebic Tavidan misi axsnis sazRvrebs scildeboda. veberi xazs usvamda, rom igi mxolod Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobis gagebas cdilobda. miuxedavad amisa, safuZvliania varaudi, rom puritanizmis STagonebiT gaCenili Rirebulebebis msgavsi Rirebulebebi, SeiZleba CaerTos warmatebuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis sxva situaciebSic. 5. warmatebuli Teoria mxolod damajerebeli ar unda iyos. igi, aseve nayofieri unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia axali ideebis Semotana da Semdgomi kvlevis stimulireba. veberis Teoria, am TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, Zalze warmatebuli iyo, da erTgvar tramplinad iqca mTeli rigi Semdgomi kvlevisa da TeoriisTvis. Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi Teoriebisa gamomwvevi da gansazRvrebiT, da Teoriuli rTuli ufro midgomebis amocanaa. Sefaseba Teoriuli abstraqtulia, vidre sociologiaSi debatebi, TavianTi empiriuli xasiaTis 31 problemebi. is faqti, rom ar arsebobs mxolod erTi Teoriuli midgoma, romelic niSnad mTel sociologiaze mogveCvenos, Teoriuli magram midgomebisa sicocxlisunarianobis batonobs, es ase da ar SesaZloa, aris. Teoriebis gamoxatvaa. sagnis piriqiT, konkurentuli Widili adamianuri sisustis sociologiis arsebebis – sakuTari Tavis – Seswavlisas, Teoriebis mravalferovneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tavidan aviciloT dogmebi. adamianis qceva rTulia da mravalmxrivi, da Zalze saeWvoa, rom mxolod erT Teoriul perspeqtivas SeeZlos yvela misi aspeqtis mocva. mravalferovneba Teoriul azrovnebaSi uzrunvelyofs ideebis mdidar wyaros, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes kvlevaSi da stimuli misces warmosaxviT SesaZleblobebs, rac ase arsebiTia sociologiuri muSaobis ganviTarebisTvis. Sejameba 1. sociologiisTvis (da sxva socialuri mecnierebebisTvis) damaxasiaTebelia Teoriuli midgomebis mravalferovneba, rac gasakviri ar aris: Teoriuli debatebi rTuli gadasawyvetia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSic ki, xolo sociologiaSi vawydebiT siZneleebs im kompleqsuri problemebis gamo, rom Seswavlis sagani Cveni sakuTari qcevaa. 2. sociologiis ZiriTadi Teoriuli mdgomebia funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi, simboluri interaqcionizmi da marqsizmi. Ees midgomebi, garkveuli azriT, urTierTSeTavsebadia; Tumca maT Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaobebic, rac gavlenas axdens avtorebis gansxvavebul midgomebze Teoriuli sakiTxebis gadaWrisadmi. 3. sociologiaSi erT-erTi mTavari Teoriuli dilema exeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebaa adamianis qmedebasa da socialur struqturas Soris. Cven sazogadoebis Semqmnelebi varT Tu sazogadoebam Tavad Segvqmna Cven? am alternativebs Soris arCevani ar aris ise mkacri, rogorc es Tavidan Cans, da realur problemas warmoadgens is, Tu ra kavSiria socialuri cxovrebis am or aspeqts Soris. 32 4. meore dilema exeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor unda daxasiaTdes sazogadoebebi _ rogorc harmoniuli da mowesrigebuli Tu rogorc mudmiv konfliqtSi savsebiT myofi? kvlavac, winaaRmdegobrivi da es ori Cven Tvalsazrisi unda ar vaCvenoT, aris rogori urTierTdamokidebulebaa konsensussa da konfliqts Soris. ideologiisa da Zalauflebis cnebebi gagviadvilebs am amocanis gadawyvetas. 5. mesame dilema exeba imas, Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT genderis problema sociologiuri analizis farglebSi. feministebma gamowveva gamoucxades sociologias, rac sakmaod nela mkvidrdeba empiriuli kvlevis doneze: winandelze gacilebiT meti kvlevebi iqna Sesrulebuli qalebis sazrunavisa da Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, es TavisTavad ver gagvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT genderi arsebul sociologiur midgomebTan da koncefciebTan kavSirSi. 6. sociologiaSi xangrZlivi debatis meoTxe sakiTxi exeba Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis analizs. aris Tu ara cvlilebis procesebi Tanamedrove samyaroSi ganpirobebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganviTarebiT, Tu raime sxva araekonomiuri faqtorebicaa CarTuli? poziciebi mrwamsiTa da am debatSi, atitudebiT aris garkveulwilad, im ganpirobebuli, rac politikuri sxvadasxva sociologebs gaaCniaT. 7. veberis ekonomikur Tezisi, puritanizmis ganviTarebaze, gaazrebisTvis, Tu winaaRmdegobrivia, ra sasargeblo aqcevs Tumca Teorias misma gavlenis Sesaxeb magaliTs warmoadgens Rirebulebad. Teoriam, mravali Tanamedrove imis veberis ideebi kuTxiT, axali perspeqtiva SemogvTavaza, moaxdina ra momdevno kvlevebis stimulireba. DdamatebiTi literatura Roslyn W. Bologh, Love or Greatness: Max Weber and Feminist Thinking – a Feminist Enguiry (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). Mmaqs veberis feministuri kritika. Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, r evised ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge U niversity Press, 1992) . diskusia marqsis, diurkemis da veberis naSromebze. 33 Charles W right M ills, The Sociological Imagination (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979 ). im sakiTxebis klasikuri analizi, romlebmac informacia unda mogvawodos Teoriul ganazrebebze sociologiaSi. The Polity Reader in Social Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). statiebis krebuli, romelic exeba Teoriis tradiciebs. mniSvnelovani terminebi funqcionalizmi simbolo anTropologia marqsizmi aSkara funqciebi Teoriuli dilema latenturi funqciebi socialuri SezRudva disfunqciebi racionalizacia struqturalizmi SedarebiTi deprivacia semiotika kontrintuiciuri azrovneba simboluri interaqcionizmi wamyvan

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