IBERIA-COLCHIS 2021 #16

Gela  Gamkrelidze

Journal: IBERIA-COLCHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), N 16, 2021. Editor in Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze. (GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM - Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Studies). In the present journal (#16) the authors reviews some issues related to Iberia-Colchis, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The journal is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this journal there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data. PAPERS IN ENGLISH: Strainers from West Georgia. Amphorae – Burials from Bichvinta (Pityus). Ancient Iberia and the gatekeepers of the Caucasus; and etc. PAPERS IN GEORGIAN: Archaeological collections in st.Petersburg state “Hermitage” from Georgia. the treasure from the archaeological museum. Scarabeoid seals of “Bern group” from Nastagisi cemetery. Results of archaeological excavations at the western wall of Svetitskhoveli cathedral. Early medieval pottery from Kvirila gorge (according to the Modinakhe cemetery). Byzantine type wedding rings from Qvemo avlevi cemetery. The bracelets in Georgia (8thc. BC -7thc. AD). Colchian pottery and Colchian amphorae. Cult of Dionysus in the Caucasus (BC 4th c. – AD 4th c.). About depictions of one group of animals on Sassanian seals; and etc. (also has summary in English). REVIEW. See the web site: http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/simple-search?location=1234%2F1&query=Iberia-Colchis+&rpp=10&sort_by=score&order=desc

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevis instituti GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Studies iberia-kolxeTi saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani IBERIA-COLCHIS Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period 16 Tbilisi 2021 Tbilisi 1 saredaqcio-sarecenzio sabWo: gela gamyreliZe (mT. redaqtori), zurab bragvaZe, devid braundi, nino lorTqifaniZe, darejan kaWarava, marine kvaWaZe, guram kvirkvelia, daviT mindoraSvili, goderZi narimaniSvili, vaxtang SatberaSvili, maia Carkviani. EDITORIAL & REVIEWERS BOARD: Gela Gamkrelidze (Editor-in-Chief), Z. Bragvadze, D. Braund (UK), N. Lordkipanidze, D. Kacharava, M. Kvatchadze, G. Kvirkvelia, D. Mindorashvili, M. Charkviani, G. Narimanishvili, V. Shatberashvili. See the web site: http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=95&searchq=&publication_type=1&year=0 *** statiebSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SesaZlebelia ar emTxveodes Jurnalis saredaqcio-sarecenzio sabWos Sexedulebebs. *** Address: Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Studies. A. Purtseladze Str., #1-3, Tbillisi, 0105. GEORGIA. © saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. 2021. Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, #16, 2021. ISSN 1512-4207. UDC 94(479.22)+902. i-315. 2 - Sinaarsi s.-peterburgis saxelmwifo ermitaJSi daculi arqeologiuri koleqciebi saqarTvelodan. - zurab bragvaZe, nana kapanaZe.-----------------------------------5. didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis saganZuri. _______ vaxtang nikolaiSvili.------------------------------------------------------------------22. ”bernis jgufis“ skarabeoidis formis sabeWdavebi nastagisis samarovnidan. ana gabunia. ------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------30. sveticxovlis taZris galavnis dasavleT kedelTan warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi. - qeTevan diRmelaSvili.-----------------35. adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramika yvirilis xeobidan (modinaxes samarovnis mixedviT). - nana kapanaZe.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------50. bizantiuri tipis saqorwino beWdebi qvemo alevis samarovnidan. ____ qeTevan raminis asuli ramiSvili.---------------------------------------------------------------------57. samajurebi saqarTveloSi (Zv.w. VIII - ax.w. VII ss.). - nana gogiberiZe.-------------69. kolxuri Tixis WurWeli da amforebi (Zv.w.VII - ax.w. Vss-is). _______ marine fircxalava, gela gamyreliZe.------------------------------------------------86. dionises kulti kavkasiaSi (Zv.w. IV–ax.w. IV ss.). - lana Cologauri.---------119. cxovelTa erTi jgufis gamosaxulebebi sasanur gliptikaSi. _____ qeTevan ilias asuli ramiSvili.----------------------------------------------------134. recenziebi giorgi laRiaSvili, ialuiluTefes kultura alaznis velze.------------142. *** PAPERS IN ENGLISH: Strainers from West Georgia. - Helen Gigolashvili †.---------------------------------------------------145. Amphorae – Burials from Bichvinta (Pityus). - Temur Todua †.--------------------------------------150. Ancient Iberia and the gatekeepers of the Caucasus. - Nicolas J. Preud’homme.----------------155. *** SUMMARIES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------173. Abbreviations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------181. informacia avtorebisaTvis -----------------------------------------------------------------------182. *** 3 - CONTENTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN ST. PETERSBURG STATE “HERMITAGE” FROM GEORGIA. Zurab Bragvadze, Nana Kapanadze.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. THE TREAZURE FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM. Vakhtang Nikolaishvili.-------------------22. SCARABEOID SEALS OF “BERN GROUP” FROM NASTAGISI CEMETERY Anna Gabunia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30. RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT THE WESTERN WALL OF SVETITSKHOVELI CATHEDRAL. Ketevan Digmelashvili. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------35. EARLY MEDIEVAL POTTERY FROM KVIRILA GORGE (According to the Modinakhe cemetery). Nana Kapanadze. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50. BYZANTINE TYPE WEDDING RINGS FROM QVEMO AVLEVI CEMETERY. Ketevan R. Ramishvili.----57. THE BRACELETS IN GEORGIA (8th c. BC -7th c. AD). Nana Gogiberidze. ------------------------------------69. COLCHIAN POTTERY AND COLCHIAN AMPHORAE. Marine Pirtshkalava, Gela Gamkrelidze. --------86. CULT OF DIONYSUS IN THE CAUCASUS (BC 4th c. – AD 4th c.). Lana Chologauri.-----------------------119. *** ABOUT DEPICTIONS OF ONE GROUP OF ANIMALS ON SASSANIAN SEALS. Ketevan I. Ramishvili--134. REVIEW---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142. *** PAPERS IN ENGLISH: STRAINERS FROM WEST GEORGIA. - Helen Gigolashvili †.--------------------------------------------------145. AMPHORAE – BURIALS FROM BICHVINTA (PITYUS). - Temur Todua †.-----------------------------------150. ANCIENT IBERIA AND THE GATEKEEPERS OF THE CAUCASUS. - Nicolas J. Preud’homme.-----------155. *** SUMMARIES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------173. ABBREVIATIONS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------181. 4 sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo “ermitaJSi” daculi arqeologiuri koleqciebi saqarTvelodan zurab bragvaZe, nana kapanaZe sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo ermitaJi warmoadgens msoflios erT-erT udides arqeologiur sacavs, sadac sxvadasxva qveynebis arqeologiuri koleqciebis paralelurad warmodgenilia arqeologiuri artefaqtebi saqarTvelodanac (statia Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis saxelmwifo samecniero grantis, #FF17_503 _ „qarTuli moZravi kulturuli memkvidreobis virtualuri anastilosi sankt-peterburgis muzeumebSi daculi koleqciebis kvlevis safuZvelze“, _ farglebSi). isini aq sxvadsxva wlebSi da sxvadasxva pirobebSi moxvda. maTi umravlesoba SeZenilia „ermitaJis“ mier da mxolod erTi koleqcia warmoadgens arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul arqeologiur masalebs. esaa vornakis samarovani, romelic 1890-ian wlebSi gaiTxara jer niko maris, Semdeg eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier (ix. qvemoT). aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am muzeumSi qarTuli arqeologiuri memkvidreobis nimuSebis Tavmoyra xdeboda ZiriTadad XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan (stefanwmindis ritoni (sur. 5), sanelsacxeble (sur. 2) da Tasebi samTavros samarovnidan (sur. 1; 3), XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis CaTvliT. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg zogadad Sewyda arqeologiuri masalebis gadineba saqarTvelodan da Sesabamisad, isini aRarc „ermitaJSi“ moxvedrila. dRevandeli monacemebiT, saqarTvelodan „ermitaJSi“ moxvedrili arqeologiuri artefaqtebis raodenoba samass aWarbebs. zusti raodenobis dadgena ki Wirs imis gamo, rom yvela maTgani gamofenili ar aris, xolo safondo monacemebi am etapze xelmiuwvdomelia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli warmomavlobis arqeologiuri nimuSebi or (51-e da 53-e) darbazSia gamofenili. maTi qronologiuri diapazoni moicavs periods Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan ax. w. I aTaswleulis CaTvliT. rodesac „ermitaJis“ qarTul arqeologiur koleqciebze vmsjelobT, aucileblad unda vaxsenoT is nivTebic, romlebic ar aris aRmoCenili saqarTvelos teritoriaze, magram maTi qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs. aseTia IV saukunis Tixis msxliseburkorpusiani doqi da amave periodis Tixis saRvine WurWeli (sur. 4) kumbulTas samarovnidan (CrdiloeT oseTi), romlebic gamofenilia 73-e darbazSi da miCneulia rogorc qarTuli importi. aseTi formisa da faqturis sameTuneo nawarmi damaxasiaTebelia mxolod saqarTvelos IV saukunis arqeologiuri ZeglebisaTvis (urbnisi, modinaxe, rgani, axali Jinvali da sxv). Tumca isini CrdiloeT kavkasiis garda aRmoCenilia somxeTSic, sadac aseve miiCneva saqarTvelodan (iberiis samefodan) importis nimuSebad *Хачатриан 1976: 77+. ukve aRiniSna, rom qarTuli arqeologiuri koleqciebis qronologia moicavs farTo speqtrs, aseve farToa is geografiuli arealic, saidanac momdinareobs es artefaqtebi _ afxazeTi (anuxva, bombora, aCandara, gudauTa, abganruki, fsircxa), imereTi (bori), Sida qarTli (mcxeTa, qsnis xeoba), xevi (stefanwminda), qvemo qarTli (vornaki), kaxeTi (bodbe, dedofliswyaro). am koleqciebs Soris calke unda gamoiyos sami maTgani - anuxva, vornaki da bori - radgan jer erTi, am punqtebidan momdinare masalebi yvelaze mravalricxovania da meore - es samive obieqti erTiani samarovania, xolo danarCeni artefaqtebi warmodgenilia erTi, ori an sami nimuSiT da maTi arqeologiuri konteqstic naklebad aris cnobili, 5 rac ar iZleva farTo msjelobis saSualebas. amitom am mizezis gaTvaliswinebiT winamdebare naSromSi ZiriTad am sami Zeglis monacemebs ganvixilavT qronologiuri principis dacviT. anuxva. yvelaze uadres arqeologiur masalas warmoadgens anuxvadan momdinare artefaqtebi (sur. 6-22). sofeli anuxva mdebareobs afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis gudauTis raionSi, zRvis donidan 360 metris simaRleze, gudauTidan 25 km-is daSorebiT. 2008 wlidan okupirebulia ruseTis federaciis mier. soflis teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebi ar Catarebula da „ermitaJSi“ daculi eqsponatebi SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. umetesoba maTgani liTonis (brinjaos) nakeTobebia, sabrZolo iaraRi (sur. 13), samkauli (sur. 19; 20; 21; 22), tansacmlis aqsesuarebi (sur. 7; 8; 11; 12; 14), da mZivebi (sur. 9; 10). gvxvdeba qvis erTi nimuSic (uros fragmenti (sur. 6). yvela es nivTi Tavis droze miCneuli iqna Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis nimuSebad da zustad am TariRebiTaa warmodgenili sagamofeno vitrinebSi. vinaidan dRemde ar momxdara maTi mecnieruli kvleva, aravis Seutania eWvi daTariRebis sisworeSi da arc aravis Seudarebia isini afxazeTis sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebidan momdinare masalebTan. saqme isaa, rom anuxvas masalebis erTi nawili (zoomorfuli balTebi (sur.14), sakerebeli firfita (sur.12), brinjaos sartyeli (sur.11) da brinjaos satevari (sur. 13) sakmaod hgavs gacilebiT adreul nimuSebs da ufro arqauli nivTebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. samwuxarod, „ermitaJSi“ warmodgenili arqeologiuri artefaqtebis umetesobis msgavsad, anuxvas masalebis SemTxvevaSic moklebuli varT arqeologiur konteqsts da ar aris cnobili ra pirobebSi moxda ama Tu im nivTis aRmoCena an ra tipis kompleqsebidan momdinareobs isini. Cemi azriT, naxsenebi nimuSebi samarxeuli inventaris nawilia da unda miekuTvnebodes adre brinjaos xanis finalur etaps, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruls. aseTi varaudis saSualebas iZleva anuxvas masalebis Sedareba am periodis afxazeTis arqeologiur ZeglebTan, kerZod ki dolmenuri kulturis samarovnebTan. samxreT kavkasiaSi afxazeTi erTaderTi regionia, sadac Zv.w. III - II aTaswleulebSi gavrcelebulia samarxTa Taviseburi tipi - dolmeni [jafariZe 1957: 76-127]. anuxvas analogiuri sartyelebi, zoomorfuli balTebi da satevrebi gvxvdeba eSeris N1 dolmenSi, romelic adre brinjaos xanis gviani etapiT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruliT TariRrdeba [jafariZe 1957: 91]. dRemde mTlad dadgenili ar aris kavkasiaSi dolmenebis gaCenis pirobebi da maTi warmomavloba [jafariZe 2003:132]. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, cnobilia afxazeTis teritoriaze maTi gavrcelebis lokaluri zona da esaa dRevandeli oCamCiris, tyvarCelisa da galis raionebis midamoebi. Tu Cveni varaudi sofel anuxvaSi dolmenis (dolmenebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb sinamdviles Seesabameba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es kultura gavrcelebuli iyo ara mxolod aRmosavleT, aramed - dasavleT afxazeTSic, dRevandeli axali aToni - gudauTis raionis teritoriazec. rac Seexeba anuxvas koleqciaSi Semaval brinjaos sakisre rgol grivnebs (sur. 20; 21; 22), maTi TariRic savaraudod koreqtirebas moiTxovs, radgan am tipis grxelrkaliani xatisuRlebi iseT kargad stratificirebul samarovnebze rogorebicaa nigvziani, dRvaba da ureki, Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [miqelaZe 1986]. amrigad, „ermitaJSi“ dacul anuxvas masalebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba sami qronologiuri etapis gamoyofa. brinjaos grexilrkaliani sakisre rgolebi 6 miekuTvneba adre rkinis xanas (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) da eWvs gareSea, rom orive maTgani samarxeuli inventaris nawilebia; brinjaos zoomorfuli balTebi, brinjaos sakerebeli firfita, brinjaos sartyeli da brinjaos foTliseburpiriani satevrebi - adre brinjaos xanis finalur stadias (Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruls) da Cveni varaudiT, es nimuSebi dolmenuri kulturis Semadgeneli nawili unda iyos, xolo danarCeni artefaqtebis mikuTvneba Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebisadmi, savaraudod, dasaSvebia. vornaki. sofeli vornaki (dRevandeli akneri) mdebareobs dRevandel CrdiloeT somxeTSi, lores olqSi, istoriuli qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, romelic XIX saukuneSi Sedioda Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi. aRniSnuli teritoria somxeTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikas gadaeca saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos 1921 wlis aneqsiisa da gasabWoebis Semdeg. 1935 wlidan sofel vornaks Seecvala saxeli da ewoda akneri. 1892 wels aq gaTxrebi daiwyo niko marma, magram erTi wlis Semdeg anisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, misive rekomendaciiT vornakis arqeologiur gaTxrebs saTaveSi Caudga eqvTime TayaiSvili. gaTxrebze nebarTva (e.w. “Ria furceli”) gacemulia ruseTis saimperatoro arqeologiuri komisiis Tavmjdomaris, graf al. bobrinskis mier, dafinanseba 200 maneTs Seadgenda. gaTxrebis dros Seswavlili iqna samarovnebi, romlebic mdebareobda sof. dmanisTan, vornakTan, axpatTan, privolnaiasTan, iagdanTan da maTurasTan [n. marisa da eq. TayaiSvilis mimowera 1991; 108, 110, 124, 131; Carkviani 2007: 178-186; ОАК за 1893, 1895: 36; ОАК за 1894, 189: 14-16]. am Zeglebidan momdinare arqeologiuri masalebidan „ermitaJSi“ warmodgenilia mxolod vornakis samarovnis arqeologiuri masala. akad. b. piotrovski sagangebod aRniSnavda akad. eq. TayaiSvilis mier vornakSi mopovebuli masalebis mniSvnelobas kavkasiis uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. manve vornakis samarxebSi #5 da #16 kompleqsebis mixedviT gamoyo ori qronologiuri jgufi. meTeqvsmete samarxi masSi gamovlenili brinjaos bolokveTili maxvilis (sur. 27), masiuri cul-sekiris (sur. 30), satexiseburi culis (sur. 29), rkinis satevrisa (sur. 25) da Subispirebis (sur. 23; 24) mixedviT daukavSira samTavros samarovnis #591 samarxs da zogadad Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT daaTariRa *Пиотровский 1949: 64+. rac Seexeba mexuTe samarxs, aRmoCenili brinjaos nivTebidan gamomdinare, igi Zv.w. VII-VI saukunes unda miekuTvnebodes. am SemTxvevaSi daTariRebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda gvelis TavebiT daboloebul brinjaos samajurebs (sur. 32; 34), or masiur beWeds (sur. 36; 37), brinjaos fibulebs (sur. 35; 38), brinjaos sakisre rgols (sur. 39), brinjaos pincets (sur. 40), brinjaos qarqaSian rkinis or satevars (sur. 26; 43) da xis tarian moxril danas (sur. 25). aRniSnuli artefaqtebi b.piotrovskis azriT, pirdapir analogebs poulobda lorebambakis Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis samarovnebis masalebTan *Пиотровский 1949: 117-118]. amrigad, vornakis samarovani qronologiurad moicavs periods Zv.w. I aTaswleulis sawyisi saukuneebidan - Zv.w. VII – VI saukunis CaTvliT. qvemo qarTlis sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia ufro dakonkretdes b.piotrovskis mier Tavis droze SemoTavazebuli Zeglis zogadi daTariReba, radgan meoce saukunis 60-90-ian wlebSi am regionSi gaiTxara araerTi samarovani da namosaxlari, sadac gamovlinda vornakis msgavsi arqeologiuri masala. Cemi varaudiT, vornakis 7 samarovanTan yvelaze axlo msgavsebas iCenen beSTaSenis, kuSCis, ganTiadisa da avranlos arqeologiuri kompleqsebi. msgavseba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Tunis nawarmisa da brinjaos sabrZolo iaraRis mixedviT. aRniSnuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebs miekuTvneba [avaliSvili 1976. lit. iqve]. aqedan ki naTeli xdeba, rom vornakis samarovanis funqcionirebis periodic swored amave xanas unda emTxveodes. bori. sofeli bori mdebareobs xaragaulis municipalitetSi, qalaq zestafonidan 5 km-is moSorebiT. 1902 wels sofel borSi miwis damuSavebis dros SemTxveviT aRmoCnda vercxlis pinaki bomonis win mdgomi cxenis gamosaxulebiT da arameuli warweriT (sur. 47; 48). warwerisa da Sesabamisad, vercxlis Tasis TariRis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa (e.pridiki, a.borisovi, S.amiranSvili, g.wereTeli), magram arc erT mkvlevars eWvi ar Seutania warweris Sinaarsisa da wakiTxvis Taobaze da yvela maTgani miiCnevs, rom moxseniebulia “pitiaxSi buzmihr keTili”. aqve aRvniSnav, rom boris pinaki iyo pirveli arqeologiuri artefaqti, romlis mixedviTac dafiqsirda antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi pitiaxSis institutis arseboba da igi sami aTeuli wliT uswrebs win armazisxevis gaxmaurebul aRmoCenebs. 1902 wels Zmebma pavlaZeebma savenaxed miwis damuSavebis dros SemTxveviT aRmoaCines mdidruli samarxebi, romelTa inventari mihyides i. maWavarians. man ki Tavis mxriv, es nivTebi mihyida sank-peterburgis ermitaJs. 1903 da 1907-1908 wlebSi borSi kvlav aRmoCnda samarxeuli inventari. sofel boridan momdinare arqeologiuri artefaqtebi oTx etapad moxvda sanqt peterburgis saxelmwifo ermitaJSi: 1902, 1903, 1907 da 1908 wlebSi. pirveli cnoba boris aRmoCenis, vercxlis pinakis, Sesaxeb gvxvdeba 1902 wels *Дьло…1902]. 1909 wels b. farmakovskim berlinSi gamoaqveyna boris masalebis CamonaTvali [Farmakovsky 1909: 114-116]. boris masalebi aseve warmodgenelia saimperatoro arqeologiuri komisiis 1908 da 1909-10 wlebis anagariSebSi *Отчеты… 1908: 182-183; Отчеты… 1909-10: 216-18]. am soflidan momdinare masalebi yvelaze srulyofilad warmoadgenilia e. pridikis 1914 wlis publikaciaSi, magram arc es gamokvleva-katalogia boris artefaqtebis sruli gamocema, radgan masalis nawili graf a. bobrinskis gankargulebiT 1912 wels gadaeca imperator aleqsandre III-is rusuli saimperatoro muzeumis eTnografiul ganyofilebas. es artefaqtebia: vercxlis ori Tasi, brinjaos doqi, rkinis danebi, rkinis isrispiri, rkinis maxvilis fragmenti, rkinis Tasi da rkinis ori lagami *Придикь 1914+. swored am mizezis gamo es masalebi ver moxvda boris koleqciisadmi miZRvnil e. pridikis publikaciaSi. aRniSnuli naklovanebis miuxedavad, pridikis 1914 wlis statia Taviseburi pirvelwyaroa boris masalebis kvlevis saqmeSi. sul saxelmwifo ermitaJSi daculia boris koleqciis 141 nivTi. maTgan 26 oqrosia, 21 - vercxlis, 45 - brinjaosi, 17 - minisa da Zvlis, 3 - Tixis, 3 – taxis eSvi, 1 - cxenis kbili, 1 niJara da 24 - moneta. imis gamo, rom boris arqeologiuri atefaqtebi sxvadasxva drosaa aRmoCenili da amave dros mopovebulia e.w. “Savi arqeologebis” mier, dRemde ver xerxdeba maTi kompleqsebad dalageba da metic, ucnobia saerTod ramdeni samarxi SeiZleboda yofiliyo aq da isic ki ar viciT, es masalebi erTi samarovnidan momdinareobs Tu ara. cnobilia, rom boris samarovani sakmaod did teritorias moicavda [kvirkvaia, da sxv. 2016: 6-30] da isic cxadia, rom aq arsebobda samarxebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi (ormosamarxebi da qvevrsamarxebi) da aqedan gamomdinare, ar 8 gamoiricxeba, rom saqme gvqondes minimum or sxvadasxva nekropolTan. isic faqtia, rom rogorc peterburgis muzeumebSi, aseve saqarTvelos muzeumebSi (erovnuli muzeumi, quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumi) arqeologiuri masalebi moxvda yovelgvari arqeologiuri konteqstis gareSe da swored es realoba arTulebs samarxTa Tundac miaxloebiTi raodenobis dadgenas. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis definiciis dadgenis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba armazisxevis aRmoCenebs. armzisxevis pitixSTa samarxebis inventari saSualebas iZleva davadginoT pitiaxSebis kuTvnili nivTebi, anu is artefatebi, romlebic aucilebeli atributebia qarTlis (iberiis) samefos erTerTi umaRlesi ierarqebisTvis. Cveni varaudiT, armazisxevSi Seswavlili samarxebidan pitiaxSebi dakrZaluli unda yofiliyvnen #1, 2 da 3 samarxebSi, xolo II-III saukuneebis danarCeni mdidruli samarxeuli kompleqsebi ar miekuTvneba uSualod pitiaxSTa saZvaleebs da isini ufro am sagvareulo saxlis sxva warmomdgenlebis kuTvnili unda iyos [bragvaZe 2019: 62-72]. armazisxevis pirvel (asparugis) samarxSi aRmoCenilia: oqros sabeWdavi beWedi, oqros balTa, satevris qarqaSis oqros garsakravi, oqros diadema, oqros kilitebi, oqros monetebi, vercxlis sami pinaki, vercxlis ori oryura jami, vercxlis 2 sura, vercxlis sarke, vercxlis abzindebi, vercxlis firfitebi, sareclis vercxlis fexebi, brinjaos abzinda, rkinis ori dana, pastis mZivebi, minis WurWeli, Zvlis nivTi da xis naSTebi [mcxeTa I. 1955: 22-40). armzisxevis meore (armazesis) samarxSi gvxvdeba: oqros samajuri, oqros medalioni, oqros 5 beWedi, oqros sayureebi, oqros sakidi, oqros saavgaroze, oqros Rilebi, oqros monetebi, vercxlis pinaki, minis WurWeli [mcxeTa I. 1955: 40]. armazisxevis mesame (bersumas) samarxSi mikvleulia: oqrostariani satevari, oqros beWedi, oqros xoiros furclebi, oqros sayure, oqros ori sakidi, oqros monetebi, vercxlis pinaki bomonis win cxenis gamosaxulebiT da arameuli warweriT, sareclis fexebi [mcxeTa I. 1955: 46-53]. am sam samarxSi nivTebis raodenoba sxvadasxvagvaria da isini Cvidmetidan ocdaCvitmetamde meryeobs (24 nivTi bersumas samarxSi, 17 _ armazis samarxSi da 36 asparugis samarxSi). ase rom, am samarxebSi dafiqsirebuli saimqveynio inventari warmoadgens mxolod pitiaxSTa saZvaleebisTvis damaxasiaTebel aucilebel atributebs. buzmihr pitiaxSis samarxis rekonstruqciis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania armazisxevis am samive samarxSi arsebuli artefaqtebis Sejereba borSi mopovebul koleqciasTan. buzmihris samarxi artefaqtebis raodenobisa da msgavsebis mxriv yvelaze axlos unda idges asparugis da bersumas samarxebTan da aq nivTebis raodenoba sam aTeulamde unda yofiliyo. Aaqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom cxeniani pinakebi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod pitiaxSebis samarxebisTvis. isini gvxvdeba iberiis warCinebul pirTaTvis gatanebul saimqveynio inventarSic (zRuderi). analogiuris Tqma SeiZleba sareclebzec. pitiaxSebis samarxebis paralelurad sareclebic warmoadgens romauli xanis iberiis samefos warCinebuli gvarebis warmomadgenelTa dasakrZalav inventars (zRuderi, axali Jinvali). rac Seexeba metalis (brinjaosa da vercxlis) surebs, isinic warmodgenilia iseT samarxebSi, romlebic ar warmoadgens pitiaxSebis saZvaleebs, magram ekuTvnis sazogadoebis dawinaurebul pirebs (zRuderi, erwo). oqros sabeWdavi beWdebic ar gvxvdeba mxolod pitiaxSebis samarxebSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania zRuderis samarxebi, sadac isini gamovlenilia sam mdidrul samarxSi [braundi da sxv. 2009]. oqroTi Semkuli satevrebic ar warmoadgens 9 mxolod pitiaxSebis prerogativas. modinaxes samarxSi gvxvdeba analogiurad Semkuli satevari [nadiraZe 1975: 67]. igive iTqmis diademebTan dakavSirebiTac. gvian romauli xanis arqeologiur monapovarSi diadema aRmoCenilia modinaxes 66-e samarxSi [bragvaZe 2005: 124] amrigad, erTi SexedviT TiTqmis ver dgindeba im nivTebis gamoyofa, romelic damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos mxolod pitiaxSebis samarxebisTvis. Tumca, es mxolod erTi SexedviT Cans ase, radgan am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba qronologiur faqtors da sakuTriv samarxTa tips. pitiaxSebis samarxebi warmoadgenen sarkofagebs. aseTi tipis sarkofagebi ki damaxasiaTebelia mxolod da mxolod armazisxevis nekropolisTvis, maSin rodesac axal JinvalSi, erwoSi, urbnisSi da modinaxeze gvxvdeba mxolod Cveulebrivi ormosamarxebi. armazisxevis sarkofagebs TiTqos waagavs zRuderis sarkofagebi, magram isini mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. rac Seexeba bors, aq SeuZlebelia raimes Tqma, radgan arc samarxis tipze da arc dakrZalvis wesze verafers vityviT, radgan am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar gagvaCnia araviTari monacemebi. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom boris SemTxvevaSic ormosamarxTan unda gvqondes saqme. amavdroulad, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom magraneTis (erwos), axali Jinvalis, urbnisis da modinaxes samarxebi qronologiurad gansxvavdeba armazisxevis kompleqsebisgan da miekuTvneba IV saukunes, anu im periods, rodesac armazisxevis pitiaxSTa Sto aRar arsebobs. ase rom am realobidan gamomdinare, am komleqsebSi Semavali inventaris erTmaneTisadmi msgavseba mxolod formaluria da ara Sinaarsobrivi. amrigad, mxolod metalis WurWlebis, sareclis fexebis, cxeniani vercxlis pinakebisa da oqros sabeWdavi beWdebis mixedviT ver vimsjelebT mxolod pitiaxSebis samarxebisTvis gankuTvnili artefaqtebis Sesaxeb, radgan es nivTebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc pitiaxSebis, aseve _ danaCeni warCinebuli pirebis samarxebSi da TiTqmis ver dgindeba im artefatebis definicia, romlebic eqskluziurad aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod pitiaxSebis samarxebisTvis. sakuTriv boris koleqciaSi kidev ufro Wirs aseTi nivTebis gamoyofa. mxolod erTi, cxeniani pinaki ar iwvevs aranair eWvs, rom igi ekuTvnoda pitiaxSs, magram Cndeba sainterso kiTxva_is samarxi, romelSic aRmoCnda es pinaki, ramdenad SeiZleba ganvixiloT pitiaxSis saZvaled? saqme isaa, rom borSi ar dafiqsirebula arc sarkofagi, arc akldama da erTi SexedviT, buzmihr pitiaxSis kuTvnili artefaqtebi yvela wyaros mixedviT, momdinareobs Cveulebrivi ormosamarxidan. es realoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme ar unda gvqondes pitiaxSis samarxTan da gamovlenili mdidruli inventaric ar unda warmoadgendes pitiaxSis sakuTrebas. akldamisa da sarkofagis garda boris monapovarSi ar Cans arc armazisxevis pitiaxSebis samarxebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxelisuflebo insigniebi (diadema, sabeWdavi, oqros qaraqaSiani satevari). mdgomareobas, erTi SexedviT, arTulebs warweriani pinaki. Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi buzmihr pitiaxSisagan saCuqrad miiRo borSi dakrZalulma im pirovnebam, romlis samarxSic es nivTi dafiqsirda. romaul xanaSi arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTvelebi sakuTar qveSevrdomebs Cuqnidnen Zvirfas nivTebs samaxsovro warweriT. gavixenoT Tundac bersuma pitiaxSisTvis naCuqari Tasi. ase rom Tu aseT mosazrebas davuSvebT, maSin yvelaferi Tavis adgilze dadgeba da im kiTxvebsac gaecema pasuxi, Tu ratomaa pitiaxSis warweriani pinaki aRmoCenili ormosamarxSi da ara akldamaSi, an sarkofagSi; ratom ar gvxvdeba aq pitiaxSebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 10 saxelisuflebo insigniebi da sxv. borSi dakrZaluli is pirovneba, visac ekuTvnoda pitixSis warweriani pinaki warmoadgenda sakmaod SeZlebul adamians da mas axlo urTierToba unda hqonoda iberiis mmarTvel zedafenasTan. amis dasturs warmoadgens misTvis pitiaxSis mier Zvirfasi nivTis Cuqebis faqtic. am SemTxvevaSi iseTive movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme, rogorc zRuderSi, sadac aseve fiqsirdeba mdidari adamianisTvis samarxSi Cayolebuli naCuqari vercxlis langari [braundi da sxv. 2009: 21]. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom borSi ar fiqsirdeba pitiaxSis samarxi, am sofelSi mopovebul artefaqtebs aqvs didi mniSvneloba romauli epoqis iberiis istoriisaTvis, radgan cnobili xdeba kidev erTi pitiaxSi saxeli. xolo sad aris dakrZaluli sakuTriv buzmihr pitiaxSi, Cveni codnis amJamindel etapze, am kiTxvaze pasuxi jer-jerobiT ucnobia. Sesabamisad, arc is aris garkveuli pitiaxSi buzmihr keTili armazisxevis pitiaxSTa saxlidanaa, Tu argveTis pitiaxSia. Tumca, savarudod, igi argveTis unda yofiliyo, radgan armazisxevidan aseTi saxelis pitiaxSi cnobili ar aris. literatura: avaliSvili 1976: avaliSvili g. qvemo qarTli Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I naxevarSi. Tb. afaqiZe 1944: afaqiZe an. axali arqeologiuri masalebi sof. boridan. saqarTvelos saxel. muzeumis moambe. t. XII-В. Tb. afaqiZe 1963: afaqiZe an. qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb. braundi da sxv. 2009: braundi d. javaxiSvili q. nemsaZe g. saganZuri zRuderidan. Tb. bragvaZe 2019: bragvaZe z. armazisxevis pitiaxSTa saxli. arqeospeqtri #2. Tb. bragvaZe 2013: bragvaZe z. iberia-kolxeTis zogierTi istoriul-arqeologiuri problemisaTvis. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi #21. Tb. bragvaZe 2005: bragvaZe z. yvirilis xeoba gvianantikur xanaSi. Jur. iberiakolxeTi, red. g. gamyreliZe, #3. Tb. kvirkvaia da sxv. 2016: kvirkvaia r. davlianiZe r. CxartiSvili n. arqeologiuri koleqciebi sofel boridan. saq. erovnuli muzeumis moambe, VII (52). miqelaZe 1986: miqelaZe T. kolxeTis adre rkinis xanis samarovnebi. Tb. mcxeTa I. 1955: mcxeTa, armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. I, Tb. nadiraZe 1975: nadiraZe j. yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. n. marisa da eq. TayaiSvilis mimowera1991: gamosacemad moamzades, Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTes r. kavilaZem da m. mamacaSvilma, Tb. Carkviani 2014: Carkviani m. eqvTime TayaiSvilis arqeologiuri moRvaweoba, onlain arqeologia #6. jafariZe 1957: jafariZe oT. dolmenuri kultura saqarTveloSi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. t. 77. Tb. jafariZe 2003: jafariZe oT. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan. Tb. Farmakovsky 1909: Farmakovsky B. Archäologische Sammlung von Bori. Archäologischer Anzeiger. Berlin. Дьло… 1902: Дьло Императорской Археологической Комиссии. №35. Пиотровский 1949: Пиотровский Б., Археология Закавказья, Ленинград. Придикь 1914: Придикь Е. Новые Кавказскiе Клады. Материалы По археологiи Россiи. № 34, СПб. Отчеты… 1896: Отчеты Императорской Археологи ческой Комиссии за 1894 г. СПб. 11 Отчеты… 1908: Отчеты Императорской Археологической Комиссии за 1908 г. Отчеты… 1909-10: Отчеты Императорской Археологической Комиссии за 1909-10 гг. Хачатриан 1976: Хачатриан Ж. Античный Некрополь. Гарни V, Ереван 1976. suraTebis aRweriloba: 1. vercxlis Tasi. mcxeTa. samTavro. 2. minis sanelsacxeble. mcxeTa. samTavro. 3. vercxlis fexiani Tasi. mcxeTa. samTavro. 4. msxliseburkorpusiani doqi da Tixis saRvine WurWeli kumbulTadan. CrdiloeT oseTi. eqspozicia. 5. vercxlis ritoni cxenis Tavis gamosaxulebiT. stefanwminda. 6. qvis uro. anuxva. afxazeTi. 7. brinjaos balTa. anuxva. afxazeTi. 8. brinjaos balTa. anuxva. afxazeTi. 9. pastis mZivi. anuxva. afxazeTi. 10. mZivebi. anuxva. afxazeTi. 11. brinjaos sartyeli. anuxva. afxazeTi. 12. brinjaos sakerebeli firfita. anuxva. afxazeTi. 13. brinjaos Subispiri. anuxva. afxazeTi. 14. brinjaos zoomorfuli balTa. anuxva. afxazeTi. 15. brinjaos Subispiri. anuxva. afxazeTi. 16. brinjaos Subispiri. anuxva. afxazeTi. 17. brinjaos culi. anuxva. afxazeTi. 18. brinjaos satevari. anuxva. afxazeTi. 19. brinjaos rgolebi. anuxva. afxazeTi. 20. brinjaos xatisuReli. anuxva. afxazeTi. 21. brinjaos xatisuReli. anuxva. afxazeTi. 22. brinjaos xatisuReli. anuxva. afxazeTi. 23. brinjaos Subispiri. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 24. brinjaos Subispiri. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 25. rkinis satevari. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 26. rkinis satevari brinjaos qarqaSiT. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 27. brinjaos satevari. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 28. rkinis satevari. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 29. brinjaos culi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 30. brinjaos culi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 31. brinjaos culi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 32. brinjaos samajuri. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 33. brinjaos sakinZi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 34. brinjaos samajuri. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 35. brinjaos mSvildsakinZi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 36. brinjaos rgoli. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 37. brinjaos rgoli. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 38. brinjaos mSvildsakinZi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 39. brinjaos sakisre rgoli. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 40. brinjaos pinceti. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 41. brinjaos satevari. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 12 42. brinjaos kverTxis Tavi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 43. rkinis satevari. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 44. Tixis saRvine WurWeli. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 45. Tixis kaTxa. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 46. Tixis doqi. vornaki. qvemo qarTli. 47. vercxlis Tasi. bori. imereTi. 48. vercxlis Tasis grafikuli naxati. bori. imereTi. 49. brinjaos oinoxoia. bori. imereTi. 50. brinjaos oinoxoia. bori. imereTi. 51. brinjaos sura. bori. imereTi. 52. brinjaos sura. bori. imereTi. 53. brinjaos sur. bori. imereTi. 54. brinjaos doqi. bori. imereTi. 55. brinjaos patera. bori. imereTi. 56. brinjaos patera. bori. imereTi. 57. brinjaos patera. bori. imereTi. 58. brinjaos patera. bori. imereTi. 59. brinjaos saswori. bori. imereTi. 60. vercxlis Tasi. bori. imereTi. 61. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 62. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 63. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 64. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 65. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 66. boris arqeologiuri koleqciis eqspozicia “ermitaJSi”. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis saganZuri vaxtang nikolaiSvili qarTlis samefos (berZnul-romauli wyaroebis _ iberiis) Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxeTa cnobilia istoriul-arqiteqturuli da arqeologiuri ZeglebiT. mcxeTis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben qarTuli („moqcevaiU qarTlisai~, „qarTlis cxovreba~) da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi (straboni, I s.; pliniusi, I s.; ptolemaiosi, II s.; dion kasiusi, II-III ss.; mose xoreneli, V s. da sxv.), aseve, arqeologiuri Zeglebi. „didi mcxeTa~ naxsenebia qarTveli istorikosis leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~, romelic Sesulia saistorio qronikaSi „qarTlis cxovreba~: `qalaqi didi mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa...~ [ix. qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 17-18]. Lleontiseuli `didi mcxeTa~ qarTlis samefos Camoyalibebisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis periods emTxveva. is did farTobs moicavda da daculi iyo sasimagro sistemiT. CrdiloeTidan mas icavda RarTiskarTan gamavali sasimagro sistema, Tavdacvis meore xazi ki bebriscixe-wiwamurTan gadioda, samxreTiT sawkepela-didgoris qedi da iq aRmarTuli cixe-simagreebi moqmedebdnen (kaciTavana, armazcixis samefo rezidencia), aRmosavleTiT _ zemo avWalasa da devis namuxlze (qoSigora) gamavali galavani gadioda, dasavleTiT _ grZeli mindori, sarkine, cixedidisxevis dacvis sistema funqcionerebda. amJamad es teritoria ase Semoifargleba: aRmosavleTiT _ mcxeTis rkinigzis sadguri zahesi, dasavleTiT _ Zegvi, xekorZulas xevi da nastakisi; CrdiloeTiT _ muxranis sanaxebi, samxreTiT _ sawkepela-didgoris qedi [afaqiZe da sxv. 1955:3; nikolaiSvili 2005: 93-108]. Dqalaqi mcxeTa naxsenebia ageTve, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ qronikaSi, romelic Sesulia X saukunis Satberdis krebulSi [ix. Satberdis krebuli, 1979: 333]. javaxeTSi, faravnis tbasTan SeCerebul qarTlis ganmanaTlebel nino kapadokielis SekiTvaze _ romlisa soflisani xarT Tqven?, mcxeTeli mwyemsi pasuxobs: `zogni dabiT da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabatelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~. am teritoriazea gamovlenili mcxeTis dedaqalaqobis wina periodis (armazisxevSi aRmoCnda paleoliTis xanis da Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis ramdenime nimuSi), dedaqalaqobis (Zv.w. IV s. – ax.w. IV/V ss.) da Semdgomi periodis arqeologiuri Zeglebi (V-XII- XVIII ss). istoriuli didi mcxeTis kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili artefaqtebi didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalis garda saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa da ucxoeTis (safrangeTi, ruseTi) muzeumebSia daculi. werilobiTi wyaroebiT da arqeologiuri monacemebiT mcxeTa _ qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Zveli dedaqalaqi _ warmogvidgeba rogorc `samefo“ qalaqi, `sad RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben“ (ix. `moqcevaiU qarTlisaiU“, `qarTlis cxovreba“), sadac mTeli samefos teritoria mWidrod Cans dasaxlebuli. dedaqalaqobis periodis mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV-III ss. – ax.w. IV-V ss.) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTuli saxelmwifos qarTlis (iberiis) politikuri, savaWroekonomikuri, kulturuli da religiuri centri iyo. strabonis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. I saukunisaTvis `iberia metwilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli qalaqebiTac da dabebiTac, ise, rom iq aris kramitiani saxuravebi, saxlebi arqiteqturulad mowyobili, bazrebi da sxva sazogado dawesebulebani“. aseTi qalaqebia mcxeTasTan erTad xunani, rusTavi, kaspi, ufliscixe, gori, 22 urbnisi da a.S. saqalaqo mSeneblobis aRmavlobaze metyvelebs dedaqalaqobis periodis mcxeTaSi (samTavros samarovanze) aRmoCenili erT-erTi samarxis epitafia, romelic IV saukuneSi mcxeTis mxatvarTuxucesisa da xuroTmoZRvris avreli aqolisis saflavze mdgara. avreli aqolisis saxeli kvlav dadasturda axla ukve qvaze amokveTil samSeneblo warweraSi [yauxCiSvili 1998: 6-7]. am Tanamdebobis arseboba TavisTavad miuTiTebs am periodis mcxeTaSi farTod gaSlil samSeneblo saqmianobaze. avWaliskari, armazcixe-bagineTi, kaciTavana, cixedidisxevi, sarkine-grZeli mindori, wiwamuri (straboniseuli sevsamura) _ istoriuli didi mcxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi da gamagrebuli adgilebia. savaWro magistralTa gaswvriv saqalaqo mSeneblobam da axali qalaqebis warmoqmnam, vaWar-xelosanTa fenis dawinaureba gamoiwvia. miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis tradiciul dargebTan erTad ganviTarda xelovnebisa da xelosnobis dargebi, gansakuTrebiT oqromWedloba. mcxeTaSi saoqromWedlo skolis arsebobaze miuTiTebs qarTuli oqromWedlobis uZveles tradiciebze aRmocenebuli nimuSebi (TrialeTi, axalgori, mcxeTa), armazcixe-bagineTze, armazisxevsa da samTavros samarovnebze gamovlenili artefaqtebi, agreTve werilobiTi wyaroebi. ase magaliTad, Zv.w. 65 wels qarTlis mefe artagma romael sardals _ pompeuss miarTva oqros taxti, magida da sareceli, razec mogviTxrobs romaeli istorikosi dion kasiusi (II-III ss.). ufro gvian, ax.w. II saukuneSi qarTlis mefe farsmanma romis imperator adrianes miarTva savarZeli da oqroTi morTuli wamosasxamebi. oqromWedelTa fenas unda miekuTvnos Wrila qvebis - gemebis Semsrulebeli ostatebic. gemebze ZiriTadad gamosaxulia berZnul-romaul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli siuJetebi, magram beWdis mflobelTa saxelebi adgilobrivi Cans, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom mowveul berZen-romael ostatebTan erTad adgilobrivi ostatebic muSaobdnen. amas miuTiTebs samTavros erT-erT samarxSi saoqromWedlo saswor-sawonebisa da ramdenime gaTlili qvis aRmoCena; agreTve, sarkineSi napovni CuqurTmovani tvifrebi, mxatvrul nawarmTa daumuSavebeli nimuSebi da tigelis nawilebi [afaqiZe 1963: 228-231] oqromWedlobis calkeuli nimuSebi istoriuli didi mcxeTis teritoriaze jer kidev adre da Sua brinjaos xanis yorRanul samarxebSi gvxdeba (Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevari. oxeraxevi; Zv.w. XVII-XVI ss. samTavro). Zv.w. VII-VI-V saukuneebis samarxebSi (narekvavi, saTovle-nabaRrevi) ki maTi raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gazrdilia. ase magaliTad, narekvavis samarxeul kompleqsSi (№53) brinjaos nivTebis (qvabi, StandartisTavi, kverTxi, maxvili, ori sabrZolo culi, gravirebuli sartyeli, lagami, samajuri, kolxuri culi), Tixis WurWlisa (10 erTeuli) da saritualo sagnebis gverdiT aRmoCnda oqros sasafeTqle da mZivebi. rogorc irkveva, samarxSi didi pativiT daukrZalavT saxelisuflo insigniiT (kverTxi, gravirebuli sartyeli, StandartisTavi) aRWurvili warCinebuli meomari. paraleluri masalis mixedviT, №53 samarxi SeiZleba Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT daTariRdes [afaqiZe da sxv. 2000: 28-43]. iqve, narekvavis samarovanze gamovlenil sinqronul samarxSi (№59) oqros wyvili sxivana sayure aRmoCnda, romelic №53 samarxSi gamovlenil nimuSebTan erTad warmodgenas gviqmnis imdroindeli oqromWedlobis ganviTarebaze. oqromWedlobisa da torevtikis ostatTa naxelavs warmoadgens sveticxovlis ezoSi, III s. samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili vercxlis sawereli oqros samelniT. sawerelze cxra muzis gamosaxulebaa warweriT. igi SesaZloa, samefo 23 karis mwerlis samarxi iyos. mcxeTaSi sul 5 samelnea aRmoCenili. pirveli brinjaos cilindruli samelne jer kidev XIX saukuneSi aRmoCnda. mis Zirze amokveTilia laTinuri warwera: `Exs oficina Calpurni~. rogorc irkveva, is kalpurnis saxelosnoSia damzadebuli da savaWro gziT Cans Semotanili mcxeTSi. es kidev erTi dasturia qarTlis samefosa da romis Zlier saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli kontaqtebisa. amave periodis _ ax.w. II saukunis kramitsamarxSi aRmoCnda vercxlis samelne stilosTan erTad _ sveticxovelTan axlos. iqve, sveticxovelTan kidev erT kramitsamarxSi (№6) dadasturda brinjaos cilindruli samelne, stilosi da brinjaos 4 wkiri oqromWedlobis sxva SesaniSnav nimuSebTan erTad. kramitsamarxi (№6) aRmoCnda sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZridan ormociode metris daSorebiT. is Sedgeba 20 brtyeli, gverdebakecili (soleni) da Rarisebri (kalipteri) kramitisagan. samarxi wagrZelebul oTxkuTxa formisaa (210 X 110 X 50 sm), orferda saxuraviT, e.i. sacxovrebeli saxlis models warmoadgens. am tipis samarxs SeiZleba ewodos `saxli sakrZalavi~. micvalebuli qalbatonis ConCxi mZinare pozaSia warmodgenili. qali marjvena gverdze esvena, TaviT aRmosavleTiT. marjvena xeli ki TavqveS hqonda amodebuli. samarxSi aRmoCnda: xelada, Wraqi, minis sanelsacxeblebi, oqros yelsabami, oqros wyvili sayure, oqros wyvili beWedi, oqros da vercxlis monetebi. msgavsi samkauli gamovlenilia armazisxevis erisTavTa (pitiaxSTa) da samTavros ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis samarovnebze [afaqiZe da sxv. 1955: tab. IX, sur. 135, 137; Apakidze, Nikolaishvili 1994: 25-26]. zemoaRniSnuli artefaqtebis ganxilvis safuZvelze, kramitsamarxi №6 SeiZleba ax.w. II saukuniT daTariRdes. iq gamovlenili samkauli adasturebs mosazrebas oqromWedlobis mcxeTuri skolis arsebobis Sesaxeb [CubinaSvili 1944; amiranaSvili 1944; afaqiZe da sxv. 1955] Tixisa da minis analogiuri WurWeli farTodaa cnobili ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi istoriuli didi mcxeTis teritoriaze da urbnisSi [nikolaiSvili 1993; saginaSvili 1970]. Tixis WurWeli adgilobrivi warmoSobisaa, xolo mina siriis qalaq sidonis enionis saxelosnos nawarmi unda iyos. msgavsi brinjaos samelne Zvlis or stilosTan erTad gamovlinda samTavros CrdiloeTiT baiaTxevSi _ ax.w. III saukuniT daTariRebul samarxeul kompleqsSi [nikolaiSvili, giunaSvili 1995: 131, sur.1098-1100; 1285-1287]. brinjaos da vercxlis analogiuri samelneebi gavrcelebuli Cans antikur samyaroSi [Eschebach 1984: 40-41]. mcxeTaSi adre gamovlenil stilosebTan da samelneebTan erTad es aRmoCena qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi mwignobrobis dawinaurebasa da qalaquri kulturis maRal doneze metyvelebs. saqalaqo cxovrebisa da damwerlobis ganviTarebaze metyvelebs agreTve, mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili IV-V saukuneebiT daTariRebuli abraam saras Zis saxlis naSTebi. amaze mogviTxrobs oqros avgarozi, romelzedac arameuliT Sesrulebuli ebrauli Selocvaa amokveTili. saxlis saZirkvelSi Cadgmul samtuCa xeladaSi aRmoCnda oTxad dakecili oqros gragnili (5,8 X 2,8 sm). avgarozi avi sulisgan icavda mflobels. mas aTavsebdnen saxlebsa da sinagogebSi. warwera ebrael abram saras Zes ekuTvnoda da misi ojaxis wevrebis avi sulebisa da demonebisagan dasacavad iyo gamiznuli. Selocva dawerilia iudeur-arameulze, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTveloSi damkvidrebul ebraelTa Soris [wereTeli 1996: 95-132]. 24 abraam saras Zis saxli ori oTaxisagan Sedgeba. maT Soris gasasvleli kariRiobia datovebuli. meore saTavsSi marania mowyobili, sadac didi raodenobis IV-VI saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda. aseve, sasanuri monogramebiT ori sabeWdavi-bula. erT-erT sabeWdavze amokveTilia qristianuli simbolo _ jvris gamosaxuleba. aRniSnuli sabeWdavebi stilisturad da gamosaxuli siuJetebis mixedviT V-VI saukuneebis sasanuri gliptikis nimuSebis analogiuria. sabeWdavi-bulebi umeteswilad garkveuli qonebis _ saqonlis dasabeWdad gamoiyeneboda. amitom savaraudoa, rom bulebis mepatrone vaWarTa wris warmomadgeneli iyo. amrigad, abram saras Zis saxlSi aRmoCenili avgarozi erTxel kidev miuTiTebs dedaqalaqobis xanis mcxeTis mcxovrebTa eTnikur mravalferovnebaze, socialur diferenciaciasa da damwerlobis ganviTarebaze. mcxeTis muzeumSi daculi oqomWedlobis nimuSebis umetesi nawili gvianromauli periodisaa (ax.w. I-IV ss.). swored am drois qarTlis samefoSi, sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa samarxebSi, didi raodenobiT dasturdeba oqro-vercxlis samkauli (gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia umaRlesi da saSualo fena). TvalsaCinoa samkaulis, gansakuTrebiT sayureebis, samajurebis, beWdebis da yelsabamebis simravle. am periodSi yalibdeba oqromWedlobis mcxeTuri skola, romelsac aTvisebuli aqvs imdroindeli teqnikuri xerxebis sruli arsenali (kverva, rCilva, mWvalva, mogavarseba, nivTebis Semkoba wnuli da grexili saxeebiT da burTulebiT). garda amisa, gamoirCeva qarTuli oqromWedlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebiT: samkaulTa morTva sxvadasxva Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebiT, pastiTa Tu minanqriT [afaqiZe da sxv. 1955: 196]. dedaqalaqobis xanis mcxeTaSi sxva dargebTan erTad, sakmaod ganviTarebuli Cans minis warmoebac (WiqaTmoqmedeba). is did aRmavlobas ganicdis axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. saberavi milis gamogonebasTan erTad, minis nawarmi xelmisawvdomi xdeba qarTlis samefos (iberiis) mosaxleobisaTvisac. ramac asaxva hpova mcxeTa-samTavros samarovnebze dadasturebul samarxeul kompleqsebSi da urbnisis naqalaqaris samarovanze gamovlenil amave periodis Zeglebze. urbnisis naqalaqarze Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas, gvianantikuri xanis kulturul fenaSi napovnia minis zodebi, rac iqve didi raodenobiT aRmoCenil minis WurWelTan erTad, specialistebs qarTlis samefoSi (iberiaSi) ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi minis WurWlis adgilobriv warmoebaze afiqrebinebs [lomTaTiZe 1977]. ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi minis nawarmi (gansakuTrebiT sanelsacxeblebi) Semotanilia qarTlis (iberiis) samefos teritoriaze (mcxeTa, urbnisi). minis importuli nawarmis mcxeTaSi koncentracias xels uwyobda mWidro politikuri da savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqtebi, romlebic hqonda qarTlis (iberiis) samefos antikuri samyaros qveynebTan. amas xels uwyobda agreTve mcxeTaze gamavali saerTaSoriso savaWro-satranzito gza [lorTqifaniZe 1962: 47]. am gziT ileqeboda mcxeTaSi romauli da parTuli monetebi, gliptikuri Zeglebi, egvipturi skarabeebi da sakidebi, minis WurWeli da sxva importuli nawarmi. oqros samkaulTan erTad, mZivebi didi mcxeTis TiTqmis yvela periodis samarxeuli kompleqsis aucilebel elements warmoadgens. isini gamoirCevian masalisa da formis mravalferovnebiT. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Zeglebze (Zv.w. XIV-VI ss.) Warbobs sardionisgan damzadebuli mZivebi. formis mixedviT 25 gvxvdeba wakveTil-bikonusuri, cilindruli, mravalwaxnaga, kasrisebri, milakisebri, Sindisebri, ovaluri, samkuTxa, konusisebri, oTxkuTxa, culisebri, wveTisebri mZivebi. dasturdeba mowiTalo-moyavisfro, moyviTalomovardisfro, gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale mZivebi. garda sardionisa, gvxvdeba mTis brolis, pastis, egvipturi faiansis da sxva masalisagan damzadebuli mZivebi. isini gamoirCevian damzadebis teqnikiTa da formis srulyofilebiT. gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba gvianromauli xanis (ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis) mZivebi. isini sxvadasxva formisaa: sferuli, naxevarsferuli, ovaluri, cilindruli, wakveTil-bikonusuri, kviristavisebri, amforiskisebri, kalaTisebri da TiTistarisebri. gamovlenilia rogorc importuli (margaliti, qarva, marjani), aseve adgilobrivi masalisagan (giSeri, mTis broli, qalcedoni) damzadebuli mZivebi. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia mcxeTis maxloblad, TeZmisxevSi aRmoCenili giSris sabadoebi [ix. mgeliaSvili 1984]. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis droebiT eqspoziciaSi warmodgenili mcxeTis artefaqtebi mxolod mcire nawilia im mravalferovani koleqciebisa, romelsac flobs didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali [doliZe da sxv. 2016]. literatura: amiranaSvili 1944: amiranaSvili S. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. I, Tb. afaqiZe 1963: afaqiZe a. qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb. afaqiZe da sxv. 1955: afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a., lomTaTiZe g. mcxeTa I, Tb. afaqiZe Dda sxv. 2000: afaqiZe a., nikolaiSvili v., yifiani g., sixaruliZe a., gavaSeli e., Rlonti n., kapanaZe m., narekvavis samarovani, narekvavi II, Tb. doliZe da sxv. 2016: doliZe i., nikolaiSvili v., maisuraSvili n. didi mcxeTis saxelmwifo muzeum - nakrZalis koleqciidan, Tb. lomTaTiZe 1977P: lomTaTiZe g. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kultura da yofa I- XIII ss. Tb. lorTqifaniZe 1962: lorTqifaniZe oT. antikur xanaSi indoeTidan Savi zRvisaken mimavali savaWro- satranzito gzis Sesaxeb. - smam, XIX, №3, gv. 47-79. mgeliaSvili 1984: mgeliaSvili T. mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis naxevradZvirfasi da sanaxelavo qvebis geologiuri Seswavla, Tb. nikolaiSvili 1993: nikolaiSvili v. karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, Tb. nikolaiSvili 2005: nikolaiSvili v., didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, Jur. `iberia-kolxeTi“, red. g. gamyreliZe, N # 2, gv.93-108. nikolaiSvili da sxv. 1995: nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g., baiaTxevis samarovani, kreb. mcxeTa, X, Tb. saginaSvili 1970: saginaSvili m. urbnisis samarovnis minis WurWeli, Tb. qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. CubinaSvili 1944: CubinaSvili g. mxatvruli daxasiaTebis cda armazSi aRmoCenili pitiaxSTa nivTebisa. _ saqarTvelos macnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis IV sesiis Tezisebi. yauxCiSvili 1998: yauxCiSvili T. axali warwera mcxeTidan. - II samecniero sesia miZRvnili mcxeTis arqeologiis institutis mier 1997 w. Catarebuli savele 26 arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebisadmi, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, mcxeTaTbilisi, gv.6-7. wereTeli 1996: wereTeli k. mcxeTis arameuli amuleti. kreb. mcxeTa, t. XI, Tb., gv.95-132. Satberdis krebuli 1979: Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. Tb. Apakidze, Nikolaishvili 1994: Apakidze A. Nikolaishvili V. Aristokratik Tomb of the Roman period from Mtsketa, Georgia. - The Antiquries, vol LXXIV,. London, pp. 25,26. Eschebach 1984: Eschebach Hans, Rund and Schraiben, Pompei, Laipzig, p.40-41. ilustraciebis aRweriloba: tab. I – 1. xviebi, Zv.w. III aTasw. meore naxevari, oxeraxevi, gorasamarxi #1, oqro, dm-1,4 sm.; 2. xviebi, Zv.w. XVII _XVI ss, samTavro, gorasamarxi #16, oqro, maqs. dm 2,2sm.; 3. sayureebi, Zv.w. VI _ V ss., narekvavi IV, samarxi #59, oqro, dm - 3sm.; 4. mZivebi, Zv.w. VI _ V ss, narekvavi IV, oqro, samarxi #53, dm - 0,3sm.; 5. samajuri, Zv.w. IV_ III s, kamaraxevi, samarxi #12, vercxli, maqs. dm _ 0,3sm.; 6. yelsabami, ax.w. II s, sveticxoveli I, kramitsamarxi #6, oqro, granati, ax.w. II s., 32sm.; 7. sayureebi, ax.w. II s., sveticxoveli I, kramitsamarxi #6, oqro, granati, 1,5sm.; 8. sayureebi, ax.w. III s., samTavro, samarxi #990, oqro, granati, margaliti, 5,5 sm. tab. II – 1. qoirebi da Tvalsafrebi, ax.w. III s.,MmcxeTa, qalaqis teritoria, qvasamarxi #15, oqro. Qqoirebi 2,9_4,6 sm., Tvalsafari 1,1_1,4 sm. 2. sakidebi, ax.w. III_IV ss. samTavros samarovani, samarxi #110, oqro, sardioni, 1,8 sm.; 3. sakidebi, ax.w. III_IV ss, sveticxoveli V, samarxi #34, oqro, granati. 4. mZivebi, Zv.w. VIII _ VII ss., niCbisisxevi, samarxi #26, sardioni, anTimoni, spilenZis Senadnobi, pasta. 5. gema_intalio, ax.w. III s., ori Tevzisa da Ruzis gamosaxulebiT, sardioni, 1,6 x 1,5 sm.A 6. sanelsacxeble, ax.w. I_II s., qalaqi mcxeTa, SemTxveviTi monapovari, mina, 1,4 sm.; 7. niJara, mzis taZris gamosaxulebiT, ferumarilis sasresi, ax.w. III s-IV s-is pirveli naxevari, baiaTxevi, samarxi #18, dm-13sm. (fotoebi ivane yeniasi). 27 28 29 “bernis jgufis” skarabeoidis formis sabeWdavebi nastagisis samarovnidan ana gabunia saqarTvelos teritoriaze importirebuli aqemeniduri sabeWdavebi mcire raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili _ jamSi 6 cali. sabeWdavebi ZiriTadad gviandel kompleqsebSia gamovlenili. gliptikuri Zeglebi gamoqveynebulia q. javaxiSilis naSromSi aqemeniduri sabeWdavebis Sesaxeb [javaxiSili 2009: 85-92]. q. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili aqemeniduri sabeWdavebis ganxilva mniSvnelovania ara marto aqemeniduri gliptikis SeswavlisTvis, aramed saqarTvelosa da aqemeniduri samyaros urTierTobis kvlevis TvalsazrisiTac [javaxiSili 2009: 91]. 2018 wels, nastagisis arqeologiuri bazis inventarizaciis Sedegad gamovlinda qvis ori sabeWdavi. gliptikur ZeglTa gamoqveyneba saWirod miviCnie, radgan isini yvvela niSnis mixedviT e.w. berZnul-sparsuli gliptikis gviandel “bernis jgufs” unda mivakuTvnoT. sabeWdavebis e.w. berZnul-sparsuli jgufi pirvelad a. furtvenglerma gamohyo da Zv.w. V s-is meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. IV s-is pirveli naxevriT daaTariRa [Furtwangler 1900: 116]. berZnul-sparsuli sabeWdavebi ZiriTadad skarabeoidebiTa da mravalwaxnagebiTaa warmodgenili. gamosaxulebebi mravalferovania. gvxvdeba berZeni an sparseli meomrebi da monadereebi, calkeuli cxovelebi. erT-erTi popularuli motivi e.w. sparseli qalia. “berZnul-sparsuli” sabeWdavebis Temas sxvadasxva dros bevri mkvlevari Seexo. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs sabeWdavTa warmomavlobis, SemqnelTa erovnebisa Tu daTariRebis Sesaxeb [Maximova 1928: 663; Richter 1946: 15-80; Никулина 1966: 20; Boardman 1990: 401; Boardman 1994: 42-44, Boardman 2000: 153-173; Gates 2002: 105-132; Kaptan 2002; lorTqifaniZe m. 1963: 135-137]. qvis mcire zomis skarabeoidis formis ori sabeWdavi nastagisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1980 wlis sezonis gaTxrebis dros, #35 (115) samarxSi gamovlinda. samarxSi aseve aRmoCnda oqrofenili mZivebi da brinjaos ori sayure rgoli (nivTebi daculia nastagisis arqeologiur bazaze). inv. #102.1. skarabeoidis formis rZisferi qalcedonis mcire zomis sabeWdavi (sur.1) sigrZiv gaxvretilia. sabeWdavis brtyel pirze gamosaxulia fantastikuri arseba, savaraudod grifoni. gamosaxuleba zedapirulia, sqematuri. detalebi ar aris kargad damuSavebuli. gamosaxuleba aRmosavlur iers atarebs. sabeWdavi yvela niSniT unda gaerTiandes e.w. berZnul-sparsuli sabeWdavebis gviandel jgufSi, romelsac bordmani “bernis jgufs” uwodebs [Boardman 1970: 320-321]. “bernis jgufis” umravlesobas mcire zomis skarabeoidis msgavsi sabeWdavebi Seadges. gvxvdeba aseve mravalwaxnagebic. gamosaxulebebi naklebi detalizaciiT xasiaTdeba da stils aRmosavluri gavlena metad etyoba, vidre berZnuli. bordmani “bernis jgufis” skarabeoidebs post-aqemeniduri xaniT, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebiT da ufro gviani periodiT aTariRebs da Tvlis, rom es jgufi sabeWdavebisa aqemeniduri imperiis provinciebSi gvian xanamde SemorCa. [Boardman 1970: 320-321]. sagulisxmoa, rom florian knausi “bernis jgufis” sabeWdavebis Seqmnis TariRad Zv.w. II saukunes gvTavazobs [Knaus 1999: 179]. nastagisis sabeWdavis stilisturad msgavsi gamosaxulebiT Semkuli qalcedonisa da serpentinis skarabeoidi ganxiluli aqvs bordmansa da 30 volenveiders da maT “bernis jgufSi” aerTianeben. maTgan erTi, momdinareobs egviptidan, xolo meore _ Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTidan. sabeWdavebi daTariRebulia Zv. w. IV saukunis gviani xaniT [Boardman, Wollenweider 1978: cat. n. 199, 202]. kidev erTi safirinis skarabeoidi daculia aRmosavluri xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi, moskovSi. gamosaxuleba stilisturad Zalian axlos dgas nastagisis calTan. warmomavlobad dasaxelebulia mcire azia. mkvlevari sabeWdavs Zv.w. V saukuniT aTariRebs, Tumca, vfiqrob, es TariRi safuZvels moklebulia da gamosaxulebis stilis mixedviT skarabeoidi Zv.w. III saukuniT unda daTariRdes [Bersina 2010: 42]. inv. #102.2. skarabeoidis formis nacrisferi zoliani aqatis mcire zomis sabeWdavi (sur. 2). sabeWdavis brtyel pirze gamosaxulia mxedari wopiani qudiT mfrinavi navardis pozaSi. mxedars maRla aRmarTul cal xelSi mokle Subi uWiravs da sasrolad emzadeba. cxenis gamosaxuleba moculobiTia. mxedari SedarebiT sqematurad, zedapirulad aris gamosaxuli, detalebi ar aris damuSavebuli. msgavsi siuJetebi mrvalad gvxvdeba e.w. berZnul-sparsuli wrisadmi mikuTvnil “bernis jgufis” skrabeoidebsa da tabloidebze [Boardman 1970: cat. n. 881, 882, 883, 925, 973, 974]. gamosaxulebis stiliTa da TematikiT Cvens mier ganxuli zoliani aqatis sabeWdavic berZnul-sparsuli gliptikis gviandel e.w. bernis jgufis Zeglebs unda mivakuTvnoT. msgavsi tipis naxevrad gamWvirvale qalcedonis mcire zomis skarabeodis tipis sabeWdavi, romelzec mxedaria gamosaxuli wopiani qudiT, aRmoCenilia sagarejos raionis sofel jimiTSi da inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi [javaxiSili 2009: 90-91]. stilisturad msgavsi mxedris gamosaxulebebi ganxiluli aqvs bordmans da maT aseve “bernis jgufSi” aerTianebs [Boardman 1970: 457, n.974-976]. qvis sami skarabeoidi inaxeba harvadis xelovnebis muzeumSi (masalebi gamouqveynebelia). samive maTganze mxedaria gamosaxuli wopiani qudiT. or gemaze mxedari Subs, mis win mdgom qveiTs umiznebs, xolo erT SemTxvevaSi daTvs (sur. 3) (fotos gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis did madlobas vuxdi harvardis xelovnebis muzeumis personals). nastagisis samarxis daTariReba ar xerxdeba masSi arsebuli Zalian mwiri samarxeuli inventaris gamo, Tumca nastagisis samarxebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. II-I ss. mijniT TariRdeba [Бохочадзе и др. 1982: 44-51]. samarxi, romelSic skarabeoidis tipis sabeWdavebi gamovlinda, amave periods unda ekuTvnodes. sabeWdavebic savaraudod Zv.w. III-II saukuniT SeiZleba daTariRdes. Lliteratura: javaxiSili 2009: javaxiSvili q. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili aqemeniduri sabeWdavebi. - Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, red. g. gamyreliZe, #5, gv. 85-93. Boardman 2000: Boardman J. Persia and the West, London. Boardman1990: Boardman J. The diffusion of Classical art in Antiquity. London. Boardman 1970: Boardman J. Greek gems and finger rings, London. Boardman, Wollenweider 1978: Boardman J, Wollenweider M.L. Catalogue of the engraved gems and finger rings, Oxford. Bersina 2010: Bersina S. Ancient Gems of the East. Moscow, 2010. Furtwangler A. 1900: Furtwangler A. Die Antiken Gemmen, Band 3, Leipzig-Berlin. Gates 2002: Gates J.E. The Ethnicity Name Game: What Lies behind “Graeco-Persiani”? Jour. Ars Orientalis. Vol. 32, Michigan. pp. 105-132. 31 Kaptan 2002: Kaptan D. The Daskyleion Bullae: Seal Images from the Western Achaemenid Empire. Achaemenid History 12. Leiden. Maximova 1928: Maximova M.A. Griechisch-persische Kleinkunst in Kleinasien nach den Perserkiegen, Jour. Archäologischer Anzeiger, Berlin. pp. 650-651, and 670, fig. 24 Richter 1946: Richter G. Greeks in Persia. Jour. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 2, #1, NewYork, pp. 15-80. Бохочадзе и др. 1982: - Бохочадзе А., Мирианашвили Н., Нариманишвили Г., Надибаидзе М., Карая И., Сургуладзе В., Настакисская археологическая экспедиция Мцхетского р-а, ПАИ- в 1980 году. с. 44-51. Никулина 1966: Никулина М. Малоазийская глиптика второй половины V–IV вв. до н.э. и проблема восточногреческого и греко-персидского искусства. Мос. tabulebis aRweriloba: sur. 1. Qqalcedonis skarabeoidi da anabeWdi fantastikuri cxovelis gamosaxulebiT. inv. #102.1. sur. 2. zoliani aqatis skarabeodi da anabeWdi mxedris gamosaxulebiT inv. #102.2. sur. 3. qvis skarabeoidebi mxedris gamosaxulebiT; harvardis xelovnebis muzeumidan. inv. # 1986.563, 1986.568, 1984.817. 32 33 34 sveticxovlis taZris galavnis dasavleT kedelTan warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi qeTevan diRmelaSvili sveticxovlis galavani saamSeneblo warweris Tanaxmad 1787 w. erekle II brZanebiTaa agebuli. amave warweriT irkveva, rom sveticxovels adreve hqonia galavani, romlis fragmentebi CarTulia dRevandeli galavanis dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebSi. Tu ereklesdroindeli galavnis mSeneblobisTvis riyis qva da aguria gamoyenebuli, galavnis Zveli nawili nagebia natexi da Tlili qvis kvadrebiT. galavnis dasavleTi kedeli misi yvelaze rTuli nawilia. aq kedelSi CarTulia XI s. karibWe, melqisedekis sasaxle da gviani periodis samreklo, xolo XIX s-Si Signidan miaSenes sacxovrebeli saxlebi da sxva daniSnulebis nagebobebi. 1964-65 ww. gaiwminda da gaixsna (xelmZ. n. CubinaSvili da v. cincaZe) gviani Sua saukuneebisTvis gauqmebuli karibWe da samreklo, romelic TiTqmis miwiT iyo dafaruli. amave dros moixsna galavanze miSenebuli saxlebi da nagebobebi. 1963-1964 ww. gaiwminda da srulad gamovlinda galavnis samxreT-dasavleT kuTxeSi CarTuli melqisedekis sasaxle, romelic bolos rostom mefisa da mariam dedoflis dros ganuaxlebiaT. amave dros unda gaemarTaT aq ori marani. Semdgom periodSi sasaxle mTlianad dangreula da mis adgilas glexTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi aSenebula [andRulaZe... 1990: 261-269]. XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sveticxovlis kompleqssa da mis SemogarenSi araerTi arqeologiuri kampania iqna warmoebuli. maT Sorisaa 19601961 ww. galavnis Crd.-das. kuTxeSi warmoebuli gaTxrebi, melqisedekis sasaxlis Seswavlis dros ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebi 1963-1964 ww. (sveticxoveli V), galavnis samxreT-dasavleTi kedlis gaswvriv 1985 w. gaTxrili fenebi (sveticxoveli VI), taZris ezoSi gaTxrili samarxebi 2001 w. da Tavad taZarSi 2006 w. warmoebuli samuSaoebi (sveticxoveli X) (samwuxarod am samuSaoTa Sesaxeb srulyofili publikaciebi ar arsebobs) [andRulaZe... 1990: 261-269; boxoCaZe... 1962: 31-35; kalandaZe... 1964: 13-17; boxoCaZe 1961: 20; afaqiZe... 2003: 81-123]. 2019 wels sveticxovlis galavnis dasavleTi kedlis karibWesa da melqisedekis sasaxlis Sua monakveTs (sigrZe - 22 m) Cautarda saremonto samuSaoebi: moiSala kedlis avariuli nawili da is axlidan gakeTda, kedels saZirkvelSi gaukeTda sayrdeni, xolo ezos mxridan sami kontrforsi. aRniSnuli samuSaoebi warimarTa arqeologiuri gaTxrebis TanxlebiT. samwuxarod, erTis mxriv Zeglis sareabilitacio samuSaoebis specifikis, xolo meores mxriv Zeglis avariulobis gamo samuSaoebi ganxorcielda etapobrivad da mxolod sareabilitacio saWiroebebidan gamomdinare, ris gamoc gaTxrebis erTiani fotofiqsacia ar moxerxda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturda 4 qronologiuri fena: 1. XVIII s; 2. XI-XIII ss., 3. adreuli Sua saukuneebis da 4. gvianantikuri periodis (tab.I). 1. XVIII ss. fena uSualod miwis amJamindeli zedapiridan iwyeba da galavnis mTel sakvlev monakveTze intensiuria (0.6-1 m sisqiT) (tab.I). is warmodgenilia galavanze midgmuli nagebobebis sameurneo nawilebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisgan galavanze miSenebuli 4 kedliT imijneba (kedlebi #1-4). kedlebisa da kulturuli fenebis ganlagebiT Tu vimsjelebT, maT terasuli ganlageba unda hqonodaT samxreTisken daferdebiT. kedlebis umetesi nawili qvitkirisaa. erT 35 kedelze gamoyenebulia brtyeli aguri (kedeli #2). kedeli N3 ki wina epoqis kedelze iyo daSenebuli. rogorc gaTxrebma uCvena, es kedeli Tavis dros raRac nagebobis samxreT-dasavleT kuTxes qmnida, romelmac mas Semdeg dakarga fasaduroba, rac nagebobis das. kedeli galavnis kedlad aqcies (aRniSnuli nagebobis samxreT-dasavleTi kuTxe ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad gaixsna da datovebul iqna saCveneblad). aRniSnul nagebobebs Tixatkepnili iataki qoniaT, romelic wina epoqis nangrev fenazea gamarTuli. ukidures samxreT nawilSi (pirobiTad #1 saTavsoSi) dadasturda Ria Calisfrad gamomwvari Tone (Tone #1), romelic gauqmebis Semdeg qviTa da narCenebiT SeuvsiaT. is iatakSi Cadgmuli iyo 33 sm-iT, zeZirkvlis doneze ki TixatkepniliT iyo Semagrebuli. Tonis iatakad aguris kvadratuli filebi gamouyenebiaT. Tonis keci xowis kvaliT iyo mTlianad dafaruli (simaRle iatakis zemoT - 70 sm, dm - 72 sm, kedlis sisqe - 3 sm) (tab.II-1). monakveTis Sua nawilSi (pirobiTad #2 saTavsoSi) dadasturda erTmaneTis gverdiT Cadgmuli ori Tone (#3-4) da xarosebri nageboba (#1) (tab.II-2). xarosebri nageboba miwis Tanamedrove zedapiridan 30 sm-is siRrmeze iwyeboda. nagebi iyo brtyeli aguriT da natexi qviT duRabze (simaRle - 1.45 m, dm - 1.45 m). piri odnav Seviwrovebuli qonda, fskeri swori da moSandakebuli. fskerze dafiqsirda kargad dawnexili moyavisfro masa (8 sm sisqeze). mogviano etapze is gauuqmebiaT da amouvsiaT qviT, aguris natexebiT, miwiT da dazianebuli WurWliT. gauqmebis Semdeg masze sanaxevrod daudgamT Tone (#4), romlis gverdze kidev erTi Tone iyo gamarTuli (#3). orive Tone erTnairad, yavisfrad gamomwvari da mcire radiusiani iyo. oriveSi dafiqsirda nacari. sakvlevi monakveTis ukidures CrdiloeT, #4 saTavsoSi gaiwminda yavisfrad gamomwvari ori qocos fragmentebi. qocoebi Cakiruli yofila. am fenidan momdinare keramika WurWliTaa warmodgenili. maTgan gamosayofia #1 nagebobaSi, kedlis ZirSi, iatakze waqceuli doqi, maRali yeliT da badisebri ornamentiT daRaruli sferuli mucliT, da xarosebr nagebobaSi aRmoCenili WurWeli (keci, qila, xufi, Wraqebi, doqebi, fialebi da TefSebi) (tab.V-1). maTgan Wraqebi niJariseburi Wraqebis ricxvs miekuTvneba da XVII-XVIII ss. TariRdeba. msgavsebi aRmoCenilia melqisedekis sasaxlis teritoriaze gamarTuli saxlebis kulturul fenebSic [arCvaZe 1978: 113-115]; doqebi, romlebic fragmentebiTaa warmodgenili maRali, konusuri yeliT, yelsa da mxarze miZerwili marTkuTxa yuriTa da msxliseburi muclis mqone yofila. yvela wiTlad iyo SeRebili. nawils Tevzifxuri ornamentiT Semkuli muceli qonia. msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia TbilisSi, qarvaslis da sinagogis gaTxrebisas, Tbilisis dedacixeze, mcxeTaSi melqisedekis sasaxlis teritoriaze nasaxlarTa fenaSi da yvela SemTxvevaSi daTariRebulia XVII-XVIII saukuneebiT [mindoraSvili 2009: 23; arCvaZe 1974: 177-178]; jamebi xasiaTdeba SigniT Cakecili brtyeli bakoTi, daqanebuli maRali kalTiT, gamoyofili gulSezneqili qusliT. SeRebilia wiTlad da zedapirze wneviT datanili zolebi dasdevs. aseve erTnairia TefSebi: gareT Cakecili bakoTi, vertikaluri mxriT, daqanebuli kalTiT da patara quslisebri ZiriT. nawili SeRebilia wiTlad. wernaqiT SeRebili da wneviT datanili vertikaluri zolebiT Semkuli fialebis Tu TefSebis msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia Telavis, Tbilisis qarvaslis XVIII s. fenebSi [CikoiZe 1974: 68-82; arCvaZe 1974: 174-187; mindoraSvili 2009: 23-24]. 36 amdenad aRniSnuli fena XVIII s-iT unda daTariRdes, Tumca masSi SesaZloa gamoiyos ori etapi: pirveli albaT saTavsoTa gamarTvis etapia, roca gakeTda xaroc, xolo momdevno etapze ukve xaro uqmdeba da mis adgilas Toneebi idgmeba. meore qronologiuri fena ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs unda miekuTvnebodes da gansxvavebiT sxva periodis fenebisgan, mxolod sakvlevi monakveTis samxreT nawilSi dadasturda. is warmodgenili iyo Tavad galavnis kedliT saZirkvliTurT, masze miSenebuli riyis qvis talaxze nagebi kedlis naSTiT, sameurneo ormosa da sxvadasxva artefaqtebiT (tab.I). melqisedekis galavans, romelzec erekle mefis droindeli galavania aSenebuli, sakmaod mkvriv duRabze nagebi riyis qvis saZirkveli qonia (miwis Tanamedrove zedapiridan 1.35 m siRrmemde) (tab.III-1). sainteresoa, rom taZris mSeneblobis droindeli galavani karibWemde ar grZeldeba da arc arasodes yofila. ufro metic, ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad araTu arc sxva kedlebis naSTebi gamovlenila am monakveTSi, aramed ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis fenac ar dadasturebula: ereklesdroindeli galavani am nawilSi uSualod adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenazea daSenebuli (tab.I, IV-1,2). samwuxarod, Seswavlili monakveTis moculoba ar iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom riTime avxsnaT am adgilas ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis fenebis ararseboba. am fenas ekuTvnis galavanze midgmuli riyis qvis kedeli (#5), romelic talaxiTaa Semtkicebuli. kedeli XVIII s-is sameurneo nagebobis gamarTvisas dauzianebiaT, amitom is fragmentulad iyo SemorCenili. Tavad kedlis mSeneblobisas ki dauzianebiaT wina periodis Tone (#2) (tab.I, II-1). #5 kedlis CrdiloeTiT dafiqsirda 2 m diametris sameurneo ormo (tab.I, III-2), romelic galavnis saZirkvlis gaswvriv iyo gaWrili galavnis mSeneblobis Semdgom (ormos sruli siRrmis dadgena ar moxerxda, radgan is Cvens mier Seswavlili 2 metris qvemoT grZeldeboda). ormo savse iyo riyis qviT, orive saxis kramitisa da sxvadasxva WurWlis fragmentebiT. kramitebi warmodgenili iyo ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebisTvis maxasiaTebeli brtyeli kramitisa da Rariani kramitis natexebiT. WurWlidan ki gamoiyo qvevris (analogiuri qvevri gaiTxara sakvlevi monakveTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenaSi), qoTnis da sxvadasxva WurWlis fragmentebi. sameurneo ormo XVIII s. sameurneo nagebobis mSeneblobis dros gauqmebulia da masze am nagebobis erTerTi kedelia (#2) aSenebuli. am fenis kuTvnili artefaqtebi mcirea. maTgan gamoiyo mravalfrad, cisfrad da mwvaned moWiquli jamebis fragmentebi, romlebic ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis bolo etapis daudevrad moWiquli WurWlis msgavsia da amave periodis TeTr angobze mwvane saRebavis naRvenTiT moxatuli borbliseburqusliani jami (jamis zomebia: simaRle - 7,5 sm, piris dm - 16,5 sm, quslis dm - 7,2 sm, kecis sisqe - 0,7 sm.) (tab.V-2). moWiquli WurWlis msgavsi nimuSebi mravladaa aRmoCenili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis naqalaqarebze. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kankelis ori filis fragmenti, romlebic melqisedekis droindeli galavnis kedlis CrdiloeTiT, misi saZirkvlis doneze aRmoCnda (zeTsaxdeli qvebis gaswvriv). kankelis fragmentebi TeZmis mwvane tufisganaa damzadebuli. erT maTganze mcenareuli ornamentia mocemuli da amdenad, kankelis qveda tixris CarCos warmoadgens. meoreze ki ori mxedris heraldikuri gamosaxulebaa. marjvena mxedridan mxolod cxenis wina fexi da floqvia SemorCenili. marcxniv gamosaxuli mxedris cxeni wina fexebiT 37 SemarTulia. mxedars mokle romauli samxedro tanisamosi mosavs. xelSi Subi upyria. zeda nawili araa SemorCenili (tab.VII-1-2). mxedrebis heraldikuri gamosaxulebebi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul reliefSi VII-VIII saukuneebidan Cndeba da gansakuTrebiT maxasiaTebelia ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis reliefisTvis (webeldis kankeli, martvilis, joisubnis, jruWis, vales, nikorwmindis taZrebi, iyalTos trapezi, saTxis kankeli). rogorc kvlevebma uCvena, ZiriTadad gamosaxavdnen wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores (maxasiaTebeli niSnebi: wveri da uwveruloba, Subebis vertikaluroba da diagonaluroba, damarcxebul mowinaaRmdegeSi imperatorisa da gveleSapis gamoxatuleba). magram am oridan romelia SemorCenili sveticxovlis fragmentze, Zneli saTqmelia, radgan is maxasiaTebeli detalebi, rac am or wmindans erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad asxvavebs (wveri da mowinaaRmdege), ar SemorCa. Subis diagonaluri mocemuloba ki (mis mowinaaRmdeged ki vertikaluroba), myari maidentificirebeli ver iqneba, radgan reliefebSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca Subis daxrilobis forma wm. giorgisa da TevdoresTan monacvleobs (magaliTad, Tu rogorc wesi, wm. giorgis Subi vertikalSi unda iyos mocemuli, safaris kankelze is diagonaluradaa mocemuli; Tu wm. Tevdores Subi, rogorc wesi, diagonalSi unda iyos mocemuli, joisubansa da saTxis SemTxvevaSi is vertikaluradaa gamosaxuli) [xundaZe... 2017; Шмерлинг 1962+. kankelis meore fragmenti siuJeturi da kveTis maneris mixedviT Zlier gavs sveticxovlisave, alaverdis, urTxvis, SomRvimis, iyalTos kankelebs, romlebic saTanado kvlevebis safuZvelze XI s. pirveli meoTxediTaa daTariRebuli da SiomRvimisa da alaverdis kankelTa paleografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze melqisedek kaTolikosis saxels ukavSirdeba *Шмерлинг 1962; gagoSiZe 2006: 24-31; xundaZe... 2017]. amdenad, stilisturi niSnebiT kankelis fragmentebi erTidaigive kankelis fragmentebad unda moviazroT da taZris Senebis periodiT - XI s. pirveli meoTxediT unda daTariRdes. amave, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis fenaSi, kankelis fragmentebTan erTad aRmoCnda TeTri tufis qvaSi nakveTi kankelis (?) fragmenti, romelic 11,5 sm sisqisaa. zurgi, marcxena da zeda waxnagi dasrulebuli aqvs (tab.VII-3), zedapirze ki mocemulia diagonaluri zolebiT dafaruli, Sewyvilebuli lilvis mqone sveti da mis kapitelze gadasuli ori TaRi, romelTa Soris rvafurcela vardulia moTavsebuli. lilvebisa da TaRTa Semkobis stiliT, aseve vardulis formiT da saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT reliefi V-VI saukuneebis stelebisa da qvajvarebis (mag. nagzauris kompleqsi, damblutiswylis mcire eklesia, baliWis da buCuraSenis eklesiebi) gamosaxulebebTan avlens siaxloves da amave periodiT unda daTariRdes [kaxiani... 2012: tab.18-20; jafariZe 1982: tab. XXVI, XXVII, XLV, LXXI]. fragmentis zedapirze, svetis marcxena mxares ramdenime X-XI ss. nusxuri lapidaruli warweris fragmentia SemorCenili, rac metyvelebs, rom kankeli (?) ramdenime saukunis manZilze Tavis adgilas ,,mdgara“, Semdeg ki ukve dazianebuli, melqisedekis droindeli taZris kankelis fragmentebTan erTad aRmoCnda miwaSi. ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qveS sakvlevi monakveTis mTel sigrZeze adreuli Sua saukuneebis mZlavri fena dafiqsirda (tab.I, IV-2). rogorc Cans, saqme unda gvqondes sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebTan. maT kramitis saxuravi qoniaT, razec mowmobs, am fenaSi mTels sigrZeze Camsxvreuli kramitebis mZlavri fena. ngrevis procesi kargad dadasturda #7 kedlis SemTxvevaSic, 38 romelic samxreTiT gadaqceula da qveS mouyolebia sxvadasxva WurWeli. am nagebobaTa kedlebidan gaiwminda dasavleT-aRmosavleTis RerZze aRmarTuli talaxze nagebi qvis ori kedlis naSTi (SemorCenili simaRle 0.4-0.50 m, sisqe - 50-80 sm). nagebobebSi dadasturda Tone da oTxi sxvadasxva zomis qvevri. Tone (#2) gamomwvari iyo moyavisfrod (tab.I, II-1), damzadebuli wmindad ganleqili Tixisgan (simaRle - 47 sm, dm - 50 sm, kedlis sisqe - 5 sm). is damzadebuli moutaniaT da adgilze CaudgamT. garSemo Tonisken SemaRlebuli kirxsnariani iataki iyo mowyobili. swored am iatakze iyo amoyvanili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis riyis qvis kedeli (#5), romelmac Tonis dasavleTi nawili CaWra. Tone savse iyo nacriT, romelic sakmaod xSiri feniT dafiqsirda Tonis garSemoc. qvevrebi sxvadasxva zomis gaxldaT (dm - 65-100 sm) (tab.IV-3). gamomwvari iyo movardisfro-moCalisfrod, qondaT wmindad ganleqili, Txeli an saSualo sisqis keci da brtyeli Ziri. umetesobas zedapirze Semosdevda Wdeuli an sada qedebi. qvevrebis pirebis Sesaxeb ramis Tqma Znelia, radgan Semdgomi periodis feniT iyo dazianebuli da morRveuli. qvevrebi savse iyo miwiT, romelSic eria cxovelTa osteologiuri narCenebi, naxSiris namcecebi da adreuli Sua saukuneebisTvis maxasiaTebeli kramitebis da WurWlis fragmentebi, maT Soris wundebulic, rac adgilze mis namzadobas usvams xazs. qvevrebi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tixnar gruntSi, uduRabod iyo Cadgmuli, sxvadasxva doneze, rac maTi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoyenebiT unda aixsnas. am fenis monapovari moiTvlis keramikul nawarms, brinjaos fibulas da reliefur arqiteqturul detals (tab.VI-1, VII-3). keramika gamomwvaria Ria moCalisfrod an mowiTalod. erT nawils zedapirze dasdevs xowis kvali da talRovani ornamenti. doqebs yelze erTi an ori wibo Semosdevs. yurebi ovalurganivkveTiania da miZerwilia pirsa da mxarze, yuris Tavze kopebiT. msgavsi WurWeli mravladaa aRmoCenili armazcixeze, armazisxevSi, rusTavSi, sveticxovlis ubnis namosaxlarebze, urbnisSi (urbnisSi msgavsi yelwiboiani, mxarsa da yelze daZerwil yuriani WurWeli aRmoCenilia damwvari nagebobis iatakze, romelic statigrafiulad kargad TariRdeba V s.) [paWikaSvili 2014: 95; nikolaiSvili 2013: 8-15; narimaniSvili 2016: 120-146; WilaSvili 1964: 78-79,90-101; afaqiZe...1955]. XVIII s. galavnis kedlis ZirSi adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenaSi aRmoCnda budeabmuli da muxlCaxrili brinjaos fibula, xolo uSualod galavnis kedlis qveS kapitelis fragmenti. is kirqvisaa, ori mopirdapire mxare damuSavebulia (tab.VII-3): zeda kides sada lilvi gasdevs, xolo qveda - Taroseburadaa dasrulebuli. marjvena da marcxena kide Camotexilia. zedapirze mocemulia oTxfurcela vardulebis - „xuTanebis“ erTi rigi. msgavsi ornamenti IV-VI ss. qarTuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebis damaxasiaTebeli detalia. isini gamoyenebulia bolnisis sionisa da ivris sionis kapitelebze. analogiuri ki SemorCenilia vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli sveticxovlis svetis kapitelebze. garda stilisturi msgavsebisa, aRmoCenili fragmenti zomebSic Tanxvdeba sveticxovlis kapitelis reliefebis zomebs: taZarSi daculi kapitelebis simaRle 20-25 sm Soris meryeobs, aRmoCenilis simaRle ki 22 sm-ia. amdenad, eWvgareSea, rom aRmoCenili fragmenti vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli sveticxovlis bazilikis kuTvnilad unda moviazroT. aRniSnuli adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenaSi melqisedekis droindeli galavnis kedlis kideSi aRmoCnda erTmaneTze safexurebad dalagebuli ori zeTsaxdeli 39 qva, xolo maTsa da galavnis saZirkvels Soris qviSaqvis kvadri (70×35×40 sm) zedapirze marTkuTxa fosoTi (25 sm siRrmiT) (tab.I, II-3, III-3). zeTsaxdelebidan, zedas erTi Rari aqvs Tavisi satuCeTi (zomebi: 0.78×0.97×0.22 m, Raris dm - 0.56 m), qvedas ki ori (zomebi: 0.60×0.98×0.28 m, Raris dm - 0.55 m). ra daniSnulebiT iyo aRniSnuli qvebi ase ganlagebuli Zneli saTqmelia, magram, rogorc Cans, isini wina epoqis zeTsaxdelebia da galavnis mSeneblobisas unda gamoeyenebinaT. meoTxe kulturuli fena gvianantikuri periodisaa. is uSualod mosdevs adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenas (tab.I). am periodis gamoyofa winisgan moxerxda calkeuli masalis mixedviT. esaa wiTlad SeRebili brtyeli da Rariani kramitis fragmentebi da calkeuli fragmentebi sxvadasxva WurWlisa (tab.VI-2). maTgan gamosayofia: 1. lambaqiseburi Wraqi, romelic mcxeTis II-IV ss. I nax. keramikuli nawarmis tipiuri nimuSia da am periodiT daTariRebul TiTqmis yvela ubanzea dafiqsirebuli ara mxolod namosaxlarebze, aramed samarxebSic (armazcixe, armazisxevi, karsnisxevi, sveticxoveli II, VIII, sveticxoveli IV #46 da baiaTxevis #35 samarxebi [nikolaiSvili 1993: 8-26; afaqiZe... 1981: 158; nikolaiSvili 2013: 8-15; afaqiZe...1995: 14; nikolaiSvili...1995: 133]). 2. qoTnebis piris fragmentebi, wmindad ganleqili keciT, RiaCalisfrad gamomwvari, zedapirze Carxismieri pasteliseburi feris zolebiT. msgavsi faqturis da formis WurWeli aRmoCenilia armazcixeze, armazisxevSi, karsnisxevSi da aseve II-IV ss. TariRdeba [nikolaiSvili 1993: 8-26]. 3. zedapirnaprialebi, narinjisferkeciani WurWlis fragmentebi. msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia rganis, modinaxes, urbnisis IV s. samarxebSi da amave periodis rusTavis, loWinis namosaxlar fenebSi [bragvaZe 2000: 107-119; bragvaZe...2004: 91-141; WilaSvili 1964: 78-79; WilaSvili 1958: tab.V; abramiSvili...1962: sur.4]. gvianantikuri xanis fenis qveS uZravi Tixnari gruntia. amdenad, 2019 w. sveticxovlis galavnis dasavleTi kedlis samxreTi nawilis Sida perimetrze ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad, mniSvnelovani informacia Seemata sveticxovlis istorias: gairkva, rom melqisedekis droindeli galavani karibWes samxreTidan ar erwymoda da maT Soris raRac nageboba unda mdgariyo; gamovlinda gorgaslis droindeli arqiteqturuli da mcire plastikis nimuSebi da melqisedekis droindeli taZris kankelis fragmentebi, riTic meti wamodgena Segveqmna kankelis gadawyvetis detalebze; gairkva, rom adreul Sua saukuneebSi am monakveTze sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebi mdgara. kompleqsis ezoSi momavali gaTxrebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, imis garkveva, aRniSnuli nagebobebi mosaxleobis kuTvnili iyo, Tu taZris sameurneo nawils warmoadgenda. literatura: abramiSvili r., WilaSvili l. 1962: loWinis nasoflaris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. - Jurn. saq. sax. muzeumis moambe. XXIII-B. Tb., gv.197-201. andRulaZe n., boxoCaZe a., devdariani f., vaniSvili S., zaqaraia p. 1990: sveticxoveli. – kreb. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba. V, Tb., gv.261-269. 40 arCvaZe T. 1974: Tbilisis dedacixeze aRmoCenili wernaqiani WurWeli. – kreb. feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi. II. Tb., gv.174-187. arCvaZe T. 1978: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gvianfeodaluri xanis mouWiqavi Tixis nawarmi. kreb. feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi. III. Tb., gv.111-131. afaqiZe an., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a., lomTaTiZe g. 1955: mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. I. Tb. afaqiZe an., abduSeliSvili m., nikolaiSvili v., sixaruliZe a., manjgalaZe g., giunaSvili g., ZnelaZe m., sadraZe v., iremaSvili S. 1981: mcxeTa – 1978 w. savelearqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. – kreb. mcxeTa. V. Tb., gv.153-169. afaqiZe an., nikolaiSvili v. 1985: didi mcxeTis teritoraze 1985 wels Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. angariSi daculia didi mcxeTis arqeologiur-saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi. afaqiZe an., nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g., manjgalaZe g., ZnelaZe m., sadraZe v., davlianiZe r. 1995: mcxeTa - 82 (1982 wlis savele-arqeologiuri kvleva Ziebis Sedegebi). - kreb. mcxeTa. X. Tb., gv.6-57. afaqiZe an., yifiani g., manjgalaZe g., nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g., kapanaZe m., sixaruliZe a. 2003: sveticxovlis ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebi. mcxeTa 2001. – kreb. 2001 da 2002 wlebis savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebis angariSebi. Tb., gv.55-123. boxoCaZe al., kalandaZe al., ficxelauri k. 1962: mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1961 wlis muSaobis SedegebisaTvis. – kreb. saqarTveloSi 1961 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. Tb. boxoCaZe al. 1961: masalebi Suafeodaluri xanis mcxeTis istoriisaTvis. - kreb. feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiis Zeglebi. I. Tb., gv.20-25. bragvaZe z. 2000: rganis samarovani. – arqeologiuri Jurnali. I, gv.107-119. bragvaZe z., CigogiZe q. 2004: modinaxes samarovani. – kreb. arqeologiuri Jurnali. II. Tb., gv.91-141. gagoSiZe g. 2006: alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli kankelis fragmentebi. – kreb. alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi. 1. samecniero konferenciis masalebi. Tbilisi-Telavi-alaverdi, gv.24-31. kaxiani k., WaniSvili g., kopaliani j., maCabeli k., aleqsiZe z., RliRvaSvili e., patariZe n. 2012: adreqristianuli saeklesio kompleqsi dmanisidan. Tb. kalandaZe a., boxoCaZe a. 1964: mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1963 wlis muSaobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. - samecniero sesia miZRvnili 1963 wlis savelearqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebisadmi. Tb. mindoraSvili d. 2009: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Zvel TbilisSi. Tb. narimaniSvili g. 2016: armazisxevis arqeologiuri kompleqsis 2014-2015 ww. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSi. – Jurn. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi. #23, Tb., gv.92-101. nikolaiSvili v. 1993: karsnisxevi meTuneTa dasaxleba. Tb. nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g. 1995: baiaTxevi, kreb. mcxeTa. X. Tb., gv.97-134. nikolaiSvili v. 2013: armazcixe-bagineTi, axali arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. - Jur. Zveli xelovneba dRes. #4, Tb., gv.8-16. paWikaSvili n. 2014: Zveli rusTavi. Tb. CikoiZe c. 1974: Telavi gvianfeodalur xanaSi. – kreb. feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi. II. Tb., gv.68-82. WilaSvili l. 1958: qalaqi rusTavi. Tb. WilaSvili l. 1964: naqalaqari urbnisi. Tb. 41 xundaZe T., kvaWataZe e., dadiani T. 2017: Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba. Tb. jafariZe v. 1982: adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo qarTlidan. Tb. Шмерлинг Р. 1962: Малые Формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. Тб. tabulebis aRweriloba: tab. I – gegma da Wrili. tab. II – 1 – adreuli, ganviTarebuli da XVIII s. fenebis Wrili; 2 – XVIII s. Toneebi da xaro; 3 – zeTsaxdeli qvebi. tab. III – 1 – XI s. galavnis saZirkveli; 2 – ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nagebobis iataki da sameurneo ormo; 3 – gvianantikuri periodis fena da masSi CaWrili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis sameurneo ormo. tab. IV – 1-2 – Wrilebi galavnis kedlis ZirSi; 3 - V-VI ss. qvevrebi. tab. V – 1 – XVIII s. masala; 2 – ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis masala. tab. VI – 1 – V-VI ss. masala; 2 – gvianantikuri periodis masala. tab. VII – 1-2 – XI s. kankelis fragmentebi; 3 – V-VI ss. kankelis (?) fragmenti, 4 – V s. bazilikis svetis kapitelis fragmenti. 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramika yvirilis xeobidan (modinaxes samarovnis mixedviT) nana kapanaZe modinaxes samarovani 1966-81 wlebSi iqna Seswavlili saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, j.nadiraZis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1995 wels amave eqspediciam (xelmZ. g. maxaraZe) amave samarovanze Caatara mcire masStabis samuSaoebi da damatebiT gamoavlina adreuli Sua saukuneebis 6 samarxi. sul modinaxeze aRmoCenilia adreuli Sua saukuneebis 36 samarxi, maTgan 12 uinventaroa. modinaxes samarxebi imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom isini Seicavs Tunis nawarms, rac esoden iSviaTi movlenaa adre Sua saukuneebis kompleqsebisTvis. Kkeramikuli nimuSebi aRmoCnda 12 samarxSi (sul 16 erTeuli.) saxeobebis mixedviT isini iyofa ramdenime jgufad: Cafi, doqi da xelada. Cafi AaRmoCenilia #3 samarxSi (sur.1). misTvis damaxasiaTebelia ruxivardisferi mrgvali piri, cilindruli yeli, mrgvali korpusi da brtyeli Ziri. mxrebze da yelze miZerwili aqvs ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi. ganxiluli Cafi sakmaod hgavs diRmis xeobaSi, Treligoris nasaxlarze mikvleul nimuSebs, romlebic zogadad III-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. v.nikolaiSvili aRniSnul nimuSebs dergisebur WurWlebad miiCnevs [nikolaiSvili 1985: tab. XIV]. VI-VII saukuneebis analogiuri Cafebi mravladaa aRmoCenili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze: mcxeTa [sinauriZe 1966: 58], urbnisi [WilaSvili 1964: 110-113], ufliscixe [mindoraSvili 1990], ivris xeoba [jorbenaZe 1982: 28], darialis cixe [mindoraSvili 2004: 113] da sxv. yvelaze axlo analogebs modinaxeze aRmoCenili Cafi iCens zRuderSi mikvleul nimuSebTan. msgavseba vlindeba rogorc garegnuli formis, aseve feris mixedviTac. zRudris Cafebi g. nemsaZis mier daTariRebulia IV-V saukuneebiT [nemsaZe 1991: 118]. oryura Cafebi sakmao raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTveloSic. isini mikvleulia cixisZirSi [inaiSvili 1993: 51-60], vaSnarSi da vardcixeSi [jafariZe 1989: 70]. analogiuri Cafebi moipoveba sakuTriv modinaxes samarovnis gvianantikuri xanis samarxebSic [nadiraZe 1975: 57]. aRniSnul WurWlebs hqondaT sakmaod didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba. imasac fiqroben, rom oryura Cafebi Tavisi genezisiT ukavSirdeba amforebs da gamoiyeneboda rogorc keramikuli tara [jafariZe 1989: 70]. marTlac, amgvari formis WurWeli praqtikuli unda yofiliyo, erTi mxriv, ori yuris gamo mosaxerxebeli iqneboda asawevad da meore mxriv, brtyeli Ziris gamo mosaxerxebelia dasadgmeladac, amforebisgan gansxvavebiT [sinauriZe 1966: 58]. rac Seexeba doqebs da xeladebs, maT Soris SesaZlebelia sami tipis gamoyofa. pirvel tipSi vaerTianebT msxliseburkorpusian nimuSebs, meore tipi warmodgenilia mrgvalmucliani da yelwiboiani nimuSebiT, xolo mesame tips vakuTvnebT sferulmuclian da mrgvalyelian dabal xeladas. I tipis, msxliseburkorpusiani doqebi (sur. 2) da xeladebi (sur. 3) erT-erTi yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli nimuSebia zemo imereTis gvianantikuri_adre Sua saukuneebis kompleqsebisaTvis. isini aRmoCenilia modinaxes samarovanze [nadiraZe 1975: 43-75], rganis samarovanze [bragvaZe 2000: 107-151], jieTis samarovanze [sonRulaSvili 2006: 132-138]. aRniSnuli nawarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mrgvali piri, viwro yeli, mkveTrad daqanebuli mxrebi da 50 mrgvali Ziri. Tixa umeteswilad kargad aris ganleqili, Tumca, SeimCneva kvarcisa da qarsis mcire minarevebi. feri xSir SemTxvevaSi moCalisfroa (samarxi ##2,3,55), magram gvxvdeba mowiTalo-agurisferi nimuSebic (samarxi #40). am WurWlis formebi saTaves iRebs gvianantikuri xanidan da rogorc ukve iTqva, wamyvani formaa I aTaswleulis Sua xanebis yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri ZeglebisaTvis. isic SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom urbnisis garda, saqarTvelos arc erT Zegls ar moucia analogiuri tipis WurWlis imdeni raodenoba, ramdenic _ yvirilis xeobis samarovnebs. es tradicia, bunebrivia, ver daikargeboda antikurobidan Sua saukuneebze gardamaval periodSi da swored am viTarebas unda mieweros msxliseburkorpusiani doqebis arseboba modinaxes adre Sua saukuneebis samarxebSi. am saxis keramika mravlad moipoveba rogorc dasavleT, aseve _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze. am nimuSebis popularobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom isini gvxvdeba, rogorc samarxeul kompleqsebSi, aseve namosaxlar fenebSic. msxliseburkorpusiani doqebi da xeladebi aRmoCenilia: rusTavSi [lomTaTiZe 1955: 182-183], mcxeTaSi [ugreliZe 1987: 57-58], urbnisSi [WilaSvili 1964: 75], oCamCireSi [Качарава 1972: 29], ZevrSi [fuTuriZe 1959: 74], webeldaSi [Воронов, Вазнюк, Юшин 1970: 183], liaSi [jafariZe 2006: 46-62], soxumSi [Трапш 1973: 339], stirfazSi [Техов 1985: tab. 49, 71, 78, 82], gveleTis samarovanze [mindoraSvili 2004: tab. XIV] da sxv. msxliseburkorpusiani doqebi aRmoCenilia saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac. kerZod, isini moipoveba somxeTSi, garnis samarovanze [Хачатриан 1976: tab. 5] da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [Уваров 1900: 239-246]. garnis msxliseburkorpusiani doqebis daTariRebisaTvis J. xaCatriani gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs swored saqarTveloSi AaRmoCenil (urbnisi) doqebs [Хачатриан 1976: 48]. kvlevis am etapze ar gamovricxavT msxliseburkorpusiani keramikis qarTul warmomavlobas da maT eqsports mezobel regionebSi (somxeTi, CrdiloeT kavkasia). saerTod, amgvari keramikis gavrcelebisa da zusti qronologiis garkveva gvianantikur-adreuli Sua saukuneebis araerT kulturologiur aspeqts mohfenda naTels. xSirad amgvari WurWlebis daTariRebisaTvis mimarTaven xolme yvirilis xeobis, kerZod, ki modinaxes gvianantikuri xanis samarovnis monacemebs. analogiurad iqceva b. texovic, romelic stirfazSi aRmoCenili amgvari doqebis daTariRebis saqmeSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs swored modinaxes monacemebs [Техов 1985: 33] magram unda iTqvas, rom 1975 wels j. nadiraZis mier gamoqveynebuli modinaxes arc erTi nimuSi IV saukuneze gviandeli ar aris [nadiraZe 1975: 49-96], maSin rodesac stirfazis doqebis umetesoba V saukunes miekuTvneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba daveTanxmoT v.jafariZis mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTveloSi dRemde aRmoCenili msxliseburkorpusiani doqebis yvelaze uZvelesi nimuSebi IV saukuneze qveviT ar SeiZleba midiodes, radgan arc erTi aseT doqi ar aris cnobili I-III saukuneebis kompleqsebidan [jafariZe 1989: 79]. Cveni azriT, am mosazrebas SeiZleba erTi garemoeba davumatoT. saqme isaa, rom ukanasknel xanebSi sakmaod gaizarda aseTi doqebis gavrcelebis areali da aqedan gamomdinare, ar gamoiricxeba maTi aRmoCena SedarebiT adreuli xanis kompleqsebSic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, raRac msgavs movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme rganis samarovanze, sadac msxliseburkorpusiani doqebis erTi nawili III 51 saukunis miwuruliTa da IV saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba [bragvaZe 2000: 118120]. m. sinauriZe aRniSnavda, rom msxliseburkorpusiani keramika damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa adre Sua saukuneebis sawyisi (IV-VII) saukuneebisaTvis [sinauriZe 1966: 65]. am qronologiuri Skalis zeda TariRs v.jafariZis mixedviT miekuTvneba vaSnaris, cixisZiris, webeldisa da vardcixis doqebic [jafariZe 1989: 80]. modinaxeze aRmoCenili msgavsi nimuSebi V-VI saukuneebs miekuTvneba. SeiZleboda isic dagveSva, rom keramikis es nimuSebi adgilobrivi, saCxeruli nawarmia da ar gamoiricxeba gvianantikur-adre Sua saukuneebis zemo imereTSi amgvari keramikis damamzadebeli saxelosnoebis funqcionireba da nawarmis gatana qveynis sxva kuTxeebSi. II tipis keramikul jgufSi vaerTianebT mrgvalmuclian, sada da yelwiboian calebs (samarxi ## 31, 35, 36, 40, 65). am tipis nimuSebisaTvis saerTo niSnebia: farTo, mrgvali piri, dabali, wiboiani yeli, sferuli tani da brtyeli Ziri. yuri TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi miZerwilia piris gvirgvinze da mxarze (sur. 4; 5; 6; 7) gamonakliss warmoadgens me-40 samarxis doqi, romelsac yuri miZerwili aqvs mxarze da yelze (sur. 8). aRniSnuli doqebi Calisferkeciania, zedapiri moCalisfro-mowiTaloa, Tixa kargad aris gamomwvari, faqturac kargad ganleqilia, Tumca, minarevebi mainc SeimCneva. yelwiboiani doqebi dadasturebulia rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve _ dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze. gansakuTrebiT mravlad moipoveba isini qarTlisa [nemsaZe 1991: 119] da afxazeTis [Воронов 1979: 45-47] teritoriaze. modinaxeze aRmoCenili II tipis doqebi Tavisi formiTa da faqturiT emsgavseba zRuderSi [nemsaZe 1991: 125], aragvispirSi [robaqiZe 1982: tab. XXIII], JinvalSi [CixlaZe 2015: 221], urbnisSi [WilaSvili 1964: 60-68], WeremSi [mamaiaSvili, javaxiSvili 1984: 91] aRmoCenil calebs. yelwiboianma YWurWelma didi xania miiqcia mkvlevarTa yuradReba da maT Sesaxeb araerT naSromSia msjeloba. aRniSnuli keramikis gavrcelebisa da TariRis Sesaxeb vrceli mimoxilva ekuTvnis n.mirianaSvils [mirianaSvili 1983: 48-51]. manve amgvari WurWlebis gavrcelebis qveda qronologiur zRvrad Zv.w.Iax.w.I saukuneebi miiCnia, rac mtkicdeba yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiTac [maxaraZe, laSxi 1997: 57]. yelwiboiani keramika sakmaod popularulia mTeli gvianantikuri periodis ganmavlobaSi da rogorc arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi cxadhyofs, agrZelebs arsebobas adreul Sua saukuneebSic. III tipis Tunis nawarmi warmodgenilia mxolod erTi nimuSiT. es aris momcro tanis, farTopiriani, dabalyeliani da sferultaniani doqi #3 samarxidan (sur. 9). aRweril WurWels saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze arc Tu mravalricxovani paraleli eZebneba. amgvar nimuSs ver vxvdebiT m. sinauriZis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adre Sua saukuneebis keramikisadmi miZRvnil sagangebo naSromSi. am WurWels garegnuli formiT SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT zRuderSi aRmoCenili erTi nimuSi [nemsaZe 1991: sur. 2], magram aRvniSnavT, rom msgavseba uaRresad pirobiTia da garegnuli formis calkeul detalebSi mJRavndeba (farTo piri, sferuli tani). amgvari keramika ar Cans arc dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze. aqedan gamomdinare, Znelia gadaWriT raimes Tqma. modinaxes samarxebSi calke jgufad SeiZleba gamovyoT ##76,77,79 (sur. 10; 11; 12) kompleqsebSi dafiqsirebuli Tixis WurWlebis fragmentebi. swored maTi 52 fragmentulobis gamo ver vaerTianebT maT verc erT tipSi da calke mdgom jgufad ganvixilavT. maT Sesaxeb zogadad SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom damzadebulia sakmaod uxeSi Tixisagan, qarsisa da kvarcis maRali procentuli SemcvelobiT da advilad Sladia. am samarxebSi aRmoCenili Tixis WurWlebis niSan-Tvisebebi zogadad damaxasiaTebelia gvianantikuri-adre Sua saukuneebis Tunis nawarmisaTvis. aRniSnulia, rom am periodis Tixis WurWlebi damzadebulia TiTqmis ganuleqavi, an cudad ganleqili uxeSi Tixisagan. Tixa marcvlovania da xasiaTdeba qarsis maRali procentuli SemcvelobiT. damakmayofilebeli ar aris arc gamowvis teqnologiuri done. gamowvis xarisxi sustia, ris gamoc WurWlebi advilad Sladi da aRdgenis uunaroa. Tixis WurWlebi ZiriTadad mowiTalomoagurisfroa, zogjer-gaSavebulic, keci umeteswilad moyavisfro, an mowiTaloa da nawarmis umetesoba skelkecianobiT xasiaTdeba [jafariZe 1982: 3132]. zustad analogiuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba modinaxes ##76, 77 da 79 samarxSi aRmoCenili Tixis WurWlebic. rogorc ganxilulma masalebma cxadhyo, modinaxeze aRmoCenili Tunis nawarmi ar aris mravalferovani da safiqrebelia, rom Tixis WurWlebis warmoebis done aSkarad Camouvardeba winamorbed, antikur xanas. vvaraudobT, rom am viTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs ara religiuri faqtori, rac gamoixateba samarxebSi inventaris SemcirebiT, an sruliad gaqrobiT, aramed garkveuli roli unda Seesrulebina minisa da liTonis WurWlebis mxatvruli dargebis ganviTarebas. migvaCnia, rom am viTarebam Zlieri da albaT, gadamyveti rolic Seasrula keramikis mxatvruli Semkobisa da formebis mravalferovnebis dakninebis saqmeSi. rogorc Cans, mosaxleobas ganuviTarda da gaezarda moTxovnileba minisa da liTonis nawarmze da maTi mxatvruli Rirsebis gazrdaze ufro zrunavdnen, vidre keramikis Semdgom srulyofaze. amitom gvianantikur xanaSi SemCneuli tendencia, rac gamoixateba keramikuli warmoebis dacemasa da nawarmis erTgvar gaubraloebaSi, inerciiT grZeldeba adre Sua saukuneebSic. magram yovelive amis miuxedavad, mainc migvaCnia, rom sazogadeobis yvela fenas erTnairad ar miuwvdeboda xeli maRalmxatvruli, Tundac sada minisa da liTonis WurWlebze da keramikuli dargi mainc wamyvani unda yofiliyo Tundac sameurneo da samzareulo sferoSi. amis miuxedavad, isic TvalnaTliv Cans, rom am dros es dargi sakmaod degradirebulia da odnavadac ver utoldeba Zv. II-I aTaswleulebSi arsebul dones. rogorc Cans, am periodSive xdeba keramikul saxelosnoTa Semcirebac, rasac mowmobs damzadebis dabali teqnologiuri done, radgan iSviaTia ganleqva da Warbobs uxeSi, marcvlovani, qarsminareviani Tixa. aseve TvalSisacemad klebulobs maTi raodenoba samarxebSic. rogorc arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi mowmobs da amasve adasturebs Cvens mier ganxiluli kompleqsebic, TiToeul samarxSi metad iSviaTia TiTo an ori calis garda maTi aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli araerTi varaudis miuxedavad, dRemde TiTqmis pasuxgaucemelia erTi arsebiTi kiTxva _ ratom qreba V-VI s-dan samarxebSi Tunis nawarmi da ratom Raribdeba misi asortimenti. es movlena rom mxolod religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis cvlilebiT agvexsna, sakmaod trivialuri iqneba. amitom rodesac aRniSnul sakiTxze vmsjelobT, saWiroa garkveuli sifrTxile, radgan es problema xangrZliv kvleva _ Ziebasa da kompleqsur midgomas moiTxovs.E 53 literatura: bragvaZe z. 2000: rganis samarovani, aJ I. 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Tb. ugreliZe n. 1987: adreul Sua saukunis qarTlSi minis warmoebis ist.-Tvis. Tb. fuTuriZe r. 1959: dasavleT saqarTvelo gvianantikur xanaSi, mska III. Tb. CixlaZe v. 2015: Jinvalis samarovani Tb. WilaSvili l. 1964: naqalaqari urbnisi, Tb. jafariZe v. 1882: kldeeTis samarovani da dasavleT saqarTvelos gvinantikuri xanis arqeologiis Seswavlis zogierTi sakiTxi, Zm. jafariZe v. 1989: vardcixis naqalaqari, Tb. jafariZe v. 2006: egrisis materialuri kultura I-VII saukuneebSi. Tb. jorbenaZe b. 1982: erwo_TianeTi Sua saukuneebSi, Tb. Воронов Ю. Вазнюк А. Юшин В. 1970: Апуштинский могильник IV-VI вв. н.э. в Абхазии. Советская Археология. №1. М. с.183. Воронов Ю. 1979: Материальная культура Абхазии I тысячелетия н.э. КСИА. №159. М. Качарава Д. 1973: Город Гиенос в античную эпоху. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученной степени кандидата исторических наук. Тб. Техов Б. 1985: Материальная культура населения среднего течения реки Большой Лиахви в IVIII вв. Тб. Трапш М. 1974: Древний Сухуми. Труды. Т.2. Сух. Уваров П. 1900: Могильники Северного Кавказа. МАК. СПБ. Хачатриан Ж. 1976: Античный некрополь. Гарни. V. Ер. suraTebis aRweriloba: 1. Cafi. samarxi #3. 2. yelwiboiani doqi. samarxi #36. 3. xelada. samarxi #55. 4. yelwiboiani doqi. samarxi #65. 5. doqi. samarxi #35. 6. doqi samarxi #31. 7. xelada. samarxi #33. 8. doqi. samarxi #40. 9. doqi. samarxi #3. 10. doqis fragmentebi. samarxi #76. 11. doqis fragmentebi. samarxi #77. 12. doqis fragmentebi. samarxi #78. 54 55 56 bizantiuri tipis saqorwino beWdebi qvemo alevis samarovnidan qeTevan raminis asuli ramiSvili adre Suasaukuneebidan qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad mTels qristianul samyaroSi gliptika xdeba qristianuli kulturis ganuyofeli nawili. saqarTvelo IV s-is dasawyisidanve qristianuli kulturis orbitaSi moeqca. A,,axali ideologiis poziciebis gamyareba, garda sazogadoebis SigniT mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebisa, rac mimarTuli iyo qveynis feodalizaciisaken III s-is meore naxevarSi, aCqarebda metad rTuli sagareo viTareba. gaZlierebuli sasanuri iranis daufaravma agresiam kavkasiis da kerZod, saqarTvelos mimarT qarTlis samefos mesveurebi, romlebic isedac romis imperiaze iyvnen orientirebulebi, aiZula rac SeiZleba droulad SeerTebodnen im Zalebs, romelic bizantiis axladSeqmnili imperiis garSemo iyrida Tavs da romelic amjerad qristianuli ideologiiT aRWurvili, mZime brZolebs awarmoebda sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg” [ramiSvili r. 2006: 147-148]. amdenad, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis Camoyalibeba warimarTa erTi mxriv, adgilobrivi tradiciebisa da antikuri prototipebis zegavleniT, xolo meore mxriv, bizantiasTan da sasanur iranTan mWidro kulturuli kontaqtebis safuZvelze, ris erT-erT naTel magaliTs warmoadgens qvemo alevis adre Suasaukuneebis (V-VII ss.) samarovani, romlis Semadgenel nivTier masalaSi moipoveba rogorc adgilobrivi, ise bizantiuri tipis da sasanuri xelovnebis nimuSebi. alevisa da misi midamoebis Seswavla daiwyo 1981 wels. qvemo alevSi (qsnis xeoba) soflis aRmosavleTiT, md. aleuras marjvena napirze, adgil ,,grZelebze” gamovlinda samarovani, sadac 1981-1989 ww. gaTxrebs awarmoebda s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis alevis arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli – n. afxazava). samarovanze gaiTxara adre Suasaukuneebis 138 samarxi: qvis filebiT nagebi samarxebi, ormosamarxebi da ZelebiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxebi [afxazava n. 1988: 4-9]. micvalebulebi (uklebliv yvela mamakaci) daukrZalavT qristianuli wesiT zurgze gaSotilebi, TaviT dasavleTiT, xolo qalebis umetesoba dakrZaluli iyo gverdze, kidurebmoxrili, nivTebis umravlesoba warmarTuli wesiT umetesad qalebisTvis CautanebiaT, rac, miuxedavad iq macxovrebeli qalbatonebis qristianuli aRmsareblobisa, farTo fenebSi (gansakuTrebiT qalTa sazogadoebaSi) Zveli warmaruli tradiciebis mdgradobaze migviTiTebs [ramiSvili r. 1970: 131; afxazava n. 1988: 49]. mniSvnelovania isic, rom es movlena SesaZloa aixsnas ,,xalxuri qristianobis” da ,,folkloruli qristianobis” fenomenis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac gulisxmobda xalxurad miTologizirebul qristianobas da rac mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom qalebi tradiciuli wes-Cveulebebis, religiuri sistemebisa Tu maTi gadmonaSTebis umTavresi Semnaxvelebi arian [afxazava n. 1988: 52]. Aqvemo alevis samarovanze sakmaod uxvadaa aRmoCenili gliptikuri Zeglebi. maT Soris sWarbobs sasanuri beWdebi da sabeWdavebi, rac sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom mosaxleoba qristiani ar iyo. sasanuri gliptikis saukeTeso mkvlevaris q. il. ramiSvilis mosazrebiT, qarTlis mosaxleobas ar esmoda sasanur gemaTa gamosaxulebebis simboluri mniSvneloba da sabeWdavebis SerCeva xdeboda 57 mxolod maTi gemovnebis mixedviT [ramiSvili q. il. 1979: 49]. Qqvemo alevSi aRmoCenil sasanur beWdebze xSirad gamosaxulia jvari, rac garda qristianebisa, iraneli mosaxleobisTvisac (gansakuTrebiT xelosnebisTvis) misaRebi simbolo iyo *Пигулевская Н. 1956: 293-294; Bivar A. 1963: 27], Tumca rogorc Cans, am beWdebs siamovnebiT atarebdnen qvemo alevSi mosaxle mandilosnebi, xolo jvris gamosaxulebas didi albaTobiT qristianuli mrwamsis gamomsaxvel simbolod miiCnevdnen. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom arqeologiuri gziT aRmoCenili qristianuli gliptikuri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi mravalricxovani ar aris. Aamdenad, Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia qvemo alevis samarovanze aRmoCenili qristianuli Sinaarsis mqone gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli brinjaos farakiani beWdebi, romlebic ZiriTadad, qalTa samarxebSia aRmoCenili da ueWvelad alevSi macxovrebeli qalbatonebis (mosaxleobis) qristianul mrwamsze unda migviTiTebdes. es beWdebi sagangebod aravis ukvlevia. maTi yovelmxrivi Seswavla, ra Tqma unda, fasdaudebel wvlis Seitans imdroindeli sazogadoebis sulieri samyaros marTebul gagebaSi, aseve, im ideologiuri Sexedulebebis gaazrebaSi, romelic qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis Semdgom xanebSi arsebobda saqarTveloSi. bevris mTqmelia es beWdebi imdroindeli sazogadoebis kulturuli donisa da gare samyarosTan urTierTobis Sesaxebac. gadawyvetili gvaqvs am gliptikuri Zeglebis safuZvliani Seswavla, Tumca, winamdebare naSromSi jer-jerobiT ganvixilavT mxolod brinjaosagan damzadebul sam farakian beWeds (I jgufis II seriis B pirveli varianti [afxazava 1988: 105, tab.XXII/15]), romlebic gamosaxulebaTa Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, bizantiuri tipis saqorwino beWdebs warmoadgenen. 1. beWedi brinjaosi, farakiani (gl.f. 1691 - 7-986/1169, korinTa, sakireebi, qvemo alevis eqspedicia, ormosamarxi #17), wresTan miaxlovebuli ovalis formis farakis brtyel pirze Zalian sqematurad da zedapirulad amokveTilia erTmaneTis pirdapir qalisa da mamakacis biusti mkerdamde, TavebiT profilSi (tab. I/1). saxis nakvTebi da sxva detalebi ar ganirCeva. maT zemoT momcro jvaria amoWrili. gamosaxulebas garSemo uvlis Rari, romelsac naxevarwreebisgan Sedgenili CarCo Semouyveba, rac mTlianobaSi yvavilis gvirgvinis STabeWdilebas tovebs. Ggamosaxuleba anabeWdze arcTu mkafio gamosaxulebas iZleva, SedarebiT mkveTrad Cans yvavilisebri CarCo (tab. I/2). beWeds aqvs Tanabari zomis Signidan brtyeli da garedan odnav amoburculi rkali (tab. I/3), romelzec farakia darCiluli (farakis dm – 10 mm; beWdis simaRle 12 mm). nivTi mTlianobaSi kargadaa daculi, Tumca daJangulia, xolo rkali da faraki – odnav dazianebuli. 2. beWedi brinjaosi (gl. f. 1636 - 7-986/389, qvemo alevi - qvissamarxi #39), farakiani. ovaluri farakis brtyel pirze arcTu Rrmad, magram mkafiod amokveTilia horizontalur xazze aRmarTuli grZeli jvari, romlis orive ganivi mklavi boloSi gafarToebulia. jvris aqeT-iqiT amoWrilia ori adamianis biusti anfasSi. maTi Tavebi Semkulia mcire wreebisgan Sedgenili gvirgvinebiT, romlebic erTi SexedviT Saravandeds mogvagonebs. saxeebi sumaruladaa Sesrulebuli - nakvTebi ar ganirCeva (tab. I/4). anabeWdze dabal, magram SedarebiT mkafio gamosaxulebas iZleva (tab. I/5). biustebs qvemoT is horizontaluri xazia gavlebuli, romelzec jvaria aRmarTuli, xolo xazs qvemoT SuaSi amoWrilia samyura yvavili, aqeT-iqiT ki - patara samkuTxedebi, Tumca SesaZloa gamosaxuli iyos berZnuli asoebi an warweris imitacia, yovel SemTxvevaSi anabeWdze SuaSi 58 TiTqos ikiTxeba aso X, romelic qristes aRmniSvneli unda iyos. beWeds viwro, Signidan betyeli da garedan odnav amoburculi rkali aqvs, romlis farakTan SeerTebis adgilas mcired farTovdeba (tab. I/6). faraki darCilulia rkalis boloebze (faraki – 11X9 mm; beWedi – 19X20 mm). beWedi kargadaa daculi, odnav daJangulia. 3. beWedi brinjaosi (gl.f. 1683 - 7-986/1169, qvemo alevi _ ormosamarxi #133), farakiani, ovaluri farakis brtyel pirze Zalze sqematurad da araRrmad amoWrilia grZeli jvari, mis aqeT-iqiT ori adamianis biustia anfasSi, xolo biustebs qvemoT grZeli xazia gavlebuli, romlis qvemoT amokveTilia mokle xazi (tab. I/7). Ggamosaxulebas simkveTre aklia, Tumca adamianebis xveuli Tmis maRali varcxniloba da mrgvali Tvalebi mainc ganirCeva. uxeSadaa nakveTi, xisti xazebiT. biustebi yvelaze Rrma kveTiTaa Sesrulebuli, Tumca sumarulad, moklebulia detalizacias. gamosaxuleba anabeWdze dabal da gaurkvevel gamosaxulebas iZleva (tab I/8). beWdis viwro Signidan brtyeli rkali garedan odnav amoburculi da farakTan mirCilvis adgilas odnav gafarToebulia (tab. I/9). faraki rkalzea darCiluli (faraki – 11X10 mm; beWedi – 21X21 mm). beWedi daJanguli, xolo rkali mcired dazianebulia. rogorc cnobilia, romaelebis mier daarsebuli bizantia, gansakuTrebiT adreul periodSi, ganicdida erTi mxriv, antikuri tradiciebis, xolo meore mxriv elinizirebuli aRmosavleTis mZlavr gavlenas xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa saiuveliro saqme, gliptika, torevtika, teqstili da sxv. xSirad Zveli antikuri tipebi, saxeebi da simboloebi SenarCunebuli iyo da gamoiyeneboda bizantieli ostatebis mier, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis iuvelirebze [Габриэль Г. 2009: 169]. adrebizantiur saiuveliro nakeTobebSi - e.w. ,,bizantiur antikaSi” (termini ekuTvnis cnobil bizantiologs l. maculeviCs) romauli emblematikis gamoyenebaSi bizantieli mmarTvelebi xedavdnen politikuri stabilurobisa da ,,axali romis” sidiadis safuZvels [Залеская В. 1998: 15]. Aantikuri motivebis qristianulad transformirebaSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda gemebsa da maTze amokveTil gamosaxulebebs. Bbizantieli didebulebi romauli tradiciisamebr atarebdnen pirad sabeWdavbeWdebs, romlebSic Casmuli iyo gemebi antikuri gamosaxulebebiT, Tumca maT ukve qristianuli Sinaarsi miewereboda. mag. erT-erTi bizantieli episkoposi atarebda oqros sabeWdav-beWeds, romlis gemaze amoWrili iyo orfeosi liriT da warweriT: ,,qriste”, cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi orfeoss qristes mniSvneloba eniWeboda. Zalian sayvareli motivi iyo gemebze herakles gamosaxva, visi saswaulebrivi gmirobebi qristes mier ganxorcielebul saswaulebTan asocirdeboda, aseve popularulobas inarCunebda frTosani nike, romelic borotebasa da avadmyofobaze gamarjvebis simbolo gaxda. siyvarulis SiSveli RvTaeba venera gadaiqca Semosil qalwul mariamad, xolo frTosani eroti keTili ambebis maxarebel angelozad. meduza gorgona avi Tvalisgan damcavi gamosaxuleba gaxda, Tumca mis zemoT ukve patara jvari iyo amokveTili warwerasTan erTad, romelic ase ikiTxeboda: ,,RmerTo daifare mflobeli”.M mtredi, romelic adre veneras frinveli iyo, qristes frinvelad mogvevlina, oRond niskartSi palmis rto an qrizma eWira [Габриэль Г. 2009: 174-175]. A ,,bizantiuri antikas” erTerT Zalian saintereso jgufs warmoadgens sxvadasxva liTonisgan (oqro, vercxli, brinjao, rkina) damzadebuli adrebizantiuri saqorwino beWdebi, romlebsac mamakaci Cuqnida meuRles. 59 arsebobda sxvanairi _ jvrisweris beWdebi, romlebsac wyvili erTmaneTs ucvlida. saerTod, beWdebis gacvlis tradicia egviptelebs miewerebaT. maT hqondaT rgolis formis beWdebi, romlebic damzadebuli yofila lerwmisgan. mrgvali forma mianiSnebda erTgulebisa da siyvarulis maradiulobas, radgan rgols arc dasawyisi aqvs da arc bolo, xolo Wrili (Riobi) saiqios aRmniSvneli iyo, sadac col-qmari isev erTad gaagrZelebda cxovrebas. egviptelebi saqorwino rgolebs marcxena xelis araTiTze (meoTxe TiTi) atarebdnen. egviptelebis mibaZviT marcxena xelis meoTxe TiTze atarebdnen agreTve saqorwino beWdebs Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi. ZvelberZeni istorikosi, biografi da eseisti plutarqe xsnis am faqts eyrdnoba ra berZeni mwerlis apionis Tzulebas ,,egviptis Sesaxeb”, sadac aRwerilia egviptelebis Cveuleba gvamis gakveTisa (rasac berZnebi anatomias uwodebdnen), ris Sedegadac dadginda, rom mxolod marcxena xelis meoTxe TiTisgan gamomavali Zalian wvrili ZarRvi aRwevda iseT sasicocxlod umniSvnelovanes (siyvarulis aRmniSvnel) organomde, rogoric aris guli. swored amitom egviptelebi saqorwino rgolebs am TiTze atarebdnen *Гопаченко А. 1999: 144-145]. rogorc irkveva, es tradicia gadavida bizantiis imperiaSic, saidanac igi evropaSi gavrcelda. VII s-is dasawyisSi isidore sevilielis cnobil CanawerSi aRniSnulia, rom saqorwino beWdebs atareben meoTxe TiTze: ,,saqmro aZlevs beWeds sacoles rogorc niSans ormxrivi erTgulebisa da rogorc safuZvels maTi gulebis SeerTebisa da amitomac beWeds atareben meoTxe TiTze, radgan swored am TiTSi aris vena, romliTac sisxli miedineba gulisaken”. http://asgard-ua.com› blog . ara ugvianes VII s-isa (ufro adrec) bizantiaSi tradiciad iqca saqmros mier sacolisTvis saqorwino beWdisa da qamris mirTmeva. adre SuasaukuneebSi bizantiaSi saqorwino rituali bevr saerTos poulobda romaul tradiciebTan, magram igi ufro mravalferovani da paraduli gaxda. siZe modioda patarZalTan musikosebis TanxlebiT. patarZali gamowyobili iyo Zvirfas farCis kabaSi da moqargul bluzonSi. sakmaod Zlieri ferumariliT Selamazebul saxes vuali ufaravda. rodesac saqmro miuaxlovdeboda, igi aiwevda vuals, raTa saqmros daenaxa momavali meuRle, SesaZloa, sicocxleSi pirvelad. mSoblebis, msaxurebis, megobrebis, meCiraRdneebis, momRerlebisa da damkvrelebis garemocvaSi nefe-patarZali eklesiaSi midioda. quCaSi xalxi aivnebidan iebsa da vardis furclebs ayrida. eklesiaSi, jvrisweris ganmavlobaSi maT Tavebs zemoT naTliebs gvirgvinebi eWiraT. Semdeg isini cvlidnen beWdebs, xolo XI s-idan winaswar momzadebul saqorwino kontraqtsac awerdnen xels mowmeebis TandaswrebiT. jvrisweris ceremoniis Semdeg imave gziT yvela brundeboda patarZlis saxlSi, sadac elodebodaT Zalian lamazad gaSlili da uxvi, sazeimo sufra saukeTeso WurWliT, sasmisebiTa da saucxoo kerZebiT gawyobili. saZinebelSi Sesvlisas mamakaci meuRles Cuqnida beWedsa da sartyels *Райс Т. 2006: 97+, (anu jvrisweris dros sxva beWdebis gacvla xdeboda), xolo beWdebze, romlebzec Cven vsaubrobT mxolod mamakaci Cuqnida qals da mas mxolod qali atarebda, rac kargad Cans qvemo alevis samarovanze aRmoCenili beWdebis mixedviT. isini qalis kuTvnileba iyo da mxolod qalebis samarxebSia aRmoCenili [afxazava n. 1988: 34, 48]. dRes msoflios muzeumebSi ufro meti beWedi inaxeba, vidre sartyeli. safiqrebelia, rom mxolod Zalian mdidar mamakacebs SeeZloT colisTvis qamris Cuqeba. SeZlebulebi meuRleebs miarTmevdnen oqros saqorwino beWdebs, Tumca SesaZleblobis mixedviT SeiZleboda vercxlisa da brinjaos beWdebis Cuqebac. 60 doqtor marvin rosis varaudiT, bizantiaSi saqorwino beWdebi warmoiSva im tradiciisgan, romelic bizantiis pirvelma imperatorebma SemoiRes – moeWraT monetebi TavianTi qorwinebis dRes. Aam monetebze xSirad imperatorisa da meuRlis portretebs Soris gamosaxuli iyo qriste *Райс Т. 2006: 97+. adrebizantiuri saqorwino beWdebi warmoadgenen farakian, TiTze satarebel liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao, rkina) beWdebs mrgvali an dawaxnagebuli rkaliT, romelTa wriul, marTkuTxa an iSviaTad ovalur farakze amokveTilia qalisa da mamakacis biustebi mkerdamde - profilSi an anfasSi (tab. II/10-15). xSirad aseT beWdebis farakebze amoWrilia berZnuli sityva ,,Omonoia”, rac niSnavs harmonias (ori gulisa da gonebis harmoniul SeTanxmebas, kavSirs). is beWdebi, romlebzec wyvili TavebiT profilSi - erTmaneTis pirdapir arian gamosaxulebi ufro adreulia da gvian IV s-iTa da adreuli V s-iT TariRdeba (tab. II/10, 11). AaseT beWdebs eZebnebaT pirdapiri prototipebi romaul beWdebs Soris da kompoziciurad da ikonografiulad Zalian did siaxloves avlenen gvianantikur (romaul) beWdebSi Casmul gemebze amoWril wyvilebis portretul gamosaxulebebTan [Walker A. 2011: 60; sur. 4/1]. mag. III s-is dasawyisiT daTariRebul romaul sarderis gemaze gamosaxuli septimus severusi da misi meuRle plautilas portreti, sadac isini mkerdamde, erTmaneTis pirdapir, TavebiT profilSi arian warmodgenilebi [Walters H. 1926: tab. XXV/2023]. bizantiur beWdebze qalisa da mamakacis Tavebs zemoT ukve gamosaxulia patara jvari. qvemo alevSi aRmoCenil # 1691 beWedze amoWrili gamosaxuleba swored kompoziciis am tipTan avlens siaxloves, magram bizantiuri beWdebze amokveTili gamosaxulebisgan gansxvavebiT ufro sqematuri da uxeSi namuSevaria, xolo yvavilis gvirginisebri CarCoTi nakeTobis dekoratiulobaa gaZlierebuli, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom, jer erTi, beWedi ufro gviandelia da meorec, bizantiis imperiis romelime provinciaSi an mis gavlenis sferoSi myof qveyanaSi aris damzadebuli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom beWedi adgilobrivad _ qsnis xeobis romelime punqtSi, iqneb sulac alevSi iyos Seqmnili, sadRac V-VI ss-Si. rogorc alevSi warmoebuli gaTxrebis xelmZRvaneli – SesaniSnavi arqeologi n. afxazava aRniSnavs, ,,alevis xevi mTel qsnis xeobasTan erTad kulturul-ekonomikurad qarTlis didad dawinaurebuli kuTxe unda yofiliyo. nawili iq aRmoCenili nivTebisa adgilobrivi nawarmi unda iyos” [afxazava n. 1988: 117]. Aalevuri (# 1691) beWedi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba bizantiuri beWdebisgan kveTis teqnikiTa da Sesrulebis doniT. Dda Tu bizantiuri beWdebi garkveulwilad mainc inarCuneben portretisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, alevur gamosaxulebaze mxolod kompoziciuri sqemaa darCenili. saerTod, amgvar kompozicias iberiaSi kargad icnobdnen gvianantikur xanaSi, radgan gemebi wyvilis portretuli gamosaxulebiT, romelic II-III ss-dan vrceldeba mTels romis imperiaSi, misi kulturuli orbitis myof qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic aris aRmoCenili. armazisxevis # 1 samarxSi mopovebulia muqi feris granatis (piropi) gema, romelic TvlebiT mooWvil sartyelis oqros balTas amkobs (saq. erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 834).O ovaluri intalios amoburcul pirze amoWrilia wyvilis portreti – wveriani mamakacisa da qalis biustebi erTmaneTis pirdapir, profilSi (tab. II/16). intalioze garkveuli pirovnebebis portretebia amokveTili, rasac garSemo amoWrili berZnuli warwera gvamcnobs: ,,karpaki, zevaxi, Cemi sicocxle”. savaraudod, karpaki da zevaxi meuRleebi arian [javaxiSvili iv. 1951: 445]. gema Seiswavla m. lorTqifaniZem, igi adgilobriv nakeTobad miiCnia da II s-iT daaTariRa [lorTqifaniZe m. 1958: 55-58]. 61 Mmeore portretuli wyvili amoWrilia mowiTalo-narinjisfer sardionis gemaze, romelic oqros beWeds amkobs (tab. II/17) zRuderis samarovnis #1 xis sarkofagidan (saq. erovnuli muzeumi, gl.f. 1187), ovaluri intalios odnav amoburcul pirze erTmaneTis pirdapir gamosaxulia axalgazrda qalisa da mamakacis mkerdamde portretebi profilSi. gemaze, portretebis qvemoT mocemulia berZnuli negativuri warwera, romelic gamosaxuli pirebis saxelebs warmoadgens: ,,matrona da kabriasi”. savaraudod, es wyvilic col-qmaria. beWedi gemiTurT Seiswavles q. javaxiSvilma da g. nemsaZem, igi mcire aziul romelime provinciul saxelosnoSi damzadebulad miiCnies, Tumca arc misi qarTlis samefoSi damzadeba gamoricxes da nivTi III s-is Sua xanebiT daaTariRes [javaxiSvili q., nemsaZe g. 1982: 139-144]. Zalian sainteresoa peterburgis ermitaJSi daculi nikolos ovaluri gema, romelzec romauli maneriT Sesrulebuli qali da mamakaci erTmaneTis pirdapir, profilSi arian warmodgenilebi, Tumca maT Tavze ukve qristes monogramaa amoWrili (tab. II/18), nivTi IV s-iT TariRdeba [Неверов О. 1976: 112/145]. amdenad, beWedi #1691 migvaCnia romaul tradiciaze aRmocenebuli bizantiuri saqorwino beWdebis mibaZviT damzadebul adgilobriv nakeTobad, rac erTi mxriv, bizantiis imperiasTan mWidro kulturul da savaWro urTierTobaze miuTiTebs, xolo meore mxriv, adgilobriv niadagze gadamuSavebuli antikuri tradiciis qristianulad transformaciaze. Bbizantiuri saqorwino beWdebis mkvlevari Aa. uolkeri roca bizantiur saqorwino beWdebze saubrobs, maTi bizantiurobis damadasturebel argumentad mohyavs beWdebze amokveTili berZnuli warwera da jvris gamosaxuleba. jvris gamosaxulebisa da berZnuli warweris erToblivad arsebobis mixedviT danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom beWdebi bizantiuria (qristianulia), Tumca mxolod berZnuli warwera myari argumenti ver iqneba, radgan rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli ena romis imperiaSic laTinuris Tanasworad iTvleboda. romis aRmosavluri provinciebisTvis ki, berZnuli saerTod lingua franca-s warmoadgenda [mSvildaZe m. 2012: 56], risi naTeli magaliTebicaa armazisxevsa da zRuderSi aRmoCenili gemebi berZnuli warwerebiT. Qqvemo alevur # 1691 beWedze warwera saerTod ar aris amokveTili, magram rogorc beWdis formiT, ise siuJetiT danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi bizantiuri tipis saqorwino beWedia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am beWedze gamosaxulebas gars uvlis yvavilis gvirginisebri ornamentuli CarCo, rac nivTs dekoratiul, sazeimo xasiaTs aniWebs, amave dros, igi marTlac SeiZleba yvavilis gvirgvinis aRmniSvneli iyos, radgan yvavilebi saqorwino ritualis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli komponenti iyo. zogierTi gadmocemiT, wyvils yvavilebisgan dawnul gvirginebs adgamdnen Tavze, aseve sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom jvrisweris dRes gzaSi yvavilebs ayridnen Tavze meqorwineebs. B bizantiur saqorwino beWdebis farakebze amoWrili gamosaxulebis meore tipi aris qalisa da mamakacis biustebi anfasSi, romelTa Soris gamosaxulia grZeli jvari (tab. II/12, 13). Aarsebobs iseTi beWdebic, romelTa farakze qalisa da mamakacis mTliani figurebia mocemuli, am SemTxvevaSi maT Soris gamosaxulia xolme qristes figura (tab.II/14). beWdebi amgvarad modelirebuli kompoziciebiT daTariRebulia VI-VII ss-iT [Walker A. 2011: 61-62; sur. 4/2 da 4/3]. Qqvemo alevSi aRmoCenili ## 1636, 1683 beWdebze amoWrili gamosaxulebebi am tipisaa. isini orive sqematuria da ar gamoirCevian Sesrulebis maRali doniT, magram #1636 beWdis farakze kveTa ufro sufTaa da gamosaxuleba ufro kargad ganirCeva 62 vidre # 1683 beWedze, sadac gamosaxuleba gacilebiT sqematuri da sumarulia – modelirebulia RmulebiTa da xazebiT, daudevradaa nakveTi, Tumca Tmis varcxniloba erTgvarad SenarCunebulia da rogorc Cans, erT-erT bizantiur beWedze gamosaxuli wyvilis Tmis varcxnilobidan aris gadmoRebuli (ufro sworad, mcdelobaa mibaZvisa) (Sead. tab. I/7 da tab. II/15). Sesrulebis xarisxSi gansxvaveba bizantiursa da qvemo alevur beWdebs Soris gamowveuli unda iyos erTidaigive siuJetis xangrZlivi kopirebiT, ris drosac (droTa ganmavlobaSi) gamosaxuleba kargavs daxvewilobasa da formaTa simkveTres (gansakuTrebiT imperiis periferiaze da bizantiis imperiis kulturul orbitaSi myof qveynebSi). rogorc Cans, qvemo alevis mosaxleobisaTvis VII s-Si esTetur mxares ukve naklebi yuradReba eqceoda da mTeli aqcenti gadatanili iyo gamosaxulebaTa Sinaarsobriv (ideologiur) datvirTvaze da maT damcav funqciaze. rogorc bizantiur beWdebze gamosaxuli adreuli da Semdegdroindeli wyvilis gamosaxulebebidan Cans, portreti TandaTanobiT kargavs individualur niSnebs da ukve anfasSi gadmocemul biustebze qalisa da mamakacis ganzogadebuli saxea warmodgenili (Seadar. tab. II/1, 2 da tab. II/12, 13), rac kidev ufro gaRrmavebulia mTeli taniT gadmocemuli wyvilis SemTxvevaSi, sadac Zalian zogadi detalebiT aris gadmocemuli qalisa da mamakacis, aseve qristes figurebi (tab. II/14). dakarguli Cans romauli tradicia gamosaxulebis moculobiTi plastikuri formebiT modelirebisa da pirovnebis portretuli niSnebisa Tu xasiaTis gadmocemisa. maSasadame, bizantiur beWdebze gamosaxulebebis ganviTareba warimarTa realisturidan sqematur, ganzogadebul gamosaxulebebmde. moculobiTi biustebi TandaTanobiT gadaiqca organzomilebian, brtyel gamosaxulebebad, rac qristianuli xelovnebis umTavresi moTxovna iyo, Tumca, es gamosaxulebebi mainc metad gamomsaxvelia da Taviseburad momxiblavi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qvemo alevur # 1636 beWeds vaTariRebT VII s-is pirveli naxevriT (39-e samarxi, sadac es beWedi aRmoCnda, gamTxrelis mier daTariRebulia aseve [afxazava n. 1988: 105]), xolo # 1683 beWeds ki – VII s-is meore naxevriT da es beWdebic bizantiuri saqorwino beWdebis adgilobriv minabaZad migvaCnia. CamoTvlil TaviseburebebTan erTad qvemo alevuri beWdebis farakebi ovaluria, xolo rkali viwro da brtyeli, maSin, roca bizantiuri beWdebis farakebi umetesad marTkuTxa an wriulia da rkali farTo, mrgvalganivkveTiani an dawaxnagebulia. rac Seexeba # 1636 beWdis farakze qalisa da mamakacis Tavze Semovlebul rkalebs, erTi SexedviT Saravandeds mogvagonebs. am gamosaxulebis Sedarebam bizantiuri oqros beWdis farakze gamosaxul qalisa da mamakacis biustebTan (tab. II/12-13) an fexze mdgom figurebTan (tab. II/14), sadac kargad Cans maT Tavebze gamosaxuli Saravandedisebrad morkaluli Tmis maRali varcxniloba saqorwino gvirgvinebiT, migviyvana im daskvnamde, rom qvemo alevur # 1636 beWedzec qalsa da mamakacs Tmis varcxnilobaze adgaT saqorwino gvirgvini da ara Saravandedi. rac Seexeba am beWdebis daniSnulebas, bizantiuri saqorwino beWdebis mkvlevari a. uolkeri iziarebs bizantiuri saiuveliro xelovnebis cnobili mcodnis e. kicingeris mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad bizantiur saqorwino beWdebs qorwinebis damcavi funqcia hqondaT [Kitzinger E. 1988: 68] da Tavis mxriv amatebs, rom garda amisa, beWdebi gankuTvnili iyo avi Tvalisgan, magiuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad agresiuli Tavdasxmisagan wyvilis (meuRleebis) dasacavad, agreTve imisTvis, rom qmari mudam mibmuli hyoloda cols [Walker A. 2011: 59]. arsebobs 63 gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac – g. vikani fiqrobs, rom am bizantiur beWdebs samedicino-magiuri mniSvneloba hqondaT da uzrunvelyofdnen beWdis mflobeli qalbatonis mSvidobian mSobiarobas [Vikan G. 1990: 155]. Cveni mosazrebiT, samive Sexeduleba misaRebia. saerTod, am beWdebs rom avgarozis funqcia hqondaT CvenSi eWvs ar iwvevs, Tumca davamatebT, rom radgan qvemo alevis samarovanze mandilosnebs es beWdebi samarxSi mainc Caatanes (rac qristianuli wesiT ikrZaleboda), rogorc Cans, isini Zalian mniSvnelovan nivTs (reliqvias) warmoadgendnen da es beWdebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos meuRleebis erTad yofnasTan im qveynadac da maTi kavSirisa da sulebis dacvis garantia iyo saiqioSic, rac warmarTuli wesia da SesaZloa momdinareobdes berZnul-romauli tradiciidan saflavis qvebze (stelebze) col-qmris gamosaxvisa ritualuri trapezis dros, sadac qalisa da mamakacis biustebi (rogorc beWdebze) anfasSia warmodgenili. mag. Zv.w. V s-is ZvelberZnuli stela golgis nekropolidan (kviprosi) (tab. III/19) *Акимова Л., Савельев Ю. 2012: 19+. cnobilia aseve romaeli wyvilebis (meuRleebis) biustebi anfasSi (tab. III/20) maT saflavis qvaze (ax.w. I-II ss). vfiqrobT, saflavis stelebze gamosaxulma (berZnul-romaul tradiciaSi damkvidrebulma) am motivma gamoZaxili hpova rogorc romaul, ise bizantiur saqorwino beWdebze warmodgenil wyvilTa kompoziciebSi, viTarca meuRleebis samaradJamod erTad yofnis garantia. literatura: afxazava n. 1988: qvemo alevi adreul Sua saukuneebSi. Tb. lorTqifaniZe m. 1958: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis gemebi, II, armazisxevsa da bagineTze aRmoCenili gliptikuri Zeglebi. Tb. lorTqifaniZe m. 1961: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis gemebi, III. Tb. lorTqifaniZe m. 1967: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis gemebi, IV. Tb. lorTqifaniZe m. 1990: Jinvalis gvianantikuri xanis gliptikuri Zeglebi. xelnaweri. (inaxeba s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumis gliptikis kabinetSi). mSvildaZe m. 2012: biWvinTis naqalaqaris gliptikuri Zeglebi. Tb. ramiSvili r. 1970: sioni. Tb. ramiSvili r. 2006: sulieri kulturis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis kviraZalze – Jur. iberia-kolxeTi (red. g. gamyreliZe), # 6, gv. 144-149. Tb. ramiSvili q. i. 1979: sasanuri gemebi saqarTveloSi. Tb. javaxiSvili q., nemsaZe g. 1982: zRuderis samarovnis gliptikuri Zeglebi – ssmm, XXXVI-B, (red. l. WilaSvili), gv. 129-152. Tb. Акимова Л., Савельев Ю. 2012: Надгробие с изображением ритуальной трапезы – из собрания Гос. Музея Изобразительных Искусств им. А. Пушкина. Мос. Габриэль Г. 2009: Античные и христианские мотивы в византийском ювелирном искусстве. Труды / СПбГУКИ. – Т. 185. С. 169-175. С.-Петербург. Гопаченко А. 1999: Плутарх: Застольные беседы. Книга IV. Вопрос VIII. «Почему кольца с печатями принято носить на безымянном пальце» // Моралии: Сочинения. / С. 144-145.- 1120 с. — (Антология мысли). Мос. Залеская В. 1998: Прикладное искусство Византии IV–XII вв. в его отношении к античному наследию: диссертация в виде научного доклада. СПб., С. 15. Неверов О. 1976: Античные инталии в собрании Эрмитажа. Ленинград. 64 Пигулевская Н. 1956: Города Ирана в раннем средневековье. Мос.-Лен. Райс Т. 2006: Византия. Быт, религия, культура. Мос. Bivar A. 1963: Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum; Stamp Seals, II, London. Kitzinger E. 1988: Reflections on the Feast Cycle in Byzantine Art, Cahiers archeologiques 36. Paris. Vikan G. 1990: Art and Marriage, vol. 44. pp. 145-163. Harvard. Walker A. 2011: Myth and Magic in Early Byzantine Marriage Jewelry - The Persistence of PreChristian Traditions. The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe. Walters H. B. 1926: Catalogue of The Engraved Gems and Cameos Greek Etruscan and Roman in The British Muzeum. London. tabulebis aRweriloba: tab. I. 1. brinjaos saqorwino beWedi # 1691, ovalur farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT profilSi. korinTa, sakireebi, qvemo alevis eqspedicia, ormosamarxi #17. 2. #1691 beWdis anabeWdi. 3. #1691 beWedi. 4. brinjaos saqorwino beWedi #1636, ovalur farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT anfasSi, qvemo alevi, qvissamarxi # 39. 5.#1636 beWdis anabeWdi. 6. #1636 beWedi. 7. brinjaos beWedi #1683, ovalur farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT anfasSi, qvemo alevi, ormosamarxi #133. 8. #1683 beWdis anabeWdi. 9. #1683 beWedi. tab. II. 10. bizantiuri vercxlis saqorwino beWedi marTkuTxa farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT profilSi. 11. bizantiuri oqros saqorwino beWedi e.w. danikbuli rkaliT da marTkuTxa farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT profilSi. 12. bizantiuri oqros saqorwino beWdis marTkuTxa faraki wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT anfasSi. 13. bizantiuri oqros saqorwino beWedi wriul farakze wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT anfasSi. 14. bizantiuri oqros saqorwino beWedi ovalur farakze wyvilis figurebisa da maT Soris qristes gamosaxulebiT anfasSi. 15. bizantiuri oqros saqorwino beWdis marTkuTxa faraki wyvilis biustebis gamosaxulebiT anfasSi. 16. granatis (piropi) gema oqros balTaSi # 834. Oovalur intalioze wyvilis portretiT profilSi da warweriT: ,,karpaki, zevaxi, Cemi sicocxle”. armazisxevi, #1 sarkofagi. 17. sardionis gema oqros beWedSi, # 1187. ovalur intalioze wyvilis portretiT profilSi da warweriT: ,,matrona da kabriasi”. zRuderi, xis sarkofagi #1. 18. wyvilis portreti da qristianuli monograma maT zemoT nikolos intalioze, peterburgi, ermitaJi. tab. III. 19. wyvilis biustebis gamosaxuleba anfasSi saflavis qvaze, golgis nekropoli (kviprosi). 20. romaeli wyvilis (meuRleebis) biustebi maT saflavis qvaze. 65 66 67 68 samajurebi saqarTveloSi (Zv.w. VIII – ax.w. VII ss.) Nnana gogiberiZe samajurebi saqarTvelos arqeologiuri kompleqsebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli artefaqtia. maTi umravlesoba aRmoCenilia samarxebSi in situ micvalebulis zeda da qveda kidurebze da samkaulis erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens. Tumca amave formis nivTebis garkveuli jgufi sxva funqciis matarebladaa miCneuli. iseve, rogorc sxva arqeologiuri monapovari, samajurebi warmoadgens erTerT nivTier wyaros Sesabamisi sazogadoebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da sulieri cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis da Seicavs mdidar informacias sazogadoebaSi mimdinare nebismieri mniSvnelovani procesis Sesaxeb. maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis klasobrivi diferenciaciis, ganviTarebis donis, misi rogorc Sida, ise sagareo kontaqtebis da sxva mravali mniSvnelovani aspeqtis kvleva. samajurebi farTod gavrcelebuli samkaulia. mas atarebdnen rogorc qalebi, aseve mamakacebi da bavSvebi. isini mzaddeboda sxvadasxva masalisagan – liTonis, Zvlis, xisa da minisagan. gvxvdeba aseve sxvadasxva mZivebis asxmebi, romlebic micvalebulis majebze iyo Semoxveuli. liTonis samajurebi gvxvdeba mavTulovani da firfitovani, naWedi, Camosxmuli an Tegvis gziT damzadebuli, mrgvali, ovaluri an oTxkuTxa ganivkveTiT [Петренко 1978: 49], Sekruli an gaxsnili, mrgval an ovalurzurgiani da zurgSedrekili. Semkulobis TvalsazrisiT es nivTebi didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. uZvelesi amgvari nivTi saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebulia qvacxelebis (qarelis municipaliteti) samarovnis #2 samarxSi, romlis TariRi dRes Zv.w. meoTxe aTaswleulis bolo meoTxedze ufro adreuli xaniTaa daTariRebuli. esaa brinjaos spirali, romelic micvalebuls mklavze hqonda wamocmuli [Ghlonti da sxv. 2008: 155-156]. Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia brinjaos masiuri, sxvadaxva diametris Rerosagan damzadebuli sada an gravirebuli geometriuli ornamentiT dekorirebuli rgolebi an xviebi, romlebic dadasturebulia rogorc samarxeul inventarSi, ise ganZebSi. samarxebSi isini umTavresad micvalebulis fexebze an fexebTan aris aRmoCenili da fexis samkauladaa miCneuli. eSeris samarxSi aRmoCenil mcire zomis amgvar rgolebTan dakavSirebiT b. kuftini gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom Tuki es fexis samkaulia, isini bavSvobaSive ukeTdeboda bavSvs fexze da aRar exsneboda. SesaZlod miaCnia mas agreTve maTi sayureebad xmareba, rogorc es sumatris qalebis SemkulobaSi SeiniSneba. es ori ukanaskneli mTlianad sxmuli ar aris da Tixis gulgulazea damzadebuli, amdenad SedarebiT msubuqia. rac Seexeba or brinjaos rgols imave samarxidan, romlebic garegnulad sruliad ar gansxvavdeba aRwerili egzemplarebisagan, isini masiuria, mTlianad sxmuli da mZime (tab.I. sur. 1) [Куфтин 1948: 167]. ganZebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali amgvari nivTebi xSirad imdenad didi zomisaa da mZimea, rom samkaulad maTi xmareba imTaviTve dadga eWvis qveS. b. kuftins mohyavs magaliTad lelvaris fexis samajurebi, romlebic woniT eSeruls uaxlovdeba (erT asiriul minamde), Tumca Camouvardeba maT sisqiT da daxvewilobiT. eyrdnoba ra J. morganis informacias, igi aRniSnavs, rom radgan 69 isini micvalebuls fexebze hqonda wamocmuli zogjer 4-5 cali TiTo fexze woniT 4,5-5 kg-mde, saeWvoa imis varaudi, rom isini cocxali adamianis samkauls warmoadgenda da fiqrobs, rom isini ukve micvalebulis fexze iyo SemoWedili mWedlis mier, radgan zogierTi maTganis 7 sm-iani Sida diametri gamoricxavs maT adamianis fexze wamocmis SesaZleblobas. J. morgani maT ganixilavs, rogorc micvalebulis qonebas [Куфтин 1948: 167-168], rac, savsebiT logikurad gamoiyureba imdroindeli dakrZalvis wesebis fonze. brinjaos masiuri sada an geometriuli ornamentiT Semkuli rgolebi, e.w. sikilebi, romlebic monetebis gaCenamde vaWrobisas gacvlis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda [nioraZe 1948: 18-19], savsebiT gamodgeboda imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvisac. gvianbrinjaos xanisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze xSiria e.w. ganZebis daflvis faqtebi. maT movaWreTa an meliToneTa ganZebs uwodeben. orive SemTxvevaSi isini gacvlisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. Cveulebriv isini xeobebSi, savaWro gzebis gayolebaze iCens Tavs da dadasturebulia ZiriTadad aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos kulturebis Sexvedris adgilebSi [lorTqifaniZe 1978: 107-108]. Eam ganZebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis rogorc sada, ise geometriuli gravirebuli xazebisa da samkuTxedebisagan Sedgenili, e.w. parketuli ornamentiT Semkuli rgolebi (maT Soris iseTi mniSvnelovani ganZebSi, rogoricaa cxinvalis ganZi (Zv.w. VII -VI ss), (tab. I, sur. 2), Cabaruxis ganZi (Zv.w. VIII -VII ss), fasanauris, oyureSis ganZi leCxumidan) [ix. qoriZe 1965]. amgvari nivTebis SesaniSnavad dekorirebuli egzemplarebi momdinareobs liaxvis xeobidan (xce, stirfazi) (sami masiuri gaxsnili rgoli da erTi kisris rkali) da analogiuri nivTebi cxinvalis ganZidan da Teregvidan [Куфтин 1948: 28, sur. 8; 18, tab. XIV,1,2; tab. XVI], aseve suramidan, kexvidan da javisTavidan. gansxvavebulad aris dekorirebuli brinjaos masiuri rgoli erTmaneTze gadasuli TavebiT QqviSaridan, romelsac g. nioraZe rgol-monetas uwodebs da afrikaSi gamoyenebul manila-s analogad miiCnevs. am egzemplarze eqvsi reliefuri qedi xuT sibrtyedaa dayofili. rkalis TiTeuli zoli sxvadasxva ornamentiTaa Semkuli - winwklebiT Sevsebuli rombebisa da spiralebis monacvleobiT [nioraZe 1948: 19]. ganZebis garda amgvari artefaqtebi aRmoCenilia samarxeul kompleqsebSic, rac axali monacemebis Suqze maTi TariRebis dazustebis saSualebas iZleva. ase, samTavros samarovanze 1939 w. gaTxrili #42 samarxis samajuri (tab I, sur. 3) saSualebas iZleva samarxis TariRi, romelic samarovnis zogadi TariRis mixedviT Zv.w. XI-VI ss. qronologiur CarCoebSia moqceuli [kalandaZe 1982: 77-79], dakonkretdes da masSi aRmoCenili keramikuli WurWlisa da brinjaos sakinZis safuZvelze Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. ganisazRvros. msgavsi ornamentiTaa gaformebuli masiuri rgolebi nacargoris samarovnis (xaSuris municipeliteti) #11 samarxidan (tab.I, sur.4), romlis TariRi gansazRvrulia I aTasw. pirveli naxevriT [ramiSvili 1995: 70]. samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos sakinZebi saSualebas gvaZlevs samarxis TariRi ganvsazRvroT arauadres Zv.w. VIII saukunisa. amave ornaments vxvdebiT brinjaos masiur rgolebze narekvavis samarovnidan [oqropiriZe 1963: 216-217], romelTa analogiebis TariRi gansazRvrulia gvianbrinjaos xaniT [jafariZe 1950: 105]. werovani II samarovanze 1979 w. gamovlenil #5 ormosamarxis inventarSi, romelic gvianbrinjaos samarxebis jgufSia moqceuli [sadraZe 1989: 83, sur. 545, 546], analogiuri rgolebi dadasturebulia NniCbisisxevis dangreuli samarxebis 70 inventarSi da daTariRebulia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xaniT [afaqiZe, nikolaiSvili, 1987: 122, tab. LXXXII]. gansxvavebuli ornamentia datanili borniRelis samarovnis #92 samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos masiur samajurebze [RambaSiZe, kviJinaZe 1991: 31, tab. 65, 27, 28], (tab. I, sur. 5). igi Sedgenilia wyvil zolebs Soris moqceuli ganivi zolebisa da iribi badiseburi ornamentiT Semkuli monakveTebis monacvleobiT. TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, zemoxsenebul ganZebSi da samarovnebze ornamentirebul rgolebTan erTad dadasturebulia brinjaos sada masiuri rgolebi. Cveulebriv isini mrgvalganivkveTiania, TanabarReroiani. Tumca gvxvdeba ovalurzurgiani, Sida mxares dabrtyelebuli, boloCamoWrili masiuri samajurebi sagangebod mogluvebuli zedapiriT. amgvari aRmoCnda oyureSis da woisis ganZebSi da daTariRebulia Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. [Miron, Orthmann, 1995: 287, N238]. brinjaos TanabarganivkveTiani, boloCamoWrili da dabrtyelebuli, bolodaviwroebuli, gaxsnili rgolebi aRmoCnda mzeTamzes samarovanze (borjomis munic.). maT Soris umetesoba Rerodabrtyelebulia, nawili ki mrgvalReroiani. maTi TariRi gansazRvrulia Zv.w. VII-VI ss. [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 370, N294]. Zv.w.VII-VI ss. daTariRebulia dmanisSi aRmoCenili brinjaos ovaluri formis gravirebuli samajurebi, romlebic warmoadgens orad moRunul, mTlian mrgvalganivkveTian Reros [Gambashidze 2002 :394, #345 b, c]. amave xanaSi gvxvdeba ovaluri, erTmaneTze bologadasuli, rombulReroiani samajurebi gareTa sibrtyeebze gravirebuli samkuTxedebiT an iribi naWdevebiT, aseve mrgvalReroiani samajurebi zurgze ganivad daRaruli monakveTebiT.A amgvari aRmoCnda TbilisSi, saburTaloze da daTariRebulia VIII-VI ss. farglebSi [qoriZe 1958: 43, tab. VIII]. sruliad gamorCeulia brinjaos Sekruli masiuri rgolebi mrgvalganivkveTian Reroze ZaRlebis gamosaxulebebis rigiT Tlias samarovnis #39 samarxidan (Zv.w. VII s.) (tab. I, sur. 6) [fancxava 1988: 67; Техов, 1980. tab. 44, 23-24; ramiSvili 2011: 263, tab. III, 6].) M mrgvalbrtyeli rgolebi boloebze parketuri ornamentiT aRmoCnda micvalebulis fexebTan samTavros samarovnis #84 samarxSi. aqve iyo rombulganivkveTiani sada rgolebi [kalandaZe 1982: 16-17, sur. 57-62, 67], romelTa TariRi winaantikur xanaSia moqceuli. brinjaos samajurebi da masiuri rgolebi aRmoCnda ergetas samarovanze #2 ormoSi, romelTa TariRi, T. miqelqaZis azriT, ar scildeba Zv.w. VII s. farglebs [miqelaZe 1982: 87, tab. XXXIII, 31-40], samajurebi gaxsnilia da bologawvrilebuli. analogiuri sada samajurebi dadasturebulia dRvabas samarovanze (xobis r-ni) da Zv. w. VII s meore naxevriT - VI s-Taa daTariRebuli [miqelaZe, papuaSvili 1991: 6, sur. 152, 1-13]. gviani brinjao - adreuli rkinis xanaSi samajurebi arc Tu ise bevr Zeglze gvxvdeba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia VII-VI ss. daTariRebuli mzeTamzes ganZi (borjomis munic.), sadac aTeulobiT rkagaxsnili ovalur an mooTxkuTxoganivkveTiani samajuri aRmoCnda, romelTa boloebze TiTqos cxovelis stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi Cndeba [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 370]. Zv.w. VIII s-dan xmarebaSi Semodis aseve brtyeli, liTonis firfitisagan damzadebuli samajurebi. maT Soris yuradRebas iqcevs brinjaos furclisagan damzadebuli wiboebiani samajuri – manJeti eSeris dangreuli samarxidan (tab. I, sur. 7), romelsac b. kuftini volgispireTisa da dasavleTevropuli paralelebis safuZvelze II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT aTariRebs [Куфтин 1949: 161, 164]. 71 erTwiboiani ovalurzurgiani samajurebi daxveuli boloebiT aRmoCnda oyureSis (leCxumi), ojolis ganZebisa da brilisa da Tlias samarovnis masalebSi (tab. I, sur. 8) da Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. farglebSi Tavsdeba [qoriZe 1965: 117, 119; Техов 1977: 160-161, sur.109]. brinjaos boloCamoWrili qediani samajuri mrgvalganivkveTiani orad moRunuli mavTulisagan damzadebul samajurTan erTad aRmoCnda sof. ganTiadSi da daTariRebulia Zv.w. VII-VI ss. [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 394 a, #345]. brinjaos brtyeli, boloebdaxveuli, zedxedSi ovaluri samajurebi zurgze zolebiTa da frCxiliseburi gravirebuli xazebiT, jvaredini da wertilovani ornamentiT aRmoCnda werovanis samarovanze, romelic gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xaniTaa daTariRebuli (sam. ##26, 79) [sadraZe 1989: 92, 140, sur. 627, 1024]. brinjaos brtyeli boloebCaxveuli, TanabarReroiani samajuri zurgze gravirebuli wiwvovani da spiraluri ornamentiT aRmoCnda merxeulis samarovanzec da mravalricxovani paralelebis safuZvelze (wiTeli Suqura, Zv.w. VII-VI ss.; guadixu, Zv.w. VI s.; quCuq-stamboli; gudauTis sxvadasxva punqtebi Zv.w. VII s.; soxumis mTis kremaciuli samarxi; paluri, Zv.w. VII-VI ss. mijna.) daTariRebulia amave qronologiuri monakveTiT [baramiZe 1977: 51; tab. VI, 19]. amgvarad, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze gavrcelebulia masiuri, mrgvali an ovaluri formis rkalgaxsnili, sxmuli, geometriuli ornamentiT Semkuli an uornamento, mrgvali, rombuli an mgvalbrtyeli ganivkveTis mqone samajurebi, romelTa msgavsebic iSviaTad, magram mainc iCens Tavs mTeli sakvlevi epoqis ganmavlobaSi. amave xanaSi gvxvdeba sxvadasxva, SedarebiT ufro mcire ganivkveTis mavTulisagan damzadebuli bologawvrilebuli samajurebic (tab. I, sur. 9 a, b, g, d). zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganxiluli xanis masala ar gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiT. Tumca, viTareba radikalurad icvleba antikuri xanisaTvis. gavrcelebas iwyebs ovaluri an wriuli formis mrgvalganivkveTiani, masiurReroiani samajurebi, romelTa boloebze moTavsebulia Tanabari Rerosagan mkveTrad gamoyofili cxovelis Tavebis realisturi an stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosTvis uZvelesi amgvari artefaqti momdinareobs ergetas samarovnidan da daTariRebulia Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-iT [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 71]. Zv.w. V s-dan samajurebis asortimenti mkvTrad izrdeba da farTod vrceldeba mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze. IV s-dan dasturdeba samajurebis axali forma – zurgSedrekili samajurebi [Кигурадзе 1976: 51] saintereso suraTi mogvca cxovelebis gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli samajurebis analizma. maT Soris gvxvdeba rogorc realisturi, ise Zlier stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi, Tumca specifikuri elementebis saSualebiT maTi amocnoba mainc xerxdeba. rogorc aRmoCnda, maTze sul ramdenime cxovels gamosaxavdnen: cxvars, zurgze yurebgadawyobil balaxismWamel cxovels (qurciki, jixvi, xbo), fantastiur drakonismagvar cxovels da fafrian cxovels, romelsac fafari Suaze aqvs gadayofili. rig SemTxvevaSi es lomis gamosaxulebaa, Tumca SedarebiT mogvianebiT Cndeba da ufro gvianelinisturi xanisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [Amandry 1985: 11-15]. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT Soris ar aris gvelis gamosaxulebebi [dawvr. samajurebis tipologiasa da qronologiaze ix. Гогиберидзе 2003: 17-18; gogiberiZe 2021], es ucnauria, radgan gvelis gamosaxulebebi sakmaod popularulia adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT 72 ki kolxur-yobanur kulturaSi. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Zv.w. V s-dan xdeba Zireuli Zvrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenebSi da saqme gvaqvs aqemenidur gavlenebTan, miT ufro, rom yvela zemoCamoTvlili cxovelis gamosaxulebebi damaxasiaTebelia swored aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, sadac, berZnuli kulturis nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT, aseve ar gvxvdeba samkaulze gvelis gamosaxulebebi. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom V-III ss-Si saqarTvelo moqceulia aqemeniduri rwmena-warmodgenebis gavrcelebis arealSi, rac gamoixateba importuli prototipebis adgilobriv gadamuSvebaSi da maT stilizaciaSi yvelasaTvis gasagebi elementebis _ simboloebis doneze. niSandoblivia, rom zogierTi siuJetis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli qronologiuri wyvetili SeiniSneba, rac imaze unda metyvelebdes, rom igi uwyveti saxiT arsebobs saqarTvelos farglebs gareT da aq periodulad impulsebis saxiT Semodis [Гогиберидзе 2003: 77; gogiberiZe 2021]. rac Seexeba cxovelisTaviani samajurebis gavrcelebis areals, isini cnobilia vunidan, amudariis ganZidan, siriidan, nipuridan. ormagi gamosaxuleba amkobs karlsrues muzeumSi dacul oqros samajurebs [Amandry 1985: 14, 20, 12,1 3, tab. 10-12, 11, 21, 22, 26-29]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze realisturad Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli, aSkarad importuli samajurebi dadasturebulia vanis #6 da #11 samarxebSi (tab. I, sur. 10, a, b, g, d) [lorTqifaniZe 1972: 7-48], romlebic aqemeniduri xelovnebis nimuSadaa miCneuli [Wyonia 1981: 47-48]. gamosaxulebis modelirebis TvalsazrisiT xbos Tavebi, vanis #6 samarxis oqros samajurze, romlis uaxloes analogiebad vunis samajurebia miCneuli [Amandry 1985: 14; Wyonia 1981: 48], Zalian hgavs fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s-is berZnuli samarovnis #57 samarxis vercxlis zurgSedrekili samajurebis gamosaxulebebs, romlebzec xbos realisturad Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebia moTavsebuli [kaxiZe: 2007. sur 82,5]. amave samarovanze dadasturebulia xbos Tavebis stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli vercxlis samajurebis mTeli wyeba (tab. I, sur. 11, 10, b, g, d). maTze cxovelis gamosaxulebis stilizacia arc ise Sorsaa realisturi prototipebisagan. gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans zurgze gadawyobili yurebi – am jgufis samajurebis mTavari saklasifikacio niSani [Гогиберидзе 2003: 20; gogiberiZe 2021]. fiWvnaris samarovnis xbosTaviani samajurebis nawili zurgSedrekilia (samarxebi ##10, 34, 57, 76), nawili ki ovalurzurgiani (sam. ##9, 35, 107, 110) [kaxiZe 2007: 82,5]. asakis TvalsazrisiT fiWvnaruli egzemplarebi win uswrebs vanis samajurebs, romlebic Zv.w. IV s. pirveli naxevris [Wyonia 1981: 46], ufro ki amave saukunis dasawyisis kompleqsSia aRmoCenili. danarCeni fiWvnaruli calebi stilizebulia, Tumca maTze gamosaxulebis gamocnoba arc ise Znelia. sul sxvagvaradaa saqme aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac amave gamosaxulebis stilizaciis procesi imdenad Sorsaa wasuli, rom misi amocnoba Zneli iqneboda, Tu ara am gamosaxulebisaTvis aucilebeli ramdenime detali, romelic, rogorc wesi, yvela SemTxvevaSi aris warmodgenili [dawvr. tipologiis Sesaxeb ix. Гогиберидзе 2003: 77; gogiberiZe 2021], Tumca am ukanasknelTa uadresi nimuSebi mainc ufro axlos dgas fiWvnarul stilizebul calebTan da, vfiqrobT, swored aqedan vrceldeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tanac ara imdenad TviT nakeTobebi, ramdenadac is idea, romlis matarebladac es gamosaxulebebi iTvleboda. FfiWvnarSi realisturi prototipebis Semotana siriis gziT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, sadac moxda maTi gadamuSaveba da gavrceleba jer 73 aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos teritoriaze (beSTaSeni, manglisi, kamaraxevi, yazbegi da sxv.). saintereso Sedegs iZleva verZis gamosaxulebiani samajurebis analizi. amgvari realisturi gamosaxulebebi arc Tu ise xSirad gvxvdeba. oqros ovalurzurgiani verZisTaviani samajuri dadasturebulia fiWvnaris V s. daTariRebuli berZnuli samarovnis #245 samarxSi [kaxiZe 2007: 357]. sof. ComeTSi kolxuri monetebis ganZTan erTad aRmoCnda vercxlis ovalurzurgiani verZisTavebiani samajuri (tab. I, sur. 12) [Гогиберидзе 2003: 77; gogiberiZe 2021, sur. 12]. aseve ovalurzurgiania vanis #11 samarxis oqros verZisTaviani wyvili samajuri (tab. I, sur. 13) [Wyonia 1981: 47, kat. 53, sur. 7], Tumca es ukanasknelni stiliT sruliad gansxvavdeba zemoxsenebulebisagan. oqros verZisTaviani zurgSedrekili samajuri aRmoCnda sairxis samarovnis #8 samarxSi (tab. I, sur. 14) [nadiraZe 1990: 49-50]. modelirebis TvalsazrisiT igi Zalze axlos dgas fiWvnaruli samajurisa da vanis #11 samarxis oqros verZisTavebiani yelsabamis gamosaxulebebTan [Wyonia 1981, tab. 13, 9]. yvela xsenebul egzemplarze sagangebodaa aRniSnuli cxovelis Semsxvilebuli drunCi, rqebs Soris are maxvilkuTxa samkuTxedis saxiT da daRaruli rqebi. Rarebi samkuTxedis wverosaken aris mimarTuli. cxovelis Tavebi rqebTan gafarTovebulia da Tanabari Rerosagan mkveTradaa gamoyofili. am detalebze ase dawvrilebiT imitom vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rom isini Tavs iCens saqarTvelos teritoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki qvemo qarTlSi farTod gavrcelebul samajurebze (beSTaSeni, sanTa), romlebic Tavis droze swored am niSnebis mixedviT verZis stilizebul gamosaxulebad iqna miCneuli (tab. I, sur. 15 a, b, g) [Гогиберидзе 2003: 77; gogiberiZe 2021, sur. 3-17] da romelTa prototipebad swored zemoaRwerilis msgavsi realisturi gamosaxulebebi vigulisxmeT, xolo aRniSnuli detalebi stilizaciisas iqca im, yvelasTvis gasageb simboloebad, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda stilizebuli gamosaxulebis identifikacia. amgvarad Semkuli samajurebi saqarTveloSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba (didi lilo, dablagomis ganZi, vanis samarxi #11, mTa iaSTxva) (tab. I, sur. 16). amgvari aRmoCnda fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s. kolxuri samarovnis #293 samarxSic [kaxiZe, vikersi 2004: 19, sur. 66]. amdenad, ikveTeba Semdegi suraTi: realisturi gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli samajurebi Semodis saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxreTis gziT, es idea vrceldeba da iwyeba gamosaxulebebis stilizaciis procesi, Cndeba adgilobrovi sawarmoo centrebi, saidanac es produqcia gadis sxva raionebSi da SesaZloa, realistur gamosaxulebebTan Tanaarsebobs. statistikis mixedviT aseTi centris arseboba beSTaSenis midamoebSia sagulisxmo, radgan aq es nivTebi ufro Warbadaa warmodgenili, vidre sxvagan. sainteresoa am nivTebis gavrcelebis geografia. ise Cans, rom isini sawarmoo centridan sxiviseburad vrceldeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT: QaWarisken (fiWvnari), qarTlisken (didi lilo), imereTisken (vani), afxazeTisken (mTa iaSTxva), aqedan ki SesaZloa, kavkasionis qeds gaRmac, sadac isini ukve kargavs Tavis saklasifikacio elementebs da marTlac gvelis gamosaxulebebs (v. petrenkos gansazRvrebiT) emsgavseba. aq maTi uadresi nimuSebi Zv.w. IV s., xolo ugvianesi Zv.w. III s. Semdegac ganagZobs arsebobas [Петренко 1978: 52-53]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli egzemplarebis Semcveli yvela kompleqsi Zv.w. V s. ganekuTvneba. es gvaZlevs saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom am samajurebis forma skviTur samyaroSi saqarTvelos teritoriidanaa moxvedrili, xolo rac Seexeba gamosaxulebis Sinaarss, igi gaugebari darCa, 74 gamosaxulebam dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloebic gaqra [Гогиберидзе 2003: 47]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze verZisTavebiani samajuris ugvianes nimuSad sairxis zurgSedrekili samajuri gvevlineba. igi saerTod erTob Taviseburia da winare xanis nimuSebisagan gansxvavadeba saerTo formiT da gaformebis detalebiT. rogorc Cans, verZis simbolur mniSvnelobas jer ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba iq, saidinac igi Semoitanes da igi impulsis saxiT kvlav Semodis saqarTveloSi Zv.w. IV s-Si. es gamosaxulebebi kvlav Cndeba gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis mijnaze. amgvarad, erTi siuJetis magaliTze SegviZlia vimsjeloT ucxouri gavlenebis niadagze adgilobrivi nimuSebis warmoSobisa da maTi Semdgomi gavrcelebis gzebze, rogorc saqarTvelos farglebSi, ise mis farglebs gareT, magaliTad skviTebis teritoriaze. cxovelis gamosaxulebiani TanabarReroiani samajurebidan aRsaniSnavia oqros unikaluri samajurebi taxis gamosaxulebiT vanis #11 samarxidan (tab. II sur. 17) [Wyonia 1981: 47]. Zv.w. IVs Sua xanebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze vrceldeba e.w. drakonisTavebiani samajurebi. amgvari dadasturebulia yazbegis, dablagomis, vanis, dafnaris samarovnebis masalebSi (tab. II, sur. 18, a, b, g) [Гогиберидзе 2003: 26]. am gamosaxulebebis Semdgom stilizacias, b. kuftinis azriT, warmoadgens samajurebis mTeli seria simetriulad ganlagebuli prizmatuli SemsxvilebebiT (tab. II, sur. 19), romlebic aseve dafnaris da dablagomis masalebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da gvxvdeba guadixus, fiWvnaris da vanis samarxeul kompleqsebSi [gogiberiZe 2021]. gvianelinistur xanaSi cxovelis Tavebis gamosaxulebebi sul ufro met stilizacias ganicdis. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia nivTebma, romelTa saklasifikacio niSnad Rerosagan sagangebod gamoyofili, daRaruli burcobebiT Sevsebuli Semsxvilebebi (e.w. Pperlenschnur) miviCnieT. es ornamenti sxvadasxva saxis samkaulze gvxvdeba _ diademebze, gvergvebze, fibulebze, samajurebze, sakinZebsa da ilarebze [Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 159-176; 175-184, gogiberiZe 2021]. aRiniSna, rom es ornamenti sakmaod kanonikuria da Sedgeba ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli elementisagan (waxnagovani Rero, daRaruli burcobebi, texili xazebis erTi an ramdenime rigi, ganlagebuli waxnagovani Reros wiboebis Sesabamisad). amgvari ornamentiT Semkuli uZvelesi NnivTebi (Bbrinjaos sakinZebi) momdinareobs luristanuli masalebidan da daTariRebulia Zv.w. XI-X ss-iT [Vander Berghe 1982: 83, 158, sur. 261]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze am ornamentis gamoyenebis uZvelesi nimuSebi dadasturebulia vanis #11 samarxis oqros diademaze, sadac igi moTavsebulia Sesakravsa da rombul firfitas Soris da oqros fibulis rkalze amave kompleqsidan. samarxis TariRi Zv.w. V s. Sua xanebiTaa gansazRvruli [lorTqifaniZe 1972: 225, sur. 176]. momdevno xanebSi es ornamenti damoukidebeli dekoris saxiT gvxvdeba vanis #6 samarxis oqros (tab. II, sur. 20 b, g, d) [Wyonia 1981: 46, sur. 49,50,51], fiWvnaris [kaxiZe, vikersi 2004: sur. 245], sairxis [nadiraZe 1990: 63, tab. 33, 11] da yazbegis samarovnis brinjaos fibulebze [wiTlanaZe 1976; Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 177-181]. igi dadasturebulia ilarebisa da sakinZebis SemkulobaSi [Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 183-184; gogiberiZe 2008: 7, 12, gogiberiZe 2021], sakmaod gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva liTonisagan damzadebuli samajurebis amgvarad dekorireba [gogiberiZe 1986: 154-167; 75 Гогиберидзе 2003: 37-40; gogiberiZe 2021, II jgufis I qvejgufi, amave jgufs miekuTvneba vercxlis samajurebi fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s. berZnuli samarovnidan [kaxiZe 2007: 263, sur. 30, 9, 72, 7]. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela zemoxsenebuli egzemplarisagan gansxvavebiT, es ukanasknelni zurgSedrekili ar aris da am ornamentiT Semkuli, saqarTvelosaTvis uZvelesi nivTebis jgufs uaxlovdeba (igulisxmeba vanis #11 samarxis diadema da fibula). rac Seexeba TviT ornaments. es ornamenti Zalze waagavs “barsoms” (Rerebis Sekvras) [gagoSiZe, gogiberiZe 1996], romelic zoroastrul sakulto ritualTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gansakuTrebuli msgavseba SeiniSneba amudariis ganZSi dadasturebuli qurumis vercxlis mcire zomis qandakebis atributTan, romelic mas xelT upyria [Зеймаль 1979: 34, 1] da romelic o. daltonis mier swored barsomadaa moxseniebuli. Tumca r. girSmani mas yvavilis gamosaxulebad miiCnevs. Cveni azriT, o. daltonis interpretacia ufro damajereblad gamoiyureba. qandakebis TariRi mkvlevarTa mier gansazRvrulia Zv.w. V s-isa da IV s-is qronologiur CarCoebSi [Зеймаль 1979: 34,1]. xSirad es samajurebi erT kompleqts Seadgens amgvaradve Semkul gvergvebTan (mag. vanis #16 samarxi). yvela SemTxvevaSi am variantis samajurebis TariRi ar scildeba Zv.w. IV - III s-is dasawyisis farglebs [dawvr. ix. Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 105115, 159-166, 175-184; gogiberiZe 2021], Tumca, maTi qronologiuri diapazoni gafarTovda fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s. berZnul samarovanze ovalurzurgiani samajurebis aRmoCenis xarjze. rogorc aRvniSneT, Semkobis es xerxi gamoyenebulia sxva daniSnulebis samkaulzec (ilarebi, sakinZebi, mSvildsakinZebi). amgvarad, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom “barsomis” gamosaxuleba aRmosavluri kulturis nasesxobas unda warmoadgendes da ramdenadac arc kolxur diademebs da arc Sesakravian gvergvebs saqarTvelos zemoCamoTvlili mxareebis farglebs gareT paralelebi ar eZebneba, savaraudoa, rom es simbolo SeTvisebuli da gadamuSavebuli iqna adgilobrivi kulturis mier, romlis wiaRSic didi xania arsebobda diademebisa da sakisre rkalebis tradicia. eleqtrumis samajuri algeTis mdidruli samarxidan (qvemo qarTlSi am ornamentis erTaderTi dadastureba) gamoirCeva damzadebis gansxvavebuli teqnikiT (tab. II, sur. 21). mis zurgSedrekil Reroze Semokrulia eleqtrumis Txeli gofrirebuli firfita. amgvarive gofrirebuli firfita gvxvdeba axalgoris ganZis wriuli burTulebiani sayureebis [Smirnov 1934, tab. III, 24] da sairxis #1 samarxis oqros sayuresa da oqros mZivebis gaformebaSi [nadiraZe 1990: 71-72; tab. 34, 8, 7]. igive teqnikaa gamoyenebuli sairxis sakisre rkalze, romlis spilenZis Reroze wamocmulia gofrirebuli mooqruli firfita. am nivTis uaxloes paralels j. nadiraZe Zv.w. IV s etruskuli xelovnebis nimuSebSi xedavs [nadiraZe 1990: 85; tab. 39, 3]. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenadaa es nivTebi dakavSirebuli etruskul samyarosTan. faqti ki is aris, rom amgvarad damzadebuli nivTebi aRmoCenilia rogorc aRmosavleT (algeTis mdidruli samarxi, axalgoris ganZi), ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi (sairxe) da misi Tavisebureba erT sawarmoo centrze unda miuTiTebdes, romelic saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mdebareobda, radgan saoqromWedlo nawarmiT Zalze mdidar saqarTveloSi am xerxiT damzadebuli nivTebis xvedriTi wona Zalze mcirea. sainteresoa aseve rkinis burcobebiani samajurebis gavrcelebis areali da qronologia. isini dadasturebulia qvemo qarTlis (gomareTi, kikeTi, kuSCi, eco, 76 papigora, Savsaydara, bogvisxevi) [davlianiZe 1983; gagoSiZe 1982; SatberaSvili 1999; margiSvili, narimaniSvili 2004; TuSiSvili 1970], Sida qarTlis (kavTisxevi, kamaraxevi, taxtiZiri, varsimaanTkari) [nakaiZe 1980; jRarkava 1982; gagoSiZe 1977; gogiberiZe 2008; wiTlanaZe 1983.] da zemo imereTis (iTxvisi, modinaxe) [gagoSiZe, gogiberiZe 2006; nadiraZe 1975] Zeglebze. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom maTi umravlesoba ovalurzurgiania. gvxvdeba zurgSedrekili calebic, rolebsac siganeSi ganziduli forma axasiaTebs, rac zurgSedrekili samajurebis adreuli nimuSebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. maTi koncentracia CamoTvlil Zeglebze Zv.w. IV s. pirvel naxevarSi maT adgilobriobaze da saqarTvelos am regionebSi erTiani materialuri kulturis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiWvnaris samarovanze amgvari samajurebis aRmoCenis faqti ar dasturdeba. zemoaRwerili samkaulis paralelurad arsebobas ganagrZobs brtyelReroiani samajurebi. aseTebia cxovelis Tavebis reliefuri stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli ovaluri samajuri zenuri ornamentiT vanis #11 samarxidan (tab. II, sur. 22) [Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 159-176; 175-184, gogiberiZe 2021, sur. 57-61, 66-67], cxovelis gravirebuli gamosaxulebebiTa da zenuri ornamentiT Semkuli samajuri brilidan (Zv.w. IV s) (tab. II, sur. 23). saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili antikuri xanis samajurebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia dekoris samkaulis boloebze an mTels Reroze simetriulad ganlageba, Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi morTuloba rkalis centralur nawilSia moTavsebuli. aseTia, magaliTad, brinjaos samajuri manglisis #1 akldamidan (tab. I, sur. 24), romelzedac boloebze ganlagebuli cxovelis sqematuri gamosaxuleba rkalis Sua nawilSi erTmaneTis pirispiraa ganTavsebuli [Гогиберидзе 2003, sur. 24, gogiberiZe 2021, sur. 36]. Semkobis amave xerxs vxvdebiT e.w. “drakonisTavebian” samajurebzec [Гогиберидзе 2003: 25, gogiberiZe 2021, sur. 37, 38-39]. am SemTxvevaSic gamosaxulebebi ar gansxvavdeba boloebze moTavsebuli gamosaxulebebisagan da ar aris amovardnili ornamentaciis erTiani ritmuli Targidan. am mxriv sruliad gansxvavebulia fiWvnaris elinisturi xanis samarovanze aRmoCenili samajuri (tab. II, sur. 25), romlis boloebi daRaruli burcobebiTaa Semkuli, rkalis Sua nawilSi ki Casmulia ovaluri faraki, romelzedac moTavsebulia gema _ bologaSlili frinveli, naxevarmTvare da vardulia gamosaxuli [kaxiZe, vaSakiZe, 2010: 66, sur.159,1]. faraki darCilulia waxnagovan, Tanabari zomis mavTulze, romlis boloebze ganlagebulia irgvlivi RarebiT SemosazRvruli daRaruli burcobi. msgavsi boloebi axasiaTebs, axalgoris ganZis oqros ovalurzurgian samajurebs [Smirnov 1934: tab. I, a, b: gogiberiZe 2003: 39, sur. 113]. rac Seexeba frinvelis da naxevarmTvaris gamosaxulebas, es siuJeti farTodaa gavrcelebuli elinistur xanaSi. analogiuri samajurebis mTeli wyeba aRmoCnda awyuris samarovanze, Zv. w. IV s-iTaa daTariRebuli da, avtoris azriT, an Semotanilia aqemeniduri samyarodan, an adgilobrivadaa damzadebuli aqemeniduri kulturis gavleniT [Licheli 2007: 59, sur. 4, 5; liCeli 2011: 38-39] rogorc irkveva, Zv.w. IV s-Tvis damaxasiaTebelia am kategoriis nivTebis gansakuTrebuli mravalferovneba. rogorc Cans, swored am periodSi xdeba maTi warmoebis farTod aTviseba da formaTa mravalgvaroba Ziebisa da Camoyalibebis procesis amsaxvelia. Zv.w. III s-Si maRali raodenobrivi maCveneblis fonze maTi asortimenti sagrZnoblad klebulobs, rac am produqciis xelosnobis doneze standartizaciaze unda miuTiTebdes. 77 gvianelinistur xanaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli zurgSedrekili samajurebi boloebze fafriani cxovelis Zlier stilizebuli gamosaxulebiT, romelTa saklasifikacio niSania cxovelis Tavisa da kisris areSi sigrZiv datanili Rari (tab. III, sur. 28, a, b). amgvarebi mravlad gvxvdeba samTavros, dablagomis, dafnaris, zemofarcxmis da sxva samarovnebis qvevrsamarxebSi [Tolordava 1980]. samTavros qvevrsamarxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aseve zurgSedrekili, konusiseburad boloSemsxvilebuli samajurebi (tab. III, sur. 29, a, b). Zv.w. III-I saukuneebSi aseve farTodaa gavrcelebuli zurgSedrekili samajurebi Tanabar Reroze ganlagebuli sxvadasxva raodenobis ovaluri burcobebiT (tab. III, sur. 30, a, b, g). amgvari artefaqtebi dadasturebulia fiWvnaris, dablagomis, dafnaris, zemofarcxmis, guadixus, yazbegis, Toxliauris da sxva samarovnebze [gogiberiZe 2003: 40-41]. Zv.w. I s-dan mTeli romauli xanis ganmavlobaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul tips warmoadgens bologadaxveuli samajurebi, romlebic dadasturebulia rogorc mdidrul, ise rigiT samarxebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Zeglebze: armazisxevi [afaqiZe, gobejiSvili 1955, sur. 139, 6] arkneTi [jafariZe 1956, sur. 4], duSeTi [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 446], Weremi [mamaiaSvili, javaxiSvili 1984, tab. XXXI, XXXVI] da sxv. romaul xanaSi farTod vrceldeba saxsrovani, xSirad TvlebiT Semkuli samajurebi (tab.III, sur. 31 a. b). amgvari nivTebi dadasturda dedoflis goraze [gogiberiZe 2008, kat. #161, 162], armazisxevSi [afaqiZe, gobejiSvili 1955, sur. 139, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8] biWvinTaSi [didi pitiunti 1978, tab. 256] da sxv. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili antikuri xanis samajurebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia dekoris samkaulis boloebze an mTels Reroze simetriulad ganlageba, Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi morTuloba rkalis centralur nawilSia moTavsebuli. aseTia, magaliTad, brinjaos samajuri manglisis #1 akldamidan, romelzedac boloebze ganlagebuli cxovelis sqematuri gamosaxuleba rkalis Sua nawilSi erTmaneTis pirispiraa ganTavsebuli [Гогиберидзе 2003: 24, sur. 36]. Semkobis amave xerxs vxvdebiT e.w.” drakonisTavebian” samajurebzec [Гогиберидзе 2003: 25, sur. 37, 38-39]. am SemTxvevaSic gamosaxulebebi ar gansxvavdeba boloebze moTavsebuli gamosaxulebebisagan da ar aris amovardnili ornamentaciis erTiani ritmuli Targidan. mTavari dekoratiuli elementis samkaulis centralur nawilSi gadmotana SemdgomSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia. ase magaliTad, Jinvalisa da riyianebis velis vercxlis mavTulovani bologadaxveuli samajurebis centralur ornaments herakles kvanZi warmoadgens. orive nivTi Cv.w. I s-is samarxebidan [mirianaSvili 1983: 41, sur. 23] momdinareobs [Gambashidze da sxv. 2002: 444, 446] (tab.III, sur. 26, a). amave samarovnis #16 samarxSi aRmoCnda boloebgadaxveuli samajuri, romlis centrSi saxsrebis saSualebiT mimagrebuli iyo ovaluri Tvalbude masSi Casmuli minis intalioTi _ qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba [mirianaSvili 1983: 40, sur. 21] (tab. III, sur. 27). amave konstruqciis samajurebi sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia romauli xanisaTvis samajurebis didi mravalferovnebisa da importuli nakeTobebis simravlis fonze. nawilebis saxsrovani SeerTeba axasiaTebs aseve oqros samajurebs armazisxevis #2 samarxidan (tab. III, sur. 31, a, b), sadac centralur elements aseve almandinis Tvali warmoadgens [afaqiZe, gobejiSvili 1955, sur. 139, 4, 5]. dekorirebis amave princips vxvdebiT kameebiT Semkul oqros samajurebze bagineTis mdidruli samarxidan [Miron, Orthmann 1995: 176, kat. #180], aseve giSris, 78 oqros badeSi Casmuli almandinebiani aplikaciiT Semkul samajurze [Nacional Treasures 1999, 102] (tab. III, sur. 32). samajurze centraluri dekoris SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens nefritze aTena paladas gamosaxulebiani samajuri samTavrodan (tab. III, sur. 33) [afaqiZe, gobejiSvili 1955, sur. 139, 3.]. rac Seexeba samajurebis konstruqcias, elementebis saxsrovani SeerTeba saerTod damaxasiaTebelia romauli xanis saiuveliro nawarmisaTvis. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba oqros samajurebi mcxeTidan [afaqiZe, gobejiSvili 1955, sur. 139,1,2,8], biWvintidan [didi pitiunti 1978, tab. 256]. romaul xanaSi samajurebis asortimenti Zalze farToa. centralur ornamentiani samajurebis gverdiT arsebobas ganagrZobs gaxsnili, ovaluri, uornamento samajurebi Tanabari waxnagovani ReroTi [lorTqifaniZe, miqelaZe 1980: 5] gvianantikur xanaSi arsebobas ganagrZobs firfitovani samajurebic. JinvalSi da brilSi aRmoCenili amgvari samajurebi aSkarad ukavSirdeba dekorirebis Zvel adgilobriv tradiciebs, rac gamoixateba gravirebuli samkuTxedebis da zenuri ornamentis gamoyenebaSi [Gambashidze 2002, 436-439] (tab. III, sur. 34). brtyeli samajurebidan aRsaniSnavia aseve verZis Tavis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli samajurebi aragvis xeobidan [ramiSvili 2008: 78] (tab. III, sur. 35). adre SuasaukuneebSi ganagrZobs arsebobas zurgSedrekili samajurebis zogierTi tipi, ZiriTadad boloSemsxvilebuli. kvlav popularulia stilizebuli cxovelis TavebiT Semkuli ovalurzurgiani da bologadaxveuli samajurebi [CixlaZe 2008, sur.11] sainteresoa alevis samarovnis masala, romelic gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani da mravalsaxovania. aq gvxvdeba ovalurzurgiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisagan damzadebuli samajurebi, romelTa dabrtyelebul boloeze cxovelis (lomis) gamosaxulebaa daStampuli [afxazava 1988: 112, tab. XXXVI, 1-3]. VII s. kompleqsebSi farTod vrceldeba e.w. qedSesqelebuli samajurebi, romlebic gvxvdeba samTavroSi, gurjaanSi, siRnaRSi, Crdilo-oseTis, CeCneT-daRestanisa da azerbaijanis zogierT raionebSi [afxazava 1988: 116, tab. XXXVI, 9] (tab. III, sur.36), paralelurad saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze arsebobas ganagrZobs sada ovaluri gaxsnili samajurebi, maT Soris afxazeTis Zeglebzec [Гумба 1978, tab. XXX,1,2; XXXII,2,3,]. aqvea wriuli mrgvalganivkveTiani samajurebi oTxwaxnaga Semsxvilebebze datanili Tvaliseburi gravirebuli ornamentiT webeldidan (tab.III, sur.37) [Гумба 1978, tab. LII, 30,35;]. msgavsi artefaqtebi aRmoCenilia noqalaqevSi da soWis midamoebSi [zaqaraia 1986]. amgvarad, MmTeli sakvlevi xanis Sesabamisi masalis ganxilvis Sedegad dgindeba, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli samajurebi ZiriTadad adglobrivad mzaddeba, Tumca xSirad maT safuZvlad udevs importuli prototipebi, romelTa Semdgomi gadamuSaveba da gaTaviseba ukve adgilobriv niadagze mimdinareobs. xSirad isini ukve aRar iwarmoeba Tavisi pirvandeli damzadebis adgilas, magram ganagrZobs arsebobas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Tumca maTze datanili gamosaxulebebis mniSvneloba ukve dakargulia da isini wminda dekoratiul funqcias asrulebs. am mniSvnelovani artefaqtebis da maTi dekorirebis elementebis mixedviT vlindeba saqarTvelos kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan sxvadasxva epoqaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samajurebs mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT amaTu im Zeglis TariRis gansazRvraSi. swored am artefaqtebis analizis Sedegad 79 moxerxda mTeli rigi arqeologiuri Zeglebis qronologiuri adgilis gansazRvra da dazusteba [Гогиберидзе 2003: 78, 79]. ase, Zv.w. V s. Sua xanebSi moTavsda beSTaSenis samarovnis ##9, 13, 17, 26, 28, 36 samarxebi, sanTas samarovnis samarxi #2, samarxi mTa iaSxTvadan. Zv.w. V s. bolo – IV s. dasawyisSi – beSTaSenis samarxi #62, kikeTis samarovnis samarxebi #1 da #2. Zv.w. IV s. pirveli naxevari – Sromisubnis samarxi #2, modinaxes samarovnis samarxi #3, sairxis #10 samarxis samxerTi kamera. Zv.w. IV s. pirveli naxevari da Suaxanebi – kamaraxevis samarovnis samarxebi ##8, 66, 72, 126, 129, 147; sairxis samarxi #8. Zv.w. IV s. Suaxanebi – manglisis akldama; iTxvisis samarovnis #2 da #4 samarxebi; kamaraxevis samarovnis samarxebi ## 30, 65, 146, 149, 151; gomareTis samarovnis samarxebi #6 da #9; modinaxis samarxi #6; vanis samarxebi #2 da #16. Zv.w. IV s. meore naxevari – kamaraxevis samarovnis samarxebi ##4.24,156; iTxvisis samarovnis samarxi #1, vanis samarxi #12. Zv.w. IV s. bolo meoTxedi – algeTisa da yanCaeTis mdidruli samarxebi. Zv.w. IV s. bolo – III s. dasawyisi – dablagomis samarovnis qvevrsamarxebi ##14, 15, 25, 27; dafnaris samarovnis qvevrsamarxebi ## 3, 5, 28, 31, 33; guadixus samarovnis umcrosi jgufis samarxebi ##8, 38, 39; axalgoris ganZi. Zv.w. III s. pirveli naxevari – dablagomis mdidruli samarxi. Zv.w. II s. meore naxevari – wiTeli Suquras samarovnis umcrosi jgufis samarxi #39. Zv.w. I s. meore naxevari – samTavros samarovnis samarxi #227. ax.w. I s. – samTavrods samarovnis samarxi #58. esaa im arqeologiuri Zeglebis arasruli sia, romelTa qronologiis dazusteba moxerxda samajurebis tipologiuri da qronologiuri klasifikaciis safuZvelze. literatura: afaqiZe an, gobejiSvili g. kalandaZe al., lomTaTiZe g. 1955: mcxeTa, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi armazisxevSi. I, Tb. afaqiZe an, red. 1977: didi pitiunti t. III, Tb. afxazava n. 1988: qvemo alevi adreul Sua saukuneebSi. qsnis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, I, Tb. baramiZe m. 1977: merxeulis samarovani, Tb. gagoSiZe iul., gogiberiZe n. 1996: Zv.w. V-III ss. saqarTvelos Zeglebis danawevrebuli qronologia samarxeuli masalebis mixedviT. qarTlis qronologiis sakiTxebi. 1996 w., arqeologiuri kvlevis centri. Tb. gagoSiZe iul. 1977: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi taxtiZirSi. kavkasiis uaxlesi aRmoCenebi, samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi, Tb., gv. 16-17. gagoSiZe iul., gogiberiZe n., maxaraZe g. 2006: iTxvisis samarovani (katalogi). arqeologiuri Jurnali, IV. Tb., gv. 36-58. gagoSiZe iul. 1982: TrialeTis samarovnebi. Tb. gogiberiZe n. 1986: daRaruli burcobebiT dekorirebuli samkaulis TariRisaTvis. Jurn. macne, #2, Tbilisi, gv. 154-167. gogiberiZe n. 2008: sakinZebis da ilarebis zogierTi tipis TariRisaTvis. Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, red. g. gamyreliZe, #4, gv. 5-13. 80 gogiberiZe n. 2021 a.: samajurebi. _ saqarTvelos arqeologiis narkvevebi (Zv.w. V – ax.w. V ss.). red. g. gamyreliZe. gv. 418-424. gogiberiZe n. 2021 b.: samajurebi saqarTveloSi (Zv.w.VIII-ax.w.VIIss.), gv.3-67. https://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=95&info_id=158 davlianiZe c. 1983: qvemo qarTlis kultura Zv.w. I aTasw. II naxevarSi. Tb. zaqaraia p., lomouri n., leqvinaZe v., iaSvili m., zamTaraZe m., T. kapanaZe. 1986: noqalaqevis eqspediciis 1980-81ww. angariSi. Jur. saqarTvelos saxel. muzeumis eqspediciebi, VIII, gv. 83-91. Tolordava v: 1980. dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi. Tb. TuSiSvili n. 1970: bogvisxevis samarovani. Jur. macne, #3. Ggv. 126-140. kalandaZe al. 1982: kreb. mcxeTa, VI, winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Zv.w. XI-VI ss. Tb., gv. 7-138. kaxiZe am, vikersi m. 2004: FfiWvnaris Zv.w. IV s berZnuli nekropoli. fiWvnari I, baTumi-oqsfordi, gv. 86-112. kaxiZe am. 2007: antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s-is berZnuli nekropoli. baTumi-oqsfordi. liCeli v. 2011: samarxeuli inventari awyuridan. Jur. interdisciplinaruli arqeologia, I, Tb., gv. 25-57. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1972: vanis naqalaqari. kreb. vani, I, gv. 7-80. lorTqifaniZe oT., miqelaZe T., xaxutaiSvili d. 1980: gonios ganZi. Tb. mamaiaSvili n., javaxiSvili q. 1984: Weremis gvianantikuri xanis samarovani. kaxeTis eqsp. Sromebi, VI, gv. 77-107. margiSvili s., narimaniSvili g. 2004: algeTis xeobis antikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. mirianaSvili n., 1983: Sida qarTlis materialuri kulturis istoriidan. Tb. nadiraZe j. 1975: yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. nadiraZe j. 1990: sairxe – saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi. Tb. nakaiZe n. 1980: Zv.w. IV-III ss. qvevrsamarxebi daWrilebis samarovnidan. kreb. kavTisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, gv. 28-41. nioraZe g. 1948: qviSaris arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Jur. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XV-В, gv. 1-22. oqropiriZe n. 1963: narekvavis samarovani. ist. in-tis Sromebi, VII, gv. 183-219. ramiSvili q. r. 2008: verZis gamosaxulebebi md. aragvis xeobidan. Jur. iberiakolxeTi, #4, red. g. gamyreliZe, gv. 76-84. ramiSvili q. r. 2011: fantastikuri cxovelis gamosaxulebebi kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebze. Jur. Ziebani, #20, gv.255-270. sadraZe v. 1989: werovani II. brinjao-rkinis xanis samarovani (katalogi). kreb. mcxeTa IX. Tb. gv. 77-153. fancxava l. 1988: kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebi. Tb. qoriZe d. 1953: gvianbrinjaos periodis arqeologiuri Zegli Tbilisidan. Jur. saqarTvelos saxel. muzeumis moambe, XVII. SatberaSvili v. 1999: ecos samarovnis qronologiis sakiTxi. Jur. Ziebani, #3. wiTlanaZe l. 1976: xevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. Wyonia a. 1981: oqros samkaulebi vanis naqalaqaridan. kreb. vani, VI, Tb. jafariZe oT. 1950: cxinvalis ganZi. saq. saxel. muzeumis moambe, XVI-В, gv. 103. jafariZe oT. 1956: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sof. arkneTSi. Tsu Sromebi, t.63. jRarkava T. 1982: kamaraxevis samarovani. katalogi, mcxeTa, VI, gv. 139-190. 81 Апакидзе А., Николаишвили В., Сихарулдзе А., Мелитаури К., Гагошидзе Ю., Гиунашвили Г., Манджгаладзе Г., Нариманишвили Г., Глонти Н., Иремашвили Ш., 1987: Археологические раскопки в Мцхета и ее округе. ПАИ в 1984-1985 гг. Тб., с. 47-51. Гамбашидзе О., Квижинадзе К., Гамбашидзе И. 1991: Основные результаты работ МесхетДжавахетской экспедиции в 1985-1986 гг. ПАИ в 1986 г., с. 27-34. Гогиберидзе Н. 2020: Браслеты и гривны Грузии V-I вв. дон.э., 2003. Гумба М. 1978: Новые памятники цебельдинской культуры, Тб. Зеймаль Е. 1979: Амударьинский клад. Л-Д. Лордкипанидзе Г. 1978: Колхида в VI-II вв. до н.э., Тб. Куфтин Б. 1949: Материалы к археологии Колхиды, I, Тб. Петренко В. 1978: Украшения Скифии VII-III вв.до н.э. – АС, САИ, Вып. В4-5, Мос. Рамишвили A. 1995: Археологические раскопки в Хашури.- ПАИ в 1987 г. с. 69-74. Техов Б. 1977: Центральный Кавказ в XVI-X вв до н.э. Мос. Техов Б. 1980: Тлийский могильник I. Тб. Amandry P. 1985: OrfevrierieAchemenide. Jur. Antike Kunst, I, p.9-22. Chikhladze V. 2008: Zhinvali Cemetery. – Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Suppl. 19, pp. 449-465. Gambashidze I, Hauptmann A, Slotta R, Yalçin Ü., 2002: Georgien Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies (Catalog) 2002. Heraus. Gogiberidze N. 2008: Metal Jewelry - Iberia and Rome., Ed.A. Furtängler, I. Gagoshidze, H. Löhr, N. Ludvig, Langenveisßbach, pp.170-175. Ghlonti L., Ketskoveli M., Palumbi G., 2008: The Cemetery at Kvatskhelebi. - Archaeology in Southern Caucasus: Perspectives from Georgia, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 19. Leuven-paris-Didley, MAS.153-184. Licheli V. 2007: Oriental Innovations in Samtskhe (Southern Georgia) in the 1st Millenium BC. – Ancient Civilizations from Scvithia to Siberia, 13, Leiden-Boston, 55-66. Smirnov J. 1934: Der Schats von Achalgori. Tiflis. Miron A., Orthmann W, 1995: Untervegs zum Goldenen Viles. Archäologishe Funde aus Georgien. Heraus. Saarbrüchen. Vander Berghe L. 1982-83: Luristan een Vardvenen Bronzkunst uit Vest Iran Ori Z. Solters ed. 1999: Nacional Treasures of Georgia, London. 82 83 84 85 kolxuri Tixis WurWeli da amforebi (Zv.w. VII – ax.w. VI ss) marine fircxalava, gela gamyreliZe saqarTveloSi keramikul warmoebas ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. Zv.w. VII - ax.w.VI ss-is keramikuli nawarmi dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobilia namosaxlarebidan da samarovnebidan. TiTqmis ar moiZebneba drois am monakveTis arqeologiuri Zegli, romelzec ar iyos fiqsirebuli Tixis WurWlis esa Tu is saxeoba. misi gavrcelebis ZiriTadi punqtebia: vanis naqalaqari [ix. Tolordava 2001: 37-39; lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 15-16; maTiaSvili 1977: 52; maTiaSvili 2013], naoxvamu [ix. Куфтин 1950: 193-200], dablagomi [ix. Куфтин 1950: 20; Tolordava 1977: 71-81], sof. mTisZiri [ix. gamyreliZe 1982: 82-86, 107-114], sof. dafnari [ix. Кигурадзе 1976: 7], sof. nosiri [ix. gogaZe 1982: 57], sof. Waladidi [ix. miqelaZe 1978: 40], sof. nigvziani [ix. miqelaZe 1985: tab. IV], saCxere [ix. nadiraZe 1990: 16], yvirilis xeobis namosaxlarebi [ix. nadiraZe 1975: 21-36], baTumiscixe [ix. vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 96-97; kaxiZe 1965: 71-72], qobuleT-fiWvnari [ix. kaxiZe 1971: 40-50], q. foTis midamoebi [ix. miqelaZe 1978: 55; gamyreliZe 1987: 97-119], soxumi da misi midamoebi [ix. kalandaZe 1954: 35-36; Трапш 1969: 121, 143], oCamCire [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 58], quTaisi da misi midamoebi [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 42], sof. ergeta [ix. papuaSvili da sxv. 2005], Sorapani [ix. jafariZe v. 2006:], webelda [ix. Воронов da sxv. 1985: 74-80]. drois xsenebul monakveTSi warmoebuli adgilobrivi Tixis WurWeli saxeobebisa da tipebis mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. keramikuli artefaqtebi daniSnulebis mixedviT, jgufebad aris gaerTianebuli, radgan swored funqcia ganapirobebs WurWlis garegnul saxes [ix. boWoriSvili 1949: 59]. gamoyofilia Semdegi jgufebi: sameurneo (qvevri, dergi), samzareulo (qoTani, qvabi, badia, xufi, sawuri), sufris (doqi, sasmisi, langari, TefSi, jami, Tasi, tolCa, samarile), samgzavro (maTara), savaWro-satranzito (amfora), dekoratiuli (larnaki), ritualuri (Timiaterioni, ritoni). es dayofa pirobiTia, radgan ama Tu im jgufis WurWeli sxva daniSnulebiTac SeiZleboda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. agreTve, keramikuli warmoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze Tixis WurWlis sxvadasxva saxeoba, an tipi dominirebs. qvevri, sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWeli, yvela drois mudmivi saxeobaa. WurWlis es saxeoba misi formis Camoyalibebis droidan mokidebuli dRemde mzaddeba da moixmareba saqarTveloSi misi ZiriTadi funqciiT. xangrZlivi drois manZilze, morfologiuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, romlebic yovelTvis garkveuli epoqis stils gamoxatavs, ucvlelia qvevris formis ZiriTadi principi _ viwro yeli, viwro Ziri da sxvadasxva proporciis ganieri korpusi (sferuli, e.w. kvercxiseburi, mxrebganieri, Zirisken mkveTrad daviwroebuli). aqauri qvevrebis uadresi nimuSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia viwro piri da ganieri (zogjer TiTqmis sferuli) korpusi, romelic mkveTrad viwrovdeba brtyeli Zirisken. am WurWlis specifikuri niSania profilirebuli piris gvirgvini, romlis gareTa gverdi zog SemTxvevaSi orferdaa da dafarulia dakbiluli StampiT gamoyvanili e.w. wiwviseburi ornamentiT, xolo mxrebidan Zirisken eSveba swori an iribiad daxrili kanelurebi [ix. Куфтин 1950: 193, sur.49a,1]; xSirad, gvirgvinis gareTa gverdi dafarulia iribi RarebiT. WurWlis yels xSirad irgvlivi Rarebi da maT Soris gamoyvanili qedebi Semouyveba. es niSani _ iribi Rarebi gvirgvinis gareTa gverdze, yovelTvis marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTuli _ 86 damaxasiaTebeli momentia am xanis, winareantikuri epoqis keramikisaTvis, iseve rogorc irgvlivi ganieri Rarebi da maT Soris gamoyvanili qedebi sxvadasxva zomis WurWlis yelze. es Rarebi piris gvirgvinebze xSirad dakbilulad StampiTaa datanili, sxvadasxva sixSiris kbilanebiani tvifriT. WurWlis mxari sxvadasxvanairad aris Semkuli: gvxvdeba urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli Rrma Rarebis rigebi, romelTa zeda mwkrivze daZerwilia wriuli, dabrtyelebuli, reliefuri kopebi. aris _ kopebsa da Rarebs Soris daStrixuli samkuTxedebi; zogjer mxari koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenili sartyliTaa Semkuli. Rarebisa da wreebis kveTa Rrmaa, Rarebis boloebi momrgvalebulia; konturebi mkveTria da ornamenti reliefur iers iZens. mxarzeve vxvdebiT irgvlivi RarebiTa da talRovani xazebiT Sedgenil sartyels; aseve samkuTxedebiT, irgvlivi RarebiTa da texili xazebiT Sedgenil sartyels, saidanac mTel korpusze Ziramde eSveba kanelurebi. gvxvdeba korpusze iribi RarebiTa da badisebri naxatiT dafaruli irgvlivi da Sveuli qedebi. qvevrs meurneobaSi iyenebdnen marcvleulis, zeTis, Rvinis Sesanaxad; momdevno periodSi ki am WurWlis ZiriTadi funqcia Rvinis dayeneba da Senaxva iyo [vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 93-96]. garda amisa, garkveul epoqaSi es didi zomis WurWeli zogjer gamoiyeneboda micvalebulTa dasakrZalad, e.w. qvevrsamarxad. qvevris formis standartizacia Zv.w. VII s-is dasasrulidan ivaraudeba da mis ZiriTad funqciad Rvinis dayeneba-Senaxvaa miCneuli, rac mevenaxeobameRvineobis ganviTarebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli; amave dros ar gamoricxaven, rom qvevri sxva produqtebis Sesanaxavad da transportirebisTvisac gamoiyeneboda [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 91; miqelaZe 1974: 62; boxoCaZe 1963: 114-149; vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 93-96]. Zv.w. VI s-dan sagrZnoblad izrdeba qvevris popularoba. am xanidan mokidebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar moiZebneba iseTi namosaxlari, sadac didi raodenobiT ar iyos warmodgenili kolxuri qvevrebis fragmentebi. es periodi aRiniSneba qvevris warmoebis mkveTri gadidebiT; meqvevreoba warmogvidgeba, rogorc keramikuli xelosnobis Camoyalibebuli calke dargi. am periodis qvevrebisaTvis, SedarebiT ukeT daculi nimuSebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili, masiuri, profilirebuli, ornamentirebuli piris gvirgvini; zemoTken gafarToebuli, Sezneqili (iSviaTad swori) yeli; gamoyvanili mxrebi; gamoberili korpusi, romelic TandaTan viwrovdeba brtyeli Zirisken; Ziri tanisgan ar aris gamoyofili, iSviaTad gvxvdeba Zirgamoziduli nimuSebic. qvevrebis calkeuli segmentebi mdidruli ornamentiTaa Semkuli. aseTi qvevrebi miwaSi ar idgmeboda [ix. vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 95]. WurWlis zedapiri dafarulia Rarebisa da qedebis kombinaciiT Seqmnili ornamentiT: korpuss maqsimaluri diametris adgilas Semouyveba irgvlivi RarebiT Sedgenili sartyeli, romlidanac orive mxares _ Zirisken da mxrisaken _ miemarTeba reliefuri (Sveuli an iribi) qedebi, xSirad Rilakiseburi danaZerwebiT sartyelTan. zogjer am naxats emateba erTimeoreSi Casmuli naliseburi moyvanilobis qedebi, xolo maTze, rogorc wesi, dakbiluli StampiT datanilia iribi naWdevebi. xSirad qvevrs yelze qedebi Semouyveba. qedebi korpusze sxvadasxva saxisaa _ dabali, maRali, wawvetebulzedapiriani; qedebiTvea gamoyvanili koncentruli wreebi. am xanis qvevrebs aqvT specifikuri formis piris gvirgvinebi, romlebic dekorTan erTad kolxuri keramikis ganviTarebis aRniSnuli safexuris maxasiaTeblebad gvevlinebian. gvirgvinis profilebis mixedviT Cans, rom Zv.w. VI87 V ss-Si Tanaarsebobs ori ZiriTadi tipi _ oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani da ganivkveTSi samkuTxa moyvanilobis _ garkveuli variaciebiT. aseve myaria piris gvirgvinis gverdebis Semkuloba _ rombuli badisa da wiwviseburi naxatis sxvadasxva kombinacia, erTi mxriv, da talRiseburi da jvaredini xazebisa, meore mxriv. wiwviseburi ornamenti da misi didi zomis WurWlis piris gvirgvinze datanis tradicia winamorbedi epoqis gamoZaxilia, xolo gvirgvinis samkuTxa ganivkveTi da misi rombuli badiT an talRovani da jvaredini xazebiT Semkoba am epoqis siaxlea. is sakmaod mdgradi formaa da TiTqmis ucvleli saxiT arsebobs ori saukunis manZilze [lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 20-21; gamyreliZe 1982: sur. 36-38]. ornamenti dakbiluli iaraRiT aris datanili, daxvewilia, kveTa ar aris Rrma; gvirgvinze naxati iSviaTad daudevrad aris Sesrulebuli. mogviano xanaSi Semkulobis es motivebi qvevris piris gvirgvinebze qreba, TviT qvevrebic aRar aris ase mdidrulad ornamentirebuli [vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 100]. qvevrebis damzadebis procesi: qvevris Ziri mbrunav Carxze keTdeba, misi Semdgomi kedeli ki Sendeba nawil-nawil; qvevris axalamoyvanil kedels xelisficriT lesaven orive mxridan [ix. boWoriSvili 1949: 116-120]. aseTi molesvis kvali Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is qvevrebis kedlebze mkafiod Cans rogorc WurWlis gareTa, ise Sida mxares. Semdgom, gamomSral qvevrs keramikul quraSi gamowvavdnen. laboratoriuli kvleviT gairkva, rom e.w. kolxuri qvevrebi 750800° temperaturazea gamomwvari [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 16]. maTi teqnologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom e.w. kolxuri qvevris Tixa marcvlovania, keci gauleqavia, momzadebulia specifiurad damuSavebuli Tixisagan. qvevris gamomwvari Tixovani masa sxvadasxva procentiT Seicavs rkinas, mindvris Spatis, kvarcis, qarsisa da plagioklazis minarevebs. sayuradReboa, rom es Semadgenloba damaxasiaTebelia kolxuri keramikis sxva saxeobebisTvisac [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 138-139; vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 97]. am xanis qvevrebi, gadanatexSi, moyavisfro an moruxoa; Savzedapirianebi, xSirad movardisfro Sida mxriT. laboratoriuli dakvirvebiT, kecis ferze gavlenas axdenda rkinis Jangeulebis cvalebadoba. amgvari qvevrebis simaRle zogadad 80 sm-sa da 120 sm Soris meryeobs, piris diametri 25-45 sm Soris, Zirisa — 17-30 sm Soris, kecis sisqe — 1sm-dan 3sm-mde. Semdeg qvevrma TandaTanobiTi evolucia ganicada. Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan, gansxvavebiT adrindeli nimuSebisagan, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ganieri korpusi da farTo, odnav brtyeli mxrebi, mogviano qvevrebs gauCndaT momrgvalebuli mxrebi da kvercxiseburi moyvaniloba. gansxvavebulia piris gvirgvini, esoden tipiuri segmenti adrindeli qvevrebisa, viTardeba gamartivebis gziT: is Semsxvilebulia da irgvlivi RarebiTaa profilirebuli; gvirgvinze aRar aris wiwviseburi naxati, rombuli bade, talRovani ornamenti, aseve tvifriT datanili wriuli motivebi; Semkulobis gamartiveba araerTbaSad, TandaTan xdeba _ Zv.w. IV s-Si jer kidev vxvdebiT reliefuri qedebiT gamoyvanil saxeebs, romlebic SemdegSi qreba, aseve qreba reliefuri sartylebi. Zv.w. III-I ss-Si ornamenti ukve cotaa, gvxvdeba sadazedapiriani nimuSebic. es movlena imiTaa axsnili, rom am droidan qvevrebi, teqnologiuri procesebidan gamomdinare, ukve miwaSia Cadgmuli. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia kvlav Rvinis dayeneba-Senaxvaa [vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 98-100, tab. XV-XVI]; paralelurad Zv.w. IV-III ss-Si centralur kolxeTSi sayovelTaod vrceldeba xmarebidan gamosuli qvevris samarxad gamoyenebis wesi [ix. Куфтин 1950: 20-34]. 88 marcvleuliT savse qvevrebi fiqsirebulia Zv.w. II-I ss-is sakulto kompleqsebSi [maTiaSvili 2013: 53, 109-110, tab. XIII-XIV]. am periodSi qvevrebze garkveuli niSnebi Cndeba. isini datanilia WurWlis yelisa da mxris mijnaze, wvetiani iaraRiT, svel Tixaze gamowvamde; aris reliefuri niSnebic. niSnebi ramdenimenairia: solaruli _ svastika, jvari, samTiTa, rqebi; stilizebuli _ adamianis, cxovelis, frinvelis gamosaxulebebi; asosmagvari niSnebi [ix. vaSakiZe da sxv. 1975: 103, tab. XXVIII-XXIX; maTiaSvili 2013: 54, tab. XIII]. ax.w. I s-dan qvevris tipi icvleba: erTi mxriv gvxvdeba sadazedapiriani qvevrebi [ix. mindoraSvili 2014: IV, tab.X,8; II, tab.XII,34], xolo paralelurad specifikuri moyvanilobisa da Semkulobis mqone nimuSebi. ax.w. III-Vss-Si aq gavrcelebuli nimuSebi damzadebulia kargad ganleqili Tixisagan, gamomwvaria mowiTalod; aqvT gamoberili, Zirisken TandaTan daviwroebuli korpusi; oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani da sada piris kide; yelze zogjer vertikalurad ganlagebuli talRiseburi xazebiT Sedgenili zolebia; mxari dafarulia axlos mijrili talRovani xazebiT Sedgenili ganieri sartyliT. dergebi: qvevrebTan erTad dergebic sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWelia. isini proporciebiT qvevrebze ufro mcire, xolo qoTnebze ufro didi zomisani arian. Zv.w. VII s-is dergebis mixedviT maTSi gamoiyofa ramdenime tipi. calke jgufs qmnian sxvadasxva zomis erTgvarovani dergebi, romelTac aqvT swori, gadaSlili da sada piri, romlis sigane zog SemTxvevaSi aRemateba dergis korpusis siganes. dergis korpusis yvelaze ganieri nawilia mxrebi, aqedan is Tanabrad viwrovdeba brtyeli Zirisken. zogjer piris kididan mxrebamde irgvlivi Rarebia. mxrebidan qvemoT eSveba kanelurebi an urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli mokle iribi Rarebis rigebi. xSirad mxarze daZerwilia Sverilebi [ix. Tolordava 2001: tab. I,15]. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si, gavrcelebulia ukve gansxvavebuli tipis dergebi. aq vxvdebiT e.w. qvevris tipis Txelkedlian dergebs, romlebic moyvanilobiT da SemkulobiT Tanadrouli qvevrebis gameorebaa, gansxvavebaa mxolod zomebSi; paralelurad Cndeba axali formebi _ oryura, viwropiriani dergebi e.w. bikonusuri taniT (rac am epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSania). aseve farTopiriani oryura dergebi, bikonusuri moyvanilobis, Tarazulad mimagrebuli yurebiT da tanze Sveuli priala zolebiT. Zv.w. III-I ss-is dergebi sxvadasxva zomis, momrgvalebultaniani, sadazedapiriani, yuriani an uyuroa [ix. maTiaSvili 2013: 52-53, tab. XXXII-XXXIV]. qoTani, e.w. kolxuri keramikuli, samzareulo WurWlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. Zv.w. VIII-IVss-is keramikaSi qoTnebi sakmaod mravalferovani formebiT aris warmodgenili: adreul etapze, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si kanelurebiani qoTnebia gavrcelebuli; aseve farTopiriani nimuSebi; pirgadaSlili qoTnebi, Semkuli astraluri niSnebiT; calyura da oryura qoTnebi, danaZerwiT yurze, rogorc sada, aseve ornamentirebuli _ qoTnis korpusis zeda nawili Semkulia texili xazebis sami rigiT Sedgenili sartyliT; gvxvdeba uyuro, TiTqmis sferultaniani, pirfarTo da viwroZiriani egzemplarebi [ix. Tolordava 2001: 38, tab. I, 10, 13, 14, tab. IV,9-17]. momdevno, Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si, gvxvdeba sxvadasxva zomis, oryuriani qoTnebi, bikonusurtaniani calyura nimuSebi da sxv. umetesobas gaprialebuli zedapiri aqvs, yeli Semkulia sxvadasxva ornamentiT: irgvlivi RarebiT, talRovani xazebiT, wiwviseburi WdeebiT; mxarze gvxvdeba iribi Rarebi, rombuli bade; tanze gamoyvanilia priala Sveuli zolebi da sxv. [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 28-31; gamyreliZe 1982: 63-67; kaxiZe 2007: 128]. am periodis qoTnebTan dakavSirebulia _ 89 xufebi, romlebic ori tipisaa: e.w. jamiseburni da diskoseburi xufebi [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 32-33, sur. 51- 52]. jamisebri xufebi gansxvavebuli diametrisani arian. maT SuaSi aqvT saxeluri _ e.w. zoomorfuli yurebis msgavsi danaZerwi. Zv.w.III - ax.w. Iss-is qoTnebSi (sxvadasxva zomis, yuriani da uyuro, momrgvalebultaniani, sadazedapiriani, specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis ararsebobis gamo, qronologiuri ganviTarebis suraTi ar SeiniSneba [ix. maTiaSvili 1977: 68; maTiaSvili 2013: 52-53, tab. XXXIIXXXIV]. sawurebi samzareulo keramikis yvelaze mcirericxovan jgufs qmnian. sawurebi warmoadgens Rrma jamiseburi moyvanilobis WurWels, romlis kedlebi da Ziri gamWoli naxvretebiTaa dafaruli [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 31-32, sur. 50-51; papuaSvili da sxv. 2005: 16, tab. XIV, 6-9]. sasmisebi e.w. kolxuri keramikis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli WurWlis saxeobaa. maT farTo gavrcelebas Zv.w. VII-IV ss-Si, qvevrebis msgavsad, meRvineobis ganviTarebas ukavSireben. sufris WurWlis es saxeoba mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da mxolod am epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebili formiT gamoirCeva. Zv.w. VII s-Si e.w. Zirwvetiani sasmisebia gavrcelebuli. maTi tani piridan Zirisaken TandaTan viwrovdeba; zeda nawilze mimagrebuli aqvT e.w. zoomorfuli yuri. aris sadazedapiriani da ornamentirebuli nimuSebi; xSiria kanelurebiani sasmisebi, aseve rombuli badiT da urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli iribi Rarebis rigebiT Semkuli egzemplarebi [miqelaZe 1974: 62, tab. VI, 12; gogaZe 1982: tab. 41, 508; Tolordava 2001: tab. I,8]. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si sasmisebis ramdenime tipi vrceldeba. calke jgufs qmnian e.w. Wiqiseburi sasmisebi _ calyura, pirfarTo, Zirisken daviwroebuli WurWlebi; maTi korpusis Semkulobis motivebia reliefuri salteebi, irgvlivi RarebiT SemosazRvruli talRovani xazebis sartyeli, salteebisa da talRovani naxatis kombinacia [miqelaZe 1974: 62, tab.IX; lorTqifaniZe sxv. 1981: 38, sur.58; gamyreliZe 1982: 63-67, sur. 36-38]. tipiuria am periodisTvis agreTve e.w. cilindrultaniani sasmisebi _ calyura, cilindris formis taniT, romelic ZirTan brtyelia da gamoziduli, TiTqos simyarisTvis Seqmnili sadgaria. es gamoziduloba zogjer konusuri gafarToebiT aris Secvlili, ris gamoc aseT nimuSebs konusurtanianebadac moixsenieben. am jgufis sasmisebis tani mTlianad dafarulia talRovani ornamentiT, romelic irgvlivi RarebiT monakveTebadaa dayofili. gavrcelebulia agreTve calyura fexiani sasmisebi _ maTi korpusi mkveTrad viwrovdeba Zirisken da gadadis wriul sadgarSi; gaprialebuli tani dafarulia irgvlivi RarebiT. gvxvdeba kaTxiseburi sasmisebic [lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 41, sur.61, 63; gamyreliZe 1982: sur. 14]. Zv.w. III-I ss-Si, adgilobriv keramikul warmoebaSi Cndeba sufris WurWlis ucxouri, berZnulis msgavsi formebi. mzaddeba ufro Txelkedliani, natifi sasmisebi _ e.w. kanTarosis tipis oryura Tasebi _ dabali, sworkedliani, gamoyvanili ZiriTa da reliefuri danaZerwebiT dabrtyelebul yurebze; gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli calebi, Semkuli wnexviT gamoyvanili rombuli badiTa da wertilebiT. aseve damaxasiaTebelia am xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos Tixis nawarmisTvis calyura tolCebi. am tipis adreul (Zv.w. VII s-is) WurWels aqvs sada swori piri, odnav gamoyofili yeli, brtyeli Ziri da e.w. zoomorfuli, zogjer maryuJiseburi yuri. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia 90 Tanabari siganis vertikaluri kanelurebiT dafaruli, gaprialebulzedapiriani korpusi [ix. maTiaSvili 1977: 62, tab. XXI, 13; fircxalava da sxv. 1986: 70, sur. 50, 5]. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si saSualo da mcire zomis WurWlisTvis tipiuria specifikuri formis yurebi, romlebic Tixis WurWlis ganviTarebis mxolod am etapze gvxvdeba. gamoiyofa ramdenime gansxvavebuli jgufi. erTi jgufis nimuSebs zeda boloze ganivad daZerwili aqvT lilvakiseburi boloebwakveTili da SuaSi CaRrmavebuli detali _ winare xanis rqiseburSveriliani e.w. zoomorfuli yurebis stilizaciis axali varianti; aris sada da ganivi WdeebiT dafaruli nimuSebi. am tipis yurebi ZiriTadad saSualo zomis WurWlis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens; esaa sxvadasxva qoTnebi, sasmisebi, doqebi. aseve tipiuria e.w. brtyelzurga, mrgvalnaxvretiani yurebi; isini sadaa, iSviaTad Semkulia iribi RarebiT da patara da saSualo WurWlis kuTvnilia. orive jgufis yurebi gvxvdeba kanelirebul WurWelze, romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia am etapisaTvis. aris morkaluli, sada yurebic, sqelkedliani didi zomis WurWlis kuTvnili. momdevno xanaSi, Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si, isini qreba da adgils uTmobs sxva nairsaxeobas _ maT danaZerwebi da Sverilebi moxris adgilze aqvT moTavsebuli [ix. miqelaZe 1974: 56, tab.VI, 2,3,6-12; Tolordava 2001: 38, tab. 1,3-8, tab.IV, 9-17; lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 49, sur. 72, 73, 7]. jam-fialebis tipis WurWeli: Zv.w. VII s-Tvis es aris pirfarTo, gadaSlili, zogjer pirmoyrili, Txelkedliani, brtyelZiriani WurWli. maT Soris gamoiyofa nimuSebi, romelTa kalTa mTlianad dafarulia irgvlivi RarebiT, xolo piris kideze talRovani Rarebi Semouyveba. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is jamebi mravladaa warmodgenili namosaxlarebsa da samarovnebze. aris sxvadasxva zomis pirgadaSlili da pirmoyrili nimuSebi. am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia brtyeli Ziri, romelic TandaTan gamoyvanil formas iZens da Zv.w. IV s-is SuaxanebisaTvis jams ukve qusli uCndeba [ix. Tolordava 2001: tab.I,3]. Zv.w. III-I ss-Si gavrcelda kalTadaxrili da kalTamomrgvalebuli, pirmoyrili nimuSebi gamoyvanili ZirebiT. maTTan erTad, Cndeba berZnulis nairi keramika. mag.: mowiTalo feris, naprialebi, Sveulkidiani jamebi. mowiTalo feris pirgadaSlili, gaprialebuli, qusliani jamebi. isini mcireaziuli keramikuli formebis gavlenas ganicdian. aris agreTve moyavisfro, oryura jamebi, romlebsac Sveuli kide, Zirisken mkveTrad daviwroebuli kalTa, gamoyvanili Ziri da e.w. Caxveuli horizontaluri yurebi aqvT [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 132-133, 140, tab.XXXII; maTiaSvili 1977: 66, tab. XVI, 9,10; XXI, 8,10,12; fircxalava da sxv. 1986: 68-69, sur. 51-1,3,8]. ax.w. I-V ss-Sic, roca adgilobriv sameTuneo nawarmSi warmodgenili tradiciuli keramikuli formebis gverdiT intensiurad mzaddeba berZnulmcireaziuli warmomavlobis keramikuli nawarmis minabaZebi, ufro mravlad adgilobrivi formebis gagrZelebiT Seqmnili Tixis jamebi gvxvdeba, rogorc pirgadaSlili aseve pirmoyrili, qusliani nimuSebi [ix. lorTqifaniZe g. 1991: 193, tab. XIV-3; gamyreliZe 2014: 133, 136-137]. doqi: kolxuri keramikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia doqi. saqarTveloSi WurWlis es saxeoba warmoqmnis momentidan dRemde arsebobs formisa da Semkulobis mravalferovani variaciebiT. formaTa am simravleSi gansakuTrebul jgufs qmnian e.w. yurmiliani doqebi, romlebic Zv.w. VII-III ss-Sia gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze, gansakuTrebiT popularuli ki doqis es tipi Zv.w. VII-IV ss-Sia da am xanis keramikis wamyvan saxeobad gvevlineba qvevrebTan da sasmisebTan erTad. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Znelad 91 Tu moiZebneba am xanis Zegli, sadac ar aris aRmoCenili yurmiliani doqebi (mag. : fiWvnari, baTumiscixe, simagre, rionispira dasaxlebebi, ergeta, sof. mTisZiri, SuamTa, dablagomi, dafnari, oCamCire, quTaisi, modinaxe, sairxe, muxurCa, merxeuli, iTxvisi, brili da sxv.). am doqebis ganmsazRvreli niSania Taviseburi yuri, romelic Sedgeba swori, mrgvalganivkveTiani milisagan da rkalisagan, romliTac mili yels uerTdeba. korpusis moyvanilobis mixedviT doqebi gairCeva bikonusurtaniani da sferultaniani nimuSebi. cnobilia sadazedapiriani da ornamentirebuli calebi _ yeli da mxari Semkulia irgvlivi RarebiTa da iribi naWdevebis rigiT. am tipis doqebi jer kidev Zv.w. VII s-is dasasruls Cndeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv.w. VI-IVss-Si kolxeTSi gavrcelebul yurmilian doqebs aqvT bikonusuri moyvanilobis tani, rac am xanis kolxuri keramikis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba, ase rom WurWlis es saxeoba, warmomavlobisda miuxedavad, Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is kolxuri keramikis specifikas gansazRvravs [ix. gamyreliZe 1982: 63- 67, sur. 36-38]. yurmilian doqebs garda sinqronuli bikonusuri doqebis mTeli seriaa warmodgenili kolxeTSi. maTgan erTi nawili gamoirCeva am droisTvis specifikuri, daxvewili proporciebiTa da ornamentiT. doqebs aqvT mkveTrad bikonusuri tani, romelic imdenad aris ganze gaziduli, rom WurWlis diametri doqis simaRles aRemateba. yurebi xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapir piris kididanaa aRmarTuli. aqac, rogorc yurmiliani doqebis SemTxvevaSi, tipiuria ornamentis sartylebad ganlageba WurWlis tanis zeda nawilze. ZiriTadi ornamentuli saxeebia Rarebs Soris moqceuli talRovani xazebi; wiwviseburi ornamentis sartyeli; wertilebiT Sevsebuli trapeciebi, romlebic WurWlis mxrebidan sxiviseburad iSlebian; wertilebiT Sedgenili iribi xazebis sartyeli; urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli Rarebis irgvlivi rigebi; mxarsa da welze _ wveriT zemoT mimarTuli da rombuli badiT dafaruli samkuTxedebiT Sedgenili sartyeli, RilakebiTa da koncentruli wreebiT SemosazRvruli; xSirad Semkulia yuric: mis mTel sigrZeze datanilia wertilebis rigi; wnuli an wiwviseburi naxati. Zv.w. IV s-dan bikonusuri korpusi naklebad gazidulia, igrZnoba tanis momrgvalebis tendencia, xolo Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. III s-Si Cndeba korpusis e.w. msxlisebri moxazuloba, martivdeba ornamenti. bikonusurtanian doqebs Soris gvxvdeba sadazedapiriani, maRali doqebi, SedarebiT naklebad gaziduli korpusiT; maTi erTaderTi Semkulobaa irgvlivi Rarebi yelze, iSviaTad tans udidesi diametris adgilze StampiT datanili wreebi gasdevs [ix. kaxiZe 2007: 132, sur. 14,2; 34, 9; 49,5; 84,6; 64,11; 75,4; 64,4; 80,2; maxaraZe da sxv. 2007: 43, 79, sur. 11, 12]. doqis, sufris WurWlis am saxeobis ganviTarebaSi axali niSnebi Tavs Zv.w. IV sis meore naxevridan iCens. Tuki Zv.w. IV s-is pirvel naxevarSi doqebs jer kidev SerCaT tanis bikonusuri, magram arc Tu mkveTri moyvaniloba, Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan doqebis tipi icvleba, aSkaraa midrekileba wagrZelebuli proporciebisaken _ wina epoqis nimuSebisgan gansxvavebiT Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevrisa da Zv.w. III s-is doqebs aqvT viwro da maRali yeli, e.w. msxliseburi an sferuli korpusi, romelzec Zveli tradiciidan gamoyolili talRiseburi xazebis sartyelia datanili; xSirad am doqebze yels qvemoT samkuTxa “Sevronebis” sartyelia; zogjer sferultaniani doqebis tani mTlianadaa dafaruli talRovani xazebiT, romlebzec zevidan datanilia priala zolebiT Seqmnili rombuli bade. droTa ganmavlobaSi doqis axali formebi inergeba _ Zv.w. II-I ss-Si Cndeba dabalyeliani, sferultaniani, sadazedapiriani da wiTeli 92 saRebavis sartylebiT moxatuli doqebi; maT did nawils aqvs specifikuri formis, xSirad reliefuri danaZerwebiT Semkuli brtyeli, Sewyvilebuli an grexili yurebi; am doqebis erT nawils samtuCa piri aqvs. berZnuli keramikuli formebis gavlenaze miuTiTebs saRvine WurWlis _ oinoxoias _ mibaZviT Seqmnili kolxuri samtuCa doqebi da Sewyvilebuli yurebis arsebobis faqti. sayuradReboa, rom doqebs garda, aseTi yurebi damowmebulia aseve wiTeli zolebiT moxatul, pelikis tipis WurWelzec. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kolxur meTuneobaSi am tipis WurWlis gaCena, iseve rogorc wiTeli zolebiT Semkuli keramikis xmarebaSi Semosvla, elinisturi xanis berZnuli keramikis gavleniT aris axsnili [ix. maTiaSvili 1977: 62]. sayuradReboa wiTeli zolebiT moxatuli adgilobrivi warmoebis doqebis erTi jgufi, romlebic Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. III s-Sia gavrcelebuli da iTvleba axali kulturuli impulsebis mowmobad [lorTqifaniZe 1977: 20]; esaa moyviTalo feris angobze mowiTalo an moyavisfro saRebaviT moxatuli doqebi, romelTac aerTianebT erTgvarovani forma da moxatulobis saerTo principi _ maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili piri, e.w. msxliseburi korpusi, piris kidesa da mxarze mierTebuli eqvswaxnaga (zogjer ovaluri) yuri da tanis zeda nawilis moxatva wiTeli zolebiT Sedgenili geometriuli ornamentiT; ZiriTadad es aris sartylebi, romlebsac qmnis sami an oTxi irgvlivi zoli, dayofili iribi an Sveuli mokle xazebiT; “Sevronebi”, Sevsebuli paraleluri wiTeli zolebiT; erTimeoreSi Caxatuli samkuTxedebis mwkrivi; rombuli bade; erTimeoreSi Caxatuli rombebis mwkrivi, gayofili or nawilad irgvlivi zoliT; texili xazebis rigebi [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1972: 208, sur. 176; Wyonia 1986: 109, sur. 93; gagoSiZe da sxv. 2006: 43-44, f. 31, 32, sur.14, 15]. am tipis moxatuli doqebi cnobilia aRmosavleT kolxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebidan _ iTxvisi, vani, aseve gvxvdeba isini aRmosavleT saqarTvelos _ Tbilisi, kuSCi, asureTi, tkoci _ Zeglebze [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1977: 20]. axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi warmoebuli doqebi gamoirCevian gansxvavebuli keciTa da axali formebiT _ isini damzadebulia kargad ganleqili, movardisfrod gamomwvari Tixisagan; maTi erTi nawili sferultaniania, maRalyeliani, gamoyvanilZiriani; zogjer yelze, mxarsa da mucelze irgvlivi reliefuri qedebia; meore jgufs aqvs wagrZelebuli msxliseburi tani, dabali yeli da gamoyvanili Ziri [ix. lorTqifaniZe g. 1991: 192, tab. II-1;193, tab. XIV-1, 2]. Tavisebur jgufs qmnian e.w. webelduri tipis keramikis SemadgenlobaSi myofi doqebi, romlebic piris specifikuri formiT (Zabriseburi) gamoirCevian. ax.w. II s-is am doqebs aqvT Zabriseburi, kideze lilvakSemovlebuli piri; mxrebganieri korpusi, TiTqmis mTlianad dafaruli talRiseburi xazebiT da grexilis imitaciiT Semkuli yuri [ix. Воронов 1975: 67, sur.13-6,7]. ax.w. IV s-dan doqis piri farTovdeba da gareTa mxridan irgvlivi RarebiT ifareba; V s-Si tani e.w. msxliseburi xdeba da VI s-Si ukve gabatonebulia wiTelkeciani doqebi, romelTac aqvT Tasiseburad gadaSlili, garedan daRaruli specifikuri piri; maRali da viwro yeli; msxliseburi moyvanilobis korpusi; ganieri brtyeli Ziri; sada an Sewyvilebuli, zogjer samsveta yurebi; tanis zeda nawili dafarulia sxvadasxva sixSiris talRiseburi xazebiT, romlebsac erTvis sxvadasxva ornamentuli motivebi _ koncentruli wreebi, spirali, saTvalisebri naxati, rombebi da sxv. zog SemTxvevaSi talRiseburi xazebi [ix. Воронов da sxv. 1985: 75-76, sur. 22, 2-3; 52, 1-44; 53-58; ramiSvili 2003: 286]. 93 Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is kolxuri keramikis popularul saxeobadaa aRiarebuli Rrma langrebad gansazRvruli WurWeli. am jgufis nimuSebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTo, gadaSlili piri, sxvadasxva modifikaciis samkuTxaganivkveTiani piris gvirgvini, romelic formiTa da ornamentiT qvevrebis analogiuri moyvanilobis piris gvirgvinebis gameorebaa. am langrebis piris gvirgvinebi Semkulia tvifriT datanili koncentruli wreebis rigebiT, dakbiluli StampiT gavlebuli talRovani xazebiTa da rombuli badiT. paralelurad aris uornamento Rrma langrebi — brtyeli, horizontalurad gadmokecili ganieri piris kidiT da Zirisken mkveTrad daviwroebuli kalTiT. iSviaTi keramikuli formaa e.w. larnakiseburi WurWeli _ uyuro, mkveTrad bikonusuri korpusiT, profilirebuli piris gvirgviniT, Semkuli iribi Wdeebis sartylibiT pirsa da tanis zeda nawilze [ix. miqelaZe 1974: 63, tab. X; maxaraZe da sxv. 2007: 54, sur. 30]. maTarebi: specifikuri formis, wriuli, dabrtyelebuli, yeliani, zogjer oryuriani da zogjer uyuro (budeSi Casadebi) salaSqro-samgzavro WurWeli [ix. WaniSvili 2013: 257]. ornamentirebulia WurWlis orive mxare. mTeli nimuSebis mixedviT naxati WurWlebze ar meordeba da am mxriv yoveli maTgani unikaluria; cnobilia Zv.w. V s. daTariRebuli ramdenime maTara, romelic sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia: erT-erTi maTganis korpusis orive mxares amokawvriT datanilia spiralurad Caxveuli gamosaxuleba _ sami paraleluri, erTimeoreSi Caxveuli spirali; Sua spirali maTaris erT gverdze mtacebeli frinvelis Zlier stilizebuli gamosaxulebiT sruldeba [ix. maxaraZe da sxv. 2007: 97-98, sur. 94]. sxva nimuSebze vxvdebiT orive gverdis Semkobas koncentruli wreebiT da yelis irgvliv Rilakebis rigiT [ix. kaxiZe 2007: 128-129, sur. 72,5; 76,5]. maTarebi Zv.w. VI-V ss-is kolxeTSi farTod gavrcelebuli ara yofila. maTi umravlesoba Zv.w. IV-III ss-is Zeglebidanaa cnobili. ucvlelia maTi tanis forma (wriuli, brtyeli an momrgvalebuli ZiriT) [ix. WaniSvili 2013: 257-260]. Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan kolxur meTuneobaSi mkveTri cvlilebebi xdeba. icvleba WurWlis tanis forma _ gabatonebuli bikonusuri moyvaniloba adgils uTmobs sferul tans, xdeba proporciebis dagrZeleba, Cndeba qusli; tradiciul saxeobaTa gverdiT berZnuli kulturis gavleniT Cndeba WurWlis axali formebi. daviwyebas eZleva keramikis zogierTi saxeoba. naklebi yuradReba eqceva WurWlis Semkobas _ rac warmoebis intensifikaciiTa da masobriv warmoebaze gadasvliT aixsneba. Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan adgilobrivi meTuneobis ganviTarebaSi dgeba xana, rodesac kolxeTSi, tradiciuli saxeobebis gverdiT, keramikuli nawarmi warmodgenilia berZnuli formebis mibaZviT damzadebuli mcire artefaqtebiT. SedarebiT farTo xasiaTi berZnuli keramikuli formebis danergvam Zv.w. III-I ss-Si miiRo. doqebis, jam-fialebisa da Tasebis Sesaxeb ukve aRniSnuli iyo. am saxeobebs unda davumatoT e.w. saTevze langrebi _ gareT gadaxrili piris kidiT, brtyeli ZiriT, wriulqusliani, fskeris centrSi reliefuri qediT SemosazRvruli CaRrmavebis mqone WurWlebi, lakis imitaciiT dafaruli an wiTeli saRebaviT moxatuli; es WurWeli formiT enaTesaveba elinistur samyaroSi gavrcelebul saTevze langrebs, romelTa gavleniTacaa savaraudod Seqmnili kolxeTSi; aseve TefSebi _ Sveulkidiani, wriulqusliani, wiTlad an Savad gaprialebuli, an wiTeli saRebavis zolebiT dafaruli WurWeli, romelic moyvanilobiT elinistur samyaroSi gavrcelebul wiTeli da Savi lakiT dafarul sufris WurWels hgavs da amdenad mis minabaZadaa miCneuli [ix. maTiaSvili 1977: 66-68, tab. XXI, 2-7, 9]. 94 saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, ax.w. II - V ss-Si, mcire aziis romauli provinciebis Tixis nawarmis intensiuri mozRvavebis paralelurad, iseve, rogorc gvianelinistur xanaSi, mzaddeba Tixis WurWlis adgilobrivi minabaZebi _ oinoxoiebi; mortariumebi; paterebi — sakulto daniSnulebis WurWeli cilindruli horizontaluri yurebiT [Трапш 1969: 331-335, tab. III-4, 8,5, XVIII,3-5; ramiSvili 2003:tab.109,11]. axali keramikuli formebia ritualuri daniSnulebis WurWlebi: maRalfexiani Tasi-Timiaterionebi (wiTeli saRebaviT moxatuli), ritonebi, e.w. dafanjruli WurWeli (wiTelsartylebiani). Zv.w.VIII –IV ss-is pirveli naxevris e.w. kolxuri keramikis ornamentuli dekori gansakuTrebuli siuxviT gamoirCeva. Semdeg Tixis WurWlis zedapiris Semkoba gamartivebis gziT midis. rac Seexeba Zv.w. VIII-IVss-is kolxuri keramikis ornaments, is gacilebiT ufro mravalferovania, vidre zemoT motanili, SedarebiT ukeT daculi keramikuli formebis ganxilvisas gamoCnda. dasavleT saqarTvelos namosaxlarebsa da samarovnebze napovnia WurWlis uamravi ornamentirebuli fragmenti, romlebic afarToeben warmodgenas am xanis keramikis Semkulobis motivebsa da maTi Sesrulebis teqnikur xerxebze. gamosaxulebis datanisas gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva teqnika: daZerwva, kveTa, daStampva, wnexva, gaprialeba. StampiT datanilia koncentruli wreebi, patara trapeciiseburi WdeebiT Sedgenili wrexazebi, e.w. saTvaliseburi spirali, iribi Rarebi. dakbiluli StampiT datanilia sxvadasxva siganisa da siRrmis iribi da urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli Rarebi, rombuli bade, xviebi; daZerwilia brtyeli Rilakebi da wvetiani kopebi, qedebi. gvxvdeba rTuli naxati _ sxvadasxva ornamentuli saxis kombinacia, kerZod, wertilebis, kopebis, Wdeebisa da Rarebis monacvleoba. am periodis adrindel etapze, romelic Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.-s moicavs, kolxuri keramikis ganmsazRvreli niSania WurWlis zedapiris kanelurebiT dafarva, aseve misi priala zolebis kombinaciiT Semkoba da gaprialeba. gansxvavebuli sixSirisa da siRrmis kanelurebiT dafarulia didi zomis sqelkedliani WurWeli, Txelkedliani qoTnebi, tolCebi, sasmisebi. kanelurebi mxridan eSveba Ziramde, zogjer ZirTan axlos wydeba da darCenili are horizontalur zolebadaa gaprialebuli; sada nawilebi, rogorc wesi, naprialebia; didi zomis WurWlis Zirebze xSiria priala zolebiT Seqmnili badiseburi naxati [ix. miqelaZe 1974: 56-57; Tolordava 1977: 76]. winareantikuri xanis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli ornamentuli motivia urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli Rarebis rigebiT Sedgenili naxati _ roca daxrili rigebis raodenoba orze metia, mas e.w. parketul ornamentad moixsenieben, xolo Rarebis ori rigi e.w. wiwvisebur, igive e.w. Tevzifxur motivadaa gansazRvruli [ix. Куфтин 1950: 197, sur. 48-42, 75, 83; 49a-3; 49b-11; tab. 75, 5; Tolordava 2001: tab. I, 15; II, 5, 7, 9; V, 12]. am tipis ornamentiT, Cveulebriv, Semkulia WurWlis mxari da korpusi mxars qvemoT (rogorc sqelkedliani, ise Txelkedliani sxvadasxva tipis WurWlisa), calke, an sxva motivebTan SeTavsebiT (kopebi, jvrebi, rombuli bade da sxv.). rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli rigebiT Sedgenili ornamentiT dafarulia didi zomis WurWlis e.w. orferda piris gvirgvinebic. sainteresoa, rom keramikuli warmoebis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze, Zv.w. VI-IV ss., es naxati gamartivebuli saxiT (e.w. wiwviseburi ornamenti) upiratesad WurWlis piris gvirgvinebze gadainacvlebs [ix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. 1981: 53-54]. 95 Zv.w. VIII-IVss. aseve popularuli motivia rombuli badis ornamenti, romelic sartylebis saxiT gvxvdeba WurWlis mxarsa da korpusze, rogorc calke, ise sxva ornamentul saxeebTan SeTavsebiT; is xan dakbiluli tvifriTaa datanili, xan wnexviT gamoyvanili priala zolebiT aris Sedgenili *Куфтин 1950: sur. 48, 35; Tolordava 2001: 39, tab.V,9]. amave periodSi Cndeba ornamentis saxeebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.-Si ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli mTel kolxeTSi, magram am etapisTvis damaxasiaTebladaa miCneuli, radgan am xanisTvis tipiuri WurWlis SemkulobaSi gvxvdeba [ix. Tolordava 2001: 39]. pirvel rigSi es exeba koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenil ornaments. naxats qmnis sagangebo tvifriT datanili ori erTimeoreSi Casmuli wrexazi SuaSi wertiliT. aseTi koncentruli wreebis erTi an ramdenime rigisgan Sedgenili sartyeli amkobs didi zomis sqelkedliani WurWlis mxars, mcire zomis kanelirebul calyura kaTxebs, Txelkedliani WurWlis korpuss *Куфтин 1950: 97, 99, tab. 36-1; Tolordava 1977: 74, sur.57, 20; Tolordava 2001: tab. V,22]. meTuneobis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze es ornamenti uxvadaa gamoyenebuli Rrma, pirgadaSlili langrebis pirebis SemkobaSi, sadac piris gadmoSlil kides koncentruli wreebis ori an sami rigi Semouyveba [Куфтин 1950: 95, 96, tab. 34-1,3-6]. yuradRebas ipyrobs am motivis roli cxovelis gamosaxulebiani sqelkedliani WurWlebis SemkulobaSi: WurWlis mxaris sam sxvadasxva fragmentze amokveTili TiTo zoomorfuli figura swored koncentruli wreebisa da iribi Rarebis kombinaciiT Sedgenil sartylebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli; wriulad ganlagebuli koncentruli wreebive qmnian erTian diskos _ solarul gamosaxulebas, romliskenac miemarTeba fantastikuri arseba, romlis tani mTel sigrZeze, kisrisa da drunCis CaTvliT, am wreebis mwkriviTaa dafaruli *Куфтин 1950: 103-107, sur. 27-29, tab. 37]. agreTve ornamentis iSviaT saxeebs miekuTvneba spiraluri ornamentis variantebi _ e.w. rvianSi Cawerili spirali da e.w. gadabmuli spiralis, an igive e.w. mikenuri spiralis saxeliT cnobili motivebi [ix. Kunich 1998: 230-231, sur. 89 a,e]. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens xazebiT SeerTebul erTimeoreSi Casmul spiralur xveulebs; xveulebi tvifriTaa datanili, xolo gadabmis xazebi wvetiani instrumentiTaa gavlebuli. SeniSnulia, rom kolxuri keramikisaTvis ornamentis es iSviaTi motivebi uxvad gvxvdeba Tanadroul mxatvruli xelosnobis brinjaos nivTebze _ kolxuri kulturis grafikuli dekoriT Semkul sagnebze [ix. xidaSeli 1982: tab. X-XIII, XVI, #17; fancxava 1988: 27, tab. II-IV]. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si kolxuri keramikis Semkulobis ZiriTadi tradiciuli saxeebi: e.w. talRiseburi, wiwviseburi, rombuli bade, irgvlivi da Sveuli xazebi, iribi naWdevebi, koncentruli wreebi, Rilakebi, erTdroulad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva nakeTobebze. amasTan, konkretul morfologiur niSnebs garkveuli saxis ornamenti Seesabameba. saerToa ornamentis datanis principic _ ornamentuli motivebis sartylebad ganTavseba (qvevrebze, dergebze, qoTnebze, doqebze, larnakebze); wina epoqis msgavsad, teqnikuri xerxebic _ wnexva, dakbiluli tvifris gamoyeneba, gaprialeba, kveTa, Zerwva. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze popularulma ornamentulma saxeebma _ rombulma badem da wiwviseburma naxatma _ WurWlis tanidan piris gvirgvinebze (es upiratesad am xanaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul WurWels _ qvevrs exeba) gadainacvla [gamyreliZe 1982: 63-67]. dasavleT saqarTvelos mocemuli periodis Tixis WurWlis ganviTarebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad, Cans, Tu rogor xdeba warsulidan SemorCenili nakadebis 96 Serwyma axal formebTan. iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, kolxurma keramikam gverdi auara ucxo formebis gavlenas da garkveul xanamde SeinarCuna tradiciuli TviTmyofadoba. is Tavisi gziT viTardeboda, vidre Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan da mTeli Semdegi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar SemoiWra berZnuli sameTuneo nawarmis gavleniT Seqmnili saxeobaTa axali formebi. am droidan kolxur meTuneobaSi mkveTri cvlilebebis xana dgeba. garda imisa, rom WurWlis tanis formebi axal niSnebs iZens (bikonusuri moyvanilobis nacvlad gabatonebulia sferuli an e.w. msxlisebri tani, xdeba proporciebis dagrZeleba, Cndeba qusli), tradiciul saxeobaTa gverdiT berZnuli kulturis gavleniT Cndeba WurWlis axali saxeobebi. dasawyisSi es aris ZiriTadad adgilobrivad damzadebuli amforebi, SemdegSi ki, Zv.w. III-I ss-Si, berZnuli importis mozRvavebasTan erTad, intensiurad iwarmoeba berZnuli keramikis mibaZviT damzadebuli WurWeli. ax.w. I s-dan kolxeTSi icvleba politikuri situacia: dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi romis politikis gavlenis qveS moeqca, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi e.w. pontokavkasiis sasazRvro sistemis Camoyalibebis Sedegad am sistemaSi Semavali qalaqebi sasazRvro militaristuli xasiaTis cixe-qalaqebad gardaiqmna [ix. gamyreliZe 2014: 132]. es movlena materialur kulturazec aisaxa; aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli nawarmis, upiratesad ki mcire aziis romauli provinciebis sanapiro centrebis warmomavlobis artefaqtebis momZlavrebiT, ramac gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xasiaTi ax.w. II-III ss-Si miiRo; am xanaSi adgilobriv sameTuneo nawarmSi warmodgenili tradiciuli keramikuli formebis gverdiT intensiurad mzaddeba mcireaziuli provinciebis nawarmis minabaZebi [ix. gamyreliZe 2014: 133, 136-137]. rac Seexeba Zv.w. VII-IV ss-is keramikas, rogorc kolxeTis materialuri kulturis erT-erT yvelaze metyvel elements, is TavisTavadi kolxuri kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad nawils Seadgens da kulturis sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad warmoadgens mniSvnelovan wyaros kolxeTis xelosnuri warmoebis istoriisTvis. adreul etapze, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si, ukve gvxvdeba WurWlis yvela is saxeoba, romelic Semdgomi, Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is (e.w. adreantikuri xanis) keramikis ganmsazRvrelad iTvleba. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-Si winare xanis sameTuneo tradiciebis gagrZelebasTan erTad iqmneba didi raodenobis, rTuli formebis mravalferovani saxeobebi. am xanis kolxuri keramika, tipologiuri mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT, rac Semdeg aspeqtebSi vlindeba: yvela WurWeli sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebuli, dadgenilia Tixis erTgvarovani Semadgenloba da gamowvis erTnairi reJimi; gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa da formis WurWels aerTianebs ornamenti. Zv.w. VI-IVss Tixis nawarmis araCveulebrivi simravle da mravalferovneba keramikuli warmoebis farTo masStabebsa da xelosanTa karg profesiul doneze miuTiTebs mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT. naTlad Cans, rom am xanaSi xdeba formebis standartizacia, meTuneobis specializacia (meqvevreobis calke dargad gamoyofa), meTuneoba sasaqonlo xasiaTs iRebs, rasac didi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda Sidakolxuri ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebisaTvis, xolo am xanis Tixis nawarmis sayovelTao gavrceleba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken zRvispira zolsa da lixis qeds Soris, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken didsa da mcire kavkasions Soris) Tanxvdeba amave periodis xelosnobis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebis gavrcelebis 97 zonas da garkveulad Seesatyviseba kolxeTis samefos politikur- teritoriul sazRvrebs [ix. lorTqifaniZe 2002: 209-2010]. kolxuri amforebi: dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi importuli amforebi savaWro tarad Zv.w. VI s-is meore naxevridan Cndeba. aq dadasturebulia SavizRvisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis saqalaqo centrebSi damzadebuli amforebi [fuTuriZe 1976: 79-90]. Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan iwyeba adgilobrivi e.w. kolxuri amforebis (resp. yavisferTixiani) warmoeba [ix. gamyreliZe 2010: 176-189]. am periodisaTvis e.w. kolxuri amforebi sinopurs hgvanan. dasavleT saqarTvelos kolxuri amforebis mravalricxovan arqeologiur monapovarSi, formis, moculobis da Tixis mixedviT sxvadasxva tipologiuri variantebi SeiniSneba [ix. lorTqifaniZe 1966: 137-140; kaxiZe 1971: 55-63; fuTuriZe 2003: 98-109; gamyreliZe 1982: 96-98; gamyreliZe 2010: 176-189; Брашинский 1980: tab.XXIII; Внуков da sxv. 1991: 170-185; xalvaSi 2002: 10-20 da iq dasax. lit.]. agreTve sxvaobaa qronologiuradac. kolxuri amforebi, rogorc Cans dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerT adgilas mzaddeboda. es, adgilobrivi warmoebis amforebi Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan ax.w. VIII s-mde da Semdegac sxvadasxva modifikaciiT keTdeboda. zogadad, kolxuri amforebi tipologiur- qronologiurad Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: 1. Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevris _ III s-is pirveli naxevris kolxuri amforebi sinopurs gvanan, oRond Tixis zedapiri ufro xorkliania, feri ki moyavisfro. gvxvdeba Ria-moyavisfro egzemplarebic. adgilobrivi, kolxuri amforebis korpusi kvercxiseburia, lilvakiseburi piri da cilindruli yeli aqvs; qusli wakveTili konusiseburia, cilindrulTan miaxloebuli; yurebi Tanabrad morkaluri da WrilSi ovaluria. 2. Zv.w. II-I ss-is kolxur amforebs welze Sezneqiloba uCndebaT; yeli cilindrulia da SedarebiT mokle; ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi Tanabrad morkaluri da SedarebiT moklea; Tixa zedapirze xorkliania da moyavisfro elferisaa; gvxdeba Ria-moyavisfro egzemplarebic. saerTod, kolxuri amforebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania fskerze spiraluri xvia, romelsac zogi mecnieri e.w. vardulisebursac uwodebs. amgvari spiraluri xvia ucxouri amforebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. kolxuri amforebis Tixis struqtura xaoian-forovania. Tixa Seicavs moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovan namcecebs. Sereulia diabazis da bazaltis, piroqsenitebis, kvarcis, qarsis, rkinis hidroJangis minarevebi da sxv. Catarebulia Tixis mineralogiurpetrografiuli analizi, ris Sedegadac dadasturda, adgilobrivi, kolxeTis sxvadasxva regionis TixasTan maTi identurobis faqti [ix. morCaZe 1979: 81; foforaZe da sxv. 2006: 220-224]. Zv.w. II-I ss-is kolxuri amforebis zogierT egzemplarze gvxvdeba niSnebi. SesaZloa isini xelosnis mier amforis moculobas an raodenobas aRniSnavdes. kolxur amforaze datanili niSnebi hgavs adgilobriv damzadebul qvevrebze da kramitze aRbeWdil niSnebs. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom vanSi aRmoCenil erT-erT adgilobriv amforas zedapiri iseve aqvs damuSavebuli, rogorc adgilobriv qvevrebs _ vertikalur xazebiani horizontaluri sartylebiT [Путуридзе 1977: 68- 69]. kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia keramikis gamosawvavi qurebi, sadac sxva tipis keramikis natexebTan erTad amforebis fragmentebicaa dadasturebuli. aseTi qura aRmoCenilia sof. gvandrasTan (afxazeTi), romelic Zv.w. III s-isaa. aseTive quraa soxumTan e.w. wiTeli Suquras namosaxlarze. quris 98 naSTebia Seswavlili agreTve sof. gulrifSis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare namosaxlarze. Zv.w. IIs. meore naxevris da Zv.w. Is. kolxur amforebs fskerze isev spiraluri xvia aqvs. cilndruli qusli ufro sokosTavisebr momrgvalebur formas iRebs da bolo ufro Sesqelebulia. zogi mecnieri mas e.w. Rilisebursac uwodebs. am periodis kolxuri amforebis kedeli SedarebiT Txelia. amforebs tanze ufro SesamCnevi Sezneqiloba uCndebaT. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es Sezneqiloba amforis xmeleTze transportirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, amforas ufro advilad moedeboda Sezneqilobaze bawari da ufro moxerxebuli iqneboda cxenis an virisTvis sapalned gadakideba. kolxuri amforebis tevadoba 13-dan 22 litramde meryeobs. kolxuri amforebi mravladaa aRmoCenili Zv.w. II-I ss-is namosaxlarebze istoriuli kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze. aq TiTqmis ar aris am periodis namosaxlari, sadac amgvari amforebi ar aRmoCeniliyo. specialur samecniero literaturaSi axla TiTqmis erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, rom es amforebi adgilobrivi, kolxuri warmoebisaa. kolxuri amforebi dadasturebulia Semdeg punqtebSi: eSeraSi, q. soxumSi, q. oCamCireSi, md. enguris xeobaSi, q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, sof. urekSi, md. sufsa-natanebis SuamdinareTSi, sof. cixisZirSi, q. qobuleTis fiWvnarSi, sof. maxvilaurSi, q. baTumSi, sof. gonioSi, sof. bukiscixeSi, sof. gurianTaSi, sof. dafnarSi, sof. dablagomSi, sof. mTisZirSi, q. quTaisis midamoebSi, sof. sagviCioSi, q. vanSi da mis mimdebare teritoriaze da sxv. Zv.w.II-I ss-is kolxuri amforebi CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi sxvadasxva namosaxlarebzea aRmoCenili. esenia _ gorgipia, kitei, kepi, neapoli, qersonesi, donuzlavi, beliausi, karatobe, kerkinitida da sxv. [ix. Внуков da sxv. 1991: 170-185 da iq dasax. lit.]. 3. Zv.w.II- I ss. kolxuri amforebis Semdgomi periodis gagrZelebad ax.w.II -III ss. e.w. yelwiboiani welSezneqili amforebi unda iyos, romlebsac wagrZelebuli tani, TiTqmis Tanabrad morkaluli yurebi da fskerze agreTve spiraluli xvia axasiaTebT. maTi kedeli SedarebiT kidev ufro Txelia da yelze, yurebis miZerwvis adgilze gamoxatuli wibo aqvT, romelic Sida mxridan odnav Cazneqilia. am tipis amforebi mikvleulia _ biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, eSeraSi, webeldaSi, foTSi (paliastomi), urekSi, qobuleTis fiWvnarSi, cixisZirSi, gonioSi da sxv. [ix. xalvaSi 2002: 10-20]. 4. ax.w. III-IV ss-dan welSezneqili da fskerze spiralurxviiani kolxuri amforebis axali tipi viTardeba. am amforebs yurebi mkveTrad aqvT zeda nawilSi moxrili da tani kidev ufro viwro da wagrZelebuli aqvT. zogierT egzemplars tanze dabali gofrireba uCndeba. yurebi ganivkveTSi ovalurobas kargavs da ufro brtyeli xdeba. jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi: 1) q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT napirTan, adgil natexebSi kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wreSi Casmuli jvris damRiT aRmoCnda. aq Tixa-torfiani fenaa, sadac Zv.w. IV-II ss-is arqeologiuri masala, kerZod, atikuri Savlakiani WurWlis profilirebuli qusli da rodosuli amforis qusli dadasturda [ix. gamyreliZe 1987: 97-117; gamyreliZe 2003:170-185; gamyreliZe 2002: 70-101; Gamkrelidze 1992a: 101-119; Гамкрелидзе 1992: 30-48]. xsenebuli kolxuri amforis yurze reliefuri damRa zeda mxarezea mkafiod dasmuli. yuri 99 ovalurganivkveTiania. damRis dm-1,9sm da Sig tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. damRa anepigrafikulia [ix. gamyreliZe 2010: 176-189]. 2) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wreSi Casmuli jvris damRiT aRmoCnda Coloqis namosaxlarTan, md. Coloqis marcxena napirze. TariRdeba Zv.w.III s. inaxeba fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazis fondSi [ix. cecxlaZe, iaSvili 1991: 58-61]. 3) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nak. 213212; sav. #07:1-04:470. fena Zv.w.III s-isaa. 4) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nak. 222; sav. #07:1-74:360. fena Zv.w. III s-isaa [gigolaSvili da sxv. 1979: tab.5,sur.30]. 5) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze; nakveTi 67, cisternasTan; sav. #07:1-79:2067. fena Zv.w. II-I ss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs. 6)kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nak. 213; sav. #07:1-03:65. fena Zv.w. II s-is artefaqtebs Seicavs. 7) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri momrgvalebul mklaviani svastikis damRiT; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze; nak. 127-142; sav. #07:1-04:2287. fena Zv.w. III- Iss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs. 8) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri jvriani damRiT; aRmoCnda md. sulorTan, vanis naqalaqaridan aRmosavleTiT, adgil mSvidobis goraze arqeologiuri dazvervebis dros; sav. #07:9-05: 34. iqve dadasturda Zv.w.III-I ss-is artefaqtebi. vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze kolxuri amforis kidev erTi jvriandamRiani yuri aRmoCnda. jvriani damRebi dafiqsirebulia adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevrzec: qvevris pirze wriuli damRaa, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nak.222; sav.#07: 1-74: 277. fena Zv.w.III - ax.w.III ss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs. adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris samkuTxaganivkveTian pirze damRaa, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli; aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nak. 221; sav. #07:1-70: 329. fena Zv.w.III- ax.w. III ss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs. qvevris es fragmenti Zlier dazianebul qurasTan aRmoCnda [ix. cecxlaZe da sxv. 1991: 59]. adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris mxris fragmenti, romelsac wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvris tvifri aqvs. aRmoCnda gurianTas namosaxlarze, romelic md. sufsis marcxena mxares (ozurgeTis municip.) mdebareobs. fena Zv.w. IV-IIIss-iT TariRdeba [ix. vaSakiZe 1971: 17]. dResdReobiT, jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos garda, arsad ar aris mikvleuli. isini, stratigrafiuli monacemebis da artefaqtebis konteqstze dayrdnobiT, ZiriTadad Zv.w. IV s-is miwuruliT _ II siT unda daTariRdes. damRebze, jvris formebis garkveuli sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva. Semdgom periodSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi mravlad aRmoCenil Zv.w. II-I ss-is kolxuri amforebis yurze da yelze, xSirad sxvadasxva niSnebia amokawruli. jerjerobiT amgvari niSnebis ocdaaTamde saxeobaa dadasturebuli. sayuradReboa, rom daaxloebiT aseTi niSnebi kolxeTSi jer kidev Zv.w. IV s-dan qvevrebze, xolo Zv.w. III s-dan kramitebze da sawafebzec fiqsirdeba. isini, mecnierebis mier, ZiriTadad qvevrebis, amforebisa da kramitebis damamzadebeli saxelosnoebis niSnebadaa miCneuli [fuTuriZe 2003: 102]. am niSnebs Soris aris 100 jvris niSan-grafitoebic. wreSi Casmuli wvriltana jvriani damRebi cnobilia TasosSi damzadebul amforebze. magram aq mklavebSua Casmulia berZnuli asoebi [ix. Брашинский 1980: 233, sur.132; Монахов 1999: 233]. damRis dasma, xelSeuxeblobisa da nivTis an WurWlis SigTavsis visime sakuTrebas niSnavda. damRa mas, am qonebas, arakeTilsindisieri adamianebis xelyofisagan samarTlebrivad icavda. damRa daaxloebiT iseTive uflebrivi niSani iyo, rogorc monetaze gamosaxuli emblemebi. misi gamosaxva mxolod garkveuli warCinebuli pirebis (kolxeTSi _ qurumi, mefe, mTavari) prerogativa iyo. mas ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis warCinebuli pirebi da maRali rangis moxeleebi flobdnen da iyenebdnen. amitom, damRa iuridiuli xasiaTis dokumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. wreSi Casmuli jvari SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTvelos romelime qalaquri dasaxlebis, regionis uflebamosili warCinebuli piris niSania, romlis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi keramikuli saxelosnoebis nawarmi aseTi emblemiT idamReboda. aseTi saqalaqo centri SeiZleba "vani", "fiWvnari" an fasisi iyo. qalaq fasisis saSualebiT kolxeTis nedleuli da nawarmi saerTaSoriso bazarze gaedineboda. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom es damRebi mefis moxelisac iyo, romelsac amforebis (taris) warmoebis kontroli evaleboda da garkveuli pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda am amforebiT gadasatani savaWro produqciis xarisxze. Tuki dioskuria-eSeridan Zv.w. III s. kolxuri amforebis cnobil damRebs gaviTvaliswinebT, romelzedac qalaqis saxelia aRniSnuli [ix. fuTuriZe 2003: tab.I, sur.2], maSin SesaZloa, rom jvriani damRac, romelime sxva kolxuri qalaqis emblemad CaiTvalos, magaliTad, savaWro qalaq fasisis. aRmoCenili arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze da sxva artefaqtebis moSveliebagaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan _ II s-is CaTvliT kolxeTSi mzaddeboda amforebi, romlebzedac tvifravdnen uflebriv, savaWro damRebs, iseve, rogorc es xdeboda xmelTaSua da Savi zRvispira saqalaqo centrebSi [dawvr. ix. gamyreliZe 2010: 176-189]. Lliteratura: boxoCaZe 1963: boxoCaZe al. mevenaxeoba Zvel saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Tb., 1963. boWoriSvili 1949: boWoriSvili l. qarTuli keramika, I, Tb. gagoSiZe da sxv. 2006: gagoSiZe i., gogiberiZe n., maxaraZe g. iTxvisis samarovani (katalogi), arqeologiuri Jurnali, IV. saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi. Tb. gv. 36-59. gamyreliZe 1982: gamyreliZe g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi. Tb. gamyreliZe 1987: gamyreliZe g. wyalqveSa arqeologiuri eqspediciis kvlevaZeieba q. foTis midamoebSi, saq, mec. akad. macne, ist. arq. ...seria, #1, …gv.97-119. gamyreliZe 2010: gamyreliZe g. anepigrafikuli jvriandamRiani kolxuri amfora foTi-fasisidan, Jur. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gamocema, #19, Tb., gv. 176-189. gamyreliZe 2002: gamyreliZe g., kolxeTi (kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi), gam. logosi, Tb. gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe g., qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis, _ Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, #1, Tb., gv. 170-185. 101 gamyreliZe T. 1989: gamyreliZe T., weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, Tb. gigolaSvili da sxv. 1979: gigolaSvili el. kaWarava d. fuTuriZe r. fircxalava m. Wyonia an., vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze 1970-77 ww. arqeologiuri masalis katalogi, kreb. vani IV, Tb., gv. 41-114. gobejiSvili 2014: gobejiSvili n. samarxTa konstruqcia da dakrZalvis wesi kolxuri da yobanuri kulturebis mixedviT. Tb. gogaZe 1982: gogaZe e., kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura. Tb. vaSakiZe 1971: vaSakiZe n., gurianTis arqeologiuri Zegli, kreb. samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, Tb., gv.5-27. vaSakiZe, lorTqifaniZe 1975: vaSakiZe n., lorTqifaniZe g. kolxuri qvevri. sdsZ, V. Tb. gv. 93-106. Tolordava 1977: Tolordava v. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dablagomSi (1972-73 ww.). kreb. vani III. Tb. gv. 71-80. Tolordava 2001: Tolordava v. vanis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-is sakulto kompleqsi (qronologiisaTvis). Ziebani. damatebani. IV. gv. 37-47. kalandaZe 1954: kalandaZe al. soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. soxumi. kaxiZe 1971: kaxiZe am., keramikuli tara fiWvnaris antikuri xanis naqalaqaridan, kreb. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, Tb., gv. 28- 66. kaxiZe 1971: kaxiZe am., saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri xanis qalaqebi. Tb. kaxiZe 1965: kaxiZe am. masalebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Zveli qalaqebis istoriisaTvis. mska, IV. Tb. kaxiZe 2007: kaxiZe am., antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. V saukunis berZnuli nekropoli),F fiWvnari I. Tb. lorTqifaniZe g. 1991: lorTqifaniZe g. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb. lorTqifaniZe mar. 1975: lorTqifaniZe mar., kolxeTis Zv.w. V- III ss. sabeWdavibeWdebi, Tb. lorTqifaniZe 1966: lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. savaWro-ekonomiuri da kulturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis Zv.w. VI-II ss. Tb. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1972: lorTqifaniZe oT. vanis naqalaqari (gaTxrebi, istoria, problemebi). vani I. Tb. gv. 7-42. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1977: lorTqifaniZe oT. vanis naqalaqari. gaTxrebi, istoria, problemebi. (werili meore). vani III. Tb. gv. 13-27. lorTqifaniZe oT. 2002: lorTqifaniZe oT. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb. lorTqifaniZe oT., fuTuriZe da sxv. 1972: lorTqifaniZe oT., fuTuriZe r., Tolordava v., Wyonia an. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanSi 1969 w., vani I. Tb. gv. 198239. lorTqifaniZe oT., da sxv. 1981: lorTqifaniZe oT., gigolaSvili el., kaWarava d., liCeli v., fircxalava m., Wyonia an. Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebis kolxuri keramika vanidan (tipologiuri klasifikacia, daTariReba, katalogi). vani V. Tb. maTiaSvili 1973: maTiaSvili n. elinisturi xanis adgilobrivi keramika vanidan. mska, V. Tb. gv. 52-70. maTiaSvili 1977: maTiaSvili n. Zv.w. III-I ss. kolxeTis qalaqebis ekonomiuri istoriidan. Tb. maTiaSvili 2013: maTiaSvili n. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze. Ggvianelinisturi xanis sataZro kompleqsi. vani X. Tb. 102 maxaraZe, wereTeli 2007: maxaraZe g., wereTeli m. sairxe. Tb. mindoraSvili 2014: mindoraSvili d. saqarTvelos arqeologia, I, baTumi. morCaZe 1979: morCaZe T., Sida qarTlis antikuri periodis keramika, Tb. miqelaZe 1974: miqelaZe T., Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan. Tb. miqelaZe 1978: miqelaZe T. arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba rionis qvemo welze. Tb. miqelaZe 1985: miqelaZe T. kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis samarovnebi. Tb. nadiraZe 1975: nadiraZe j. yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. nadiraZe 1990: nadiraZe j. sairxe. saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi. Tb. narimaniSvili g. 1999: antikuri xanis samarxi patarZeulidan, _ akc-s kreb. Ziebani, #3, Tb., gv. 68- 70. papuaSvili r., papuaSvili n. 2005: papuaSvili r., papuaSvili n. kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi - ergeta., Tb. fancxava 1988: fancxava l. kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebi, Tb. fircxalava, yifiani 1986: fircxalava m., yifiani g. centraluri terasis dasavleT nawilSi 1978-81 ww. Catarebuli savele muSaobis Sedegebi. kreb. vani VIII. Tb. gv. 52-78. foforaZe da sxv. 2006: foforaZe n., faradaSvili ir., axvlediani d., gasitaSvili an., keramikis mineralogiuri da petrografiuli kvleva (vanis masalebis magaliTze) _ akc-s kreb. Ziebani, # 17-18, Tb., gv.220-224. fuTuriZe 2003: fuTuriZe r., amforebis warmoeba kolxeTSi Zv.w. IV-I ss-Si. Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, # 1, 2003, gv. 98-109. fuTuriZe 1976: fuTuriZe r., importuli amforebi vanis naqalaqaridan, kreb. vani II, Tb., gv.79- 90. WaniSvili 2013: WaniSvili T. Tixis WurWlis erTi saxeoba (maTara) saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebidan, kreb. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gamocema, #21, Tb., gv. 257-260. Wyonia 1986: Wyonia an. oqros samkaulebi vanis naqalaqaridan. vani VI. Tb. xidaSeli 1982: xidaSeli m. centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi (brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi). gamokvleva da katalogi. Tb. yauxCiSvili 1987: yauxCiSvili T., vanis axladaRmoCenili warwera, kreb. qarT. wyaroTmcodneoba, VII, Tb., gv.131-143. yauxCiSvili 1965: yauxCiSvili T., hipokrates cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb. Spaideli 1985: Spaideli m., kavkasiis sazRvari, II s. garnizonebi afsarosSi, petrasa da fasisSi, _ saq. mecn. akad. macne (ist. ... seria), #1, Tb., gv.134-140. cecxlaZe, iaSvili 1991: cecxlaZe g., iaSvili i., damRiani kolxuri amforis fragmenti Coloqidan, _ kreb. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, Tb., gv. 58- 61. Zv. qarTuli agiogr. lit. Zeglebi 1964 : Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w. I, il. abulaZe (red.), Tb. xalvaSi 2002: xalvaSi m., keramikuli tara gonio-afsarosidan, baTumi. xidaSeli 2001: xidaSeli m., samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tb. jiblaZe 2001: jiblaZe l., dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis arqeologiuri ruka, _ akc-is Ziebani, # 8, Tb., gv.34-38. Брашинский 1980: Брашинский И., Греческий керамический импорт на нижнем Дону, Ленинград. 103 Гамкрелидзе Г. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб. Внуков, Цецхладзе 1991: Внуков С., Цецхладзе Г., Колхидские амфоры Северо-Западного Крыма. - сб. Памаятники железного века в окрестностях Евпатории, изд. Мос. университета, с. 170- 185. Воронов 1975: Воронов Ю. Тайна Цебельдинской Долины. Мос. Воронов, Бгажба 1985: Воронов Ю., Бгажба О., Материалы по Археологии Цебельды. Тб. Зеест 1967: Зеест И., Керамическая тара Боспора. МИА. 83. Мос. Кигурадзе 1976: Кигурадзе Н. Дапнарский Могильник. Тб. Куфтин 1949: Куфтин Б. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т. I. Тб. Куфтин 1950: Куфтин Б. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т. II. Тб. Лордкипанидзе Г. 1970: Лордкипанидзе Г., К истории древней Колхиды, Тб. Монахов 1999: Монахов С., Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов. Рамишвили 2003: Рамишвили Р., Грузия в эпоху раннего средневековья (4-8 вв). сб. Археология. Крым, Северно-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья. Мос., 2003, с. 270-320. Путуридзе 1977: Путуридзе Р., Колхидские амфоры из Вани, - Краткие сообщения, Инст. Археологии, №151, с. 68- 71. Трапш 1969: Трапш М. Труды. II. Сухуми. Braund 1994: Braund D., Georgia in Antiquity, Clarendon press, Oxford. Bon 1957: Bon A., Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos, Etudes thasiennes, Paris. Gamkrelidze 1990: Gamkrelidze G., Travaux hydroarcheologiques de localisation de l ancienne Phasis, Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs, Universite de Besancon, Paris, p. 223-236. Gamkrelidze 1992: Gamkrelidze G., Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic (the Colchian littoral), The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, London, New York, vol. 21, #2, p. 101119. Gamkrelidze 2012: Gamkrelidze G., Researches in Iberia-Colchology (Hisrory and archaeology of ancient Georgia). Tbilisi. Gamkrelidze 2014: Gamkrelidze G., Archaeology of the Roman Period of Georgia (Iberia-Colchis). Essay and Catalogue. Iberia-Colchis (The Journal of the Otar Lordkipanidze Centre for Archaeology of Georgian National Museum). Supplement. Kunisch 1998: Kunisch N., Ornamente geometrischer Vasen: ein Kompendium. Köln. Lordkipanidze 2000: Lordkipanidze O., Phasis, The river and City in Colchis, Stuttgart. 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 dionises kulti kavkasiaSi (Zv.w. IV–ax.w. IVss.) lana Cologauri aRniSnuli statia warmoadgens mokle angariSs samagistro kvlevisa, romelic ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis dafinansebiT da mxardaWeriT 2016 wels. sakvlevi Temis, “dionises gamosaxulebebi elinisturi xanis amierkavkasiaSi”, mTavar mizans warmoadgenda regionSi warmodgenili dionisesa da misi wris RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebis Tavmoyra da Seswavla. kvlevis geografiul arealSi moeqca saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani, qronologiuri CarCoebi ki elinisturi da gvianantikuri xaniT ganisazRvra.1 moZiebuli artefaqtebis Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca arqeologiuri masalis erT jgufze dayrdnobiT Tvali gagvedevnebina berZnuli kulturis infiltraciisTvis regionSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad uSualod berZnebis, xolo mogvianebiT romaelebis saxels ukavSirdeba. rogorc cnobilia, romaelebma SeiTvises berZnuli kultura da Tavisi elementebiT gaamdidres is, maT Soris dionises kulti, romelic romaul samyaroSi baxusis saxeliTaa cnobili. dionise (romaul kulturaSi - baxusi) berZnuli da romauli religiuri panTeonis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da popularuli RmerTia. is ganixileba rogorc mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis, lxinisa da drostarebis mfarveli RvTaeba. mis saxels ukavSirdeba Teatraluri warmodgenebi da misteriebi, romelsac antikur samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava. dionises kultis gavrceleba sxvadasxva xalxebSi erT-erTi Tanmdevi niSania elinizaciis procesisa, Sesabamisad misi wris RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebis Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems Tvali gavadevnoT berZnuli kulturis infiltraciasa da damkvidrebas samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze. dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebis Seswavlis procesSi aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli regionSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba. aRniSnuli kvlevis ganxorcielebisaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania ikonografiuli niuansebis codna. xSirad, swored es niuansebi gvaZlevs saSualebas paralelebis moZiebisa da gaazrebis safuZvelze davadginoT nivTis TariRi da warmomavloba. dionises kulti da masTan dakavSirebuli atributebi antikuri samyaros xelovnebis erT-erT rTul da problematur sakiTxadaa miCneuli. misi kultis mravalxmrivi xasiaTi antikuri xanis nimuSebze sxvadasxvagvari atribuciiT da simbolikiTაა warmodgenili. dionises ikonografia saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda, xSirad miTologiuri siuJetebis, adgilobrivi rwmena warmodgenebis, arsebuli tendenciebisa da modis Sesabamisad. Tu Tavdapirvelad dionise ZiriTadad wverosani moxucis saxiT gamoisaxeboda, mogvianebiT masTan erTad damkvidrda misi gamosaxva axalgzarda Wabukis saxiT, Tavze suros an vazis foTlebis gvirgviniT, TmaSi bafTiTa da zogjer patara zomis rqebiT (Dionysus Thauromorphus), xelSi girCiT daboloebuli bafTaSebmuli torsiTa da Rvinis sasmisiT, vazis talaveris qveS naxevrad wamowolili an mis TanamgzvarebTan (menadebi, satiri, pani da a.S) erTad msvlelobisas warmodgenili. elinisturi xanidan Cndeba dionise bavSvis 1 gamomdinare iqidan, rom kvlevisa da proeqtis ganxorcielebis vadebi iyo Zalze xanmokle, xolo finansebi SezRuduli, sakvlevi Temis miRma darCa saqarTvelos muzeumebis fondebSi daculi ramdenime artefaqti. 119 gamosaxulebebic, romelic xSirad mis aRmzrdel silenTan erTadaa warmodgenili. dionises gamosaxvis Zalze gavrcelebuli da erT-erTi uadresi formaa niRbebi, romelic sxvadasxva masalisgan mzaddeboda. niRbebi iyo rogorc naturaluri (Teatraluri warmodgenebisTvis), ise didi da mcire zomis (dekoratiuli daniSnulebis). samxreT kavkasiaSi dionises da misi wris RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT saqarTveloSia warmodgenili. kolxeTSi isini aRmoCenilia sairxis, vanisa da pitiuntis arqeologiur Zeglebze. sairxeSia aRmoCenili dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze adreuli artefaqti saqarTvelos teritoriidan. es aris Zv.w V s-is ukanaskneli meoTxediT daTariRdebuli wiTelfiguruli krateri, romelzec warmodgenilia dionisuri scena (sur. 1) [yifiani 2004: 116]. Zv.w. IV s-is ganekuTvneba brinjaosa da oqros farakiani beWdebi satiris niRbisa da salamuriani silenis gamosaxulebiT vanis naqalaqarze mdebare mdridruli samarxebidan [ix. lorTqifaniZe 2002: 232-233]. აseve Zv.w. IVs. ganekuTvneba sofel mTisZirSi aRmoCenili vercxlis ritoni, romelzec gamosaxulia vac-kaci (oCopintre). is, savaraudod dionises wris (paniს msgavs) adgilobriv RvTaebas unda warmoadgendes [dawvr. ix. gamyreliZe 1982: 79-81; gamyreliZe 2001: 110-112; Gamkrelidze 2009: 205-2006]. vanis naqalaqaris Zv.w. II-I ss-is kulturuli fenebidan momdinareobs dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi artefaqtebi: dionises terakotuli niRbebis fragmentebi (sur. 2, sur. 3); silenis Tavis gamosaxulebis dasamzadebeli Tixis yalibi (sur. 4); dionises da misi wris RvTaebaTa Tavebis horeliefuri gamosaxulebebi, romlebic brinjaos saritualo WurWlis dekoratiul gaformebas warmoadgenda [lorTqifaniZe 2002: 224-226] (sur.5), brinjaos Wraqi, Semkuli dionises, heraklesa da ariadnes skulpturebiT [lorTqifaniZe n. 2010: 22] (sur. 6); amave periods ganekuTvneba samfiguriani dekoratiularqiteqturuli fragmenti sayanCias namosaxlaridan, romelzec dionise da misi Tanamgzavrebi unda iyvnen warmodgenilni [liCeli 1991: 81] (sur. 7). dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil dionisur gamosaxulebaTagan yvelaze gviandelad unda CaiTvalos pitiuntSi gamovlenili ax.w II-III ss. vercxlis Tasi, Semkuli dionisuri sceniTa da cxovelTa gamosaxulebebiT [didi pitiunti 1978: tab.257] (sur. 9), aseve dionises/silenis brinjaos qandakeba, romelic ax.w. II-IIIss-is kulturuli fenidan momdinareobs (sur.8) [didi pitiunti 1975: 119, sur.255]. rogorc vxedavT, kolxeTis teritoriaze warmodgenili kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovani artefaqtebis qronologiuri diapazoni Zv.w. V s-is miwurulidan ax.w. IV s-mde periods moicavs. dionisesa da mis kultTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebi didi raodenobiTaa gamovlenili iberiis teritoriaze. zogi maTgani SemTxveviT monapovars warmoadgens, zogierTi ki sxvadasxva arqeologiuri Zeglis kulturuli fenidan momdinareobs. yvelaze adreulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sarkines gvianelinisturi xanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili dionises da misi wris RvTaebaTa terakotuli niRbebi Zv.w. II-I ss (sur.10) [boxoCaZe 1973: 36-42]. Zv.w. I - ax.w. I ss-s unda gakekuTvnebodes kaspis muzeumSi daculi dionises brinjaos qandakeba, romelic SemTxveviT monapovars warmoadgens (sofel kodiswyarodan) da rac sakmaod arTulebs misi zusti TariRis gansazRvras 120 (stilisturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa aRniSnuli qandakebis TariRad ax.w. II-III saukuneebic ki CaiTvalos) (sur.11)2. mniSvnelovania dedoflis goraze, sasaxlis kompleqsSi aRmoCenili amforis yuris fragmenti - dionises brinjaos niRabi (sur. 12) da silenis brinjaos qandakeba (sur. 13), romelic uSualod sakurTxevelze iyo moTavsebuli [i. gagoSiZe 2015: arq. angariSi]3. am nivTebis zeda TariRad ax.w. 80-iani wlebi unda miviCnioT (sasaxlis kompleqsis ngrevis dro), xolo qveda zRvari, stilisturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, gvianelinisturi xana (II-I ss) unda iyos. Zv.w. I saukunes ganekuTvneba dionises intalio aRmoCenili aRaianSi, riyianebis velis samarovanze [javaxiSvili 2003: 84] (sur. 14). mniSvnelovania aseve: silenis brinjaos niRabi (oinoxoias yuris dekoratiuli fragmenti) sofel metexidan, ax.w I s. (sur. 15)4; dionises minis sura xovles mdidruli samarxidan ax.w II-III ss [SatberaSvili 2007: 88-90] (sur. 16); vercxlis sarkis saxuravi dionises, ariadnesa da erotis gamosaxulebiT samTavros samarovnidan, ax.w II-III ss [afaqiZe, nikolaiSvili 1996: 11] (sur. 17); dionises mozaika Zalisis romauli xanis sasaxlis kompleqsidan 230-270 ww. [odiSeli 1989: 15-65; Odišeli 1995: 13, sur. 2] (sur. 18). iberiis teritoriaze aRmoCenili dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebi Zv.w II-I - ax.w III ss-is qronologiur CarCoebSi eqceva. mniSvnelovani artefaqtebia gamovlenili somxeTis teritoriaze. isini ZiriTadad warmodgenilia antikuri xanis iseT mniSvnelovan urbanul centrebSi rogoricaa artaSati, vaRarSapati, anisi. erTi artefaqtia gamovlenili erebunis cixesimagris teritoriaze. es aris vercxlis ritoni, romelzec SesaZloa gamosaxuli iyos dionise mis Tanmxleb menadebTan erTad (azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa nivTze warmodgenili scenis interpretaciaSi) *Аракелян 1976: 35; Маркарян 2002: 169-177; Treister 2012: 117-146] (sur. 19). aRniSnuli ritoni Zv.w IV s-is miwuruliTa da III s-is pirveli naxevriTaa daTariRebuli da Sesabamisad, dionises kultTan dakavSirebul erT-erTi uadres artefaqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos somxeTis teritoriidan (Tu masze gamosaxul siuJets dionises kults davukavSirebT). Zv.w II-I ss-s ganekuTvneba dionises Tavis terakotuli gamosaxuleba aRmoCenili vaRarSapatSi [Маркарян 2010: 170-179]5 (sur. 20). sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebuli masalis didi nawili aRmoCenilia artaSatSi, romelic gvian elinistur xanaSi somxeTis samefos dedaqalaqi iyo. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia silenis terakotuli qandakeba (sur. 21); oqros sayureebi dionises/menadis Tavis gamosaxulebiT (msgavsi atribuciidan gamomdinare rTulia zustad gansazRvra, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT faqts, rom elinistur xelovnebaSi dionises xSirad qaluri momxibvlelobiTa da silamaziT gamosaxavdnen) *Аракелян Б. 1982: 35] (sur. 22)6; 2 masalaze wvdomisa da fotogadaRebis nebarTvisaTvis did madlobas vuxdi giorgi xorguaSvilis saxelobis kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis xelmZrvanelobas. 3 masalaze wvdomisa da fotogadaRebisaTvis did madlobas vuxdiT iulon gagoSiZesa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, dedoflis goris arqeologiuri fondis kurators q-n n. gogiberiZes. 4 masalaze wvdomisa da fotogadaRebis nebarTvisaTvis did madlobas vuxdi giorgi xorguaSvilis saxelobis kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis xelmZrvanelobas. 5 masalaze wvdomis nebarTvisa da fotosaTvis madlobas vuxdi somxeTis erovnuli istoriuli muzeumis administracias. 6 masalaze wvdomis nebarTvisa da fotosaTvis madlobas vuxdi somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis, arqeologiisa da eTnologiis institutis TanamSromlebs. 121 satiris brinjaos niRabi (sur. 23)7; aRniSnuli artefaqtebi Zv.w. II - ax.w. I ss-iT TariRdeba. mniSvelovania anisSi aRmoCenili dionises brinjaos niRabi (sur.24) (brinjaos WurWlis yuris dekoratiuli gaformeba), romelic stilisturi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT Zv.w. I - ax.w. I ss-s unda ganekuTvnebodes [Аракелян 1976: 85]. somxeTis teritoriidan momdinare masala Zv.w. II - ax.w. I ss-s ganekuTvneba, xolo, Tu erebunis ritonze datanil scenas dionises davukavSirebT, maSin qveda zRvari Zv.w. IV-III ss-mde Camodis. dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli masala dRemde ar gamovlenila azerbaijanis teritoriaze, rac uSualod unda iyos dakavSirebuli berZenTa da romaelTa nakleb aqtivobasTan Zveli albaneTis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis muzeumebsa da arqeologiuri kvlevis centrebSi Catarebulma kvlevam, samecniero literaturis Seswavlam, saSualeba mogvca mogveZiebina samive qveynis masStabiT aRmoCenili dionisuri wris RvTaebaTa artefaqtebi. maTi Seswavlis, interpretirebisa da arqeologiuri konteqstis gaazrebis safuZvelze ganisazRvra berZenTa da romaelTa aqtivobis kvali regionSi da maT mier Semotanili kulturisa da rwmena-warmodgenebis gavrcelebis intensivoba. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom artefaqtebis es jgufi SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erT, da ara erTaderT, ganmsazRvrel niSnad aRniSnuli procesebisa (sur. 25). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samagistro proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli es kvleva, SesaZloa ar gvaZlevdes amomwurav informacias TiToeuli qveyanaSi gamovlenil dionises kultTan dakavSirebul artefaqtebze. kvlevam gviCvena, rom amierkvakasiaSi dionises wris RvTaebaTa artefaqtebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT saqarTvelos teritoriazea aRmoCenili. elinistur xanaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori gansxvavebuli kultura arsebobda, dasavluri anu kolxuri, romelic berZnuli kulturis gavlenas ganicdida da aRmosavluri anu iberiuli, sadac ufro metad igrZnoboda aqemeniduri iranis tradiciebi. kolxeTis zRvispira zolSi berZnuli kultura da masTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri masala Zv.w. V s-is miwurulidan Cndeba da albaT gasakviric araa, rom dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi artefaqtebi amierkavkasiidan, swored kolxeTidan momdinareobs. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenili dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebi, ZiriTadad, vanis elinisturi xanis naqalaqaridan momdinareobs. aq mravlad aRmoCenili dionisesa da misi wris RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebi, aseve centralur terasaze gaTxrili mozaikur iatakiani sataZro kompleqsi, romelic SesaZloa mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis kults ukavSirdebodes, gvaZlevs saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom dionises kulti kolxeTis mosaxleobaSi gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda da maT religiur msoflmxedvelobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. arqeologiuri konteqsti, romelSic aRmoCnda dionises terakotuli niRbis fragmentebi, aseve niRbis calsaxad religiuri daniSnuleba, Sewiruli 40-mde mcire zomis qoTani da damwvari Zelis naSTebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dResaswaulobda sagazafxulo dionisobis (Anthesteria) mesame dRes, Khitros anu qoTnebis dRes, rodesac xalxi dionisesa da misi dedis semeles saxelze swiravda 7 aRniSnuli masalis fotogadaRebis nebarTvisaTvis madlobas vuxdi somxeTis erovnuli istoriuli muzeumis administracias. 122 ZRvens, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire zomis qoTnebsa da koWobebs [ramiSvili 1976: 258260]. SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis teritoriaze dionises kulti Tanmdevia elinizaciis procesisa, misi Semosvla da damkvidreba uSualod unda ukavSirdebodes kolxeTSi berZnebis gamoCenas. Tumca, dionises kultis damkvidrebas uTuod xeli Seuwyo kolxeTSi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis uZvelesi tradiciis arsebobam. oT. lorTqifaniZis mosazrebiT, safiqrebelia, rom kolxebi "dionises saxiT Tayvans scemdnen meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis adgilobriv RvTaebas, romlis kulti uZvelesi droidan arsebobda da dionises kultis msgavs tipologiur elementebsac Seicavda" [lorTqifaniZe 2002: 232]. msgavsi mosazreba aqvs g. gamyreliZes. is miiCnevs rom kolxeTis teritoriaze Zv.w. IV saukuneSi ukve arsebobda dionises prototipi adgilobrivi RvTaeba – oCopintre qarTvelTa eTnograful yofaSi dadasturebuli, romelic unda iyos gamosaxuli sof. mTisZirSi aRmoCenil vercxlis ritonze [Gamkrelidze 2009: 205]. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis mosaxleobam advilad miiRo da SeiTavsa berZnuli religiuri panTeonis es mniSvnelovani RmerTi. rac Seexeba iberias, aq berZnuli kulturisa da elinizaciis mZlavri niSnebi, arqologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT, Zv.w II s-is Sua xanebamde ar Cndeba [liCeli 2005: 35-37]. berZnuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi, aRmoCenili sarkines gvianelinistur namosaxlarze, swored am periods ganekuTvneba (ionuri kapiteli, dionises da misi wris RvTaebaTa terakotebi). axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi, kerZod ki, I-III ss-Si es procesebi gansakuTrebiT intensiuria. Sesabamisad, baxusis kultis popularizacia aq ara imdenad berZenTa saqmianobis Sedegia, ramdenadac romaelebis. dionises gamosaxulebebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT iberiis teritoriazea gamovlenili. isini warmodgenilia ara mxolod urbanul centrebSi, aramed sxvadasxva arqeologiur Zeglebze (samarovani, sataZro kompleqsi, sasaxle), zogierTi ki SemTxveviT monapovars warmoadgens. es faqti migvaniSnebs, rom dionises kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi. cxadia, baxusis kulti iberiis mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, es yvelaferi ki mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas, rogorc aRm. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mniSvnelovan da uZveles dargs unda ukavSirdebodes. paleobotanikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobas 8000 wlovani istoria aqvs, uZvelesi kulturuli vazis, Vitis Venifera-s wipwebi aRmoCenilia Zv.w. VI aTaswleuliT daTariRebul kulturul fenebSi [rusiSvili 2007]. amitomac, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom adgilobrivma mosaxleobam advilad miiRo Rvinisa da mevenaxeobis mfarveli RvTaebis – dionises, baxusis kulti. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebulia vazisa da Rvinis kultis arseboba. nayofierebis RvTaebis kultze miuTiTebs Tanamedrove yofaSi damowmebuli adaT-Cveulebani, romelic mecnierTa azriT Tavisi warmodgenebiT (Txis tyavebSi gaxveva, niRbebis gakeTeba) emsgavseba dionises misteriebs. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqarTvelos uZvelesi mosaxleobis yofasa da msoflmxedvelobaSi dionises kulti Seerwya adgilobriv nayofierebis kults, ris gamoc man advilad moikida fexi saqarTvelos teritoriaze. rac Seexeba somxeTis teritorias, aq elinizmi, rogorc kulturuli movlena Tavs iCens Zv.w. II s-is miwurulidan da igi dakavSirebulia somxeTis samefos formirebasa da misi pirveli mefis, artaSes I-is politikur moRvaweobasTan. Zv.w. 123 180-170 wlebSi man daaarsa qalaqi artaSati, romelic xuTi aswleulis manZilze iyo somxeTis Zveli qalaqi, erT-erTi umsxvilesi da uZlieresi kulturulekonomikuri da politikuri centri. artaSatSi gamovlenili arqeologiuri masala naTlad asaxavs somxeTis teritoriaze berZnuli kulturis infiltraciis intensivobas. is regionSi erT-erTi yvelaze elinizirebul qalaqad SeiZleba CaiTvalos [Тревер 1953: 14-15]. somxeTis samefos Zlierebis xana Zv.w II-I ss-ze modis, mefeebis artaSes I-sa (189-160ww.) da tigran II-is (95-56 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros. werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobiT tigran II-m Zv.w. 69 wels tigranakertSi daaarsa somxeTSi pirveli Teatri. meore Teatri ki tigranis vaJma artavazd II-m daaarsa artaSatSi. plutarqes cnobebiT artaSatSi artavaz II-is sasaxleSi imarTeboda dionisesadmi miZRvnili Teatraluri warmodgenebi dadgmuli evripides tragediebis mixedviT. misive cnobiT, speqtaklSi monawileobisaTvis berZeni msaxiobebi mowveulni iyvnen mcire aziidan *Гоян 1952: 405]. arqeologiurad Teatris arseboba ar dasturdeba tigranakertSi, Tumca artaSatSi namdvilad SeiniSneba Zveli Teatrisa da masTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri masalis kvali. somxeTSi Teatris warmoqmna unda ukavSirdebodes aq mimdinare kulturul-ekonomikur da socialur Zvrebs. Teatrisa da masTan erTad dionises kultis gaCena mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli somxeTis saxelmwifos formirebis procesTan, romelic Tavis mxriv elinizaciis procesisa da somxeTis mefeTa proberZnuli saqmianobis gamoZaxilia. somxeTSi dionises kults adgilobrivi prototipic yavda. es iyo ara-gisane (mSvenieri aras kulti), romelic somxeTSi indoeTidan Semosul kultad iTvleba. ara-gisanes aRmosavlur mwerlobaSi ukavSirebdnen mdidrul ceremoniebsa da Teatralur warmodgenebs, aseve gazafxulis dadgomasa da bunebis gamococxlebas. somxur samecniero literaturaSi moipoveba amgvari terminic, adonis-dionise-gisane-aras kulti [Гоян 1952: 424]. somxeTSi aRmoCenili dionisuri gamosaxulebebis interpretirebisa da arqeologiuri konteqstis Seswavlis safuZvelze SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis Semdgom elinizaciis procesi yvelaze intensiur xasiaTs swored somxeTSi atarebda. aq dionise popularuli unda gamxdariyo ara mxolod, rogorc meRvineobisa da drostarebis mfarveli RvTaeba, aramed rogorc Teatraluri warmodgenebis RmerTi, rasac adasturebs kidec artaSatSi daarsebuli berZnuli Teatri. rac Seexeba azerbaijans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aq dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebi dRemde ar gamovlenila. es gvaZlevs saSualebas vifiqroT, berZnuli kulturis erT-erTi Tanmdevi elementi - dionises kulti, ar gavrcelebula Zveli albaneTis teritoriaze. elinizaciis procesis pasiur xasiaTs adasturebs is garemoebac, rom berZnuli importuli keramika azerbaijanis teritoriaze dRemde ar gamovlenila. aRsaniSnavia manana odiSelis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac dionises kultis gavrceleba kavkasiaSi mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli miTridate VI evpatoris saxelTan (Zv.w. 135-63). ramdenadac cnobilia, miTridatem, romelic Tavs aleqsandre makedonels adarebda da dionisec ki dairqva, dalaSqra kolxeTisa da somxeTis samefoebi, xolo pompeusisgan devnilma swored kolxeTSi gamoizamTra (ix. Odisheli 2019). savsebiT SesaZlebeli unda iyos dionises kultis popularobis amdagvari axsnac Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis kolxeTSi. 124 amgvarad, dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebis erTi jgufis Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca SemogveTavazebina berZnuli kulturis gavrcelebis intensivoba da Tanmimdevroba regionSi da misi qronologiuri CarCoebi samxreT kavkasiis TiToeul qveyanaSi. dionisuri gamosaxulebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze elinizaciis qronologiuri CarCoebi ase warmogvidgeba: kolxeTSi elinisturi kulturis Sesvla da damkvidreba iwyeba Zv.w. IV s-dan, somxeTsa da iberiaSi ki Zv.w. II s-is ukanaskneli meoTxedidan. xolo albaneTis elinizaciaze saubari Cems sakvlev masalaze dayrdnobiT, aradamajerebelad mimaCnia. L logikuria, rom berZnuli kulturis gavrceleba regionSi dasavleTis mxridan, mcire aziis gavliTa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolidan mimdinareobda. samive qveynis geografiulma mdebareobam, Tu maTSi arsebulma socialurekonomikurma da politikurma movlenebma Taviseburi gavlena moaxdina regionSi berZnuli kulturis gavrcelebasa da misi Tanmdevi elementis - dionises kultis damkvidrebaze. dionisesa da misi wris RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze elinizaciis procesebis kvleva sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan elinizmi, rogorc kulturuli movlena, Tavis mxriv, erT-erT rTul da problematikur sakiTxadaa gaazrebuli. ar SeiZleba es procesi ganxiluli da Seswavlili iyos mxolod erTi mxridan, arqeologiuri masalis erT kategoriaze dayrdnobiT. Tumca, aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi moZiebuli masala da maTi amgvar konteqstSi gaazreba saSualebas gvaZlevs axleburad gaviazroT regionSi mimdinare rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri movlenebi. bibliografia: afaqiZe an., nikolaiSvili v. 1996: mcxeTis warCinebulTa gansasvenebeli ax.w. IIIs. - akldama 905, Tb. boxoCaZe al. 1973: nastakisi, sarkine, Zalisi, Jur. Zeglis megobari, N33. gv. 36-42. gagoSiZe iul. 2015: 2013-2014 wlebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dedoflis goraze (eqspres informacia). Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, Ng. gamyreliZe (red.)11. Tb. gv. 119-138. gamyreliZe g. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb. gamyreliZe g. 2001: kolxologiuri narkvevebi, nak. II, Tb. ix. el-versia: https://library.iliauni.edu.ge/ebooks/gela-gamqhrelidze-kolkhologiuri-narkvevebi-ii/ . didi pitiunti 1975: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi biWvinTaSi, afaqiZe an. (red.), t. I. didi pitiunti 1978: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi biWvinTaSi, afaqiZe an. (red.), t. III. liCeli v. 1991: Zveli vani, sameurneo ubani. Tb. liCeli v. 2005: elinizmi saqarTveloSi: sami regioni - sami etapi, Jur. Ziebani. damatebani, XIII, SavizRvispireTi elinisturi samyaros sistemaSi, gv. 35-37. lorTqifaniZe n. 2010: ikonografiuli interpretacia. „saqarTvelos arqeologia saukuneTa mijnaze: Sedegebi da perpeqtivebi“ (Tezisebi), gv. 21-24. lorTqifaniZe oT. 2002: Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb. odiSeli m. 1989: Zveli qarTuli mozaikebi, disertacia (xelnaweri), Tb. ramiSvili q. 1976: terakotebi vanidan, kreb. vani, t. II. Tb. gv. 191-205. rusiSvili n. 2007: vazis kultura saqarTveloSi paleoeTnobotanikuri monacemebis safuZvelze, Tb. yifiani n. 2004: wiTelfiguruli krateri sairxidan. arqeol. Jur. III. gv. 114-119. SatberaSvili v. 2007: mdidruli samarxi sof. xovledan, Jur. iberia-kolxeTi, (red. g. gamyreliZe), Tb. gv.87-96. 125 javaxiSvili q. 2003: qarTlis samefosa da egviptis urTierTobis istoriidan romaul xanaSi (gliptikuri masalebis mixedviT). Jur. Ziebani N12, 2003 gv. 75-88. Gamkrelidze G. 2009: Two Silver Rythons from West Georgia – Colchis (Mtisdziri and Gomi), Jour. Iberia-Colchis, (ed. G. Gamkrelidze), #5, Tb., pp. 204-214. Odišeli M. 1995: Spätantike und Frühchristliche Mosaike in Georgien, Wien. Odisheli M. 2019: The Cult of Dionysus in Georgia’. Greek Theatre and Performance Culture around the Ancient Black Sea, (eds, D. Braund, E. Hall and R. Wyles, Cambridge University Press. (in press). Treister M. 2012: The Treasure of Silver Rhyta from Erebuni, jour. "Искусство и идеология" Унив. Изд. Св. Климент Орхидски, Софиа, 2 pp. 117-146. Аракелян Б. 1976: Очерки по истории исскуства древней Aрмении, Ереван. Аракелян Б. 1982: Арташат I, Основные резултаты Раскопок 1970-1977 гг. Ереван. Гоян Г. 1952: 2000 лет Армянского Театра. Театр средневековой Армении. Том II, Мос. Маркарян А. 2002: Серебряный Ритон из Эребуни, Ист.-Филолог. журнал, 2(160). с.166-177. Маркарян А. 2010: Терракотовые статуэтки из Вагаршапата, Историко-Филологический журнал, 3 (185), Ереван. с. 170-179. Тревер К. 1953: Очерки по истории культуры древней Армении (II в. до н.э - IV в.н.э), Мос.-Лен. tabulebis aRweriloba: tab I. sur. 1. wiTelfiguruli krateri. sairxe Zv.w V-IV ss. (yifiani 2004 mixedviT). sur. 2. dionises terakotuli niRabi vani. Zv.w II-I ss. (ramiSvili 1976: sur. 150). sur. 3. dionises terakotuli niRbi. vani. Zv.w II-I ss.(ramiSvili 1976: sur. 150). sur. 4. silenis Tavis yalibi. vani. lorTqifaniZe 2002: sur. 213 mixedviT. sur. 5. dionises wris RvTaebaTa brinjaos gamosaxulebebi. vani. Zv.w II-I ss. tab. II. sur. 6. brinjaos Wraqi. vani. Zv.w II-I ss. sur. 7. samfiguriani arqiteqturuli fragmenti. sayanCia. Zv.w II-I ss. sur. 8. silenis (an dionises) figura. biWvinTa, III. 1978: sur. 255 mixedviT. sur. 9. vercxlis Tasi. biWvinTa. © http://www.irrsochi.ru . tab. III. sur. 10. dionises wris RvTaebaTa terakotebi. sarkine. Zv.w II-I ss. sur. 11. dionises brinjaos qandakeba. kodiswyaro Zv.w I – ax.w I ss. sur. 12. brinjaos amforis yuri. dedoflis gora. Zv.w I- ax.w I ss. tab. IV. sur. 13. silenis brinjaos figura. dedoflis gora. Zv.w I- ax.w I ss. sur. 14. dionises gamosaxulebiani intalio. aRaiani. Zv.w I s. sur. 15. silenis niRbiT Semkuli brinjaos oinoxoiis yuris fragmenti. sof. metexi. SemTxveviTi monapovari (ax.w I s. (?)). sur. 16. minis sura. xovle. ax.w II-III ss. SatberaSvili 2007: tab V mixedviT. tab. V. sur. 17. vercxlis sarke. mcxeTa XI 1996: tab .15 mixedviT. sur. 18. dionisuri mozaika. Zalisi. ax.w 230-270 ww. Odišeli 1995. sur. 2 mixedviT sur. 19. vercxlis ritoni. erebuni. Zv.w IV-III ss. Treister 2015: sur. 28. mixedviT tab. VI. sur. 20. dionises Tavis terakota. vaRarSapati. © History Museum of Armenia. sur. 21. silenis terakota. artaSati. Zv.w II-I ss. © History Museum of Armenia . sur. 22. oqros sayureebi. artaSati. Zv.w II-I ss. © History Museum of Armenia. sur. 23. satiris brinjaos Tavi. artaSati Zv.w II-I ss. © History Museum of Armenia. sur. 24. dionises niRabi. anisi. Zv.w I-ax.w I ss. Аракелян 1976: tab . CIV mixedviT. tab. VII. sur. 25. dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli artefaqtebis aRmoCenis lokaciebi. ruka. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 cxovelTa erTi jgufis gamosaxulebebi sasanur gliptikaSi qeTevan ilias asuli ramiSvili sasanur gliptikaSi cxovelTa mravaricxvovan gamosaxulebebs Soris aris jgufi cxovelebisa, romelTa mkveTri gansazRvra yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. Aamis gamo, maT xSirad zogadad ase gansazRvraven _ gaurkveveli cxoveli an gaurkveveli oTxfexa cxoveli. vfiqrob, am tipis cxovelTa gamosaxulebebze detalebisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva SesaZlLeblobas mogvcems maT Soris gansxvavebuli saxeebis dadgenisa. aAse mag. erTi SexedviT, msgavsi, daTvisa da taxis gamosaxulebebze, yuradReba unda mieqces yurebis moyvanilobas, sxvaobas taxis dingis wakveTil moyvanilobasa da daTvis drunCis formas, TaTebze erT SemTxvevaSi klanWebis arsebobas, meoreSi ki Cliqebisa. Aaseve SeiZleba katisebTa ojaxis cxovelTa gamoyofa. eEs sakmaod mravalricxvovani jgufia, romelSic gaerTianebulia lomis, vefxvis, jiqis, gareuli katis gamosaxulebani. Aaqedan xvadi lomis gamosaxuleba aSkarad ioli gamosayofia. lLoms gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi, rogorc uZlevelobis simbolos. sasanur xelovnebaSi igi ahuramazdas erT-erTi ZiriTadi gansaxierebaa. Ggliptikur Zeglebze misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri, moqnili sxeuli, didi zomis, fafriani Tavi, xan xaxa daRebuli, an sxeuliT profilSi mimavali, TaviT ki mobrunebuli (en face), erTgvarad gaadamianebuli nakvTebiT. igi an mSvidad miabijebs marjvniv an moxdenilad wamowolilia da Zlieri kudi fexebs Soris aqvs moqceuli. Aam jAgufis danarCeni cxovelebis gamoyofa ki SedarebiT rTulia; Wirs Zu lomisa da vefxvis, an avazasa Tu gareuli katis gamosaxulebebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. qvemoT Sevecdebi saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili ramdenime sabeWdavis Seswavlis safuZvelze yuradReba gavamaxvilo garkveul detalebze da zogierTi gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi davazusto. gveleTis samarovnis 15-e qvis samarxSi aRmoCnda muqi wiTeli feris, naxevrad gamWvirvale sardionis intalio vercxlis beWedSi [wowelia, mindoraSvili 1999: 67,68]. intalios piri brtyeli da ovaluria (zomebi: piri - 9 X 12 mm, rkalis dm - 22 mm, budis simaRle 6 mm.). pirze gamosaxulia marjvniv mimavali cxoveli, savaraudod Zu lomi. Mmkafiod Cans cxovelis dakunTuli, welSi gazneqili sxeuli, dafaruli wminda, iribi xazebiT, rac balnis silbilis STabeWdilebas qmnis, cxovels mcire Tavi odnav win aqvs waxrili, Cans patara, acqvetili yurebi da naxevrad Ria xaxidan wamoweuli ena. Kkidurebis boloebSi TaTebi Semsxvilebuli da kargadaa gamokveTili. grZeli kudi gavas Camouyveba da ukana kidurebs Soris eSveba. cxovelis zurgs zemoT rkaladaa ganlagebuli falauri warwera [wowelia, mindoraSvili 1999: 67,68]. dDaxvewili da sufTa kveTaa, cxovelis sxeuli sakmaod maRali reliefiTaa mocemuli. Mmisi Zlieri beWebi, moqnili, Cazneqili weli da fafuki kidurebi realisturadaa gadmocemuli. sakmaod maRali donis naxelavia (sur. 1). Uunda iTqvas, rom zemoT miTiTebul werilSi avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom kveTa `Strixuli maneriTaa~ Sesrulebuli [wowelia, mindoraSvili1999:67]. vfiqrob, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom e.w. Strixuli maneriT Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebi bevrad ufro sqematuria da rac mTavaria, kveTa xazovania, riTac grafikul Canaxats gavs, amave dros, MmoculobiToba da formaTa simrgvale ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. Aam maneriT Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebi sakmaodaa 134 warmodgenili qarTul masalebSi. TvalsaCino nimuSs warmoadgens baierniseuli, samTavros mTis brolis kaboSoni, romelsac qvemoT SevexebiT. gveleTis gamosaxulebas mravali analogia eZebneba kveTis manerisa da stilis mixedviT. Aamgvari, wynarad mimavali cxoveli gvxvdeba rogorc realisturad, daxvewilad Sesrulebuli, ise sqematurad Sesrulebuli, ufro pirobiTad gadmocemuli detalebiT. gveleTis gamosaxuleba ufro axlos dgas daxvewilad Sesrulebul calebTan. siaxlove Cans Tavis, sxeulis da kidurebis gadmocemaSi [Sdr. Bivar 1969: gam. AB1; AC 4,5; Борисов, Луконин 1963: 10-11]. Aam monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gveleTis intalio mexuTe saukuneze gviandeli ar unda iyos. zemoT dasaxelebuli werilis avtorebi mas gveleTis #15-e kompleqsis Tanadroulad Tvlian. Kkompleqsi ki niRbiseburi balTebiT, B-s magvari abzindebiTa da brinjaos mTlianadsxmuli sakinZebiT VII saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba, xolo radgan intalios gamosaxuleba Strixuli maneriT Sesrulebulad miiCnies, es TariRi aRniSnuli nivTisaTvisac misaRebi gaxda, radgan rogorc mkvlevarebi akvirdebian, am maneriT Sesrulebuli kveTa ufro gviani xanisaTvis, kerZod VI-VII saukuneebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [wowelia, mindoraSvili 1999: 68]. rogorc aRvniSne, gveleTis intalios kveTa e.w. Strixuli maneriT Sesrulebuls ver ganekuTvneba. Aaq ufro dasaSvebia vifiqroT, rom V saukunis nivTi xangrZlivi xmarebis Semdeg, ufro gviandel samarxSi aRmoCnda. A amave jgufis cxoveli unda iyos gamosaxuli martazisxevis # 46-e samarxis muqi Sindisferi qarvis elifsoidze (tab. I, sur. 2). igi gverdebSebrtyelebulia, piri brtyelia da ovaluri. pPirze gamosaxuli marjvniv mimavali cxoveli, savaraudod, avaza unda iyos. Mmisi Zlieri, dakunTuli sxeuli Rrmad da mkafiodaa amokveTili. Mkargad Cans mrgvali Tavi, didi zomis, ganziduli Tvali, patara, acqvetili yurebi. Yyelisa da mxrebis areSi Cans gadaWerili salte, rac kisris Zlieri kunTis miniSneba unda iyos. cxovelis kidurebi mkafiodaa damuSavebuli. igi rbilad miabijebs boloSi Semsxvilebuli TaTebiT, romlebzec klanWebi mkafiodaa gamokveTili. cxovelis mTeli sxeuli dakeWnilia balnis amsaxveli mokle CanaWdevebiT. mMoxrili kudi Zirsaa daSvebuli. zurgs zemoT, rkaladaa amokveTili wertilovani xazi – warweris imitacia. M martazisxevis elifsoidis gGamosaxuleba swored im rigs miekuTvneba, sadac cxovelis amocnoba garkveul sirTules awydeba. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom igi SesaZloa, daTvis gamosaxulebadac iyos miCneuli – marTlac, masiuri sxeuli, sqeli balniT dafaruli Zlieri kidurebi mas aaxloveben daTvis gamosaxulebebTan [Bivar 1969: gam. FK 1,2,4,5,6]. Mmagram, Tu davakvirdebiT zogierT detals, davinaxavT, rom ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sakmaod TvalsaCinoa: mrgvali Tavi, sadac yurebi acqvetilia da ara momrgvalebuli, didi zomis gaziduli Tvali swored katisebrTa damaxasiaTebeli niSania. maTve axasiaTebT frTxili, TiTqos miparviT siaruli da rac mTavaria, maRali, dakunTuli fexebi. daTvs maTgan gansxvavebiT, ufro sqeli da mokle kidurebi da qeCosTan, kuziviT amoweuli zurgi aqvs. daTvis gamosaxulebis TvalsaCino nimuSia samTavros 221-e samarxis laJvardisferi intalio (tab. I, sur.7) [ramiSvili 1979: gam. 18]. Q qarvis elifsoidi gverdebSebrtyelebulia, rac am formis ufro gviandeli variantia. kveTa dazgazea Sesrulebuli, sakmaod mkafio da suFfTa naxelavia. ostaturadaa xazgasmuli cxovelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. anabeWdze maRal reliefs iZleva (zomebi: piri – 13 X 7 mm.; sabeWdavis simaRle 13 mm.). qvis formis gaTvaliswinebiT, sabeWdavi, vfiqrob, VI saukuneze adreuli ar unda iyos. 135 katisebrTa jgufis cxovelia gamosaxuli samTavros 92-e qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos beWdis rkinaqvis intalioze. intalios piri brtyeli da mrgvalia. Mpirze gamosaxulia marjvniv mimarTuli cxoveli (katisebri), romelsac Tavi qvemoTaa aqvs daxrili. Cans patara, acqvetili yurebi, didi zomis, gaziduli Tvali, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs `saxis~ ares. zurgi amozneqilia, sxeuli daZabulia da TiTqos frTxilad miipareba. kKisris areSi masac sqeli salte aqvs gamokveTili, kidurebze SEeiniSneba klanWebi, zurgs zemoT wyvetili xazi – warweris imitaciaa amoWrili (tab. I, sur. 3). mMsgavsi cxovelis gamosaxulebebi xSiria sasanur gemebze [Sdr. Bivar 1969: gam. GI 7, 8]. samTavros beWdisa da misi TariRis Sesaxeb ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs, amitom, am sakiTxze mokled SevCerdebi. maqsimova, axasiaTebs ra am beWeds, ambobs, rom is pirveli saukunis romaul beWdebis erT jgufs, kerZod ki rombisebur budian beWdebs uaxlovdeba, xolo TviT rkinaqvis intalio, romelzec, misi TqmiT gaurkveveli cxovelia gamosaxuli, gviansasanur xanas ganekuTvneba [Максимова 1950: 271-272], e.i. adreul beWedSi Casmulia gacilebiT gviandeli Tvali. TviT samarxi ki, masSi aRmoCenili arabuli felsis safuZvelze VIII saukuniTac SeiZleba daTariRdes. mogvianebiT, es moneta xelaxla ganisazRvra da igi xosro meoris (590-628 ww.) sasanuri moneta gamodga [afxazava 1974 :96]. nN. afxazavam Seiswavla es kompleqsi da beWdis (intalios) gansazRvrac scada. cxoveli man daTvad miiCnia, swored zemoT dasaxelebuli siZneleebis gamo. aAqedan gamomdinare, man intalio IV-V saukuneebs miakuTvna, daeydno ra im mosazrebebs, rom sasanur xelovnebaSi swored IV saukunidan, kartiris reformebis Semdeg Cndeba RvTaebaTa cxoveluri ipostasebi, da radgan daTvi (ise, rogorc taxi) vereTragnas gansaxierebad iTvleba, amitom daTvis gamosaxuleba swored am xanisa unda iyos. amave TariRs amyarebs, misi azriT kompleqsSi arsebuli budeaBbmuli sakinZi da TviT beWdis forma [afxazava 1974 :95-96]. xosros monetis arsebobas am samarxSi ki igi gaugebar SemTxveviTobad miiCnevs. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSne, intalioze gamosaxuli cxoveli aSkarad katisebrTa ojaxisaa, da asec rom ar iyos, IV-V saukunisaTvis mikuTvneba gamosaxulebisa, kartiris reformis gamo, ar aris marTebuli, radgan es procesi _ cxovelTa (lomis, daTvis, taxis, verZis, raSis, xaris da sxv.), rogorc RvTaebaTa ipostasebis gamosaxulebebis gavrceleba ki daiwyo am adreul xanaSi, magram mTeli sasanuri xanis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda xelovnebis yvela Zeglebze da cxadia, gliptikur Zeglebzec. mMaTi gamosaxulebebi aris IV – VII saukuneebis torevtikul nawarmze, stukoebze, qsovilebze da reliefebze. rac Seexeba gamosaxulebis stils, igi gviandeli ieris mqonea, analogebic VIVII saukuneebis ZeglebSi eZebneba [Bivar 1969: gam. EA 1, 7, 8]. beWedic srulebiT ar uaxlovdeba romaul, pirveli saukunis beWdebs. igi masiuri rkaliTa da damzadebis teqnikiT gviandeli xanis sasanur beWdebs gavs. vfiqrob, beWedic da intalioc gviani _ VI-VII saukuneebisa unda iyos. amdenad, am kompleqsSi xosro meoris monetis aRmoCena gaugebroba ki arunda iyos, aramed swored maTi sinqronulobis da gviansasanuri xanisadmi maTi mikuTvnebis damadasturebelia. A am jgufis cxovelTa ganxilvis dros unda SevexoT erT siuJets: es aris Zu mgelis gamosaxuleba Cvil bavSvebTan erTad. romauli samyarodan sasanur gliptikaSi Semosuli Ees siuJeti ukavSirdeba kapitoliumis Zu mgelisa da mis mier aRzrdili Cvili Zmebis – romulusisa da remusis miTs, romelsac qalaq romis warmoSobas ukavSireben. sasanur gemebze gvxvdeba daxvewili, realisturi 136 gamosaxulebani, sadac mkafiod Cans Zu mglis damaxasiaTebeli saxe da mis muclis qveS myofi Cvilebis SesaniSnavad Sesrulebuli sxeulebi [Bivar 1969: EA 2]. mMagram aris iseTi calebic, sadac gamosaxulebani Zalze sqematuria. cxovelis saxeobis dadgena da Cvilebis sxeulebis garCeva Wirs. SemorCenilia mxolod deda cxovelis poza, rodesac mas kiseri moxrili aqvs ise, rom Tavi Cvilebiskena aqvs mimarTuli _ igi maT dascqeris. SeEmdeg Cndeba kidev ufro pirobiTi gamosaxulebebi, sadac ukve deda cxoveli ufro gavs Zu loms, xolo mis mucelqveS myofi mcire arseba ukve misi bokveria [Gignoux, Gyselen 1987: gam. 30.6; 30.7; 30.8; 30.22]. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Cvens masalaSi arsebuli erTi sabeWdavi. samTavros samarovnis 444-e qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil sardionis elifsoidze (tab I., sur. 4) vxedavT am siuJetis metad Tavisebur asaxvas [ramiSvili 1979: gam. 47]. sabeWdavis pirze gamosaxulia profilSi marjvniv mimarTuli deda cxoveli. tani ramdenime zedapiruli RrmuliTaa gadmocemuli; grZeli kiseri ise aqvs moxrili, rom TaviT wina kidurebs exeba. cxovelis Tavi, kidurebi, kudi Zlier sqematuradaa gadmocemuli. mis mucelqveS zedapiruli StrixebiT, Zalze sqematurad, gaurkveveli sagnebia gamosaxuli. cxovelis ieri imdenad uCveuloa, rom misi saxeobis dadgena Wirs. swored amitom, m. lorTqifaniZem Tavdapirvelad is faSati cxenis gamosaxulebad miiCia [lorTqifaniZe 1954: 51]. marTlac, wagrZelebuli sxeuli, grZeli, moxrili kiseri da daxrili Tavi SeiZleba cxenisas mivamsgavsoYT. maSin qveviT moTavsebuli arseba misi kvici unda iyos, rac kvics srulebiT ar gavs. amitomac, m. lorTqifaniZe wers, rom gaurkveveli sagania. dakvirvebiT ganxilvis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom aq ori damoukidebeli sagania: ori svetiseburi mcire sxeuli, jvriseburad urTierTgadamkveTi, Semsxvilebuli xazebiT gadmocemuli TavebiTaa dasrulebuli. MmaTi Sinaarsis dazustebaSi gvexmareba zemoT miTiTebuli analogiebi. es AaSkarad patara bavSvebis ukiduresad sqematurad gadmocemuli gamosaxulebebia. aAmdenad, es aris asli Zu mglisa da Cvilebis gamosaxulebisa, magram imdenad pirobiTi da sqematuri, rom sruliad waSlilia maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. SeEsaZloa, mWrelma, sabeWdavze muSaobisas, ukve arc icoda Tavdapirveli suJeti, romlisagan Semdeg gavrcelda saerTod deda cxovelisa da misi Svilis gamosaxulebebi. SemorCenilia mxolod erTi detali: moxrili kiseri da dabla, Cvilebisaken daxrili Tavi. E elifsoidis formis sabeWdavebi, bivaris sqemis mixedviT, ZiriTadad IV-V saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli [Bivar 1969: EA 1, 2, 3], Tumca Cvens masalebSi gvxvdeba Zalze sqematurgamosaxulebiani elifsoidebi, sadac detalebi uxeSi, gaSeSebuli xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, rac ukve dakninebis gzaze mdgomi ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [Bivar 1969: 23-24]. maTi Semcveli kompleqsebic gviani xaniT, kerZod VI-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. zemoTaRwerili elifsoidic, Sesabamisad, gviandeli, anu V saukunis bolosi an VI saukunis dasawyisisa unda iyos. unda iTqvas, rom misi gverdebi da zurgis mxare uxeSi RarebiTaa Semkuli, rac ornamentirebuli elifsoidebis gviandeli nimuSebisaTvis unda iyos damaxasiaTebeli. Cvens mier ganxiluli cxovelebis jguFfSi kidev erTi saxeoba iqcevs yuradRebas. Ees aris ukiduresad stilizebuli, katisebrTa ojaxis cxovelis gamosaxuleba. qarTul masalaSi amgvari stiliT Sesrulebuli erTi sabeWdavi moipoveba: e.w. baierniseuli, samTavros mTis brolis sabeWdavi-kaboSoni (tab. I, sur. 5). 137 intalios piri Zlier amoburculi da ovaluria, pirze msubuqi, zedapiruli xazebiTaa amokveTili marjvniv mimavali cxoveli. misi zedmetad wagrZelebuli sxeuli, moqnili kiseri, dabla daxrili Tavi mTlianad dafarulia xSiri, iribi xazebiT, rac silbilisa da moqnilobis iers qmnis. aAseve ukiduresad Strixuli maneriTaa gadmocemuli grZeli kidurebi, sadac klanWebi mkveTradaa gamokveTili. cxovelis mucelqveS aseTive Strixuli maneriT gamosaxulia bokveri, dedisken mimarTuli TaviTa da gadaxrili yurebiT. gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia deda cxovelis mrgvali Tavis da didi zomis, ganziduli Tvalis gamosaxva. cxovelis zurgs zemoT, erTstriqoniani arabuli Q(qufuri) warweraa amokveTili. uUnda iTqvas, rom es qva, gamoirCeva rogorc formiT (kaboSoni), ise gamosaxulebis Sesrulebis sakmaod maRali doniT, mkveTrad gamorCeuli maneriTa da kveTis teqnikiT. Cans, rom stilizacia da manerizmi gamowveulia ara gamartivebis an dabali ostatobis mizeziT, aramed originaluri xelweris damkvidrebis mizniT. gamWvirvale qva (mTis broli) da Zlier amoburculi piric specialuradaa SerCeuli. kaboSoni sasanur gliptikaSi Ggviandel xanaSi gavrcelebul formad iTvleba da arabuli warwerac adasturebs, rom es Zegli VII saukuneze adreuli ar unda iyos. sagulisxmoa, rom cxovelis gamosaxulebis Sesrulebis am maneras (wagrZelebuli tani, maRali kidurebi, gaziduli Tvali), kveTis teqnikiT mravali paraleli moeZebneba [Frye 1973: gam. D311, D315; Bivar 1969: gam. DE1, DE 2,3,4 GI 3, GI 7; Gignoux, Gyselen 1987: gam.30.22, 30.6, 30.7, 30.8, 30.9]. sainteresoa, rom yvela SeMmTxvevaSi es aris kaboSoni da masaladac mTis broli an sxva, Zlier gamWvirvale qva, magaliTad almandini, ameTvisto da ufro iSviaTad, gamWvirvale sardionia gamoyenebuli. aSkaraa, rom sasanur samyaroSi, gviansasanur xanaSi (VI-VII saukuneebi), am siuJetis gadmocemisaTvis SemuSavda garkveuli stili. SesaZloa, es Zeglebi, Tavdapirvelad erTi saxelosnodan iyo gamosuli, Semdeg ki ufro did arealze gavcelda, rasac is adasturebs, rom nimuSebi aRmoCenilia rogorc iranSi (qasr-i abunasri), ise qarTlSi. isini gafantulia luvris, ermitaJis, britaneTis, oqsfordis, berlinis da sxva muzeumebis koleqciebSi. samTavros mTis brolis sabeWdavebi gviCvenebs, rom gviandel xanaSi, maSin rodesac sasanur gliptikaSi aSkaraa gamartivebisa da sqematizaciis tendenciebi, xandaxan mainc Cndeba garkveuli stiliT gaerTianebuli, daxvewilad Sesrulebuli, Tumca pirobiTi da utrirebuli, magram mainc Zalze Taviseburi da graciozuli gamosaxulebebi. nivTze datanili arabuli warwera – mimarTva RmerTisadmi wakiTxulia fr. vasmeris mier [dawvrilebiT ix. Zakharow 1928: 250]. zemoTaRwerili nivTebis garda, Cvens masalebSi vxvdebiT kidev or gamosaxulebas, romlebic SeiZleba am jgufis cxovelebs davukavSiroT, magram maTi Sesrulebis done gacilebiT dabalia, ris gamoc maTi mikuTvneba katisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebisadmi mxolod varaudis saxiTaa SesaZlebeli. A armazisxevis 79-e qvis samarxis lurji minis intalio (laJvardis imitacia) vercxlis beWedSia Casmuli. pPirze gamosaxulia marjvniv mimavali cxoveli. zurgamozneqili sxeuli ovaluri RrmuliTaa miniSnebuli, Cans odnav daxrili Tavi, didi zomis Tvali, acqvetili yurebi. kKidurebi uxeSi RarebiTaa gamosaxuli. klanWebi ar SeiniSneba, magram cxovelis poza, sxeulis moyvaniloba da Tvali gvafiqrebinebs, rom esec katisebrTa warmomadgenelia [SDdr. Bivar 1969: gam. Gi8]. gGamosaxuleba Camosxmis gziT unda iyos miRebuli, dabalxarisxovania. 138 beWdis formisa da TviT gamosaxulebis ieris mixedviT, gviani xanis, VI-VII saukuneebisa unda iyos. M meore gamosaxuleba isev baierniseuli samTavrodanaa [Zakharow 1928: gam. 59]. laJvardis intalio vercxlis beWedSi (tab. I, sur. 6). gverdebdaqanebuli firfita brtyelpiriania da ovaluri. pPiri ganier mxarezea da masze marjvniv mimavali cxoveli Zalze uxeSi xazebiTaa amokveTili. Cans zurggazneqili, mokle sxeuli, mrgvali Tavi, didi Tvali, acqvetili yurebi. yYurebi imdenad wagrZelebulia, rom SeEiZleba kurdRlis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT, magram uxeSi xazebiT gamosaxul kidurebze didi klanWebi ise aSkaradaa miniSnebuli, rom cxoveli ufro katisebrTa jgufs unda miekuTvnos. Aamasve adasturebs mosqo salte kisris areSi, rac am jgufis cxovelebis gamosaxulebebs axasiaTebs (ix. zemoT). Yyurebis SEeusabamo zoma, vfiqrob daudevari Sesrulebis SEedegi unda iyos. zurgs zemoT ramdenime CanaWdevi wyvetil xazs unda gulisxmobdes. beWdis forma sasanuri beWdebis ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli formebisagan kuTxovanad daSvebuli mxrebiT gamoirCeva. igi masiuria da sakmaod tlanqadaa nakeTebi. rogorc gamosaxulebis saerTo ieri (uxeSi xazebi, usicicxlo formebi, uzustoba detalebis gadmocemaSi), ise qvis forma (wakveTili konusi) da Tavad beWedi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom intalio gviansasanuri xanisaa (VI-VII saukuneebi). marTalia, es ori ukanaskneli nimuSi saerTo ieriT axlos dgas sasanur ZeglebTan da aq gamosaxuli cxovelebic zemoaRweril cxovelTa rigs unda ganekuTvnebodnen, magram maT Sesrulebis maneraSi garkveuli daudevroba, uzustobani, pirvel SemTxvevaSi isic, rom minis Camonasxamia da meore SemTxvevaSi beWdis gansxvavebuli forma (TiTqos armazuli, mxrebdaSvebuli beWdebis erTgvari gamoZaxili), gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, es aris adgilobrivi, qarTlis saxelosnos nawarmi. cnobilia, rom sasanuri xelovnebis Zeglebis gavrceleba farTo arealze, ara mxolod iranidan Semotanili nivTebiT ifargleboda, aramed mimdinareobda Tematikis, stilis, formebis difuzia, rogorc dasavleTis, ise aRmosavleTis Soreul provinciebSi. aAm xanis adgilobriv xelosanTa nawarmSi xSirad SeiniSneba sasanuri xelovnebis aSkara kvali. Aamis SesaniSnav magaliTebs iZleva adreqristianuli xanis qarTuli monumenturi xelovnebis Zeglebi *Аладашвили 1977 gam. 3,4,6]. uUnda aRiniSnos, rom r. girSmani, exeba ra sasanuri xelovnebis difuziis sakiTxs, sxva mraval magaliTTan erTad erT-erT Temad swored katisebrTa ojaxis (lLomis, vefxvis) gamosaxulebas miiCnevs da amis nimuSad asaxelebs X saukunis brwyinvale qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis, oSkis reliefs [Ghirshman 1962: gam. 392]. aq warmodgenili mimavali cxoveli mTeli rigi niSnebiT marTlac Zalian axlos dgas Cvens mier ganxilul katisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebTan. iseTive, welSi gazneqili, Zlieri sxeuli, klanWebiT daboloebuli maRali kidurebi, mrgvali Tavi, mcire, acqvetili yurebi. yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi detali: cxovels Tavi mobrunebuli aqvs, pirdapir iyureba da `saxis~ nakvTebi gaadamianurebulia. eEs detali mas kidev ufro aaxlovebs sasanur ZeglebTan: kerZod, sasanur gemebze xSiria lomebis msgavsi gamosaxulebani, rodesac sxeuli profilSia, pirdapir mobrunebuli Tavi, nakvTebis gadmocemiT adamianis saxes uaxlovdeba. Ddasaxelebuli magaliTi kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom Tu ra axlo kavSiri iyo sasanuri iranisa da adreqristianuli saqarTvelos xelovnebis Zeglebs Soris. 139 Bliteratura: afxazava 1974: afxazava n., adreuli Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kultura, Tb. lorTqifaniZe 1954: lorTqifaniZe Mmarg. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis gemebi I, Tb. ramiSvili 1979: ramiSvili q.i, sasanuri gemebi saqarTveloSi. wowelia, mindoraSvili 1999: wowelia m., mindoraSvili d., falaurwarweriani gema gveleTis samarovnidan, Jur. Ziebani #4, gv. 67-68. Bivar 1969: Bivar A.D.H., Catalogue of the western Asiatic seals in the British Museum. Stamp seals. II: The Sassanian dynasty, London: British Museum. Frye 1973: Frye Richard N. ( asanian emains from asr-i Abu Nasr: eals, ealings, and Coins ( ranian er. : No. 1) Harvard University Press. Ghirshman 1962: Ghirshman R., Iran: Parthians and Sassanians, London. Gignoux, Gyselen 1987: Gignoux P.H., and Gyselen R., Bulles et sceaux Sassanides des diverses collections, Paris. Zakharow 1928: Zakharow A., Gemmen und Siegel des Museums Georgians, ssmm V, Tb. Аладашвили 1977: Аладашвили А. Н., Монументальная скульптура Грузии. М. Борисов, Луконин 1963: Борисов А., Луконин В., Сасанидские Геммы, Л. Максимова 1950: Максимова М. Геммы из некрополя Мцхета-Самтавро, ssmm XVI-B. ilustraciebis aRweriloba: tab. I - sur. 1. sardionis intalio gveleTis samarovnis 15-e qvis samarxidan; 2. qarvis elifsoidi martazisxevis# 46-e samarxidan; 3. brinjaos beWdis rkinaqvis intalio samTavros 92-e qvis samarxidan; 4. sardionis elifsoidi samTavros samarovnis 444-e qvis samarxidan; 5. samTavros baierniseuli, mTis brolis sabeWdavi-kaboSoni; 6. samTavros baierniseuli, laJvardis intalio; 7. daTvis gamosaxuleba samTavros 221-e samarxis intalioze. 140 141 recenzia giorgi laRiaSvili, ialuiluTefes kultura alaznis velze gamomcemloba „universlma“ saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos dafinansebiT gamosca giorgi laRiaSvilis monografia „ialuiluTefes kultura alaznis velze“. Tavidanve aRvniSnav, rom am kulturis kvlevas saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs, magram jer kidev ar arsebobs Sejerebuli azri misi genezisis Taobaze. azrTa sxvadasaxvaobaa aRniSnuli kulturis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiTac. mkvlevarTa nawili mas moixseniebda rogorc: „alaznis velis kultura” (giorgi nioraZe), „alazan-ialuiluTefes kultura“ (simon janaSia), “heruli kultura“ (ramin ramiSvili), xolo azerbaijanul istoriografiaSi meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebidan saerTod uaryofili iqna termini „ialuiluTefes kultura”. giorgi RaliaSvilis naSromSi gansxvavebuli kuTxiT aris ganxiluli saqarTvelos teritoriaze am kulturis gavrcelebis areali, genezisi da eTnikur atribuciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. monografia Sedgeba Sesavlis, oTxi Tavisa da dakvnisagan. naSroms erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia da tabulebi. monografiaSi detalurad aris Seswavlili am kulturis saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebis areali, gamotovebuli ar aris arcerTi arqeologiuri Zegli, sadac aRmoCenilia ialuiluTefes kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli artefaqtebi; arqeologiuri obieqtebis garda detalurad aris Seswavlili da ganxiluli kulturisTvis niSandoblivi arqeologiuri masalis tipebi, rac avtors saSualebas aZlevs mivides logikur daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli artefaqtebi (TeTri angobis zolebiT moxatuli keramika, samtuCa xeladebi, samfexa jamebi) ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod ialuiluTefes kulturisTvis da Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigidan unda moixsnas maTi mikuTvneba mxolod aRniSnuli kulturisadmi, radgan msgavsi WurWlebi arsebobs am kulturamdec da mis Semdegac da moicavs farTo geografiul areals, sadac savaraudebeli ar aris ialuiluTefes kulturis gavrceleba (mag. Sida da qvemo qarTli). aseve dazustebulia ialuiluTefes samarovnebis gavrcelebis qronologia. am SemTxvevaSi g.laRiaSvili uaryofs a.iesenisa da k.treveris qronologiur Skalas (Zv.w. V-I ss) da garkveulwilad mxars uWers azerbaijaneli arqeologis o. ismizades mier SemoTavazebul TariRs (Zv.w. III-I ss). sainteresoa avtoris mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac am kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niuansebi ar gadadis ax.w. I saukuneSi da am realobidan gamomdinare, unda Seicvalos saqarTvelos teritoriaze misi gavrcelebis qronologiis sakiTxi (g.nioraZe). gansakuTrebiT sainteresod meCveneba avtoris msjeloba ialuiluTefes kulturis Semqmneli eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb. am nawils monografiaSi calke paragrafi eTmoba da detalurad aris ganxiluli sxvadasxva avtorebis (st.menTeSaSvili, T.papuaSvili, r.ramiSvili, a.afaqiZe, v.Tolordava, i.gagoSiZe) mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi. am mosazrebebis didi nawilis Tanaxmad, es kultura Seqmnili unda yofiliyo herebis (st.menTeSaSvili, T.papuaSvili, r.ramiSvili, v.Tolordava), herebisa da iberebis (a.afaqiZe) mier. i.gagoSiZis mosazrebiT ki, ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi es kultura unda SemoetanaT albanur 142 tomebs. es mosazreba g.laRiaSvilia azriT, yvelaze misaRebia da zustad gansazRvravs ialuiluTefes kulturis eTnikuri atribiciis sakiTxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom i.gagoSiZes aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sagangebo kvleva-Zieba ar Cautarebia, miseuli mosazreba yvelaze sworad xsnis ialuiluTefes kulturis saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebis eTnikur da qronologiur momentebs. sarecenzio naSromSi kidev araerTi sayuradRebo mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli, romelic axleburad warmoaCens rogorc ialuiluTefes kulturis saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebis calkeul niuansebs; aseve-zogadad, Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnis ior-alaznis ormdinareTis istoriisa da arqeologiis problemebs. Cemi mxridan aRvniSnav, rom Cvens winaSea sakmaod saintereso da udaod saWiro gamokvleva, romlis Targmna da gamocema inglisur, rusul da azerbaijanul enebze sasargeblo saqme iqneba, rac araerT mkvlevars miawvdis zust da utyuar informacias rogorc am kulturis genezisis, aseve zogadad albanuri materialuri kulturis dasavleTiT gavrcelebis Taobaze. prof. _ zurab bragvaZe. 143 PAPERS IN ENGLISH 144 STRAINERS FROM WEST GEORGIA (Tsiteli Shukura, Pichvnari and Vani Cemeteries) Helen Gigolashvili † A metal strainer (óη) was used for straining wine. t was a widespread object during the whole classical period: in Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Italy, South-West Asia, South Russia etc. Strainers of different forms are often found in burials together with dippers. The fact that a strainer was one of most frequently used utensils is perfectly seen on Attic red-figured vases and on the murals of Etruscan houses where it is depicted together with a dipper (see pic.) [Crosby 1943: 203; Hill 1938, 44 – 45]. Four bronze strainers have been found at different sites of the Classical period Colchis. One was found in the first burial of “Tsiteli Shukura” cemetery (near Sokhumi). A pair of them was found at Kobuleti – Pichvnari cemetery of Greek population (burials 1 and 15) and one more at Vani (burial 1) [Kakhidze 2000 – 2001: 41 – 59, fig. 12]. A bronze strainer from “Tsiteli Shukura”, burial # 1, is not deep, with a bottom holed in a form of a rosette. The rosette is fixed to the cup with six studs. A handle of the strainer is long, flat and hooked at the end. The hook is decorated with a sculptured head of a duck (or a swan). A junction of the strainer and its handle is decorated with a palmette of volutes. Dimensions: cup diameter – 13.8 cm, strainer diameter – 10 cm, length of the handle – 20 cm, thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 11) [Trapsh 1969: fig. 364]. Z. Bilimovich considers that such strainers are of Etruscan origin and groups them according the shapes of their handles. The first group includes a strainer with an oblong, flat handle ending with a hook in a shape of duck’s (swan’s) head en fade. The second group – a strainer with an oblong handle in a form of figure eight. The third group – a strainer with an oblong, flat handle ending with a duck’s (or swan’s) head in profile. Z. Bilimovich supposes that these strainers with their characteristic forms, ornamental motifs and even with the technique of manufacturing closely resemble various bronze artefacts which are of indisputably Etruscan origin [Bilimovich 1979: 26 and mentioned literature]. The strainer found near Sokhumi, at “Tsiteli Shukura” cemetery belongs to Z. Bilimovich’s first group. Analogous strainers have been found in Vulci tomb *Die Welt die Etrusker … 1988: 192, fig. B 7.36], at Nymphaion cemetery [Silantieva 1959: 64], at Zhurovka village 401st kurgan (Cherkask region) [Trapsh 1969: 27]. Some more strainers were found in Olbia [Kozub 1974: 75; Silantieva 1959: 65; Trapsh 1969: 27], in the Kurgans of Maritsin khutor (near Olbia) [Ebert 1913: 12] and Alexandropolis (Dnepropetrovsk region) [Onaiko 1970: 22]. Strainers of the same type are kept in the Athens Benaki Museum which are considered to be of Italic origin [A klasszikus Athen ... 1966:71]. All these examples have the handles of one and the same type. They differ from one another in designs of holes on the bottoms of their cups and handles, also in ornamentation at the junction of their handles and cups. As it has already been mentioned the strainer was found in the burial #1 of “Tsiteli Shukura” cemetery belonging to the “younger group”. M. Trapsh has dated it to the 5th century BC. As to the rest of the above mentioned examples they are dating from the end of the first quarter of the 5 th century BC and the beginning or mid second quarter of the same century [Trapsh 1969: 29]. A cup of the bronze strainer from Pichvnari burial # 15 is not deep (Fig. 14). Its rim is flattened and has three grooves around it. A handle is made of a wavy wire in a form of figure eight. The cup has a 145 loop opposite the handle. The flattened ends of the handle and the loop have a shape of a snake’s head. The strainer diameter – 5.8 cm, cup diameter – 12 cm. Length of the handle – 12.2 cm [Kakhidze 2000 – 2001: 46 fig. 2]. Z. Bilimovich included such strainers (with the handle in a form of figure eight) in the second group. Parallels of Pichvnari strainer are found at Zhurovka village (Olbia) [Kozub 1974: 76; Trapsh 1969: 29-30; Kakhidze 2000 – 2001: 30 fig. 132 - 3], in Krivorukovsk kurgan [Onaiko 1970: 30], in CD – 3 kurgans of Chigirin district [IAK 1905: 14, 23]. Such strainer is included in Jena Antique collection (identified as Etruscan) [Die Welte die Etrusker ... 1988: 129, fig. B 7.37] and one more, found in Vulci 47th burial *Gli Etruschi e L’Europa 1992: 138, fig. 155]is displayed at the National Museum in Rome. Z. Bilimovich supposes that these strainers were produced in Etruria. All the strainers are dated to the 5th century BC [Trapsh 1969: 30]. As to the Pichvnari one it is dating from the earlier half of the 5th century BC according the date of Pichvnari Greek population’s cemetery *Kakhidze 1975: 90-91]. A cup of the bronze strainer from Pichvnari burial #1 (Fig. 12) is not deep. Its rim is wide and flattened. A handle is flat and oblong, ending with a sculpture of a duck’s (swan’s) head. A surface of the handle is decorated with a “drop-like” pattern. The cup has a triangle loop opposite the handle. Length of the strainer – 26.5 cm, of the handle – 13.4 cm; rim diameter – 12.3 cm [Kakhidze 1975: 27 – 28, fig. 11; Kakhidze 2000 – 2001: 46 – 48, fig. 3]. The strainer belongs to Z. Bilimovich’s 3rd group (the duck’s head is in profile) [Trapsh 1969: 26] and he believes that its Etruscan origin is beyond doubt. It is also notable that the feathers on the duck’s head are made like scales - each in a form of a horizontal dash making a pine-tree pattern. Bronze artefacts found at Bolognia Chertoza cemetery are decorated in the same way [Trapsh 1969: 26, 28]. Similar strainers were found in “Semibratni” 2nd [Trapsh 1969: 30] and 6th burials, in Krivorukovsk kurgan [Onaiko 1970, 30], but the closest to Pichvnari one is the strainer found in Solokha kurgan. Both of them (Pichvnari and Solokha) are decorated with a “drop-like” design, have loops opposite the handles and the ducks’ heads are in profile *see Mantsevich 1987, 102, fig. 77+. Z. Bilimovich believes that such strainers were produced in the 5th – 4th centuries BC [Trapsh 1969: 31]. A. Kakhidze dates Pichvnari strainer to the second half of the 5th century BC [Kakhidze 1975: 27, 29]. A bronze handle of a strainer from Vani, burial #6 (Fig. 13) narrows towards the top bent backwards and ended with a hook. The latter is decorated with a duck’s head. A lower end of the handle is decorated with a “drop-like” design and an upper part of the handle with a pair of volutes and a seven petaled palmette engraved between them. As to the lower part of the handle there are volutes above a lion's head. Each palmette has a claw-like sprout which probably may be a stylized wing. Volutes and tiny triangles embossing the end of the handle are engraved. The lion is frowned which is rendered with the help of deep, vertical grooves. The eyes are large, almond-shaped, even eye-lashes are perfectly seen. It has small, rounded years and but not a mane. Length of the handle – 18.4 cm, width – 6.2 cm, and 2.5 cm. A Similar handle has been found at Athens acropolis and is considered a masterpiece of Greek art. Its top is decorated with engraved palmettes and lower end with volutes and lion's head a relief [Ridder 1896: 74 –76 fig. 226, 227, 229]. One more similar handle is preserved at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts [Comstock et al 1971: 293, no 451 A]. Vani strainer was found in a rich burial # 6 dating from the 4th century BC. The handle found at Athens acropolis is dating from the 5th – 4th centuries BC, and the one preserved in Boston is dating from 450 – 350 BC. 146 As for the technology, the handles were either hammered or cast. Sokhumi, Pichvnari “duckheaded” and Vani examples were cast. Pichvnari handle in a form of figure eight is forged. The handles are either riveted, or welded on. In some cases, the handle and the cup are cast in one single piece. The handle in a form of figure eight is riveted. Sokhumi and Vani examples are welded on. Pichvnari one with a duck's head is forged in one single piece [Trapsh 1969: 32 – 23]. Three strainers from above discussed four examples are of Etruscan origin. As to the fourth one found at Vani city-site, it completely differs from the Etruscan artefacts and is very close to the handle found at Athens acropolis, and its Greek origin is beyond any doubt. Trading and manufacturing were far developed in Etruscan towns in the 6th – 4th centuries BC. As to the iron metallurgy, it was also developed perfectly. Bronze was of course in use together with iron. It was used for making kitchen utensils and adornments. Bronze pieces of Etruscan toreutics are considered artistically accomplished artefacts famous for their perfect casting, elaborate treatment, untypical shapes and fine decorations. This is why Etruscan bronze vessels, candelabrums and other objects were popular in many countries and in Greece among them [Trapsh 1969: 33]. They were very expensive in Athens [Richter 1939: 194]. Etruscan metal vessels are found in the Balkans, the Near East and even in Syria [History of . . . 1971: 56 – 58]. If we rely upon Bilimovich's suggestions it will be quite possible to admit that Sokhumi and Pichvnari strainers came to Georgia either from Etruria, or they were imported from Athens [see Kakhidze 1987: 49]. The strainers from Vani city-site and Pichvnari were found together with dippers in the burials. The exception is the Sokhumi example which was not accompanied with a dipper. BIBLIOGRAPHY: A klasszikus Athén 1996: A klasszikus Athén, Corvina, Bemporad Marzocco, Firenze. Bilimovich 1979: Билимович З. Етрусские Бронзовые Ситечки Наиденные в Северном Причерноморье, Из Истории Северного Причерномория в Античную Эпоxу, 26 – 36 Л. Etruscan Bronze Strainers from Northern Black Sea Littoral, Collection of articles ". From the History of Northern Black Sea Littoral in the Classical Period, Leningrad. Comstock, Vermeule 1971: Comstock, M., Vermeule C. Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes (in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston), New-York. Crosby 1943: Crosby, M. A., Silver Ladle and Strainer in AJA 47, 209 – 216, New-York. Die Welt die Etrusker 1988: Die Welt die Etrusker Archäologische Dankmäler aus Museum der sozialistischen Länder, Berlin. Ebert 1913: Ebert, M., Ausgrabungen auf dem Gute Maritzyn Gouv. Cherson, 2, Teil, Sonderabdruck aus Praehistorische Zeitschrift 5, S 1 – 80. Gli Etruschi e L' Europa 1992: Gli Etruschie L' Europa, Massimo Pallottino (ed.), Paris – Milan. Hill 1938: Hill, D. K. Wine Ladles and Strainers from Ancient Times – The journal of the Walters Art Gallery 1, 41 – 55. History of . . . 1971: История Древнего Рима; History of Ancient Rome, Mos. IAK 1905: Известия Археологической Комиссии, Мос.; Bulletin of Archaeological Commission, Mos. Kakhidze 1975: kaxiZe am., aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis antikuri Zeglebi, baTumi; Archaeological sites of Classical Period in East Black Sea Littoral, Batumi. Kakhidze 1987: kaxiZe a., antikuri torevtikis nimuSebi fiWvnaridan, sdsZ 16, baTumi; The examples of Classical Toreutics from Pichvnari, SDSD 16, 47 – 50, Batumi. 147 Kakhidze 2000: Kakhidze A., Specimens of Classical Bronze Toreutics from Pichvnari in TALANTA, vol. 32 – 33, 41 – 60. Kozub 1974: Козуб, Ю, Некрополь Олвii V– IV ст. до н.е. Киiв; Necropolis of Olvia, 5th–4th BC. Kiev. Mantsevich 1987: Манцевич А. Курган Селоxа, Ленинград; Kurgan Selokha, Leningrad. Onaiko 1970: Онаико Н. Античный Импорт в Приднестровье и Побужье в 4 до н. э., Арxеологиа СССР Свод Арxеологическиx Источников Д 1 – 27 Мос.; Import from Classical World to Pridnestrovie and Pobuzhie in 4thc. BC., Archaeology of USSR, Communique of Archaeological Sources D 1 – 27, Moscow. Richter 1939: Richter, G. Greek Bronzes Recently Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in ATA 43, 189 – 196, New-York. Ridder 1896: Ridder, A Catalogue des Bronzes sur l' Acropole d' Athenes. Paris. Silantieva 1959: Силантьева Л. Некрополь Нимфея, МИА 69, cc. 5 – 107, Мос.; The Necropolis of Nymphaion; MIA 69, 5 – 107, Mos. Trapsh 1969: Трапш М., Труды II, Сухуми, (Works, 2), Sokhumi. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. I, Pic. The depiction on the Attic red-figured vase; 1 - A bronze strainer from “Tsiteli Shukura”, burial # 1; 2 - A bronze strainer from Pichvnari, burial #1; 3 - A bronze handle of a strainer from Vani, 6th burial # 6; 4 - A bronze strainer from Pichvnari burial # 15. *** 148 149 AMPHORAE – BURIALS FROM BICHVINTA (PITYUS) Temur Todua † Greek and oman authors’ “Pityus / Pitiunt” is the same cape Bichvinta mentioned in Georgian written sources. It is located in the north – west Georgia, in 20 km distance from Gagra, at the estuary of the Bzipi river. A Greek geographer Artemidorus Ephesus was the first who mentioned Bichvinta as a “Great Pitiunt” in the 2nd – 1st centuries BC (Strabo 11. 2; 14). Unfortunately, that very “Great Pitiunt” is not yet found. Archaeologists have only managed to uncover the 2 nd– 6th century town consisting of two parts – the fortress (castellum) and the residential quarter (canaba). The site has yielded fortification, household, living, cult and military (praetorium, principium) structures, a bathhouse, lots of pottery, glassware, coins etc. The cemetery, contemporary to the just cited structures lies in the south – west of the town (Fig. 11). More than 510 burials of eight different types were excavated at the cemetery – pit burials, lime mortar burials, well-burials built of conglomerate and boulders, tile-burials, amphorae and brickbuilt burials, tombs built of processed stone, and cremation burials. This time I intend to direct my attention to one of the interesting types – amphorae burials. There were 65 of them at the cemetery (see Table 1) [Lordkipanidze 1991: 56 – 60] and only one contained grave goods. Let me offer some of them. The burial #14. Square C5, depth – 45 cm. The clay of the amphora is brown. The body is concavesided, incomplete – rim and top are missing, and it is broken into two. The amphora was placed horizontally with the rim to the north – west. The burial belonged to a child and contained nothing except the skeleton. The burial is dating from the 3rd – 4th centuries according the amphora. The burial #98. Square D11, depth – 55 cm. The amphora was broken into pieces and a child’s bones were found among its sherds. The wall of the amphora is thick, lilac in color. It did not contain any grave goods. The amphora is imported, Synopean, dating from the 3rd century. The burial #183. Square C11, depth – 45 cm. The amphora is concave-sided, produced locally. The clay is brown. t contained a child’s skeleton with a perfectly survived skull (Fig. 12), a badly damaged copper coin (Fig. 13 at the baby’s head, and a glass perfume bottle with a tubular neck and concavesided, bell-shaped body (Fig. 14). The burial is dating from the 3rd – 4th centuries. The burial #247. Square 2, depth – 40 cm. The amphora was in a comparatively better condition. Its upper part, fallen into pieces, was found in situ. It was lying horizontally with the rim to the northwest. The amphora contained only a child’s badly preserved bones and nothing more. The vessel itself is concave-sided, with a short, tubular neck and a narrow rim. Its clay is pinkish, well 150 worked, with fine inclusions, and burnt perfectly. Flat handles are attached at its neck and shoulder (Fig. I 5). The burial # 296. Square E1, depth – 40 cm. Only lower part of a locally produced concave-sided amphora was preserved. ts clay is brown. The amphora was placed vertically. t contained a child’s fragmented bones only. The burial is dating from the 3rd – 4th centuries. Amphora-burials like Bichvintian ones are quite common in coastal regions of Georgia. Such burial rite was characteristic to the Early Classical period of eastern Black Sea littoral. Amphora-burials were found at Tsikhisdziri cemetery, where the deseased were buried in Chios amphorae dating from the 6th – 5th centuries BC [Inaishvili 1993: 92]. There is only one Hellenistic period amphora-burial found at Eshera village. It contained ashes and engraved, bronze bracelets with animals’ stylized heads at their ends. As to the amphora itself, it belongs to the 3rd – 2nd centuries BC. [Kuftin 1949: 33]. As it appears, amphorae-burials are less common for the eastern Black Sea littoral than in the northern regions during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. At the end of the Hellenistic period, their number became less not only in the northern Black Sea lands but also in the whole Classical World period [Zubar 1982: 50]. From the beginning of the 1st century AD, the number of amphorae-burials increased abruptly in the northern Black Sea [Zubar 1982: 51] and the Mediterranean littoral [Testini 1958: 86]. The situation was the same in the eastern Black Sea littoral, but in the Roman period, amphorae-burials were found not only at Bichvinta but also at Tsikhisdziri and Gonio – Apsarus. Seven of them were uncovered at Tsikhisdziri cemetery [Inaishvili 1993: 93], and one at Apsarus. [Kakhidze et al 2002: 47]. All of them belonged to children like Bichvinta burials and their depth varied from 40 cm to 65 cm. Bichvinta, Tsikhisdziri, and Apsarus amphorae were placed horizontally except the 296th burial of Bichvinta, which was dug into the soil vertically. As to the orientation of Bichvinta amphorae-burials, it is somehow varied. Some amphorae were placed with their rims west wards, some were directed northwards, southwards and the rest northeastwards. Eastward and westward orientations seem more common. There is a group of amphorae broken in the middle and they have neither undersides nor tops. Some are broken at their rims or their bottoms, or these parts are simply sawn away. Most of amphorae are produced locally and all of them are concave-sided. Their clay is brown. Such amphorae are divided into two chronological groups: earlier ones, dating from the 3rd – 4th centuries AD are large, thick-walled, plain surfaced vessels with ribbed necks. Later ones are dating from the 5th – 8th centuries. They have cylindrical necks, profiled rims, and small, flat handles. Lower parts of their bodies are curved inwards and they have cone-shaped undersides. Apart from locally produced examples there also are four imported amphorae used for burying. All of them are fragmented but one which is in a better condition. It is made of well-worked clay and has a pinkish color (Fig. 16). Its height is 95 cm, thickness of the wall – 1 cm. This amphora belongs to the group of Samian pottery and is dated to the 4th century [Lordkipanidze 1991: 148] A large number of such amphorae were found at the territory of Bichvinta ancient town [Berdzenishvili et al 1975: 275], at Sokhumi [Apakidze, Lordkipanidze 1965: 113], Poti [Gamkrelidze 2001: 96] and Gudava [Zamtaradze 1979: 72]. The underside of another amphora is flat and bent inwards. Its shoulder and sides are painted in reddish-brown. The surface is covered with bright brownish engobe. The clay is lilac in color (Fig. 18). Diameter of its underside – 10.7 cm, thickness of the side – 0.7 cm. This is a Synopean amphora dating from the 3rd century AD. The 9th amphora burial seems to be made of Synopean clay. It is shattered. The clay is thick, lilac in color. Height of the preserved part – 50 cm, thickness of the side – 1.5 cm. The amphora is dating 151 from the 3rd century AD. Synopean amphorae were also found at Sokhumi. [Apakidze, Lordkipanidze 1965: 119]. The fourth amphora is badly damaged. It is made of reddish clay. The body of the amphora is corrugated; its underside is bent inwards (Fig. 17). Length of the preserved part – 45 cm. Such amphorae were found at Bichvinta town. Similar amphorae were also found at Apsarus [Gdzelishvili et al 1964: 75]. The archaeologists believe that such amphorae were made in many towns and in Chersonesus among them. I suppose that the amphorae described above were imported from the northern Black Sea lands [Zeest 1960: 123]. According to their parallels they should be dated to the 3 rd century AD. [Berdzenishvili et al 1975: 265]. It is impossible to reconstruct the position of the bodies in the graves. Juveniles’ bones are badly preserved, and the bones are mixed. Some amphorae contained only one or two bones. The exceptions were ## 183 and 251, where the bones of the individuals were preserved in a considerably better condition. 183rd amphora-burial contained a juvenile’s intact skull. The child was lying on his back with his head northwards. 251st amphora-burial contained juvenile’s skull and parts of his legs. The child was lying on his back with the head southwards. Grave goods were found in only two amphorae-burials – Tsikhisdziri # 17 and Bichvinta # 183. Tsikhisdziri # 17 amphora-burial yielded a cross-like, bow-shaped bronze pin with a fastened catch plate. Such fibulae were widespread in west Georgia in the 5th – 7th centuries AD. With its size and shape of the bow it is analogous to the ones found at Nokalakevi [Lekvinadze et al 1981: 145 – 146] and Samtavro [Apkhazava 1979: 14 – 15] cemeteries dating from the 5th century AD. The Bichvinta # 183 amphora-burial contained a copper coin and glass perfume bottle. The coin is minted in one of the southern towns of Pontus. It is dating from the 1st century BC. [Lordkipanidze 1991: 147]. The glass perfume bottle has a tubular neck, a bell-shaped, concave-sided body and a bent inwards underside. Such bottles were found at the Bichvinta city-site and they are dating from the 3rd – 4th centuries AD. 183rd amphora-burial is dating from the same period of time. The majority of Pitiunt and Tsikhisdziri amphorae-burials are also dated to the same period but there are some from the 5th – 6th centuries [Lordkipanidze 1991: 150; Inaishvili 1993: 97]. According to the character of amphorae-burials from Pitiunt and Tsikhisdziri, the buried were the representatives of the lower strata of the society. As to their ethnic and cultural attribution, such burial rite was characteristic to Greeks - it was common in the ancient Greece beginning from the Archaic period [Kurz, Bordman 1971: 99]. It is highly significant that the burial rite just mentioned has never been traced in the inland regions of west Georgia to say nothing of the east part of the country. Accordingly, I suppose that the amphorae-burials discussed above from Eshera, Tsikhisdziri and Pitiunt can be linked with Greek population. Tile-built graves and clay-plinth tombs uncovered at Bichvinta cemetery point to the presence of the Greek-speaking population because they were not characteristic to the locals. Such burial rite was common for the Greek world beginning from the Early Classical period [Shelov 1961, 235]. Alongside Greek-Roman burial rites, the local burial traditions were attested at Pitiunt cemetery. The amphorae-burials from Pitiunt are connected with Greek burial rites and accordingly point to the presence of a small group of Greek population there. 152 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Apakidze, Lordkipanidze 1965: afaqiZe, an., lorTqifaniZe, oT., masalebi dioskuria– sebastopolisis arqeologiisaTvis, macne (istoriis seria) #3. Tb.; The Materials for the Archaeology of Dioscuria-Sebastopolis, Matsne (history series) # 3. Apkhazava1979: afxazava n., adreuli Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kultura, Tb.; For the Material Culture of Early Medieval East Georgia. Berdzenishvili, Puturidze, 1975: berZeniSvili, n. fuTuriZe, r., biWvinTaSi mopovebuli amforebi, didi pitiunti #1; The Amphorae from Bichvinta, “Didi Pitiunti” #1, Tbilisi. Gamkrelidze 2001: gamyreliZe, g. kolxologiuri narkvevebi, II; Colchological Essays, II. Gdzelishvili, Khakhutaishvili 1964: gzeliSvili, i. xaxutaiSvili d., rkinis warmoebis uZvelesi kera Woroxis qvemo dinebasze da arqeologiuri dazvervebi gonio – afsarosSi, sdsZ 1; The Ancient site of Iron Making in the lower gorge of the r. Chorokhi and Archaeological Surveys in Gonio-Apsarus, SDSD I, Tbilisi. Inaishvili 1993: inaiSvili n., cixisZiris ax.w. I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tb.; Archaeological sites of Tsikhisdziri, 1st-6th cent AD. Tbilisi. Kakhidze, Mumladze, Ebralidze 2002: kaxiZe am., mumlaZe S., ebraliZe a., 2000 w. gonios cixis karibWis gareT warmoebuli arqeologiuri kvleva – Ziebis angariSi, gonioafsarosi #3; The Report of Archaeological Works held outside the Gonio-Apsarus Fortress South Gate, Gonio-Apsarus 3. Kuftin, 1949: Куфтин Б., Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т I; The Materials of Archaeology of Colchis I, Tbilisi. Kurz, Bordman 1971: Kurz, P. S., Bordman J, Greek Burial Customs, London. Lordkipanidze 1991: lorTqifaniZe, g., biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb.; Bichvinta, Tbilisi. Lekvinadze, Khvedelidze1981: Лeквинaдзe, В., Хвeдeлидзe, Л., Археологические нaхoдки из Aрхeoпoлисa, noqalaqevi, # 1; Archaeological finds from the excavations of Archaeopolis, I. Shelov 1961: Шелов, Д., Некрополь Танаиса; The neropollis of Tanais, Moscow. Todua 2000: Todua, T. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis eTnokulturuli istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi ax.w. 2 – 4 ss samarxeuli Zeglebis mixedviT, saistorio Ziebani 3; For Some Problems of Ethno-cultural History of Georgian Black Sea Littoral in 2nd-4th cent AD (according to the burial sites), Saistorio Dziebani – 3, Tbilisi. Testini 1958: Testini, P. Archaeologia Cristiana (Roma – Paris – New-York). Zamtaradze 1979: zamTaraZe, m. gudavis arqeologiuri monapovari, ssmm,MM 34; Archaeological Finds from Gudava, SSMM 34, Tbilisi. Zeest 1960: Зеест, И. B. Кepaмичeскaя Tapa Бoспoрa. МИА 83, M. Ceramic Packing from Bosphorus MIA 83, Mos. Zubar 1982: Зубар, В. Некрополь Хeрсонeса Тавричeского 1–4в. н.э., Киeв. The Necropolis of Tauric Chersonesus of 1st -4th cent AD. Kiev. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig I. 1 – General Plan of the Site; 2 -The amphora burial #183; 3 - The damaged copper coin from the amphora burial #183; 4 - The glass perfume bottle from the amphora burial #183; 5- The amphora made in local workshop; 6- Samian amphora; 7, 8 - Synopean amphorae. *** 153 154 ANCIENT IBERIA AND THE GATEKEEPERS OF THE CAUCASUS Nicolas J. Preud’homme Research works on the Caucasian passes have given rise to an abundant bibliography, fuelled by thorough considerations on a varied material of archaeological and literary sources. The concern of great empires for these strategic ways used by Sarmatian, Alan and Hun invaders was repeatedly emphasized. Several studies produced by David Braund, Albert B. Bosworth and Roger C. Blockley have shown how, for the Persians as for the Romans, Iberia occupied a major place in the border defence system, as well as in the control of the Darial Gorge in the face of invasion threats from the north [Bosworth A. B. 1976, 1977, 1983. Braund D. 1984, 1986, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1994. Blockley R. C. 1984, 1985, 1987]. A collective volume edited by Eberhard Wolfram Sauer addresses the Sasanian relations with the areas surrounding Iran [Mashkour M. and alii, 2017]. The archaeological knowledge of the Caucasian Gates has recently benefited from the publication of the excavations and surveys carried out between 2013 and 2016 on several sites in the Darial Gorge [Sauer E. and alii 2020]. In this presentation, I would like to shift the focus to the Iberian kingdom and investigate how the Caucasian Gates have enabled the Iberian kings allied with Sarmatians and other peoples of the Caucasus to exert their power and legitimacy during eight centuries, from the Hellenistic period until the Sasanian hegemony on South Caucasia in Late Antiquity. This approach involves revisiting Classical Latin and Greek sources and cross-referencing them with data from Iberian epigraphy and archaeology as well as later indications from Georgian and Armenian chronicles. 1. The Darial pass as a synapsis between the worlds. The Darial pass was locking the main access route through which, over the centuries, the various invaders went for their raids, notably the Alans during 2nd century, as well as the Huns during 4th and 5th centuries [Greatrex G. B. and M. 1999: 66; Dignas B. and Winter E. 2007: 188-195; Sauer E. and alii 2020, vol. 2: 857-927]. Some roads existed indeed to cross the Caucasian isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, impeded by its chain of high mountains. In addition to the coastal routes of Derbent and Abkhazia, the most important land way was crossing the Caucasian Gates, commonly identified with the Darial pass, the ‘Gate of the Alans’, also called drunk‘ Ałanac‘ in Armenian, Dar-e Alān in Persian and Bāb al-Lān in Arabic [Bosworth A. B. 1977: 217-255; Giardina A. 1996: 109-119 and 120-142]. In pointing out the substantial number of one hundred and twenty bridges crossing the Cyrus river (present-day Kura or Mtkvari), Strabo gives an idea of the dense road network crossing South Caucasia (Strabo, Geography, XI, 3, 4). In addition to Hakob Manandian’s work on Armenia’s trade routes, Robert H. Hewsen’s cartographic study produced an attempt to reconstitute the roadways that crossed the kingdom of Iberia [Lomouri N. 1958. Manandian H. A. 1965. Hewsen R. H. 2001, maps 55 and 59]. At first sight, the importance of the corridor following the course of the Cyrus river is due to its extension to the east, reaching the catchment basins of Iori, Alazani, and beyond, the regions of Albania (Strabo, Geography, XI, 3, 5): this route was one of the segments composing a wider network of land and sea ways connecting Caucasia to the Black Sea, the Caspian and Central Asia [Melikishvili G. A. 1959: 440. Lordkipanidze O. 1996: 114-119. Gagoshidze I. 2008: 24-25]. The second major axis, linked to the Darial pass, descends the Aragvi valley to its confluence with the Cyrus at Armazi-Mtskheta, continues south on a segment of the river, then, roughly at the current city of Tbilisi, diverges to cross the Gugark-Somkhiti borderland and, beyond the Little Caucasus mountains, joins the Armenian capital of Artaxata 155 [Markwart J. 1928; Lordkipanidze O. 1996: 120; Olbrycht M. J. 1998: 149-150]. If our knowledge of the routes crossing Eastern Colchis, Upper Iberia and Chorzene remains very uncertain, it is likely to imagine two routes connecting Iberia to its western borders, one passing south of the Moschian mountains to go up the course of Cyrus, the other crossing the Surami pass through the Likhi mountains forming a barrier with Colchis, to join the course of Phasis (Rioni). This reconstitution would correspond perfectly to the indications of Plinius the Elder, who indicated a commercial route connecting the mouth of Cyrus River to the Phasis and another road guarded by the fortress of Cumania on the Caucasian Gates, descending towards the capital Harmastus (Armazi) (Plinius the Elder, Natural History, VI, 30; 52) [Gagoshidze I. 2008: 19]. A formula from the author of Natural History summarizes the particular situation of an berian place where “a gate (was enough) to close (the entrance of) a world (litt. ‘the circle of lands’)” (Plinius the Elder, Natural History, V , 30: “ibi loci terrarum orbe portis discluso”): as a hinge of empires, the kingdom of beria thus held the function of an in-between whose size was paradoxically as modest as its strategic position proved to be influential in the geopolitical game of the first centuries CE [Giardina A. 1996: 142]. About Iberian places, Strabo mentions the fortresses of Seusamora (Tsitsamuri) and Sarapana (Shorapani), in addition to the city of Harmozike, comparable to the Harmastus of Pliny the Elder, the Armaktika of Ptolemy as well as the Acropolis of Cassius Dion, which archaeologists identify with the citadel of Armazi (Armazis Tsikhe), capital of the Iberian kings (Strabo, Geography, XI, 3, 5: Ἁρμοηική. Ptolemy, Geography, V, 11, 3: Ἀρμάκτικα. Plinius the Elder, Natural History, VI, 30: Harmastus/Hermastus) [Lordkipanidze O. 1991: 159; Lordkipanidze O. 1996: 272-274; Bäbler B. 2019: 19-20]. The position of this city on a lock separating the basins of Upper Iberia and Lower Iberia crossed by the Cyrus or Mtkvari river gives this capital a strategic place of first order. Moreover, without naming it, Strabo mentions a fortress which watched the end of a narrow path along the Aragos valley, present-day Aragvi (Strabo, Geography, XI, 3, 5). Perhaps this fort should be identified with Cumania appearing with Pliny the Elder. Serge N. Mouraviev likens this fortress guarding the south of Darial pass with the current village of Kumlistsikhe [Mouraviev S. N. 1996: 50]. However, the archaeologists of Eberhard auer’s team who excavated the Darial Gorge remain skeptical about this hypothesis, as no ancient remains have been found in the village of Kumlistsikhe [Sauer E. and alii 2000: 863-864]. On the other hand, I disagree with Mouraviev’s wish to identify Plinius’ Cumania with Ptolemy’s Loubion Κōmē, since this place is to be situated in the land of Lupenians near Albania, in Kakheti (Plinius the Elder, Natural History, VI, 29) [Hewsen R. H. 1989: 18. Mouraviev S. N. 1996: 46]. Around the Darial, the archaeological site that attracts the most attention is the medieval fortress located on the left bank of the r. Terek, commonly called Tamar Castle. The dating of the remains of the fortress of Darial had been the subject of various opinions. Some Georgian researchers thought that the remains of ancient fortifications, situated under the medieval wall in front of the north gate of the fort, should be dated back at least to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE [Mindorashvili D. 1991: 3; 2005: 105-150; Gamkrelidze G. and alii (eds.) 2013: 176]. This archaeological dating would correspond to the emergence of the Iberian kingship established in Armazi during the Hellenistic period and its appearance in Greek and Latin literary sources. However, new excavations carried out between 2013 and 2016 did not find on the site of this Darial fortress any trace prior to the 4 th century CE [Sauer E. and alii 2020, vol. 1: 10-11]. These archaeologists do not exclude that there was a first previous fortress on the site, but this one was obviously completely destroyed and rebuilt during Late Antiquity [Ibid.: 32]. 156 Darial was not of course the only strategic pass in Ancient Iberia, insofar as the complex geomorphology of South Caucasia is rendered by quite confuse explanations from ancient authors. The geographical notice opening Orosius’ Histories against the Pagans thus evokes the chain of the Acroceraunian Mountains which would connect ‘the Caspian Gates’ to ‘Armenian passes’ confining to ‘the source of the Tiger between Armenia and Iberia (Orosius, Histories against the Pagans, I, 2, 40) [Janvier Y. 1982: 43, 89]. everal approximations complicate the restitution of Orosius’ geographic vision, given, firstly, that the author may have confused the Caspian Gates of Elburz or Derbent with the Caucasian Gates of Darial, secondly, that the source of the Tiger is not located in the Armeno-Kartvelian borders, but further south, in the Taurus chain, in Eastern Anatolia [Janvier Y. 1982: 90-92]. Yves Janvier locates the Acroceraunian mountains in the Little Caucasus which bordered the plain of Kura, supposing a shift of the map probably followed by Orosius [Janvier Y. 1982: 94-96]. I believe for my part that it is also possible to identify these Acroceraunian mountains with one of the meridian chains crossing South Caucasia, like the Likhi mountains in the west of Shida Kartli, or the mountainous complex uniting the crests of Trialeti, Saguramo, Gombori and Tbatana, between Kartli and Kakheti. The issue of mastering the Caucasian passes gained indeed a renewed interest in the last third of the first century CE. uetonius reports Nero’s plans to conquer the Caspian Gates, which did not survive the death of their designer (Suetonius, Life of Nero, XIX, 2, 4) [Wheeler E. L. 1994-1996: 62. Gregoratti L. 2013: 530]. Everett L. Wheeler considers that this project of Nero responded to the distancing politics operated by a king of Albania who would have moved away from the Roman alliance concluded after the war of Canidius Crassus in 36 BCE [Wheeler E. L. 1994-1996: 63]. It is possible that the source of the uetonius on the plans of Nero’s expeditions in the Caucasus was identical to the document used by Plinius the Elder for his Caucasian notice in his Natural History, published towards 77. Intending to correct the description of the Caucasus left by the authors who accompanied Corbulo, Plinius tries to unravel the confusion made by the Ancients between the Caspian Gates, corresponding to the Derbent, and the Caucasian Gates identical to the Darial (Plinius the Elder, Natural History, VI, 40). Following the hypothesis of a geographic confusion in the source of uetonius, it would be possible for David Braund, with Plinius’ testimony, to replace Nero’s aims of conquest not in the direction of Albania and the Caspian, but towards Iberia and Alans beyond the Caucasian Gates [Braund D. 1994: 225-226]. Thus appears the whole symbolic dimension of the project conceived by the last Julio-Claudian emperor, eager to illustrate himself as a new Alexander defending the civilized world against the nations of the north, once again closing the Caucasian passes [Bais M. 2001: 86-87]. Echoing Suetonius, Flavius Josephus, a contemporary of the Flavian dynasty, evokes, probably about Elburz near Hyrcania, “the pass which Alexander had closed with iron gates” (Flavius Josephus, Jewish War, VII, 244-245: “ἣν ὁ βαςιλεὺσ Ἀλζξανδροσ πφλαισ ςιδθραῖσ κλειςτὴν ἐποίθςε”) *Chaumont M.-L. 1976: n. 392, p. 126], thus attesting to the importance that this mythical place had acquired in the minds of the Hellenized world. The legendary idea of an Alexander the Great conqueror of the Caucasus consequently made its way during the first century CE in the circles of the imperial court. Several testimonies tend to suggest a direct military presence of Rome in South Caucasia in the last decades of the 1st century CE. Both the stele for the fortification of Armazi defences dedicated by Vespasian in 75 on behalf of the Iberian King Mithridates II [SEG, XX, 112. Qaukhchishvili T. 1999-2000: II, n. 229 p. 251-252. Canali de Rossi F. 2004: 1], as well as the Latin inscription of the centurion Lucius Iulius Maximus on a stone on Mount Böyük Dash in Albania, highlight the importance that the Flavians attached to control the southern outlets of the Caucasian passes, Darial and Derbent [Année Épigraphique, 1951, n°263. 157 Wheeler E. L. 1994-1996: 63. Bais M. 2001: 88-90. Gagoshidze I. 2008: 16. Schottky M. 2014: 96. Hartmann U. 2019: 38]. Another epigraphic document describes the career of the legate Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa, who took him around 75 CE to the East in order to carry out certain military missions in Armenia Major, in Albania or against the Alans [Année Épigraphique 1968: 145. Torelli M. 1968: 173. Migliorati G. 2004]. The Darial was probably the pass through which the Alans invaded South Caucasia in 135, invited by the Iberian king Pharasmanes II, eager to weaken his Caucasian neighbors and thus affirm the supremacy of his dynasty (Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXIX, 15, 1. Themistius, Orations, XXX V, 8. Movsēs Xorenac‘i, History of Armenia, II, 65) [Chaumont M.L. 1976: 144-146; Bosworth A. B. 1977: 229; Braund D. 1991a; Wheeler E. L. 1994-1996: 67; Schottky 2014: 94; Hartmann U. 2019: 32-34]. In the first Georgian chronicles of the medieval compilation Life of Kartli (Kartlis Tskhovreba), the Darial pass appears in three occurrences, the first one being in the Life of the Kings of Kartli: “The Khazars knew two roads, namely the Pass of the Sea, Daruband, and the Pass of the Aragvi, which is the Darial” (Life of the Kings of Kartli in Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 12, Robert W. Thomson (transl.), p. 14). While the Royal List I alledges that the legendary king Mirvan contributed in 2nd century BCE to building Armazi, the Life of the Kings mentions, about the great works carried out by the same sovereign, only the fortification of the Darubal pass, identifiable with Darial (Royal List I (in Moktsevai Kartlisai), lia Abulaże (ed.), 8212-13. Life of the Kings (in Kartlis Tskhovreba), Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 28). Another match regards the Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali, narrating an expedition led by the King Vakhtang in Ossetia across the “pass of Darialan” at the junction of two rivers called “Aragvi”: “Then the kings of Ossetia assembled their troops and were joined by a force from Khazareti. They met him on the river which flows from the Darialan and descends into the valley of Ossetia. This river is also called Aragvi, because the source of them both flows from the same mountain: the Aragvi of Kartli and the Aragvi of Ossetia” (Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali, Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 151, Robert W. Thomson (transl.), p. 166). This Ossetian Aragvi, which can be identified with Terek, perhaps corresponds to the watercourse “with the nauseating odor” evoked by Pliny the Elder (Natural History, VI, 30), as well as with the Alontas River mentioned by Ptolemy (Geography, V, 9, 12) and the Alutus appearing in Caius Iulius Mansuetus’ inscription [Kerler G. 1970: note 39 p. 43. CIL, XIII, 8213]. Serge N. Mouraviev considers that “diri odoris” is a corruption of “Diricdone”, “the river Diric (Terek)”, with donus as a Latin derivation from the Scythian word dānu, ‘river’ *Mouraviev S. N. 1996, p. 51-52; Pokorny J. 1959: 175]. The Life of the Kings underlines the matrimonial links which united Iberian kings with the peoples of the Caucasian mountains, as in the case of Saurmag with the Durdzuks (Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 26-27). 2. Darial – a jail for the high-ranking prisoners of the Iberian king? The Life of the Kings reports that the legendary kings Armazel and Azork would have allied with Ossetians, Leks and other Caucasian nations to carry out a plunder expedition in Armenia. On their way back, the Caucasian coalition forces were overtaken by the Sumbat army, which caused them to suffer a great defeat. Wounded, Azork and Armazel took refuge in Mtskheta, while the Armenian general in turn ravaged Kartli and built a fort in Samtskhe. Faced with counterattacks by the Kartvelians and the Ossetians, King Artashan (in Armenian Artašēs) in turn entered the campaign, laid siege to Mtskheta and forced his enemies to ask for peace (Life of the Kings of Kartli in Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 45-48). After a period of calm, the Georgian chronicle indicates that a new war pitted the Kartvelians against the Armenians. Following a battle in Javakheti, Kartli soldiers allied with the Ossetians inflicted a severe defeat on Prince Zaren, the son 158 of King Artashan, even managing to capture him. The chronicler specifies that the Kartvelians kept Zaren in detention in the fortress of Darialan, without listening to the opinion of the Ossetians who would have demanded his death. After three years, Artashan, Sumbat and Tigran launched a devastating offensive which led the Kartvelians to once again conclude peace. In exchange for the release of Zaren and the striking of a coin bearing the image of Artashan, the Kartli recovered the territories lost in previous wars. As this compromise satisfied the two camps, a lasting peace was thus established between Armenians, Kartvelians and Ossetians, therefore allowing Armazel and Azork to die with the pride of the accomplished task (Ibid., 48-50). This Zaren from Kartlis Tskhovreba has very strong similarities to the figure of Prince Zareh appearing in the Armenian account of Movsēs Xorenac‘i (Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Manowk Abełean and . Yarowt‘iwnean (eds), History of Armenia, II, 53. Mahé J.-P. and A. 1993: 208 and note 8 p. 366). The Armenian historian reports that this man, described as “proud, daring hunter of wild beasts, but cowardly and soft in fight”, was appointed by the sovereign of Armenia to guard the northern borders. After he identified Zareh’s weaknesses, the berian King Kharzam then launched an attack on his territory, before capturing him and locking him up “in the Caucasus”. King Artašēs, assisted by Sembat and Tiran, would then have made war against Kharzam to finally manage to rescue Zareh from the “muddy pit” where he was languishing. Despite the fact that the two sources diverge on the name of the Iberian sovereign who took Zareh prisoner, it is nevertheless visible that the two traditions overlap in a concordant manner on most points of this account. The imprisonment of high-ranking figures in a jail fortress is relatively well documented in the Sasanian Empire (Christensen A. 1944: 307. Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002). The most famous prison of the Sasanians was the Fortress of Oblivion located in Khuzistan (Susiana), attested through many classical and Armenian sources. The name “Fortress of Oblivion” would result from a paretymology performed by Byzantine and Armenian authors from a Middle-Persian expression *anōš bard whose original meaning was “immortal fortress” *Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002: 414418]. The first explicit mention of the fortress dates back to around 368 CE, when the king of Armenia Arsaces (Aršak) was deposed from his throne by Šāpūr II (Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXV , 12, 3. Movsēs Xorenac‘i, History of Armenia, III, 35. Buzandaran Patmut‘iwnk‘, IV, 54; 5, 7. Procopius, The Persian War, I, 5, 9-40: “φροφριον τῆσ Λικθσ”) *Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002, p. 399-401+. Ašak’s successor, Khosrov III, was also a prisoner of the Fortress in Xuzistan (Movsēs Xorenac‘i, History of Armenia, III, 50 and 55). Around 496, the Fortress also had a Persian host: the fallen King Kavād I whom the nobles preferred to save with a view to avoiding shedding royal blood. However, this king succeeded in escaping and recovering his throne (Procopius, The Persian War, I, 5, 7; I, 6, 1-9; Agathias, Histories, IV, 28, 1-8; Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, §24; al-Tabari, History, 135-138 and 143-145) [Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002, p. 401]. The location was provided by Theophylactes who situates the fortress inside Media, in the region of Bizae not far from the town of Bendosabora (Gundišāpūr), near the fort of Giligerda (Theophylactes, Histories, III, 5, 2) [Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002: 402-405]. According to the sources, we can distinguish at least two types of imprisonment in the Fortress. On the one hand, there was the incarceration with chains, intended for political prisoners and religious capital crimes. On the other hand, there was a milder detention, a kind of police custody reserved for the sons of kings or for princes as well as for the notables of allied communities who, as hostages, guaranteed the loyalty of the agreements [Ciancaglini C. A. & Traina G. 2002: 407]. The Georgian narrative about the detention of Zareh indirectly relates to the various Byzantine, Armenian, Syriac and Georgian traditions concerning the imprisonment of prominent prisoners by 159 the Sasanian kings. Should we see in this Iranian reference a pure commonplace of a literary narrative trying to give the berian king his own “Fortress of Oblivion” like his Persian model? Or can we accept to consider that this anecdote on the imprisonment of Zareh reflects a nutshell of truth? Did the Darial serve effectively as a jail for the prisoners of the Iberian king? As often, the truth must lie between these two hypotheses, between the plausibility of the practice and the relevance of the ideological motivation. 3. Darial in Late Antiquity – a cooperation between Romans and Iranians? The Caucasian Gates of Darial are the pass evoked by the historian Procopius in the description he gives of them in his History of the Wars (I, 10, 1-8) even if he confuses their name with the Caspian Gates. “The Taurus mountain range of Cilicia passes first Cappadocia and Armenia and the land of the so-called Persarmenians, then also Albania and Iberia and all the other countries in this region, both independent and subject to Persia. For it extends to a great distance, and as one proceeds along this range, it always spreads out to an extraordinary breadth and rises to an imposing height. And as one passes beyond the boundary of Iberia there is a sort of path in a very narrow passage, extending for a distance of fifty stades. This path terminates in a place cut off by cliffs and, as it seems, absolutely impossible to pass through. For from there no way out appears, except indeed a small gate set there by nature, just as if it had been made by the hand of man, which has been called from of old the Caspian Gates. From there on there are plains suitable for riding and extremely well watered, and extensive tracts used as pasture land for horses, and level besides. Here almost all the nations of the Huns are settled, extending as far as the Maeotic lake. Now if these Huns go through the gate which I have just mentioned into the land of the Persians and the Romans, they come with their horses fresh and without making any detour or encountering any precipitous places, except in those fifty stades over which, as has been said, they pass to the boundary of beria.” Procopius, History of the Wars, I, 10, 1-8: “Τὸ Κιλίκων ὄροσ ὁ Ταῦροσ ἀμείβει μὲν τὰ πρῶτα Καππαδόκασ τε καὶ Ἀρμενίουσ καὶ τῶν Περςαρμενίων καλουμένων τὴν γῆν, ἔτι μέντοι Ἀλβανούσ τε καὶ Ἴβθρασ, καὶ ὅςα ἄλλα ἔκνθ αὐτόνομά τε καὶ Πέρςαισ κατήκοα ταύτῃ ᾤκθνται. Ἐξικνεῖται γὰρ ἐσ χώραν πολλὴν, προϊόντι δὲ ἀεὶ τὸ ὄροσ τοῦτο ἐσ μέγα τι χρῆμα εὔρουσ τε καὶ ὕψουσ διήκει. Ὑπερβάντι δὲ τοὺσ Ἰβήρων ὅρουσ ἀτραπόσ τίσ ἐςτιν ἐν ςτενοχωρίᾳ πολλῇ, ἐπὶ ςταδίουσ πεντήκοντα ἐξικνουμένθ. Αὕτθ δὲ ἡ ἀτραπὸσ ἐσ ἀπότομόν τινα καὶ ὅλωσ ἄβατον τελευτᾷ χῶρον. Δίοδοσ γὰρ οὐδεμία τὸ λοιπὸν φαίνεται, πλήν γε δὴ ὅτι ὥςπερ τινὰ χειροποίθτον πυλίδα ἐνταῦκα ἡ φύςισ ἐξεῦρεν, ἣ Καςπία ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἐκλήκθ. Τὸ δὲ ἐνκένδε πεδία τέ ἐςτιν ἱππήλατα καὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν ἀτεχνῶσ ἔμπλεα, καὶ χώρα πολλὴ ἱππόβοτόσ τε καὶ ἄλλωσ ὑπτία. Οὗ δὴ τὰ Οὔννων ἔκνθ ςχεδόν τι ἅπαντα ἵδρυται ἄχρι ἐσ τὴν Μαιῶτιν διήκοντα λίμνθν. Οὗτοι ἢν μὲν διὰ τῆσ πυλίδοσ, ἧσ ἄρτι ἐμνήςκθν, ἴωςιν ἐσ τὰ Περςῶν τε καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἤκθ, ἀκραιφνέςι τε τοῖσ ἵπποισ ἴαςι καὶ περιόδῳ τινὶ οὐδαμῆ χρώμενοι οὐδὲ κρθμνώδεςιν ἐντυχόντεσ χωρίοισ, ὅτι μὴ τοῖσ πεντήκοντα ςταδίοισ ἐκείνοισ, οἷςπερ εἰσ τοὺσ Ἰβθρίουσ ὅρουσ, ὥςπερ ἐρρήκθ, διήκουςιν.” H. B. Dewing (transl.), p. 77-79. Describing the situation of this pass, Procopius makes it clear that Darial is not inside the kingdom of beria, but “beyond the boundary of the berians” (ὑπερβάντι δὲ τοὺσ Ἰβιρων ὅρουσ). It would therefore be possible to suppose that at the time when Procopius was writing his historical work, these Caucasian Gates in the north of Iberia were included in a particular territorial regime, leaving open the hypothesis of a co-management between Imperial powers and Caucasian actors. The interval of fifty stades mentioned by Procopius seems to correspond to a strip of approximately 7 or 8 kilometers, established on the pass in its more practicable part. 160 The Byzantine author John Lydus, in his treatise on the magistracies of the Roman State, writes that the question about sharing the costs between the two parties for the fortifications’ maintenance of a pass crossing the Caucasian mountains was debated during the Roman-Persian negotiations of 363, however only the Persians built there a fort named Biraparach, implying in this way their authority on the spot. John Lydus indicates that the Romans discussed with the Persians on the shared defence of the Caucasus, but does not affirm that an agreement was found, and he even seems to say that until the reign of Anastasius, no Roman contribution was made to this enterprise. It is therefore very difficult to consider the establishment of a Roman-Persian agreement on Caucasian passes from the time of Jovian. “On the side where the sun rises in Leo constellation, in the first gorges of the Caucasus, where, exposed to the north wind on the side of the Caspian Sea, the foothills of the Caucasus naturally separate, there is a path of access for barbarians unknown both to the Persians, who are staying in Hyrcania, and to us – it was there that the barbarians attacked the lands, both in the east belonging to the Persians and in the north belonging to the Romans, to plunder them. As long as the Romans controlled Artaxata and the regions even beyond, they were able, since they were on the spot, to resist them. But when they evacuated these and other regions under Jovian, the Persians were unable to defend both their own and the former Roman territory, and the Armenias subject to both states were gripped by unbearable turmoil. Therefore, after the failure under Julian, talks were held between Salutius, who was then prefect, and the Persian grandees and later with Isdigerd [sc. Yazdgird], in order that, sharing the cost, both states should build a fortress on the aforementioned pass and bring help to the area in checking the barbarians who were overrunning it. But since the Romans were embroiled in wars in the west and north, the Persians, since they were more exposed to the barbarians’ incursions, were compelled to build the fortress against them there, naming it Biraparach in their own language and establishing a garrison there. And the enemy was unable to effect an entrance. For this reason, the Persians attacked the Romans and spread little by little over Syria and Cappadocia, alleging that they had been wronged and had been deprived of the money for the common project to the amount of the Roman contribution. As a result, the first Sporacius was sent by Theodosius the Great to negotiate with the Persians. He, through the power of his money and his ability at speaking, almost persuaded the Persians to leave the Romans in peace and be their friends since the Romans were so generous towards them. And this affair dragged on until the reign of our Emperor Anastasius, having been talked over, decreed about and, in short, having been prevaricated over. It was under Anastasius that the old Koades [sc. Kavād , r. 488-496 and 499-531] has united the whole Persia against Rome, and the war took place. And the Romans, who could be victorious sword in hand, because of the libertinism and the softness of the last Areobindus (he loved singing, flute and dance), and the inexperience and cowardice of Generals Patricius and Hypatios, were dominated at first, when the Persians by surprise melted on them, but when they had launched the pursuit against the Persians and drawn from their hands Amida which they had taken, it was now the Persian who engaged talks with Celer, who was the master of the offices of Anastasius, on Biraparach, as we said before, and the expenditure carried out specifically by the Persians for this post. And the quarrel ended, with some modest concessions from Anastasius to Koades; in his magnanimity and his weighting, Anastasius bore with piety the loss suffered for peace. This is, in essence, the story left by the historians of ome on the Caspian Gates.” John Lydus, On the Magistracies of the Roman State, III, 52-53: “Πρὸσ ἀνίςχοντα ὑπὸ λζοντι ἥλιον ἐν ἀρχῇ ςτενῇ τοῦ Καυκάςου, πρὸσ βορζαν ἄνεμον κατὰ τὴν Καςπίαν χωριηομζνων φφςει τῶν τοῦ Καυκάςου ςφυρῶν, εἴςοδοσ ἀπετελζςκθ βαρβάρων τοῖσ ἀγνοουμζνοισ ἡμῖν τε καὶ Πζρςαισ, οἳ περὶ τὴν Ὑρκανὴν νζμονται· δι’ ἧσ 161 εἰςβάλλοντεσ τά τε πρὸσ εὖρον Πζρςαισ, τά τε πρὸσ βορζαν Ῥωμαίοισ ἀνικοντα ἐδῄουν. Καὶ ἕωσ μὲν Ἀρτάξατα καὶ ἔτι ἐπζκεινα εἶχον ὑφ’ ἑαυτοῖσ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι, ἀντζβαινον παρόντεσ ἐκεῖ· ὡσ δὲ τοφτων ἐξζςτθςαν καὶ ὅςων ἄλλων ἐπὶ Ἰοβιανοῦ, οὐκ ἐξιρκουν οἱ Πζρςαι τά τε ἑαυτῶν τά τε πάλαι Ῥωμαίων φρουρεῖν καὶ κόρυβοσ ἀεὶ τὰσ ἑκατζρων Ἀρμενίασ εἶχεν ἀφόρθτοσ. Γίνονται δὴ οὖν λόγοι μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Ἰουλιανοῦ Ῥωμαίων ἀςτοχίαν Σαλουτίῳ τε, ὃσ ἦν ὕπαρχοσ, ἐξ ἡμῶν καὶ Περςῶν τοῖσ ἐξοχωτάτοισ καὶ Ἰςδιγζρδῃ ὕςτερον, ὥςτε κοιναῖσ Περςῶν τοῖσ ἐξοχωτάτοισ καὶ Ἰςδιγζρδῃ ὕςτερον, ὥςτε κοιναῖσ δαπάναισ ἄμφω τὰ πολιτεφματα φροφριον ἐπὶ τῆσ εἰρθμζνθσ εἰςόδου καταςκευάςαι, ἐπιςτῆςαί τε βοικειαν τοῖσ τόποισ πρὸσ ἀναχαιτιςμὸν τῶν κατατρεχόντων δι’ αὐτῆσ βαρβάρων. Ῥωμαίων δὲ τοῖσ περὶ τὴν ἑςπζραν καὶ τὴν ἄρκτον πολζμοισ ἐνοχλουμζνων, οἱ Πζρςαι ἔςχον ἀνάγκθν, οἷα προςεχζςτεροι ταῖσ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐφόδοισ, ἀντοικοδομεῖν φροφριον ἐκεῖ, Βιραπαρὰχ πατρίωσ αὐτὸ καλζςαντεσ, καὶ δυνάμεισ ἐπζςτθςαν· καὶ πολζμιοσ οὐκ εἰςῄει. Ἐκ ταφτθσ τῆσ ἀφορμῆσ οἱ Πζρςαι Ῥωμαίοισ ἐπετζκθςαν, κατὰ ςμικρὸν ἐπὶ τὰσ Συρίασ καὶ Καππαδοκίασ ἐκχεόμενοι, ὡσ δῆκεν ἀδικοφμενοι καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν γενομζνθν δαπάνθν κατὰ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον Ῥωμαίοισ ἀποςτεροφμενοι, ὥςτε Σποράκιον τὸν πρῶτον ὑπὸ Θεοδοςίου τοῦ μείηονοσ ἐκπεμφκῆναι διαλεχκθςόμενον Πζρςαισ· ὁ δὲ δυνάμει τε χρθμάτων καὶ ςυνζςει λόγων ἐγγὺσ ἔπεικε Πζρςαισ, Ῥωμαίων ὥςπερ χαριηομζνων αὐτοῖσ, ὑποφόρων Ῥωμαίων ἡςυχάηειν καὶ φίλουσ εἶναι. καὶ ταῦτα ἕωσ τοῦ κακ’ ἡμᾶσ Ἀναςταςίου διεςφρθ λαλοφμενά τε καὶ τυποφμενα καὶ ἁπλῶσ ἠρτθμζνα. Ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ, Κωάδου τοῦ γζροντοσ ὅλθν Περςίδα κατὰ Ῥωμαίων ἄγοντοσ, γίνεται πόλεμοσ. καὶ χειρὶ μὲν νικᾶν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι δυνάμενοι, ἀςωτίᾳ δὲ καὶ τρυφῇ Ἀρεοβίνδου τοῦ τελευταίου (ἦν γὰρ φιλῳδὸσ καὶ φίλαυλοσ καὶ φιλορχιμων) καὶ ἀπειρίᾳ καὶ δειλίᾳ Πατρικίου καὶ Ὑπατίου τῶν ςτρατθγῶν, ἠλαττϊκθςαν μὲν τὸ πρότερον, ἐξαπίνθσ τῶν Περςῶν ἐπιχεκζντων, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν τοφσ τε Πζρςασ διωξάντων καὶ Ἄμιδαν ἁλοῦςαν ῥυςαμζνων αὖκισ, ὁ Πζρςθσ λόγουσ ἐκίνθςε πρὸσ Κζλερα, ὃσ ἦν μάγιςτροσ τῶν <κείων ὀφφικίων> τῷ Ἀναςταςίῳ, περὶ Βιραπαράχ, ὡσ προζφαμεν, καὶ τῆσ κατὰ μόνασ ὑπὸ Περςῶν γενομζνθσ περὶ αὐτοῦ δαπάνθσ. Καὶ πζρασ ἔςχεν ἡ φιλονεικία, μετρίων τινῶν ὑπὸ Ἀναςταςίου χαριςκζντων Κωάδῃ· τὸ γὰρ μεγαλόφρον Ἀναςταςίου καὶ εὐμζκοδον εὐςεβῶσ τὴν ὑπὲρ εἰρινθσ ηθμίαν ὑπζμενεν. Τοιοῦτοσ μὲν οὖν ὁ περὶ τῶν Καςπίων πυλῶν τοῖσ Ῥωμαίων ςυγγραφεῦςιν ὁ λόγοσ”. Translation adapted from Jacques Schamp, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2006, and partly from Blockley R. C. 1985: 63-64. The interpretation given by John B. Bury, dealing with the existence of agreements between Romans and Persians about the defence of the Caucasus in 363 and in 442, seems to be explained by an amalgam between the indications of John Lydus and those of an excerpt from the Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite, composed at Edessa at the beginning of the 6th century. This Syriac source ordering its documentation chronologically, it seems to link, in chapters IX and X, this treaty of mutual assistance with certain payments made by the omans to Pērōz (r. 459-484) in order to help him in his wars against the Kidarites Huns (Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, VII-VIII, William Wright (transl.), p. 7) [Bury J. 1958, 2: 6]. According to Joshua the Stylite, there would have been a treaty of military cooperation between the Greeks (that is to say the Romans) and the Persians, so that, if one of the parties called the other for a military assistance, this party was to send the applicant three hundred men or three hundred staters per missing man. This pact is not dated by Joshua and could have occurred some time before the reign of Pērōz I (r. 459-484). However, it could also relate to a broader agreement than the covenant mentioned by John Lydus, because Joshua the Stylite makes no explicit reference here to the Caucasian passes [Blockley R. 1985: 65]. If the mention of this pact of defensive cooperation in the Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite directly follows a reference to the treaty of Jovian, the two events appear logically very distinct and separated in time. The passage of John Lydus is therefore as imprecise as it is suspicious. Ammianus Marcellinus certainly indicates that the Praetorian prefect Salutius was one of those who negotiated the treaty of Jovian in 363 (Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXV, 7, 7). He may have discussed the defence of the Caucasus on this occasion, but it is unlikely. John Lydus himself asserts that it was the inability of the Persians to defend their territories which led them, probably on their own initiative, to request cooperation with the Romans. As a result, it is unlikely that the Persians asked the Romans, whom they had just defeated, for their cooperation in territories that the winners were not supposed to be able to defend. John Lydus adds to the confusion by mentioning Julian (r. 361-363), 162 who appointed Salutius well to his post, after Jovian (r. 363-364). Since Salutius was prefect until 367, it is possible that the events John Lydus evokes can be dated between 363 and 367. It also remains difficult to reconcile the will of the Persians to drive the Romans from Armenia with this plan to include them in a cooperation on the Darial, while in 370, during the Roman intervention in Iberia, the Persians were very dissatisfied (Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXV, 7, 12; XXVII, 12, 10-15). For these reasons, Roger C. Blockley argues that these negotiations refer to a period after 370, when the Romans began to interfere in both the affairs of Armenia and Iberia, perhaps building on past negotiations led by Salutius, in any case by having succeeded in establishing a partition of the kingdom of Iberia between a pro-Roman sovereign, Sauromaces, and a pro-Iranian sovereign, Aspacures (Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXVII, 12, 17-18) [Blockley R. 1985: 65-66]. According to John Lydus, the response of the Persians, unable to obtain a Roman contribution to the defence of the Caucasus, was to launch attacks on Syria and Cappadocia, which led Theodosius I (r. 379-395) to send “the first” poracius as plenipotentiary representative. This Sporacius is not attested anywhere else. The authors of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire conjecture that he was the ancestor of Flavius Sporacius, consul in 452, and identify this embassy with the one that was negotiated during the partition of Armenia in 387 (Jones A. H. M. and alii 1971, s. v. “ poracius”). However, John Lydus establishes that the mission of Sporacius had almost succeeded in establishing peace, while the embassy intended to complete the partition of Armenia had indeed managed to accomplish its mission by leading to a peaceful agreement, which lasted until 420. It is therefore probable that the embassy of Sporacius was prior to 387, although we have on it no other certificate than the testimony of John Lydus. The latter adds that negotiations were held with the šāhān šāh Yazdgird on the defence of the Caucasus. The hypothesis of an agreement contained in the treaty of 442 between Theodosius II (r. 402-450) and Yazdgird II (r. 438-457) could certainly have been envisaged (Bury J. B. 1958, 2, note 3 p. 88). There remains the idea in John Lydus’ work that these diplomatic efforts were failed negotiations, and not a duly concluded agreement. Yazdgird I (r. 399-420) had more conciliatory positions towards the Romans, but the fact of whether he was the one who negotiated on the defence of the Caucasus does not benefit from hard evidence. Consequently, following the advice of Roger C. Blockley, the negotiations dealt with by John Lydus would relate to the third quarter of the 4th century CE, and until the reign of Anastasius (r. 491-518), these talks would have resulted in no concrete device [Blockley R. 1985: 66]. On the toponymic level, Biraparach corresponds to the Armenian term Virapahak, ‘bulwark of beria’ *Blockley R. C. 1985: note 15 p. 66]. The main point of certainty resides in the fact that this fortress kept a pass on the chain of the Great Caucasus. A comparison can be made between the Biraparach (Βιραπαράχ) of John Lydus and the toponym of Iouroeipaach (Ἰουροειπαάχ) appearing in a 5th century historian, Priscus of Panium (Fragments, XL1, 1). The latter maintains that the Persians sought the help of the Romans in the defence of the Caucasus, particularly around the fortress of Iouroeipaach which guarded the Caspian Gates, whether by giving money or by providing a garrison. The same embassy also requested financial aid in a war in which the Persians were fighting the Huns Kidarites. These requests would have been made in 464-465, and the request for Roman aid in the Caucasus would have been repeated in 467, but the Romans would have rejected it (Priscus of Panium, Fragments, XLVII). Priscus makes no reference to any treaty between Romans and Sasanians concerning the Caucasus. Arguments used by the Persians suggest that there was no existing defensive cooperation agreement. For Joshua the Stylite, during the first part of the reign of Zeno (r. 474-491), the šāhān šāh Pērōz I (r. 459-484) received on several occasions Roman subsidies in order to fight against the Huns Kidarites and Hepthalites (Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, VIII-X, 163 William Wright (transl.), p. 7-8). The chronicler insists that these payments were not a tribute but an aid coming within the framework of a treaty of mutual assistance between Romans and Persians. Although the existence of such payments remains entirely possible, there is however no indication that a specific agreement on the defence of the Caucasus was concluded on this occasion [Blockley R. 1985: 66-67]. Opinions diverge to identify the toponyms of Iouroeipaach and Biraparach with the Darial pass [Gozalishvili G. 1944: 105; Braund D. 1994: 269-270; Talbert R. J. A. (ed.) 2000, map n. 88] or Derbent [Inadze M. 1996: 65]. Through his explicit reference to the Caspian Gates, John Lydus seems to favour the second option, unless we consider that he, like Procopius, confused the Derbent with the Darial, also called Caucasian Gates. However, both the Darial and the Derbent were not the only passes to cross the Caucasus. Procopius refers to another fortress, called Tzour (Τηοὺρ), or Tzon, located further east than Darial Gorge (Procopius, History of the Wars, VIII, 3, 1). The Life of Kings in Kartlis Tskhovreba indicates that King Mirvan I built the Darubal Gates – a variant for Darial – in the land of the Durżuks who revolted. This pass in Durzuketi would be situated on the road from PshavKhevsureti to Chechnya (Life of the Kings in Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.) 2724-2821) [Brosset M.-F. 1849 (transl.), p. 45-46]. Despite these uncertainties, it is likely that the Persians did not ask for cooperation on the part of the Romans to oversee a territory over which the latter had no claim; in this sense, the hypothesis of seeing in Biraparach a pass into Iberia, perhaps the Darial Gorge, seems to me more likely than the Caspian Gates of Derbent, too far to the east to concern Roman interests in South Caucasia. Thus, John Lydus writes that after the Roman defeat of 363 was debated a draft agreement according to which the two parties in presence would share the costs of the fortification of a pass crossing the Caucasian mountains, but that only the Persians there built a fort named Biraparach and thus strengthened their hold on the site. This information is not found anywhere else and is disputed: according to Roger C. Blockley, John Lydus would have confused the negotiations of the peace treaty of 363 with other discussions which occurred later [Blockley R. 1985: 63-67]. However, since this author, a senior official in the imperial administration, was able to access a number of official documents, his testimony therefore remains precious. On the one hand, the Darial pass was probably the pass mentioned by John Lydus; on the other hand, Rome and Iran had a strong interest in agreeing to monitor this essential strategic area. The fate of this space had probably been addressed as early as 244, when Philip the Arab, defeated by Šāpūr , had to commit to paying a tribute, perhaps for his upkeep. In the event that the Persians began to build the fortress of Biraparach during the last third of the fourth century, and that these fortifications concerned the Darial Gorge, or at least a pass in Central Caucasia, it should then be considered that Iberia was indeed under Sasanian domination at that time. If opinions remain divergent on the question of this draft defensive agreement between Romans and Persians on the Caucasus, the fact remains that these Imperial policies resulted in the weakening of the Iberian power during the 5 th and 6th centuries, which until then had remained very influential in the mastering of the Darial pass [in favour of the thesis of the Darial pass clause in the treaty of 363: Markwart J. 1901: 95-103; Christensen A. 1944: 238; Toumanoff C. 1961: 236; Bullough V. L. 1963: 61; Frézouls E. 1981: 217218; Lenski N. E. 2002: note 117, p. 173-174; against this thesis: Blockley R. 1984: 37. Chrysos E. K. 1976: note 3 p. 30, thinks that John Lydus refers to the Huns attacks in the end of the fourth century]. Insofar as the Iberian king and his allies were no longer the only ones to hold the key to opening and closing the Gates of the Caucasus, the sovereign of Armazi-Mtskheta therefore lost the most precious guarantee of his independence. 164 Procopius attributes to Alexander the Great the construction of the fortress which guards the “Caspian Gates”, telling that “this was held by many men in turn as time went on” until the time of Anastasius when the fort was controlled by Ambazoukes, described as a Hun friend of the Romans (Procopius, History of the Wars, I, 10, 9-10). At the end of his life, around the beginning of the 6th century, Ambazoukes would have proposed to Anastasius to recover the fortress in exchange of a sum of money. Considering “that it was impossible for him to support soldiers in a place which was destitute of all good things, and which had nowhere in the neighbourhood a nation subject to the omans”, the emperor “expressed deep gratitude to the man for his good-will toward him, but by no means accepted this proposition”. After Ambazoukes’ death, the šāhān šāh Kavād took advantage of the vacancy by expulsing the sons of the Hun prince and established his control on the Darial pass (Procopius, History of the Wars, I, 10, 11-12). Procopius and John Lydus thus relate with some variations the complicated evolution of the imperial guardianship established on the Darial, from a Roman influence to a Sasanian control at the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries CE. Procopius’ narrative points a subcontracting of Darial supervision devolved by Imperial powers to the local actors. This indirect control, which was probably to be fed by grants and diplomatic gifts, saved the Romans or the Iranians from setting up an expensive garrison, but it was all the more subject to the vagaries of political reversals. If the political weight of the Sarmatian and Hun tribes in the mountains remains important, on the contrary the role of Iberian kingship has deeply declined, even if until the end of the fifth century, the Iberian sovereigns seem to have kept some leeway. Łazar P‘arpec‘i reports in his History the ties of alliance woven by King Vakhtang with the Caucasian Huns, whom he invoked towards his Armenian allies engaged in the revolt against the Persians between 482 and 484 (Łazar P‘arpec‘i, History of Armenia, III, 66-73). The Sasanian rule established progressively over Kartli and the Darial Fortress has been registered in some Georgian chronicles redacted during the Bagratid period [Toumanoff C. 1969: 29-31. Schleicher F. 2019]. The Georgian chronicle Royal List II, in the corpus of Moktsevai Kartlisai, suggests that this process was very gradual: a Sasanian bidaxš took control of the fortress of Tbilisi during the reign of Varaz-Bakur, in the first half of the 5th century; in the time of Parsman V, around the middle of the 6th century, an incursion by the Persians “disturbed the Kartli and the cities” (Royal List II in the Conversion of Kartli (Moktsevai Kartlisai), lia Abulaże (ed.), 94-95; Constantine B. Lerner (transl.), p. 148). The Life of the Successors of Mirian gives a concordant narrative describing how Varaz-Baqar refused to open the Darial and to call to the rescue the Ossetians and the Leks against the Persian invaders (Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 136-137. Brosset M.-F. (transl.) 1849: 140-141; Thomson R. (transl.) 1996: 150). The same Georgian chronicle reports also the Persian attack against Parsman V and the hegemonic policy led by šāhān šāh Hormizd IV (r. 579-590) over the Kartvelian aristocracy (Kartlis Tskhovreba, Simon Qaukhchishvili (ed.), 204-217, Brosset M.-F. (transl.) 1849, p. 201-215). Around 580, after the reign of the last Mihranid King Bakur of Kartli, the version B (Codex Chelishi) of the Moktsevai Kartlisai indicates, without explicitly mentioning the Darial, that the Persians solicited their allies among the Caucasian highlanders to build and guard several passes, including two in Dvaleti, one in Parcuani of Durzuketi and others in Ossetia. The chronicler finally reports that “the Persians built up the Khazarian Gates and exiled the Khazars” (Royal List II in the Conversion of Kartli (Moktsevai Kartlisai), lia Abulaże (ed.), 94-95; Constantine B. Lerner (transl.), 149). It is a break from a previous situation where the royal Iberian power had forged close links with Sarmatians and Alans of the Caucasus, which the chronicle seems to designate here anachronistically under the name of Khazars (Strabo, Geography, XI, 3, 3, about the close links between Iberians and Sarmatians). 165 In the 7th and 8th centuries, during the battles opposing Arabs and Khazars, the two camps often used the Darial pass. In this regard, Arab historians have repeatedly mentioned the Darial Gorge. Ibn Rustah mentions the fortress of Bāb al-Lān surrounded by high mountains, with a fortification wall guarded by a garrison of 1.000 men (Ibn Rustah, N. A. Karaulova (ed.), p. 49-51). The Persian geography Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam also written in 10th century refers to the Dar-ī Alān fortress as “a town situated like a fort on the summit of a mountain”, precising also the number of 1.000 soldiers guarding its wall (Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, Vladimir Minorsky (transl.), § 48, p. 161). The Meadows of Gold, written by al-Masudi in 10th century, describe a “Castle of Alans” near a gate crossing “a considerable river”, built by “one of the ancient princes of Persia, sbendiar, son of Gushtasp”, who “he had placed a guard responsible for closing the Caucasus route to the Alans” (al-Masudi, Meadows of Gold, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynar and Abel Jean Baptiste Pavet de Courteille (eds.), volume II, p. 43-44). This Isbendiar is no other than the legendary character Isfendiyar appearing in the Shāh Nāmeh of Ferdowsī (Ferdowsī, Shāh Nāmeh, Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner (transl.), volume 9, p. 208-212, s. v. ‘Asfandiyár’). bn al-Fariqi, who lived in the 12th century at the court of the Georgian king Demetre I, attributes the construction of the Darial fortress to the Sasanian king Khosrow Anushirvan (r. 531-579) (Ibn al-Fariqi, N. A. Karaulova (transl.), p. 15). In another excerpt, Ibn al-Fariqi refers to a “forbidden citadel” where a foreign prisoner was held, but its position isn’t clear, since the author mentions his travel with Georgian King Demetre “as far as al-Lān (the land of Alans) and the edge of Darband”; this fortress could consequently concern the Derbent pass, not Darial (Ibn al-Fariqi, Carole Hillenbrand (transl.), II, p. 523). Despite their partially fictitious content, these documents confirm this strong Iranian investment to develop the fortifications of Darial during Sasanian hegemony. Sasanians had therefore invested the Darial with their own myths and narratives to assimilate the history of this famous place to Iranian thought frames, even if its Alan component has not been forgotten. For the Late Antiquity period, excavations led on the site of the Tamar Fortress have made it possible to identify some walls built at the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century [Mindorashvili D. 1991: 3]. The archaeological remains testify that the fortress continued to be occupied until the end of the Middle Ages [Gamkrelidze and alii (ed.) 2013: 176]. Conclusive Remarks. Despite their numerous geographical approximations, ancient authors and medieval chroniclers were aware of the important place held by Caucasian Gates in the strategic device to ensure the security of territories located south of the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian. From the Hellenistic period to the 6th century CE, Darial pass was associated with the kingdom of Iberia whose capital, Armazi, was situated on an extension of the trade route that connected the Caucasian Gates to the corridor of Kura River, through the valley of Aragvi. Several sources from different origins and times establish that at least one fortress kept this Darial pass, even if the complexity of toponymy and ethnonymy doesn’t simplify identification. ather than a single Fortress of Darial, the Caucasian Gates formed a complex system of fortifications around several strategic passes throughout Ossetia and Pshav-Khevsureti. The Iberian kings, gatekeepers of Central Caucasus, thus had a formidable strategic leverage to conduct their policy. The defense of these passes associated a royal power, assumed by the Iberians, then by the Sasanians, with local actors recruited from the Alan, Sarmatian and Hun confederations living in the Caucasus. The opening of Caucasian Gates to Alano-Sarmatian forces of the north appeared as a terrible hazard in the eyes of other powers in South Caucasia and beyond. 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Die politische Beziehungen zwischen dem arsakidischen Iran und den nomaden der eurasischen Steppen, Munich: tuduv-Verlagsgesellschaft. Pokorny J. 1959: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern und München: Francke Verlag. aukhchishvili T‘. 1999-2000: saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi / Korpus der Griechischen Inschriften in Georgien, Tbilisi: Logosi. Three volumes. Schleicher F. 2019: “Die Chronologie der k‘art‘velischen Könige und das Ende des iberischen Königtums”, in chleicher F., tickler T. and Hartmann U. (eds.), Iberien zwischen Rom und Iran. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur Transkaukasiens in der Antike, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, p. 69-98. Schottky M. 2014: “Vorarbeiten zu einer Königsliste Kaukasisch-Iberiens. 3. Pharasmanes II. und Xepharnug”, Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia, 5, p. 86-107. Talbert R. J. A. (ed.) 2000: Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Torelli M. 1968: “The Cursus Honorum of M. Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa”, The Journal of Roman Studies, volume 58, parts 1 and 2, 1968, p. 170-175. Toumanoff C. 1961: “The Bagratids of beria from the Eighth to the Eleventh Century”, Le Muséon, 74, p. 5-42 and p. 233-316. Toumanoff C. 1969: “Chronology of the Early Kings of beria”, Traditio, volume 25, p. 1-33. Wheeler E. L. 1994-1996: “A New Book on Ancient Georgia: A Critical Discussion”, The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia, 6-7, p. 51-78. 171 SUMMARIES 172 ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN ST.-PETERSBURG STATE “HERMITAGE” FROM GEORGIA Zurab Bragvadze, Nana Kapanadze Archaeological objects unearthed in Georgia (dating from the 3rd millennium BC to the 1st century AD) acquired by the end of the 19th century up to the beginning of the 20th century are mostly preserved in the State Hermitage Museum collection. Among these are artifacts from different regions of Georgia: objects unearthed in 1867 at the Samtavro necropolis; the entire collection, excavated by N. Marr and E. Takaishvili in 1890 at the Vornak necropolis in Debeda gorge; and accidentally discovered objects from the Bori necropolis (gold and silver tableware, objects of everyday life dating back to the III century AD). These materials as well as the silver goblet with a hunting scene discovered in 1871 in the rich Mtskheta necropolis (dating back to the 3rd century AD), the ox-head gold-plated silver rhython found in Kazbegi (III-II centuries BC) were acquired in the 1880s by the State Hermitage Museum, via the Russian Imperial Archeological Commission. The archeological collections in the State Hermitage Museum have numerous parallels among the objects unearthed at Mtskheta, Armaziskhevi, Zghuderi, and other archeological sites across Georgia and quite often are part of the same collections. The elaborate techniques of some of these archeological objects kept in St Petersburg museums (e.g., the silver bowl with the image of a horse in front of a sacrificial altar) reveal close ties with both the ancient oriental and the western civilizations, while at the same time bearing local features that testify their local origin. *** THE TREASURE FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM – RESERVE Vakhtang Nikolaishvili Ancient capital of Kartli Kingdom (Iberia, according to the Greek-Roman sources) Mtskheta is well known for its historical-architectural monuments and archeological sites. The Information about Mtskheta is contained in Georgian (Conversion of Kartli, 5th – 7th cent., KartlisTskhovreba, 9th c.) and the foreign historical sources (Strabo (1st c,), Pliny (1st c.), Ptolemy (2nd c.), Dio Cassius (2nd - 3rd cent.), Movses Khorenatsi (5th c.), as well as in the archeological data. “Didi Mtskheta” (Great Mtskheta) was mentioned in the work of Leonti Mroveli, Georgian chronicler of 11th century “History of the Kings and Patriarchs of the Georgians” included in the historical chronicles “Kartlis Tskhovreba” (The Georgian Chronicles): “City of Great Mtskheta and its districts Sarkine, Tsikhedidi and Zanavi, the district of the Jews”. Avchaliskari, Armazistsikhe-Bagineti, Katsitavana, Tsikhedidkhevi, Sarkine-Grdzeli Mindori, Tsitsamuri (Sisamora Sevsamora at Strabo) – urban settlements and fortified facilities were the parts of the territory of the historical Didi Mtskheta. Urban construction and the emergence of the new cities along trade routes resulted in the advancement of the stratum of merchants and craftsmen. Together with the traditional agrarian and livestock sectors, the arts and crafts have developed, especially gold-work. The existence of well-developed gold-work school in Mtskheta is evidenced by the artifacts discovered at Armaziskhevi and Samtavro burials, and also by the written sources. For example, according to the Roman historian Dio Cassius (2nd-3rd cent.), in 65 BC, Artag, King of Kartli have 173 offered a golden throne, table and bed to the Roman military commander Pompey. Later, in the 2 nd c. AD, Parsman, King of Kartli have offered the armchair and tabards with golden ornaments to the Roman Emperor Hadrian. At the Narekvavi necropolis, in burial # 53, dated to the 7th – 6th cent. BC, a noble warrior was buried with great honor. He was equipped with insignias (scepter, carved belt, standard head). The synchronous burial found at the Narekvavi burial (No: 59), yielded a pair of ray-shaped golden earrings - providing a view of the development of gold-work in that period. Most part of the samples of gold-work preserved at the Mtskheta Museum belongs to the late Roman age (1st – 4th c. AD). Numerous golden and silver adornments were found in the burials of the representatives of various social strata. A great number of jewelry, particularly earrings, bracelets, rings, and necklaces should be emphasized. At this period, Mtskheta goldsmith school was established and developed, using advanced goldsmith techniques of that period (forging, soldering, incrustation, decorating of the items with plaited and weaving patterns and small balls). In addition, it was distinguished with the characteristic features of Georgian goldsmiths: decoration of adornments with various precious and semi-precious stones, glass paste and enamel. Illustrations: Fig I – 1. Whorl decorations, 2nd half of 3rd Millenium BC, Okheraxevi, Burial No.1, Gold. d1,4sm.; 2. Whorl decorations, 17th - 16th cent. BC, Samtavro Burial mound, Kurgan Burial No. 16. Gold. Max. d-2,2cm.; 3. Earrings, 6th-5th cc, BC, Narekvavi, Burial NO. 59, Gold. d-3cm. 4. Beads, 6th-5th cent. BC, Narekvavi IV, Burial No. 53, Gold. Max.d - 0,7cm.; 5. Bracelets 3rd c. BC, Kamarakhevi, Burial No. 2. Silver. Max. d. 6,6 cm. 6. Necklase, 2rd c. AD, SvetitskoveliI, Tile Burial NO. 6, Gold, garnet, 32 cm.; 7. Earrings, 2 rd c. AD, SvetitskoveliI, Tile Burial NO. 6, Gold, garnet, 1,5cm.; 8. Earrings, 3 rd c. AD, Samtavro Burial No. 990, Gold, garnet, pearl. 5,5cm. Fig. II – 1. Coronets, Eye covers, 3rd - 4th cent. AD, Mtskheta, territory of the city, Stone Burial No. 15. Gold. Coronets: 2,9-4,6 cm, Eye covers: 1,1-1,4 cm.; 2. Necklase, 3rd - 4th cent. AD, Samtavro, Burial No.110, Gold, cornelian, 1,8 cm.; 3. Necklase, 3rd - 4th cent. AD, SvetitskoveliI, Burial NO. 34, Gold, garnet.; 4. Beads, 8th - 7th cent. BC, Burial No.26, Cornelian, stibium, copper alloy, paste. 5. Intaglio with the images of two fishes and an anchor. 3rd c. AD, Svetitskoveli, Burial NO.17, cornelian,1,6X1,5 cm.; 6. Cosmetic jar, 1 rd- 2 th cent. AD. Mtskheta city, occasional finding. Glasss, 14cm.; 7. Shell with the image of Sun Temple, for grinding of make-up, 3rd c - 1st half of 4th. c. AD, Baiatkhevi, Burial NO. 18, d-13cm. *** SCARABEOID SEALS OF “BERN GROUP” FROM NASTAGISI CEMETERY Anna Gabunia The present study revealed two stone tabloids found in the burial number 35 (115) during the Nastagisi Archaeological excavations in 1980 (Materials are preserved at the Nastagisi Archaeological base of Georgian National Museum in Ksani). A fantastic creature, probably a flying griffin is depicted on the flat side of the chalcedony scaraboid. A horseman with a spear and pointed hat is depicted on a scaraboid made of gray banded agate. According to the imagery, shape and style of the scaraboids, they belong to the later so-called Bern group of Graeco-Persian glyptic. The common shape of seals of the Bern group is a small scaraboids and tabloids. Images are less detailed and could be influenced by oriental school. According to John Boardman the Bern group is mainly post-Achaemenid in date - latest fourth - or third century BC. 174 Due to the lack of archaeological materials from the burial number 35 (115), it is impossible to define the exact date of the burial. The whole cemetery in general, belongs to the 2nd 1st cent., but Scaraboids, supposedly are dated to the 3rd - 2nd cent. BC. *** RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT THE WESTERN WALL OF SVETITSKHOVELI CATHEDRAL Ketevan Digmelashvili In 2019, the western part of Svetitshoveli fence wall (22 m) has been restored. Archaeological excavations were carried out during this work. Four layers have been identified in the field of research: 1. 18th century; 2. 11-14th centuries; 3. 5-6th centuries and, 4. Late Classical Period. The 18th century layer is represented by the 4 utilitarian buildings, which were attached to the fence wall. They searched the small bakeries, the utility pit, and the small jugs. The ceramics found here coincide with 18th century Georgian pottery. The 11-14th centuries layer is represented by the foundation of the fence of the period Catholicos Melkhisedek, with the utilitarian pit, ceramic fragments, and relief fragments of the altar slab, which represent the ornament of leaves and two riders – St. George and St. Theodore. Fragments of the altar slab date back to the thirties of the 11th century and are pieces of the altar slab made during the period of Melkhisedek Catholicos. The fragment of relief of another altar slab, which stylistically dates from the 5-6th centuries, was found in the same layer. Judging by the fragments of the ancient Georgian inscriptions, it was erected in the church until the 11th century. Archaeological excavations have shown that the wall of the 11th century fence was not connected to the gates of Melkhisedek and between them, there was another building. The third layer is represented by agricultural buildings, which had tile roofs. The bakery and jugs were unearthed here. The pottery found here is analogous to the ceramics discovered in the archaeological layers of this period of Mtskheta. The fragment of the pillar of the capital, found in the same layer, is analogous to the capitals of the basilica of the period Vakhtang Gorgassali. The last layer is represented by painted tiles and ceramic fragments, which are common for Late Classical period pottery of Mtskheta. *** EARLY MEDIEVAL POTTERY FROM KVIRILA GORGE (According to the Modinakhe cemetery) Nana Kapanadze The Medieval fortress of Modinakhe is located to the north of Sachkhere, Imereti. From the archaeological point of view, the southern slope of the fortress is a remarkable site. This slope in the field of archaeological interest has been around since the 60s of the last century when the archaeological expedition of the Kvirila Gorge of the State Museum of Fine Arts of Georgia under the direction of J. Nadiradze started works here and discovered 36 burials of early medieval centuries. The tombs are also noteworthy because they contain ceramics, which is rare for the Early Medieval 175 complexes. The pottery found here is represented by a big pitcher, jugs, pitchers, and low-bellied container. The pottery from Modinakhe cemetery dates back to the 5th-6th centuries. *** BYZANTINE TYPE WEDDING RINGS FROM QVEMO AVLEVI CEMETERY Ketevan R. Ramishvili The article refers to three Byzantine-type bronze wedding rings from Qvemo Avlevi cemetery preserved in the Georgian National Museum Glyptic’s reserve (## 1636, 1683,1691). Their hoop is flat from inside and slightly bossed from outside, and the flat bezel has an incised depiction of couples. On the basis of comparison with the Byzantine ones and typological analysis, the ring 1681 was dated to the 5th-6th cent., # 1636 to the first half of the 7th century, and # 1683 to the second half of the 7th century. The rings are supposed to be locally produced replicas of Byzantine gold wedding rings. The rings had the function of protecting the wedding and were also used as amulets. Illustrations: Fig. I. 1. 1. Bronze wedding ring # 1691, with the depiction of the couple in profile on the oval bezel, Korinta, Sakireebi, Qvemo Avlevi expedition, pit burial # 17. 2. # Imprint of the ring # 1691. 3. Ring # 1691. #4. Bronze wedding ring # 1636, with the depiction of couples en face on the oval bezel, Qvemo Avlevi, stone-burial #39. 5.# Imprint of the ring # 1636. 6. Ring # 1636. 7. Bronze wedding ring #1683, with the depiction of the couple en face on the oval bezel, Qvemo Avlevi, pit burial # 133. 8. ## Imprint of the ring # 1683. 9. Ring # 1683. Fig. II. 10. Byzantine silver wedding ring with depiction of couples en face on the rectangular bezel. 11. Byzantine gold wedding ring with the depiction of couples in profile on the rectangular bezel. 12. Byzantine rectangular bezel of the gold wedding ring with depiction of couples en face. 13. Byzantine gold wedding ring with the depiction of couples in profile on the circular bezel.14. Byzantine gold wedding ring with the depiction of couples en face, and Crist between them, on the oval bezel. 15. Byzantine rectangular bezel of the gold wedding ring with depiction of couples en face. 16. Garnet (pyrope) gem in the golden clasp # 834, with the portrait of the couple en face on the oval intaglio, and the inscription: “Karpak, Zevakh, my life”. Armaziskhevi, sarcophagus # 1. 17. Cornelian gem in the golden ring # 1187. with the portrait of the couple in profile and inscription: “Matrona and Cabrias”. Zguderi, wooden sarcophagus # 1. 18. The portrait of a couple and Christian monogram above them on the Nicolo intaglio, St. Petersburg, Hermitage. Fig. III. 19. The depiction of busts of a couple en face on the grave stone, Golgi necropolis (Cyprus). 20. The busts of Roman couple on the grave stone. *** THE BRACELETS IN GEORGIA (8th c. BC -7th c. AD) Nana Gogiberidze The bracelets are one of the characteristic artifacts of Georgian archeological grave assemblages. Most of them were found in graves, on the upper and lower limbs of the buried person. However, a certain group of items of the same shape is considered to have another function. The oldest bracelet in Georgian materials is confirmed in the Early Bronze Age tomb on the Kvatskhelebi cemetery. From this time, this adornment continues to exist throughout the long 176 history of Georgia. During the different parts of the study period (8th c. BC -7th c. AD), these items undergo some changes in terms of shape and ornamentation and acquire decorative elements characteristic for this or that epoch, which allows determining their chronological place. Thus, for example, during the 8th-6th cent. BC they were characterized by massive, plain or engraved open rings, which in some cases served as an exchange unit. From the 6th century BC, the bracelets ending with depictions represented by various animals were widely spread. This type of bracelet, originated from Achaemenid prototypes, then was comprehended, processed, and widely spread throughout Georgia. During the 4th-3rd cent. BC the bracelets decorated with various bulges became popular. The Late Classical period was characterized by the bracelets decorated with the intorted ends and ones decorated with gems. Differently decorated flat bracelets were also made during the same period. Ornamentation was relatively scarce in Early Medieval times, although their number did not decrease. Throughout the whole period, alongside decorated bracelets, the open-ended, nondecorated bracelets made of wire of different cross-sections continued to exist. The typologocal study of bracelets together with the burial complexes allowed us to distinguish chronological groups and to specify the dating of a number of archeological complexes. *** COLCHIAN POTTERY AND COLCHIAN AMPHORAE Marine Pirtshkalava, Gela Gamkrelidze Ceramic production in Georgia has a long history of development. The pottery is revealed at the settlements and cemeteries of West Georgia (resp. Colchis): Vani city-site, Naokhvamu, Mtisdziri, Dapnari, Nosiri, Chaladidi, Nigvziani, Sachkhere, Kvirila gorge, Batumi fortress, Kobulet-Pichvnari, Poti, Sokhumi, Ergeta, Shorapani, Tsebelda, Ochamchire, Kutaisi, and etc. Colchian pottery is characterized by a variety of species and types: agricultural (pythos, pitcher), kitchenware (pot, cauldron, basin, lid, strainer), tableware (jug, drinking vessel, platter, plate, bowl, cup, mug), traveling (flask), trade-transit (amphora), decorative (vase), ritual (so-called thymaterion, rhyton). The "Colchian pottery" of 6th c. BC- 6th c. AD, together with other characteristic features of Colchian Culture, is an important source for the history of the handicraft industry of Colchis. The pottery of this period, despite its typological diversity, is characterized by a certain unity, which is apparent in the following aspects: all of them are manufactured on potter’s wheel; the structure of clay and mode of firing is uniform; the ornamentation of vesselas of all shapes types are general. It seems that shapes are standartized, and the pottery-making has aquired the commodity character, important for the inner economic relations of Colchis. From the 1st century AD, the Black Sea littoral of Colchic came under the influence of Rome. This event increased the number of artifacts of Roman origin (especially from the coastal centers of Asia Minor), which was a particularly intense character in the 2nd-4th cent AD. During this period, alongside the traditional, local pottery shapes, the imitations of the ceramics from the Roman provinces of Asia Minor were intensively manufactured. About the Colchian amphorae: Imported amphorae in Colchis, the eastern Black Sea area in western Georgia, emerge as commercial containers from the second half of the 6 th cent. BC. Amphorae made at urban centers of the Black and Mediterranean Seas are attested here. The manufacture of local “Colchian amphorae” (resp. brown-clay) began from the second half of the 4th 177 cent. BC. By this period, Colchian amphorae resemble their Sinopean counterparts. In the numerous archaeological finds of Colchian amphorae of western Georgia, different typological variants are noticeable in terms of form, capacity and clay. There is a difference chronologically as well. Colchian amphorae appear to have been manufactured at many sites on the territory of western Georgia. Amphorae of local production from the second half of the 4th cent. BC to the 8rd cent. AD were made subsequently too with various modifications [see Gamkrelidze 2009: 195-203]. In general, typological-chronologically, Colchian amphorae present the following picture: 1) Colchian amphorae of the second half of the 4th cent. BC to the first half of the 3rd cent. BC resemble Sinopean ones; however, the surface of the clay is coarser, and the colour brownish. Lightbrownish specimens also occur. The body of local, Colchian amphora is egg-shaped, close to cylindrical; the handles are equally curved and oval in section. 2) Colchian amphorae of the 2nd cent.-1st cent. BC. develop a concavity in the belly; the neck is cylindrical and comparatively short; clay on the surface is coarse and of brownish hue; light-brown specimens also occur. In general, one of the principal characteristics of Colchian amphora is a spiral at the bottom (pl. V, fig. 5), the so-called rosette-like in some researchers’ terminology. uch spirals are not characteristic of foreign amphorae. The clay structure of Colchian amphorae is nappyporous. The clay contains whitish and blackish small-fragment specks. Admixtures occur of diabase and basalt; pyroxenites, quartz, mica, iron (III) hydroxide, etc. Mineralogical-petrographic analysis of the clay has been carried out, demonstrating its identity with local, Colchian clays of different regions [see Morchadze, T., 1979:81]. Some specimens of Colchian amphorae of the 2nd - 1st cent. BC bear signs. Perhaps they were made by the potter to indicate the capacity of the vessel or the number of specimens made produced. The signs on Colchian amphorae resemble those made on locally made wine pithoi and tiles. It should be noted also that in one local amphora, brought to light at Vani, the surface is treated in the same way as local wine pithoi – horizontal bands or vertical lines. Kilns for firing pottery have been discovered in Colchis, where fragments of amphorae have been attested along with those of other types of ceramic wares. A kiln of this type has been found near the village of Gvandra (Abkhazia), dating from the 3rd cent. BC. A similar kiln came to light on the “Red Beacon” settlement site near Sukhumi. Remains of a kiln have been studied on a settlement site south-west of v. Gulripshi. Colchian amphorae of the 2nd cent. BC. and 1st cent. BC. have a special spiral at the bottom. The cylindrical foot assumes mushroom-like rounded shape and the end is thickened. The walls of Colchian amphorae of this period are relatively thin. Some scholars even call it button-like. The body of the amphorae has more concavity; scholars believe that this concavity is connected with transportation on land. The concavity would easier hold the rope and it would be easier to load it on a horse or ass. The capacity of Colchian amphorae ranges from 13 to 22 liters. Colchian amphorae have been discovered in large numbers on settlement sites of the 2nd-1st cent. BC all over the territory of historical Colchis. There is almost no former settlement site here with such amphorae not coming to light. It is almost unanimously acknowledged in the specialist literature that these amphorae are of local, Colchian, manufacture. Colchian amphorae are attested at the following points: Eshera, Sukhumi, Ochamchire, the River Inguri valley, the area adjoining Poti, v. Ureki, the interfluve of the Supsa-Natanebi, v. Tsikhisdziri, Pichvnari near Kobuleti, v. Makhvilauri, Batumi, v. Gonio, v. Bukistsikhe, v. Gurianta, v. Dapnari, v. Dablagomi, v. Mtisdziri, the environs of Kutaisi, v. Sagvichio, Vani and its environs, and others. Colchian amphorae of the 2nd-1st cent. BC. have come to light at various settlement sites of the northern Black Sea area, namely Gorgippia, Cyteus, Cepoi, Naples (Scythian), Chersonesus, Donuzlav, Belyaus, Karatobe, Cercinitides, etc. 178 3) Amphorae with ribbed neck and concave body of the 2nd-3rd cent. AD must be a continuation of the subsequent period of Colchian amphorae of the 2nd-1st cent. BC; they have an elongated body, almost equally curved handles and a spiral at the bottom. Their walls are relatively thinner, and they have a rib on the neck, at the place of attachment of the handles. Amphorae of this type have been found at Bichvinta, Sukhumi, Eshera, Tsebelda, Poti (Paliastomi), Ureki, Kobuleti Pichvnari, Tsikhisdziri, Gonio, etc. 4) From the 3rd-4th cent. AD a new type of Colchian amphora with concave body and spiral at the bottom develop. The handles of these amphorae are sharply curved in the upper part, and the body is narrower and elongated. Some specimens have low corrugation on the body. The handles lose ovalness in section, becoming flatter. *** CULT OF DIONYSUS IN THE CAUCASUS (4th c. BC- 4th c. AD) Lana Chologauri This article is a short summary of my research (Master degree) which was undertaken within the project funded by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia. The aim of the project was visiting the museums of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan and collect the data about the artefacts related to the cult of Dionysus. Studying the artefacts related to the cult of Dionysus and analyzing their distribution opened new ways of understanding region’s social, political and cultural events. Chronological frames of the research vary from the Hellenistic to the end of the Late Classical (Roman) periods (4th c. BC - 4th c. AD). The research has revealed that the highest concentration of the depictions of Dionysus and his followers are preserved in the territory of Georgia (Colchis and Iberia), next comes Armenia while there are no any preserved in the territory of Azerbaijan (ancient Albania). The earliest artefacts related to the cult of Dionysus are discovered in Colchis (late 5th - early 4th cent. BC) and areclosely associated with Greek Colonization processes. On the territory of ancient Colchis, they are mainly found on the Vani archaeological site, which was one of the most important urban centers in the Hellenistic Period. The cult of Dionysus in Iberia spreads from the end of 2nd century BC, but most of the artefacts belong to the 1st-3rd centuries AD, the period when relations between Rome and Iberia was very intense and had a good neighborly character. The distribution of the cult of Dionysus in the Late Classical(Roman) period should probably be related to the Roman World rather than Greek. The fact that Dionysian artefacts from Iberia are found at various archaeological sites, in different archaeological contexts (cultural layer, cemetery, chance finds) points to the possibility, that his cult was widely spread and worshiped. The popularity of the cult of Dionysus in Colchis as well as in Iberia must be mainly caused by the traditions of winemaking which was a very important part of local agriculture. The earliest remains of the cultural vine ‘Vitis Venifera’ belong to the 6th millenium BC. Locals should have adopted Dionysus, the god of wine and winemaking and should have mixed his cult with their local faith and traditions. Depictions of Dionysus from Armenia, mainly belong to the 2nd-1st centuries BC, the period of formation and consolidation of the Kingdom of Armenia which was closely associated to the political and economic relations with the Greek world. According to Plutarch and archaeological materials there was a theater established in Armenia where Greek actors were invited from Asia Minor to 179 perform. Dionysus should have mainly been worshipped here as a god of theater and ritual madness. Dionysus also seems to have had a local prototype named ‘Ara the beautiful’ which in Armenia was spread from ndia. The cult of ‘Ara the beautiful’ was also related to the theatrical performances. As we have already mentioned above, archaeological materials related to the cult of Dionysus are not yet revealed in the territory of Azerbaijan. This could be caused by the fact that Greeks’ interest did not go further east from Iberia. There is not Greek imported pottery found in the territory of Albania either. According to the study subject, Greek cultural impulses first appear in Colchis, through the Black Sea coastline and Asia Minor, spreads towards the east and southeast – Iberia and Armenia. Expansion of the Greek culture and one of the integral elements of it – Cult of Dionysus was firmly impacted by local traditions and the social-economic situation in the region. In conclusion, it is worthy to mention that the artefacts related to the cult of Dionysus are one and not only group of archaeological materials that can help us to define the complicated social-economic and political activities in the region during the Calssical Period. *** ABOUT DEPICTIONS OF ONE GROUP OF ANIMALS ON SASSANIAN SEALS Ketevan I. Ramishvili Among the numerous depictions of animals on Sassanian glyptic objects there is a group of seals with the depictions of Felidae. The article refers to the animals belonging to this family, depicted on seals found in Georgia. These depictions are represented: on the cornelian intaglio from Gveleti, grave #15 (6th-7th cent.); amber ellipsoid from Martaziskhevi, grave # 46 (6th century); ironstone intaglio from Samtavro, grave # 92 (6th-7th cent.); cornelian ellipsoid from Samtavro, grave #444 (late 5th- early 6th cent.); rock crystal cabochon-seal from Bayern’s excavations (7th century). The depictions on blue glass intaglio from Armaziskhevi grave # 79 (6th-7th cent.) and lazurite intaglio from Bayern’s excavations (6th-7th cent.) are characterized by negligence and inaccuracies, which makes us think that maybe this is a local product of Kartli workshop. The Sassanian Culture had a great influence on the Early Christian Period monuments of Georgia. An excellent example of it is the relief on the Oshki Cathedral, where the lion has features that are very close to the depictions on Sassanian seals. Illustations: Fig. I. 1. Cornelian intaglio from Gveleti, grave # 15; 2. Amber ellipsoid from Martaziskhevi, grave # 46; 3. Ironstone intaglio from Samtavro, grave #92; 4. Cornelian ellipsoid from Samtavro, grave #444; 5. Rock crystal cabochon-seal from Bayern’s excavations; 6. Lazurite intaglio from Bayern’s excavations;7. The depiction of bear on the intaglio from Samtavro grave # 221. 180 Semoklebebis ganmarteba: ABREVIATIONS: akc — arqeologiuri kvlevis centri. aZ — arqeologiuri Ziebani (red. oT. lorTqifaniZe). bam Sromebi — baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis Sromebi, baTumi (red. am. kaxiZe). enimki — enis, materialuri kulturisa da istoriis institute. Jur. iberia-kolxeTi — saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. Jur. saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani (red. g. gamyreliZe). iaexis — istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria. kaef - kavkasiis arqeologia, eTnografia, folkloristika (red. g. RambaSiZe). kae Sromebi — kaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi (red. k. ficxelauri). mse _ masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis mska _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiaSi (red. an. afaqiZe). sakZ _ savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba. sdsZ _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi. sikZa _ saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba. sin _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi (red. g. meliqiSvili). smam_saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria (red. g. meliqiSvili, r. metreveli). sms - sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria. ssmae _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi. ssmm _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. ssmm _ s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. qc _ qarTlis cxovreba. Zm _ Zeglis megobari. Ziebani _ Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi (red. oT. lorTqifaniZe). АО – Археологические Открытия. ВДИ – Вестник древней истории. Икиаи – Известия Кавказского историко- археологического института. ИГАИМК – Известия Государственной Академии истории материальной культуры. КСИА – Краткие сообщения Института Археологии. МАК - Материалы по археологии Кавказа. МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. НС – Нумизматический сборник. ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования (ред. О. Лордкипанидзе) PAE - Российский археологический ежегодник. ТОНГЭ – Труды отдела нумизматики Государственного Эрмитажа. СА – Советская археология. САИ - Свод археологических источников, Москва. AA – Archaologischer Anzeiger. LIMC – Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. RM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts , Romische Abteilung. NC – The Numismatic Chronicle. AGSM – Annual of Georgian State Museum. 181 informacia avtorebisaTvis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevis institutis JurnalSi _ `iberia-kolxeTi~, saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani (IBERIA-COLCHIS, Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), samecniero xasiaTis statiebi ibeWdeba. statiebi qarTul (inglisuri reziumeTi) da inglisur enaze miiReba; daaxloebiT 18 gverdi. am raodenobaSi Sedis: ZiriTadi teqsti, literaturis sia, tabulebis aRweriloba da tabulebi. redaqcias unda Cabardes statiebis eleqtronuli versia da misi amonabeWdi. gverdis zoma, standartuli, A4; fonti (Srifti) – _! Kolhety, an AcadNusx. zoma – 11. striqonebs Sua intervali _ 1,15. damowmebuli literaturis miTiTebis wesi: teqstSi miTiTeba kvadratul frCxilebSi unda iyos. MmagaliTad _ [lorTqifaniZe 1987: 129, tab. I, sur. 5]. boloSi, literaturis sia unda iyos anbanze dalagebuli (qarTuli, laTinuri da sxv.) _ avtoris gvari, inicialebi, gamocemis weli, saTauri, gamocemis adgili. MmagaliTad _ lorTqifaniZe oT. 2002: Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tbilisi (Tb). perioduli gamocemis an krebulis miTiTebisas win daurTe _ kreb. Jur. da Tu SesaZlebelia redaqtoris gvari; aucilebelia gverdebis miTiTeba. MmagaliTad - Gamkrelidze 1998: Gamkrelidze G. Ein Rhyton mit utterdarstellung aus der Kolchis. jour. Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, Band 30, Berlin, S. 211-216. Tu erTsa da imave avtors erT weliwadSi ori an meti naSromi aqvs gamoqveynebuli, isini unda dalagdes anbanze. M magaliTad - Шелов 1956 a; Шелов 1956 b. calke gverdze unda iyos warmodgenili gamoyenebul SemoklebaTa ganmartebis sia. sasurvelia naklebi sqolioebi. moTxovnebi ilustraciuli masalis mimarT: fotoebis eleqtronuli versia _ JPEG- formatSi, maRali xarisxis, aranakleb 300 rezoluciis. grafika - JPEG formatSi, aranakleb 600 rezoluciis. tabulebs Tan unda axldes aRwera. gverdebis paginacia aRiniSnos qvemoT da centrSi. tabulebs nomrebi daeweros zemoT da centrSi. statia unda Cabardes arqeologiuri kvlevis instituti, Jurnals _ `iberia-kolxeTi”- saredaqcio sabWos mdivans marine kvaWaZes an maia Carkvians. -umorCilesad gTxovT, davicvaT yvela es rekomendacia- 182

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