avTandil sonRulaSvili Avtandil Songulashvili sabWouri politika da saqarTvelos erovnuli umciresoba Soviet Policy and National Minority of Georgia gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2018 UDC(uak) 321.74+323.15(479.22) s-677 naSromSi qarTuli da ucxouri naratiuli wyaroebis, saarqivo dokumentebisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlilia erovnuli umciresobis adgili da roli sabWoTa reJimis periodis saqarTveloSi. naCvenebia maTi gansaxlebis, sameurneo yofisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis amsaxveli faqtebi. Sefasebulia avtonomiuri formirebebis Seqmnis samarTlianoba. ganxilulia eTnokonfliqtebis da enobrivi problemebis sakiTxebi. calke adgili eTmoba umciresobaTa ganaTlebasa da kulturas. naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistebisa da mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. redaqtori: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori igor kveselava recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori gela (giorgi) saiTiZe istoriis doqtori xaTuna qoqraSvili aRniSnuli monografia daiwera SoTa rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi. proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetze. © a. sonRulaSvili, 2018 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2018 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com; universal505@ymail.com ISBN 978-9941-26-289-0 Sinaarsi winaTqma............................................................................. 5 Sesavali............................................................................ 15 pirveli Tavi _ eTnikuri terminologiis zogierTi sakiTxi.................................................... 26 meore Tavi _ erovnuli umciresoba istoriaSi da Tanamedroveoba.......................... 40 mesame Tavi _ erovnul umciresobaTa Camosaxleba da gansaxlebis areali.............. 75 $1. Camosaxlebis etapebi....................................... 75 $2. ebraelebi............................................................. 106 $3. somxebi................................................................... 116 $4. osebi....................................................................... 133 $5. berZnebi.................................................................. 147 $6. azerbaijanelebi................................................ 163 $7. rusebi..................................................................... 182 $8. kazakebi.................................................................. 199 $9. germanelebi.......................................................... 210 $10. qurTebi................................................................. 224 $11. aisorebi................................................................230 $12. udiebi.................................................................... 237 $13. qistebi.................................................................. 242 meoTxe Tavi _ avtonomiuri formirebebi...........250 $1. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cadebuli naRmebi.......................................................................... 250 $2. aWara........................................................................ 258 $3. afxazeTi................................................................ 264 $4. `samxreT oseTi“................................................. 276 mexuTe Tavi _ qarTuli enis statusi..................289 meeqvse Tavi _ sameurneo yofa da tradiciebi.................................................................. 318 3 meSvide Tavi _ savaWro centrebi da ekonomikuri kavSirebi......................................... 415 merve Tavi _ religiebi da religiuri seqtebi.......................................................................... 436 $1. saxelmwifo da religia................................. 436 $2. iudevelebi........................................................... 448 $3. grigorianebi........................................................ 459 $4. mahmadianebi.......................................................... 479 $5. kaTolikebi........................................................... 502 $6. iezidebi................................................................. 520 $7. seqtebi................................................................... 523 $8. duxoborebi.......................................................... 533 $9. moloknebi............................................................. 543 $10. staroverebi....................................................... 551 $11. SabaTianelebi.................................................... 555 $12. prigunebi..............................................................557 $13. skopcebi................................................................558 $14. baptistebi............................................................560 $15. meSvide dRis adventistebi.......................... 573 $16. ormocdaaTianelebi....................................... 576 $17. ieRovelebi.......................................................... 578 $18. vahabitebi............................................................. 582 $19. kriSnaitebi......................................................... 590 mecxre Tavi – eTnokonfliqtebi............................ 594 meaTe Tavi _ ganaTleba da kultura................... 618 gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis sia........................................................... 645 4 winaTqma XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi kacobriobis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc totalitarizmis msxvrevisa da antisabWouri gardaqmnebis epoqa. totalitarizmma Sewyvita arseboba, TumcaRa dagvitova yalbi doqtrinebisa da ideologiis nangrevebi, romlebmac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwires. saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukune daCagrul, damonebul erTa ganTavisuflebis, damoukideblobis mopovebis aswleuli yofila. yvelgan mTel msoflioSi koloniurma xalxebma gamoiRviZes, ganTavisufldnen, sakuTari, Tavisufali, erovnuli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes. xalxTa ganTavisuflebis es procesi msoflios saerTo principad iqca da gaeros programa gaxda. erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romelic cdilobda SeenarCunebina koloniebi iyo ruseTi. rusma komunistebma ostaturad gamoiyenes niRabi – ssrk, romlis saSualebiT ruseTi kidev axerxebda zogierTi adamianis motyuebas, TiTqos sabWoTa kavSiri marTlac Tavisufali erebis Tanasworuflebiani kavSiri iyo. magram yvelam kargad icoda, rom e. w. sabWoTa kavSiri iyo ruseTis komunisturi imperia, sadac arc erT xalxs, garda rusebisa, Tavisufleba ar hqonda [1, 3]. sabWoTa ideologiis cnobili formula iyo `sabWoTa moqalaqeebis internacionaluri da patriotuli vali~, ras gulisxmobda misi namdvili Sinaarsi? internacionaluri vali niSnavda didmpyrobeluri rusis uflebas Careuliyo yvela qveynis saSinao saqmeSi da gadaewyvita igi ruseTis sasargeblod. internacionalisti ki iyo is 5 ararusi, romelic (ganurCevlad sacxovrebeli adgilisa) komunisturi imperiis sakeTildReod ibrZoda. patrioti ki – is ararusi, romelic ssrk-s erTguli, Tavis samSoblos interesebs ssrk-s anacvlebda [1, 4-5]. xalxTa megobrobis da internacionalizmis lozungebis akompanimentiT mimdinareobda erovnuli enebisa da kulturis Serwymis propaganda, rac mogvianebiT yvela eris Serwymis programad gardaiqmna. daviwyebas mieca mcirericxovani erebis interesebi. axali politikis magaliTad iqca 1938 wels ssrk mTel teritoriaze TiTqmis mTeli ebrauli skolebis daxurva da antisemitizmis sxva gamovlinebani. Tu sabWoTa reJimis pirvel wlebSi rusi eris kuTvnilebaze saubari uxerxuli da saSiSic iyo, mogvianebiT warmoiSva meore ukviduresoba _ Sovinisturi Tezisebi `ufros Zmaze~, `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~, rusi eris tendenciuri gamoyofa, rogorc `xelmZRvaneli erisa~ da a. S. [2, 440]. marTalia omis dros didi mniSvneloba hqonda sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianTa erTianobas mterTan brZolaSi, magram aRniSnul periodSi kidev ufro metad gamoikveTa ssrk xalxTa dayofa did da mcire erebad. sailustraciod movitanT erT faqts: 1942 wlis 23 agvistos TbilisSi Catarda saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis warmomadgenelTa mitingi, sadac aRiniSna: `msoflioSi ar aris iseTi Zala, romelsac SeeZlos gaxliCos amierkavkasiis xalxebi didi rusi xalxisagan... Cveni ufrosi Zmis ... (xazgasma Cemia, 6 a. s.), romelmac mogvitana sixaruli da bednieri cxovreba~ [3, 100]. radgan adamianTa SegnebaSi damkvidrda terminebi `didi rusi xalxi~, `ufrosi Zma~, e. i. arsebobdnen `patara xalxebi~ da `umcrosi Zmebi~. meore msoflio omis dros da Semdgom periodSi, dasavleTSi gamoqveynebul literaturaSi da Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze ZiriTadad dafiqsirebulia `sabWoTa ruseTi~ da ara `sabWoTa kavSiri~. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sruliad samarTlianad e. w. `sabWoTa kavSirs miiCnevda modernizebul ruseTis imperiad. ar cnobdnen, `mokavSire publikebis~ suverenul uflebebs. aseve Tvlis cnobili germaneli mecnieri robert gercSteini. misi sityviT germaniis samxedro kampania warimarTa, `sabWoTa ruseTis~ winaaRmdeg [4, 96]. ufro metic, stalini Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konferenciebze gamosvlisas yovelTvis ambobda _ `Cveni rusebi~ da ara `Cven sabWoTa xalxi~ an `sabWoTa kavSiri~ [5]. aseTi politikis Sedegad mravali erisa da erovnebis saxeli aRgaves pirisagan miwisa. Tu magaliTad, 1906 wlis aRweriT ruseTis imperiaSi cxovrobda 194 erovneba, 1939 wlis monacemebiT maTi raodenoba asze naklebs Seadgenda. sabWoTa periodis politikuri tendenciis mixedviT ssrk yvela xalxis istoria ruseTis istoriasTan iqna gaigivebuli. aseve damkvidrda cru Tezisi, TiTqos yvela eri da erovneba nebayoflobiT SeuerTda mefis ruseTs. mogvianebiT am xalxTa SeerTeba ganixileboda, rogorc `mcire boroteba~ sparseTTan da TurqeTTan Sedare7 biT. 1937 wels es koncefciac uaryves, SeerTeba gamocxadda udavo warmatebad [2, 440-441]. social-demokratebma win wamowies `Cagvris~ problema, magram naklebad ainteresebdaT erovnuli sakiTxi. maT gamoacxades erovnebaTa Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, Tavad erovnebiT ki odnavac ar dainteresebulan. `Tavisufali TviTgamorkveva~ bolSevikebs WirdebodaT politikuri da socialuri idealebisaTvis brZolis saSualebad [6, 4]. maTi brZola daCagruli erovnebebis ganTavisuflebisa da TanasworobisaTvis iyo internacionaluri~, romelic ganaSorebda da wyvetda erovnul adamians cocxali xatisagan – dedulisa da mamulisagan [6, 5]. marTali iyo k. leontievi, rodesac man bolSevikebis erovnuli politika, mxolod sayovelTao ngrevis iaraRad miiCnia da masSi mxolod demokratiisa da kosmopolitizmis zeimi dainaxa. ar SeiZleba erovnulobis amogleja konkretuli istoriidan da misi uflebis abstraqtulad ganxilva. yovel erovnebas Tavisi arsebobis gansxvavebul periodebSi gansxvavebuli uflebebi aqvs [6, 7]. cneba `sabWoTa xalxi~ propagandistul literaturaSi jer kidev 20-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba. maSin miiCnevdnen, rom es cneba e. w. `sabWoTa xalxebis~ saxelmwifoebrivi, politikuri gaerTianebis aRmniSvneli termini iyo. rac Seexeba `sabWoTa xalxs~, rogorc adamianTa axal istoriul erTobas, igi `mkvaxedan~ `momwifebuli socializmis~ pirobebSi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali etapis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri fenomeni yofila, rac sazogadoebrivi cxov8 rebis yvela mxaris internacionalizaciis Sedegad momxdara. ase afasebdnen da ganmartavdnen cnebebs saxelovani `sabWoTa xalxis~ mecnierebi. sinamdvileSi ki e. w. `sabWoTa kavSirSi~ mimdinareobda erebisa da erovnebebis rusifikaciisa da decentralizaciis politikis safuZvelze maTi ZaldatanebiTi `Serwyma~ da raRac erTiani `sabWoTa rusuli tipis~ supernaciis Seqmna. sabWoTa kavSiri `zesaxelmwifos~ warmoadgenda ZiriTadad samxedro Zlierebis wyalobiT. magram imave samxedro Zlierebis hipertrofiam, misma usasrulo zrdam xesaxelmwfo daaqveiTa mesame xarisxovani qveynis mdgomareobamde. warmoSva procesebi, romlebmac qveyana katastrofis zRvramde miiyvana. saerTo erovnul produqciaSi samxedro xarjebis wiliT aSS-s vuswrebdiT erTnaxevarjer-orjer, janmrTelobis dacvisaTvis gaweuli xarjebiT CamovrCebodiT ornaxevarjer. iaraRis msoflio bazarze pirveli adgili davikaveT da Cveni mowinave teqnologiis droSad kalaSnikovis avtomati vaqcieT. mosaxleobis cxovrebis doniT, saxelmwifoTa meeqvse aTeulSi aRmovCndiT, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT – ocdameTormete adgilze, bavSvTa sikvdilianobiT – ormocdameaTeze [7, 105]. qveynis sazRvrebs vketavdiT, rom moqalaqeebs gareT ver gaeRwiaT. ucxoeTSi gasamgzavreblad adamianebs ise varCevdiT, rogorc kosmonavtebs mTvareze gasafrenad; adamianebs arCevani aRar davutoveT. Tu gvwamda, rom Cveni ideologia WeSmariti da mowinave iyo, maSin ratomRa gveSinoda sxva mrwamsis warmomadgenlebTan kontaqtisa? ratom vkrZalavdiT wignebs, ratom vax9 SobdiT raiogadacemebs, ratom vsjidiT adamianebs imisaTvis, rom isini uyurebdnen sxva filmebs, ismendnen sxva musikas, cekvavdnen sxva cekvebs? [7, 119-126]. amitomac axalgazrdobis Tvalsawieri metad SezRuduli iyo. imis cda, rom ufro meti gaegoT ra xdeboda `krinis fardis~ miRma, did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. amisTanave, mosaxleobis didi nawili absoluturad darwmunebuli iyo, rom fardis iqiT mxolod qaosi batonobda, xolo CvenTan yvelaferi ise iyo, rogorc unda yofiliyo. e. i. mTeli msofdios mSromelebi ocnebobdnen CvensaviT ecxovraT. ruseTis modernizebul imperias sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT dasavleTis oponentebma `borotebis imperia~ uwodes. jer kidec 1918 wels moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqma tixonma anaTema gamoucxada sabWoTa wyobilebas da antiqristes gansaxiereba uwoda [8, 19, 25]. ar SeiZleba am ganawamebi epoqisaTvis dakarguli saukune ar gewodebina. dakarguli imitom, rom marTla daikarga TiTqmis mTeli saukune, daikarga uzarmazari dro sul amaod. risTvis cdeboda adamianis fiqri, ras akeTebda, ras aSenebda, ras qmnida? cxovrebis yvela sfero dazaralda. ramdeni wuTi, ramdeni saaTi, ramdeni dRe, ramdeni kvira, ramdeni weliwadi miiTvala cru saqmem? [9, 184]. didi xania mimdinareobs XX saukunis azrovnebis uSeRavaTo gadafaseba. axla, amdeni wlis Semdeg, ar aris Zneli, davinaxoT da ganvsajoT sabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli reJimis da misi ideologiis – marqsizmis aqilevsis qusli. erTi rusi filosofosi kategoriulad imasac ki 10 acxadebda, rom es iyo iseTi primitiuli azrovnebis nimuSi, romelic Zalian hgavda adamianis idée fixe-s akviatebas, adamianis bodvas. amis nacvlad ki SeiniSneboda xelovnuri procesi, kerZod, ideebis ilustrirebis meSveobiT cxovrebis faqtebis gayalbeba. anu maTi ideebze dayvana, ramac sabolood gamoiwvia marqsizmis Teoriis mier yvela disciplinis, es iqneboda filosofia, istoria, literatura da sxva ram, profanacia. da, albaT, sulac kanonzomieri iyo, rom am metismetad gamartivebul sqemaSi yvela saganze erTaderTi materialuri Zala dominirebda. am xelovnur gamonagonSi mcxovrebi `sabWoTa adamianebi~ ki daculad grZnobdnen Tavs, radgan yovelTvis icodnen, sad iyo TeTri da iyo Savi, sad iyo boroteba da sad iyo sikeTe. da Tumca `sabWoTa adamianma~, umravles SemTxvevaSi icoda Tu rogor ebrZola an rogor emoqmeda, magram, radganac am qveyanaSi winaswar iyo daprogramebuli situacia Tu viTareba, masSi moqmedi subieqtebi _ `sabWoTa adamianebi~ ganixilebodnen, rogorc mxolod saSualebebi, rogorc usulo sagnebi, romelTa warmoCena ise moxdeboda, rogorc es mavan xelisuflebas moesurveboda [10, 9]. dRes am gadafasebis procesma mTlianad moicva Cveni cxovreba. arafers vtovebT Seumowmebels. diametrulad icvleba damokidebuleba sagnebisa da movlenebisadmi. politikurma azrovnebam ariv-daria Tavis droze qveynebi, mowamla xalxis suliskveTeba, mospo Sefasebis kriteriumebi, daupirispira dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedi dedamiwis xuT meeqvseds. 11 TandaTan gamogvaqvs dRis sinaTleze saSineli informaciebi. Cveni codna, isedac damZimebuli gulismomkvleli ambebiT, itvirTeba axali cnobebiT. Cven axla viciT ras warmoadgenda XX saukunis `epoqaluri ideebi~, `epoqaluri Zvrebi~, `socialuri Teoria~, komunisturi aCrdili~, socialuri revolucia~, `xval ki ufro Rrmad da ufro ukeT gvecodineba~. da axla mimdinareobs Zirfesviani Seswavla da gadafaseba im politikuri azrovnebisa. romelmac mTeli saukune moicva e. w. sabWoTa qveyanaSi, e. w. axal saqarTveloSic [9, 185-186]. diax, dedamiwis patara nawilaki, romelsac saxelad hqvia saqarTvelo, is saqarTvelo, istoriam geopolitikur jvars rom acva, saswaulebrivad gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis Sesayari, romlebic imperiam Caimkvidra Tavis genetikur kodSi, romlebsac niadag iwvevda provokaciulad, da romlebic axlac ki, misi daRupvis Semdeg gvazanzarebs [11, 253]. rogorc aRmoCnda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gagrZelda misi gadmonaSTebis arseboba, radganac `axlis warmoSobis miuxedavad Zveli ganagrZobs arsebobas, rogorc ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT dromoWmuli... saerTod Zvelis moxsnis Semdeg garkveul istoriul periodSi kvlav rCebian adamianebi, romlebic dromoWmul wesebs icaven. SeCveulni arian ra Zveleburad azrovnebas, isini ver axerxeben erTbaSad xelis aRebas Zvel Sexedulebebsa da warmodgenebze~ [12, 117-118]. adamiani kriziss ganicdis, rodesac erTi rwmenidan meoreze gadadis da dgas ori rwmenis 12 darwmunebulobas Soris ise, rom Sinaganad arc erTis ar sjera [13]. 1918-1921 wlebis damoukideblobis Semdeg saqarTveloze, rogorc gansazRvrul politikur subieqtze SeiZleba vilaparakoT 1988 wlidan, manamde saqarTvelo arsebobda rogorc teritoriul-administraciuli erTeuli ssrk SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac Camocidebuli hqonda ssrk sxva yvela danarCen nawilTan erTad raime damoukidebeli politikuri cxovrebis SesaZlebloba. ra Tqma unda, iyo gansxvavebac; kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis zogierTi Tavisebureba, qarTuli partnomenklaturis garkveuli specifika, politikuri gamosvlebis epizoduri aqtivoba (20-iani, 1956 da 1978 wlebis gamosvlebi), magram yvelafer amas mainc ar SeiZleba politikuri cxovreba vuwodoT. swored 1988 wlidan, anu masobrivi erovnuli moZraobis aRmocenebidan, SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarTvelos postsabWouri politikuri istoria [14, 14]. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali dapyrobili qveynebis mTavari samizne kremlisaTvis maTi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis winaaRmdeg brZola iyo. am miznis misaRwevad moskovma specialuri `procedurebi~ SemoiRo. Tavidan mas denacionalizacia~ erqva da yoveli damorCilebuli qveynis erovnuli Tvimyofadobisaken iyo mimarTuli. am aqciis meore etaps `internacionalizacia~ ewodeboda da, rogorc aRvniSneT `sabWoTa xalxis~ Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda, romlis safuZvelic rusi eri unda yofiliyo. mogvianebiT amas `asimilacia~ ewoda. 13 oficialuri statistika am procesis aSkarad cinikur mtkicebulebebs iZleoda da asaxelebda zogierT dapyrobil qveyanas, romelTac rusuli ena mSobliur enad aRiares im qveynebis gverdiT, romlebmac aseT cvlilebas mtkice winaaRmdegoba gauwies. terminologia axali iyo, magram moqmedebis wesebi Zveli rCeboda. Zveli procesis msxverplni am wesebs Zalian kargad icnobdnen, radgan rusifikacia jer kidev carizmis dros daiwyo. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom wiTelma kremlma damorCilebuli xalxebis ganadgurebisa da rusifikaciis meTodebi bevrad ufro daxvewa [15. 421]. XX saukuneSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi naTlad aCvenebs, rom kacobriobis dajgufebis ZiriTad, organul safuZvels erovneba warmoadgens da ara xelovnurad Seqmnili droebiTi imperiebi. istoriam kategoriulad uaryo iseTi xelovnuri erebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, rogoric iyo `sabWoTa xalxi~. aseTi qmedebebi mxolod dapyrobili qveynebis denacionalizaciisa da ganadgurebis primitiul tendencias warmoadgens. 14 Sesavali saxelmwifo ki ara qmis erovnebas, `aramed, piriqiT, erovneba iwvevs cxovrebaSi erovnul saxelmwifos, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, cdilobs, Tavisi arsebiTi moTxovnilebebis Sesaferi politikuri organizacia moipovos~ [16, 23]. rusi avtoris petroviCis geografiaSi mocemulia imperiis calkeuli teritoriebis aRwera, dasuraTebulia adgilobriv mkvidrTa tipebi. `velikorusi~ gamoyvanilia didi, axovani, kmayofili saxiT da amayi gamometyvelebiT. suraTis qveS aris warwera: «Хозяйн земли русской». sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi daxatulia monis da daCagrulis gamometyvelebiT. aseTi saxis literaturas awvdidnen skolebs da ra gasakviria, rom Cvevad eqcaT sxva eTnosebisaTvis ecqiraT, rogorc monebisaTvis. rodesac 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg gadaidga nabiji saqarTvelos damoukideblobis misaRwevad aq mcxovrebi rusebi ver urigdebodnen saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas. didi Tu patara, naswavli Tu uswavleli, yvela acxadebda: `rogor SeiZleba saqarTvelo iyos Tavisufali, es droebiTia, mova Cveni jari da isev davimorCilebTo~. saqarTvelos Tavisufleba sasacilod miaCndaT. mas asaxelebdnen: «Кукурузная республика» anu «Республика на 11/2 часа» [17, 47]. bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTis federaciis 140 milioni mosaxleobidan 65 ararusi iyo. aq SexvdebodiT beloruss, yirgizebs, uzbekebs, azerbaijanelebs, TaTrebs, somxebs, qarTvelebs, tajikebs, buriatebs da kidev sxva ara15 erT erovnebas, romlebic ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebodnen, pirvelyofilidan dawyebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT damTavrebuli. bolSevizms surda am erovnebebis Tavis mxareze gadabireba, maTi cnobierebidan carizmis reJimis aRmofxvra, da amitom yvelas avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba SesTavaza. am jgufebidan bevrs arc erovnuli TviTSegneba gaaCnda, arc TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis saWiro minimaluri codna saqmis gasaZRolad isini sxvebis daxmarebaze iyvnen damokidebuli. maTi umravlesobisaTvis komuniszmis doqtrina igive iyo, rac ainStainis Teoria buxaris yaenebisaTvis. maTTvis revolucia primitiuli Temebis emirebis, yaenebisa da molebis batonobidan daxsnasa da evropeizaciisken gadadgmul nabijs niSnavda [18, 219-220]. 1959 wels adamianTa ricxvi, romlebic Tavisi erovneli niSnis mixedviT ekuTvnodnen xalxebs vinc Seqmna mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebi, xolo cxovrobda mis sazRvrebs gareT Seadgina 36,5 milioni suli anu ssrk mosaxleobis 17,5%. 1979 wlis aRweriT ki sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianTa raodenoba, romlebic ar cxovrobdnen Sesabamis erovnul saxelmwifoebSi, formirebebSi anu Tavis ZirZvel samSobloSi 55 milions iTvlida [19, 61]. am ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnebebis ricxvma 70-dan 100-mde miaRwia [19, 357]. komunisturi reJimi erebs Soris daaxloebis sxvadasxva politikas mimarTavda. am mizniT iyenebda propagandas, TvalsaCinoebas da a. S. magaliTad, yvelaze dabali xarisxis papirosis _ `federacia~ _ kolofze `exata xelgadaxveuli 16 sami glexi – qarTveli, somexi da azerbaijaneli~ [20, 124]. monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo TiTqmis ar arsebobs. erovnuli umciresoba bevr qveyanaSi sakmaod did adgils ikavebs. amitom bunebrivad dgeba umravlesobisa da umciresobis demokratiuli Tanaarsebobis regulirebis problema. amis gareSe mwvave konfliqtebi gardauvalia, ramac SeiZleba gaxliCos qveynis mTlianoba. zogjer saqmes ver Svelis verc federacia, verc konfederacia, imdenad Zlieria gamTiSveli Zalebi. erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb mravali saerTaSoriso dokumentia miRebuli (mag., gaeros 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, iuneskos 1960 wlis konvencia ganaTlebis sferoSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, 1992 wlis evropuli `CarCo-konvencia~, 1992 wlis evropis qartia, 1996 wlis haagis rekomendaciebi erovnul umciresobaTa ganaTlebis uflebis Sesaxeb). erTi mxriv am dokumentebis dacva aucilebelia, meore mxriv – aseTi humanizmi da demokratizmi xels uwyobs umciresobaTa separatistul swrafvas, miTumetes maSin, roca gverdiT iseTi wamqezebeli eguleba, rogoricaa ruseTi [21, 59-60]. erovnuli moZraobis aqtivizaciis kvalobaze, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mravali umwvavesi problema dagvigrovda, romlebmac eTnokonfliqtebis saxiT mkveTrad iCina Tavi. amis mizezi ki, uwinares yovlisa, aris is, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi uyuradRebod rCeboda, ufro metic, iCqmaleboda 17 `xalxTa urRvevi Zmobis~ moCvenebiTi lozungis ukan am sferoSi arsebuli uamravi mtkivneuli problema. aSkarad unda iTqvas, rom mravali aseTi problema tabudadebuli iyo komunisturi partiis mier. mravali erovnuli da erovnebaTaSoriso sakiTxebi arasworad, damaxinjebulad, istoriuli faqtebis aSkara ignorirebiT, SiSveli administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiT wydeboda [22]. Cven wlebis manZilze yuradRebas ar vaqcevdiT erovnuli problemebis mecnierul doneze gadawvetas, veridebodiT simarTlis Tqmas Cvens teritoriaze sxva xalxTa gansaxlebis obieqturi mizezebis Sesaxeb. yvelafers mxolod da mxolod `internacionalizmis~ poziciebidan ganvixilavdiT. es TiTqmis borotmoqmedebis tolfasi gaxda da filosofosis Tqmisa ar iyos, erTma borotmoqmedebam gza gauxsna meores. Cvenve Semogvibrunda Cveni winapris SegonebiT gauTaveblad xelmZRvaneloba: `Cems mezoblebTan mtrobasa isev moTmena virCie~. swored am daTmoba-moTmenam, iman, rom simarTle mTeli zomiT Tavis droze ar iTqva, Cvenda samwuxarod, kargi nayofi ver gamoiRo [23, 84-85]. saerTod ki sikeTismqmnelobis, solidarobis, zrunvisa da daxmarebis miuxedavad, `sxvisi Wiris~ gamziarebel ers, xSirad, jerovnad rodi ufasdeba sikeTe, gaweuli amagi. amitomac werda iakob gogebaSvili, rom `... madls umaduroba mosdevs xSirad ara marto kerZo pirTa Soris, aramed erTa Sorisac; magram qarTveli ki yovelTvis moSorebuli yofila umadurobasa da yvela patara ers mis mfarvelobaSi Sexiznuls, erTia18 Tad gadauxdida xolme mcireoden sikeTesac ki da aniWebda maT srul Tanasworobas TavisTana. miuxedavad amisa, bedi Cven ki sxvanairad mogvepyro da didi sikeTe umadurobiT gadagvixada~... ase xdeboda warsulSi, ase xdeba amJamadac, rac kidev erTxel amtkicebs im sibrZnes, rom istoria xalxis Wkuis maswavlebelia, igi gaTvaliswinebisTvis iwereba [24, 42]. Tavis droze mixeil javaxiSvilma reliefurad aCvena, rom kars mogadgeba gudamSieri da usaxlkaro gadamTieli. lukma-pursa da TavSesafars gTxovT, erTgul da morCil msaxurad giCvenebT Tavs. gulubryvilobis, uniaTobis, uzrunvelobisa da udardelobis gamo kars gauReb, Wersa da sazrdels miscem. igi momZlavrdeba, moRonierdeba, galaRdeba da gaTavxeddeba. sakuTari saxlidan gagagdebs, Sens mamuls, saqonels miiTvisebs... ratom da rodis xdeba es? roca moZaladis Tavxedobas da Semotevas upirispirdeba yalbad gagebuli gacTmoyvareoba [25, 241]. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `jayooba aris sxvisi qonebis, simdidris, mamulis, saxl-karis, pativis, saxelis mitaceba-miTviseba, Zaladoba, qlesoba, pirferoba, orpiroba, urcxvi uprincipoba, sruli umecroba da ukanonoba~ [25, 235]. msoflio istoriaSi analogia ar moepoveba mezobeli qveynis mimarT iseT upativcemlobas, misi mTeli istoriuli warsulis gayalbebasa da kulturuli memkvidreobis miTvisebis iseT mcdelobas, rogorc amas akeTebs zogierTi somexi vai-mecnieri. maTi warmodgeniT `saqarTvelo saqarTvelo ki ar aris, aramed Zveli somxeTia; yvela qarTveli Tavadi somxuri warmoSobisaa: 19 baraTian – baraTaSvili, WavWavaZian – WavWavaZe, saakian – saakaZe...; borodinos gmiri petre bagrationi, TiTqos petros ovanesis Ze bagratunia – somexi xorciT, sisxliT da suliT. erTaderTi qarTuli warmomavlobis Tavaduri gvari maTi wyalobiT gamrekeli yofila... aRorZinebis periodis poeziis mwvervali – SoTa rusTavelis ukvdavi poema `vefxistyaosanic~ araqarul nawarmoebad moinaTla. cnobili `suliko~ ki Turme daviT abramians dauweria, mere teqsti qarTulad uTargmnia somexi Tavadis – rostom bagratunis Svils, akaki bagratuns, romelic TiTqos akaki wereTlis fsevdonimiT werda. qarTvelebs ki `suliko~ ise moswonebiaT, rom miuTvisebiaT. cnobili mxatvari niko firosmanaSvilic, Turme somexi yofila (`nikolai firosmaniani Sedevrebs qmnida, raTa Semdeg gaeyida da somxuri xelgaSlilobiT sayvareli qalisaTvis milioni vardi eyida~). ZiriTadad ruseTSi gamocemul wignebsa da presaSi, mraval sisuleleebs weren osi separatistebi. axla ukve maT ganacxades pretenzia didi qarTveli mxedarTmTavris giorgi saakaZis pirovnebaze. igi warmoSobiT osad miiCnies, igive bedi ewia `vefxistyaosnis~ avtorsac. am movlenis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda: `lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCanagon, qarTvelebis saxeli dedamiwis zurgidan aRgavon da CalasaviT qars gaatanon~ [26, 126]. marTlac, eklis gvirgvini gaumzades XX saukunis kaciWamia vandalebma saqarTvelos, veeba, uSvelebeli eklis gvirgvini da manac udrtvine20 lad daidga Tavze. WirTa Tmenis, didTa WirTa malvis niWi hqonda da yvelafers gauZlo... ociode wlis win, antiqarTuli ideis avtorebis mtkicebiT, piradobis mowmobidan erovnuli grafis amoReba xels uwyobda sxvadasxva erovnebis moqalaqeebis zogadqarTul RirebulebebTan Tanaziarobas, Sedegad ra miviReT?! maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dRiTi dRe mcirdeba, magaliTad, qvemo qarTlSi eTnikurad sxva erovnebis adamianTa Sobadoba izrdeba, romelTac arc qarTuli ena ician da arc saqarTvelos istoria. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis wess gansazRvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia [27, 9-10]. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis meore ZiriTadi saSualeba aris naturalizacia, anu ucxo qveynis moqalaqis an moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier garkveuli procedurebis gavlis Semdeg saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba. Tumca adamianis survilis garda aucilebelia garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da procesis gavla, rac gansazRvrulia 1993 wlis 25 marts miRebuli saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli kanonis 26-e muxlis b) da g) punqti, sadac naTqvamia, rom moqalaqeobis msurvelma `dadgenil farglebSi icodes saxelmwifo ena; aseve `dadgenil farglebSi icodes saqarTvelos istoria da kanonmdebloba~ [28, 221]. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ara mxolod naturalizaciiT, aseve saqarTveloSi dabadebiT mcxovrebi somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis didi nawili qvemo qarTlsa da mesxeT-javaxeTSi ver 21 (an ar) floben saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, ar ician minimaluradac ki saqarTvelos istoria da saxelmwifo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli enis meSveobiT urTierToben. aseT viTarebas xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam, rom sabWoTa reJimis dros aTwleulTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi iqmneboda situacia, romlis drosac qarTuli mosaxleobis diskriminacia _ Seviwroebis xarjze formirdeboda araqarTuli mosaxleobis aSkarad privilegiuri mdgomareoba. am imperiul politikas sabWouri internacionalizmis droSiT sxvadasxva drois saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisufleba didis gulmodginebiT axorcielebda. aseTi politikis Sedegad, TiTqmis erT saukuneSi, ramdenime qarTuli regioni wminda araqarTul regionad iqca da aqtiurma araqarTvelma mosaxleobam qarTvelTa kanonieri uflebebis aRdgena sakuTar uflebaTa SezRudvad aRiqva. swored amitom, qarTveli eris istoriul ubedurebad unda CaiTvalos misi internacionaluri buneba im damaxinjebuli gagebiT, rogoradac igi epyroboda da epyroba yvela juris gadamTiels. sxva erebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi Cvenma zomagadasulma saTnoebam, TviT saqarTvelos mtrebisadmic ki gulTbilma mopyrobam da maTTvis erovnuli karis farTod gaRebam, _ stumarTmoyvareobis am damaxinjebulma gagebam, udidesi ziani miayena Cvens ers [29, 28]. erTaderTi qveyana varT msoflioSi, sadac nebismieri ltolvili Tavs maspinZlad grZnobs. Tavis enaze naTldeba, Tavis taZarSi loculobs, 22 Tavis TeatrSi iRebs sulier sazrdos, roca msgavsic araferi Seuqmnia arc Tavisuflebis simbolos – safrangeTs da arc internacionalizmis `medroSes~ _ ruseTs. Cveni tolerantuli Semwynareblobis wyalobis gamo, qarTul daba-soflebs Camosaxlebulma ucxo tomis Svilebma iseTi saxelebi daarqves verc ki mixvdebiT, rom es dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos teritoriazea. Tavad gansajeT: filipovka, miasnikiani, kirovakani (axalqalaqis r-ni), yaurma, yulalisi, vladimirovka, gorelovka, efremovka, orlovka, spasovka, orojolari, asfara, rodionovka (bogdanovkis r-ni), magirlo, jafarlo, injaoRli, asaxonjalo, muRanlo, taStikulari, qoSaqilisi, ahmedlo, abdalo, yaraTiqani, yaradaSi (bolnisis r-ni), aRTaRala, yaraTaRali, yarajali, nazarlo, muRanlo (gardabnis r-ni) da a. S. is, rac sabWoTa reJimma dagvaklo, dRes globalistebi da liberastebi gvisruleben. imas, rasac dasavleTi axal msoflio wesrigs uwodebs, faqtobrivad kacobriobisadmi Tavsdatexili mixakisferi Wiria. es aris vandalizmi da qarborbala, romelic msofliosa da saqarTvelos Tavze trialebs. eWvia, rom es cunamebi da wyaldidobebi, qariSxali, avadmyofobebi da misTanebi xelovnurad aris gamowveuli da malTusisa da ZmaTa maTTa programis safuZvelze xorcieldeba [30, 4]. rodesac globalizaciaze vlaparakobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `globalistebis~ radikaluri frTis warmomadgenlebi eris cnebas saerTod uaryofen da erTgvari ironiiTac acxadeben, rom erovnuli aRqma (idenity) mxolod roman23 tikuli fantaziaa. xolo termini `eri~ aRniSnavs saxalxo sazogadoebas dafuZnebuls saerTo sakuTrebasa da interesebze (romlis wevrebic iziareben azrs genealogiuri da geografiuli fesvebis Sesaxeb da swamT saerTo bedisa) [31, 123-124]. globalizmma `gadasinja~ religiis, genetikis, istoriuli erTobis sakiTxebi; eWvqveS daayena terminebis _ `patriotizmi~, `erovnuloba~, `avtoqtonoba~, `erovnuli ena~ _ da sxva pozitiuroba; seqtebis, calke administraciuli erTeulebis, ideologiuri Tu sqesobriv uflebaTa dacvis humanuri motiviT sazogadoeba dayo `dasacav~ nawilebad da gaarTula maTi tradiciuli erTobis dacva; samagierod, danawilebul koleqtivebs SesTavaza sxva gamaerTianebeli niSnebi warsuli tradiciis gareSe – saerTo (magram ucxo) ena, saerTo (magram mxolod ekonomikiT dakavSirebuli) sivrce, saerTo fuladi niSnebi, erTnairi samosi, erTiani kanonmdebloba, erTnairi masmedia, erTnairi cnobiereba, saerTo mteri da saerTo moyvare [31, 131]. globalizaciam planetaze yovelmxrivi eqspansiis xasiaTi miiRo. mas axorcieleben calkeuli pirebi, koleqtivebi, saxelmwifoebi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: vaWroba, finansebi, mrewveloba, komunikacia, informatika, mecniereba, teqnika, kultura, religia da a. S. am process Tan axlavs konvergencia. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobis metad rTul epoqaSi Sevida, sadac samyaro, globaluri da lokaluri, gaerTianebuli da gayofili xdeba. 24 Cvens epoqaSi, roca saqarTvelo Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida, daadga realuri suverenitetisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gzas, erTa Soris urTierTobanic, cxadia, ganicdis garkveul cvlilebebs. magram, rogorc Zveli sibrZne metyvelebs, `siaxle xSirad daviwyebuli siZvelea~. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb araqarTul mosaxleobaSi saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda sakuTari mentaliteti, razedac winaT yuradReba gamaxvilebuli ar iyo, e, i. araqarTuli mosaxleoba yovelTvis araerTgvarovani iyo. xazgasasmelia, rom saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da cxovroben ara mxolod isini, visac saqarTvelo mSobliur saxlad miaCnia, aramed isinic, romelTaTvisac saqarTvelo sastumroa. arian iseTebic, vinc cdilobs miiTvisos am `sastumros~ saukeTeso apartamentebi [32]. 25 pirveli Tavi eTnikuri terminologiis zogierTi sakiTxi msoflios mowinave kulturul erebs (ingliselebs, frangebs, germanelebs da a. S.) naklebad ainteresebdaT erovnuli problema, igi maTTvis ar warmoadgenda uSualo praqtikul saWiroebas da amdenad, arc Teoriuli azrovnebis sagans. magaliTad, rodesac erovnuli sakiTxi italiaSi mwvaved dadga, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, italieli paskuale manCini erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne iyo, romelmac mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedeba erovnul sakiTxs (cxadia, Teoriul planSi) gaazrebas moaxmara da sagrZnobi kvalic datova am mimarTulebiT. mas Semdeg arc erT italiel filosofoss an mecniers am mxriv Tavi ar gamouCenia. ruseTSi arc vl. soloviovi, arc g. plexanovi da sxva romelime gamoCenili moazrovne ar dainteresebula eris raobiT, misi niSan-TvisebebiT, warmoSobiT da a. S. aRniSnuli problemis dayenebasa da gadaWraSi Tavi gamoiCines avstrielma social-demokratebma k. renerma da o. bauerma, e. i. im qveynis Svilebma, romelTaTvisac es problema upirvelesad praqtikuli saWiroeba iyo. aseve problema ainteresebdaT im xalxebis moazrovneebs, romelnic erovnulad daCagruli iyvnen – Cexebs, polonelebs, ebraelebs, qarTvelebs da sxv. [33, 13]. cnobilia, rom eTnikuri sakiTxi metad mravalmxrivia. igi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoric aris enisa da kulturis mniSvneloba kacobriobis diferenciisaTvis, jgufuri (eTnikuri) TviT26 Segnebis formireba da funqcionireba, calkeul koleqtivebs Soris urTierTobis xasiaTi da a. S. mravali eTnikuri termini jer kidev azrTa sxvaobas iwvevs specialistebs Soris. cneba ucvleli ar aris, is mudam moZraobaSia... amJamad momqmedi eTnikuri terminologia saTaves iRebs ZvelberZnuli sityva – eTnosidan. Zveli berZnuli enis leqsikonebi am sityvidan daaxloebiT aTobiT mniSvnelobis cnobebs iZlevian [19, 7]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom specialuri gamokvlevebi eTnosis arsis, eTnikuri urTierTobebisa da procesebisadmi da saerTod cnebebisadmi _ `eTnikuri jgufi~, `eTnikuri erToba~, `eTnosisadmi kuTvnileba~ dasavleTis mecnierul gamokvlevebSi XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amasTanave, aseTi saxis gamokvlevebi cariel adgilze ar aRmocenebula [34, 207]. eTnosis cneba Tavisi miRebuli da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc aRvniSneT berZnuli sityvis semantikas eyrdnoba. `eTnos~ berZnulad niSnavs: modgmas, toms, jogs, remas, xalxs, ers, erovnebas. individis eTnikuri niSnebi moicavs: temperaments, mixramoxras, kanis da Tmis Seferilobas, xasiaTs, Cveul gunebaTa im Taviseburebebs, romlebic mas sisxlismier kavSirTagan Semtkicebuli `Cven-jgufis~ CamomavlobiT rgebia. vityviT: eTnikuri Cineli, maori an zulusio da vgulisxmobT, rom mavani tomobriv, sisxlismier xsenebul jgufTagan erT-erTs ekuTvnis [35, 7-8]. eTnosebisgan gamoyofen adgilobriv mikroeTnikur erTeulebs, romlebsac eTnografiuli jgufebi ewodebaT. es jgufebi garkveuli eTno27 sis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian da konkretuli areali aqvT dakavebuli. rogorc wesi, eTnografiuli jgufi es aris xalxis an erTi eris teritoriulad gamoyofili nawili, romelsac SenarCunebuli aqvT zogierTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani. es niSnebi, xSirad kulturisa da yofis calkeuli elementebis specifikurobis farglebSi Tavsdeba da SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos gansxvavebuli kilos Tu kilokavis saxiT, materialuri da sulieri kulturis Taviseburi elementebiT da sxv. rogorc wesi, xSirad xdeba ise, rom yvelaferi es ganapirobebs Taviseburi TviTSegnebis arsebobasac. eTnografiuli jgufebi damaxasiaTebelia msoflios mravali xalxisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva qarTuli eTnografiuli sinamdvile. rogorc cnobilia, aq gansxvavebuli eTnografiuli niSnebiT gamoiyofian: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, qiziyelebi, mTiulebi, svanebi, ingiloebi, aWarlebi da sxv. [36, 26-27]. e. w. `sabWourma~ mecnierebam mravalTagan kidev erTi yalbi doqtrina – eTnikuri integracia gamoigona, rodesac, adgili aqvs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis Serwymas, Serevas kulturul-sameurneo daaxloebis gziT. Tanac, es gza SemuSavebuli unda yofiliyo mesame, ufro maRalganviTarebuli eTnosis mier. integraciis qveS igulisxmeboda sxvadasxva eTnosis daaxloeba mSvidobiani, Zaldautanebeli gziT, mravalerovan socialistur saxelmwifoebSi. xolo erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWris umTavres pirobad miCneuli iyo xalxebis kulturul-sameurneo daaxloeba, eko28 nomikuri faqtoris ZiriTadi berketebis TiTqosda maRalganviTarebuli eTnosis xelSi TavmoyriT. cxadia, aseTi Tvalsazrisi mTlianad imperiul da koloniur miznebs isaxavda da masze iyo damyarebuli. dReisaTvis man sruli kraxi ganicada [36, 31]. Sua saukuneebidan dRemde eTnikur erTobaTa aRsaniSnavad ucxoel avtorebTan gamoiyeneboda ZiriTadad oTxi termini: nacia (eri), tomi, rasa da eTnikuri jgufi. am terminebis gamovlena da gamoyeneba sxvadasxva epoqaSi dakavSirebuli iyo gansxvavebul istoriul-kulturul koncefciebTan. erTi koncefciis meoriT Secvla iwvevda aRniSnuli terminebis arsebiTad azrobriv cvlilebebs. yvelaze adre literaturaSi Semovida termini `eri~, romelic adreuli Sua saukuneebidan gamoiyeneboda eropaSi eTnikuri (lingvisturi da kulturuli) erTeulis aRsaniSnavad. VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aRniSnuli SinaarsiT ganmartavda ers isidore sevilieli, VIII saukunis franciskaneli beri barTolomeo anglikusi. naciis SedarebiT sruli aRweriloba damaxasiaTebelia aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis, ramac asaxva hpova i. bemusisa da s. miunteris SromebSi. 1527 wels agripa miuTiTebda, rom sxvadasxva `naciis~ (eris?) warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebian xmis, enis, laparakis maneris, kvebis, tradiciis, siyvarulisa da siZulvilis, SiSis da brazis gansakuTrebuli gamoxatviT. termin `nacias~ aseTive azriT farTod iyenebdnen ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebi da 29 istorikosebi (a. r. tiurgo, S. monteskie, a. fergiusoni, J. kondorse da sxv. [34, 208]. dRes eris cneba ufro farToa, vidre moiazreba bibliaSi. wminda werilSi pirvelad sityva `eri~ gvxvdeba dabadebis wignSi faraonis morCilebaSi da msaxurebaSi myofTa mimarT, rodesac iosebi aRmoCndeba faraonis winaSe. kerZod, `saTno-uCndes sityuani ese winaSe yovlisa erisa misisa~ (dab. 41, 37) da Semdeg: `pirsa Sensa erCdes eri Cemi~ (dab. 41, 40). cxadia, rom aq igulisxmeba ara eTnosi, aramed im xalxTa simravle, romelic faraonis morCilebaSi iyo, mis kanons emorCileboda, romelsac esmoda misi ena. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ufali mimarTavs mose winaswarmetyvels da ambobs, rom `xilviT vixile me Zviri erisa Cemisa~ da `gamoviyvano eri Cemi, Zeni israelisani queyaniT egviptiT~. igulisxmeba RvTis morCilebaSi myofi xalxi, romelic ismens RvTis sityvas da icavs sjuls [37, 36]. garkveuli specifiurobiT xasiaTdeba sityva `eris~ xmareba axali da Zveli aRTqmis naTargmn teqstebSi. aqac, iseve rogorc Zveli qarTuli enis sxva ZeglebSi `ers~ vxvdebiT rogorc `xalxis~, brbos~, `krebulis~, aseve jaris mniSvnelobiTac. bibliuri azrovneba mkveTrad mijnavs erTurTisagan xalxis `naTesaobaze~ da RvTis cnobierebaze damyarebul erTobas. qristianuli kultura cnebaTa am gamijvnaSi, bunebrivia, misTvis damaxasiaTebel qristianul Sinaarss debs da `ers~ aRiqvams, rogorc eklesias, anu morwmune qristianTa erTobas. `eri~ RvTis xalxis, 30 qristianTa krebulis SinaarsiT xSirad gvxvdeba Zvel qarTulSi [38, 29]. eris gageba, rogorc im xalxis mTeli erTobisa, romelic erTi saxelmwifos morCilia, anu faqtobrivad erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeni arian (am sityvis araTanamedrove gagebiT, rasakvirvelia), aris gardamavali etapi, xidi `eris~ Suasaukuneobrivsa da axal (XIX-XX saukuneebis) gagebas Soris. eri – naciis mniSvnelobiT XIX saukunidan ukve farTod ixmareba. gansakuTrebiT iSleba am cnebis gaazreba qarTveli 60-ianelebis SemoqmedebaSi. faqtiurad, ukve XVIII saukunidan `eris~ rogorc naciis gageba Semzadebuli unda iyos. amas mravali magaliTi adasturebs [38, 30]. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenili moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi (1782-1846) ers Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `eri werilis sityviT Cveneburad samxedrosa hqvian. mgonia, ase ebrauli unda iyos, swored ki ver dagimtkiceb da irwmune, eri arc (ahl) aqedam ars warmoebuli, arc eridama. iere berZulic aris. sakuTrad Cveneburi – naTesavi, Tesli, moqalaqe, mcxovrebi, samxedro, samkvircxlo, mkvircxlni eseni, romelsac xazi aqvs gasmuli, salaSqroni anu laSqarTaganni arian da sxvani~ [38, 30]. Cveni leqsikografi termin – Temis axsnisas eris ganmartebazec saubrobs. kerZod, `Temi sruliad kacni romelisame queyanisa mcxovrebni moqalaqeni mdabioni da sxvani. Temi ars samefoTa, gina erTa erTi romelime nawili, sxvadasxva Temi niSnavs sxvasa da sxvasa naTesaobasa, gina adgilsa~ [39, 61]. 31 bagrationi nacias Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `gvarni anu sirani~ [39, 98]. misive axsniT `sira – STamomavlobasac niSnavs da sira – nawili anu kerZo~ [39, 119]. daviT CubinaSvilis SexedulebiT `eri – mdabio xalxi, naTesaoba kacTa, gansakuTrebuli eniTa, STamomavlobiTa da sarwmunoebiTa, simravle kacTa erTad SekrebilTa, jari~ [41, 241]. i. WavWavaZe, i. gogebaSvili, vaJa-fSavela, a. wereTeli, s. mesxi, a. jorjaZe da sxvebi, eris niSanTvisebebis uaRresad farTo speqtrs warmogvidgenen da TiToeuli faqtoris miniSnebasac ZiriTadad, swori – subieqtivizmisagan dazRveuli argumentebis moSveliebiT ganmartaven [42, 148]. saerTo jamSi erisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebad isini Tvlian: enis, teritoriis da kulturis erTobas, saerTo istoriul beds, erTian STamomavlobas, sisxliT naTesaobas, saxelmwifoebriv erTobas da a. S. eris Camoyalibebis etapebis problemis kvlevisaTvis dResac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarTvel swavlulTa Tvalsazrisi, rom eri rogorc istoriuli kategoria, warsulis wiaRSi aRmocenda da misi arsebobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvlebis cvlilebebiT eris cnebis Sinaarsobrivi da praqtikuli mxareebic icvleba – mdidrdeba da ufro mravalferovani xdeba [42, 149]. ilia eris (eTnosis) cnebasTan dakavSirebiT, mecnierul doneze ayalibebs misTvis damaxasiaTebel komponentebs. aseTebia `mamuli~, teritoria, sadac moxda ama Tu im eris, am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli eris formireba. ena _ saRvTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, sazogadoebasTan er32 Tad iqmneba da viTardeba im teritoriul erTeulze, sadac xdeba ama Tu im eris formireba Tavisi rwmeniTa da kulturiT. enis erToba niSnavs kulturis erTobas. erToba gvartomobisa, saerTo istoriuli warsuli, kultura da masTan ganuyofeli intensiuri cxovreba. qveynis ekonomikuri mTlianoba ki masTan kacobriobis Ronisa da simkvidris dedaboZia. amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe, Seexo ra eris cnebas, xazi gausva yvela Taviseburebas da Camoayaliba yvela misi komponenti [43, 39]. XX saukunis dasawyisSi eris ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad komponentad miaCndaT `samSoblo miwawyali, ena, istoria, erTnairi Tavgadasavali da ara sarwmunoeba~. eTnosis am gansazRvraSi akaki wereTeli religiis ignorirebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, Tumca arc imas amarTlebda, vinc erovnebasa da sarwmunoebas erTmaneTSi aigivebda. poeti gvTavazobs Tavis koncefcias, kerZod, `ers~ im droisaTvis arsebul sazogadoebriv wyobas igi adarebs xes. misi azriT, es aris igive erovnebis xe, romelSic feodaluri ierarqiuli kibe xeluxlebeli darCa [43, 44]. marqsistul literaturaSi dominirebuli adgili daimkvidra stalinis ganmartebam eris Sesaxeb, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli Cans qarTveli 60-ianelebis Sexedulebebi. kerZod, 1913 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi~, aRniSnavda: `eri aris adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalilebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili enis, teritoriis, ekonomiuri cxovrebisa da im fsiqikuri wyobis erTobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa kulturis erToba~. stalini ganmartebis saxiT, iqve gvTavazobs Se33 niSvnas: `xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi zemoxsenebuli niSani, calke aRebuli, ar kmara eris gansazRvrisaTvis. ufro metic: sakmarisia ar iyos Tundac erTi am niSanTagani, rom eri erad aRar darCes~ [44, 319]. termini `tomi~ mecnierebaSi damkvidrda axal droSi. Tavdapirvelad toms uwodebdnen mcire socialur jgufebs, romlebic a. r. tiurgos azriT monadireebSi moiTvlida 15-20 adamians. aRniSnuli terminis aseTi ganmarteba memkvidreobiT ergoT XIX saukunis mkvlevarebs. terminis srulyofili ganmarteba daixvewa XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da Semdgom periodSi j. maklenanTan, g. spenserTan da a. S. [34, 209]. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukuneSi terminebi `tomi~ da `nacia~ (eri) xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneboda. zogierTi avtori ganixilavda, rogorc ramdenime socialuri erTeulis – tomis eTnikur erTobas. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ernst renanma gamijna am ori cnebis – terminis mniSvneloba. `naciis~ warmoSoba man daukavSira eropaSi Sua saukuneebis sawyis etaps [34, 211]. Semdegi termini, romelic erTi periodi farTod gamoiyeneboda eTnikurobis mniSvnelobiT aris `rasa~. misi Semotana samecniero brunvaSi ganekuTvneba XIX saukunis dasawyiss [34, 212]. zemoT aRniSnul da sxva terminebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac adgili hqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi, ganvixiloT ramdenime sakiTxi Cveni eris warsulidan. uZveles droSi qarTvelebi sxvadasxva tomebad Tu jgufebad iyofodnen (romelTa detalu34 ri CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans), rom maT xangrZlivi cxovrebis procesSi sul sxvadasxva ucxo jgufebic Seerivnen (Semoxizvnisa Tu SemoWris gziT) da Seerwynen. bavSvuri gulubryviloba da istoriis ucodinarobaa imisi warmodgena da mtkiceba, rom qarTveli xalxi – anu eri (`nacia~) erTi dedmamidan, gvaridan an naTesauri Temidan gaCnda da wminda warmoSobisaa. aseTi ram bunebaSi ar arsebobs. pirdapir unda iTqvas, dedamiwis zurgze arsebuli yvela xalxi anu eri, urTierTmonaTesavesTan erTad, sul sxvadasxva rasis, enis, zne-Cveulebis, jiSis, kulturis, rwmenawarmodgenis, xasiaTisa da sxva adamianTa masis dajgufebis, Sezrdisa da Serwymis Sedegadaa warmoSobili xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad. da ra Tqma unda, ase warmoiSva da Camoyalibda qarTveli eric (is gamonaklisi araa) [45, 94-95]. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba VIII-IX saukuneebSi damTavrda, rasac male qarTveli eris (myari erTobis) saboloo formireba mohyva. am TvalsazrisiT raoden bevris metyvelia Tundac saqarTvelos uSoreulesi kuTxis svaneTis erT-erTi Temis latalis patara soflis lailis eklesiis xatis XI saukunis warwera: `wmidao mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden mefeni bagratunianni da dadiani, da didebuli da erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobili suanni...~ rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa erToba da erTianoba (bunebrivia, agreTve maT garSemo myofi sxva eTnikuri jgufebis)... sabolood sruliad saqarTvelos farglebSi gamoiwrTo da SeduRabda. es Cans Tundac svaneTis patara soflis mosaxleTa TviTSegnebis (Sinagani rwmenis) gamoxatulebidan erTiani da erTob35 livi mmarTveli bagrationebis, qarTvelebisa da sruliad saqarTvelos Sesaxeb [45, 94]. 1926 wlis aRweriT, rogorc sxva sakavSiro aRwerebiT aWareli, svani, megreli da a. S. araqarTvelebad arian dafiqsirebuli. 1927 wels am antiqarTul pozicias gamoexmaura ucnobi avtori, magram gasagebi mizezebis gamo kritikuli werili ar gamoqveynebula. dedani aRmoCnda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. mogvaqvs werilis teqsti: `cneba aWareli, megreli, svani da sxva benebrivia ar ewinaaRmdegeba cnebas qarTveli; piriqiT cneba `qarTveli~ Seicavs yvela danarCens rogorc mTeli – calke nawilebs. roca svani an megreli TavisTavs svans an megrels uwodebs, amiT igi mxolod Tavis provincialur STamomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara imas, rom igi qarTveli ar aris; piriqiT, svanis an megrelis warmodgenaSi saxelwodeba `svani~ an `megreli~ es aris nawili cnebisa `qarTveli~, rogorc erTi mTelisa. es tomebi ara marto rasobrivi STamomavlobiT, aramed erovnuli SegnebiT erTi qarTveli eris ganuyofel nawils Seadgens~ [46, 29-30]. gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTvelos teritoriis polieTnikuroba aqaur mosaxleobas cxovrebis garkveul wess karnaxobda – tolerantobas (im xarisxiT, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo gaerTianeba). uxsovari droidan saqarTveloSic xalxi jgufebad cxovrobda. erTad cxovrebis Sedegad adamianebs Tavisi jgufisadmi loialoba uyalibdebodaT. gaerTianebaTagan zogierTi sisxliT iyo SekavSirebuli (`Tesli~ da aqedan gamomdina36 re `naTesavi~, `Tvisi~, `Tesltomi~, `tomi~, `guari~, `saxli~, `guarnaTesaoba~, `maxlobeli~, `modgma~, `buneba~, `Temi~), xolo gaerTianebaTa nawili mravaleTnikuri iyo _ `mkvidrni saqarTvelosani~, `qarTvelTa Svilni~, `eri~. gaerTianeba iyo, rogorc horizontaluri, aseve vertikaluri, rac Sesabamis gamoTqmebSi aisaxeba, ukanaskneli, magaliTad, sakmaod xSir SesityvebaSi `sjuli mamaTa CuenTa~, an aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT termini `Tvisi~, romelic sam Taobas moicavs. naTesavni sxvadasxva iyvnen _ `naTesavi sparsTa~, `naTesavi somexi~, `yovelni naTesavni berZenTani~, `naTesavi ismaelisi~, `agaris naTesavni~, `bunebiT sarkinoz~. msgavsi gamoTqmebis sixSire uZveles wyaroebSi naTlad warmoaCens avtorTa mkafio eTnikur cnobierebas. ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobisani qarTul wyaroebSi aRiniSnebodnen rogorc `ucxoni~, `ucxoni naTesavni~, `ucxoTeslni~, `mosulni~ da sxv. `Cven~ da `isini~ saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zveli droidan Tanaarsebobdnen da maT Soris urTierTobebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisa iyo [47, 44]. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, qarTuli saxelmwifo, dasaxlebuli mravali erovnebis warmomadgenlebiT, faqtia, rom arasodes gamxdara mravalerovani qveyana (dRes ki, pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSi, aseTi arasasurveli perspeqtiva realurad isaxeba). es imitom, rom saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos, istoriul-tradiciulad, SemuSavebuli hqonda damcveli meqanizmi, romlis moqmedebiTac, Cvenma winaprebma dRemde Semogvinaxes qarTuli miwa-wyali, SeinarCunes erovnuli kultura da TviTmyofadoba. es damcveli meqa37 nizmi iyo `ucxos~ miReba-dasaxlebis wesi, romelic uzrunvelyofda mosuli `ucxos~ im kulturul samyarosTan Sezrdas, romlis garemocvaSic igi eqceoda [48, 91]. termin `ucxos~ gagebas zogierTi Tavisebureba gaaCnia. magaliTad, istoriulad `ucxo~ Tavisi SinaarsiT ara marto ucxoeTnikuri, sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlis momcveli iyo, aramed `ucxo~ iyo qveynis SigniT (mag., saqarTvelos SigniT) erTi kuTxidan meore kuTxeSi, erTi Temidan meore TemSi sacxovreblad droebiT Tu mudmivad gadaadgilebuli pirovnebac. qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebuli SeiZleba qarTvelic yofiliyo da araqarTvelic. rogorc qarTveli, ise araqarTveli `ucxos~ miRebis da dasaxlebis wesi, principSi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo da erTmaneTisagan cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeboda. Tu Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros qveynebis SigniT mosaxleobis gadaadgileba Tavisuflad xdeba, xolo bevr qveyanaSi (mag., fineTSi, espaneTSi da sxv.) specialuri kanonebiTaa moxsnili qveynis SigniT, gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli yovelgvari SezRudva (am qveynebis moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT erovnuli teritoriis farglebSi Tavisuflad airCion sacxovrebeli adgili), ase rodi iyo istoriuladac. erTi Temidan meoreSi gadaadgilebuli piri Tu ojaxi, am TemisaTvis `ucxo~ iyo da `ucxos~ miReba dasaxlebis erTxel da samudamod dadgenil wess emorCileboda [48, 92-93]. da bolos kvlav ilias davesesxoT eris ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT: `eri es aris... istoriiT SeduRabebuli erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa 38 krebuli~. am uaRresad lakonur, magram tevad gansazRvrebaSi mocemulia eris arsis maxasiaTeblebis iseTi gadmocema (Tanmimdevroba-mnivSnelobis TvalsazrisiT), romlis dari arc mis Tanamedrove da arc dRevandel politikur mecnierebaSi ar moipoveba [49, 102-103]. es rom inglisels an germanels daewera, politikuri ekonomiis, samarTalmcodneobisa da politologiis vercerTi avtori am debulebas gverds ver auvlida. 39 meore Tavi erovnuli umciresoba istoriaSi da Tanamedroveoba XXI saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios 99 saxelmwifoSi cxovrobda 291 gansxvavebuli erovnebis umciresoba, rac 340 milion adamians Seadgenda. aqedan 80 milioni enobrivi umciresobis warmomadgeneli iyo. amasTan, eTnikuri da nacionaluri identobis problemam SromiTi migrantebisa da ltolvilTa ricxvis kvaldakval axali datvirTva SeiZina, rac axal, permanentulad eTnikur umciresobebs ayalibebs. Tu romelime xalxis gansaxlebis dros xdeba misi calke jgufebis geografiuli mowyveta, rac ufro xSiria sazRvao gziT gadasaxlebis dros, maSin ZiriTadi `mSobliuri~ xalxisagan gamoiyofa axali damoukidebeli eTnosebi. swored ase daemarTad ingliselebs, frangebs, espanelebs, portugalielebs, holandielebs da dasavleT evropis sxva xalxebs, roca koloniur periodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) moxda maTi gansaxleba CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis, avstraliisa da okeaniis mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis warTmeul da dapyrobil miwebze. aseT axal eTnosebs warmoadgenen amerikelebi, inglisel-kanadelebi, frangi kanadelebi, laTinuri amerikis TiTqmis yvela `msxvili~ xalxi~, inglisel-axalzenlandielebi da sxva mravalni. zogierTi eTnosocialuri erTobebi Camoyalibdnen jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis stadiaze, romlebic dReisaTvis SemorCnen asobiT, xolo nawili mxolod aTobiT adamians 40 moiTvlis. maSin, rodesac sxva eTnosebis – erebis formireba moxda axalsa da uaxles periodSi milionebs Seadgendnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom kacobriobis raodenobis naxevars Seadgens mxolod 11 dasaxelebis xalxi. maTgan SedarebiT mravalricxovania (100 milionze meti) eseni arian Cinelebi, ukve didi xania miliardze meti, hindustanelebi (200 milionze meti), aSS-s amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 180 milioni), bengalielebi (170 milioni), rusebi (150 milionze meti), brazilielebi (135 milionamde), iaponelebi (120 milionze meti) [50, 300]. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamrav religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufebebs, romelTaganc romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pretenzias `eris~ statusze. yofili iugoslavia, romelic Tavis droze versalelma mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales, rogorc `slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac gaaCndaT sakuTari ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiSroeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli serbebis mxridan [51, 94-95]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio politikis wamyvani Zalebi cdiloben mravalerovnul qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi modeliT daareguliron nacionaluri umciresobebis da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis problema. pirveli – es aris modeli, romlis arsi mdgomareobs erovnuli umciresobebis da eTnosebis asimilaciaSi (mesame-meoTxe Taoba da a. S.). igi damaxasiaTebelia amerikis, kanadis, safrange41 Tis, TurqeTis da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis. klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes ruseTic, sadac ebraelebis TiTqmis mTliani asimilacia moxda, magram gasakviri is aris, rom ruseTSi ebraelTa umciresobam TviTon moaxdina inteleqtualuri zegavlena umravlesobaze da sxva umciresobebTan erTad didi gavlena iqonia rusuli erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze. Tumca erovnuli sulis gamodevnis procesma mTlianobaSi uaryofiTi nakadi SesZina ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikur, ekonomikur da fsiqologiur ganviTarebas. am modelTan axlos dgas yvela yofili sabWoTa ruspublika. meore modelad moiazreba mxolod kulturuli pluralizmi, rodesac qveynis masStabiT ar arsebobs erTiani normatiuli kultura da fiqsirdeba kulturuli mravalsaxeoba [52, 40-41]. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa e. w. arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis ricxvis zrda. es is qveynebia, sadac erovnuli umciresobebis separatizmis gamo saxelmwifo, faqtiurad, daSlilia calkeul nawilebad da centralur xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos sakuTari saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. mecnierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, momavali msoflios ZiriTadi politikuri winaaRmdegoba iqneba dapirispireba saxelmwifosa da eTnikur umciresobebs Soris [53, 47]. faqtia, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis msoflios suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sam meoTxedze mets hyavda erovnuli umciresobebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romlebic Seadgenen dedamiwis mosaxleobis erT meeqvseds [53, 149]. 42 istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebis Sedegad ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufi warmoadgens erTian cocxal organizms Tavisi Sinagani struqturiT. rogorc yovel cocxal organizmSi, eTnosSic, axal bunebriv-klimatur an ucxo-kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisas, iwyebs moqmedebas adaptaciuri meqanizmi, gamomuSavebuli saukuneebis manZilze. am meqanizmis qmediTunarianobazea damokidebuli, SesZlebs Tu ara esa Tu is eTnosi Seeguos axal garemos, SeiTvisos misTvis aratradiciuli faseulobebi da warmodgenebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis normebi, wavides garkveul kompromisze ise, ar daarRvios misi specifikuroba da sistemuri mTlianoba, anu adaptacia ar gadaizardos asimilaciaSi. zogierTi mecnieris SexedulebiT, eTnosTa swored es madaptirebuli unari SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli eTnikur jgufTa ganmasxvavebel, saklasifikacio niSnad, maTi tipologizaciis safuZvlad. uxeSi dayofiT eTnosebi am niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba miekuTvnos advilad modernizebad da Znelad modernizebad, an dasavlur da aRmosavlur tipebs. Tu mivmarTavT kvlevis sistemur meTodologias, eTnikuri sistemebi am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT Seesabameba Ria da daxurul sistemebs [54, 81]. erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxi zogadsakacobrio problemaa. cnobilia, rom arsebobs eTnikuri sazRvrebi da arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri sazRvrebi. es ori cneba erTmaneTs rom emTxveodes, maSin srul harmoniasTan gveqneboda saqme. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xdeba. es sazRvrebi yovelTvis daSorebulia. amitom politikur sazRvrebSi xSirad xvdeba mravali 43 eris warmomadgeneli. politikuri sazRvrebi erT mTlian saxelmwifos gamoxatavs da masSi moxvedrili adamianebi ukve erTi uzarmazari sociumis anu saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi arian. erovnuli umciresobebi, romelnic dominant, avtoqtonuri eris gverdiT cxovroben erT saxelmwifoSi, ukve politikurad dominirebuli eris `sakuTreba xdeba~. swored es principi aqvs aRebuli dasavleT da, Tu gnebavT, aRmosavleT qveynebsac, sadac, oficialurad Tu araoficialurad, yvela mosaxle, erovnebis miuxedavad, iTvleba im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad, mis Semadgenel nawilad, romelic avtoqtonuri eris saxels atarebs. ar arsebobs adamianisaTvis imaze maRali ram, vidre erovnebaa. erovnebis gareSe adamiani mouwesrigebeli arsebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. erovnulobaSia akumulirebuli misi struqtura, Tavisi Tavis da adgilis povna. erovnuli mikuTvnebuloba miRebulia rogorc aucilebeli, TavisTavadi. igi axdens arsebiT gavlenas xalxis moqmedebaze iseT situaciebSi, roca erovnulobis dacva uTanaswordeba cxovrebis da STamomavlobis dacvas. magram araferi ar aris ise saSiSi, rogorc erovnuloba, rodesac igi sakuTari ambiciebis dasaokeblad separatistuli da politikuri elitis manipulirebis sagani xdeba. dayofili sazogadoebebi aris arasamarTlebriobis Sedegi. Tu ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi midgoma, mRelvareba da konfliqti umciresobasa da umravlesobas Soris TiTqmis gardauvalia. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ki ufro xSirad mxars uWeren umciresobaTa moTxovnebs, 44 xSirad umciresobas garedan aqvs strategiuli da ideologiuri mxardaWera. yovelive amas Sedegad mohyveba gaxangrZlivebuli, Zvirad Rirebuli konfliqti, sazogadoebis da ekonomikis dezintegracia da, bolos, rac mTavaria, didi sakiTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba is Rirebulebebi, romelTa dacva gaxda konfliqtis Tavdapirveli mizezi, anu konfliqti Seuqmnis safrTxes Tavad eTnikuri jgufis arsebobas, eTnikur kulturas. xSirad umciresoba Tvlis, rom pirovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis avtonomiuri mowyoba. arsebobs azri, rom gadawyvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis miniWebis Sesaxeb ar aris marTebuli, radgan igi warmoqmnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis SigniT. amitom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars ar uWeren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro metad emxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWebas. xolo imis gamo, rom kulturuli avtonomiac xSir SemTxvevaSi TavisTavad moiTxovs garkveul teritorias, umciresoba umjobesad Tvlis garkveuli doziT moipovos administraciuli da finansuri avtonomia da amiT daicvas identoba. magram politikur samyaroSi isicaa cnobili, rom umciresobebi yovelTvis imaze mets iTxoven, vidre saxelmwifos miaCnia saWirod mianiWos maT. msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom erovnuli saxelmwfioebis umetesoba Tavs Tvlis monoeTnikur sazogadoebad, Tumca igi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT polieTnikuria da ar qmnis gansakuTrebul kanonebs eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis, sjerdeba mxolod adamianis uflebebis dacvas, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs jgufis dacvasac. 45 TavisTavad polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi yvela adamians, ganurCevlad imisa, eTnikuri umravlesobis Tu umciresobis warmomadgenelia igi, unda hqondeT Tanabari uflebebi da saxelmwifos winaSe Tanabari movleoba. saxelmwifo maT, rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeebs, erTnairad unda icavdes, amitom arsebobs tendencia, rom Tavisi identifikacia yvelam moqalaqeobas daukavSiros. aseve problemuria saxelmwifo mowyobisaTvis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis sakiTxi. igi Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba sxvis (arasakuTari) teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gansazRvras e. i. im eTnikuri jgufebis, romlebic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi warmoadgenen eTnikur umciresobebs. saerTaSoriso gaerTianebani erTdroulad aRiareben, rogorc TviTgamorkvevas, aseve sazRvrebis daurRvevlobis princips, rac TavisTavad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. arsebobs mosazreba `SidaTviTgamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs erovnul umciresobaTa `TviTgamorkvevas~, amitom saxelmwifos gardaqmnebis periodSi saWiroa yovelive zemoTmoyvanili sakiTxis ara marto politikuri gaazreba, aramed mecnieruli kvlevac. aseTi Seswavlis gareSe am sakiTxebis gadaWra ar SeiZleba, radgan, Tu umciresobebs gansakuTrebul uflebebs mianiWeben, warmoiqmneba saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri uflebebis moTxovnebma miiRos avtonomiis, TviTmmarTvelobis, TviTgamorkvevis, damoukideblobis, politikuri gamoyofis da sxva mezobel saxelmwifoebTan SeerTebis forma, rac daemuqreba qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas [54, 305-306]. 46 amerikeli mkvlevarebi kegli da viTqofi Tanamedrove msoflioSi eTnikuri daZabulobis geografiuli ganawilebis Semdeg suraTs iZlevian: dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi 31 eTnopolitikuri jgufia. SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi arc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ar aris Cabmuli. xuTi eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobebSia moxvedrili (baskebi, CrdiloeT irlandielebi da sxv.) [53, 149]. aRmosavleT evropa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri iTvlis 59 eTnopolitikur jgufs. aqedan ori eTnikur omSia Cabmuli. rva imyofeba maRali, xolo Svidi saSualo riskis mdgomareobaSi (maT Soris arian somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi, CeCnebi, bosnielebi, kosovos albanelebi). aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia 34 eTnopolitikur jgufs aerTianebs. xuTi jgufi omis mdgomareobaSia, sami imyofeba maRali riskis pirobebSi. kideT 12 jgufis mdgomareoba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc saSualo riskis done (karenebi, minebi, Sanebi birmaSi, uiRurebi da tibetelebi (CineTSi). dasavleTi da samxreTi azia 25 eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan 11 eTnikuri omis viTarebaSi, 6 maRali da 13 saSualo riskis kategoriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT (xazarebi, tajikebi, uzbekebi avRaneTSi, qaSmirebi indoeTsa da pakistanSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi). axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi 28 eTnopolitikuri jgufi gamoiyofa. 3 jgufi Cabmulia eTnikur omSi. maRali riskis pirobebSi imyofeba 6, saSualo riskis pirobebSi ki 2 jgufi (qurTebi TurqeTsa da eraySi, Siitebi eraysa 47 da libanSi, arabebi israelSi). tropikuli afrika 57 eTnopolitikur jgufs moicavs, romelTagan 11 eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia, 12 maRali riskis, xolo 8 saSualo riskis doneze imyofeba (hutu burundiSi, ioruba nigeriaSi, tutsi zairSi, afarebi eTiopiaSi). laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi sul 32 eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia erTi, xolo saSualo riskis mdgomareobaSia 11 jgufi (miskito – nikaraguaSi da maia – meqsikaSi da sxv.). kolumbiaSi jer kidev espaneTis, rogorc metropoliis politikidan gamomdinare zangebi da indielebi, sambo, mulatebi da metisebi sazogadoebrivi kibis yvelaze dabal safexurze imyofebodnen [55, 19]. espanelebi iTvlebodnen `pirveli rigis~ adamianebad ara marto indielebTan da zangebTan SedarebiT, aramed kreolebTanac. marTalia kanoniT kreolebi politikrad gaTanabrebuli iyvnen espanelebTan, magram faqtiurad aSkara diskriminaciaSi imyofebodnen. qveyanaSi rasobrivi uTanabroba erwymoda socialurs [55, 20]. sruli absurdi iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom nebismier xalxs, visac erovnuli identuroba aqvs, saxelmwifo unda hqondes. am logikiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi 6 aTasamde damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iqneboda, rac sruli absurdia. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebuli principi – xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da TviTgamorkvevis principi Tanamedrove etapze srul SeusabamobaSia saerTaSoriso samarTlis meore fundamentalur principTan – teritoriul mTlianobasTan [53, 151]. Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis sa48 marTlianobisa da wesrigis garkveuli balansis moZieba da maT Soris wyalgamyofi xazis povna aris erT-erTi umwvavesi problema da mravali mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, kvlavac darCeba momaval msoflioSi. amerikeli mkvlevari g. gotlibi Tavis wignSi `eri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~ cdilobs gadaWras es problema da gvTavazobs Teorias `saxelmwifos alus erebi~, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifoTa sistemis gverdiT unda Seiqmnas axali sivrce – erebis sistema. eris statusis mqone erTeulebs SeeZlebaT gaxdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtorebi da warmodgenilni iyvnen saerTaSoriso irganizaciebSi e. i. erebs eniWebaT saerTaSoriso statusi, romelic ar gulisxmobs axali teritoriuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. daaxloebiT am poziciazea espaneli mkvlevari m. giberno. misi azriT, erovnuli umciresobani gaxdebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis monawileni mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciis maRal doneze. gibernos miaCnia, rom erovkavSiri warmoadgens iseT organizacias, romlis SigniT ukve SesaZlebelia Tanabar subieqtebad gamokveTon rogorc saxelmwifoebi, ise saxelmwifos gareSe darCenili erebi. kerZod, Sotlandias, uelss, katalonias, kastilias da baskeTs, didi britaneTisa da espaneTis msgavsad, unda hqondeT ufleba warmoadgendnen erokavSiris sruluflebian wevrebs, sargeblobdnen politikuri avtonomiis imave doniT erovkavSirSi da hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi evroparlamentSi. isini, faqtiurad, iZenen im uflebebs, rac adre mxolod saxelmwifosaTvis iyo damaxa49 siaTebeli, magram saxelmwifos SigniT isini kvlav rCebian eTnikur umciresobad [53, 154]. cnobilia, rom espaneTis teritoriaze odiTganve arsebobdnen eTnikuri jgufebi (baskuri, kastiliuri, kataloniuri, galisiuri da sxv.) TavianTi eniTa da gansakuTrebuli administraciuli wesdebiT, finansuri da samarTlebrivi privilegiebiT, romliTac isini TiTqmis XIX saukunis bolomde sargeblobdnen. mogvianebiT katalonielebs, baskebs da galisielebs yvela ufleba CamoerTvaT da isini centralur xelisuflebas daeqvemdebarnen. kapitalizmis epoqaSi qveyanaSi oTxi erovnuli jgufidan oficialuri aRiareba mxolod erTma – kastiliurma miiRo. ase warmoiSva nacionaluri problema espaneTSi [56, 96]. frankom gamosca dekreti, romelsac safuZvlad daedo musolinis mier SemoRebuli kanoni enis dacvis Sesaxeb. dekretis mixedviT ikrZaleboda `erovnul umciresobaTa dialeqti~ (baskuri, galisiuri, kataloniuri) da `ucxouri nasesxobani~. adamianTa saxelebi, dasaxlebaTa, raionebis, otulebis da sxvaTa saxelwodebani unda gaespanurebuliyo~. micvalebulebic ki ar moasvenes. saflavis qvebi, baskur enaze warwerebiT, unugeSod darCenil ojaxis wevrebs unda gamoecvalaT. akrZales komiqsebi regionalur dialeqtebze, gansakuTrebiT mkacri cenzuris qveS moeqca sabavSvo literatura. `wiTelquda~ gadaiqca `cisferqudad~, `rusul~ saldaTs daerqva `imperiuli~ an `nacionaluri~ [57, 230]. 1978 wlis espaneTis axali, rigiT mecxre konstituciis Tanaxmad qveyanaSi arsebobs 17 avtonomiuri gaerTianeba. aseTi faqtis Semdeg zo50 gierTi avtori Tvlis, rom `konstituciam gaiTvaliswina qveyanaSi arsebuli mwvave erovnuli viTareba da espaneTi unitarul saxelmwifod daamkvidra~? [56, 97]. pirvel rigSi aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT monoeTnikuri da polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi; ris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT absoluturad erTgvarovani saxelmwifo warmonaqmni realurad ar arsebobs. amitom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom pirobiTad monoeTnikur saxelmwfiod CaeTvalaT is qveynebi, sadac mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba (ukidures SemTxvevaSi 95%) miekuTvneba erT eTnoss. aseTebia, magaliTad, bangladeSi, brazilia, iordania, italia, madagaskari, norvegia, portugalia, germania, iaponia, arabuli qveynebis umravlesoba [50, 300-301]. rogorc vxedavT erTa Soris urTierTobaSi didmniSvnelovani adgili ukavia erovnuli umciresobebis, erovnuli jgufebis problemas. saqme exeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianTa urTierTobis demokratiul formebs, maTi normaluri socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis pirobebs. migraciuli da demografiuli procesebis Sedegad eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cndebodnen da Cndebian mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic integrirebuli xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tanmimdevrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini amdidreben mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mravalfe51 rovnebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia did qalaqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi. `erovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi karga xania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi, samecniero da publicistur literaturaSi. garkveuli etapze gaCnda `erovnuli jgufebis~ cnebac, romelsac miusadagebdnen CvenSi mcxovrebi sazRvargareTeli erebis warmomadgenlebs [58]. bolSevikebma partiuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr cak-Tan Seqmnes `nacionaluri umciresobebis~ saqmeTa komisia. afxazeTsa da aWaraSi uwodes `pirveli komisiebi~, xolo e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi `nacionalur umciresobaTa~ biuro [59, 1]. 1928 wels aRniSnulma komisiam Tavisi warmomadgeneli dimoevi gagzavna moskovsa da xarkovSi ruseTisa da ukrainis xelmZRvanelobis gamocdilebis gasacnobaT [60, 40]. 1929 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelos maSindeli xelisuflebis azriT, avtonomiuri respublikebis gareSe erovnul umciresobebad iTvlebodnen: somxebi, Turqebi (azerbaijanelebi), rusebi, osebi, berZnebi, germanelebi, asirielebi, polonelebi, ebraelebi (qarTveli da evropeli), iezidebi, qurTebi, lekebi da sxv. [61, 16]. umciresobis sakiTxi CvenTvis metad aqtualuri problemaa. ZiriTadad arsebobs ramdenime saxis umciresoba: politikuri, enobrivi religiuri da sxv. umciresobebi [62, 23]. `sabWoTa mecnierebaSi~ cneba `umciresobis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda sinonimuri gamonaTqvamebi: `erovnuli umciresoba~ da `mcire xalxebi~ [63, 94]. a. kuznecovi SeniSnavs: `ufro marTe52 buli iqneboda termini `erovnuli umciresobani~ migvesadagebina mxolod mosuli xalxis, `migrantebisaTvis da ara im mcirericxovani mkvidri mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sakuTar teritoriaze binadrobs~ [64, 35]. ucxoeli mecnierebi iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogoricaa `erovnuli umciresobebi~, `indigenuri xalxi~, `urbanuli umciresobebi~ da a. S. [63, 95]. bolo periodSi qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba `erovnuli umciresobis~ definiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, erT-erTi avtori miiCnevs, rom `mocemul qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebis meore Taoba, sadaurobisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, ukve mkvidri xalxia~ [65, 2]. prof. g. yoranaSvilis marTebuli SexedulebiT `xSirad erTi saxelmwifos SigniT mkvidri, ZiriTadi eris garda, sxva eTnikuri jgufebic (erovnuli umciresobebi) cxovroben. am ukanasknelTa mikuTvneba mkvidri erisadmi, Tumca maT saerTo saxelmwifoebrioba da ekonomikuri cxovreba aerTianebT, gamoricxulia~ [66, 84]. mkvlevar giorgi JorJolianis ganmartebiT `mkvidri eri SeiZleba ewodos mxolod Tavdapirvel binadarT, romelnic arsaidan mosulan, aq Camoyalibdnen rogorc xalxi, eri da sxva samSoblo arc gaaCniaT~ [65, 2]. igive avtori saqarTvelos magaliTze ganixilavs cnebas _ `erovnuli umciresoba~ sadac naTqvamia: `saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela erovnul umciresobas istoriuli samSoblo Cveni respublikis gareT aqvs, magram raki isini mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian warmodgenilni 53 Cvens qveyanaSi, maT unda mieniWoT erovnuli umciresobis statusi~ [65, 2]. Cveni azriT `erovnuli umciresobis~ statusis miniWebas sulac ar gansazRvravs, CvenTan mcxovreb araqarTvelebs aqvT Tu ara sxvagan istoriuli samSoblo. meorec, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela erovnul umciresobas rodi gaaCnia samSoblo qveyana. magaliTad, aisorebs da sxv. l. kiknaZis mosazrebiT, `ama Tu im xalxis siWarbe xSirad ricxobrivia, Tumca eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac ara aqvs socialuri privilegiebi da miiCnevs Tavs uuflebod, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc umciresoba~ [67, 32]. es ganmarteba mTlad gasagebi ver aris. marTalia statiis avtori ucxour samecniero literaturas eyrdnoba, magram ramdenad misaRebia aseTi definicia? ras niSnavs, rom `ama Tu im xalxis siWarbe xSirad ricxobrivia~? xalxis siWarbe sxvas ras unda warmoadgendes Tu ara ricxobriv upiratesobas?! an eTnikuri jgufis socialuri privilegiebis nakleboba da uufleboba SeiZleba iyos `erovnuli umciresobisaTvis~ mikuTvnebis kriteriumi? literaturaSi gamoTqmulia aseTi ganmartebac, romelic SedarebiT misaRebad gveCveneba: `erovnul umciresobad iTvleba saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeTa jgufi, romelTaTvisac mSobliuria araqarTuli ena, da romlebic floben sxva eTnikur maxasiaTeblebs. es maxasiaTeblebi gansxvavdebian qveynis danarCeni mosaxleobisagan da raodenobrivad umciresobas Seadgenen. maT moZraobas axasiaTebs mSobliuri enis, 54 kulturisa da istoriuli tradiciis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaken swrafva~ [65, 5]. aRmosavleT eropaSi da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare dramatulma movlenebma radikalurad Secvales situacia am regionSi. saWiro gaxda evropis usafrTxoebis axali sistemis Seqmna da am mizniT evroTaTbirSi struqturuli cvlilebebis Setana (euTo). holandiis iniciativiT SemoRebuli iqna erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeSi umaRlesi komisris Tanamdeboba 1992 wlis ivnisSi helsinkSi gamarTul umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze [69, 152]. erovnuli umciresobebis amJamad yvelaze miRebuli gansazRvreba ekuTvnis gaeros diskriminaciis acilebis da umciresobaTa dacvis qvekomisiis specialur raportiors (momxsenebels) franCesko kapoports. Tumca am ganmartebam yvela eqsperti ar daakmayofila da gaero jer kidev eZebs mis definicias. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `erovnuli umciresoba aris saxelmwifos danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcirericxovani, aradominanturi poziciis, am saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadgenelTagan dakompleqtebuli jgufi, romlis wevrebs aqvT danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri an lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi da TavisTavad gamoxataven solidarobas Tavisi kulturis, tradiciis, religiisa da enis dasacavad~ [63, 96]. eTnikuri istoriis procesSi yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac romelime eTnosis (eTnikuri erTobis) nawili gadaadgilebis an sxvasTan Serwymis dros aRmoCenila calke ZiriTadi birTvi55 sagan, da ganviTarebula damoukideblad. amave dros SeunarCunebia Tvisi eTnikuri erToba. saerTo kulturiTa da warmoSobiT adamianTa aseTi specifikuri jgufebi, gancalkevebiT arian irgvliv myofi eTnikuri masivisagan, xalxisagan, anu erisagan da iwodebian eTnografiul jgufebad. msgavs jgufebs, akademikos i. v. bromleis azriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT `eTnikosebi~ [50, 32]. (berZ. ethnikos) ixmareba ama Tu im tomTan, xalxTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT [70, 123]. maSasadame, eTnografiuli jgufi aseve specifikuri erTobaa. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT Turqulenovani gagauzebi bulgareTSi, iranulenovani iranelebi uzbekeTSi, manjurulenovani orokebi saxalinze da sxv. eTnografiuli jgufi ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT erovnul umciresobasTan, romelic warmoadgens eris erovnuli erTobis nawils ZiriTadi sacxovreblis sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca maT Soris SesaZlebelia zogierTi gardamavali tipi vigulisxmoT [71, 58-59]. termini `umciresoba~ _ `umravlesoba~ relatiuria. umciresoba mxolod umravlesobasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs (da piriqiT) da Seesatyviseba sazRvrebis garkveul sistemas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi es sazRvrebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvlam, bunebrivia, SeiZleba gamoiwvios umciresoba-umravlesobis Tanafardobis cvlilebebic. amasTanave, garkveul sazRvrebs SigniT myofi umciresoba sxvagan SeiZleba umravlesobas warmoadgendes, an piriqiT. 56 yvela umciresobas aqvs saerTo niSani – potenciurad konfliqturi damokidebuleba saxelmwifosa da dominantur erTan [72, 22]. `socialuri identifikaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebi midrekilni arian ufro metad pozitiurad daaxasiaTon is `warmosaxviTi erToba~ (yvelaze xSirad ki eri), romelsac Tavad miekuTvnebian. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania erTobis SigniT myari kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, mas, vinc am erTobas ar miekuTvneba, yvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebs miaweren [73, 73-74]. magaliTad, leki anwuxebi TavianT Tavs uwodeben `maraxSal~ (`Snoiani~, `lazaTiani~), xolo mezobel kapuWebs uwodeben `xvanalebs~, rac sapalneakidebul pirutyvs niSnavs~ [74, 18]. eTnikuri jgufis socialuri fsiqologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli e. w. eTnocentrizmis fenomeni amerikelma anTropologma u. samerma gamoavlina. eTnocentrizmisaTvis mniSvnelovania sxva eTnosebis Sefasebisas sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis etalonurad, referenturad aRiareba, Sesabamisad sxva jgufi miiCneva Tavisaze uaresad, rac iwvevs maTdami agdebul, mtrul damokidebulebas, undoblobas. eTnocentrizmi, rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens eTnikuri jgufisaTvis eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mis identurobas safrTxe emuqreba [54, 92]. magaliTad kategoria `zangi~ SesaZloa mxolod neitralur kategorias gamoxatavdes da aranair negativizmis safuZvels ar qmnides, magram rodesac kategorias `zangoba~ daemateba misi musikaluroba, sizarmace, crumorwmuneoba, CamorCeniloba da a. S. Cven ukve saqme gvaqvs ste57 reotipul xatebTan da warmodgenebTan. faqtobrivad, aq laparakia xat-warmodgenebze [54, 277]. adamianTa cnobierebis erT-erTi aucilebeli aqsesuari `Cven-isini~, ukve mkafiod ikveTeba pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi. kerZod, Tavisianisa da ucxos fenomeni. sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi mtrebad iTvlebodnen. Semgroveblebi da monadireebi ki mters araadamianad Tvlidnen. brZolis dros adamiani ar klavda mas, vinc flobda iseTive informacias, rogorsac TviTon... is anadgurebs ucxos, mters, visi `fizionomia~ misTvis ucnobia [75, 117]. Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen `remeCs~ (rac maT enaze niSnavda `adamians~), xolo danarCeni xalxi maTTvis `velurebi~ iyvnen [76, 42]. CineTSi, cinis epoqisa da ufro adreuli xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi, agreTve gomindanis reJimis droindel literaturaSi, CineTis mcirericxovani erebis aRmniSvnel TiTqmis yvela ieroglifs, romelic klasifikatoris funqcias asrulebda da ikiTxeboda, rogorc `ZaRli~. es faqti, cxadia migviTiTebs Cinuri eTnocentrizmis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTebelze _ urovnuli umciresobisadmi lamis zoologiur zizRze. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi (upiratesad indoCineTis naxevarkunZulze) mcxovrebi taiebis TviTsaxelwodebaa tai, thai, rac siamur enaze niSnavs `adamians~. sxva eTnosebis mimarT ki isini iyeneben klasifikators meng (`mweri~, `mwerebi~). am wemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs eTnocentrizmis friad vulgarul gamovlinebasTan [76, 43]. afrikaSi mcxovrebi hotentotebis avtoeTnonimia koikoin rac maT enaze `namdvil adamianebs~ 58 an `rCeul, saukeTeso adamianebs~ niSnavs. mezobel buSmenebs ki isini uwodeben sanas, rac `veluris~ Sinaarss itevda. es sagulisxmo faqti ukve imis TvalsaCino mowmobaa, rom eTnocentrizmi kulturuli ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom xalxebTanac aranakleb eqspresiuli formiT iCens Tavs [76, 44]. xamurabis kanonebis mixedviT Zveli babiloni msoflio saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amitom yvela Tavisufali, Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe. ar arsebobda raime privilegia erovnuli niSnis mixedviT. elamelis, babilonelis, qanaanelis mimarT kanoni erTnairad moqmedebda. xamurabis kanonebma ar icis mosulisa da ucxotomelis cneba [77, 10]. jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom `stumroba ucxoelebisa, romlebic aRzrdili arian sul sxva kanonebze, saxelmwifosaTvis araa sasargeblo da ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos kargad marTvis saqmes~. marTlac, praqtikulad dadasturebulia, rom emigrantebis mozRvaveba, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire saxelmwifosaTvis, demokratiuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiTac wamgebiania [78, 47]. eTikuri aRzrdis principebis TvalsazrisiT elinisturi epoqis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli misi araeTnikurad da religiurad gaudiferencirebeli xasiaTia da samoqalaqo konvenciaSi Tvisis gansazRvra oden kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiT Semdegia: berZenia yvela vinc cxovrobs berZnul kulturaSi. elinistur epoqaSi eTnikuri sazomebi daikarga monoTeizmSic – iudevelia yvela, vinc aRiarebs moses sjuls (eTnikuri warmoSobisa, Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), risi 59 erT-erTi mizezi aris ebrauli enis sikdili da moses sjulis mimdevarTa ametyveleba arameul, berZnul, laTinur Tu qarTul enaze [79, 92]. berZen-romael avtorTa TvalsazrisiT ama Tu im pirisa Tu jgufis erovnuli kuTvnilebis gasarkvevad mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara mxolod sisxliT monaTesaobas (e. i. piris, jgufis) cxovrebis wessac: socialurs, ekonomikurs, religiursa da kulturuls. didi Tu ara gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda enobriv faqtorsac. Zv. w. 380 wels isokrate amayad acxadebda, rom `elinuri kulturis wyalobiT saxelwodeba elini aRniSnavs ukve ara warmomavlobas, aramed sulier erTobas; elinebs ukve uwodeben ara maT, vinc sisxliT monaTesaoben, aramed maT, vinc Cvens ganaTlebas arian naziarebi~ [80, 14]. aristoteles SexedulebiT, barbarosi da mona bunebis mixedviT identuri cnebebi iyo. barbarosebi elinebisaTvis warmoadgendnen Tavisufal cxovelebs. aristotele imowmebda evripides, romelic ambobda: `berZenT neba aqvT batonobdnen barbarosebze~ [79, 125]. mis sawinaaRmdegod ki mociquli pavle galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi wers: `ukve aRar arsebobs arc iudeveli da arc berZeni, arc mona da arc Tavisufali, arc mamri da arc dedri, vinaidan Tqven yvelani xarT qriste iesoSi~ [81, 408]. maSasadame maT yvelas aqvT erTi da igive adamianuri Rirsebebi da Tanabari movaleobani maTi zneobrivi qmedebebisadmi. yoveli adamianis Tanasworuflebianoba mxolod qristianuli moZRvrebis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. 60 saerTod, demokratiis fuZemdeblebi berZnebi xasiaTdebodnen lamis zoologiuri qsenofobiiT, da ara marto barbarosebis mimarT, aramed sxva berZnuli polisis (qalaq-saxelmwifos) moqalaqe berZnebis mimarTac ki: klasikuri berZnuli epoqis samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi moqalaqisa da ucxoelis (anu sxva berZnuli polisis moqalaqis) qorwinebidan umravles SemTxvevaSi ver iRebdnen moqalaqeobas. aseTi mdgomareoba dakanonebul iqna aTenSi perikles mier Zv. w. 451 wels. amis gamo gaCnda praqtika specialuri SeTanxmebebisa, romelTa Tanaxmad aseTi internacionaluri qorwinebani iTvlebodnen kanonierad SeTanxmebaSi monawile qalaq-saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs Soris. es iyo xelSekrulebebi e. w. epigamiis Sesaxeb [79, 108-109]. rac Seexeba Zveli msoflios klasifikatorul-kvalitatiur terminTa Soris upopulares `barbaross~, is berZnul enaze Tavdapirvelad niSnavda zogadad `ucxos, ucxoels, elinisaTvis gaugebar enaze molaparakes~ da faqtobrivad moklebuli iyo raime odiozur niSans, Tumca mogvianebiT man SeiZina `uxeSis, veluris, ukulturos semantikuri niuansic~ [76, 44]. aris mosazreba, rom berZnebi barbaross yvela ara elins anu ara berZens uwodebdnen. ucxoenovani xalxebis saubari berZnebs, bunebrivia, ar esmodaT da maTi smenisaTvis gaugebrad aRiqmeboda. zogierTi avtoris SexedulebiT, aqedan gamomdinareobs sityva `barbar-os~-i. TandaTanobiT Zvelma berZnebma maTgan gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxebs qedmaRlurad dauwyes yureba. isini maT ufro dabla mdgomad, velurebad miiC61 nevdnen. amitom TandaTan termini `barbarosi~ veluris sinonimi gaxda [80, 49]. Tumca, rogorc Cans, termini `barbarosis~ gamoyenebas `elinTan~ dapirispirebaSi gansakuTrebiT farTo gasaqani eZleva maSin, rodesac berZen tomebs sabolood uyalibdebaT eTnikuri erTobis Segneba da maTTan myarad ikidebs fexs is azri, rom `Zveli elinebi~ barbarosi xalxebisagan gansxvavdebodnen, rogorc meti mosazrebulobiT, ise ufro sruli TavisuflebiT sulieri miamitobisagan (herodote). Zveli berZnebi afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze jer kidev `didi kolonizaciis~ xanaSi (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.) ikidebdnen fexs. adgilobriv avtoqtonur mosaxleobasTan intensiur kontaqtSi Sesvlis Semdeg isini niadag ecnobian berberTa Soris imxanad farTod gamoyenebul eTnonims `braber-brabars~ an `beraber~ _ baraba-barabars~, romelsac iTviseben `barabar-barbarosis~ formiT. rogorc Cans, berberebma Tavisi egzotikuri yofiT, kulturiT, ucnauri garegnobiT da wesCveulebebiT, agreTve berZenTaTvis sruliad gaugebari eniT, imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdines evropel kolonistebze, rom isini elinTaTvis `sruliad ucxo, ucnauri, araCveulebrivi xalxis~ erTgvar etalonad iqcnen. aseTnairma eTnokulturulma stereotipma Tavis mxriv, `elini – araelinis~ dixtomiur Sepirispirebas Cauyara safuZveli da droTa ganmavlobaSi termini `barbarosic~ TandaTan daicala dasabamiTi viwro-eTnikuri Sinaarsisagan da aRniSnul dixtomias moergo, rogorc zogadad `ucxos, ucxotomelis, ucxoelis~, gaugebrad molaparakis~ sino62 nimi... mogvianebiT, sxva araelin eTnosebTan urTierTobis negatiuri gamocdilebis dagrovebis pirobebSi ki `barbarosma~ ara marto `ucxos~ ucxoelis, ucxo tomelis~, aramed `uxamsis~, uxeSis, ukulturos, veluris, warmarTis~ damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZina [76, 49-50]. terminis _ `barbarosis~ berberTa tomobrivi saxelwodebisagan momdinareobis sasargeblod unda metyvelebdes is faqtic, rom Zvel qarTvel mwignobarTac barbarosebi maincdamainc afrikelebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Tqmulebis sailustraciod sakmarisia davimowmoT sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `barbarozi – afrikis Temi Savni. afrikaSi Temi erTia SavTa, warmarTi, mona ucxoTesli~ [41, 50]. romaelebma pirvelebma SemoiRes moqalaqis cneba `romis moqalaqe~. romis moqalaqed yofnisaTvis romaelad (e. i. eTnikur laTinad) yofna ar iyo aucilebeli. romi ara Tu ar ganarCevda Tavis moqalaqeebs, eTnikuri da religiuri niSniT, metic, is aniWebda romis moqalaqeobas mis mier dapyrobili qveynebis moqalaqeebs, riTac aTanabrebda romis mkvidrTan. romis moqalaqeobis aucilebeli pirobac da Sedegic romaul samoqalaqo konvenciaSi gawevrianeba iyo [79, 114]. amave dros romauli formula RaRadebda divide et impera – e. i. saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebul erovnebaTa Soris sTese Suri da gaTiSe, arevdarevasa da erTmaneTTan kinklaobaSi amoxade suli maT erovnul da politikur miswrafebebso [81, 150]. Zveli romis 12 tabulis kanonebis mixedviT ki romis teritoriaze mxolod romis moqa63 laqes hqonda miwis sakuTrebis ufleba. ucxoelebi am SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen [77, 16]. romSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli danaSaulisaTvis gansxvavebul sasjels iRebda. magaliTad, jvarze gakvras hqonda mkveTrad gamoxatuli klasobrivi da erovnuli xasiaTi: romis moqalaqis da, saerTod, Tavisufali adaianis sikvdiliT dasja jvarze mkacrad iyo akrZaluli yvelaze mZime danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvavaSic ki [82, 39]. aseve, adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi eTnikuri gansxvaveba ganuyofeli iyo samarTlebriv gansxvavebasTan. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba jer kidev Camoyalibebis process ganicdida da adamians asamarTlebdnen ara im teritoriis, mxaris kanonmdeblobis mixedvT, sadac cxovrobda, aramed im tomis tradiciidan gamomdinare, saidanac iyo misi warmoSoba. amitom, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavda gansasjelis eTnikuri vinaobis gamorkvevas. arsebul saqmis warmoebas dokumentebSi, nawilobriv adrefeodaluri xanis naratiul wyaroebSi, eTnonimebi miTiTebulia adamianis pirad saxelTan erTad. zogjer is pirdapir dasaxelebulia goTad, frankad, romaelad da a. S. zogjer naTqvamia, rom is cxovrobs ama da am xalxis kanonebis mixedviT [83, 228]. oficialuri bizantiuri samarTali ar mijnavda adamianebs eTnikuri niSniT, yvela Tanaswori iyo, Tuki aRiarebda marTlmadideblobas da icavda basilevsis erTgulebas. am samarTliT, marTlmadideblobis aRiareba, faqtobrivad, savaldebulo iyo berZnebTan gasaTanabreblad, 64 rac eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanons fiqciad aqcevda. eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanoni praqtikaSi yovel nabijze irRveoda: imperiaSi mravlad iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis monebi, maSin, rodesac ikrZaleboda berZeni monis floba. marTalia, xelisufleba did sifrTxiles iCenda ucxo eTnosTan damokidebulebaSi politikuri garTulebebis dros, magram roca es garTulebebi cxreboda, uxeSad devnidnen orTodoqsidan gansxvavebul konfesiebs da Zalas mimarTavdnen qalkedonizmis dasanergad [84, 79]. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi ucxoelis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali swyvetda, romlis samflobeloSi savaWrod an sxva saqmianobisTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. evropis qveynebSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-wesebi iyo gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxedavad dacvis sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar iyo uzrunvelyofili. safrangeTSi, germaniasa da evropis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi moqmedebda wesi, romlis mixedviTac, Tu sxvis samflobelo teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli erTi wlis da erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ver moipovebda adgilobrivi feodalis mfarvelobas, ukanasknels ufleba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad eqcia, qoneba ki CamoerTva [85, 214]. marTalia sasanianTa iranSi sparselebi Tavs aravis uyadrebdnen, maT Soris arc sxva iranuli modgmis xalxebs, magram eTnikuri niSniTac aravis Cagravdnen da esec aqemeniduri iranis memkvidreoba iyo, Tumca TviT aqemenidur iranTan SedarebiTac ki sasanidi mefeebis aRzrdis instituts axasiaTebda eTnikuri Semwynareblobis ar65 naxuli done – sasanuri iranis imperiaSi Semavali arcerTi xalxi ZalmomreobiT ar gadaSenebula da maTma absoluturma umravlesobam dRemde moaRwia Tavisi eTnografiuli kulturiTa da dedaeniT; metic, Tavisi istoriuli sazRvrebiT. SesaZleblobis miuxedavad, sparselebs ar mouxdeniaT da arc ucdiaT maTi eTnikuri asimilacia. am mxriv axlo aRmosavleTSi iranis imperias erTaderTi analogi moeZebneba saqarTvelos samefos saxiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom farnavazma pirveli sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo sparsTa samefos msgavsad moawyo [79, 197]. nebismieri civilizaciisaTvis Tvisisa da ucxos garCevis aRsaniSnavad sagangebo sityvebic aris napovni ama Tu im enaSi: iavan – sanskritSi, barbarosi – berZnulSi, goi – ebraulSi, ajam – arabulSi, kaiCi – iaponurSi, nemec – slavurSi da a. S. arc erTi maTgani ar niSnavs wminda saxiT velurs. is SeiZleba am sityvis mTqmelze maRali kulturisa da civilizaciis warmomadgenelic ki iyos. magaliTad, sparseli – barbarosi iyo berZnisTvis da ajami arabisTvis. orive am xalxma icoda, rom sparselebs meti Tu ara maTze naklebi kultura ar hqondaT, da bevri ram TviTon aTvisebulic hqondaT maTgan. egvipteli, misi brwyinvale civilizaciiT, damonebuli ebraelisTvis mainc goi iyo da sxv. mTavari, am erTa mimarTebaSi sxvebisadmi maT civilizaciasTan sxva uziarebloba iyo. sxvebi sxva, ucxo konvenciaSi imyofebodnen [86, 10-11]. XX saukuneSi rasobrivi, nacionaluri (resp. eTnikuri), religiuri Tu politikuri Seuwynareblobis arnaxuli masStabebi moxda – ori 66 msoflio omi (maT Soris erTi – masobrivi mospobis, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT). revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi, politpatimarTa da tyveTa sakoncentracio banakebis qselebi, aparteidi, mkvidri mosaxleobis deportaciebi da kidev mravali moulodneli cvlilebebi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi. drom Seitana cvlilebebi eris gansazRvrebaSic. Tu adre `kacobriobis dayofa enebad udrida kacobriobis dayofas erebad~ (humboldti), axla samSoblo gagebul iqna, rogorc `erTiani saarCevno sivrce~ da am sivrceSi registrirebuli amomrCevlebi identificirebul iqna erad. Sesabamisad, saarCevno uflebisaTvis brZola (qalTa, feradkanianTa da sxv.) gamocxadebul iqna, moqalaqeTa TanasworobisaTvis brZolad – anu erad gagebul iqna `samoqalaqo~ konvenciis wevrebi [86, 52-53]. Tumca es recepti yvela qveynisTvis misaRebad ver gamodgeba. msoflioSi arsebobs ori modeli, romliTac ganisazRvreba pasportSi erovnebis grafa. erTia – tradiciuli modeli, meore – evropuli. tradiciuli modeliT, pasportSi erovnebis grafa imis gaTvaliswinebiT ivseba, romeli naciaa ama Tu im qveyanaSi avtoqtonuri, anu ZirZveli. evropuli modeliT ki, sapasporto grafaSi iwereba `moqalaqeoba~. magaliTad, safrangeTSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv iwereba `franguli~ (frangi). rodesac 1975 wels safrangeTSi Catarda gamokleva, xelisuflebam naxa, rom mosaxleobis mxolod 28 procenti iyo ZirZveli frangi. amitom, adgnen da safrangeTis yvela moqalaqes pas67 portSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv Cauweres `frangi~ [87, 167-168]. iseT tradiciul qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, mosulisa da mkvidris problemas ver gadaWris piradobis mowmobidan da pasportidan erovnebisa da mamis saxelis amoReba. saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusi somexis, azerbaijanelis, rusis, osis, ebraelis, qurTis afsuas da a. S. erovnuli TviTSegnebis Secvlaze ver imoqmedebs, rac kargad Cans sinamdvileSi. amitom, gasaTvaliswinebelia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rekomendaciebi Zveli istoriis mqone saxelmwifoebisadmi, sadac cxovroben erovnuli umciresobebi da Tavad am qveynebis kompetenciaa maTi statusis gansazRvra. dReisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis yvela Zlieri saxelmwifos swrafi an TandaTanobiTi gadaqceva mravalerovan qveynad – ufro metad kanonzomieria, vidre gamonaklisi. es procesi erTnairad mimdinareobda dedamiwis yvela nawilSi, sadac Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebi [50, 173]. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze amerikis Seswalisas ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda `gansxvavebulobis fenomenze~ da ara amerikaze, rogorc qveyanaze, sadac yvela eri erT qvabSi ixarSeba. aSS-s Cveulebrivad miiCneven imigrantebis saxelmwifod, sadac imigracia iZulebiTi (monebi, amerikeli indielebi, meqsikelebi, puerto rikoelebi, havais kunZulebis mkvidrni, kubelebi), Tu nebayoflobiTi (TeTrkanianTa eTnikuri jgufebi) yovelTvis centralur adgils ikavebda qveynis istoriaSi. magram sul cota xnis win imigracias miiCnevdnen inglisurenovani sazoga68 doebis ZiriTad nawilSi integrirebis saSualebad. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi Semadgenloba warmoadgens erovnuli konsensusis erTobliv gamovlinebas. amerikeli mecnieri gregori jei miiCnevs, rom `es konsesusi uTuod ar Sedgeboda, Tuki amerikelebi Tavis mosaxleobas erovnul umciresobebad dayofdnen iqidan gamomdinare, rom mosaxleobas Seadgenen imigrantebi, sakuTari miwawylidan ayrili xalxebi da sxva qveynebidan Camoyvanili monebi~. igive avtoris azriT `kulturuli da ekonomikuri asimilacia istoriulad uadvildeba warmoSobiT evropelebs, ufro Znelia warmoSobiT espanelebisaTvis da praqtikulad SeuZlebelia afrikelebisaTvis, amasTanave aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebis asimilacia jer kidev problemad rCeba. Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, mosaxleobis aRweris biuros varauds, aSS amJamad ganicdis siRrmiseul demografiul cvlilebebs eTnikuri da rasobrivi Semadgenlobis mxriT XIX saukunis dasasrulidan moyolebuli. amgvarad amerikaSi iqmneba uprecendentod mravalkulturuli da mravaleTnikuri sazogadoeba~. XX saukunis Sua xanebSi TeTrkaniani evropelebis STamomavlebi, romlebic qveynis arsebobis manZilze gansazRvravdnen aSS-s erovnul kulturas, amjerad umciresobaSi aRmoCndebian. sxvadasxva eTnikurma jgufebma maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis gamovlineba mxolod 19601970 wlebSi daiwyes, riTac daupirispirdnen winaT ganmtkicebul imigraciis `anglo-konformistul~ models. aman eWvqveS daayena TviT amerikis Seswavlis sferos arsebobac ki [88, 280-281]. 69 aSS-s magaliTi albaT miuRebeli iqneba sxva qveynebisaTvis am saxelmwifos TaviseburebaTa gamo. zogierTi eTnografis azriT, amerikeli xalxi jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba miviCnioT eTnosad, aramed, ufro metad metaeTnikur erTobad. harvardis universitetis enciklopediis monacemebis Tanaxmad, masSi Sedis asze meti eTnikuri jgufi da 170 jer kidev gadarCenili indielTa tomi [50, 288]. samoqalaqo omamde (1861-1865 ww.) aSS mosaxleoba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda irlandielebis, Sotlandiel-irlandielebis, Sotlandielebis, britanelebis, germanelebis da skandinavielebisagan. maTi `SereviT~ Camoyalibda `amerikelis~ sruliad gansakuTrebuli tipi. samoqalaqo omis kvaldakval daiwyo SeuzRudavi imigracia, ris Sedegadac ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi aRmosavleT da samxreT evropidan mravali milioni adamiani damkvidrda amerikaSi, maT Soris iyo ruseTidan da `ruseTis poloneTidan~ sakmao raodenobis ebraeli [89, 229]. identobaTa istoriaSi xSirad aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca identobis markerebs gamokveTs ara dabadebiT Cven jgufis wevri, aramed swored mkvidrad qceuli ucxo, romelmac ukeT SeigrZno miRebuli identobis buneba [90, 106]. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve mozaikur safuZvelze Seiqmna. Tumc, rogorc sabWoTa imperia Tavidan `erTa gadafqvevis~ wisqvilad aRiqmeboda. swored aSS magaliTi adasturebs, rom mozaikuri principis (sxvagvarad, `kulturul avtonomiuri principis~) safuZvelSi devs racionaluri gageba er-saxelmwifosi, romlis erovnul 70 gansazRvrulobas da koleqtiur `Cven~-s qmnis mxolod moqalaqeoba da kanonebisadmi damokidebuleba anu civiluroba. aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi, konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es axali drois evropis, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba msoflios sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan bevri meore msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic tradiciulad erTmaneTs Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen axal `saxelmwifoSi~, ris Sedegadac miviReT arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi [91, 23]. moqalaqeoba cvlis erovnuli kuTvnilebis yvela sxva maxasiaTebels da niSans. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is moqalaqeebs ara aqvT `mistikuri erovnuli meoba~ anu is metafizikuri koordinati, romelic realurad arsebuli eris metafizikuri simboluri gansaxiereba iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom `amerikeli eri~, am sityvis ontologialuri gagebiT ar arsebobs. arsebobs federaluri saxelmwifo – aSS da misi moqalaqeebi, romelTa mozaikur enobriv da kulturul matricas urTierT Sejaxebisgan `iWers~ kanonmdebloba (romelmac, espanurenovani mosaxleobis zrdis gamo espanuri enis arasruli Tanabroba daadgina jerjerobiT da sadac, Tu CinelTa matebas gaviTvaliswinebT, Cinuri `inkrus71 tracia~ sakmaod rTuli problema SeiZleba gaxdes momavalSi... da a. S.) mozaikuri saxelmwifos amerikuli forma da principi Rrmad paradoqsulia. rogorc `emigrantebis qveyana~ is gaxsnili unda iyos, magram rogorc saxelmwifo, romelsac sakuTar moqalaqeebze zrunva evaleba is ersaxelmwifoebriv formas iZens. SesaZloa, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis arsebobis yvelaze mZlavri argumenti aris is, rom igi ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis dasrulebul formas. dasrulebuls ara istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavisi ganuwyveteli procesualurobiT da `amerikelobis~ ara erovnuli aramed legalur-uflebrivi konteqstiT. es aSS-s erTTavad da principulad masobrivi civilizaciis formas aniWebs. oras wels gadacilebuli istoria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erebis Camoyalibebis (anu pirvel-saxis, arsebis, gamoTqmis) aTaswlovan procesebs, mxolod dasawyisia am gzisa. amitomac, aSS-is winaSe mTelis ZaliT jer ar wamoWrila is `erovnuli~ problemebi erTa da saxelmwifoTa winaSe [92, 200]. rogorc davinaxeT migraciuli da demografiuli procesebis Sedegad, eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cndebodnen da Cedebian mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic integrigebulni xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tanmimdevrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. isini amdidreben mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mravalferovnebas, rac gansakTrebiT SesamCnevia did qalaqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi. 72 faqtia, rom erovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi karga xania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi, samecniero da publicistur literaturaSi [93, 13]. terminiT `erovnuli umciresoba~ igulisxmeba erovneba, romelic cxovrobs sxva eris teritoriaze gafantulad, an Tundac kompaqturad da mTlianobaSi Seadgens umciresobas adgilobriv (aborigen) mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. mravalerovani saxelmwifo, rodesac icavs da uzrunvelyofs erovnuli, an religiuri umciresobis pirTa an jgufebis uflebebs, aucilebelia agreTve daicvas umravlesobis uflebebi maTi erovnuli suverenitetisa da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis xelyofis usafuZvlo mcdelobisagan. gansakuTrebiT unda dafiqsirdes im pirTa moRvaweoba, romlebic ekuTvnian erovnul umciresobebs. maT mkacrad unda moeTxovoT kanonebis Sesruleba da pativi scen erovnuli suverenitetisa da im saxelmwifoebis teritoriul mTlianobas, romelSic isini cxovroben. sxvanairi midgoma gamoiwvevs erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis gaucxoebas da adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis erT-erT umTavres mizezad iqceva. amrigad: 1. saqarTvelo ar aris monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo. aq cxovroben sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi, romelTac aqvT TavianTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi. isini qveynis ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi erovnul umciresobebs miekuTvnebian. 2. mravalerovnul qveyanaSi saWiroa swori, samarTlebrivi politikis warmoeba calkeuli erisa da erovnebis mimarT. erovnul umciresobaTa ufleba-movaleobebs icavs 1995 wels miRebuli konven73 cia, romelsac evrosabWos 27 qveyana awers xels. saqarTvelo mierTebulia am konvencias. 3. saqarTvelo odiTganve gamoirCeva eTnikuri da religiuri SemwynareblobiT, qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi da tolerantuli midgomiT. am eTnoistoriul tradicias qarTuli saxelmwifo arc dRes Ralatobs: icavs erovnul umcresobaTa uflebebs, Tumca, zogjer igives ver axerxebs erovnuli umravlesobis uflebebis dasacavad. xelisuflebam meti unda gaakeTos am mimarTulebiT, raTa xelyofili ar iqnes erovnuli suverentiteti da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianoba. 4. meti pasulismgebloba unda daekisros erovnul umciresobaTa politikur liderebs, sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa ar gaRvivdes xalxTa Soris SuRli da mtroba, xeli ar Seuwyos separatistuli reJimebis warmoqmnas, ar dairRves saxelmwifos erTianoba. qarTvel xalxs unda mieces Tavisi enis, kulturis, saxelmwifos, sulieri da materialuri faseulobebis srulyofilad dacvis SesaZlebloba. 74 mesame Tavi erovnul umciresobaTa Camosaxleba da gansaxlebis areali $1. Camosaxlebis etapebi saqarTvelo mxolod qarTveluri tomebiT ar unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, aseve rogorc sxvagan, CvenTanac iyo intensiuri Serevis zonebi. gzebi sagrZnob gavlenas axdenda ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed xalxTa Soris urTierTobis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. am gzebze mdebare dasaxlebebisaTvis ucxo ar iqneboda kavSirebi sxvadasxva ekonomikurad gansxvavebul jgufebTan da kulturebTan (sxva suraTia gzidan moSorebul punqtebSi). garda mSvidobiani urTierTobisa, xSiri iqneboda rogorc samezoblo, ise Soreuli Semosevebi, agreTve aborigenTa mier sxvaTa dapyroba da tyveTa wamosxma. momTabareTa masebis dausrulebeli moZraobebi, sxvadasxva tomTa Tu calkeul individTa gadaadgilebani, rac istoriuli wyaroebiT SesaZlebelia ar iyos asaxuli da rac warmoadgenda demografiul da anTropologiur procesebs, romlis drosac mosuli mosaxleobis nakadis infiltracia aborigenebTan mimdinareobda. misi saboloo Sedegi Zalze mniSvnelovani xdeboda eTnikurad gansxvavebuli elementebis `daleqviT~ da maTi Semdgomi gamovlinebiT drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, mravalferovani kombinaciebiT [94]. mraval obieqtur garemoebaTa Sedegad, qarTli msoflios sxvadasxva reginebidan sxvadasxva mizeziT mosuli eTnosebis samSobloc gaxda. 75 swored aq, qarTlSi Caeyara safuZveli, saxelmwifos Tanacxovrebis fenomens, rac qarTul miwaze Camosaxlebulebs yvela pirobas uqmnida SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari ena, religia, tradiciebi da amasTanave gaeTavisebinaT qarTvelTa kulturul-zneobrivi Rirebulebebi [95, 3]. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ar gamoxatavs mtrisadmi siZulvils. calkeuli adamianis daxasiaTebis dros, is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs mis eTnikur warmoSobas. adamiani kargia da keTili, an cudi da `mesisxle~, miuxedavad misi eTnikur-religiuri kuTvnilebisa. gansakuTrebiT Tbiladaa ganwyobili `qarTlis cxovreba~ saqarTvelos mezobeli, kavkasiis xalxebis mimarT. am mxriv Txzulebas gamokveTili pozicia aqvs: rodesac qarTvelebi, somxebi, albanelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi erTad ibrZvian, maT mteri Znelad Tu daamarcxebs [80, 35]. istoriulad qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebis, Tu qveynis garedan mosuli `ucxos~ socialuri statusi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad icvleboda. es vlindeboda cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi – miwaTsargeblobaSi, mmarTvelobaSi, dasaxlebis formaSi, qcevis normebSi [48, 92]. arqeologiuri Ziebebis saSualebiT mopovebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi damatebiT informacias gvawvdian qarTlis samefo dedaqalaqis – mcxeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, kerZod ki misi eTnikuri siWrelis saCveneblad. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven: `SesaZlebeli xdeba qarTvelebis garda dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi gavarCioT berZen-romaelebis, sparselebis da ebraelebis mcire jgufebi mainc~ [96, 45]. 76 `moqcevai qarTlisai~ ganarCevs erTmaneTisagan mcxeTis mkvidrs da aramkvidrs, ucxos. mcxeTis mkvidrebi Seadgenen TavisufalTa fenas, romelsac Sesabamis statuss aniWebda mefe. samecniero literaturaSi mcxeTis mkvidrobis uflebamovaleobaTa gansazRvrisas Cveulebriv eyrdnobian ninos mier mogvi sparsis gankurnebis epizods, sadac miriani eubneba ninos: `ukueTu gankurno mTavari ese, gangamdidro da gyo mkvidr mcxeTas Sina msaxurad armazisa~. mirianis sityvebidan Cans, rom mcxeTis mkvidroba mefes SeeZlo ucxoelisaTvisac mieniWebina, Tu armazis ymobas aRiarebda. aseTi piri xdeboda `mdidaric~, e. i. miwis mflobeli da samxedrovaldebuli, anu samoqalaqo Temis sruluflebiani wevri [97, 178]. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erevnobaTaSorisi urTierTobebis politikis humanur principebs, jer kidev taos samefos politikur wreebSi unda Cayroda safuZveli. aseTi varaudis SesaZlebloba garkveulwilad emyareba Tavad taos samefos xasiaTs, romelic Tavisi eTnikuri siWreliT momavali didi kavkasiuri qarTuli saxelmwifos erTgvar models warmoadgenda, da bunebrivia, iseTsave eTnokonfesiuri problemebis winaSe unda damdgariyo, romelTa pirispirac aRmoCnda XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo [84, 72]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rusTavelis azriT ucxoeloba ar niSnavs mis bunebriv monobas, ucxoelic namdvili, srulyofili adamiania da is SesaZlebelia didi megobari iyos. `vefxistyaosanSi~ sxvadasxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis adamianebis, rogoric iyvnen tarieli, avTandili, fri77 doni, urTierToba megobrobis iSviaT nimuSad gvevlineba [98, 227]. qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebi mowmobs, rom TiTqmis yvela eTnokonfesiur jgufs saqarTveloSi hqonda Tavisi ubani, erTi an ramdenime samlocvelo, sasaflao, daubrkolebliv sruldeboda religiuri ritualebi da profesiuli, maT Soris, `biznes~ saqmianoba. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi maT qveynis dacvac evalebodaT [99, 71]. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII memkvidrem daviT bagrationma peterburgs dawera naSromi _ `saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonebis mimoxilva~. sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, avtori exeba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebs da momavalSi maTi dasaqmebis miseul perspeqtivebs. daviT bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdigverd cxovroben berZnebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi, TaTrebi. gabatonebuli naciis warmomadgenlebi (qarTvelebi) ikaveben yvela saxelmwifoebriv Tanamdebobebs. berZnebis funqcias Seadgens samTamadno warmoeba, somxebisa da ebraelebisa – vaWroba [100, 238]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg saimperatoro karma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo xuT mazrad da xuT distanciad dayo, saubno erTeulebi – distanciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos araqarTvel mkvidrTa dasaxlebebisaTvis Seiqmna [101, 7]. amasTanave, imperiisaTvis sasurveli demografiuli situacia, rom Seqmniliyo da rac SeiZleba meti axalmosaxle daesaxlebinaT qarTvelebis kuTvnil teritoriebze, ruseTis saxelmwifom specialuri organizacia `gadmosaxlebulTa sammarTvelos 78 amierkavkasiis ganyofileba~ Seqmna; romlis mizani iyo adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloba kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebul pirTa daxmarebis saqmeSi, moaxalSeneebis adgilze damagreba, maTTvis garkveuli materialuri pirobebis Seqmna. organizaciis agentebi sruliad saqarTveloSi ukve gakotrebuli Tavadebisa da miwaTmflobelebisagan Tavad iZendnen mamulebs da am teritoriebze qmnidnen axalSenebs [99, 188]. amis Semdeg Cveni samSoblos teritoriaze intensiurad Camodian da saxldebian ucxo erovnebis warmomadgenlebi; es pasuxobda ruseTis politikas – rac SeiZleba meti ucxo elementi daemkvidrebinaT saqarTveloSi, rom qarTvel xalxs Tavisi erovnuli potenciali damoukideblobis misaRwevad ki ar gamoeyenebina, aramed am eTnikuri jgufebis problemebis mosagvareblad [102, 28]. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis xelisuflebam Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobas. bunebrivia, ara raRac demokratiuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, rac dampyroblis fsiqologias arasdros axasiaTebs, aramed es nabiji iyo Sorsgamiznuli politikuri manevri, momavalSi dasayrdenis gasaCenad, Cveni qveynis srulyofili damonebisaTvis. damografiuli diversiis Sedegebi Zalian male gaxda sacnauri – moaxalSeneebi Tavis valdebulebas mxolod ruseTis saxelmwifos mimarT grZnobdnen da arafrad aRelvebdaT qarTvelebi da saqarTvelos interesebi. isini, marTlac gaxdnen ruseTis imperiis ervguli dasayrdeni samxreT kavkasiaSi. TiTqmis mTlianad gaucxoebuli qarTvelebisa da qarTuli saqmisagan. koloniste79 bi Tavs valdebulad ar Tvlidnen eswavlaT qarTuli ena, gaecnoT qarTuli kultura, daaxloebodnen saqarTvelos mowinave sazogadoebas. bunebrivia, mxedvelobaSi ar aris misaRebi calkeuli pirovnebis qarTvelebis mimarT damokidebulebis xarisxi, romelic SeiZleba Zalian megobruli, urTierTnayofieric ki yofiliyo [99, 189]. bunebrivi matebis mxriv yvelaze karg pirobebSi aRmoCndnen rusebi, germanelebi, berZnebi da osebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusebi da germanelebi kargad cxovrobdnen da isini dasaxlebuli iyvnen guberniis SedarebiT saukeTeso kuTxeebSi. bunebrivi matebis mxriv qarTvelebi sakuTar miwaze cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. maTi bunebrivi mateba orjer naklebi iyo rusebTan, germanelebTan da osebTan SedarebiT da ufro dabali vidre somxebisa. mosaxleobis mTlian matebaSi bunebriv gamravlebasTan erTad sagrZnobi adgili ekava meqanikur zrdas – mTeli matebis meoTxedze meti. swored amis gamo XIX saukuneSi SesamCnevi da erisTvis erTob saziano cvlilebebi ganicada mosaxleobis eTnikurma Semadgenlobam. Tu XIX saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2-jer gaizarda, somxebisa da rusebis (1897 wels 1865 welTan SedarebiT) raodenoba iTx-oTxjer, xolo osebisa 8-jer gadidda. yovelive aman gaarTula qarTveli xalxis politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba [23, 29-30]. 1812 wlis safrangeT-ruseTis omis dros napoleonis armiaSi myofi polonelebis jgufi tyved Cavarda. ruseTis xelisuflebam sxva tyveebTan erTad polonelebi saqarTvelos samxedro 80 gzis mSeneblobaze daasaqmes. 1815 wlis dekemberSi polonelebs neba miecaT samSobloSi dabrunebuliyvnen. rogorc Cans tyve polonelebis mcire nawili darCa saqarTveloSi. darCenilTagan umetesobam SeiTvisa qarTuli tradiciebi, gaqarTveldnen da qarTuli kulturis propagandistebi gaxdnen [23, 76]. saerTod polonelebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba ruseTis mier, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise poloneTis dapyrobas. Tavdapirvelad aq imperiis administraciul samsaxurSi polonelebi Camodian. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis olqis samxedro-topografiuli ganyofilebis TanamSromlebidan 45 poloneli iyo. aq msaxurobdnen: poloneTis saidumlo organizaciis wevri paradovski, masonTa loJis winamZRoli maiori stanislav kravicki ZmasTan erTad. 18291831 wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gubernatori iyo petre zavileiski, xolo vice-gubernatoris posti kalinovskis ekava. saqarTveloSi poloneli emigrantebi samuSaos Ziebam Camoiyvana. maT Soris iyvnen: inJinrebi, maswavleblebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi, eqimebi da sxv. XIX saukunis miwuruls saqarTveloSi polonelTa sakmaod farTo diaspora arsebobda (8000-mde), maTgan 5% samxedro iyo, kavkaiis armiaSi polonelebi 20% Seadgendnen. polonuri polkebi idgnen gomborSi, lagodexSi, TbilisSi, TeTrwyaroSi da sxvagan. 1887 wels TbilisSi 4133 poloneli cxovrobda. maTi raodenoba gaormagda pirveli msoflio omis win. 1899 wels poloneli inJinrebisa da eqimebis – sobepanskis, ori81 enbovskis, zakSevskis da sxvaTa iniciativiT saqarTveloSi daarsda organizacia `polonuri saxli~, romelic asi wlis Semdeg, 1999 wels imave saxelwodebiT aRdga. poloneTis diaspora saqarTveloSi aqtiurad monawileobda pirvel msoflio omisa da revoluciis wina periodis politikur peripetiebSi. 1907 wels maT Seqmnes kulturul-saganmanaTleblo organizaciebi TbilisSi, mogvianebiT – quTaissa da baTumSi; 1905 wels polonelma mxatvrebma TbilisSi daaarses `xatvisa da ferweris kursebi~. 1914 wels Seiqmna polonuri axalgazrduli organizacia da `xarcerTa kavSiri~ [103, 40-41]. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb litvelebze pirveli cnobebi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCnda. litvelTa nawili ruseTis administraciam samuSaod gamogzavna saqarTveloSi, nawili ki gadmoasaxla. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCndnen litvelebi saqarTveloSi pirveli msoflio omis dros, maT Soris mravali maswavlebeli; medicinis muSaki, inJineri, farmacevti da sxv. maT garda mravlad iyvnen gamoqceulebi da armiaSi samsaxuris dros sxvadasxva darRvevisaTvis gadmosaxlebulni. aqve darCa ruseT-TurqeTis omSi mobilizebul litvelTa nawilic. 1914-1918 wlebSi kavkasiaSi ramdenime aTasi litveli cxovrobda. yvelaze mravalricxovani Tbilisis litvelTa kolonia jer kidev pirvel msoflioSi omamde Seiqmna. erToba socialur da kulturul saqmianobas axorcielebda [103, 41]. mTeli Tbilisi – brZanebda didi ilia – XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mTlianad qarTvelobas ekuTvnoda. `ocdaaTma weliwadmac ar gaiara da 82 mTeli qalaqi sxvis xelSi gadavida! iciT visi iyo seidabaTidam dawyebuli veramdis mTeli qalaqi 1805 wlamde? sumbaTaanTi, meliqianTi, muxranianTi, ciciaanTi, amilaxvrianTi; da iciT visi Seiqmna 1840-mde, sul 35 weliwadSi?~ [104, 355]. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSkarad TvalSi sacemi gaxda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis cvlileba, rac gamowveuli iyo ZiriTadad ucxotomelTa garedan mosvliT. es procesi sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobda. araqarTvelebis organizebuli Camosaxleba, rogorc davinaxeT ruseTis xelisuflebis iniciativiT xdeboda. mosuli mosaxleobis Casaxleba warmoebda ZiriTadad sasoflo adgilebSi, kompaqtur jgufebad. CamosaxlebulTa Soris sWarbobda miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba, iyvnen vaWar-xelosnebic, romlebic upiratesad qalaqebSi mkvidrdebodnen. reformis Semdgom periodSi didi adgili daikava stiqiurma migraciam. gansakuTrebiT daCqarda rusebisa da somxebis mosvla ruseTis Sida provinciebidan, mezobeli TurqeTidan da erevnis guberniidan; grZeldeboda armiidan demobilizebuli kontingentebis Camosaxleba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis migrantebi upiratesad qalaqebSi mkvidrdebodnen. garkveuli eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi erTi romelime profesiisaken iCendnen midrekilebas [105, 114-115]. gansakuTrebiT mravali ukraineli Camovida saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac burJuaziulma reformebma saSualeba misca imperiis mosaxleobas ganeviTare83 bina Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri cxovreba. intensiuri sazRvao mimosvlis pirobebSi im periodis saqarTvelos zRvispira raionebSi mravali ukraineli dasaxlda, romlebic ukrainis teritoriidan gadmovidnen aq samosaxlod. ukrainelebi saqarTveloSi Camodiodnen sarkinigzo transportiTac. isini jer dasaxldnen baTumSi da Semdeg saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi. 1897 wlis ruseTis imperiis aRweris monacemebiT saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 8500 ukraineli. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi ukrainelebis raodenobam 14356 adamians miaRwia [106, 187-189]. XIX saukunis miwurulidan savaWro da samrewvelo araqarTuli burJuaziis Sovinisturad ganwyobili zogierTi warmomadgenlis mcdelobiT, aTasnairi maqinaciis Sedegad qvemo qarTlis monoeTnikur qarTul soflebs sxva erovnebebi (ZiriTadad somxebi) Seerivnen, ris Sedegadac odesRac erTi eTnikuri elementisagan Seqmnili, mtkiced Sekruli monogenuri uban-kvartalebi TandaTanobiT ori-sami sxvadasxva erovnebian poligenur uban-kvartalebad gadaiqcnen. aseTi viTarebis miuxedavad, qvemo qarTlis sofluri dasaxlebis forma ar Seicvala. igi kvlav jgufuri xasiaTisa darCa [107, 31-32]. 1897 wlis sayovelTao aRweris organizatorebma mTeli rigi mosazrebebis gamo, romelnic, sxvaTa Soris, sruliad ar Seesabamebodnen XIX saukunis miwurulSi demografiis mier miRweul dones, gadawyvites ganesazRvraT ruseTis imperiis erovnuli Semadgenloba ara erovnuli kuTvnilebis, aramed mSobliuri enis safuZvelze, ramac SemdgomSi didi siZneleebi Seuqmna aRwe84 ris Sedegebis statistikur damuSavebas. amave dros mSobliuri enis dadgenac xdeboda ara salaparako enis, aramed im enis mixedviT, romelic aRsawers miaCnda mSobliurad, e. i. obieqturi kriteriumi Secvlili iyo subieqturi kriteriumiT, aRsaweris piradi TviTSegnebiT, rac yovelTvis rodi asaxavda realur viTarebas. adgili hqonda lokaluri xasiaTis uxeS damaxinjebebsac. magaliTad, aSkarad vlindeba qarTul enaze molaparake mosaxleobis danawevrebis cda [108, 49-50]. rusul saxelmwifosTan erTad, ucxotomeli berJuazis saxiT, qrTvel xalxs meore eqsploatatori gamouCnda. qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave warmomadgenlebs kapitalizmis amgvari saxiT ganviTareba, qveynis saboloo ekonomikuri dakabalebis winapirobad miaCndaT [109, 16]. mniSvnelovania, rom Tu 1800 wels araqarTuli mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod 11% Seadgenda, 1897 wels araqarTvelTa xvedriTi wili 32%-mde gaizarda. XIX saukunis damlevisaTvis saqarTvelo kidev ufro mravalerovani qveyana iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi. am periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnili iyo mravali sofeli, romelTa mosaxleoba mTlianad araqarTvelTagan (somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi) Sedgeboda da yofa-cxovrebiT didad gansxvavdeboda aborigeni mosaxleobisagan. kidev ufro mravalerovani gaxda qalaqebi, sadac aReb-micemobas umTavresad araqarTvelebi misdevdnen [110, 766-767]. XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi ucxo tomelTa axali talRa moawyda Cvens samSoblos. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe sveticxovlis 85 taZarSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi aRniSnavda: Semogvisies sxvadasxva erni!!! Camogvisaxles vigindarebi, gaamefes erTa Soris siZulvili, Suri da damRupavi qiSpoba, rom erTmaneTi amogveWama, raTa Cveni mziani, turfa da tkbili samSoblo xelidan gamogvcloda da maT darCenodaT...~ [111, 62]. XIX saukuneSi, rodesac Tavad saqarTvelos dakarguli hqonda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aq mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi pirobiTad SeiZleba CavTvaloT erovnul umciresobad. ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi – TbilisSi somxebma da sxva erovnebebma Seqmnes erovnuli sabWoebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani politikuri datvirTva eniWebodaT – yofiliyvnen TavianTi erebis politikuri xelmZRvanelebi. situacia Seicvala 1918 wlis maisSi samxreT kavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg. erovnulma sabWoebma dakarges winandeli xasiaTi da statusi, saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivad Camoyalibda da aq mcxovrebi danarCeni erebi erovnul umciresobad iqcnen [112, 191]. 1918 wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi Semovida Turqebs gamoqceuli didi raodenobis berZeni, rusi, somexi da sxv. Tu droulad ar moxdeboda maTi evakuacia, saqarTvelos emuqreboda SimSiloba [113, 47]. sabWoTa redimis damyarebasTan erTad mravali ucxo erovnebis warmomadgeneli moawyda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, ramac teritoriis kidev ufro aWreleba gamoiwvia. 1921 wlis gazafxulze rkinigzaze SeimCneoda didi raodenobis somexi da Turqi ltolvilebis Semosvla. isini moZra86 obdnen stiqiurad, yovelgvari gegmis gareSe [114, 94]. `Cekam~, romlis wevrebsac ucxoelebi da yofili patimrebi Seadgendnen, qveyanaSi daamyara saqarTvelos istoriaSi uprecendento terori. rkinigzis, tramvaisa da nacionalizebuli samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSakebi, sxvadasxva saxelmwifo samsaxurebis momsaxureni daTxovnilni arian mciredi eWvis niadagze, an gadayvanili ruseTSi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis sababiT da isini Secvales ucxoelebiT [115, 387-388]. swored 1921 wlidan rkinigzis gaerTianebis Semdeg daiwyo qarTveli mowinave muSebis, kvalificiuri specialistebis masiuri devna, radgan rkinigzis mTeli xelmZRvaneloba ruseTis centrs daumorCiles. moskovs ki Tavisi programa hqonda saqarTvelosadmi. mTeli rigi muSaTa jgufebi TandaTanobiT gadaasaxles azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da rostovis rkinigzebze. mxolod 1921 wlis 10 oqtombramde mivlinebis saxiT saqarTvelos gzas moaSores 1400-ze meti muSa-specialisti. mravali ojaxi upatronod darCa. Statebis Semcirebis sababiT iTxovdnen asobiT Zvel da gamocdil muSebs. samagierod qarTvelebis adgils ikavebdnen ruseTidan Camosuli pirebi. qarTvelebis devnam yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarba. centris brZanebiT rkinigzaze samuSaod ruseTian mohyavdaT aTasobiT muSa da moxele. SemoRebuli iqna mTeli rigi wesebi qarTvelebis sazRvargareT gansadevnad [116]. samagierod araqarTveli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili gansakuTrebiT gaizarda Tbilisis garSemo soflebSi. magaliTad, manglisis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad rusebisagan Sedgeboda [117, 293]. saburTaloSi naxevarze mets Turqebi Sead87 gendnen [118]. 1923 wels muxranTan, WalisTavSi, dasaxlda ramdenime komli moaxalSene Turqi [119, 5]. Turqebis xvedriTi wili aseve didi iyo TelovanSi, Txinvalis agarakSi, msxaldidSi, SlamianT xevSi, ZaRlaanT xevSi, wodoreTSi [120, 58], bagebSi [118], wyneTSi [122], did ToneTSi [123], kumisSi [124], diRomSi, muxaTgverdSi [12, 58], TbilisTan axlos mdebare mamukianT sofelSi [125] mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili somxebi da qarTveli grigorianelebi iyvnen. sabWoTa reJimis damyarebisTanave xelisuflebaSi mosuli bolSevikebic ki mixvdnen (SemdegSi nacional-uklonistebad wodebulni), rom saqarTveloSi demografiuli situacia mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. imave 1921 wels `sabWoTa mTavrobam~ miiRo dadgenileba SeCerebuliyo saqarTvelos teritoriaze araqarTuli pirebis Semosvla. aseve, `gantvirTuliyo~ Tbilisi somexi mosaxleobisagan [126, 128]. qarTveli komunistebi me-12 yrilobaze daufaravad saubrobdnen: `iweren muSebs rostovidan, 12/10 depeSasTan #20-221 darTul dokumentiT iuwyebian, rom kavkasiis saWiroebisaTvis aucilebelia agentebi: sazogado nawilisaTvis erTi ufrosi, sami misi amxanagi, 34 teqnikosi, 22 gzis ufrosi xelosani, 199 saamxanagos starosta, 6 zedamxedveli, 396 gzis daraji, 317 xelosani, 180 samatareblo daraji, 4 xidis daraji, 3 sawyobis gamge, 6916 remontis muSa, 2209 Savi muSa, 182 asenizatori, milis 24 mwmendavi, erTi saqmis mwarmoebeli, 33 mwerali, 14 ufrosi moangariSe, 32 moangariSe, 153 kantoris gamge, 110 memanqane, 16 ufrosi, 1500 kacamde gamowerilia adgilobrivi elementebis Sesacvlelad~ [127, 51]. 88 ai, rogor izrdeba saqarTvelos mosaxleoba rusi da sxva erovnebaTa xarjze, xolo qarTvelebs samSoblodan aZevebdnen. dawesebulebebi savse iyo ucxo elementebiT. qarTvelebis raodenoba umniSvnelos warmoadgenda. samsaxurSi miRebis dros ucxotomeli komunistebi didi upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen upartio qarTvelebis winaSe. qarTveli inteligencia iseve, rogorc mTeli xalxi kanongareSed iyvnen faqtiurad gamocxadebuli [127, 91]. aseT oromtrialSi qarTveli inteligenciis erTi nawili tomobrivi (kuTxurobis) Segnebis doneze maRlac ver avida. xSirad oficialur sabuTebSi kiTxvaze _ `erovneba~ _ werda ara `qarTvels~, aramed kuTxur warmomavlobas [128, 37-38], miTumetes, rom sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi bolSevikebi adamianis erovnul kuTvnilebas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, TiTqos arc ainteresebdaT. grafa erovnebis aRsaniSnavad, rogorc cnobilia, mxolod 1924 wlidan Cndeba. Tumca arc amis Semdeg gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba am sakiTxze. ai, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli SemTxveva: q. goris 1924 w. saqorwino aqtSi 24 wlis Toroz grigolis Ze Torozovs, erovnebis grafaSi uweria, rom is aris internacionalisti~ [129, 68]. savalaloa, rom mTavrobis garda okupaciis pirvelsave xanebSi, mxolod germaniaSi wavida 1500-mde qarTveli moqalaqe. maT Soris ormocamde moswavle-axalgazrdoba, romelTac Tavi Seafares am qveyanas [127, 149]. 1923 wlis seqtemberSi umaRlesma xelisuflebam politikuri, geografiuli, klimaturi da dabali kulturuli donis motiviT saqarTvelo89 Si mcxovrebi yvela mahmadiani da Tbilisis mazraSi dasaxlebuli berZnebi gaanTavisufla samxedro samsaxurisgan. dadgenilebis mixedviT calke erovnebebad ganixiles afxazebi, baTumis olqSi aWarlebi, mTieli (xevsurebi, fSavlebi da TuSebi), bals zemo svanebi, senakisa da zugdidis mazrebis megrelebi. garda qarTvelebis erovnebebad danawilebis politikis, modernizebul ruseTis imperias bunebrivia ar surda okupirebul saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gaevlo samxedro momzadeba. maT ganTavisuflebas samxedro valdebulebisagan im motiviT amarTlebda, rom Turme `megrelebi Tavisi fizikuri monacemebiT sustebi arian da TiTqmis yvela daavadebulia mwvave xarisxis malariiT, rac samxedro samsaxuris pirobebSi gadaizrdeba tuberkuliozSi~. daaxloebiT analogiuri motiviT aris Sefasebuli aWarlebisa da afxazebis samxedro valdebulebisagan ganTavisufleba [130, 374]. 1925 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi Semovidnen ltolvili serbebi, romlebic cdilobdnen Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadasvlas, rasac winaaRmdegobas uwevda mxaris xelisufleba. ltolvilTa raodenoba 2000-mde aRwevda. savaraudoT kidev gaizrdeboda maTi raodenoba. isini moiTxovdnen samuSaos an ufaso gadaadgilebis uflebas Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod, yubanis okrugSi. ltolvilTa materialuri mdgomareoba Zalian mZime iyo. maT Soris mravali avadmyofi aRmoCnda, romlebic eweodnen sxvadasxva maqinaciebs, mkiTxaobas da sxv. aseTi saqmianobiT cdilobdnen arsebobis SenarCunebas. CrdiloeT kavkasiis xelmZRvaneloba amerkavkasiis mTavrobas 90 moagonebda, rom 1924 wlis mousavlianoba da 1925 wlis gazafxulze Seqmnili mZime ekonomikuri pirobebi ar aZlevda saSualebas ramdenadme realuri daxmareba gaewiaT ltolvilebisaTvis. piriqiT, adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi damSeulTa raodenoba dRiTidRe izrdeboda da aqeT Txoulobdnen daxmarebas saxelmwifosagan [131, 40]. 1926 wlis mosaxleobis aRwera iTvaliswinebda moqalaqis sqess, asaks, mSobliur enas, romel erovnebas miekuTvneboda da a. S. sainteresoa, rom erovnebis gansazRvra yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda salaparako enis mixedviT. mTlianad samxreT kavkasiaSi aRweris dros cxovrobda 34,5% qarTveli, 23,5% somexi, azerbaijaneli (dokumentSi cifri ver amovikiTxeT – a. s.), da 5,2% rusi. wyaroebSi maT ewodebaT mTavari erovneba. amierkavkasiis xelmZRvanelobis specialurma komisiam miiRo Sesworebebi erovnebaTa gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. axali redaqciis mixedviT azerbaijanelebs ewoda `azerbaijaneli Turqebi~. qarTvelebSi Sedioda: gruzini (qarTvelebi), maT Soris: a) aWarlebi, b) megrelebi, g) svanebi, d) lazebi (Wanebi), e) ingiloebi. calke iqna gamoyofili qarTveli ebraelebi da mTis ebraelebi. siebidan amoiRes `iezidebi~, radgan komisiis samarTliani gadawyvetilebiT `iezidebi~ ar warmoadgendnen erovnebas. isini arian qurTi eTnosis Semadgeneli nawili da gansxvavdebian religiuri aRmsareblobiT. `cignebi~ adre somxebis boSebad iwodebodnen. komisiam maTi saxeli gansazRvra, rogorc kavkasiis boSebi (yaraCebi) [132, 8]. 91 miuxedavad rusebis raodenobisa isini mainc mTavar erovnebad iqnen aRiarebuli samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleobaSi. pirad furclebSi afxazebisa da osebis msgavsad aWarlebi mTavar erovnebad cnes avtonomiis teritoriaze [132, 8b]. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi mainc ganacalkeves aWarlebi qarTvelebisagan, radgan aWarlebi erovnebad gamoacxades da qarTvelebisagan gamijnes. saqarTvelos erovnuli umciresoba 1926 wels 579 149 suls Seadgenda (avtonomiebis CaTvliT). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 452 688 suli anu 79%, danarCeni 126 460 anu 21% dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi soflis mosaxleobis 36% Seadgendnen erovnuli umciresobani. amdenad, `nacmenTa~ ZiriTadi masa cxovrobda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi [133, 214]. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos araqarTvelebi ukve 851557 suls, anu mosaxleobis 32,3% Seadgendnen. am droisTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 19 kompaqturad da 38 gafantulad dasaxlebuli erovneba [134, 33]. mosaxleobis dinamika gviCvenebs, rom 20-30-ian wlebSi SeimCneoda qarTveli mosaxleobis zrdis Semcireba. magaliTad, 1922 wels qarTvelebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 74,7%-s Seadgendnen, 1926 wels 70,9%-s, xolo 1939 wlis monacemebiT 64,6%-s [135, 51]. 20-ian wlebSi TeTri wyaros raioni warmoadgenda `mikrokosmoss~, sadac Tamoyrili iyo mravali erovnebis warmomadgeneli. qarTvelebTan erTad aq cxovrobdnen somxebi, rusebi, berZnebi, osebi da azerbaijanelebi. analogiuri Tanacxovrebis suraTi iyo dmanisis, marneulisa da 92 bolnisis raionebSi, saerTod mTlianad qvemo qarTlSi [136, 3]. qvemo qarTlis baris soflebSi Tu nawilobriv mainc SemorCa ZirZveli mosaxleoba, mTis soflebSi ufro metad axalmosulebi damkvidrebulan [136, 8]. lazebi anu Wanebi 20-ian wlebSi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seadgendnen 4000 kacs. aqedan naxevari cxovrobda afxazeTis teritoriaze. 1000-mde lazis sacxovrebel adgils ki aWara warmoadgenda [137, 14]. somxebis umravlesoba cxovrobda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (269 000 suli), 25 000 afxazeTis teritoriaze. aWaraSi 10,5 aTasi da e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ _ 1,4 aTasi. azerbaijaneli Turqebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen. osebis nawili olqis gareT 52,8 aTass Seadgenda, olqSi osebis raodenoba 6,3 aTasiT ganisazRvreboda, rusebi 75 aTasi, afxazeTSi 12,5 aTasi, xolo e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ _ 1,4 aTasi. azerbaijaneli Turqebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen. osebis nawili olqis gareT 52,8 aTass Seadgenda, olqSi osebis raodenoba 60,3 aTasiT ganisazRvreboda. rusebi 75 aTasi. afxazeTSi 12,5 aTasi, xolo aWaraSi 10,2 aTasi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 34,4 aTasi berZeni cxovrobda, afxazeTSi ki 14 aTasi. duSeTis mazris mosaxleoba 1927 wels 61 526 sulisagan Sedgeboda. 80% qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, 20% sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. kerZod, 7 586 osi, 2 700 somexi, 88 rusi, 165 germaneli, 95 ebraeli, 122 TaTari, 459 aisori, 330 sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi [138, 132]. 93 saarqivo dokumentebi, romelic saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis organoebis mier aris Sedgenili da ZiriTadad 1926 wlis damografiul monacemebs eyrdnoba, aWarlebi yvelgan Sedarebulia osebTan, TurqebTan, afxazebTan, lekebTan, berZnebTan, somxebTan, rogorc erovnuli umciresoba. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erovnuli umciresobis gansaxlebazea laparaki saqarTvelo calkea gamoyofili avtonomiuri formirebebisgan. magaliTad, osebze naTqvamia osebis nawili cxovrobs sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, danarCeni nawili `samxreT-oseTSi~. asevea saubari afxazebsa da aWarlebze [139, 2]. samxreT Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nawili istoriuli Znelbedobis dros gamahmadianda, ris gamoc TvistomTagan `TaTrebad~ iwodebodnen. mefis ruseTis xelisufleba maT Turqebad moixseniebda. amitom XX saukunis 20ian wlebSi da mogvianebiTac bevrs sworad ar esmoda ras niSnavs saistorio wyaroebSi moxseniebuli `quTaiseli TaTari~ da sxva. es miT ufro aRsaniSnavia, rom am garemoebas warsulSi mravali samwuxaro gaugebroba mohyva, ramac qarTvelobas mZime danaklisi miayena [140, 11]. sabWouri statistika naklebad ansxvavebda qarTvel mahmadians da namdvil Turqs, ris gamoc saqarTvelos zogierT rainSi araqarTveli mosaxleoba aRweris masalebiT sakmaod solidurad gamoiyureboda. 20-iani wlebis bolosa da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac SesamCnevi gaxda urbanizaciis procesi, qalaqad Casuli soflis mosaxleoba 94 ganicdida Tavisebur izolacias; ramdenadac soflidan Camosulebs naklebad, an saerTod ar hqondaT naTesauri, megobruli, religiuri, profesiuli da sxva kavSirebi. imisaTvis, rom soflidan qalaqSi axlad Camosuli adamianebi male da advilad CarTuliyvnen qalaqis normalur cxovrebaSi, aucilebeli iyo maTi swrafi inteleqtualuri evolucia [141, 43]. aseT mdgomareobaSi metwilad qarTveli mosaxleoba vardeboda. erovnul umciresobebs: rusebs, somxebs, qurTebs, azerbaijanelebs, germanelebs da sxva, TbilisSi Tu saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi mcxovrebi Tvistomni garkveul daxmarebas uwevdnen cxovrebis pirobebis Seguebasa da gaumjobesebaSi. saerTod ki unda aRiniSnos, rom `qalaqSi moxvedrili glexi ar iTqvifeboda qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. is kvlav dakavSirebuli rCeboda Tavis artelTan da TanamemamuleebTan~ [142, 81]. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili demografiuli viTareba mkveTrad gauaresda 40-ian wlebSi. qarTveli xalxis iZulebiTi monawileoba ori totalitaruli saxelmwifos – germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris samkvidro-sasicocxlo omSi uaRresad mZime aRmoCnda iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. jer kidev omis dawyebamde, 1939 wlidan mimdinareobda masiuri gawveva jarSi, faSisturi germaniis Tavdasxmis Semdeg ki arsebiTad totaluri mobilizacia gamocxadda mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi; respublikam 700 aTasamde meomari gagzavna omSi. aman gamoiwvia ara marto mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis minimumamde Semcireba, aramed bunebrivi gamravlebis SeCerebac. uaRresad dabal done95 ze daeca Sobadoba, gaizarda sikvdilianoba; brZolebSi daiRupa 300 aTasamde saqarTvelos mcxovrebi. yovelive amis uSualo Sedegi iyo mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Semcireba. omis mizeziT gamowveuli mosaxleobis danaklisis Sevsebas daaxloebiT aTi weli dasWirda [105, 147]. ukve omis dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi xelisuflebis gadawvetilebiT TurqeTis sazRvarTan uSualo siaxloves mcxovrebi qarTvelebi Sida raionebSi gadmoasaxles. soflebidan – sarfi, gonio, oRlauri, karnaTi, qavTareTi, safutkreTi da gorgaZeTi gadmosaxlebul iqna 661 adamiani, maTgan 251 Sromisunariani [143, 113]. gadmosaxlebulTa Soris qarTvelebTan erTad umravlesobas Seadgendnen gaTurqebuli qarTvelebi da Turqi mosaxleoba [143, 116-118]. sainteresoa, rom omis wina periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada saqarTvelos qalaqebis mosaxleobis erovnulma Semadgenlobam. oficialuri statistikis monacemebiT qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos qalaqebis mosaxleobaSi 1939 wels Seadgenda 46,5%-s, 1922 welTan SedarebiT igi gaizarda 2,7%-iT, rusi mosaxleobisa – 6,6%-iT, xolo somexi mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili imave wlebSi Semcirda 27,2%dan 18,4%-mde [144, 76]. omis periodSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusi, ukraineli, somexi, azerbaijaneli, osi, ebraeli, berZeni, germaneli da sxva erovnebebis garda mcire raiodenobiT ucxovriaT zogierTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebsac. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs saqarTvelos kompartiis rigebSi omis dros miRebul wevrTa erovnuli Semadgenlobis 96 monacemebi. magaliTad, wevrad da wevrobis kandidatad miuRiaT 57 poloneli, 23 germaneli, 3 frangi, 25 estoneli, 7 latvieli, 2 Turqi, 4 fineli, 3 Cineli, 3 Cexi da a. S. [145, 62]. Tu pirveli msoflio omis dros da mis momdevno wlebSi saqarTvelos farglebi datova mcxovrebTa garkveulma raodenobam, meore msoflio omis wlebSi adgili hqonda piriqiT movlenas: sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleTi raionebidan, romlebic mtris mier iyo okupirebuli, saqarTveloSi Camovida evakuirebuli mosaxleobis erTi nawili. aTeuli aTasobiT rusi, ukraineli Tu sxva erovnebis adamianebi Seikedles maSin Cveni respublikis qalaqebma da soflebma. omis damTavrebis Semdeg evakuirebulTa umravlesoba daubrunda Tavis winandel sacxovrebel adgilebs, mcire nawili ki saqarTveloSi darCa [105, 147]. saerTod, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelo ar Sedioda im respublikaTa ricxvSi, sadac saomari moqmedebis zonidan evakuirebuli mosaxleoba unda CaeyvanaT. mxolod afxazeTSi da TbilisSi modioda araorganizebul adamianTa masa, rac saSiSroebas qmnida mzveravebisa da diversantebis Semosasvlelad [145, 154]. evakuirebuli sawarmoebisa da mosaxleobis frontispira raionebidan saqarTveloSi Semosvlam Cveni respublikis erovnuli Semadgenloba kidev ufro mravalerovani gaxada. dimitrovis saaviacio qarxnis mravalaTasiani koleqtivi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT WeSmaritad internacionaluri iyo. aq qarTvelebTan erTad muSaobdnen rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, somxebi, azerbaija97 nelebi, espanelebi da sxvebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. dimitrovis saxelobis saaviacio qarxnis koleqtivi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoirCeoda Tavisi mravalerovnulobiT [146, 38]. saerTod, erovnul umciresobaTa xelovnur zrdas hqonda adgili saqarTveloSi omis periodSi. evakuirebul sawarmoebTan da sxvadasxva organizacia-dawesebulebebTan erTad, muSa-mosamsaxureTa miReba saqarTveloSi 1941 wlis ivlisidan daiwyo da gagrZelda 1942 wlis Semodgomamde, xolo maTi ojaxis wevrebis Camosvla 1945 wlamde mimdinareobda. evakuirebuli mosaxleobis am jgufis umetesoba sawarmoebTan erTad datovebuli iqna Cvens respublikaSi da nawili dResac aq cxovrobs [146, 68]. evakuirebul warmoeba-dawesebulebaTa muSa-mosamsaxureebi ojaxebis wevrebTan erTad, Seadgendnen daaxloebiT 30 aTas kacs. aqedan – naxevarze meti sawarmoo koleqtivebTan erTad datovebuli iqna saqarTveloSi [146, 69]. 1942 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi miRebul iqna leningradidan evakuirebuli espanel axalgazrdaTa didi jgufi, romelTa nawili (maTi asakis Sesabamisad) mowyobil iqna skola-internatSi, nawili gaigzavna safabriko-saqarxno skolebSi da warmoeba-dawesebulebebSi [146, 95]. amave TveSi krasnodaris samxareo komitetis gadawyvetilebiT TbilisSi samuSaod Camovida krasnodaris qimiur-teqnologiuri institutis maRalkvalificiur specialistTa jgufi profesor Jdan-puSkinis xelmZRvanelobiT [147, 192, 193]. xolo respublikis xelisuflebis gadawvetilebiT, 1945 wels moskovis umaRles saswavlebleb98 Si gaigzavna 50 qarTveli studenti, romelTac sacxovreblad gamoeyoT razinis quCaze #3 mdebare Senoba [148, 71]. TbilisSi mravali evakuirebuli bavSi igzavneboda frontispira respublikebidan. zogierTi maTgani uyuradRebod rCeboda da ikargeboda. ase magaliTad, 1942 wels daikarga da Zebna iyo gamocxadebuli samxedro mosamsaxuris Svilze, romelic kurskis olqidan Camoiyvanes – n. m. zaburkinze [149, 5]. aseve ar aRmoCndnen bavSvTa saxlSi iulia da iuri kovtunebi [149, 6]. 1943 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva erovnebis evakuirebul bavSvTa raodenobam 4 480 miaRwia. maTgan mSoblebis gareSe darCenilTa ricxvi 1489 udrida. cecxlis xazze mebrZolTa bavSvebi 686 iyo [150, 119]. saqarTveloSi myofi 2340 evakuirebuli bavSvidan, romelTa movla-patronoba respublikis xelmZRvanelobas hqonda dakisrebuli kidev 320 bavSvi iSviles saqarTvelos mSromelebma, romlebic Cvens mosaxleobas Seemata [145, 228]. saarqivo wyaroebi reliefurad aCvenebs sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva respublikebidan evakuirebuli mosaxleobis mZime mdgomareobas. isini usaxsrobis gamo yofna-aryofnis winaSe idgnen. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis qalebisa da mcirewlovani bavSvebis Sesaxeb, romlebic frontispira raionebidan saqarTveloSi da kerZod TbilisSi Camovidnen. erT-erTi aseTi iyo kievidan evakuirebuli musikosi qali finkelSteini. is mcirewlovan bavSvTan erTad saSinel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda [151, 84]. 99 axalqalaqis, axalcixis, adigenis, walkis, luqsemburgisa da yaraiazis raionebSi araqarTveli mosaxleoba Warbobda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom saqarTvelos saxkomsabWos mier gamoyofili Tanxa mravalSviliani dedebis dasaxmareblad 47 ojaxze, mxolod or qarTvelze iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. danarCeni somexi da azerbaijaneli eTnosebis warmomadgenlebze iqna ganawilebuli. statistikuri monacemebiT Sobadoba kvlav maRali iyo araqarTul ojaxebSi [152, 175-180]. rogorc viciT meore msoflio omi mZime gamocda iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mravalerovani xalxebisaTvis. stalini maSin aRniSnavda, rom `sabWoTa kavSiris yvela xalxebi erTsulovnad aRdgnen Tavisi samSoblos dasacavad, samarTlianad CaTvales mimdinare samamulo omi yvela erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis mSromelTa saerTo saqmed~ [153, 118]. magram ukve omis dasasruls misive surviliT mTeli erebi – CaCnebi, inguSebi, kalmikebi, yaraCaelebi, kavkasieli Turqebi, qurTebi, yirimis TaTrebi – ZaliT gaasaxles samSoblodan sxva teritoriaze. maT CamoerTvaT moqalaqeoba da Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba. omis sawyis etapze represirebul xalxTa raodenobam Seadgina daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni adamiani (1,4 milioni iyo germaneli, 1 milionze meti danarCeni [154, 173]. ambobdnen, rom maT Soris bevri iyo moRalate, romlebic TanamSromlobdnen germanelebTan. marTalia, iyvnen moRalateebi, magram iyvnen erTgulebi da faSizmTan mebrZoli gmirebic. 1949 wels gamoqveynebul a. perevencevis erT-erT gax100 maurebul romanSi, romelic stalinuri premiiT aRiniSna yirimis TaTrebi TiTqmis okupantebis rangSia gamoyvanili. aseTi braldeba amoraluri da Sovinisturia. rogorc ar SeiZleba arsebobdes `reaqciuli xalxebi~, aseve ar SeiZleba iyos `cudi~ eTnosi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stalini maSindeli mtris mimarT ufro samarTliani iyo, rodesac aRniSnavda: `hitlerebi modian da midian, xolo germaneli xalxi da germaniis saxelmwifo – rCeba~ [155, 269]. XX saukuneSi saqarTvelos arcerT istoriul kuTxeSi ar Seicvala ise sagrZnoblad mosaxleobis raodenoba da erovnuli Semadgenloba, rogorc samcxe-javaxeTSi. es garemoeba gamoiwvia 1944 wlis 15 noembers samcxe-javaxeTidan mahmadiani mosaxleobis gadasaxlebam Sua aziis raionebSi. deportirebulTa ZiriTad nawils mahmadiani qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos es erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli mxare TurqTa tyveobidan ganTavisuflda (1829 w.), aq didi raodenobiT Casaxlda araqarTveli mosaxleoba, xolo manamde – ucxoelTa batonobis dros, mesxeTSi gaCnda Turqi mosaxleobac. mcxovrebTa es nawili rogorc pirveli, ise meore msoflio omis wlebSi, agreTve damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.) mravalmxriv amJRavnebda proTurqul orientacias. 1944 wels axalcixis raionidan mahmadianuri mosaxleobis (e. w. `Turqi mesxebis~ da ara mxolod maTi) gasaxlebis Semdeg sofeli arjulo faqtiurad `gauqmebuli~ da gaukacrierebuli iqna. 1950 wels arjuloSi Camoasaxles 21 ojaxi 101 101 sulis raodenobiT raionis sxvadasxva soflebidan. amitom 1954 wels raionis xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT sofeli aRdgenili iqna da miekuTvna andriawmindis sasoflo sabWos [156, 2]. saqarTvelom mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv omamdel dones miaRwia 1954 wels. gaizarda dasaxlebuli punqtebis raodenoba. Tu 1940 wels, ufro sworad dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi iyo 28 qalaqi da 24 qalaqis tipis dasaxleba, 1956 wlis damdegisaTvis ki – 32 qalaqi da amdenive dabaa [157, 301]. TbilisSi cxovrobdnen ucxoeTis qveSevrdomi moqalaqeebic. magaliTad, iranis qveSevrdomi mobeser rouSani, romlis sacxovrebeli binis Sefasebas (Rirebulebas) iTxovda sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministro [158, 1]. zogierT ucxoels sakuTrebaSi hqonda bina da miwis nakveTi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakavSiro uwyebebs sTxovda neba daerTod, rom SeesyidaT mwvane koncxze mdebare daniis qveSevrdomis harold stiuris agaraki citrusebis nargavebTan erTad [159, 2]. saqarTveloSi iTvlebodnen moqalaqeebad iseTi pirebic, romlebic Cvens respublikaSi ar cxovrobdnen. erT-erT aseT personas warmoadgenda rusi – evdokia malevskaia. evdokia gasabWoebamde cxovrobda baTumSi. 1921 wels rusi erovnebis jgufTan erTad wavida TurqeTSi, sadac cxovrobda. 1955 wels mas CamoerTva sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba, radgan iTvleboda saqarTvelos fiqtiur mcxovrebad [160, 4]. jer kidev XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi kaxeTSi lekTa Camosaxlebam intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. maT daikaves Waris, belaqanis, katexis, Ta102 las, Winaxis da sxva noyieri adgilebi, sadac sabolood meore `daRestani~ daaarses [161, 203]. sabWoTa kavSiris saxkomsabWos 1944 wlis 18 maisis dadgenilebiT yvarlis raionis sofel mTisZirSi mcxovrebi lekebi gadaasaxles daRestnis avtonomiur respublikaSi, kerZod ritliabskis raionSi. maT adgilze Camoasaxles saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionis mcxovrebni. gadasaxlebulma lekebma 1946 wels TandaTan daiwyes TviTneburi dabruneba yvarlis raionSi; aRniSnulma procesma 1952-1954 wlebSi masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. lekebis ukan dasabruneblad gatarebulma RonisZiebebma sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. maTi mniSvnelovani nawili kvlav agrZelebda cxovrebas kaxeTis sxvadasxva raionebSi. Camosuli lekebis aRricxva ver xerxdeboda, radgan isini momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen da sasoflo sabWoebs ar SeeZloT sakomlo Tu sameurneo wignebSi maTi Setana. saboloo jamSi lekebis Tvineburi Camosvla rTul pirobebs uqmnida adgilobriv mosaxleobas. 1955 wlis dasawyisSi kaxeTSi mosuli lekebis raodenobam 400 komls miaRwia [162, 179]. dabrunebuli lekebi adgilobrivma mosaxleobam miiRo. CamosulTa umravlesobas ar gaaCnda piradobis damadasturebeli mowmoba (dokumenti). mravalma maTganma muSaoba daiwyo kolmeurneobebSi qiriT, aseve dawesebulebebsa da kolmeurneTa pirad damxmare meurneobebSi. lekebis nawili Tavisi ojaxebiT cxovrobda yvarlisa da lagodexis mTian zolSi da amuSavebda Tavisufal, e. w. `migdebul~ miwas. zogierTi maTgani eweoda momTabare cxovrebas da sar103 Cos Soulobda sxvadasxva SemTxveviTi mSromiTi saqmianobiT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, radganac ver xerxdeboda lekebis sakomlo wignebSi aRricxva, maTi Svilebi ar swavlobdnen skolaSi, ar warmoebda qorwinebisa da dabadebis registracia. yvarlis garda lekebi muSaobdnen qiriT gavazis, axalsoflis, Wikaanisa da sxva samSeneblo obieqtebze. 42 ojaxze meti dasaqmda kolmeurneobebSi gansazRvruli droiT. amitom maT Tvlidnen droebiT wevrebad [162, 182]. aRsaniSnavia, rom Camosuli lekebi gamoirCeodnen SromismoyvareobiT da normaluri urTierToba hqondaT qarTvel mosaxleobasTan [162, 183]. Tumca maTi saqmianoba e. w. `cxovrebis sabWouri wesis~ paralizebas iwvevda. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba xelovnuradac izrdeboda sazRvargareTidan CamosulTa xarjze. saerTod, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg xelisufleba nebas aZlevda sazRvargareT mcxovreb moqalaqeebs dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi. mravali maTgani ratomRac saqarTvelos irCevda, rac garkveul gavlenas axdenda mosaxleobis erovnul Semadgenlobaze. 1954 wels baTumSi braziliidan ojaxiT Camovida sacxovreblad trofine iastrebovi, erovnebiT moldoveli [163, 19], xolo italiidan rici-romado [163, 7]. 1956 wels CineTidan dabrundnen reabilitirebuli maria voloSina, olRa da anastasia senCenkoebi. Camosulebs misces samuSao da daubrunes sacxovrebeli binebi [163, 2]. 1956 wels safrangeTidan qobuleTSi Cavidnen ojaxebiT onik aslaniani, ambarcun galusti104 ani da polina bogdanoviCi. isini eweodnen moxetiale cxovrebas, ar muSaobdnen da survilic ar hqondaT muSaobisa [163, 20]. 1955 wels iranidan gamoiqcnen mariam da valentina arsarunovebi. maT specialoba ar hqondaT. isini moawyves 26 komisrebis saxelobis qarxnis medpunqtSi sanitrebad [163, 2]. 1954 wels CineTidan WiaTuraSi Camovida lavrenovis, Cirkovisa da peSkovis ojaxebi 11 sulis raodenobiT [164, 11]. 1957 wels aseve CineTidan Camosvlis Semdeg rusTavSi ojaxebiT dasaxldnen n. kopaCi, i. kovrigini, a. belicki, g. TeodoroviCi, manjuriidan zeia abdul qarim-oRli raximi, egviptidan tigran paroniani [164, 18, 19]. 1958 wels saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi da TbilisSi droebiTi uflebiT da mis gareSe alma-atadan Camovidnen sacxovreblad iranis qveSevrdomi moqalaqeebi:bala saiadovi, daviT ibragimovi, nina balaiani, amaiak aruTiniani, poRos sumbaTiani, mamed-abul hasan mamud jafar oRli, sofia poRosiani. CamoTvlil pirebs winadadeba miecaT dabrunebuliyvnen alma-aTaSi, magram sxvadasxva mizeziT isini ganagrZobdnen Cvens respublikaSi cxovrebas [165, 2-3]. yazaxeTidan ucxo qveynis qveSevrdomi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad Camosvlis procesi kvlav grZeldeboda. isini Sereuli qorwinebiT Tu sxva naTesauri arxebiT urTierTobas amyarebdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. aseTebi iyvnen maSadi mustafa pirani – iranis qveSevrdomi; triondofilo panTelidi – saberZneTis qveSevrdomi, haik ohanesiani – iranis qveSevrdomi; nargiz faTani 105 sadiki – iranis moqalaqe; husein navruz ali-zade – iranis yofili qveSevrdomi; maria ohanesiani – iranis qveSevrdomi [165, 145-146]. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1958 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze mkveTrad gaizarda boSebis raodenoba. isini eweodnen moxetiale cxovrebas. xelisufleba cdilobda boSebis sasargeblo SromaSi Cabmas [165, 4]. calkeuli eTnosebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebisa da damkvidrebis procesi 60-70-iani wlebis periodSic grZeldeboda. $2. ebraelebi qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi aborigeni mosaxleoba, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebi, araqarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, terminiT _ `naTesaviT qarTveli~ moixseniebian. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli ebraelebs `qarTvelTa naTesavad~ miiCnevs _ `ucxoni igi nTesavTagani~ gansxvavebiT. vaxuStic `naTesavni qarTlosianSi~ gulisxmobs qarTvelebsa da ebraelebs [166, 37]. XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis mixedviT qarTlSi mosulma ebraelebma mcxeTis mamasaxlisisagan dasaxlebis nebarTvis safasurad xarkis gadaxda ikisres [48, 92-93]. ebraelTa garkveuli jgufis Semosvla saqarTveloSi, maT Soris SavizRvispira zolSi, SesaZlebeli iyo israelis samefos ganadgurebis Semdeg (Zv. w. 722 w.), xolo mZlavri ebrauli diasporis gaCenis TariRad unda miviCninoT ierusalimis I taZris dangrevis periodSi (Zv. w. 586 w.) [167, 43]. 106 rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, saqarTveloSi sakmaod kargad yofilan informirebuli maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb da sakuTari poziciac hqoniaT ama Tu im movlenasTan dakavSirebiT. amis gamo iyo, rom nabuqodonosorisagan devnil ebraelTa talRisaTvis qarTvelobas zurgi ar Seuqcevia da Tavis keraze dasaxlebis ufleba miuciaT. ufro adreul xanasTan dakavSirebiT leonti mroveli mogviTxrobs: `... movida ambavi, viTarmed mose ganvlo zRva israelTa, daizrdebian igini udabnosa mananaTa~. ase TandaTan, jer Soridan informaciiT da Semdeg ki uSualod SexvedriT, mzaddeboda niadagi saqarTveloSi ebraelTa dasaxlebebis aRmocenebisaTvis. maTi namosaxlarebis – uriaTubnebis da naurlebis simravle saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilSi uflebas gvaZlevs aRniSnuli saxelis gaCena CvenSi moulodnelobis sferos ar mivakuTvnoT. nekresSi, ebraul fenomenTan dakavSirebiT, metad sayuradReboa naqalaqarTan axlosve, metad saintereso toponimis dadastureba, romelic eWvgareSea bibliuri momenklaturaa. es aris sofel SildaSi, romelic nekresis memkvidrea, mdinaris saxeli – sefora. es mdinare inwobis Senakadia. sefora bibliuri moses colis saxelia: `da moiyvans ioTor, simamrman mosusman, sepfora coli mosesi, gansavlinebulisa Tana Semdgomad gantevebisa misisa~ (gamosvlaTa, 18, 28). saxeli, rogorc Cans saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia – qarTlis mefe revis cols sefora rqmevia. saba orbelians es saxeli ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc `Suenieri gina siyvaruli~ [168, 24-25]. 107 amdenad, qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi ebraelTa pirveli talRis Semosvla Zv. w. 586 wlis tragedias – babilonelTa mier ierusalimis aRebas, xolo meore talRa ki ax. w. 70 wels romaelTa mier ierusalimis meore aoxrebas ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom IV saukuneSi ramdenime ubnad dayofil qalaq mcxeTis im nawils, sadac ebraelebi cxovrobdnen `ubani huriaTai~ ewodeboda. aq maT sinagogebic hqondaT [169, 75]. ebraelebi saqarTveloSi mosvlisTanave xelisuflebis mier maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze kompaqturad saxldebodnen. feodaluri xanis periodSi maT kompaqtur dasaxlebas araerT sofelsa Tu qalaqebSi vxvdebiT. SemdegSi qarTveli ebraelebis umravlesoba calkeul daba-qalaqebSi (magaliTad, surami, awyuri, axalcixe) iyris Tavs da aqac kompaqturad – calke dabebis saxiT saxldebian. yvela daba-qalaqebSi maTi koncentracia ZiriTadad religiur-kulturuli centris – samlocvelos irgvliv xdeboda [170, 32]. `moqcevai qarTlisai~ ebraelTa gansakuTrebul rolze saubrobs saqarTvelos gaqristianebaSi. mcxeTeli ebraeli qali sidonia qarTuli eklesiis pirveli wmindania, xolo qarTveli ebraelebi, elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz karsneli – qristes kvarTis Camomtanebi arian saqarTveloSi. rogorc amave werilobiTi Zeglidan Cans, wminda ninom pirvelad swored qarTlSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi gaaqristiana [169, 75]. arc erTi qveyana, sadac ebraeli xalxi cxovrobda, ar gauTavisebia da samSoblod ar uRiarebia, rogorc es saqarTveloSi moxda. miuxedavad amgvari gaTavisebisa, misTvis aRqmul sa108 locav qveynad – wminda adgilad mudam israeli rCeboda. sxva qveynebidan ebraelTa wasvlas garkveulwilad is politikur-ekonomikuri faqtebi edo safuZvlad, romlebic am qveyanaSi maT mimarT Segnebulad tardeboda, rasac ver vityviT saqarTveloze. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom zemoaRniSnulis gamo saqarTveloSi ufro metad unda momxdariyo ebraelebis qarTvel xalxSi areva da maTi Tvimyofadobis gafermkrTaleba, magram ase ar moxda. moxda ki piriqiT. ebraelebma, romlebmac saqarTvelo samSoblod gaiTavises, yvelaze metad Semoinaxes TavianTi erovnuloba, TviTmyofadoba da yvela is niSan-Tviseba, adaT-wesebi, romlebic maT mama-papuri miwa-wylidan Tan moitanes. amasTan erTad maT TavianTi erovnuloba da TviTmyofadoba ufro gaamdidres qarTveli xalxisagan TandaTanobiT nebayoflobiT SeTvisebuli yofiTi Tu sxva niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic TavianT TviTSegnebaSi gadaxarSes da Tvisobrivad axleburad modificirebuli moarges sakuTars. albaT es specifika qarTveli ebraelis eTnikuri erTeulis (qarTveli ebraelis fenomenis) Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi unda yofiliyo [170, 30]. faqtia, rom ver davasaxelebT Tundac erT sabuTs, Seqmnils saqarTvelos dapyrobamde ruseTis mier, romelic ebraelTa Seviwroebis raime cnobas Seicavdes. TviT qristian qarTvelebTan SedarebiTac, ebraelebi zogjer garkveuli privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen [171, 3]. qarTveli ebraeli simbolurad ori eris Svilia. igi cxovrobs qarTul miwaze, qarTul miwas amuSavebs, qarTulad metyvelebs, qarTul 109 saxls aSenebs da Wirisuflobs qarTulad. imave dros mtkiced icavs bibliuri cxovrebis wess, loculobs israelisTvis da cxovrobs mtkice rwmeniT: `ar davdumdebi SenTvis ieruSalaim~ [169, 29]. qarTveli ebraelis gulisnadebi SesaniSnavad gamoxata a. kalaZem Tavis striqonebSi: ori miwa mianderZes dasacavad, deduleTSi mesizmreba me mamuli... sasimRerod utkbilesi qarTuli maqvs, salocavad saTayvano ebrauli! dagordeba ganSorebis cxeli cremli, idumali xma malamod meordeba – iqac Seni saqarTvelos salocavi da sulmnaTi SoTas landi gelodeba. ra vqna, Tuki sisxlis yivils vayuradeb, verc Sen gtoveb megobaro me codvili... israeli Cemi deda samSobloa, saqarTvelo sulze tkbili dedobili! me iverTa Wir-varami Cemad miCans, Cveni Zmoba ficvercxlSia moWiquli... sionis da sinagogis mrevlTa Soris mSvidoba da Salomia mociquli. ori ena momca mamazecierma, orTav RvTiur saidumlod Seracxuli... sasimRerod utkbilesi qarTuli maqvs, salocaval saTayvano ebrauli! [172]. 110 dalxinebuli cxovrebis gamo samSoblos aravin tovebs. am bedkrul saqarTveloSi uxsovari droidan ra juris gaubedurebuli xalxi ar Semoxiznula da yvelas saqarTvelo meore samSoblod miuCnevia, magram erTaderTi, vinc TxovniT da ara muqariT an qurdulad! Semovida saqarTveloSi, iyo ebraeloba! ucxo qveyanaSi dasamkvidreblad TxovniT rom mixvide, iq damkvidrde da aTaswleulebi icxovro, ise rom im qveynis Ralati erTxelac gulSi ar gaivlo, amisaTvis WeSmaritad bibliis – wignis eri _ didi kulturis Svili – ebraeli unda iyo... [173, 75]. ebraelebis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis dro, arc Sua saukuneebSi iyo gamonaklisi. ebraelebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan mkvidrdebian. samegreloSi – foTi, banZa, senaki, yulevi; imereTSi – quTaisi, vani, kulaSi; raWa-leCxumSi – oni, lailaSi, xotevi; guriaSi – ozurgeTi; afxazeTSi – gagra, soxumi; aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – surami, axaldaba, ali, bazaleTi, aragvispiri, cxinvali, ateni, TamaraSeni, Zegvi, zanavi, xerki, metexi, kaspi, muxrani, kavTisxevi; kaxeTsa da qiziySi – bodbisxevi, zemo xodaSeni, veliscixe, uriaTubani, sagarejo; samcxe-javaxeTSi – fanaskerti, artanuji, axalqalaqi, axalcixe. antikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis ebraelTa gansaxlebis adgilebSi SemorCenilia toponimebi: ubani uriaTa, uriaTubani, nauriebi, uria [174, 45]. saerTod, feodalur xanaSi ebraelebi kuTvnilebis mixedviT iyofodnen samefo-sadedoflo, saeklesio-samonastro da saTavadaznauro ymebad. ufro meti saeklesio ymebi iyvnen [174, 44]. 111 XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis sxvadasxva guberniebidan da sazRvargareTidan mravalma ebraelma iwyo dena samxreT kavkasiisaken. 1804 wlidan saqarTveloSi mkvidrdebian aSkenazi (evropeli) ebraelebi; TurqeTidan Semodian laxluxebi – arameeli ebraelebi; aseve Semodis TurqeTidan ebraelebis mcire jgufi – sefardebi. 1880 wels iranis azerbaijanidan da qurTistanidan mkvidrdebian qurTi ebraelebi da sxv. [174, 45]. 1822 wels adgilobrivi administraciis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, ebraelebi Tbilisidan gaasaxles [175, 25, 26]. 1830-1831 wlebSi isini kvlav brundebian dedaqalaqSi. 1839 wels ebraeli xelosnebi brZolas iwyeben, raTa saqarTveloSi mudmivad cxovrebis ufleba miiRon. es saqme cota gaWianurda, magram 50-ian wlebSi, voroncovis CareviT, igi TiTqmis ebraelTa sasargeblod gadawyda [175, 31]. amave saukunis 30-ian wlebSi frederik diubua de monperes monacemebiT axalcixis sanjaySi cxovrobda 5000 komli, rac suladobrivad 40 aTas suls aRwevda. aq cxovrobdnen Turqebi, lazebi, lekebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi, aseve qurTebi, yarayalpakebi da Turqmenebi [176, 59]. sainteresoa, rom ebraelebs axalcixeSi 117 saxli hqondaT [176, 61]. XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi quTaisSi mcxovrebi 800 ebraeli aqauri mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgenda [177, 134]. cxinvalSi ki 30-ian wlebSi 40 komli ebraeli cxovrobda, romelTac kargi saxeli hqondaT damkvidrebuli samarTlianobis gamo [178, 231]. 112 XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 2020 ebraelis ojaxi, rac daaxloebiT 13 120 suls Seadgenda. amave periodSi qarTvel ebraelTa raodenoba TbilisSi mcirea. amis mizezi jeims braisis azriT (mogzauri, romelic iyo saqarTveloSi) somxebi iyvnen, `romelnic ar utovebdnen ebraelebs arsebobis sivrces~ [179, 70]. aWaraSi XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde iyo dasaxlebuli ebraelTa mcireodeni jgufebi, magram regionSi maTi kompaqturi diasporis warmoqmna ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba am kuTxis ganTavisuflebas osmalTa batonobisagan, ris Semdegac aq ZiriTadad aSqenazi da qarTveli ebraelebis saTvistomoebi Camoyalibda. ebraelTa gvarebze dakvirvebiT dadginda, rom aSqenazi ebraelebi bevrad Warbobda qarTvel ebraelebs. ebraelTa aWaraSi dasaxlebis mTavar winapirobas warmoadgenda: baTumis geografiuli mdebareoba, qalaqis ekonomikuri dawinaureba da Sesabamisi drois istoriuli procesebi. 1878 wlidan ebrauli mosaxleobis zrda swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda [167, 6]. sxva qveynebSi gabneuli ebraelebi mZime tvirTad ar dawolian mkvidr mosaxleobas. isini patiosnad Sromobdnen yvela sferoSi. iyvnen bejiTi mxvnel-mTesvelebi, saukeTeso xelosnebi da unariani vaWrebi. amasTan erTad ebraelebi Seeguen garemosa da mkvidr mosaxleobas. Seiswavles maTi ena, amave dros ar kargavdnen imeds, rom dadgeboda xvalindeli dRe, Jami samSobloSi dabrunebisa... [180, 160]. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba iseTive meTodebiT anadgurebda ebraelebs, rogorc faSizmis batonobis dros anadgu113 rebdnen maT germaniaSi. mxolod 1918-1920 wlebSi sayWoTa ruseTSi 100 aTasi ebraeli amoxoces. dokumentebSi naCvenebia ebraelTa genocidis amsaxveli saSineli faqtebi. magaliTad, 1919 wels kievTan axlo dasaxlebaSi, bolSevikebis mier dakavebul teritoriaze, jariskacTa jgufebi `arbevdnen ebraelTa saxlebs da rac undodaT imas akeTebdnen~. ebraelebs quCaSi aCerebdnen, zogjer ubralod ekiTxebodnen: `Sen Jidi xar? da esrodnen SublSi tyvias, ufro xSirad damamcireblad Cxrekdnen, mTlianad aSiSvlebdnen da aseT mdgomareobaSi pirdapir quCaSi xvretdnen~ [181, 93]. jer kidev mefis ruseTis dros antisimitizmi imperiis erT-erTi Tviseba iyo. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom 1891 wels cnobilma finansistma da filantropma baronma moris hirSma (1831-1896) gamoaqveyna gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda 25 weliwadSi ruseTis imperiidan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ebraelTa gadayvanas da maT Cabmas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi, risTvisac man gamohyo ori milioni girvanqa sterlingi da londonSi daaarsa ebraelTa koloniuri sazogadoeba (eks). manve, am organizacias uanderZa eqvsi milioni girvanqa sterlingi da berlinis, briuselis, frankfurtis `inglis-ebraelTa asociaciis~ ebraelTa Temebs gadasca Tavisi aqtebi. marTalia, ruseTidan ebraelTa masobrivi evakuacia ar ganxorcielebula, magram eks-ma mainc SeZlo mniSvnelovnad Caeba gadmosaxlebulebi sasoflo-sameurneo SromaSi [180, 318]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mefis ruseTis politika erovnuli Cagvris TvalsazrisiT yvelaze rTulad da mZimed ebraelebisadmi iyo mimarTu114 li. aseTma damokidebulebam ebraeli mosaxleoba ukidures siRatakeSi Caayena. pirvelma msoflio omma da SemdgomSi ruseTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, romelsac Tan axlda gaugonari, mxecuri darbevebi ebraelTa mimarT, ufro metad gaauaresa maTi mZime materialuri mdgomareoba. bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg maTi, e. w. Sors gamiznuli erovnuli politikidan gamomdinare SedarebiT sxva pirobebi SeeqmnaT ebraelebs. Tumca maTi mdgomareoba kvlav metis-metad mZime rCeboda [182, 2]. amitom moiswrafodnen ebraelebi saqarTveloSi, sadac antisemitizmi ar arsebobda. maT aq meore samSoblo hpoves. es procesi, rogorc feodalizmis dros, aseve Semdgom periodSic grZeldeboda. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi quTaisis erT-erT mniSvnelovan ubans ebraelTa dasaxleba warmoadgenda, romlis nawili STanTqa 1928 wlis 10-11 maiss gaCenilma didma xanZarma, magram aq dasaxleba ar moSlila, xis nagebobebis nacvlad kapitaluri Senobebi aSenda da mosaxleobiT Seivso [183, 15]. XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, TbilisSi cxovrobda 294 044 adamiani. aqedan ebraeli iyo 8962 [184, 91]. 1926 wels mxolod qarTveli ebraeli 3160 suliT ganisazRvra, 1930 wels – 1268, xolo 1939 wels daaxloebiT 1300-mde. 1926 wlis aRweriT ebraelTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi 20 987 aRwevda. aqedan 72,9% qalaqebSi cxovrobda. 1931 wels 22 562 qarTveli ebraelia dafiqsirebuli, xolo 1936 wels ebraelTa ricxvma 30 000 miaRwia [185, 8]. 115 istoriul samSobloSi ebraelTa dabrunebis idea (sionizmi) saqarTveloSi aSkenazebma Semoitanes. sionisturi wreebi TbilisSi, foTSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi da soxumSi XIX saukunis miwurulidan arsebobda. 1903 wels meeqvse sionisturi kongresis (bazeli, Sveicaria) muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRo rabinma daviT baazovma, romelic ebraelTa sionisturi moZraobis erT-erTi meTauri iyo. ebraelTa mcire raodenobam moaxerxa israelSi gadasaxleba [169, 76]. $3. somxebi saukuneTa siRrmidan modis qarTvelebisa da somxebis urTierToba. somexi xalxi gaWirvebis Jams iZulebuli xdeboda Tavisi mSobliuri qveyana, sakuTari saxli da kari mietovebina da TavSesafari ucxo cis qveS eZebna [186, 14]. aseTi navsayudeli ki somxebisaTvis ZiriTadad saqarTvelo iyo. urartus samefos damxobis Semdeg mis CrdiloeT raionebSi pirvelobas qarTveli tomebi igdeben xelT. imave dros urartus dasavleT raionebSi moTaveobas iwyeben qarTvel tomTa mezoblebi – somexi tomebi. xaiasa-soxmis qveynebidan isini vrceldebian samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT; somxur gaerTianebaTa batonobis areSi eqceva didi teritoria, sadac Zvelad xuriti da urarteli tomebi cxovrobdnen, da agreTve bevri iseTi adgili, sadac adre CrdiloeTidan Semosuli skviTi da kimerieli tomebi dasaxlebuliy116 vnen. Semdeg am tomebis mniSvnelovani nawili Seerwya somex tomebs da somexi xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. am garemoebam Tavisi kvali daamCnia somxur enas: masSi gza gaikvala bevrma xuritulma, urartulma da sxv. sityvam. somexi xalxis kulturaSic bevri ram Sevida Zveli xurituli da urartuli kulturidan [187, 38]. Cvenma winaprebma icodnen, rom maTi mezoblebi soxmis teritoriidan Camosaxldnen da adgilis saxelidan gamomdinare somxebi Searqves. aseTi eTnonimi sxva enebSi ar arsebobs. somxebis Tvisaxelwodeba aris haiastani da armenia. saerTod, somxebi istoriulad advilad itandnen sxva qveyanaSi dasaxlebas. maTi cnobili devizi iyo da nawilobriv dResac rCeba: `vordeR hac endeR gnac, endeR kac~ (sadac huria iq gaiqeci da dasaxldi, damagrdio) [188, 14]. wina periods, rom Tavi davaneboT XV saukuneSi TurqmanTa mier somxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg bevri somexi Camosaxlda saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT Tbilissa da gorSi [189, 252]. nomadebis Tavdasxmis pirveli talRa, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, rogorc wesi, upirvelesad somxeTs xvdeboda. XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iran-osmaleTis yvela brZola nawilobriv mainc somxeTis teritoriaze mimdinareobda. gaudaburebisa da gaukacrielebis yizilbaSurma politikam samxreT kavkasiis danarCen qveynebze ufro metad imsxverpla somxeTis intensiuri meurneoba da mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda masobrivad mietovebina mama-papiseuli saxl-kari da lukmapuris saSovnelad saqarTveloSi wamosuliyo. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom sa117 qarTvelosken dabali socialuri fena reaia (glexi) iltyvis, xolo sifahiebi (feodalebi) ki TavrizSi midian [190, 28]. somxuri hiSatakaranebis mixedviT mtrisagan awiokebul somxur mosaxleobas `qarTvelebis mowyale bunebis, kacTmoyvareobis, stumarTmoyvareobisa da guluxvobis imedad~ saqarTvelosken dena XIV saukuneSi dauwyia, rasac momdevno saukuneSi masobrivi xasiaTi miuRia. amas Semdeg XV saukuneSi somxuri mosaxleoba gaCnda, rogorc samcxe-javaxeTSi, taosa da sperSi, ise qarTlSi – samSvilde, Tbilisi, gori, ufliscixe, krwanisi, kikeTi, vardisubani da sxv. [191, 55, 138, 186]. am process saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebic uwyobda xels. magaliTad, aleqsandre pirvelis mier saqarTvelos SeTxelebuli mosaxleobis gadidebis mizniT garkveul RonisZiebad unda CaiTvalos saqarTvelos gamgeblobaSi Zvelad namyofi mosazRvre mxareebis dabruneba: sivnieTisa (axlandeli yarabaRi) da misi mezobeli Temebis SemoerTebiT saqarTvelos maSin Seemata 60 000 sulze meti somexi. amasTan erTad Cveni qveynis ganapira da Sida raionebi stiqiurad ivseboda mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebidan ltolvili somxebiT, romlebic aq rogorc simSvides, ise saarsebo miwa-wyalsac poulobdnen [192, 728-729]. axalgorSi qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobda somexi mosaxleoba. aq, maTi mosvlis dro zustad ar aris cnobili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wilknelis sargos wignidan Cans XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi axalgorSi qarTvelebis gverdiT somxebic cxovrobdnen. amasve migviTiTebs axalgoris somxuri eklesiis warwera, ro118 melic XVII saukunis meore naxevriT TariRdeba. miuxedavad amisa, axalgoris midamoebSi ver vxvdebiT somxuri warmoSobis toponimebs, rac unda aixsnas mosulTa mcirericxovnobiT, adgilobriv saxelwodebaTa simyariT da damxduri qarTveli mosaxleobis mier mosulTa asimilaciiT [193, 160]. somxebis damkvidrebas adasturebs aseve XV saukunis warwerebi eklesiebze da xaCqarebi qandaSi, gorijvarSi, dirbSi, axalgorSi. amave periods unda ganekuTvnebodes somexTa gansaxleba alSi. XVI saukuniT TariRdeba xaCqarebi kavTisxevidan da nabaxtevidan, xolo qvaxvrelidan – 1616 wliT. somxuri qoronikoniT Sesrulebuli TariRi – 1688 w. aweria ananuris taZarze [194, 53]. XVIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, swored im SfoTian droSi sanainisa da axpatis xeobaTagan somexi mosaxleobis erTi nawilis emigracia ganxorcielda Sida qarTlSi. gadmosaxlebulebi damkvidrdnen muxranSi, konstantine muxranbatonis mamulSi [195, 610]. jer kidev vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavda, rom cxinvalSi cxovrobdnen mxolod qarTvelebi, somxebi da ebraelebi. cxinvalma es Tavisebureba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde moitana. igi warmoadgenda qarTul miwa-wyalze istoriulad warmoqmnil socialur ujreds, sadac sami eris Svilebi saukuneebis manZilze Tanaarsebobdnen. somxebi ZiriTadad liaxvis marjvena napirze cxovrobdnen – xaxanovebi, ter-stefanovebi, Saxparonovebi, meliqovebi da sxv. [196, 170]. vaWroba-xelosnobis ganviTarebis mizniT erekle II gansakuTrebulad interesdeboda so119 mexTa CamosaxlebiT, risTvisac iZulebiT RonisZiebebsac mimarTavda. magaliTad, 1779 wels urCi erevnis xanis dasjis mizniT man `ahyarna somexni zogni erevniT da gardmoasaxla saqarTvelos adgilTa, romelnica kide aq am Jamamde daStes saqarTvelosa Sina~. amdenad, kidev daemata asobiT somxuri ojaxi siRnaRSi, Tbilissa da gorSi isedac `momravlebul~ somxur eTnoss. avlabari, romelsac somxebi havlabari-s saxeliT moixseniebdnen XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Tbilisis gareubans (winaqalaqs) warmoadgenda. Zvelad da zogjer im drosac isani ewodeboda. 1780 wlis Semdgom erekle meorem aq daasaxla somexi, qurTi da sirieli moaxalSeneebi. avlabarSi somexTa didi nawili Camoasaxles yarabaRidan anu SuSadan. iq isini iyvnen abi meliqis ymebi. somxebi swored misi mZime eqspluataciis gamo gamoiqcnen saqarTveloSi [197, 235-236]. ruseTis samefo karma jer kidev XVIII saukunemde, qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan diplomatiuri molaparakebebis kvaldakval daiwyo somexTa Camosaxleba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. erekle meore momaval `mfarvels~ winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda da Tavisi qveynisaTvis SemuSavebul did politikur miznebs swiravda im saukeTeso miwebs, romelzedac, ruseTis moTxovniT, somxebs asaxlebda. ruseTs Tavi ise eWira, TiTqos somexTa CamosaxlebiT, qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis keTil saqmes akeTebda, sinamdvileSi ki, somxuri eTnosis gaZlierebiT, politikur dasayrdens iZlierebda somxreT kavkasiaSi. iyo sxva, banaluri mizezic: aseT saqmeebSi somexi vaWar-moxeleni arcTu mci120 re fuls ixdidnen, razedac rusi Cinovnikebi uars arasodes ambobdnen [198, 426]. saqarTvelos dauZlurebis fonze XVIII saukunis dasasrulisaTvis yarabaRis somexi meliqebi uSualod ruseTis imperiis Zalis gamoyenebiT cdilobdnen sakuTari politikuri amocanebis gadaWras saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze, romelic gulisxmobda aramarto yarabaReli somxebis Camosaxlebas qvemo qarTlSi, aramed kavkasiaSi da sazRvargareT mcxovrebi somxebis Tavmoyras da maTze dayrdnobiT saqarTveloSi `mcire somxeTis~ Seqmnas [199, 125]. Tanamedrove Saxatunianebis, ter-abramianebis, naxapetianebis, ericovebis, arwrunebis, vermiSevebis, babaxanianebis da sxva `mecnierTa~, `mweralTa~ da JurnalistTa publikaciebi gaJRenTilia saqarTvelosadmi zizRiT, saqarTvelos istoriis falsifikaciiTa da antimecnieruli midgomiT. maT SromebSi, statiebsa da werilebSi aSkarad Cans antiqarTuli mimarTuleba, qarTvelebis Seuracxyofa da cinizmi. aseTi antiqarTuli yalbi gamocemebi dResac grZeldeba. am gamocemebs afinansebs somxuri grigorianuli eklesiis centri eCmiaZini, kanadis somxuri eklesia, somxuri diaspora, somexi mecenatebi da biznesmenebi [200, 148]. XIX-XX saukuneebis saistorio literaturaSi farTod gavrcelda Sexeduleba, rom mesxeTis udidesi nawili – mesxeTis yvela samxreTis provincia da qvemo qarTli Turme yofila istoriuli somxeTis teritoria, romelic gvian xanaSi saqarTvelom daipyro da gaaqarTula. 121 es yalbi koncefcia, romelic gamoTqmuli hqonda zogierT mwerals da miRebuli iyo mxiTaristebis saistorio skolis mier, TandaTanobiT ganmtkicda evropis armenistikaSi. cnobili frangi armenisti sen-marteni mxiTaristebis skolis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. man pirvelma gaacno evropas somxeTis istoriuli warsuli. Tavis SromebSi, romelic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda, gamoTqvamda azrs, rom istoriuli somxeTis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenda mesxeTis Woroxis mTeli xeoba, agreTve mesxeTis zemo mtkvris xeoba da qvemo qarTli. sen-martenis es Sexeduleba samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli provinciebis somxeTisadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelda evropul armenistikaSi XIX saukunis mTel manZilze. samwuxarod, am mcdarma koncefciam saqarTvelo-somxeTis istoriuli sazRvrebis Sesaxeb farTod gaidga fesvebi. am problemis damaxinjebiT gaSuqebaSi Tavisi `wvlili~ Seitana akademikosma niko marma. man mTeli tao-klarjeTi eTnografiul somxeTad gamoacxada. maris daskvniT gamodis, rom somxuri warmoSobisa yofila: opiza, xanZTa, Satberdi, mere, daba, miZnaZori, wyarosTavi, berTa, dolisyana da sxv. [200, 149]. somxebis erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb sainteresoa didi rusi poetis aleqsandre griboedovis werilobiTi mimarTva ruseTis imperator nikoloz pirvelisadmi: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar misceT somxebs centraluri ruseTis miwaze dasaxlebis ufleba. es is eria, romelic ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg mi122 iTvisebs da mTel msoflios ganucxadebs, rom es maTi uZvelesi miwaa~ [170, 118-119]. aseve sayuradReboa l. zagurskis Sefaseba somxebis poziciaze qarTuli teritoriebisadmi. avtorma 1872 wels mefis xelisuflebis specialuri davalebiT imogzaura axalqalaqis mazraSi. igi werda: `javaxeTi Soreul dros dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT. maT dasabami misces axalqalaqs, rac axal qalaqs niSnavs. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom somxebs aqvT Cveva (jer kidev damoukideblobis dakargvamde SeZenili) – advilad miatovon TavianTi samSoblo da xalisiT dasaxldnen qveynebSi, romlebic maT materialur sargebels pirdeba. gadasaxlebisTanave isini ageben eklesiebs, romlebSic, Cveulebriv, ganaTavseben wina samSoblodan wamoRebul Zvelebur saeklesio wignebs. Semdeg isini saxldebian eklesiebis garSemo, iZenen uZrav qonebas, xelSi igdeben vaWrobas da mSvenivrad eguebian axali qveynis pirobebs. maTSi kargad ganviTarebuli Temuri sulis wyalobiT, somxebi ayalibeben met-naklebad izolirebul Tems, romelic ar asimilirdeba aborigenebTan da inarCunebs Tavisi nacionaluri xasiaTis ZiriTad Tvisebebs. amitom gasakviri araa, Tu qveyana, romelSic mniSvnelovani odenobiT damkvidrda es saqmiani da kolonizatoruli xalxi, nel-nela iseT saxes Rebulobs, TiTqos is odiTganve somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli~ [170, 119]. saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli teritoriebis somxurad gamocxadebis propagandis Sedegi iyo, rom 1881 wels TbilisSi gamarTul ruseTis arqeologTa V yrilobaze cnobilma aRmosavleTmcodnem prof. d. xvolsonma Tavis gamosvlaSi 123 ganacxada: `me bednieri var, rom vimyofebi somxeTis dedaqalaq TbilisSio~ [201, 273]. ruseTis imperiis cnobili politika kavkasiis erebis urTierTwaqezebisa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis dReebSive gamomJRavnda. ukve imTaviTve ruseTma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi Tavis dasayrdenad gaixada da maTi axali talRis Semosvlas Seuwyo xeli. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris saidumlo instruqciaSi imperatori aleqsandre pirveli knorings avalebda somxebisaTvis Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli xelsayreli pirobebi [202, 73]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba Tbiliseli somxebis nawilma vanqis eklesiaSi zeimiT aRniSna. `sruliad somexTa kaTalikosis ioseb arRuTinskis (74 mRvdeli, 8 arqimandritiT da uamrav somxobis Tana daswrebiT), saqarTvelos uZvelesi saxelmwifos mospobis gamo didi paraklisi gadaixada...~ magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs aqve aRvniSnoT, rom mravali somexi agrZelebda im erTgulebis tradicias, rasac somexi eri saqarTvelos taxtisadmi Zveladve iCenda [200, 80, 97]. da daiwyo somxebis masobrivi Semosvla qarTul miwaze... 1804 wels erevnis saxanodan TbilisSi somex CamosulTa raodenobam 2000 kaci Seadgina. 1807-1808 wlebSi mas 338 ojaxi, anu 1906 suli daemata. 1809-1811 wlebSi mTavarmarTebel tormasovis iniciativiT yarabaRidan 428 ojaxi (2140 suli) uSualod bolnisSi Caasaxles [203, 350]. Tu rogor iyenebda somxebsa da saqarTveloSi maT msgavsad Semosaxlebul da gaZlierebul eTnikur umciresobebs ruseTi, kargad Cans general rtiS124 Cevis werilidan aleqsandre pirvelisadmi, sadac somxebi daxasiaTebulni arian, rogorc ruseTis mokavSire, qarTvelebi ki – rusTa mteri eri; naTqvamia, Tu rogor ebrZodnen, asmendnen, klavdnen somxebi ajanyebul qarTvelebs [198, 437]. rtiSCevi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi somxebs Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `bednierad vTvli Cems Tavsa... gacnoboT, rom somxis eri, romelic saqarTvelos mkvidrTa SesamCnev nawils Seadgens... ruseTis imperiisaTvis umagaliTod Tavdadebulia... yvelaze didad Tavi isaxeles warsul kaxeTis amboxebis dros. rodesac mTel saqarTveloSi kaci aRar darCa Cveni erTguli, marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes araviTari monawileoba amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa da qonebasac ara zogavdnen. Cven jarebTan erTgul da erTsul iyvnen, amxedrdnen meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg da rusis mxedrobasTan erTad ibrZodnen maSfoTarTa gasawyvetad... amas garda aqauri mTavroba somxebs unda umadlodes, rom droze da windawin ityobda, ras apirebdnen meamboxeni da sad hqondaT bina. kaxeTis sxva da sxva kuTxes gabneuli, erTmaneTs mowyvetili jari Tu rames igebda erTmaneTisas, es sul somxebis wyalobiTa, romelnic siamovnebiT da xalisiT asrulebdnen aseT saxifaTo mindobilobas da xSirad sicocxles esalmebodnen samsaxuris erTgulobis gamovo...~ [204, 231]. 1825-1826 wlebSi saqarTveloSi myofi germaneli mogzauri eduard aixvaldi somxebis Sesxeb aRniSnavda: `somxebi, romlebic Seadgenen qalaqis (igulisxmeba Tbilisi – a. s.) mosaxleobis udides nawils, arian eSmakebi, mzakvrebi, matyuarebi...~ [178, 73]. 125 grafi paskeviCis mTavarmarTeblobis dros arzrumidan 100 aTasi somexi (grigoriani da kaTolike) gadmoasaxles episkopos karapetas winamZRolobiT. maTi saxl-karis mosawyobad da binis mosakeTeblad paskeviCma imperator nikoloz pirvels erTi milioni maneTi mosTxova gadmosaxlebulTa dasaxmareblad [205, 40]. 1829 wlis 14 seqtembers adrianopolSi dadebuli zavis Tanaxmad, ruseTma SeierTa foTi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. ruseTis mflobelobaSi gaerTianda samcxe-saaTabagos erTi nawili. axalcixis aRebis Semdeg qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi warudgnen paskeviCs da mas qarTvel mefeTa wyalobis wignebi miarTves, romliTac mtkicdeboda qarTvelTa ufleba axlad SemoerTebul samcxe-javaxeTze. magram mTavarmarTebelma civi uari uTxra. samagierod gadmosaxlebul TiToeul somexs 25 maneTi daxmareba misca da eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadebidan gaanTavisufla. marto axalcixe-axalqalaqis (samcxe-javaxeTSi) mazrebSi Casaxlebuli iqna 30 aTasamde somexi. ai, am gziT gaCndnen somxebi mesxeTSi [206, 9]. aRniSnul periodSi osmaleTidan Camosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi rom SeeqmnaT, ruseTis xelisufleba adgilobriv `qarTvel mahmadianebs eqceodnen rogorc Turqebs, aviwrovebdnen, uqmnidnen ekonomiur da religiur winaaRmdegobebs. gamahmadianebuli da fanatizmiT gabruebuli mosaxleoba mtris ankesze wamoego, bevri maTgani marTlac aiyara mSobliuri miwa-wylidan da TurqeTisaken mimaval gzas daadga~ [170, 112]. gadmosaxlebuli somxebi mkvidrdebodnen axlad mitovebul soflebSi, sadac saxlebis erTi 126 nawili jer kidev ar iyo dangreuli, xolo soflis yanebi daTesili iyo da miwebi moxnuli. erTi sityviT, sameurneo cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT Zvel soflebSi bevri sakiTxi ukve mogvarebuli iyo da cxovrebis dawyebac aq ukeTesi Canda [170, 116]. gamahmadianebuli mesxebis ayris samzadisi paskeviCma daiwyo axalcixis aRebisTanave, 1828 wlis agvistoSi. rus moxeleTa miznebi gasagebi gaxda, roca paskeviCma ar miiRo mesxeTidan adre gaqceuli Tavadaznaurobis Txovna, ar daubruna maT qarTvel mefeTa nawyalobevi Zveli mamulebi da ar misca saSualeba dacul miwebze qarTlidan da imereTidan Tavisi xalxi CaesaxlebinaT. adrianopolis xelSekrulebis XIII muxliT, gadasaxleba-gadmosaxlebis dro gansazRvruli iyo 18 TviT. gamahmadianebuli mesxebi Cqarobdnen mamulebis gayidvas. samcxe-javaxeTi rus moxeleebsa da vaWrebze iyideboda groSebad. muTi-beg falavandiSvilma javaxeTis 29 sofeli 3600 maneTad mihyida xazinas. murjaxeTi iyida yaraqisalovma, prtena – saxpasovma, naqalaqevi _ konanovma, gogaSeni ki somxurma eklesiam Seisyida [207, 24]. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT `mesxeTSi, sadac 1828 wlamde qarTvelTa mosaxleoba 90%-s aRemateboda, 1830 wels ukve, rus moxeleTa wyalobiT, umravlesobad somexni iqcnen~. 1830 wlis ivlisSi axalcixeSi Semovida 2000-mde arzrumeli somexi vaWari. Zvel qalaqSi maT dangreuli Tu naxevrad dangreuli qoxmaxebi gamoiyenes sacxovreblad. ganadgurebul qalaqSi amdeni somexis dabinaveba gaWirda. isini cxovrobdnen yvelgan, sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis saxlebSica da kerZo binebSic. agreTve, spe127 cialurad dadgmul karvebSi. iyo SemTxveva, roca Camosuli ubinao somxebi daerivnen qalaqis Zvel macxovreblebs: moxucebs, qvriv-oblebs da ZaliT iWrebodnen saxlebSi, arTmevdnen sakuTar sacxovrebels. dazaralebulebi ki amaod werdnen saCivrebs mitacebuli saxl-karis dabrunebaze. daobdnen didxans da bolos yvelaferi imiT Tavdeboda, rom an iyrebodnen da midiodnen axalcixidan an urigdebodnen mdgomareobas [170, 116-117]. Seqmnili viTarebis gamo vermiSevi werda: `TurqeTis mxridan Camosaxldnen somxebi da axalqalaqis mazra TiTqmis dahfares mWidro mosaxleobiT, romelTa Soris aqa-iq patara oazisebad darCnen qarTuli soflebi~. `qveyana iseT saxes iRebs, _ werda zagurski, _ TiTqos igi Tavidanve somxebiT yofiliyos dasaxlebuli~. axalmoSeneni sruliad Tavis neba-survilze iyvnen miSvebulni. ivane gvaramaZis TqmiT, `marad samaxsovro naSTebs, cixe-koSkT, eklesiebs gvirRveven da gviqceven, monastrebs gvaclian xelidan, xatebs gviZarcvaven, Zvirfas nivTebs aforiaqeben...~ axalCamosaxlebulebs isic ki moundomebiaT, rom axalcixisaTvis nor-erzerumi daerqmiaT, magram zagurskis sityviT, maSindelma xelisuflebam imdeni goniereba mainc gamoiCna, rom maT survils ar ahyva [207, 24-25]. daaxloebiT 1830 wels, qarTvelTa nasoflarebze gaSenda axali qalaqi, dasaxlebuli arzrumeli somxebiT, romelsac igive Zveli saxeli axalcixe uwodes. TviT mazraSi Semdegi nasoflarebi daiWires somxebma: WaWaraqi, gogoTubani, sasZlo, winubani, 128 orTave wyruTi, arxiscixe, wyalTbila, naoxrebi, didi da patara mamaji da tamala [205, 132, 133]. somxebma mxolod teritoriis miTviseba ar ikmares da qarTuli toponimebis somxuriT Secvla daiwyes. magaliTad, `qvajvars (sof. koTelias da xandos Soris) xaC-kari uwodes, nialisyures – gegedaRi da sxv.~ [205, 158]. gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda somxebis mosvla XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi, rodesac bevrad gaZlierda rigi qarTuli qalaqis mizidulobis Zala. im miwebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romlebic emigraciaSi wasvlamde afxazebs ekavaT, 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi daurigdaT TurqeTidan organizebulad Camosaxlebul somxebs. imave periodSi somxebis kolonia Seiqmna baTumSi. somxebis Camosaxlebam saqarTveloSi maqsimums miaRwia XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, rac gamowveuli iyo im periodSi TurqeTSi somxebis winaaRmdeg represiebis gaZlierebiT. xuTi wlis manZilze (1897-1902 ww.) saqarTveloSi movida daaxloebiT 55 aTasi ltolvili somexi, romelTa umravlesoba Casaxlda qalaqebSi – Tbilisi, baTumi, gori da rig sxva punqtebSi, maT Soris soxumSi da afxazeTis soflebSi. marto TbilisSi 1897-1910 wlebSi somexTa raodenoba gaizarda 46, 7 aTasidan 124, 9 aTasamde, romelTagan daaxloebiT 68 aTasi iyo axlad mosuli (upiratesad TurqeTidan) [105, 309-310]. ltolvili somxebi, mxolod qarTvelebis maspinZlobam ar daakmayofila. 1904-1906 wlebSi somxebma regionuli niSniT moiTxoves erobebis Seqmna, rac momavalSi maT mier dakavebuli teritoriebis dakanonebas da dasaxlebulTa erTobis 129 Camoyalibebas gauadvilebda [198, 437]. mefis nacvalma voroncov-daSkovma garkveuli mosazrebiT mfarvelobis qveS aiyvana somxuri burJuazia da misi partia `daSnakcuTiuni~. carizmis satrapTa mxardaWera e. w. `didi somxeTis~ aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi somex nacionalistebs amierkavkasiaSi upiratesobis rwmenas unergavda [208, 161]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze somxebis Camosaxlebeba winaswar gamiznul politikas warmoadgenda. somxuri mosaxleobis sazRvrispira raionebSi kompaqturi dasaxleba, saqarTvelos teritoriebis mSvidobiani gziT aneqsias iTvaliswinebda. XIX saukunidan dawyebuli es `mSvidobiani faruli omi~ XX saukuneSic gagrZelda. somxuri burJuazia ruseTis xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdego saqmes akeTebda. amis dadasturebas 1915-1916 wlebSi Turqebis mier darbeuli somxebis didi nawilis (100 aTasi kaci) saqarTvelos teritoriaze gansaxleba warmoadgens [203, 350-351]. 1918 wels somexi ltolvilebis axali nakadis miRebaze uari ganacxada maTma mSbliurma `araratis respublikam~. saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam ki isini miiRo da Seifara. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi somexi ltovilebis masobrivi Semosvla 1918 wels imdroindeli rTuli da daZabuli sagareopolitikuri viTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. TurqeTis agresiis saSiSroebam axalqalaqis mazris somxebis mTeli soflebiT ayra, xolo daSnakebis mier mowyobilma qarTvel mahmadianTa soflebis gokiosa da xospias ganadgurebam da mosaxleobis xocva-Jletam maTi saqarTveloSi mig130 racia gamoiwvia. am ukanasknelis organizebaSi danaSauli miuZRoda axalqalaqis somexTa erovnul sabWos, qalaqis Tavis marqarianis da aivazianis meTaurobiT da axalcixis qalaqis Tavis, Semdgom ki saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrs zorians. amgvari sisxliani orgiis Semdeg axalqalaqis somxurma mosaxleobam, mahmadianTa SurisZiebis SiSiT datova Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilebi da masobrivad Semoexizna bakurianis tyeebs, walkis midamoebs, aRbulaxs, marabdis vels. gansxvavebulad moxda somexi ltolvilebis Semosvla siRnaRisa da Telavis mazrebSi. kaxeTSi somxebis gansaxleba ZiriTadad, `daSnakcuTiunis~ partiis xelSewyobiT, xelovnurad iyo organizebuli ltolvilTa mzrunvelobis somxuri komitetis mier. Semosuli somxebidan aTSi sami Tu iqneboda ltolvili, danarCenebi CarC-vaWrebi da spekuliantebi iyvnen, romlebic moedvnen kaxeTis soflebs da uzomod aswies puris fasi [209, 88-89]. rodesac amierkavkasiaSi erobis SemoRebaze daiwyo laparaki, maSin ukve yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom somex politikosebs saqarTveloSi somxebis gadmosaxleba, osmaleTidan dabeCavebuli TavianT TanamoZmeTa marto fizikuri gadarCenis TvalsazrisiT ar ainteresebdaT. es iyo garkveuli politikur-erovnuli gegma. saaxalSeno adgilebi ise iyo SerCeuli, rom gabneuli somxebisaTvis erT mTlian teritorias qmnida. somxebi e. w. `saerobo reformis~ niRbiT daJinebiT moiTxovdnen saqarTvelos teritoriul gadanawilebas [210, 13]. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobas 200 aTasi somexi ltolvili mohyva ukan, ramac sa131 qarTvelos internacionalisti xelisuflebac ki SeaSfoTa da 1921 wlis 31 martis dadgenilebiT, moskovs ltolvilTa miRebaze uari ganucxada, 2 maiss ki `sazRvrebi Sekra~ [198, 439-440]. cota mogvianebiT, centraluri ruseTidan damSeuli xalxis uzarmazari masa moawyda kavkasias. paralelurad CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gaWirvebam ahyara aq dasaxlebuli somxebi, berZnebi da nawilobriv azerbajanelebi. mTeli es uzarmazari masa ltolvilebisa saqarTvelosken daiZra, sadac mudam Ria iyo kari xiznebisaTvis. somxeTma da azerbaijanma TavianT TvistomTa miRebazec ki Tqves uari, imitom, rom TviTonac aranakleb uWirdaT. saqarTvelos mTavrobis imdroindelma gadawvetilebam mxolod nawilobriv SeaCera ltolvilTa talRa... [211, 17-18]. somexi ltolvilebis saqarTveloSi damkvidrebas da maT xelovnur zrdas sakavSiro xelisuflebis gadawvetilebebic uwyobda xels. magaliTad, 1923 wlis ivnisSi ltolvili somxebis 700 kacs neba eZleoda sacxovreblad gadasuliyvnen somxeTSi, maSin, roca saqarTveloSi 1400 suli somexi daamkvidres [212, 137]. 1925 wels somxebi kidev erTxel gaaqtiurdnen. maT amjerad sakavSiro xelisuflebas moTxoves kompaqturad dasaxlebuli qarTuli miwebis mierTeba somxeTTan [198, 439]. saqarTveloSi ki somxebis Camosaxleba kvlav grZeldeboda. amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis umaRlesma organoebma 1927 wlis 17 maiss ganixila sakiTxi TurqeTidan somxebis SesaZlo Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb. am periodSi amierkavkasiis respublikebSi umuSevroba erT132 erT mZime sens warmoadgenda. amitom CaTvales sasurvelad, mxolod kvalificiuri muSaxelis Semoyvana [213, 3]. imave wlis aprilis bolos TbilisSi cxovrebis ufleba miecaT TurqeTis moqalaqeebs arSak aruTinians, arSak umnaSians da gevorq madoians ojaxebiT [213, 3]. Tumca ar aris aRniSnuli es xalxi ra profesias flobda. sainteresoa, rom somxebi pirvel rigSi saqarTveloSi dasaxlebas moiTxovdnen da ara somxeTSi, rasac amierkavkasiis xelmZRvaneloba xels uwyobda. 1928 wels baTumSi Semovida saberZneTis gemi `efstratiosi~, romelmac Camoiyvana somexi ltolvilebi [214, 8]. Semdgom wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camodian sacxovreblad trapizoneli somxebi andronike da varTan muselianebi, marica karaiani, zebel zaxariani, martiros iailiani da nazareT Samiliani. isini iTxovdnen afxazeTSi dasaxlebas [213, 6]. mxolod konstantinepolelma somxebis samma ojaxma 20 sulis SemadgenlobiT `gadawyvita~ somxeTSi ecxovraT [213, 13]. $4. osebi erebis urTierTobaTa sistemaSi qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierTobas Tavisi adgili uWiravs. es Tavisebureba mdgomareobs ara marto da ara imdenad am urTierTobaTa xangrZlivobaSi (or aTaseulze meti weli), aramed maT simWidroveSi, am xalxTa sasicocxlo interesebis mWidro gadaxlarTvaSi, maTi istoriuli bedis erTobaSi. 133 osebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebas amagrebs is bundovani gadmocemebi, rac aq mcxovrebi osebis mexsierebaSi, zepirsityvierebaSi darCa. gadmosaxlebuli osebi umTavresad saxldebodnen didi da patara liaxvisa da qsnis xeobaSi. amis gamo SemdegSi mosuli mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba dasaxlebuli aRmoCnda gorisa da duSeTis mazrebSi, xolo SedarebiT mcire ricxvi raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi [215, 10]. raWis sofeli kudaro, romlis namdvili saxelwodeba aris Casavali, Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. XVII saukunidan aq osebi saxlobdnen. es procesi, rogorc Cans mSvidobianad moxda. raWvelebis barSi gadmosvlis Semdeg, osebma mitovebuli qarTuli teritoria umtkivneulod daikaves [216, 84]. qarTlis mTianeTSi, Sida qarTlSi, osuri kompaqturi mosaxleoba warmoiSva ara erTdrouli Camosaxlebis Sedegad, aramed TandaTanobiT, XVI-XVIII saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saqarTvelosa da centraluri kavkasionis mTis raionebSi Taviseburi socialur-politikuri situacia, migraciuli movlenebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi viTareba Seiqmna [195, 429]. sarCo-sabadeblis mZebneli iosebi qarTvel mTielTa soflebSi ikvlevdnen gzas, xSirad ki aqaur feodalTa kuTvnil miwebze saxldebodnen. amas, erTi mxriv, isic uwyobda xels, rom qarTveli mosaxleoba sagareo mtrebis SemosevaTa Sedegad Zalze Semcirebuli iyo an kidev baris ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis wyalobiT dablobisaken inacvlebda. 134 osTa Camosaxlebis procesi yovelTvis mSvidobiani rodi iyo. feodalizaciis gzaze mdgar osTa zedafenis iniciativiT qarTlis soflebze Tavdasxmebi ewyoboda da am gziTac ikavebdnen isini dasaxlebul adgilebs [195, 430-431]. 200-mde osi ukve Cans dasaxlebuli XVII saukunis damdegisaTvis qarTlis mTianeTSi. bunebrivia Camosaxlebuli osebi ibrZodnen miwebisaTvis, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da amdenad upirispirdebodnen qarTvel mosaxleobas. maT damkvidrebas zogierTi qarTveli feodalic xels uwyobda [194, 56]. es procesi saTanado wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. kerZod, XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris erTi nasyidobis sigelis mixedviT zemo javis mosaxleoba amowyvetili Cans, romelic SemdegSi maCablebma osebiT daasaxles. aRniSnuli faqti arc vaxuSti bagrations gamorCenia mxedvelobidan: `am mTis adgilTa Sina raodeni ovsni davwereT, pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni. Semdgomad mepatroneTa maTTagan gadmosaxlebulan osni da qarTvelni barTa Sina Camosulan, vinaidan mterTagan bars Sina kacni Semcirebulan~. maCablebi mefis mouravebad iyvnen liaxvis xeobaSi. maT ekuTvnodaT mdinare liaxvis TiTqmis orive napiri. kerZod, liaxvis marjvena napirze – niqozi, cxinvali, aCabeTi, monasteri, qurTa, kexvi, msxlebi, javaxis xeoba mTlianad, muguTis xevi: liaxvis marcxena napirze – meRvrekisi, xeiTi, sabawminda, sveris xeoba da sxva. aleqsandre cagarelis gamoangariSebiT, 1771 wels maCabels 800 komli marto osi ekuTvnoda; masve qarTveli glexebic hyavda. 135 1772 wels mosaxleobisadmi, gansakuTrebiT javis xeobis osTadmi (maCablis xiznebad iTvlebodnen) sastiki mopyrobisa da autaneli gadasaxadebis moTxovnis gamo, mefe ereklem maCabels javis xeoba CamoarTva da is ufliswul giorgis daumtkica [217, 200]. qarTul-osuri konfliqtis dros, rodesac saqarTvelos masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ aRsaniSnavad Sida qarTlis am mxares `samaCabloTi~ moixseniebdnen, osebis mxridan sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva; TiTqos aRniSnuli termini axlad iqna gamogonili osebis sawinaaRmdegod. marTalia saistorio wyaroebSi termini `samaCablo~ naklebad gvxvdeba. mas ar xmarobs vaxuSti bagrationi. magram vfiqrobT sakmarisia is faqti, rom papuna orbeliani 1747 wlis istoriuli movlenebis gadmocemisas axsenebs `maCablis qveyanas~. oman xerxeuliZe 1759 wlis ambis TxrobasTan dakavSirebiT, axsenebs samaCablos [193, 114]. liaxvis xeobis politikur-administraciul centrs aCabeTi warmoadgenda. aCabeTidan momdinareobs liaxvis xeobis feodalTa gvari maCabeli. maCabelis gvari pirvelad gvxvdeba XIV saukunis bolos Temur lengTan brZolebSi. maCabeli meored gvxvdeba 1484 wlis aradeTis brZolaSi. cnoba maCablis brZolaze SalikaSvilis winaaRmdeg daculia axali qarTlis cxovrebis yvela nusxaSi [193, 107-111]. samaCablo, rogorc saTavado, gauqmda 1850 wels rodesac maCablebsa da yma osebs Soris gamwvavebuli dapirispirebis gamo senatis dadge136 nilebiT maCabelTa 2000 komli yma saxazino uwyebas gadaeca [195, 188-189]. didi liaxvis saTaveebidan osebi TandaTanobiT vrceldebian samxreTisaken, gadadian mdinareebis: mcire liaxvisa da qsnis viwrobebSi. vaxuStis aRwerilobis mixedviT, XVIII saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi maT ukaviaT miwebi sofel gufTadan didi liaxvis gaswvriv mis saTaveebamde. geris xeoba, vanaTs rom ekvris, mcire liaxvis dineba, Jamuri (qsnis saTave), osTa calkeuli dasaxlebani Canan WurTas, isrolis – xevis, qoloT – qviTkiris xeobebSi da sxv. rogorc Cans, qsnis saTaveebSi maT SeaRwies SedarebiT ufro gvian, vidre mcire liaxvis saTaveebSi. vaxuStis rukis mixedviT, XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi osur axalSenebs ukve ekavaT dvaleTi (nar mamisonis qvabuli), jejoris, liaxvisa da qsnis saTaveebi. aRniSnuli raionebis rig soflebSi osebi adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobasTan SereviT cxovrobdnen, romlebic ewafebodnen da iTvisebdnen qarTvelTa ganviTarebul sameurneo da samwerlobo kulturas [195, 432]. erekle pirvelis (nazaralixani) RonisZiebebis `wyalobiT~ XVII saukunis bolos kaxeTSi gadasaxlda qsnis saerisTavos mosaxleobis didi nawili, ramac Seqmna SemdgomSi kargi pirobebi osTa Camosaxlebisa qsnis saerisTavoSi [217, 224]. SanSe erisTavma qarTveli mosaxleobisagan daclil Jamuris xeobasa da saferSeTSi jer kidev XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, Camoasaxla gaosebuli dvalebi. igive gaimeora 40-ian wlebSi liaxvis xeobaSi [217, 276]. 137 XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi qarTlSi osebis raodenoba izrdeba. swored XVIII saukunis Sua wlebi unda iqnes miCneuli qarTlSi osTa mniSvnelovani Camosaxlebis xanad. am periodSi os moaxalSeneTa raodenobam ukve 5000-mde komli Seadgina [218, 13]. erekle II-is davalebiT Sedgenil 1770 wlis mosaxleobis miaxloebiTi aRweris mixedviT, aragvis saerisTaos osni zaxaSi, TrusoSi, WerivSi, xadasa da RudaSi Seadgenda 1200 komls, qsnis saerisTavos osni – 2000 komls, samaCablos osni – 860 komls. am aRweris mixedviT osebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sxvagan ar Canan [193, 170]. osebi, rom saqarTveloSi mxolod glexebi iyvnen da osi memamule savsebiT kanonzomierad ar arsebobda, Tavad aRniSnavda samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osi mosaxleobis e. w. warmomadgeneli zurab jioevi. misi sityvebiT `osebSi ar aris memamule, maT memamuleebad qarTvelebi arian~ [218, 13]. enoxinis 1803 wlis aRweris mixedviT, sofeli kexvi mTlianad qarTuli sofeli iyo. cxinvalSi ki, ara marto am periodSi, aramed mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi arcerTi osi ar cxovrobda. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnuli monacemebi rusuli wyaroebidanaa moyvanili [219, 80]. osebis masobrivi Camosaxleba Sida qarTlSi, ufro sworad axali talRa iwyeba 1860 wlidan. am periodSi `Crdilo oseTSi~ cxovrobda 47 aTasi osi, xolo qarTlis mTian nawilSi 19 aTasi. e. i. Crdilo oseTSi aRiricxeboda 2,5jer meti osi, vidre saqarTveloSi. aseve cnobilia, rom 1833 wels ruseTis imperiaSi 36 aTasi 138 osia dafiqsirebuli. Tu aseT proporcias aviRebT saqarTveloSi 14 aTasi osi figurirebs. 1880 wels CrdiloeT oseTSi osebis raodenobam 59 aTass miaRwia, xolo saqarTveloSi 52 aTasi aRiricxa. amdenad, 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi – 1860-1880 wlebSi osebis ricxvi Crdilo oseTSi 12 aTasiT gaizarda, anu 1,2-jer. saqarTveloSi 33 aTasiT anu 207-jer. xazgasasmelia, rom kacobriobis istoriis mTel manZilze, arcerT qveyanaSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis zrda aseTi mokle periodis manZilze ar yofila. es faqti mianiSnebs mxolod erT garemoebaze, rom swored am periodSi Crdilo oseTidan osebis didi raodenoba Camosaxlda saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad [218, 46]. XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi osTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi Cndeba mtkvris marjvena napirze axlandeli qarelis raionSi, borjomis raionSi (magaliTad, bakurianSi 1885 wels 71 osi cxovrobda) da sxv. largvisTan mdinare qsans marjvnidan erTvis WurTis xevi. WurTa vaxuStis rukaze calke struqturuli erTeulia, sadac aRniSnulia 9 sofeli. ioane bagrations 10 dasaxlebuli punqti aqvs mocemuli. es dasaxlebebi aRniSnulia saxelwodebebis gareSe. magram vaxuSti 6 qarTul sofels asaxelebs, im dros, roca ioane bagrationi ukve 2 qarTul sofels ixseniebs. gamodis, rom sul raRac naxevari saukunis manZilze 4 qarTuli sofeli gardaiqmna osur dasaxlebad da damatebiT kidev Seiqmna osebiT dasaxlebuli erTi axali sofeli [220, 96]. 139 mTiuleTSi dasaxlebul osTa uSualo kontaqti adgilobriv qarTul mosaxleobasTan (e. i. mTiulebTan) Tavdapirvelad Rudis teritoriaze ganxorcielda [221, 7]. SemdegSi xizani osebi qarTuli miwis miTvisebas iaraRis ZaliTac cdilobdnen. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi mTiuleTze osebis 7000-iani laSqris Tavdasxmisa da didvelze (gamoRma xadis teritoriaze) gadaxdili omis Sesaxeb, mogviTxrobs folkloruli gadmocemebi. amasTan, adgilze fiqsirebuli masalis mixedviT osebis jari TrusoSi Sekrebilia da jvris uReltexilze gadmosvliT dascemia mTiulebs, romlebic winaswar momzadebuli dauxvdnen momxvdurT da brwyinvale gamarjvebac moipoves [221, 22, sqolio 62]. osebi rom xiznebi iyvnen RudaSi iqidanac Cans, rom isini adgilobriv mouravs mamulis safasurs aZlevdnen. `mayvlis Rvinos uzidavdnen kuluxad nazRaiZeebs dReobebze [221, 20]. swored nazRaiZeTa Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebis periodSi, kerZod XVIII saukunis damdegidan daiwyo Rudis xevSi osebis Casaxleba, ramac aRniSnuli raioni jer polieTnikur (qarTulosur), xolo Semdeg martooden os moaxalSeneTa kompaqturi gansaxlebis mxared aqcia. feodaluri saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri azrovneba Tundac qarTlis mTianeTis osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul am CrdiloeT nawils ara Tu politikurad (da es gasagebicaa), eTnokulturuladac ki oseTad ar ganixilavda. aseTad mas mxolod kavkasiis qedaRma oseTi eguleboda. am Tvalsazriss, ra Tqma unda, savsebiT realuri safuZveli hqonda [222, 20]. 140 saerTod, oseTi ymebis yidvis erTgvar bazars warmoadgenda, sadac SeZlebuli qarTvelebi da Tavad-aznaroba ymebis SesaZenad dadiodnen. magaliTad, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi iese baraTaSvili, rodesac ekonomikurad momZlavrda SvilebisaTvis cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad osi erovnebis ymebs eZebs. anderZSi Svilebs mouTxrobs: `oseTSi kaci gavgzavne osebis saSovnelad. bevri damexarja, mepirebian da jer ara Cans ra. egebis yma gagvimravldesT. TqvenTvis, Torem me raRas margebs~ [223, 681]. faqtia, rom warsulSi qarTlis mTianeTSi mcxovreb oss azradac ar mouvidoda eTqva, oseTSi vcxovrobTo, radgan man kargad icoda: qarTul miwaze xiznad iyo dasaxlebuli. Sida qarTli saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. erekle meore erT-erTi dokumentis mixedviT afrTxilebs orgul osebs, Tu Cems brZanebas ar daemorCilebiT `iseTs risxvas mogayenebT, rom aras kacs ar mosvlodes da arc Cvens mamulSi Tqvens gvarsRa gavuSvebTo~. diax, Sida qarTli `Cveni mamuli~ iyo [23, 86]. xizani – sparsuli warmomavlobis sityvaa da sakuTari samkvidrodan ayril da sxvagan TavSefarebuls niSnavs. am institutis Camoyalibeba feodalur saqarTveloSi iwyeba da ganviTarebis socialur-politikur gzas gadis manamde, vidre CvenSi mokavSireT da mfarvelad mowveuli ruseTi, cxovrebis yvela sferoSi erTpirovnuli kanonmdebeli gagvixdeboda [224, 264]. osebis Sida qarTlis barSi Camosaxlebis process, sxva arsebiTi xasiaTis faqtorebTan erTad xels uwyobda qveynad kapitalisturi ur141 TierTobis ganviTareba, raSic bunebrivad erTveboda osuri mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili. osebi miwebis mwvave simcires ganicdidnen da gamosavals mezobel teritoriaze eZebdnen. garda amisa mniSvnelovan mizezs warmoadgenda sisxlis aRebis tradiciuli wesi, rac arc Tu iSviaTi iyo kavkasiel mTielTa Soris. safrTxes aridebuli mravali osic mezobel xalxebs afarebda Tavs [225, 75]. XIX saukunis miwurulisTvis gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad SeiniSneboda osebis cxinvalSi momZlavrebis procesi. `cxinvalSi – ityobineboda gaz. `iveria~ (1893 w.) adgilobrivi mosaxleoba osebs `Semosulebs eZaxian da moiTxoven maT dauyovnebliv ukan garekvas, ramdenadac sxva umsgavsobasTan erTad isini urCobasac iCenen gadasaxadebis gadaxdisao. amitom gauTavebeli dava iyo Semosulebze gadasaxadisaTvis. isini ki ar ixdidnen da gaiZaxian – ramden adgilas unda vixadoTo~ [227, 70]. amgvarad Cans, rom e. w. droebiT, sezonuri samuSaosTvis Camosuli osi erTdroulad inarCunebda Zvel sacxovrebel adgils da cxinvalSic cdilobda mis mopovebas. aq, mas ufro meti SesaZleobloba eZleoda lukma-puri da sarCo-sabadebeli eSovna da materialuri mdgomareoba gaeumjodesebina. amasTan erTad iyo perspeqtiva saxelmwifo struqturebSi samsaxurisaTvis gamoekra xeli [227, 22-23]. osuri mosaxleobis xelovnur matebas iwvevda qarTvelTa `gaosebis~ procesi, romelmac intensiuri xasiaTi XIX saukuneSi miiRo. saqme isaa, rom carizmis xelisufleba sxvadasxva po142 litikuri mosazrebebiT socialur privilegiebs aniWebda osebs. amis gamo Camoyalibda eTnofsiqologiuri movlena, romelsac SeiZleba `osoba~ vuwodoT. qarTveli kacisaTvis `osoba~ momgebiani gaxda. rogorc TurqTagan dapyrobil mesxeTSi qarTvelebisaTvis `TaTroba~ iyo ekonomikurpolitikurad momgebiani, `lekoba~ _ saingiloSi, `afxazoba~ _ Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, `somxoba~ aRmosavleT provinciebSi, aseve `osoba~ ekonomikur-politikurad iyo momgebiani carizmis dros Sida da zemo qarTlSi [170, 151]. osebis gansaxleobis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias gvawvdis saflavis qvebis warwerebi. sazogadod sasaflaom friad saintereso da sagulisxmo masala SeiZleba mogvces sazogadoebis meurneobis, yofa-cxovrebis, xelovnebisa da religiis istoriis Sesaswavlad. sasaflaoebi – ambobda akademikosi niko berZeniSvili – saucxood amxels soflis socialur-ekonomikuri yofis zogad saxes. calke unda aRiniSnos epitafiebi. es `sulTa matianeebi~ Zvirfasi cnobebis Semcvelia. sofel kusireTis sasaflaos saflavebis TariRiani qvebis epitafiebi osTa gvarebs ixseniebs da isini XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedisa da ufro gviandelia. zogierTi TvalsazrisiT es epitafiebic sayuradReboa, rogorc tbeTis, wunaris, yornisisa da sxva sasaflaoebis qvebis warwerebi Sida qarTlSi. epitafiebi, rogorc iTqva utyuari mowmea amaTuim eTnosis gansaxlebisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb. kusireTSi osuri gvarebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli daboloebebiT fiqsirdeba, Semdeg ki rusuliT. magaliTad, beTeSvili (1890 w., 1904 w.) 143 – beTievi an beTevi (1905 w., 1909 w.), qoqoSvili (1897 w.) – qoqoevi (1906 w.). erTsa da imave qvazedac ki mama-SvilTagan, tato beTeSvilia (1904 w.), xolo aleqsi tatos Ze beTeevia (1905 w.). wunaris sasaflaos erT-erT qvaze salome jioSvilia (1902 w.), misi maxlobeli daviTi ukve jioevia (1909 w.), nina mamaiaSvilia (1889 w.), misi memkvidreebi mamievebad iwodebian da a. S. [228, 191-192]. 1900 wels gamoqveynebuli `kavkasiis kalendris~ Tanaxmad cxinvalSi aRniSnul periodSi cxovrobdnen mxolod qarTvelebi, somxebi da qarTveli ebraelebi. ufro metic, 1922 wels cxinvalSi cxovrobda 613 suli osi (anu qalaqis mosaxleobis 13%, maSin roca ebraelebi Seadgendnen 1651 suls (36,3%), qarTvelebi 1436 suls (31,7%) da somxebi – 767 (16,8%) [229, 42-43]. 1902 wels goris mazridan gadmosaxlebulma osebma sofel fiCxovanSi (fSavis Temi, qvemo alvanis CrdiloeTiT sam versze) Seisyides adgilebi da aq damkvidrdnen [230]. TrialeTSi osebis mesame gamoCena XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis damdegs daiwyo. isini ZiriTadad TeTri wyaros raionis soflebSi arian Casaxlebulni: patara kldeisarSi, dumanisSi, pitareTSi, aRkalafaSi, aleqseevkaSi da sxva. sofel dumanisSi cxovrobdnen: makievebi, fuxaevebi, Tvaurebi, melaZeebi, qorTievebi, xabalaevebi, Certkoevebi, boloTaevebi, kokoevebi, qoqaevebi, zadievebi, qoqoevebi da sxv. [136, 21]. aseve, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, kerZod, pankisel qistebTan axlos alaznis piras ganlagebuli iyo ramdenime osuri sofeli. osebi aq 144 dasaxldnen XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTveli Tavadebisagan miwis yidvis Semdeg. am faqts mohyva miwaTsargeblobis niadagze osebsa da qistebs Soris dapirispireba [231, 20]. aq osebi jgufebad Camosaxldnen Sida qarTlidan [232, 157]. pankisis xeobis osuri mosaxleobis soflebi ganlagebulia mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze. es soflebia dumasturi, qvemo xalawani, winubani, qoreTi. kuwaxtaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi da osebi. qistebiT dasaxlebul sofel omalos esazRvreba osebis sofeli dumasturi, romlis mosaxleoba javis raionis soflebidan gadmosaxlda 1905 wels (Tavdapirvelad 26 komli). ZiriTadi gvarebia biToevi, jioevi, makoevi, Tedeevi, koCievi, cxovrebovi, qozaevi, Zugaevi, gergauli, Savloxovi, kabisovi [232, 158-159]. jer kidev 1921 wels cxinvalis garSemo 26 sofelSi mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen [233, 3]. sabWoTa reJimis damyarebidan osebi intensiurad saxldebian qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze. 1922 wels TbilisSi cxovrobda 1446 osi [234]. 1925 wlisaTvis yofil olqSi aRricxulia 82 aTasi kaci. maTgan osi 54 aTasi, danarCen 28 aTass Seadgendnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da ebraelebi [235, 28]. 1926 wels saqarTveloSi osebis raodenoba 113 aTass udrida da aqedan 60 aTasi yofili olqis teritoriaze cxovrobda, xolo 53 aTasi mis farglebs gareT. gamodis, rom erT weliwadSi `olqSi~ mcxovrebi osebi 6 aTasi suliT gazrdilan? bunebrivia es iyo `jayoebis~ CrdiloeTidan axali talRis gadmosrola, rac bolSevikebis demografiuli politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 145 aRniSnul periodSi osTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi yvelaze metad SesamCnevi iyo goris, duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi. goris mazraSi osuri dasaxlebiT gamoirCeoda mdinare fronis saTaveebi, yornisisa da wunaris raionebi, sadac Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris monacemebiT, osi mosaxleoba 88%-s udrida. didi liaxvis xeobaSi osebi cxovrobdnen sofel kexvamde. am soflis samxreTiT mxolod qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi iyo, sadac osTa ricxvi mcxovrebTa 15 procents ar aRemateboda. aseve iyo patara liaxvis xeobaSic, sadac osebi sofel vanTamde cxovrobdnen. vanTis CrdiloeTiT ganlagebuli iyo qarTuli soflebi: beloTi, ori xowura, sacxene, awrisxevi da sxv. duSeTis mazraSi osebi cxovrobdnen aragvisa da qsnis saTaveebTan, raWis mazraSi – jejoras saTavesTan, Casavalis raionSi [236, 70]. 1933 wels SeimCneoda Crdilo oseTidan osi mosaxleobis masobrivi gadmosvla e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~. osebis es nawili aqedan wasulebi iyvnen jer kidev 1920 wels cnobili movlenebis dros. Camosaxlebulebi moiTxovdnen sakolmeurneo miwebs, romlebic Tavisad miaCndaT [237, 43]. 1934 wlisTvis sofeli yornisi 16-18 kilometriT iyo dacilebuli cxinvalidan. am droisaTvis sofelSi ZiriTadad osebi cxovrobdnen. isini aq damkvidrebidan mesame Taobas warmoadgendnen [238, 228]. sofel wunaris mosaxleoba kvlav xelovnurad izrdeboda. rokis `gadaRmidan~ 35 osuri ojaxi Camoasaxles. 1937 wels CrdiloeT oseTis sofel gnuRodan aq damkvidrdnen xubaevebi, Ta146 raevebi, xaCirovebi, malZigovebi da sxv. iq Tu usaxlkarod iyvnen, madlian qarTul miwaze oror oTaxiani qviTkiris saxlebi aiSenes da mSvenivrad moawyves ojaxebi [239]. 1959 wels cxinvalis regionSi qarTvelebisa da osebis garda cxovrobda 2380 rusi, 1723 ebraeli, 1555 somexi, 439 ukraineli da 428 sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli [240, 71]. 1989 wlis monacemebiT osebis saerTo raodenoba 598 aTas suls Seadgenda, amaTgan sakuTriv oseTSi (anu yofil rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi Semaval e. w. `CrdiloeT oseTis assr~ teritoriaze) – 335 aTasi suli cxovrobda. saqarTveloSi 164 aTasi suli iyo (aqedan yofili e. w. `samxreT oseTis ao~-s farglebSi 65 aTasi). yofili ssrk-s teritoriaze 101 aTasi osi iyo dafiqsirebuli. $5. berZnebi saqarTveloSi berZnebis raodenoba 100 aTasamde aRwevs da maT aq mosaxle erovnebaTa Soris raodenobrivad mexuTe adgili uWiravT. saqarTvelos dRevandeli berZnuli mosaxleobis absolutur umetesobas ver miviCnevT verc saqarTveloSi mosul uZveles berZen kolonistTa uSualo STamomavlebad, verc bizantieli misionerebis da ostatTa memkvidreebad. isini CvenSi ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gadmosaxldnen [241, 5]. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi da, kerZod, mis qalaqebSi XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaCnda SedarebiT didi sarewaoebic. am mxriv erT-erTi 147 mniSvnelovani dargi samTamadno warmoeba iyo. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi samTamadno warmoebis aRdgenis mizniT samefo xelisuflebam moiwvia anatoliidan am saqmis mcodne berZeni ostatebi. arsebuli cnobebiT giumiuSxanidan mosuli berZnebis 800-mde ojaxi Casaxlebula 1763 wels axtalis midamoebSi. berZnebma ganaaxles vercxlis sabadoTa damuSaveba axtalaSi da xeli mihyves alaverdis spilenZis sabadoebis damuSavebasac. iyo wlebi, roca axtalis vercxlis sarewaoebSi 700-dan 1000-mde berZeni muSaobda [187, 363]. mkvlevar v. jaoSvilis monacemebiT maTi Camomavlebi arian marneulis raionis sofel ofreTSi amJamad mcxovrebi berZnebi [105, 318]. amasTan, berZnebi romlebic cxovrobdnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, ar atarebdnen gvarebs. saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda mieRoT gvarebi [242, 12]. cnobilia, rom `rumis~ dampyrobi osmalebis saxelad qarTul wyaroebSi gavrcelda `urumni~ [243, 152-153]. CvenTan mcxovreb Turqulenovan berZnebs qarTvelebi aseve urumebis saxeliT moixsenieben. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom samxreT saqarTveloSi (axlandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze) aris istoriuli sofeli urumi, romelic moxseniebulia XVI saukunis `gurjistanis vilaeTis did davTarSi~ [244, 182]. 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis dros gaZarcves da daangries vercxlisa da spilenZis qarxnebi, romelnic omar xanis Semosevis Semdeg aRedgina erekles [187, 382]. aq 700 berZeni memadne mokles da 836 tyved waiyvanes [189, 396]. 148 aWaris berZnulenovani mosaxleoba mcire aziis berZenTa STamomavalia. aWaraSi berZnebi XV saukuneSi osmalebis mier bizantiis dapyrobis Semdeg gadmosaxldnen, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. TurqeTis mTavroba yovel Rones xmarobda imperiis araTurqi mosaxleobis (berZnebis, somxebis, slavebis, ebraelebis, qurTebis, lazebis da sxva) gamuslimanebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved es politika gatarebul iqna XIX saukuneSi. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg intensiurad daiwyo ucxotomelTa Camosaxleba Cveni samSoblos teritoriaze. 1810 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna `TurqeTidan kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebis komiteti~, romelmac Tavisi moRvaweoba gaSala mcire aziaSi, umTavresad sasuliero pirebis meSveobiT. berZnebi Camodiodnen didi da mcire jgufebis, ojaxebisa da calkeuli pirebis saxiT. gadmosaxlebis mizezebi sxvadasxvagvari iyo [245, 96-97]. 1831 wlisaTvis walkis raionSi Seiqmna 18 berZnuli sofeli, romelSic 642 ojaxi cxovrobda [242, 10]. unda aRiniSnos, rom Camosaxlebuli berZnebi monawileobdnen ruseTis xelisuflebis mier TurqeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolebSi nebayoflobiT, rogorc moxaliseni. am faqtze miniSnebulia general readisadmi Tavad bebuTovis 1854 wlis 19 agvistos patakSi [245, 97]. pontoeli berZnebis is masa, romelic saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlda da romelmac sxvadasxva regionebSi daido bina, ar yofila Tavidanve erTgvarovani. saqarTvelos berZnebis dayofa SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad: elinofinur, anu ber149 Znul enaze molaparake da Turqulenovan jgufad [241, 7]. berZnebis nawilma, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapirodan da mTiani adgilebidan Camosaxldnen, SeinarCunes Tavisi ena. saqme imaSi iyo, rom sulTan hamidis brZanebis mixedviT berZnebs, romelTac survili hqondaT SeenarCunebinaT Tavisi religia, Turqulad unda elaparakaT. xolo mSobliuri enis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi islami unda eRiarebinaT. ra Tqma unda brZaneba orive SemTxvevaSi asimilacias iTvaliswinebda [246, 4]. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom walkaSi mcxovrebi berZnebi laparakobdnen Sereulad – berZnul-somxur-Turqul enaze [247, 22]. konkretulad, 1829 wlis Semodgomaze urumebis 60 ojaxi (396 suli) ZiriTadad giumiuSxanidan da madanidan Camovidnen qvemo winwyaroSi, romelic am dros ukve iyo dasaxlebuli urumebiT. 1830 wlis aprilSi maT airCies sacxovreblad `besTaSeni~ anu `keCeTi~ _ urumebis pirveli dasaxleba walkaSi. mogvianebiT urumebis mniSvnelovani nawili TrialeTis soflebidan gadmosaxlda Tbilissa da rusTvaSi [248, 141, 142]. 1829-1830 wlebis ganmavlobaSi TrialeT-walkis raionSi TurqeTis sxvadasxva provinciebidan Camovida berZnebis 1125 ojaxi. 1864 wels walkaSi ukve iyo 1075 berZnuli komli anu orive sqesis 9245 suli. dmanisis raionSi Sejgufdnen ZiriTadad arzrumis Semogarenidan gamosuli urumebi. maT saqarTvelos am regionSi Seqmnes sofeli ambarlo (ganaxleba), damirbulaxi (sarkineTi), erRiSoRli (velispiri) da iaila; TeTri wyaros raionSi 150 soflebi winwyaro, ugudeTi, abeliani; marneulis raionSi sofeli ofreTi [248, 142]. saerTod, qarTlis istoriul mxareTa Soris, TrialeTi erTi yvelaze metad gaucxoebuli mxarea mosaxleobiT, toponimebiT. dakargulia soflebis Zveli qarTuli saxelwodebani [249, 12]. XIX saukuneSi mosul araqarTul mosaxleobas, winandeli sacxovrebeli adgilidan Tan moutania maTi soflebis saxelebi da aqauri nasoflarebisaTvis Seurqmevia [250, 43]. axla qiriaqSi berZnebi cxovroben 1830 da 1861 wlebSi gadmosaxlebulni arzrumis raionidan. soflis axlandeli saxelic iqidanaa motanili [250, 45]. berZen moaxalSeneTa uwyisis mixedviT axlandeli soflis avramli – avranlis Zveli qarTuli saxeli yofila Tezi. es mozrdili sofeli qciis marcxena mxares, mis mosabrunSia. XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mosul berZnebs am soflis Zvel qarTul naeklesiarebze axali salocavi augiaT [251, 236]. zemoxsenebuli uwyisi gvamcnobs, rom ZvelqarTul nasoflar cnics mosulebma Searqves aSkala, koxajs – gumbeTli, farexas ki dereqioi [251, 237]. aWaraSi xelvaCauris raioni sofeli axalSeni erT-erTi dasaxlebuli punqtia, sadac berZnebi kompaqturad cxovroben. pontoeli berZnebi cxovroben amave raionis sofel yorolisTavSi, feriaSi. qobuleTis sofel dagvaSi, kvirikewmindaSi, CaqvSi. aseve baTumsa da qobuleTSi. ruseT-TurqeTis omis (1877-1878 ww.) Semdgom aWara moeqca ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. TurqeTis xelisufleba ver Seurigda strategiuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani saporto 151 qalaqis – baTumis dakarges da dakargulis dabrunebas Seecada aWaris muslimani mosaxleobis gadmobirebis gziT. am politikis gatarebaSi aqtiur Zalas warmoadgendnen mosaxleobaSi kultis msaxurebi, xoja-molebi, romlebic mahmadian mosaxleobaSi qadagebdnen rusTa xelisuflebisadmi daumorCileblobas. propagandas Tavis Sedegi mohyva: aWaris bevri sofeli dacarielda, mas visac nebayoflobiT ar surda mSobliuri mxaris datoveba, aiZulebdnen muqariT Tu dapirebebiT daeTmo yovelive da wasuliyo TurqeTSi. swored amitom carizmi dainteresebuli iyo daesaxlebina pirvel rigSi es dacarielebuli daba-soflebi da am gziT gaemagrebina ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebi [245, 96]. aseTi politikis Sedegad demografiuli procesebi iseTi tempiT ganviTarda, rom sul male is polieTnikur qalaqad iqca. Tuki 1872 wlis monacemebiT aq sul 4970 suli (4500 mahmadiani, 350 berZeni, 120 somexi) cxovrobda, 1882 wlis aRweriT mosaxleobis raodenobam ukve 8671 (809 qarTveli, 980 rusi, 908 somexi, 1166 berZeni, 606 Turqi), xolo oTxi wlis Semdeg 14803 suls (2400 qarTveli, 1160 rusi, 3454 somexi, 2982 berZeni, 1250 Turqi) miaRwia. mxolod baTumSi 1195 berZeni cxovrobda [252, 2]. rac Seexeba afxazeTs, aq berZnebis dasaxleba 1863-1880 wlebSi mimdinareobda. ramdenime aseuli ojaxi 1863-1864 wlebSi damkvidrda Semdeg soflebSi: georgievski, aleqsandrovski, olginski. saerTod, XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis afxazeTSi kolonizacia swrafi tempiT wavida win, 1900 wlisaTvis aq 35 dasaxleba warmoiqmna rusebis, estonelebis, berZnebis, germanelebis mi152 er. isini damkvidrdnen bomboraSi, mwaraSi, baklanovkaSi, akafaSi, poltavskoeSi, CernigovkaSi, estonskoeSi, drandaSi, fSafSi, vladimirovkaSi da a. S. Tambaqos mwarmoebeli berZnebi da somxebi ki damkvidrdnen jgerdaSi da kvitoulSi [253, 45]. berZenTa bolo migraciuli nakadi saqarTveloSi 1923 wlis Semdeg Semovida. 1927 wlisTvis berZnulma mosaxleobam 80 aTass miaRwia. maTi raodenoba Tbilisis mazraSi 33 aTas suls aRwevda, borCalos mazraSi 5 aTasi, afxazeTSi 30 aTasi, xolo aWaraSi 7 aTasi cxovrobda. amave dros berZnebi gafantulad cxovrobdnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mazrebSi [138, 114]. 1929 wels borCalos mazra daiSala da axali teritoriul-administraciuli raionebi Seiqmna. berZnuli soflebis nawili: demurbulaRi,ambarlo da erkuSoRli dmanisis raionSi aRmoCnda. meoTxe sofeli – petrovski – demurbulaRs SeuerTda. aq dasaxlebuli berZnebi, TurqeTis Crdilo aRmosavleTis vilaieTebidan iyvnen wamosuli. demurbulaRelebis da erkuSoRlelebis sametyvelo ena Turquli iyo, xolo ambarloelebi Zvel somxur dialeqtze saubrobdnen. marTalia maT ukve dakarguli hqondaT mSobliuri berZnuli ena, rasac Tavadac aRiarebdnen, magram amayobdnen imiT, rom marTlmadidebloba SeinarCunos. urumebi erkuSoRlSi qarTvelebis, furcelaZeebis, WamelaSvilebis, maisuraZeebis, beruaSvilebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen anu am soflis dasaxleba Sereuli – berZnul-qarTuli iyo. mogvianebiT beruaSvilebi `gaberZnulebulan~ da beruevebi gamxdaran. 153 1949 wels xsenebul soflebs Turquli saxelebi qarTuliT SeucvliaT. erkuSoRls, romelic oficialurad qeivanbelgasoni iyo, velispiri daerqva, ambarlos _ ganaxleba, demurbulaRs – sarkineTi [254, 344]. 1938-1939 wlebSi kidev erTi berZnuli sofeli – musiyala – daarsda. aq berZnebi mTavrobam `xramhes-I~-idan gadmoasaxla. omis Semdgom sofeli aRar arsebobs. dRes aRarc sofeli iailo arsebobs. bolo wlebSi berZnuli mosaxleobis didi nawili saberZneTSi wavida [254, 345]. amrigad, irkveva, rom saqarTvelos axlandeli berZnuli mosaxleoba XVIII-XX saukuneebSi, upiratesad ki 1829 wlis Semdeg anatoliidan (TurqeTis imperiis aRmosavleTi raionebidan) gadmosaxlebul berZenTa STamomavlebs warmoadgendnen [255, 32]. sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze, kerZod, 1921 wlis ivlisidan 4 agvistomde saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava debuleba aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan berZnebis gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb saberZZneTSi [242, 35]. 1922 wels saberZneTSi gaemgzavra ltolvili berZnebis 6010 kaci. darCenili iyo 500 berZeni, romelTac gamgzavrebis araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCniaT. saWiro iyo 5000 osmaluri qaRaldis lira, ris gaRebasac saxelmwifo saxsrebidan varaudobdnen [256, 91]. 1924 wlis 3 aprils baTumidan saberZneTSi wavida 1300 berZeni. maT viza miiRes baTumSi myofi sparseTis konsulisgan. konsulma viza gasca saberZneTis sagzao saministros gadawvetilebis Semdeg. 154 wasvlis msurveli ufro meti berZeni iyo, magram saberZneTis mTavrobam droebiT SeaCera ltolvilebis miReba arsebuli viTarebis gamo. kerZod, momzadebul barakebSi, sadac unda mieRoT saqarTvelodan ltolvilebi, ukve cxovrobdnen mcire aziidan wamosuli berZnebi. faqtobrivad maTi SeCereba moxda saberZneTis saxelmwifos moumzadeblobis gamo, mieRo Tvistomni. am dros wasvlis msurveli, mxolod afxazeTidan 5000 kaci iyo. amierkavkasiis xelisufleba agitacias eweoda berZnebis datovebasTan dakavSirebiT. xelisuflebas miaCnda, rom berZnebi saukeTeso Tambaqos mwarmoeblebi iyvnen da maTi darCena sasurveli iyo, rogorc afxazeTisaTvis, ise saerTod amierkavkasiisaTvis [257, 137]. samSobloSi wasvlaze uaris Tqmis gamo berZnebi imuqrebodnen aSkara grandiozuli demonstraciis mowyobiT. ltolvilebi moiTxovdnen, rom Tu xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo maTi saberZneTSi gamgzavreba, maSin xeli SeewyoT braziliaSi wasasvlelad [258, 12]. 1925 wlisaTvis, mxolod walkis raionSi 45 soflidan 24 berZnuli iyo, sadac 25 aTasze meti kaci cxovrobda. aRbulaRis mazraSi 8 aTasamde, borCalos mazraSi 5 aTasamde da 10 aTasamde berZeni sxva mazrebSi iyo gafantuli [259, 35, 77]. 1926 wels aWaraSi berZnuli mosaxleoba 7629 suls Seadgenda. aqedan baTumSi cxovrobda 4849 suli, mazrebSi – 2780 [260, 203]. afxazeTis berZnul mosaxleobaSi kvlav aRmocenda moZraoba saberZneTSi gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1926 wels daaxloebiT 23 aTasi berZeni moiTxovda saberZneTSi gadasaxlebas. xelisufle155 ba politikuri mosazrebiT winaaRmdegobas uwevda am moZraobas da mimarTavda farTo agitacia-propagandas, ris Sedegadac gadasaxlebis msurvelTa raodenoba 3 aTasamde Semcirda [138, 115]. 1930 wels pilenkovskis raionis berZnebSi isev gaCnda survili saberZneTSi gamgzavrebisa. aseTive tendencia Canda berZnebiT dasaxlebul raionebSic. berZnebis saerTo raodenoba, romlebic Tavisi ojaxebiT cdilobdnen saqarTvelodan sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas 1200-1400 kacs Seadgenda, yvela isini ganekuTvneboda Rarib mosaxleobas da ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen gadasaxadebisagan. berZnebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba afxazeTSi cxovrobda ramdenime aTeuli weli da maTgan saberZneTSi adre aravin yofila. berZenTa wasvlis survilis mizezebi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: 1. ZaldatanebiTi gawevrianeba kolmeurneobebSi; 2. ekonomikuri siduxWire da SimSilobis zRurblze yofna; 3. mcire miwianoba da mousavlian miwebze dasaxleba; 4. saskolo saqmis mougvarebloba [261, 214, 218]. imave wels Seiswavles dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. amtkicebdnen, rom berZnebis mier Seqmnili saTvistomo `berZnebis urTierTdaxmarebis komiteti~ moskovis saberZneTis saelCos zegavleniT saqmianobda, rom am organizaciis xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze saberZneTis dazvervis agentebi msaxurobdnen, romlebic samSobloSi berZnebis emigracias uwevdnen propagandas. motanili cnobebidan irkveva, rom yovelwliurad izrdeboda saberZneTSi wamsvleli emigrantebis ricxvi: 1926 wels gaemgzavra 30 ojaxi, 1927 wels 156 – 58 ojaxi, 1928 wels – 205 ojaxi, 1929 wels – 444 ojaxi. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca mTel sofels mouTxovia gadasaxlebis ufleba (magaliTad, sofel andreevskis 295 komlma, 1200-1400 kacma gamoTqva samSobloSi dabrunebis survili) [262, 143]. omis Semdgom periodSi xelisuflebis politika berZnebTan mimarTebaSi radikalurad Seicvala. saqarTvelos da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis sadireqtivo organoebis gadawvetilebiT 1949 wels afxazeTidan yazaxeTSi gaasaxles berZnebi (ucxo qveynis qveSevrdomebi). aseve berZeni erovnebis pirebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT moqalaqeoba. bunebrivia, zogierTi moqalaqe berZeni gasaxlebulis axlo naTesavi iyo. amitom maTma nawilma gamoTqva survili nebayoflobiT wasuliyvnen maTTan erTad, ris Sesaxeb gancxadebiT mimarTa saTanado organoebs. aseTi moqalaqeebis survili adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis xelmZRvanelebma gaiges, rogorc berZnebis saerTo gadawvetileba da gamoyenebul iqna masobrivi gadasaxlebisaTvis. xelisuflebam yovel ojaxs winadadeba misca daewera gancxadeba nebayoflobiT wasvlaze [263, 1]. 1949 wels ucxo qveynis qveSevrdom berZnebTan erTad gasaxlebaze nebayoflobiT gancxadeba dawera 328 kacma [264, 3]. miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval berZens ar surda afxazeTidan wasvla da uari Tqves gancxadebis daweraze, isini mainc gasaxlebuli iqnen. mTlianobaSi gaasaxles 981 ojaxi 4343 sulis raodenobiT. maT Soris soxumidan 21 ojaxi, soxumis raionidan – 730, gulrifSidan – 173, gu157 dauTidan – 47, oCamCiridan – 8, gagridan – 1, tyvarCelidan – 1. gasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen skkp wevrebi, samamulo omis monawileebi, samxedro mosamsaxureTa ojaxis wevrebi da frontze daRupulTa STamomavlebi [263, 1]. berZenTa nawili, romelmac SeeZlo gasaxlebis dros mimalva da gaifanta afxazeTisa da aWaris teritoriaze, 138 ojaxs Seadgenda. maTgan 49 ojaxi qobuleTis raionSi imyofeboda. dasaxlebuli ojaxebidan 70-ma mimarTa afxazeTis xelisuflebas daebrunebina maTTvis saxlebi da qoneba. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac berZnebi saxlSi da samuSaoze uvardebodnen maT binebSi Camosaxlebul qarTvelebs da moiTxovdnen qonebis dabrunebas [264, 4]. ukanonod gasaxlebul berZenTa qoneba: saxli, saqoneli, saojaxo aveji da a. S. saocrad dabal fasebSi mieyida soflad kolmeurneebs, romlebic Camoasaxles saqarTvelos mciremiwiani raionebidan, xolo qalaqad – mosamsaxureebs. realizaciis Tanxam afxazeTis saxelmwifo bankSi Seadgina 2 309 184 maneTi da 60 kapiki. aRniSnuli Tanxidan gadasaxlebulebs Cauricxes mxolod 583 607 maneTi. danarCeni Tanxis gaucemlobas xelisufleba amarTlebda imiT, rom ar iyo gancxadebiT mimarTva gadasaxlebulTa mxridan Tanxis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb. ucnobi iyo maTi misamarTebi, an isini uars acxadebdnen mieRoT es Tanxa. gasaxlebuli berZnebis saxl-karze da meurneobaze, saqarTvelos mciremiwiani raionebidan gadmosaxlebul glexebs miecaT 13 972 900 maneTi. 158 maT Caatares didi samuSaoebi berZnebis yofili mamulebis gasaumjobeseblad [263, 2]. 1952 wlis 12 dkembers saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, saCxeris raionidan afxazeTSi damatebiT unda CaesaxlebinaT kolmeurneTa 100 ojaxi. raionulma xelmZRvanelobam quTaisis olqis mesveurebTan SeTanxmebiT SearCia sofeli moxva [265, 1], magram soflis mcxovrebTa mxridan sastik winaaRmdegobas waawyda. mogvianebiT sofel moxvas magier SeirCa saCxeris raionis soflebi, rogoric iyo xvanis soflsabWos Walovanis, zemo moxvas, wmanis mcxovrebTagan 77 kolmeurnis ojaxi. 1952 wlis 26 dekembers isini Caasaxles afxazeTSi [265, 5]. afxazeTSi mimdinare demografiul cvlilebebs sakavSiro xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba ver ganaxorcielebda. stalinisa da berias gardacvalebis Semdeg 1953 wels gaaqtiurdnen malulad aq darCenili berZnebi da moiTxovdnen saxlebis dabrunebas. xelisuflebas ukve aRar SeeZlo daekmayofilebina berZenTa samarTliani moTxovna, radgan xuTi wlis win saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionidan organizebulad Camosaxlebulma qarTvelebma Tavis pirvandel sacxovrisSi faqtobrivad moSales sakuTari meurneoba da maTi ukan dabruneba kidev ufro met xarjebs gamoiwvevda saxelmwifosaTvis. daebrunebinaT berZnebi Tavis `sacxovrisSi~ _ niSnavda bedis amarad mietovebinaT udanaSaulo adamianebi da amdenad, gaemeorebinaT danaSauli, romelic daSvebuli iqna 1949 wels [264, 4]. mdgomareoba TandaTan rTuldeboda. 1954 wels yazaxeTidan berZnebis 15 ojaxi dabrunda 159 afxazeTSi. amave wels kidev 200 ojaxma SeZlo dabruneba. berZnebsa da qarTvelebs Soris, romlebic berZenTa binebSi cxovrobdnen da sakarmidamo nakveTebs amuSavebdnen, konfliqturi situacia Seqmna. viTareba imdenad daiZaba, rom sasamarTloebs daevala problemis mogvareba [266, 1, 2, 3]. respublikis xelmZRvaneloba Tvlida, rom ukeTesi iqneboda berZnebi darCeniliyvnen sadac imJamad cxovrobdnen. ukidures SemTxvevaSi berZnebis moTxovna SeiZleba daekmayofilebinaT kolmeurneobebSi maTi gansaxlebiT [263, 3]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom berZeni erovnebis warmomadgenelTa nawili, romelic samamulo omamamde saberZneTSi wavida, 50-ian wlebSi kvlav brundeba saqarTveloSi. es procesi mraval siZnelesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. zogierT maTgans jer kidev adre hqonda miRebuli saqarTveloSi cxovrebis ufleba. magaliTad, ivane xartomajidi afxazeTis cak-is gadawvetilebiT 1930 wels iRebs moqalaqeobas, rac 1955 wels kvlav gadasawyveti gaxda xelisuflebis mxridan [267, 3]. saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas miaCnda, rom: 1. Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebuli berZnebi, romlebic jer kidev ar dabrunebuliyvnen, daemagrebinaT adgilze; 2. aWaraSi gadasuli berZnebisaTvis SeeqmnaT mudmivi cxovrebis pirobebi; 3. ojaxebi, romlebic dabrundnen an darCnen afxazeTSi, ganesaxlebinaT Caisa da citrusebis meurneobebSi, daesaqmebinaT mrewvelobaSi, gansakuTrebiT q. tyvarCelSi; 4. ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic dasaxlebuli iqnebodnen afxazeTisa da aWaris raionebSi, Sesabamisad unda gamoeyoT miwis nakveTebi individualuri meurneobis organizaciisaTvis; 5. 160 radganac gasaxlebuli berZnebis qoneba Sefasebuli iqna dauSveblad dabal fasebSi, biujetidan unda gamoeyoT Tanxa erTdrouli daxmarebisaTvis meurnebis mosawyobaT [264, 4-5]. 1955 wlis 22 dekembers yazaxeTis ministrTa sabWom mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas 1949 wels afxazeTidan gasaxlebuli berZnebis Sesaxeb. 1956 wlis 14 ianvars saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWom miiRo dadgenileba berZeni erovnebis sabWoTa moqalaqeebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dadgenilebidan gamomdinare, unda SeefasebinaT maTi qonebrivi danaklisi. rogorc viciT, berZnebi arakanonierad gaasaxles yazaxeTSi [268, 4]. maTi qonebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT respublikis xelmZRvanelobam gamoyo 15 specialisti. maTgan 5 agronomi, 3 inJineri qalaqebisa da soflebis mSeneblobis saministrodan da komunaluri meurneobis saministrodan 2 inJineri [268, 5].1956 wlis 6 ianvars respublikis mTavrobam miiRo `sabWoTa moqalaqeebis~, erovnebiT berZnebis 544 gancxadeba, romlebic imJamad yazaxeTSi cxovrobdnen. gancxadebis avtorebi moiTxovdnen miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebas [269, 4]. saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos 1956 wlis 14 ianvris dadgenilebis Sesabamisad afxazeTis avtnomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWom berZenTa qoneba soxumisa da gulrifSis raionebis mixedviT Seafasa 4 875 692 maneTad da 45 kapikad [269, 35]. berZnebis SromiTi da sayofacxovrebo mowyobis organizaciisaTvis afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis xelmZRvanelobam Seqmna komisia labaxuas, berulavas, arSbas, Cagunavas da sxv. SemadgenlobiT [269, 44]. 1956 wlis 16 ivlisis gadaw161 vetilebiT afxazeTis ministrTa sabWo moiTxovda saqarTvelos biujetidan gamoyofiliyo Tanxa dazaralebuli berZnebisaTvis [269, 51, 52, 53]. respublikis biujetidan dafinansda 259 saxlis mSenebloba, sadac 1956 wels Seasaxles Sua aziidan dabrunebuli berZnebi [269, 54]. Tumca am sakiTxebis gadawvetis dros mraval winaaRmdegobasa da gaugebrobas hqonda adgili. berZen kolmeurneTa 900 meurneobidan, romlebic 1949 wels gaasaxles, 1956 wels dabrunda 392 komli, xolo danarCenebi TandaTanobiT brundebodnen [269, 56]. radganac 1949 wels saqarTvelos kp ck-s da saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos 20 ivnisis saTanado dadgenilebiT #675 gadasaxlebuli berZnebis binebSi Seasaxles saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mciremiwiani raionebidan gadmosaxlebuli kolmeureebi, dabrunebul berZenTa umravlesoba (259 ojaxi) darCa binisa da miwis nakveTis gareSe. isini moiTxovdnen kuTvnili qonebis dabrunebas. magram am moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba SeuZlebeli xdeboda, radgan gadmosaxlebulma kolmeurneebma likvidacia gaukeTes meurneobas pirvel sacxovrisSi. garda amisa, romlebic adre berZnebs ekuTvnoda, ganicada mniSvnelovani rekonstruqcia. saqarTvelos respublikis xelisufleba TxovniT mimarTavda sakavSiro xelmZRvanelobas, rom neba miecaT berZnebis 259 ojaxisaTvis gamoeyoT Sida respublikuri gadasaxlebisaTvis gankuTvnili binebi, vidre arsebobda amis SesaZlebloba. Tanxa ganisazRvra 6 376 aTasi maneTiT saqarTvelos biujetidan. 162 erTdroulad saqarTvelos xelisufleba iTxovda daevaldebulebinaT ssrk soflis meurneobis banki berZenTa 259 ojaxisaTvis sameurneo bazis Sesaqmnelad miecaT krediti 518 aTasi maneTis raodenobiT [269, 57, 58]. 1949 wels saqarTvelodan, kerZod afxazeTidan, e. w. specgadasaxlebis motiviT gaasaxles somxebi, lazebi da Turqebi. mogvianebiT dabrunebulma erovnebebma moiTxoves zaralis anazRaureba da iseTive SeRavaTebis miReba, rac berZnebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliwinebuli [269, 66]. $6. azerbaijanelebi azerbaijaneli xalxi kavkasiis xalxebs Soris SedarebiT axalgazrdaa. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriis ruseTis mier dapyrobis periodSi, azerbaijanis Turqulenovani mosaxleoba sxvadasxva patar-patara feodalur erTeulebSi (saxanoebSi) iyo gaerTianebuli. es saxanoebi iyo: Seqis, yarabaRis, yubis, Sirvanis, baqos, naxiWevanis, ganjis, TaliSis. aseve ramdenime saxano arsebobda iranis (samxreT) azerbaijanis teritoriaze – Tavrizis, ardebilis... arsebobda ufro patara feodaluri erTeulebic: yazaxis, SamSadilis, elisus sasulTnoebi. es ukanaskneli daRestnelTa aRmosavleT kaxeTis teritoriaze migraciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas elisus sasulTnos Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare War-belaqnis sazogadoebazec. 163 dRevandeli azerbaijanis saxelmwifos teritoriaze arsebuli feodaluri erTeulebi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ruseT-iranis 1828 wlis TurqmenCais sazavo molaparakebis Semdeg Sevida. am droisaTvis Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriaze azerbaijaneli TaTrebis (rogorc maT maSin uwodebdnen) raodenoba daaxloebiT 600 aTasi kaci iyo. eTnonimi azerbaijaneli sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde saerTod ar arsebobda. sxvadasxva Turqulenovan tomebs saerTo eTnikuri TviTSegneba ar hqondaT, radgan am teritoriaze Turqulenovani xalxebis gansaxlebis Semdeg maT saerTo saxelmwifo arasdros SeuqmniaT [270, 303]. XIX saukunis literaturaSi azerbaijanelebi `TaTrebad~ saxeldebodnen. rogorc cnobili mecnieri valerian gabaSvili aRniSnavda – qarTvelisaTvis yvela mahmadiani `TaTari~ iyo [271, 27]. 1917 wels saistorio sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi, cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma pavle ingoroyvam politikur literaturaSi pirvelad axsena saxeli `aderbejani~. swored man daarqva am garkveul teritoriaze mosaxle xalxs `azerbaijanelebi~. faqtiurad, mecnierma aRadgina am teritoriuli arealis odindeli istoriuli saxelwodeba `adarbadagani~. mogvianebiT, es termini gavrcelda jer ruseTis imperiaSi da Semdeg, mTel msoflioSi. amis gamo, `azerbaijanelebi~ pavle ingoroyvas `naTlias~ eZaxdnen [272, 66-67]. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom batoniSvili vaxuSti XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT dRevandeli iranis azerbai164 janis teritorias `adribeJanis~ saxeliT moixseniebs. xalxs, romelsac azerbaijaneli uwodes, is rogorc endoeTnonimis, ise egzoeTnonimis saxiT ucnobi iyo. sxvadasxva Turqulenovani xalxebi TavianTi tomobrivi saxelwodebebiT iwodebodnen. Turqulenovani poetebi da mwerlebi cdilobdnen krebiTi TviTsaxelwodebis Seqmnas. yarabaRis xanis karis poeti vagifi maT momTabare tomTa `elis~ saxeliT moixseniebda. mirza faTali axundovi dRevandel azerbaijanelebs `kavkasielebs~, `muslimebs~, `TaTrebs~ uwodebda. aramuslimi avtorebi XIX saukuneSi xSirad sargeblobdnen terminebiT: `yarafafaxebi~, `yizilbaSebi~, `yajarebi~, `Taraqamebi~, `Turqebi~, `TaTrebi~ da sxv., romelTaganac Tioeuls gansakuTrebuli istoriuli datvirTva hqonda [270, 304]. azerbaijanuli ena ganekuTvneba alTauri ojaxis Turquli jgufis samxreT-dasavlur (oRuzur) qvejgufs. saliteraturo enas safuZvlad daedo Semaxur-baqouri dialeqti. damwerloba amJamad efuZneba daTinur grafikas – kavkasiis azerbaijanSi da arabul grafikas – iranis azerbaijanSi. azerbaijanelTa Soris gavrcelebulia agreTve Turquli da sparsuli enebi. Turquli (oRuzuri) salaparako ena kavkasiis azerbaijanSi gabatonda XI-XIII saukuneebSi. azerbaijaneli eris formirebaSi gadamwveti roli Seasrules Turqulenovanma oRuzma tomebma, romelTac XI saukunidan daipyres ra istoriuli `atropatena~-s da kavkasiis albaneTis miwa-wyali, moaxdines adgilobrivi iranuli da 165 kavkasiuri modgmis tomebis (atropatenelebis da albanelebis) asimilacia [255, 47-48]. arabebis Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerTxel SemoiWrnen aq `Camosxdomis~ mizniT: Turq-selCukebi (XI-XII ss.), monRol-Turqebi (XIIIXIV ss.), Cobanianebi, jalairebi, mcire aziis Turqebi, Turqmanebi (XIV-XV ss.), osmalebi, yizilbaSebi (XV-XVI ss.). XVI saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi samxreT saqarTveloSi mkvidrdebian osmalo momTabareebi (iuriuqebi), aRmosavleT kaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi yizilbaSuri tomebi. Sah-abasma didi raodenobiT Semoiyvana momTabaruli tomebi saqarTveloSi (da, agreTve, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi) centraluri da samxreT iranidan, samagierod didi raodenobiT gaiyvana iranis dasaxlebul raionebSi samxreT kavkasiis kulturuli meurneebi, vaWrebi da xelosnebi. XVII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi kaxeTSi da, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo qarTlSi gaCnda momTabareTa kompaqturi masa. dasturlamalSi moTavsebul `elis debulebaSi~ CamoTvlilia (qarTlis da kaxeTis) yizilbaSuri tomebis gantotebani, romlebic am tomebis daSlisa da danawevrebis Sedegad warmoiqmnen: javanSiri, qeSalu, najma dilu, aruxlo, demurCi, hasandlu, ahmadlu, xialu, sarajlu da sxv. [273, 308]. amdenad, saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis tragikulma Taviseburebam – mesxeT-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi ganapiroba am ZirZvel qarTul miwaze qarTuli eTnosis poziciebis sagrZnobi Sesusteba. mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebis ganuwvetelma agresiam ukve XIII saukunidan moaoxra da 166 gaaCanaga odesRac baRnarad qceuli es baraqiani mxare. osmaleTis intensiuri eqspansiis Sedegad mesxeT-javaxeTi saerTod mowyda deda-samSoblos da axalcixis safaSod gadaiqca. saqarTvelos farglebSi darCenili qvemo qarTli – somxiT-sabaraTiano, lore faqtiurad qarTvelebisagan daicala. politikuri centris – Tbilisis politikur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli zegavlena Sesustda saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdegac samxreT saqarTvelo kvlav polieTnikur regions warmoadgenda. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils qarTuli ena arc esmoda, gamoirCeoda konfesiuri mravalferovnebiTac [274, 156-157]. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mesxeTSi mcxovrebi gamahmadianebuli aqrTveli kiTxvaze – TaTari xar Tu qarTveli? pasuxis SemTxvevaSi TaTari var – niSnavda qarTvel mahmadians. sxvebs ki uwodebda qurTs, Taraqamas, Turqs da ara TaTars... [272, 183]. Tanamedrove azerbaijanelebis mecnierTa nawili cdilobs, qvemo qarTli Turquli modgmis xalxis istoriul samSoblod gamoacxados. ufro metic, mTel saqarTvelos ganixilaven TurqTa uwyveti mkvidrobis regionad, sadac isini jer kidev II saukuneSi movidnen da amis Semdeg, yovelTvis wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen. VI-VII saukuneebSi maT formirebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies xazarebma, XI-XII saukuneebidan – yivCaRebma da oguzebma. XVI saukunis damlevidan ki, _ osmalebma. calkeul avtorebs, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli Turquli modgmis xalxebSi SehyavT qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufebic (mesxebi, 167 aWarlebi, gurulebi da a. S.), xolo rac Seexeba qvemo qarTls, miaCniaT, rom igi uxsovari droidan iyo Turquli modgmis tomis `borCalus~ samkvidro [275, 141]. axla, rac Seexeba realobas. qarTuli da iranulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT qarTlis samefos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT yazaxisagan berdujis (papakaris) qedi hyofda. samxreTiT qarTls erevnis sabeglarbego ekvroda. qarTlis ukiduresi samxreTi provinciebi lore da bambaki iyo. 1604 wels Sah-abas pirvelma qarTlis mefes waarTva lore da debedas xeoba, sadac borCalus yizilbaSuri tomi Caasaxla, amitom am mxares borCalos saxelic daumkvidrda [195, 226]. ukanaskneli statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis yvelaze didi ricxvi qvemo qarTlis regionze modis (marneulis da gardabnis raionebi). am eTnosis (`elis~) Camosaxlebis istoria ramdenime etaps moicavs da sxvadasxva istoriul movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. irkveva, rom mravalsaukunovani cxovrebis manZilze maT aq Seqmnes e. w. `borCaloeli~ azerbaijanelis Taviseburi tipi (`borCal~ eTnonimia da ara toponimi), romlis TviTSegneba, yofa da tradiciebi gansxvavdeba ra sxva regionebis azerbaijanelebisagan, adgilobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebisa da ekologiuri garemos zegavleniT miRebuli fenomenis aSkara gamoxatulebaa [276, 68-69]. zogadad, iranidan gadmosaxlebul momTabareebs azerbaijanelebTan gacilebiT ufro meti akavSirebdaT (ena, zogi ram zne-Cveulebasa da religiur wyobaSi), vidre sakuTriv iranelebTan 168 da sxva mahmadian xalxebTan. amitomac aris, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb maT axlandel STamomavlebs Tavi azerbaijanelebad miaCniaT [31, 64]. `Turq-azerbaijanelTa~ Camosaxlebas qarTveli mefeebic uwyobdnen xels. magaliTad, XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi ereklem muRanis velidan gadmoasaxla sparsTagan Seviwroebuli Turqmanebis 250 ojaxi, romelTac Seuqmna soflebi muRanlo, yafanaxCi da yizil-hanjoli. gadmosaxlebul yvela ojaxs Tavisi funqcia hqonda gansazRvruli; zogs soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis unda waeSvelebina xeli, zogs vaWroba an xelosnoba ganeviTarebina, zogsac meomris movaleobis Sesruleba hqonda dakisrebuli [277, 51]. azerbaijanuli plasti aseve mkafiod ikveTeba arxispira soflebSi, romelTa umetesoba `lu~ prefiqsiani toponimebiT xasiaTdeba (`aruxlu~, `nazarlu~, `qesalu~ da sxv.). irkveva, rom Turqulenovani tomebis aq Camosaxleba intensiurad nadir-Sahis laSqrobis Semdeg dawyebula, roca adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis udidesi nawili fizikurad iqna ganadgurebuli da saZovrebi `elis~ tomebma daikaves. dReisaTvis gardabnis raionis azerbaijanelebi ise rogorc marneulisa, Tavis Tavs gamorCeulad sxva azerbaijanelebisagan, adgilobriv _ `mkvidr~ mosaxleebad Tvlian [278, 102]. qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb mahmadian sunitebs batoniSvili vaxuSti TaTrebad moixseniebs. amave dros maT Taraqamas uwodebs: `uwodeben Taraqamad, vinaiTgan briyvni, ucodinarni arian~ [279, 436]. Turqi mahmadianebis uflebebis dacvis TvalsaCino magaliTia, erekles mefobis droindeli 169 gadmocema: dilaadrian erekles moesma, rom misi ori msaxuri erTmaneTs ekamaTeboda. qarTvelma msaxurma qurdaSvilma TaTar msaxurs Turme uTxra: `Se rjul ZaRlo TaTaro~. amis gamo, erekles brZanebiT qurdaSvils ena nemsiT dauCxvlites. mefes msaxurisTvis uTqvams: kargad unda icode, rom rogorc Sen Seni rjuli giyvars, ise magas Tavisio, mefes Tavisi saxlidan qurdaSvili gauZevebia [280, 75]. azerbaijanul samecniero literaturaSi 1873 wlisaTvis azerbaijanelebis raodenoba Tbilisis guberniaSi 64 aTasi aqvT naCvenebi. es raodenoba, bunebrivia, xelovnurad aris gazrdili, radgan maTi warmodgeniT, Turme Tbilisis guberniis axalcixis mazris mosaxleobis 51% azerbaijaneli iyo. azerbaijanel mecnierTa falsificirebul publikaciebs sazRvari ara aqvs. maT mahmadiani qarTvelebi, romelTaganac bevrs qarTuli gvarebi kargad axsovda da romlis garkveulma nawilma qarTulic icoda, azerbaijanelebad gamoacxades. sinamdvileSi, 1886 wels axalcixis mazraSi TaTrebad Cawerili qarTveli mahmadianebis procentuli raodenoba 17,4% iyo (16.114 suli). azerbaijanel mecnierebs aseve azerbaijanis istoriul-geografiuli olqi hgoniaT dRevandeli saingilo anu aRmosavleT kaxeTi, romelic qarTvelebma Sah-abas I-is SemoWris Semdeg dakarges da ris Sedegadac aq daRestnuri tomebis (xunZebis, waxurebis) migracia da dasaxlkareba moxda. qarTvelTa eTnografiul jgufs ingiloebs ki (rogorc mahmadianebs, aseve qristianebs) araqarTvelebad acxadeben. mxolod qristianebs 170 weren aRsarebis dros qarTvelebad, mahmadiani ingiloebis ki Zalad asimilacias axdendnen da maTi nebis miuxedavad, yvela aRweraSi azerbaijanelebad weren [270, 306-307]. saingilo, istoriuli kaxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili, axlandeli azerbaijanis respublikis farglebSia. moicavs belaqnis, zaqaTalisa da kaxis raionebis teritorias. saingilo iwyeba iq, sadac dRevandeli kaxeTi Tavdeba da sazRvrad udevs patara mdinare mazimCai (istoriuli maWiswyali) [281, 3]. saingilo Sedgeba ori politikuri erTeulisagan – War-belaqnisa (elisuni) da elisus sasulTnosagan. misi teritoria adrindel saukuneebSi Zveli qarTuli provinciis hereTis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. XI saukunis dasawyisSi administraciulad maWis saerisTavos farglebSi moeqca [282, 13]. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi kaxeTis samefos politikurma cvlilebebma, osmaleTisa da sparseTis gamudmebulma agresiam, daRestneli feodalebis Tavdasxmebma am mxaris ekonomikuri da politikuri dacema gamoiwvia. nadgurdeboda qarTveli mosaxleoba, am adgilebSi saxldebodnen waxureli da avarieli lekebi. erTdroulad xdeboda qarTveli mosaxleobis daymeveba da gamahmadianeba. droTa viTarebaSi saingilo saerTod mowyda kaxeTis samefos da XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi sabolood Camoyalibda avarieli da waxuruli lekebis, egreT wodebuli, Tavisufali Temebi. kaxeTis mefeebis araerTi mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebinaT aRmosavleT kaxeTis miwebi, uSedegod mTavrdeboda. 171 1803 wels War-balaqani da elisus sasulTno ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida. 1830 wels carizmma gaauqma maTi politikuri damoukidebloba da Seqmna War-belaqnis olqi, mis bazaze ki 1840 wels belaqnis mazra, romelic administraciulad saqarTvelo-imereTis guberniaSi Sevida. 1842 wels igi kvlav calke olqad gamoiyo, 1844 wlidan War-belaqnis samxedro olqi gaxda. 1860 wlidan zaqaTalis okrugad iwodeboda da eqvemdebareboda daRestnis olqs. amave dros, yofili elisus sasulTnos mTliani nawili, egreT wodebuli, mTiani ZaRali, samuris okrugs SeuerTda. 1921 wlidan saingilo azerbaijanis farglebSi moeqca [283, 14]. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 1918-1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas ar miumarTavs saingilos Semosamtkiceblad raime RonisZiebisaTvis [284, 18]. samagierod bevr rames akeTebda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis. jer kidev 1918 wlis 30 maiss erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze sagangebod imsjeles erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb da miiRes Semdegi dadgenileba: `saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebaTa umciresobis warmomadgenelni saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi miRebul iqnas am erebis mosaxleobis raodenobis proporciis mixedviT. TviT warmomadgenlebis mowveva xsenebul erebis nacionalur sabWosTan an sxva amgvar dawesebulebebTan SeTanxmebiT moxdes~ [285, 114]. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss xelmowerili dokumentis Tanaxmad sabWoTa ruseTma za172 qaTalis olqi saqarTvelos farglebSi Semaval teritoriad aRiara [208, 339]. magram sabWoTa azerbaijanis mesveurebma, gaiges ra es faqti, im dResve saswrafo depeSebi afrines moskovSi: ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen sakiTxis amgvarad gadaWris gamo. moskovelma mmarTvelebma ar awyenines baqoel kolegebs. amis Sedegi is iyo, rom 12 maiss saqarTvelo-ruseTis damatebiTi SeTanxmebis ZaliT olqis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi unda gadaeWra Sereul komisias Tanabari raodenobis qarTveli da azerbaijaneli warmomadgenlebis SemadgenlobiT, komisiis Tavmjdomare ki ruseTidan iqneboda. arc saqarTvelos da arc azerbaijans komisiis gadawvetilebamde ufleba ar hqoniaT SeeyvanaT olqis teritoriaze jarebis axali kontigenti, ese igi, imaze meti, rac 12 maiss iq imyofeboda. damatebiTi SeTanxmebis wamgebianoba saqarTvelosaTvis aSkara iyo. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTma mTlianad gauqvemdebara Tavis kontrols zaqaTalis sakiTxis gadawveta. 12 maisis mdgomareobiT zaqaTalaSi mxolod me-11 armiis nawilebi imyofebodnen da qarTul mxares ar SeeZlo Zalebis Seyvana. Tu komisia sakiTxs ganixilavda da kenWisyraze mividoda saqme, ruseTis warmomadgenlis pozicia gadamwveti aRmoCndeboda. igi azerbaijanelebs dauWerda mxars da sakiTxi saqarTvelos sazianod gadawydebda [286, 137-138]. saqarTvelos xelisufleba am teritorias bunebrivia Cveni samSoblos ganuyofel nawilad Tvlida, rac aisaxa kidec 1921 wlis konstituciis 107-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT zaqaTalis 173 olqs eniWeboda `adgilobriv saqmeebSi avtonomiuri mmarTveloba~ [287, 476]. saingilos sakiTxi kvlav ucvleli darCa 1921 wlisaTvis amerkavkasiis sabWoTa respublikebis sazRvrebis gamijvnisas, rodesac igi azerbaijans faqtobrivad mitacebuli hqonda. imis nacvlad, rom saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisuflebas esargebla sazRvrebis gamijvnis procesiT da aRedgina istoriuli samarTlianoba – saingilo saqarTvelos teritoriaSi moeqcia, 1921 wlis 5 ivliss saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis delegatTa konferenciam oficialurad daakanona saingilos datoveba azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi, rac daadastura amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris sazRvrebis damdgenma rkp(b) kavbiuros specialurma komisiam 1921 wlis 26 ivniss [284, 18]. temini `saingilo~ da `ingilo~ XIX sauuneSi Seqmnili terminebia. dapyrobili qarTuli soflebi gabatonebulma lekebma mZimed dabegres. ai, am damorCilebul-dabegril qarTvel glexs ewoda `ingilo~, gansxvavebiT termin `lekisagan~, romelSic upiratesad mebatone an Tavisufali igulisxmeboda damoukideblad imisagan, Tu vin iyo is warmoSobiT: avarieli Tu waxureli. rogorc es specialur samecniero literaturaSia aRiarebuli, termini `ingilo~ warmomdgari unda iyos saingilos erT-erTi qarTuli soflis `hengianis~ saxelwodebisagan, romelmac TandaTan zogadi mniSvnelobis Sinaarsi SeiZina da gadaiqca saerTo saxelad mTeli am mxaris qarTuli mosaxleobisa [282, 15]. sainteresoa, rom qorwilis dros patarZlis mosayvanad vaJis saxlidan 174 wasul mayrionSi myof axlobel qalebs `hengebi~ ewodebodaT [288, 11]. zogis azriT sityva `ingilo~ socialuri terminia, zogi fiqrobs, rom es sityva axlad moqceuls, morjulebuls niSnavs. `engila~ sparsulad amoZirkvulis, amogdebulis Sesatyvisia. TviTon ingiloebi am sityvis SemoRebas ukavSireben Sah-abasis Semosevas, romlis drosac qarTvelebi gadarjuldnen, e. i. gamahmadiandnen. yovelive amaSi erTi udavo WeSmariteba is aris, rom sityva `ingilo~ eTnikuri termini ar aris [289, 42], aramed socialuri Sinaarsis cnebaa. es garemoeba kargad hqondaT gaTvaliswinebuli TviT mefis ruseTis oficialur moxeleebsac ki. rogorc cnobilia, mefis mTavrobam XIX saukuneSi ramdenjerme moaxdina saingilos mxaris (zaqaTalis olqis) mosaxleobis aRwera (1859 w., 1871 w., 1886 w.). da ai, rodesac vecnobiT am aRwerebis im masalebs, romelnic ingilouri soflebis mosaxleobas Seexeba, vxedavT, rom yoveli ingilouri sofelis gaswvriv, specialur grafaSi, sagangebod da garkveviT aris aRniSnuli: erovneba – qarTveli [282, 16]. XX saukunis dasawyisSi zaqaTalis (saingilos) okrugi Tbilisis guberniaSi Sedioda, romlis teritoria Seadgenda 38 000 kvadratul kilometrs, xolo mosaxleoba 1914 wlis monacemebiT 85 000 suls [109, 5]. XX saukunis bolos azerbaijanSi 16 aTasamde qarTveli cxovrobda, maT Soris baqoSi _ 2340; kaxSi, zaqaTalasa da belaqanSi – 13 aTasi. yvelaze meti kompaqturi dasaxleba (7 450 adamiani) kaxis raionSi, sadac SemorCenilia XVIII sau175 kunis wminda giorgis eklesia, romelic baqoSi mcxovrebi qarTveli mecenatebis daxmarebiT moixata da restavrirebul iqna [283, 15]. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis damokidebuleba erovnuli umciresobisadmi aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciaSic, romelic miRebuli iqna damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals. ZiriTadi kanonis 129e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli umciresobis Tavisufali social-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT misi deda-eniT swavla-azRrda da erovnul-kulturul saqmeTa Sinauri marTva-gamgeoba. yvelas aqvs ufleba sweros, beWdos da ilaparakos deda-enaze~ [290, 127-128]. am dros ki ra xdeboda azerbaijanis qarTul teritoriaze? keTilSobili `ingilo~ qali eva babalaSvili Tvalcremliani mosTqvamda: `saxlebi dagviCxrikes Svilo TaTrebma, Cemi namziTvi `vefxistyaosani~, ilias da akakis nawerebi wagvarTves, dagviwves~. 1930 wels Zalis gamoyenebiT islami miaRebines sofel yoraRnis mcxovrebT – Zmebs ivane da Salva saknelaSvilebs. ivanes saxelad islami uwodes, gvari musaevi daudgines. Salvas abduraxmani Searqves [291, 68]. qarTul sofels, sadac 1000 komlamde ingilo cxovrobda, qaTmisxevis nacvlad alibeili, xolo elisos – TaTruli elisu uwodes. bevrs cdilobdnen qarTul kaxs (kaks) TaTruli gaxi SeerqmiaT. qarTul soflebs alaTemursa da lalafaSas ar moaSores Zvel monRol da osmalo dampyrobTa saxelebi [292, 37]. 176 devnis gamo Sewuxebuli qarTvelebis nawili wiTel-wyaros raionSi gadmosaxlda. iq darCenilebi iZulebuli gaxdnen mieRoT islami. da es moxda 1930 wels. sabWoTa xelisufleba yovelmxriv xels uwyobda qarTuli eTnosis gadagvarebas [292, 41-42]. 1942 wels sofel kaxis kolmeurneobaSi muSaoba daiwyo biZina bairamaSvilma, romelmac Tsu ekonomikuri fakultetis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg mSobliur sofels miaSura. aRsaniSnavia, rom im periodSi biZina pirveli da erTaderTi axalgazrda iyo ingiloTa Soris umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, romelic samoRvaweod samSobloSi dabrunda. man pirvelma aRimaRla xma mCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg da adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobisagan samarTlianobis dacva moiTxova. bunebrivia kaxSi misi yofna ar awyobda xelisuflebas... 1943 wlis 1 maiss, RamiT saxlSi mimavali biZina bairamaSvili TiTqmis Tavis saxlTan `ucnobma~ pirebma daiWires, xeliT daaxrCves da mdinareSi gadaagdes [292, 80]. 1944-1946 wlebSi saingilos qarTul soflebSi Caasaxles daRestnidan gadmosuli lekebi da adgilobrivi muRalebi. mxolod sofel kaxSi 40ze met leksa da muRals misces ingiloebis saxl-kari da naamagari baR-venaxebi. aseve Caasaxles lekebi da avarebi qarTul soflebSi – qoTuqloSi, muSabaSSi, Tofaxsa da xakanSi, yoraRansa da SoTavarSi. ingiloebi am ukanasknels SoTa rusaTvelis samSoblod Tvlian [292, 37]. azerbaijanelebis qarTul soflebSi Casaxlebis procesi 1949-1950 wlebSic gagrZelda. mxolod kaxSi dasaxlda 60 ojaxi, romelTac auSe177 nes sacxovrebeli saxlebi, xolo qarTvelebis 20 bina azerbaijanelebma daikaves arendis saxiT. sagulisxmoa, rom Camosaxlebulebs araferi saerTo ar hqoniaT kolmeurneobasTan da arc muSaobdnen. Camosaxlebuli azerbaijanelebi sistematurad lanZRavdnen qarTvelebs, dascinodnen qarTul tradiciebs da wes-Cveulebebs, aSinebdnen miliciiT da sxv. [292, 41-42]. angrevdnen da apartaxebdnen Zveli qarTuli kulturisa da xelovnebis didebul Zeglebs. saxuravi gadaxades qurmuxis brwyinvale eklesias. RvTismSoblis eklesia da kasris saydari kaxSi dangrevis piras iyo. saingilos cnobili 300 kilometriani kedlis nangrevebidan gzebs aremontebdnen. sofel yumis eklesiis midamoebSi ganaTxari sasaflaodan oqros jvrebi da qarTuli materialuri kulturis Zvirfaseuloba gahqondaT da sxvaTa muzeumebs amdidrebdnen [292, 38]. azerbaijanelebi wvavdnen, mogvianebiT Cexavdnen ingiloebis mier gaSenebul vazis kulturas, kaklis xeebs. qarTvelebisaTvis CamorTmeuli sakolmeurneo miwebis gamo SeizRuda mesaqonleobis ganviTareba. qarTuli kolmeurneobebi imdenad ganicdidnen miwis naklebobas, rom ingilos aRar SeeZlo aeSenebina sacxovrebeli saxli [292, 44]. ufro metic, ingiloebs nebas ar aZlevdnen daeTesad simindi Tavis sakarmidamo nakveTze. qarTul ojaxebsa da meurneobebze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanelebs samarTaldamcavi organoebi pasuxisgebaSi ar aZlevdnen. 1942 wels ki beroSvilis ojaxSi aRmoCenili 5 lit178 ri aryis gamo ojaxis patrons miesaja erTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa [292, 48]. adgilobrivi xelisufleba ingiloTa wamowyebas kulturisa Tu ekonomikis sferoSi yovelmxriv axSobdnen, aRvivebdnen SuRlsa da mtrobas azerbaijanel da qarTvel mosaxleobas Soris [292, 68]. ingilo mosaxleobas TiTqmis ar uwevdnen samedicino daxmarebas. ar iyo mowesrigebuli sarwyavi sistemiT sargebloba. am mxriv upiratesobiT mxolod azerbaijanelebi sargeblobdnen. bevr sofelSi kvlav grZeldeboda ingiloTa devna religiur niadagze. angrevdnen da apartaxebdnen qarTul istoriul Zeglebs – cixe-koSkebs, eklesiebs... [292, 69]. azerbaijanelebi ara marto vazs Cexavdnen, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, amasTanave qvevrebs miwiT avsebdnen. mosaxleobas amcirebdnen. magaliTad, sakolmeurneo bazarSi Tu TavSeyris sxva adgilebSi azerbaijaneli mamakacebi ingilo qalebs Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen, ris gamoc mravaljer gamarTula azerbaijanelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris xelCarTuli brZola. xSirad ingiloebs bazarSi motanil produqtebs azerbaijanelebi arTmevdnen an iqve Seeqceodnen. safasurs burebrivia ar ixdidnen [292, 74, 75-76]. sabWoTa azerbaijanis xelisuflebis mxridan imdenad ganicdida devnas yovelive qarTuli, rom ingiloebs ufleba ar hqondaT ojaxSi, gansakuTrebiT oficialuri Sexvedrebis dros elaparakaT qarTulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom sofel aliabadSi, mosulSi, zaganSi, TasmaloSi da sxv. bavSvebi skolaSi qarTulad swavlobdnen [292, 44]. 179 qarTul soflebSi, kolmeurneobebsa da sasoflo-sabWoebSi saqmis warmoeba mxolod azerbaijanul enaze mimdinareobda [292, 45]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qalebis simRera saingiloSi ar iyo miRebuli. Tumca zogma gogonam kargi simRera icoda, magram sajarod simReris ufleba ar hqonda [288, 26-27]. tradiciad iqca, rom mxiarulebisa da qeifis dros ingiloebma simRera ar ician. aRniSnul periodSi mTel saingiloSi ver hpovebdiT xalxur simReras. am mxriv saingilo did gamonakliss warmoadgens mxiarulsa da mudam momReral saqarTvelosagan. amitom aqauri qorwilia Tu sxva ram dResaswauli usicocxlod mimdinareobs, wynarad Semousxdebian sufras da wynarad daiSlebian. lekTa da TaTarTa didi xnis monobas Tavisi daRi dausvams mudam mxiaruli qarTvelisaTvis. an ki ra emRereboda ingilos! imdeni Wiri da varami gamouvlia mtris xelSi [281, 82]. TanamemamuleTa mdgomareobiT Sewuxebuli giorgi simonis Ze gamxaraSvili moskovSi Cavida da werilobiT Seecada arsebul viTarebis Sesaxeb ecnobebina stalinisaTvis [292, 1]. misi `viziti~ ramdenjerme ganmeorda, magram realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. TxovniT mimarTavda poskrebiSevs da sxvebs, raTa gamoeCinaT yuradReba mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi mosaxleobisaTvis [292, 3]. ingiloTa warmomadgenels mdgomareobis gamosworebis ZiriTad safuZvlad saingilos kvlav saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabruneba miaCnda, ris Sesaxebac TxovniT mimarTavda mixa baramias 1946 wlis 23 aprils [292, 5]. 180 1959 wels, rodesac daiwyo qarTvelTa devnis da agdebis kampania mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, azerbaijanSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs CamoarTves pasportebi da xuTi Tvis Semdeg daubrunes Secvlilebi. maTi gvarebi gadaakeTes. magaliTad, miqelaZes ewera mamedovi da a. S. aRSfoTebulma qarTvelebis nawilma daaxloebiT 3 aTasma uari ganacxada axal pasportze. maT daaxloebiT 7-8 wlis Semdeg aRudgines TavianTi gvarebi. danarCenebi momavlis imediT Seeguen mdgomareobas. mTeli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi iqauri qarTvelebi werdnen gancxadebebs, rogorc azerbaijanis, aseve saqarTvelos ck-is mdivans, mweralTa kavSirs, magram amaod... [293, 57-58]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze azerbaijanelebis gamravlebas sxvadasxva faqtori gansazRvravda. ruseTis imperiis qarTveli moxeleebi ekonomikuri politikis gavleniT Tavis mamulebSi izidavdnen mahmadian muSaxels, romelic swrafad mravldeboda da TandaTan konkretul regionSi demografiul suraTs cvlida [31, 67]. ai, erTi sagulisxmo magaliTi: muxranbatons dmanisis mxridan gadmosuli azerbaijaneli mwyemsis mahmadas ojaxi dausaxlebia da Tavisi saqonlis mouravoba Caubarebia. mravalcolian mahmadas 9 vaJi hyolia, isinic mravalcolianebi gamxdaran da 1923 wlis raionuli aRweris monacemebiT cixisZiris azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis ricxvs 117-mde miuRwevia. daaxloebiT am periodSi cixisZirSi mahmadas STamomavali 85 komli cxovrobs. 1959 wels cixisZirSi mcxovrebTa ricxvi 329-mde gazrdila [31, 68]. azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad cxovroben marneulis, axalcixis, gardabnis, 181 TeTriwyaros, adigenis, agreTve qveynis zogierT sxva raionsa da qalaq TbilisSi. sarvanisis raioni 1923 wels did teritorias flobda. aq iyo 6 Temi 30 sofliT. raionSi cxovrobdnen mxolod azerbaijanelebi [494]. amave periodSi axalcixis mazraSi iTvleboda 67 165 kaci. aqedan 80% iyo qarTveli mahmadiani [295, 19], romelTac samwuxarod azerbaijanelebad an Turqebad sTvlidnen. walkis ganapira mxares mdebareobda TurqebiT dasaxlebuli 5 sofeli. mosaxleoba 3 500 kacs Seadgenda [259, 36]. axalcixis, axalqalaqis, adigenis, aspinZisa da bogdanovkis raionebis mosaxleobis ricxvi 1939 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis Seadgenda 208 156 suls. maTgan qarTveli iyo 19 734 suli, Turqi 87 168, somexi 88 097 [296, 23]. 1989 wlis monacemebiT yvelaze aCqarebuli tempiT saqarTveloSi izrdeboda azerbaijanelebisa da qurTebis ricxvi. 1959-1989 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis raodenoba gaorkecda [31, 71]. $7. rusebi XI saukunis cnobilma qarTvelma moRvawem giorgi mTawmindelma berZnulidan gadmoiRo Tqmuleba sparsulTa da skviT-rusTa mier 626 wels konstantinepolis alyis Sesaxeb. teqsts axlavs mTargmnelis SeniSvna, rom `skviTni ese igi ars rusni~ [297, 6]. X saukunis pirveli naxevris moRvawe andria salosis `cxovrebis~ apokrifuli moTxrobis 182 qarTul TargmanSi, romelic eqvTime aTonelma (995-1028 ww.) gadmoiRo berZnulidan, vkiTxulobT `naTesavi mwiTurTa movals, romelTa hqvian rusni~. marTlac dRes mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom eTnikuri termini `rusi~ SeiZleba warmodgebodes Zveli rusul-slavuri sityvidan `Русый~, rac niSnavs mwiTurs, qeras, Ria feris Tmis mqones da igi, albaT, Zveli rusebis garegnobis aRweridan momdinareobs [297, 7]. rusebi Crdiloevropeidebi arian. anTropologiurad rusebis sxvadasxva teritoriuli jgufebi sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili da isini miekuTvnebian belomorobaltiur da saSualoevropeidul rasebs. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusebis morfologiuri statusi ar Secvlila [298, 93]. XI saukunis Sua wlebSi rusTa samxedro razmebi, romelTac qarTuli wyaro `variagebs~ uwodebs, aqtiurad moqmedebdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze. amjerad isini ukve bagrat IV-isa da liparit erisTavs Soris brZolebSi monawileobdnen. marTlac, qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis cnobiT, 1047 wels saqarTveloSi imyofeboda rusi mxedroba 3 000 kacis raodenobiT, romlebic qarTveli xelisuflebis mowveviT Camosulan aq. xolo ufro gvian, 1564 wels, ivane mrisxanes gankargulebiT saqarTveloSi, kerZod kaxeTSi, Camovida 500-kaciani rusTa razmi, romelmac 7 weli dahyo saqarTveloSi. es razmi did daxmarebas uwevda levan kaxTa mefes daRestnel feodalTa da tomTa meTaurebis alagmvis saqmeSi. Tvals Tu gavadevnebT procesebs, masobrivi koleqtiuri gadasaxlebani rusul suls ar axa183 siaTebs. rusuli moaxalSeneoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropuli analogiuri moZraobebisagan. es gansxvaveba upirveles yovlisa, saCino iyo TviT gadasaxlebis xasiaTSi. rusebi emigrantebis saxiT ki ar tovebdnen TavianT miwebs, aramed isini ikavebdnen TavianT yofil mezobelTa samkvidro teritoriebs, romlebic iaraRis ZaliT dainarCuna maTma `imperatorma~. e. i. rusuli kolonizaciis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo qveynis sazRvrebis gafarToeba mezobeli teritoriebis dapyrobis xarjze, ris Sedegadac, rusuli mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi es miwebi ukve rusul miwebad iwodebodnen da warmoadgendnen ruseTisave erTgvar `gagrZelebas~ am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. maT swamdaT, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos sazRvari gadis iq, sadac gadis rusis jaris wina xazi. ufro sworad maT miaCndaT, rom mxare, sadac cxovroben rusebi, sadac vrceldeba rusuli mmarTveloba – ukve ruseTia [299, 73]. rusi kolonizatorebi Tavs mxolod iq grZnobdnen uxerxulad, sadac TviTmyofadi ganviTarebuli kulturisa da erovnuli cnobierebis mqone mosaxleobas SeeCexebodnen. ase moxda magaliTad amurispireTSi, sadac adgilobrivi Cinelebi Casul rusTagan izolirebulad cxovrobdnen da TiTqmis aranair kontaqstSi ar Sediodnen moaxalSene kolonizatorebTan. analogiuri viTareba iyo samxreT kavkasiaSic [299, 74]. rusi mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi, kolonizacia yovelTvis mefis nebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. maTi gagebiT mefe _ `batuSka~ ara marto maTi gadasaxleba-gansaxlebis sanqcias iZleoda, 184 aramed, misi uzenaesi survili isic iyo, rom misi `Svilebi~ moedon mezobel qveynebs – mxareebs, raTa gaaruseTon isini. amdenad, maT RrmaT swamdaT, rom amuSavebdnen ra ucxo miwebs, saxldebodnen ra ucxo mxareebSi, amiT isini `afarToebdnen marTlmadideblobis sazRvrebsac~, amdenad emsaxurebodnen mefe-RmerTs. ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo kolonizatoruli politika sruliad Seesabameboda rusi mosaxleobis cnobierebas. igi ZiriTadSi mimarTuli iyo SemoerTebul mxareebSi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebisaken, rac upirveles yovlisa, iq rusi `muJikebis~ gansaxlebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. am mizniT, rusmTavrobis mier iqmneboda gamagrebuli punqtTa rigebi e. w. `liniebi~, romlebic gamoiyeneboda jer kidev daumorCilebeli, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli xalxebis winaaRmdeg. amasTanave isini asrulebdnen mxaris administraciuli da fiskaluri mmarTvelobis centris funqciebsac. amgvari punqtebis urTierTTan da centrTan dasakavSireblad sagangebod ewyoboda gamagrebuli soflebi (`iamskie poselenia~) – samxedro soflebi. amgvari dasaxlebebis momsaxure (samxedro) mcxovrebTa mosamarageblad ki imperiuli xelisufleba sagangebod uwyobda xels e. w. `Tavisufal mxvnel-mTesvelTa~ soflebis Seqmnas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvar `sofelTa~ mosaxleoba ZiriTadad damnaSaveTagan, gasamarTlebulTagan da gansaxlebulTagan Sedgeboda. am pirebs, aq, axal samosaxloebze, miuxedavad nasamarTlobisa, saxelmwifo sagangebod uwyobda xels – uwevda SeRavaTebs miwaTsargeblobaSi, aTavisuflebda gadasaxadebisagan da a. 185 S. amgvari, saxelisuflo, samTavrobo kolonizaciis paralelurad mimdinareobda `Tavisufali kolonizacia~. maTi erToblioba ganamtkicebda ruseTis imperiis saerTo kolonizatorul politikas [299, 75]. kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi rusuli dasaxlebebis warmoSoba-Camoyalibebis istoria ruseT-kavkasiis urTierTobis logikur Sedegs warmoadgenda. rusuli dasaxlebebis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi politikuri situaciis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva formiT ganxorcielda. es procesi ruseTis kavkasiuri politikis warmatebis Tanmxlebi movlena iyo.maTi formebi, masStabebi, xasiaTi ganpirobebuli iyo ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebiT da ganapira mxareebSi carizmis koloniuri politikis amocanebiT. aseve, saqarTvelos imdroindeli socialur-politikuri viTarebiT [300, 5]. istoriografiaSi aRniSnulia, rom `1830 wlamde amierkavkasiaSi ar cxovrobda rusuli mosaxleoba~ [54, 57], rac gadasinjvas saWiroebs. gareSe mtrebis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis Sedegad, ukve XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, TiTqmis mTlianad daicala javaxeTi, TrialeTi, taSiri, gujareTi, yaiyuli. metad mcire mosaxleoba SemorCa qvemo qarTlis cnobil provinciebs: sabaraTianosa da somxiTs. sabolood dakarges Tavisi funqciebi da mTlianad gaukacrieldnen adre cnobili qalaqebi: dmanisi, samSvilde da asobiT sasoflo dasaxleba; SesamCnevad gaZlierda qvemo qarTlidan qarTveli mosaxleobis gaxizvna da maT yofil soflebSi garedan mosuli araqarTvelebis dasaxleba [105, 55]. 186 rodesac generalma suxotinma 1772 wlis ivlisSi ruseTis saeqspedicio korpusi saqarTvelodan gaiyvana, rusul korpuss CamorCa bevri dazertiri, romelTa didi nawili uSualod TbilisSi darCa da xelosanTa rigebs Seeria [189, 382]. ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Cveni samSoblos moqcevis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga rusebis saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis sakiTxi, rac miznad isaxavda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rusifikacias. rusebis CamosaxlebiT mefis xelisufleba fiqrobda, rom moxdeboda asimilacia da moispoboda rogorc qarTuli ena, ise qarTveli eri da maSin batonobas am regionSi ruseTisaTvis problemebi aRar eqneboda. am politikis praqtikulad ganxorcielebisaTvis yvelaferi keTdeboda mefis administraciisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier [301, 19]. sainteresoa, rom TbilisSi mcxovrebi rusi erovnebis erTi komli 1803 wels aris dafiqsirebuli. bunebrivia jarisa da rusi moxeleebis CauTvlelad [184, 11]. algeTis xeoba, romelic Zvel droSi TiTqmis mTlianad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli XVIII saukunis bolos gaukacrielda. XIX saukuneSi TandaTan Seivso axali mosaxleobiT xeoba da, gansakuTrebiT, manglisi Tavisi SemogareniT eTnikurad aWrelda, mravalerovnuli gaxda. XIX saukunis damdegidan gaZlierda rusTa damkvidrebis procesi, rasac xeli Seuwyo 1823 wels ruseTis mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos saokupacio armiis erT-erTi sakmaod msxvili SenaerTis manglisis teritoriaze ganlagebam. misi saWiroebisaTvis kazarmebi da sxva damxmare saTavsoebi aa187 ges. rusuli polki, romelic sxvadasxva saxels atarebda (bolos mas aleqsandre nikolozis Zis saxelobis polks uwodebdnen), 90 weli iyo dabanakebuli manglisSi da bunebrivia, didi gavlena mmoaxdina dabis iersaxeze, meurneobasa da cxovrebis wesze [302, 10]. nikoloz I jer kidev 1826 wels Tavis CanawerebSi `fiqrebi saqarTveloze~ aRniSnavda, rom saqarTvelo da amierkavkasia ruseTis Cveulebriv provinciad jer kidev didxans ver gaxdebao. amitom, daaskvnida `saqarTveloze fiqrebiT ZilgamfrTxali~ monarqi, jer misi kolonizacia unda movaxdinoTo. am miznis miRwevis erT-erT uebar saSualebad nikoloz pirvels is miaCnda, rom Tavisi ybadaRebuli `samxedro dasaxlebebi~ saqarTveloSic moewyo. aseTi koloniebi unda moewyos samsaxuridan gadamdgari oficrebisa da jariskacebisagan. amiT carizmi saqarTveloSi or saqmes akeTebda, erTi mxriv, is saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis omebSi damsaxurebul oficrebsa da jariskacebs ajildoebda, xolo, meore mxriv, am dapyrobil miwaze maTi dasaxlebiT Tavis erTgul Zalas iqmnida [303, 64-65]. ukve generad ermolovis dros, 1816-1827 wlebSi, amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Seiqmna 30-mde `Stab-kvartira~ _ samxedro dasaxleba, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, saTave unda daedoT rusuli kolonizaciisaTvis; magram miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul nabijs ar mohyolia `kolonizaciis talRa~, ramdenadac potenciur kolonistebs aSinebdaT aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare kavkasiuri omebi. ruseTis mTavroba. marTalia, aq `dasjis~ saxiT asaxlebda seqtantebs, rac TavisTavad kavkasiaSi 188 rusuli mosaxleobis momZlavrebas isaxavda miznad. magram es maT saqmes mainc ver Sveloda: am etapze rusuli mosaxleobis wili amierkavkasiaSi 5%-s mainc ver aWarbebda [299, 82]. TurqTa gandevnis Semdeg paskeviCis mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi jarmoxdil jariskacTa dasaxleba. 25 wliani samsaxuris dasrulebis Semdeg maT TurqeTis mosazRvre regionebSi da Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod, kaxeTsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, asaxlebdnen, regionebSi, romlebic sxva funqciebTan erTad Tavdacvis forfostebis funqciebs asrulebdnen. yofil jariskacebs, oficrebs da kazakebs eZleodaT miwebi da isini kompaqturad saxldebodnen alaznis dablobze, dRevandel lagodexSi, sofel gomborSi, sadac saartilerio polki iyo ganlagebuli, sofel manglisSi, radgan aq idga sakavalerio polki da amave dros gafantulad sxva qalaqebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebSi. aseTi dasaxlebebis Seqmnis mTavari mizani iyo rusuli anklavis Seqmna saqarTveloSi, misi Semdgomi rusifikaciisaTvis [170, 38]. rusebis miznobriv dasaxlebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze gansakuTrebiT farTo asparezi mieca 1837 wlidan, rodesac aq daarsda samxedro koloniebi. es koloniebi Seiqmna im jariskacTagan, romelTac 15 wlis samsaxuris Semdeg daojaxebis ufleba hqondaT [304, 254]. yovel polkTan Camoyalibda colSviliani jariskacebis rota. aseTi jariskacebisaTvis qalebs agzavnidnen ruseTidan. samsaxuris gaTavebis Semdeg, es jariskacebi da maTi STamomavloba rCeboda adgilobriv. amgvarad, TandaTan gaCnda saqarTve189 los sxvadasxva adgilas rusTa slobodebi da slobodkebi (mcire slobodebi). samsaxurgavlili jariskacebi xdebodnen saxelmwifo, e. i. Tavisufali glexebi da aqedan warmoiSva ubnebisaTvis saxeli sloboda (sityvisagan svoboda). aseTi slobodebi Camoyalibda TeTrwyaroSi, gomborSi, dedoflis wyaroSi (SiraqSi), quTaisTan (rionis marjvena napiras mcired mocilebiT) da sxvagan [305, 100]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi iTvleboda 20 aTasi mcxovrebi [184, 11]. 1864 wlis aRweriT ki dedaqalaqSi cxovrobda 60085 kaci da 6814 jariskaci. aqedan rusebis ricxvi 12302-s udrida. 1865 wlis aRweriT, maTi raodenoba 12142 iyo [184, 22]. 1876 wlis monacemebiT, ukve 30823 rusia aRricxuli [184, 29]. 1897 wlis aRweriT 159590 mosaxlidan rusebma Seadgines 44823 suli [184, 42]. mTlianad, Tbilisis guberniaSi 1886 wlis aRweriT 35 750 rusi cxovrobda, xolo quTaisis guberniaSi 4907 [306, 242-243]. maSin, rodesac 1897 wels rusebis raodenobam saqarTveloSi 98 aTass gadaaWarba, moskovSi cxovrobda 109 qarTveli [23, 13]. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, rodesac aWara imperiam SemoierTa, aqac analogiuri politikis gatareba dadga dRis wesrigSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom baTumis olqis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miwis did naklebobas ganicdida, ruseTis xelisufleba mainc axerxebda sakolonizacio miwis fondis Seqmnas. ruseTis xelisufleba miwis fondis dauflebisaTvis xels uwyobda muhajirobas, rac carizmis Sors 190 gamiznuli koloniuri politikis uSualo Sedegs warmoadgenda [307, 41]. 1880 wels baTumis 3,5 aTasi mcxovrebidan 895 iyo Camosaxlebuli rusi da sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli, 1882 wels ki – 980 rusi, anu qalaqis mosaxleobis 11,3%-ze meti. Camosaxlebuli rusebi, rogorc wesi kompaqturad ar saxldebodnen. 1883 wels baTumis olqSi sul iyo ori kompaqturi rusuli dasaxleba `smekalovka~ _ qobuleTTan da `xolodnaia sloboda~ _ baTumTan axlos. 1882-1890 wlebSi baTumis rusi mosaxleoba gaizarda 4-jer, 980 kacidan 4 aTas kacamde, rac Seadgenda qalaqis mcxovrebTa 22,9%-s. saerTod, aWaraSi rusi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani zrda dakavSirebuli iyo baTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebasTan [308, 72]. rusi memamuleebi aWaraSi, kerZod, qobuleTSi mwvane koncxze, cixisZirSi, buknarSi, maxinjaurSi da sxvagan intensiurad iwyebdnen Camosaxlebas. amis garda warmoiSva Sida guberniebidan gadmoyvanil rus glexTa dasaxlebuli soflebi. aseTi soflebidan yvelaze adre smekalovka Seiqmna. manamde, 1883 wels safuZveli Caeyara rusul soflebs Woroxis gaRma, `gorodokSic~ aZlierebdnen rusebis Camosaxlebas. araruss gorodokSi ufleba ar hqonda eyida miwa da saxli aeSenebina. mTavrobam aseve ganizraxa rusuli axalSenis mowyoba aWaris erT-erT mdidar nawilSi – murRulis xeobaSi. aq, mkvidri mosaxleoba SedarebiT SeZlebulad cxovrobda [309, 35-36]. aWaraSi Tavisi surviliTac modiodnen dasasaxleblad fulis mqone mdidari rusebi da Ca191 lis fasad yidulobdnen miwis nakveTebs... 1905 wlisaTvis qobuleTamde dasaxlebul rus memamuleTa Soris mxolod erTi qarTveli miwis mflobeli – sevasti WeliZe yofila, romelsac patara agaraki hqonda gaSenebuli. rusi kolonistebisa da saerTod carizmis pozicias kargad gamoxatavs erTi `baTumeli~ rusi memamulis publikacia, sadac aRniSnavda: `rogorc saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivad rusuli kulturisa da rusuli moqalaqeobriobis danergvis interesebis Sesabamisad erTiRa dagvrCenia visurvoT, rom baTumis sanapiros danarCeni nawilic gadavides ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulTa xelSi, radganac adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma daamtkices Tavisi sruli uunaroba, mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi jerovnad gamoeyenebinaT maT gankargulebaSi myofi olqis sanapiro nawili~. aseT rus memamule mosaxleebze xelisufleba did imedebs amyarebda. erTi mxriv, es mosaxleoba xels uwyobda garusebis politikis danergvas adgilobrivad da meore mxriv, mefis reJims igive mosaxleoba uzrunvelyofda strategiul Tavdacvas, radgan amiT saimedo dasayrdeni bazac mtkicdeboda [309, 36-37]. XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi amierkavkasiaSi Seiqmna 100-mde rusuli dasaxleba, ramac kidev ufro gazarda adgilobrivi glexebis mciremiwianoba, gaamwvava agraruli sakiTxi [310, 106]. 1905-1907 wlebSi kavkasiaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis kvaldakval rusebis Camosaxleba mkveTrad gaizarda. gazeTi `novoe vremia~ am process Semdegnairad amarTlebda: `rusi xalxis sisxliT aris morwyuli kavkasia, amitom es te192 ritoriebi kanonierad gadmosaxlebulebs ekuTvniT~. rusebs saukeTeso adgilebSi asaxlebdnen. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTvelebs uWirdaT. ar hqondaT sakmarisi miwis nakveTebi, xolo rusi moaxalSeneebisaTvis yvelaze saukeTeso adgilebi hqoniaT Senaxuli. 1905 wels `cnobis furceli~ iuwyeboda, rom kolonizaciis sagangebo mizans warmoadgenda – rusuli kulturis danergva da rusuli enis gavrceleba. areulobis SemTxvevaSi ki aq Camosaxlebuli rusebi mTavari dasayrdeni iqnebodnen ruseTis TviTmpyrobluri politikisa [311, 14]. reaqciis wlebSi kidev ufro gaZlierda crizmis rusifikatoruli da koloniuri politika. amierkavkasiaSi `aRmoaCines~ 1,5 mln desetina `Tavisufali miwa~, romelzec 1907-1913 wlebSi aTeulobiT rusuli dasaxleba Seiqmna. bunebrivia, rusebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba amcirebda qarTvel glexTa saarsebo sivrces, kidev ufro amwvavebda agrarul sakiTxs, memamuleTa da glexTa winaaRmdegobas. amitom progresulad moazrovne qarTveli sazogadoeba moiTxovda, rom Tavisufal saxazino miwebze rusi kolonistebi ki ar CamoeyvanaT, aramed mciremiwiani qarTveli glexebisaTvis daerigebinaT. rogorc vxedavT qarTveli glexobis `gamamulianebas~ aferxebda carizmis koloniuri politika. ruseTis saxelmwifo bankis amierkavkasiuli ganyofileba amoZravebul miwebs rusi kolonistebis Camosasaxleblad yidulobda [312, 11]. 193 1910 wlis 23 seqtembers baTumis olqis gubernatori b. romanovski-romanko mefisnacvals moaxsenebda: `saxelmwifo interesebis TvalsazrisiT friad sasurvelia muslimanebis gandevna kintriSis, goniosa da arTvinis ubnebidan, radgan aRniSnuli midamoebis niadagi da klimaturi pirobebi, mTebis simdidre, zRvispiri, strategiuli mosazreba, bunebrivad ayenebs sakiTxs gamoyenebul iqnan isini umaRlesi (sasoflo-sameurneo) kulturebisaTvis da rusi xalxis gadmosasaxlebad. es unda ganxorcieldes samxedro uwyebis, administraciis, sagadasaxlebo da samTo sammarTveloebis mier winaswarmofiqrebuli da damuSavebuli gegmiT... aWaris sxva nawilebidan muslimanebis gandevna, Cemi azriT, sasurveli ar aris, radgan Semoxiznuli ubnebis garda, aWaris teritoria warmoadgens mTiansa da miuval adgilebs, romlebic rusebis dasasaxleblad savsebiT uvargisia~. magram pirvel msoflio omamde kazakebisa da kolonistebis aq Camosaxleba SeferxebiT mimdinareobda. es ganapiroba rigma obieqturma faqtorebma, pirvel yovlisa, miwaTmflobeloba-miwaTsargeblobis sakiTxis bolomde gadauwyvetelobam am olqSi, agreTve, aqaurma mTagorianma reliefma, dasaxlebis simWidrovem da nayofieri miwebis simcirem. gasaTvaliswinebelia kolonizaciis xelSemSleli faqtorebic. kerZod, Tavdapirvelad TviTon mTavroba iyo winaaRmdegi sazRvrispira – strategiul punqtebSi Camoesaxlebina seqtantebi. rusi marTlmadideblebi ki adgilmonacvleobis did survils ar amJRavnebdnen. amasTan, rusi moaxalSeneebi Znelad eguebodnen adgilobriv 194 pirobebs da soflis meurneobis tradiciul dargebs, ris gamoc maTi mniSvnelovani nawili ukan brundeboda. Tavis mxriv, mkvidri mosaxleobac energiulad ewinaaRmdegeboda ucxoTa Camosaxlebas. kolonizaciis yvelaze aqtiur etapzec ki, rac stolipinis mmarTvelobis periodSi gatarda, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi rus moaxalSeneTa yvelaze mcire raodenoba Camosaxlda. 1908-1914 wlebSi kolonizaciis Sedegad kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi sul aiTvises 285 aTasi desetina miwa, romelzec 50 aTasi suli Camoasaxles. maTgan: yarsis olqSi – 1520, baTumis olqSi ki mxolod 273 suli, maSin roca, Savi zRvis guberniaSi Caasaxles 4 aTasze meti; afxazeTSi – 6518, Tbilisis – 3263, baqos guberniaSi ki – 14 aTasamde kolonisti. yarsis olqSi sakolonizaciod SearCies artaanis mxare, romelic gamoirCeoda nayofieri miwebiT da xorbleuliT, kulturebis uxvmosavlianobiT [313, 49-50]. 1905 wels am mxareSi iyo 5 rusuli dasaxleba (giulgerani, odincovski, plodorodnenski, petropavlovski), romlebSic 1365 rusi moaxalSene cxovrobda [314, 197]. baTumis olqSi ZiriTadad aTvisebul iqna Tanamedrove aWaris zRvispireTi, romelic naklebad iyo dasaxlebuli da adgilobrivi mkvidrni mas ZiriTadad saZovar-saTibebad iyenebdnen. ramdenime ojaxi mdinare kontriSis dablobSi, baTumis SemogarenSi dasaxlda (`gorodoki~...) da mdinare Woroxis deltaSi (soflebSi: Txilnari, 195 Warnali, axalsofeli, gonio, zRvis SesarTavTan ki _ `aleqseevka`). rusuli axalSenis Tavisebur nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda Caqvis saufliswulo mamuli. misi administraciuli aparati da mudmivi muSaxelis mniSvnelovani nawili rusebi iyvnen. agreTve, baTum-qobuleTis dablob raionebSi 200-mde araqarTveli vWar-mrewvelebis mier mowyobili da daqiravebul Sromaze dafuZnebuli Cais da subtropikuli meurneobebi, amaT emateboda maRalCinosani moxeleebis zRvispira agarakebi maxinjauridan cixisZiramde. magaliTad, 1914 wlis maisisaTvis mwvane koncxze aRiricxa 15 wels zemoT asakis 195 moaxalSene, CaqvSi 840 suli, maxinjaurSi – 202 suli (149 agaraki), xolo cixisZirSi – 52 agaraki, rac sagrZnoblad aRemateboda am sofelSi adgilobriv mosaxleobas [313, 50-51]. XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi guriis sofel ewerSi rusebi dasaxldnen, romelTac samxedro samsaxuri daamTavres [315, 66]. yvela maTganma icoda xeloba: durgloba, kasris keTeba, mewaReoba da sxv. rusebi mTavrobam yvela gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla. aseve, komlze sami Tumani gadasca saCuqrad [315, 68]. jer kidev 1879 wels arakini Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSi werda, rom afxazeTi xelsayrel sayrden punqts warmoadgenda ruseTis Semdgomi winsvlisaTvis aziaSi. amitom aucilebeli iyo, rom zRvispira zoli, romelic muhajirobis Sedegad dacarielebuli iyo, ruseTis imperiisaTvis sasurveli da sando mosaxleobiT SeevsoT. marTlac es mitovebuli miwebi ruseTis xelisuflebam msxvil samxedro da samoqalaqo moxe196 leebs dauriga. am procesma 80-90-ian wlebSi didi masStabebi miiRo. amave dros e. w. Tavisufal miwebzec rusma Cinovnikebma sxvadasxva erovnebis kolonistebis Casaxleba daiwyes. maT Soris iyvnen; rusebi, berZnebi, estonelebi, bulgarelebi da sxv. [316, 23-24]. da mainc, ruseTis xelisufleba pirvel rigSi cdilobda afxazeTi gadaeqcia rusul olqad. amitom aq pirvel rigSi intensiurad asaxlebdnen rus kolonistebs [316, 25]. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba awarmoebda umiwawylo glexebis Casaxlebas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. Casaxlebis erT-erT aseT punqts warmoadgenda yaraiazis raioni. es teritoria cnobili iyo, rogorc malariis bude, da saerTod janmrTelobisaTvis zianis momtani. miuxedavad mTavrobis energiuli daxmarebisa, CamosaxlebulTa cxovrebis pirobebi mZime iyo. col-SvilTan ojaxebs mTavroba aZlevda Sviddesetina miwas, xolo dasaojaxeblebs xuT desetinas. sainteresoa, rom 1910 wels yaraizSi Camosaxlda 54 komli rusis ojaxi [317, 2].aq maT daaarses sofeli voikovo. TiToeul ojaxs gadaeca 18 desetina miwa. miwis reformis gatarebisas yovelma ojaxma miiRo normis farglebSi 4 desetina pirveli kategoriis miwa [318, 6]. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg rusebi samSobloSi dabrundnen. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyareba aRiniSna rusebisa da ukrainelebis daCqarebuli zrdiT, rac gamowveuli iyo maTi didi raodenobis CamosaxlebiT. 1926 wels axalqalaqis mazraSi cxovrobda 2492 rusi erovneba, baTumis mazra197 Si – 9190, qobuleTis mazraSi – 295, xulos mazraSi – 117, qedis mazraSi – 54. 12 wlis manZilze samjer da kidev ufro metad gaizarda dasaxelebul erovnebaTa ricxvi saqarTveloSi. adigenis raionSi 1939 wlis aRweriT 1281 rusia dafiqsirebuli. aspinZis raionSi – 293, axalqalaqis raionSi – 1538, bogdanovkis raionSi – 5862. baTumis raionSi – 21786, qobuleTis raionSi – 8096, xulos raionSi – 397, qedis raionSi – 21786, qobuleTis raionSi – 8096, xulos raionSi – 397, qedis raionSi – 256 [319, 5]. rusebi da ukrainelebi Camosaxldnen upiratesad Crdilo kavkasiidan. maTi ZiriTadi masa Camosaxlda qalaqebSi, umTavresad TbilisSi da zRvispira dasaxlebul punqtebSi. nawili damkvidrda axlad Seqmnil sabWoTa meurneobebSi. migrantTa ZiriTadi masa mosuli iyo soflebidan; isini Caebnen warmoebis sxvadasxva sferoSi: fabrika-qarxnebSi, Saxtebsa da maRaroebSi, transportsa da mSeneblobaSi, soflis meurneobasa da sxva momsaxure dargSi. didi cvlilebebi moxda maT socialur mdgomareobaSi. mravali guSindeli glexi qalaqis samrewvelo sawarmos muSa gaxda. axlad CamosaxlebulTa adaptaciam da maTTvis materialur-kulturuli cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnam, bevri dabrkolebis gadalaxva moiTxova. rusebsa da ukrainelebs Soris sakmaod bevri iyo samxedro mosamsaxure (oficrebi) [105, 144, 289]. xazgasasmelia, rom mxolod Sida qarTlSi 1979 wlis aRweris monacemebiT 14 335 rusi mkvidrobda, romelTa TiTqmis ZiriTdi nawili XIX saukuneSi iyo aq dasaxlebuli [320, 153]. 198 $8. kazakebi bunebrivia, kazakebs eTnosad ver miviCnevT, magram am `statusiT~ rusebisa da ukrainelebis garda sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebic moiazrebodnen. radgan aRniSnuli saxeliT moxda saqarTvelos teritoriaze maTi gansaxleba, CavTvaleT, rom kazakebis fenomenzec gagvemaxvilebina yuradReba. sityva kazaki Turquli wamoSobisaa, rac niSnavs Tavisufals, TavzexelaRebul kacs; adamiani, romelmac kavSiri gawyvita Tavis socialur garemosTan. XV saukunis bolos kazakebi ewodeboda ruseTis saxelmwifos ganapira mxareebis Tavisufal mosaxleobas [321, 315]. qarTul enaSi kazaki moiazreboda, rogorc yaCaRi (abragi); zogierT kuTxeSi ki Seupovars, vaJkacs niSnavda [322, 5]. mas ukavSirdeboda iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoric aris guladi, patiosani, Tavisuflebis moyvare da, ra Tqma unda, mSromeli [322, 138]. XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi TbilisSi myofi germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri moric vagneri aRniSnavda, rom `TviT mTvrali kazakic, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara es mebrZoli sulis mTieli, srul iaraRSia Camjdari...~ [323, 34]. Tavdapirvelad maT uwodebdnen mrewvelebs, romlebic Tevzis Weras misdevdnen. Semdeg Searqves meomrebi, romlebic avsebdnen daSkoviCisa da dimitri viSneveckis razmebs. mogvianebiT litvis xelisuflebam Seqmna socialuri fena, gansakuTrebuli xelmZRvanelobiT. amave dros TviTneburad daaarses dnepris napirebze Tavisufal meomarTa saZmo, zaporoJies seCis saxelwo199 debiT. aseTive movlenebs adgili hqonda aRmosavleT ruseTSi [324, 522]. yovelgvar mecnierul safuZvels moklebulad migvaCnia zogierTi rusi istorikosis mosazreba, rom TiTqos `kazakebi~ igive `Cerqezebi~ arian. magaliTad, a. buSkovs miaCnia, rom `Cerqezebi Zvel rusul wyaroebSi aRniSnavs ara mebrZol kavkasiel xalxs, aramed Tanamedrove kazakebis winaprebs~. avtori Tavisi mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad Semdeg arguments gvTavazobs: kazakebis yvelaze did qalaqebs ewodeba `novoCerkaski~ [325, 66]. kazakebi iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, magram maT aerTianebdaT erTi sarwmunoeba, Tavisi xalxis dacvisa da gadarCenis saerTo interesebi. vinme faTerakis maZiebeli, ama Tu im eris warmomadgeneli, kazakebis rigebSi rom mieRoT, mas aucileblad didi simamace unda gamoeCina da mkacri kanonebis brma morCili yofiliyo. Tu erTi kazaki meores winaswari ganzraxviT moklavda, mkvlelsac sikvdiliT dasjidnen da orives erTad marxavdnen. rodesac ukrainaSi didi xnis winaT damkvidrebuli kazaki ucolobis aRTqmas daarRvevda, kanoni mas ar sjida. qalTa TavaSvebulobis mimarT ki mkacrad Seuwynarebeli iyo. Tu axalgazrda gauTxovari qali bavSvs gaaCenda, mas TmebiT miabamdnen eklesiis karze da yvela iq Semsvleli am qals saxeSi afurTxebda, Tan ukanaskneli sityvebiT lanZRavda. Tu gaTxovil qals qmris Ralats daumtkicebdnen, mas miwaSi kisramde Caflavdnen da SimSiliT suls amoxdidnen. 200 am Cveulebebisa da kanonebis mqoneT, stumarTmoyvareoba sayovelTao wesad hqondaT miRebuli da maTTan Camosul ucxoels yvelgan sanaqebo maspinZlobas uwevdnen. amasTanave, uxucesebis mimarT kazakebi gansakuTrebul pativiscemas iCendnen, rac patriarqaluri Cveulebebis tradicia iyo [177, 65]. eqspluatatorTa xelisuflebis ukmayofilo da mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebul glexebs gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yazaxebs uwodebdnen. meurneobas mowyvetil da tyved gaWril yazax glexTa simravle, `moyazaxeTa~ mZime mdgomareoba xelsayrel viTarebas qmnida maTi jgufjgufad gaerTianebisa da met-naklebad organizebuli brZolisaTvis. berZnuli samarTlis qarTul versiaSi ixsenieba `yazaxTa ufrosi~ (mis sasjelad dadgenilia xel-fexis moWra an Tvalis amoTxra) da `cxadad yazaxni, romelnica dganan tyeSia anu gzazeda~ (isini unda `daiWiron da anZaze acvan, rome sxvaTac naxon da SeSindnen~). vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT (muxli 89), `mzirobiT (CasafrebiT) kacismkvlel yazaxs, Tu mefe sagangebod ar dasjida, sammagi `sisxlis gadaxda ekisreboda~; TviT `mziri~ yazaxis mkvleli ki ar isjeboda [326, 15]. eqspluataciisa da batonymobis gaZlierebam ruseTsa da poloneT-litvis saxelmwfioebSi XV-XVI saukuneebSi gamoiwvia glexTa masobrivi gaqceva am saxelmwfiebis sazRvrebs gareT, upiratesad samxreTis auTvisebel miwebze – donis, volgis, iaikis auzebSi. mezobeli feodaluri saxelmwiflebisa da momTabareebis winaaRmdeg 201 brZolis aucileblobam ganapiroba am Tavisufali xalxis gaerTianeba samxedro organizaciebSi. aRmocenda donis, volgis, dnepris Cerkasis, grebenis da iaikis kazakTa gasamxedroebuli Temebi. XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibda aseve cimbirisa da Tergis Temebi. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi kazakTa Temebi gardaiqmnen iregularul kazakTa jarebad. 1721 wlidan isini samxedro uwyebas damorCildnen. kazakebSi TandaTan gauqmda jaris ufrosebis arCeviToba, maT ruseTis mTavroba niSnavda. ukrainaSi XVI saukunis meore naxevridan sareestro kazakebis winamZRols hetmani ewodeboda. 1648 wels hetmanis tituli miiRo bogdan xmelnickim. 1708 wlidan hetmans mefis ruseTis xelisufleba niSnavda. feld-marSali, grafi kirile grigolis Ze razumovski (1728-1803 ww) elisabed petres asulis favoriti, ukrainis ukanaskneli hetmani iyo (1750-1764 wlebSi). 1827 wlidan kazakTa mTeli jarebis atamanad ruseTis taxtis memkvidre iTvleboda. kazakebma sazRvao laSqrobebis dros Tavisi yuradRebis areSi moaqcies saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiroebi, ramdenadac am sanapiroebsa da mdinareTa SesarTavebs moxerxebuli dasayrdeni punqtebis rolis Sesruleba SeeZloT kazakebisaTvis, maTi xSiri sazRvao eqspediciebis dros TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. agreTve, saqarTvelos zRvispireTis mosaxleobaSi nadavlis gasaRebis advili SesaZlebloba, cxadia, donis kazakTa yuradRebas izidavda. garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom qarTvelebi da kazakebi erTmorwmuneni, marTlmadidebeli qristianebi iyvnen, 202 rac maTi urTierTdaaxloebis erT-erT pirobad SeiZleba miviCnioT. amis dasturia is faqtic, rom kazakebi xSirad qarTvelTa zRvispira eklesiebSi RmerTs samadlobels swiravdnen da eklesiebsac didZal oqrosa da vercxlis fuls utovebdnen saCuqrad. mZime laSqrobidan dabrunebuli kazakebi, Svebasa da mosvenebas xSirad zRvispireTis qarTvelebTan povebdnen. aqve asaRebdnen isini nadavlis nawils, romelzedac moTxovnileba adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi mudam arsebobda.amgvari urTierToba qarTvelebsa da kazakebs Soris Tavis mniSvnelobas marto sabrZolo warmatebaTa periodSi rodi inarCunebda: igive urTierToba maT Soris avbedobis drosac grZeldeboda. cnobilia, rom kazakTa sazRvao laSqrobani zogjer, araxelsayrel garemoebaTa gamo, maTTvis mZime marcxiT Tavdeboda, aseT SemTxvevaSic kazakebi daxmarebas, TavSesafarsa da mfarvelobas zRvispireTis qarTvel mosaxleobaSi povebdnen [327, 40-41]. sagulisxmoa pietro dela-vales cnoba: `es ori xalxi emoyvrebodnen erTmaneTs...~ [328, 57]. es Sefaseba mravlis metyvelia – dasturdeba qarTvelebsa da kazakebs Soris axlo urTierToba, erTmaneTisadmi ndobisa da pativiscemis arseboba. sxvanairad maT Soris damoyvreba warmoudgeneli iqneboda. sainteresoa, rom XVIII saukunis zaporoJiel kazakTa Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen. 1770 wels aq arsebul kazakTa banakebs Soris moixsenieba patara sofeli `gruzinovka~ [322, 46]. 1918 wlis ivlisSi bolSevikebisagan devnili 500-mde kazaki, romelTa raodenoba SemdegSi ki203 dev ufro gaizarda Crdilo kavkasiidan mTiani uReltexilebis gamovliT Camovidnen soxumSi da iTxoves ukrainaSi gamgzavrebisaTvis daxmareba. imdenad, ramdenadac im dros saWiro pirobebi ar arsebobda, saqarTvelos samxedro ministrTan SeTanxmebiT, afxazeTis general-gubernatorma giorgi mazniaSvilma winadadeba misca kazakebs droebiT, vidre maTi Txovnis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba Seiqmneboda, emsaxuraT qarTul armiaSi. kazakebi daTanxmdnen. generali mazniaSvili kazakebTan dakavSirebiT Semdegs aRniSnavda: `miveciT maT formis tansacmeli da iaraRi. ori aseuli oCamCireSi ganlagda, danarCenebi – soxumSi. maTi aq yofnis periodSi kazakebs araviTari mcire danaSaulic ar CaudeniaT, iqceodnen samagaliTod, disciplinas ar arRvevdnen da kargad asrulebdnen dakisrebul movaleobas~. 1918 wlis agvistoSi kazakebma qarTuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi gaanadgures Turqebis desanti, romelic gadmosves oCamCires raionSi. imave wels kazakebma miiRes yvelaze aqtiuri monawileoba bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelTac dakavebuli hqondaT gagra da gudauTa. Semdeg monawileobdnen general mazniaSvilis razmTan erTad bolSevikebis gansadevnad, romlebisagan gaaTavisufles Savi zRis sanapiroebi tuafsemde [322, 92]. qarTveli kazaki nikoloz baraTaSvili, ruseTis armiis kavaleriis generali (1917 w.), denikinis TanamebrZoli da megobari iyo. 1919 wlis 13 seqtembers TbilisSi n. baraTaSvilze ganxorcielda teritoriuli Tavdasxma. rusTavelis prospeqtidan veris daRmarTze mimaval saqarTvelos 204 samxedro uwyebis avtomobils, romelSic isxdnen generlebi: i. odiSeliZe, n. baraTaSvili da misi adiutanti selim alxavi, xelyumbara esrola bolSevik-teroristma arkadi elbaqiZem. Tavdasxmis mTavari iniciatori iyo pavle mardaleiSvili, romelic warmatebiT asrulebda bolSevikuri partiis davalebebs da erT-erT mrisxane teroristad iTvleboda. Tavdasxma pavles dagegmili iyo, Semsrulebeli arkadi elbaqiZe. teraqtis Sedegad baraTaSvili mZimed daiWra. masTan avtomobilSi mjdomi qarTveli generali ilia odiSeliZe msubuqi WrilobebiT gadarCa, xolo baraTaSvilis adiutanti polkovniki selim alxavi da orive mZRoli – vasil JuJiaSvili da Salva samakaZe daiRupnen. elbaqiZe devnis operaciisas mokla sisxlis samarTlis samZebros TanamSromelma gelovanma, xolo mardaleiSvilma gaqceva moaxerxa. misi dapatimreba gansakuTrebulma razmma mxolod 1920 wlis 3 marts SeZlo [329, 38-39]. sabWoTa mTavrobam arkadi elbaqiZe sikvdilis Semdeg, 1928 wels, wiTeli droSis ordeniT daajildova, xolo veris daRmarTs, sadac teraqti ganxorcielda elbaqiZis daRmarTi daarqva. XVIII saukunis germaneli mogzauri iakob rainegsi erekle meoris karze imyofeboda 1778-1781 wlebSi. misi Canawerebi pirvel wyaros warmoadgens aRniSnuli periodis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. am mxriv udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba kazakebis dasaxlebis cnobas saqarTveloSi, rac jerjerobiT cnobil sxva arcerT naratiul da dokumentur wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba. bambakis qedis daxasiaTebisas rainegsi aRniSnavs, rom `es qedebi, iseve rogorc maTi nayofieri velebi (xeobe205 bi), dasaxlebulia xalxiT, romelic Tavs doneli kazakebidan warmoSobilad Tvlis (xazgasma Cemia – a. s.) da amitom mTel mxares, romelSic isini saxloben, yazaxs uwodeben. es xalxi borCalosagan mdinare xramiT gamoiyofa, romelzec gadebulia qvis mSvenieri xidi. is aSenebulia mefe rostomis mier... sagulisxmoa, rom rainegsi maRalkvalificiurad mijnavs kazakebsa da yazaxebs. kerZod, avtori aRniSnavs, rom `yazaxs eZaxian kidev xalxs, romelic, rogorc maT mier dasaxlebuli qveyana, iwodeba SamSadilad. misi mosaxleobis naxevarze metni arian agreTve mahmadianebi...~ [330, 161]. georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg kazakebis regularulma polkebma miiRes brZaneba imperiis samxreTi sazRvrebis dasacavad kavkasiaSi dislocirebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos rukaze gamoCnda qalaqi lagodexi (rusulidan TargmanSi niSnavs `kazakebis dasasvenebel banaks~), aseve – ramdenime sofeli rusuli saxelwodebiT. kazakTa sasazRvro samsaxuris formireba moxda tveris, yubanisa da donis kazakebisagan. aTasobiT maTgani aRar dabrunebula samSobloSi. mravali ganisvenebs lagodexis sasaflaoze, nawili – kukiaze, romlebic ruseT-TurqeTis omSi daiRupnen [331]. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom realurad lagodexi wyaroebSi cnobilia lagoeTis, lakuaTis da lakuastis saxelwodebiT. pirvelad damowmebulia VIII saukuneSi (adaministraciuli erTeuli lakuastis xevi), roca erismTavarma arCilma aq cixesimagre aago. XI saukuneSi aq iyo hereTis erTerTi mniSvnelovani monasteri [332, 97]. 206 saimperio kari yvela did saomar operacias kazakebis meSveobiT axorcielebda. cnobilia pavle pirvelis dros uSedego laSqroba indoeTze. amasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo sabWos wevrebi – voroncovi da koCubei sinanuliT miuTiTebdnen, rom indoeTis `gauval tramalebSi didZali kazakoba daiRupao~ [333, 15]. kazakebis myarad Semosvla saqarTveloSi, bunebrivia, ganapiroba ruseTis mier saqarTvelos Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevam. kazakebi, TavisTavad cxadia, monawileobas iRebdnen im brZolebSic, romlebic mimarTuli iyo qarTveli xalxis mier ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. 1804 wlis qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebis dros, ajanyebulebisagan saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gasawmendad, kavkasiis xazidan daiZra donis kazakTa polki, romelmac pirvel SetakebaSi marcxi ganicada [333, 49-50]. Tavisuflebis simbolod qceulma kazakebma brZolaSi ar gamoamJRavnes mTeli SesaZleblobebi. maT kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. 1810 wels, imereTis ajanyebis dros, mTavarmarTebeli tormasovi iZulebuli gaxda iranisa da osmaleTis frontebze moqmedi rusTa jari gaenaxevrebina, ramdenime batalioni da kazakTa razmebi imereTis ajanyebis CasaxSobad gaegzavna [334, 19]. XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze dabanakda rusis jari. magaliTad, xobis marcxena napirze XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ganlagebuli iyo yazarmebi da oficerTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi. garnizoni 700mde kacisagan Sedgeboda. eseni iyvnen qveiTi ja207 riskacebi, artileristebi da kazakebi. xobis marjvena napirze moTavsebuli iyo karantini. Tofiswamlis, marilisa da saxelmwifo momsaxurebis sxva sawyobebic mdinaris marcxena mxares iyo ganlagebuli [177, 98]. kazakTa saguSago aseve iyo civis xeobaSi da zemodan dahyurebda mdinares... yvela kazaki janmrTeli iyo. Cveulebriv, kazakTa saguSagoebisaTvis adgils ase kargad ver arCevdnen xolme [177, 124]. kazakebis saguSago moqmedebda abaSaSic [177, 127]. sxva adgilas kazakebis saguSago ganlagebuli iyo nestian da mavne adgilas or mdinares Soris: erTi maTgani patara nakaduls warmoadgenda, meore ki – gubiswyals [177, 131], romelic mdinare rionis marcxena Senakadia imereTis dablobze [177, 332]. ruseTis saokupacio xelisuflebisaTvis kazakebi rom mTavar dasayrden Zalas warmoadgendnen, kargad amtkicebs vagneris cnoba: rodesac, kaTolike mRvdlebis saqarTvelodan gaZevebis dros, `general-gubernatoris brZanebiT, kazakTa TanxlebiT sakmaod uxeSad (pirutyvulad) miaTries uaxloes navsadgurTan da iq ZaliT arekes trapezundisken mimaval gemze~ [323, 24]. saaRdgomo zeimze TbilisSi vagneri Seeswro samxedro turnirs, sadac sxvebTan erTad `doneli da xazis kazakebi uCvenebdnen mxedrul xelovnebas, romelSic maT msoflios sxva romelime xalxi Znelad Tu ajobebs. isini tyorcnidnen Subebs, sruli Wenebisas isvrian Tofebsa da dambaCebs, iqneven xmlebs da awarmoeben brZolis imitacias [323, 50]. 208 kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tavad voroncovis gegmis mixedviT, demografiuli problemis da mxaris rusifikaciis mizniT, miRebul iqna gadawvetileba regionSi malorosi kazakebis Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb. kazaki kolonistebis dasasaxleblad voroncovma borjomis xeoba airCia. amas igi ori mosazrebiT akeTebda: jer erTi, osmaleTis sazRvarze sando mosaxleobas Seqmnida (adgilobriv mosaxleobas xom ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba ar endoboda, piriqiT, cdilobda rac SeiZleba metad daeCagra da Tu SeiZleboda, ucxoeTSic gaegzavna). da meorec – am metad mdidar da lamaz kuTxes rusi mosaxleobiT daasaxlebda da rusul provinciad gadaaqcevda. 1853 wlis 25 ivliss kavkasiis mefisnacvali Tbilisis guberniis prokuroris amxanags amis Sesaxeb swerda: `umaRlesi mTavrobis gadawvetilebiT borjomis xeobaSi dasasaxleblad miemgzavreba malorosebis (ukrainelebis) orasi ojaxi~. poltavis guberniidan Camosulebia Semdegi gvarebi: paSenko, banduri, gaava, rac Seexeba martinenkoebs, isini Cernigovis olqis sofel martiniukidan arian Tavisi nebiT Camosulebi. 1853 wels poltavis saxelmwifo qonebis palatam miiRo 4 aTasi maneTi vercxlis fuliT malorosiis kazakTa borjomis saxazino mamulSi CasaxlebisaTvis. imave wels daiwyo ukrainel kazakTa 200 ojaxis poltavis guberniidan gadmosaxleba. borjomis saxazino mamulSi waRverSi, dabaSi, mitarbSi, bakurianSi, cemSi da cixis ZirSi gamoiyo 3000 desetina saTanado miwa gadmosaxlebulTaTvis. ukrainelTa TiToeul ojaxs 209 gamoeyo 20 maneTi pirvandeli xarjebisaTvis da 20 maneTi sasoflo iaraRis da saqonelis SesaZenad [170, 39-40]. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna komunisturma reJimma kazakebisadmi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. daiwyo kazakebis devna, fizikuri ganadgureba, represiebi... mxolod 1936 wels gauqmda wiTel armiaSi kazakebis samsaxurSi SezRudvebi. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis fonze Seiqmna saqarTvelos kazakTa kavSiri. es idea aRmocenda jer kidev afxazeTis omis dros. kavSiris mizans Seadgenda qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena da amave dros rusueT-saqarTvelos Soris kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis ganmtkiceba. saqarTvelos kazakTa kavSiris umaRles atamanad airCies general leitenanti vasil ivanes Ze kadeneci, romelic orjer Sexvda yubanis kazakebis radis atamans vladimer gromovs, raTa aekrZalaT daqiravebul kazakTa Semosvla afxazeTSi, separatistebis mxardasaWerad. $9. germanelebi qarTveli da germaneli xalxebis istoria saukuneebs iTvlis. mravali germaneli mogzauri aRfrTovanebula Cveni xalxis da bunebis silamaziT. bevris SemoqmedebisaTvis ki saqarTvelo muzis STagonebis wyarodac qceula. jer kidev XII saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniis imperatori fridrix II barbarosa sTava210 zobda mefe Tamars Tavis erT-erT vaJs. saqarTveloSi am winadadebas uyuradRebod ar Sexvedrian. am qorwinebaSi, bizantiis mmrTveli dinastiis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri xedavad bagrationebisa da germaniis saimperatoro karis Staufenebis damoyvrebas. es kavSiri mtkice xids gasdebda saqarTvelo-germanias Soris, rasac, SesaZloa, mohyoloda gavlenis sferoebis gayofa mcire aziaSi. mefe-qalis daqorwineba iyo udidesi politikuri aqti. fridrix II barbarosas winadadebis SemoTavazeba savaraudoa 1185-1187 wlebSi momxdariyo, e. i. Tamaris pirvelsa da meore qorwinebas Soris. Staufenebis winadadeba uaryofil iqna, radgan gaimarjva Crdilo kavkasiurma orientaciam. proevropuli orientaciis momxreni ufro sustni aRmoCndnen, Tumca daido politikuri kavSiri saqarTvelo-germanias Soris, rac gamoCnda jvarosanTa IV laSqrobis dros [335, 222-223]. kavkasiiTa da saqarTveloTi dainteresebaze migviTiTebs Sua saukuneebis udidesi germaneli mwerlis volfram fon eSenbaxis saraindo romanebi, aseve fon volkenStainis, adam oleariusis, grifiusis, vinkelmanis, kantis, lesingis, bodenStedtis da mraval sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli saqarTvelos Tema. germanel mogzaurTa cnobebi ki Cveni eris istoriis araerTi sakiTxisaTvis pirvel wyaros warmoadgens. germaneli da qarTveli xalxis urfierToba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan ruseTis carizmis iniciativiT germaneli kolonistebi damkvidrdnen. 211 Tavad ruseTSi germanelebis mosvlas xeli Seuwyo 1762-1764 wlebSi gamoqveynebulma manifestebma, romelTa mixedviTac ucxoelebs iwvevdnen sxvadasxva qveynidan. 1764 wels samxreT volgaze aRmocenda pirveli germanuli dasaxlebebi. mogvianebiT maT SeuerTdnen sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebic – frangebi Sveicarielebi, holandielebi, romlebic, germaniidan gadmosaxlebulebTan erTad, ukve am droidan iTvlebian volgispirel geramnelebad. mefis xelisuflebis wyalobiT germanelebi ruseTSi CasaxlebisTanave privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen. maTze ar gaavrceles batonymuri urTierToba, e. i. arcerTi germaneli sabatono glexi ar gamxdara, xolo samxedro valdebulebisagan gaaTavisufles asi weli [336, 68]. ruseTis teritoriaze germanelebis Camosaxleba periodulad mimdinareobda XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde [337, 87]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi aRmocenda seqtanturi moZraoba e. w. `separatizmi~. xelisuflebis devnam seqtantebi aiZula gadasaxlebuliyvnen amerikasa da ruseTSi. aRniSnuli moZraoba ufro metad SesamCnevi gaxda viurtembergSi, bavariasa da SveicariaSi, rasac xeli Seuwyo im dros cnobili mqadageblebis – bengelisa da Stilingis – gavlenam. isini winaswarmetyvelebdnen samyaros dasasrulis moaxloebas da arwmunebdnen `separatistebs~ Tavis gadarCena samSoblos gareT, kavkasiaSi, araratis mTasTan axlos eZebnaT. SeSinebulma seqtantebma kavkasiaSi gamogzavnes `gansakuTrebuli mzveravebi~ adgilis dasaTvaliereblad da kolonizaciisaTvis xelsayreli garemos SesarCevad [338, 14, 15]. ruseTis 212 xelisufleba daTanxmda germanelebis Camosaxlebas maTTvis sasurvel adgilze. samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi germanelTa Camosaxleba carizmis uSualo xelSewyobiT xdeboda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, politikuri da ekonomikuri mosazrebiT. ekonomikuri pozicia igive iyo, rac ruseTis imperiis sxva kuTxeebis kolonizaciisa. politikuri Tvalsazrisi imaSi gamoixateboda, rom saqarTveloSi ucxo eTnikuri erovnebebis CamosaxlebiT mefis xelisuflebas Tavisi dasayrdeni gaeCina adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi [339, 43]. kolonistTa pirveli jgufi 31 ojaxis (181 sulis) SemadgenlobiT TbilisSi Camovida 1817 wlis 31 seqtembers. es kolonistebi daasaxles sarTiWalis maxloblad, kolonias ewoda marienfeldi [340, 17]. germanelTa pirveli nakadis Tbilisis SemogarenSi gamoCenam adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi didi gaoceba gamoiwvia. mTavarmarTebelma ermolovma, romelic winaswar iyo gafrTxilebuli kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze am uCveulo gamocxadebis Taobaze, maTi miznebisa da msjelobis gacnobis Semdeg ifiqra, rom saqme hqonda giJebTan. ermolovma daibara winamZRolebi da ganumarta, rom `Tqven ruseTis miwaze imyofebiT; aq SegiZliaT imogzauroT mSvidobianad da uflis mfarvelobiT, ramdenadac es TqvenTvis sindis-namusis sakiTxia, magram icodeT, rogorc ki Cvens sazRvars gascdebiT, aRmoCndebiT sparseTis teritoriaze, muslimebTan, romelTac naklebad ainteresebT Tqveni mogzaurobis mizani. Tuki somxeTis (romelic jer kidev ar aris rusuli provincia) mmarTvelebi monebad ar gaqce213 ven da ar gagamweseben TavianT mamulSi samuSaod, xom ar ggoniaT, rom qurTebs – am daundobel yaCaRebs dauZvrebiT xelidan? isini ulmoblad gagZarcvaven, Tanac CaTvlian, rom didi mowyaleba gamoiCines, mTlianad rom ar amogJlites da mxolod maTi jogebis samwyemsad gagamweses. da kidev, _ Tuki davuSvebT, rom sparselebsa da qurTebs gadaurCebiT, Turqebsa da udabnos arabebs namdvilad ver daaRwevT Tavs~. am saubarma didad SeaSfoTa moZraobis winamZRolebi: ermolovis mier aRwerili momavlis suraTi marTlac aRsavse iyo uTvalavi xifaTiT, Tuki isini xels ar aiRebdnen TavianT ganzraxvaze; amasTanave, xangrZlivi mogzaurobis gadaRlilobam da Tanmdevma daavadebebma maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad Seamcira, ramac erTgvarad gaanela maTi SemarTeba. isini daTanxmdnen SemoTavazebul pirobebs, rac gulisxmobda, rom samxreT ruseTis sxva kolonistebis msgavsad maTac daakmayofilebdnen: TiToeul ojaxs gadascemdnen sakuTrebaSi 35 desetina saxnav miwas, auSenebdnen saxlebs, romlis safasuric, procentis gareSe, aTi wlis manZilze unda daefaraT. am drois amowurvis Semdeg ki kolonistebi daibegrebodnen 20 kapikiT anu 1 santimiT erT desetinaze. manamde ki isini yovelgvari begarisagan Tavisufldebodnen [340, 225-256]. 1818 wels Cvens dedaqalaqs germanelTa didi talRa moawva (500 kolonisti germanelis ojaxi). isini Tbilisis guberniis sxvadasxva adgilas daasaxles. mTavrobam maT mosawyobad gaiRo 65 aTasi maneTi oqroTi. TiToeul kolonist muSa mamakacze unda gamoeyoT 35 desetina saxnavi sau214 keTeso adgilebSi haviT da sasmeli wyliT. garda amisa, mkvidr mosaxleobas aiZulebdnen miwebi daexnaT da saSeni masala miewodebinaT Camosaxlebul moaxalSeneTaTvis [333, 195]. 1819 wlis bolos samxreT kavkasiaSi sul rva kolonia Seiqmna, aqedan eqvsi saqarTveloSi ganlagda. eseni iyo: 1. marienfeldi – 31 ojaxiT, kaxeTis gzatkecilze (sarTiWalaSi); 2. Tbilisis kolonia – qalaqis maSindel gareuban kukiaze (axlandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziris teritoria) – 51 ojaxiT. 1852 wels es kolonia, romelic xelosnebisagan Sedgeboda, qalaqs miekuTvna, xolo 1861 wlidan kolonistebis sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwebi srul sakuTrebaSi gadaecaT; 3. aleqsandersdorfi – 23 ojaxi (daerqva aleqsandre I-is sapativcemulod), mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze, Tbilisidan CrdiloeTiT, 6 versis daSorebiT; didubis saxazino miwebze (axlandeli samtrediis quCis midamoebi); 4. petersdorfi – 17 ojaxiT (saxelwodeba miiRo petre I-is pativsacemad). es kolonia daarsda marienfeldis maxloblad; 5. elizavettali – 65 ojaxiT (somxiTSi – dRevandeli asureTi). saxelwodeba miiRo dasaxlebis adgilis arCevis dResTan dakavSirebiT (1818 w. noemberi axali stiliT); 6. ekaterinenfeldi – 116 ojaxiT (saxelwodeba miiRo viutenbergis dedoflis ekaterine pavles asulis sapativcemulod). es kolonia mdebareobda borCalos mazraSi, bolnisTan, Tbilisidan 60 versis manZilze [341, 11-33]. Camosaxlebuli `separatistebis~ didi nawili swored ekaterinenfeldSi damkvidrda, es teritoria amave dros SerCeul iqna seqtantebis xelmZRvanelTa mudmiv sac215 xovrebel adgilad. amis gamo ekaterinenfeldis koloniam daarsebis dRidanve yvelaze sapatio adgili daikava kavkasiaSi arsebul koloniaTa Soris da naxevar saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi did rols TamaSobda kavkasiel kolonistTa cxovrebaSi [338, 15]. 1826-1828 wlebSi ruseT-iranis omis dros mZime dartyma ganicada dasaxelebulma germanelTa koloniam. kerZod, 1826 wlis 14 agvistos qurTebis cxenosani jaris aTasiani razmi SeiWra ekaterinenfeldSi da sul erTianad gaanadgura. daxoces 70 kaci, xolo 150, umTavresad qalebi tyved waiyvanes [342, 115]. germaniidan CamosulTa garda saqarTveloSi, mogvianebiT, sxvadasxva teritoriidan modiodnen kolonistebi. 1842 wels ruseTidan saqarTveloSi Camovida germanelTa 10 ojaxi. maT kurorti abasTumani moewonaT, magram, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gamo, 1 ojaxi ruseTSi dabrunda, 18 ojaxma marienfeldTan axlos 370 desetina miwa aiRo. mTavrobam maT materialuri daxmareba aRmouCina. am dasaxlebas mareidentali uwodes. erTi komli bolnisSi mivida da ekaterinenfeldel germanelebs Seexizna [343, 115]. 1843 wlis monacemebiT kolonia `noi-tiflisSi~ cxovrobda 63 ojaxi, aleqsandersdorfSi 36, elizabettalSi 90, helenendorfSi 186, marienfeldSi 39, ekatarinenfeldSi 153. sul 588 ojaxi 3000 sulze meti~ [323, 97]. 1848 wlamde germanel kolonistTa dasaxlebebi CvenSi iwodebodnen `saqarTvelos germanul koloniebad~, xolo aRniSnuli wlidan maT `ami216 erkavkasiis germanuli koloniebis~ saxelwodeba miiRes [341, 11, sqolio -1]. germanuli eTnikuri elementis ekonomikur da politikur gaZlierebas xeli Seuwyo carizmis mier miniWebulma privilegiebma, rac aqtiuri formiT XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan xorcieldeboda. magaliTad, germanuli koloniebi jer emorCilebodnen CamosaxlebulTa sagangebo komitets, romelic samoqalaqo gubernatoris kancelariasTan iyo Camoyalibebuli. 1841 wels igi gauqmda da misi funqciebi axlad Seqmnil `qarTlimereTis samefo qonebaTa palatas~ gadaeca. rva wlis Semdeg misi reorganizacia moxda. kolonistTa mmarTvelobis saqme, e. w. `saxelmwifo qonebis eqspediciis~ kopetencias daeqvemdebara, romelic kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis sammarTvelosTan daarsda. 1859 wels moxda misi morigi reorganizacia da Seiqmna `ucxoelTa koloniebis soflis meurneobis sagangebo mmarTveloba~. xuTi wlis Semdeg ki `saxelmwifo qonebis departamentad~ gardaiqmna. reorganizebul iqna agreTve germanelTa koloniebis zedamxedvelobac. 1884 wels soxumis maxloblad ruseTidan gadmoasaxles kolonistebi, romlebmac aq Seqmnes ori kolonia: naidorfi (53 mcxovrebi) da gandenbergi (26 mcxovrebiT) [341, 32]. germanelebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi mkveTrad izrdeba gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ucxourma, da kerZod, germanulma kapitalma mtkiced moikida fexi ruseTis imperiaSi. saqarTvelos politikuri dapyrobis Semdeg, carizmma ver moaxerxa misi sruli ekonomikuri 217 aTviseba. amitom igi xels uwyobda ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas. es procesi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili am sferoSi germanulma kapitalma moipova. XIX saukunis damdegisaTvis germanelebis Zvel koloniaTa bazaze warmoiSva axali dasaxlebani. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kavkasiis administraciis cdas – Caesaxlebina isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Sedegi ar mohyolia. amaSi TviT kolonistebs miuZRodaT `brali~ [296, 15]. germanuli kapitalis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba meti miwis nakveTebi SeeZinaT saqarTveloSi. 1901 wels karl simensma miiRo baTumidan 57 kilometris manZilze, arTvinis maxloblad, sofel qvarcxanasTan arsebuli spilenZis mdidari sabados damuSavebis ufleba. aq male aages Saxtebi da daiwyes madnis mopoveba. simensebma izrunes agreTve axali madniani miwis nakveTebis SeZenaze. 1900-1909 wlebSi qvarcxanis axlos, sofel baSaulSi, krl simensis memkvidreebma, ruseTis qveSevrdomma baronesebma maria grevenicma da Sarlota buksgevdenma adgilobrivi glexebisagan SeiZines miwis nakveTebi da daiwyes madnis mopoveba. rogorc wyaroebSia aRniSnuli, simensebi miwas iZendnen Calis fasad [344, 45]. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobas germanelebi skeptikurad Sexvdnen. zogierTi maTgani gasabWoebas uaryofiTad afasebda. mxolod mcire nawili TanaugrZnobda axal xelisuflebas. saerTod ki 218 kolonistebi amjobinebdnen politikisagan ganze dgomas [345, 35]. germanelebis Semosvlis procesi saqarTveloSi 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSic grZeldeboda. rogorc cnobilia, 1921 wels SimSilobam mTeli ruseTi moicva. ubedureba gansakuTrebiT mZvinvarebda germanelebiT dasaxlebul volgispireTSi. mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili germanelebi daxmarebas saqarTveloSi mcxovreb Tanamemamuleebs sTxovdnen. xSiri iyo maTi Camosvlac. 1921 wlis Semodgomaze volgispireTidan TbilisSi Camovida 41 wlis aleqsandre pelSi meuRliT da 10 wlis SviliT. germanelTa erovnuli sabWo saqarTvelos xelisuflebas TxovniT mimarTavda, raTa yovelgvar pirobebs moklebuli ltolvilebisaTvis daxmareba aRmoeCina [346, 59]. 1921 wlis bolos TbilisSi volgispireTidan 23 ltolvili germaneli Camovida. isini moaTavses nersesis quCaze. am droisaTvis Cvens dedaqalaqSi Seqmnili iyo `volgispireTis damSeulTa daxmarebis komiteti~, romelic maqsimalur daxmarebas uwevda mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil adamianebs [346, 65]. volgispireTis damSeuli mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad walkis raionis sofel (`kolonia~) aleqsandresgilfidan Segrovda 7 375 250 maneTi [346, 102]. 1922 wels TbilisSi cxovrobda 2 457 germaneli [184, 69]. 1926 wels maTma ricxvma 3 156 suli Seadgina [184, 91]. 1927 wels saqarTveloSi arsebobda 13 germanuli kolonia 9253 mosaxliT: 1. elizavettali; 2. luqsenburgi; 3. rozenfeldi; 4. libknexsdorfi; 5. rozenbergi; 6. valdheimi; 7. georgestali; 8. marksgeimi; 9. anenfeldi; 10. vi219 zendorfi; 11. Steinfeldi; 12 gofnugstali; 13 griuntali. TbilisSi cxovrobda 4200 germaneli [347, 162]. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mxolod aRbulax-manglisis, luqsenburgis, baSkiCeTisa da borCalos raionebSi 5 924 germaneli cxovrobda [348, 8, 10, 11]. 1930 wels luqsenburgis raionSi mcxovrebma germanelebma gadawyvites daetovebinaT saqarTvelo da germaniaSi gamgzavrebuliyvnen. wasvlis win isini moiTxovdnen kompensacias datovebuli Senobebis, baRebis, venaxebisa da sabostne nakveTebisaTvis. aseve damuSavebuli niadagis gamo, romelsac tovebdnen mosavlis auReblad. germaniaSi gamgzavreba surda ramdenime aTeul germanul ojaxs. kompensacia 100 aTas maneTs Seadgenda maSindeli kursiT. respublikis saxkomsabWom uari ganacxada germanelebisaTvis raime anazRaurebaze, im motiviT, rom isini nebayoflobiT tovebdnen saqarTvelos da maT aravin aiZulebda aqedan wasuliyo [349, 1, 6]. meore msoflio omis moaxloebasTan erTad sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaamkacra germanelebisadmi damokidebuleba. kerZod, amierkavkasiis saxkomsabWos dadgenilebiT germanul kolonistebs mkacrad mosTxoves binis qiris, gaTbobisa da sxva saxis gadasaxadi. Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxisgebaSi micemiT emuqrebodnen. Zalovani struqturebi germanel mosaxleobas mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebdnen. zogierTi samarTaldamcavis damokidebuleba germanelebisadmi imdenad mZafrad gamovlinda, rom amerkavkasiis xelmZRvanelobam Samqoris raionis prokuroris TanaSemwe xalilovi moxsna Tanamdebobidan da ori 220 wlis ganmavlobaSi aukrZala sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobis dakaveba [350, 2]. jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg, germaneli kolonistebis mimarT mefis ruseTis mTavroba gansakuTrebul interess iCenda, radgan maTi kavSir-urTierToba germaniasTan ruseTis saxelmwifo interesebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis saSiSroebas qmnida. SesaZloa, es saSiSroeba iyo meore msoflio omis drosac. pirveli msoflio omis periodSi ruseTis saxelmwifo administracia imas dasjerda, rom germanelTa koloniebs saxelwodeba Seucvala (magaliTad, aleqsandreshilfs ewoda aleqsandrovskoe, petersdorfs – petrovskoe, marienfelds – marino, fraidentals – vesioloe (aw. saqarTvelos sasazRvro raioni ruseTTan), elizavettals – asureTi, xolo ekaterinnfelds – ekaterinovka). meore msoflio omis dros, kerZod, omis dawyebisTanave, ganxorcielda germaneli mosaxleobis pirwmindad gasaxleba qveynis centraluri da samxreT regionebidan, maT Soris saqarTvelodan, aRmosavleT raionebSi [296, 15-16]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavs faqtebs adgili hqonda antihitleruli koaliciis wevr saxelmwifoebSic. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis sawyis etapze germanuli warmoSobis britaneli moqalaqeebi inglisis mTavrobam sanapiro zolidan qveynis siRrmeSi gadaasaxla. igive moimoqmeda SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobamac iaponuri warmoSobis amerikeli moqalaqeebis mimarT. daaxloebiT 12 aTasi iaponuri warmoSobis sakuTari moqalaqe sakoncentracio banakebSi gamoketa [351, 43]. 221 sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobis mier saqarTvelodan, da ara mxolod saqarTvelodan, germaneli mosaxleobis ayra usamarTlo aqcia iyo da, rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma cxadyves, albaT, arc aucilebeli. magram mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is garemoebac, rom gasaxleba ganxorcielda germaniasabWoTa kavSiris omis yvelaze mZime etapze. daZabul strategiul viTarebaSi, rodesac faSisturi armiis nawilebi moskovis `karibWes~ miadgnen, qveyana didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. amasTan, germaniis sardloba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kavkasiis dapyrobis hitleruli gegmis realizacias. safiqrebelia, sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba lamobda moespo dasayrdeni mtrisTvis germaneli mosaxleobis saxiT. aseT SiSsa da zedmet sifrTxiles Seewira mravali adamianis sicocxle. gasaxlebuli germaneli mosaxleobidan iyvnen bavSvebi, moxucebi da sxvebi, vinc ver gadaitana Soreuli mogzauroba da gaWirveba [296, 18-19]. marTalia, germanelTa gasaxleba oficialurad omis dawyebis Semdeg moxda, magram es aqcia didi xniT adre mzaddeboda. ufro metic, rogorc zeviT davinaxeT, sabWoTa xelisufleba iseT pirobebs uqmnida germanel moqalaqeebs, rom iZulebuli gaexada TviTon gamoeTqva germaniaSi waslis survili. gasaxlebuli germanelebis sacxovrebeli adgili qarTlis mTianeTidan Camosaxlebulma qarTvelebma daikaves. ase SemorCa dRes arsebuli ramdenime sofeli bolnissa da marneulSi... es procesebi berias uSualo miTiTebebiT xorcieldeboda da, nebsiT Tu uneblied, saqarTvelosaTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo [352, 56]. 222 omis periodSi Seiqmna e. w. `SromiTi armiebi~, sadac `sabWoTa~ germanelebi iyvnen CarTulni. 1947 wlis bolos SromiTi armiebi, ZiriTadad, demobilizebuli iqna da mraval germanels ufleba mieca dabrunebuliyvnen iq, saidanac 1941 wels gaasaxles. magram 1948 wlis 26 noembers gamoqveynda axali brZaneba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom germanelebi, rogorc kalmikebi, inguSebi, CeCnebi, balyarelebi, yirimeli TaTrebi da sxva xalxis warmomadgenlebi gadasaxlebuli arian mudmivad da maTi wamosvla sacxovrebeli adgilidan Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe isjeba sakatorRo samuSaoebiT 20 wlis vadiT. adamianebs aRniSnulma brZanebam dabrunebis imedi gadauwura. mTeli xalxebi gaxdnen devnilni sakuTar qveyanaSi. im wlebSi `sabWoTa~ germanelebs ar SeeZloT Sesuliyvnen partiaSi, eswavlaT umaRles saswavlebelSi an emsaxuraT armiaSi... mxolod 1974 wlis umaRlesi xelisuflebis gadawvetilebam misca ufleba germanelebs dabrunebodnen mSobliur adgilebs [336, 72]. Tumca mTlianobaSi arc es gadawvetileba ganxorcielebula. 223 $10. qurTebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umTiresobaTa Soris qurTebi, ebraelebis msgavsad, is xalxia, visac TiTqmis arasodes hqonia qarTvelebTan dapirispireba da Cveni qveynis Wirvarami da sixaruli gauziarebia. qurTebis sakuTari saxelwodebaa qurdi, kurmanji. qurTebi miekuTvnebian uZvelesi arieli xalxis ricxvs. qurTebi wina aziis erT-erTi uZvelesi eTnosia. swored aq dafuZnda da Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova mdidarma ariulma civilizaciam, romelic mogvianebiT msoflios mravalma xalxma SeiTvisa. qurTi eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobdnen Zveli midieli da iraneli tomebi. didi gadasaxlebisa da omebis periodSi mravali xalxi da tomi gaqra istoriis sarbielidan, magram qurTebma SeZles gadarCena da SeinarCunes Tavisi erovnuli kultura, ena, religia, yofa da tradiciebi. saxelwodeba `qurTi~ moxseniebulia jer kidev qsenofontesTan. arabebi iyenebdnen eTnonims `kordu~, xolo toponimi `qurTistani~ qurTi istorikosis garo sasunis azriT, pirvelad Cndeba selCukebis batonobis dros (1071-1110 wlebSi). 1340 wlamde sxvadasxva wyaroebSi moxseniebulia ocamde calkeuli qurTuli tomi anu, ufro sworad, tomebis konfederaciebi (es dokumentebi inaxeba egviptis saxelmwifo arqivSi). am tomobrivi gaerTianebebidan yvelaze msxvili iyo murani, jelali, zangali, kusa, xasanani, kerkuki, sori, zarzani, Culamerki, hakkiari, zibari, dimbili [353, 342]. 224 qurTebi ZiriTadad cxovroben iranSi, TurqeTSi, siriaSi, eraySi (qurTistanis teritoriaze), libanSi, avRaneTSi, somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi, yazaxeTSi, TurqmeneTSi. 1978 wlis monacemebiT, qurTebi 10 280 aTass Seadgendnen. aqedan yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovrobda 116 aTasi, saqarTveloSi – 26 aTasi kaci. amJamad qurTebis raodenoba 40 milions aRwevs. qurTuli ena ganekuTvneba iranuli enis dasavlur Stos da gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi dialeqti: kurmanji (Crdilo-dasavluri) da sorani (samxreT-aRmosavluri). qurTebi ZiriTadad suniti muslimanebi arian, mcire nawili Siitebi, iezidebi, ali-ilahebi da sxva. VII-VIII saukuneebSi arabi dampyroblebi, maT kvalze sparselebi da Turq-osmalebi Zalismieri meTodebiT cdilobdnen qurTebs uari eTqvaT sakuTar religiaze – iezidizmze da mieRoT maTTvis ucxo religia – islami. qurTebis erTma nawilma ar isurva mahmadianobis miReba da mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi gmirulad ibrZoda winaparTa aRmsareblobis SesanarCuneblad [354, 4]. 1514 wels qurTistani gainawila TurqeTma da iranma, xolo pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918 ww.) Semdeg gaiyo oTx saxelmwifos Soris (TurqeTi, irani, erayi da siria). am dayofam qurTi eri Cagruli umciresobis mdgomareobaSi Caayena. XIX saukuneSi qurTebis nawilma ruseTis qveSevrdomoba miiRo. qurTebi cameti saukunis ganmavlobaSi imyofebian mtrul-agresiul garemocvaSi da ganicdian diskriminacias. masobrivi ganadgureba qurTiezidebma ganicades osmalTa mxridan imis gamo, 225 rom maT uari ganacxades islamis miRebasa da 1915 wels somexi mosaxleobis genocidSi monawileobaze. amis gamo mravali iezidi daiRupa. zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom osmalTa mxridan qurTebis genocidic maSin ganxorcielda. qurTiiezidebi ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebs moawydnen. ZiriTadad maTi gansaxleba somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda [355, 64]. amdenad, vanisa da yarsis mxaris, baiazidis, surmalisa da osmaleTis imperiis sxva raionebidan qurTebi aRmoCndnen Cveni qveynis teritoriaze. vanis vilaieTSi iezidebis, somxebisa da aisorebis mitovebul soflebSi damkvidrdnen qurTi-mahmadianebis tomebi, romlebic daepatronen ltolvilTa saxlebsa da qonebas [354, 4]. qurTebi genetikurad ar hgvanan arc iranelebs, arc arabebs da arc Turqebs, romelTa garemoSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben. qurTebis umravlesobas lurji Tvalebi da Ria feris Tmebi aqvs. maTi qalebi gamoirCevian silamaziT, xolo mamakacebi meomruli TvisebebiT [355, 15]. ai, rogor axasiaTebs aWaraSi mcxovreb qurTebs Tedo saxokia: `tanad saSualoze naklebi arian, xmelni, Savgvremanni, saxis swornakvTebianni, mkvircxlni da SemmarTebelni, amaTi qalebic sakmao silamazisani arian: Savgvremanni, SavTvalwarbni, brolis msgavs da mijriT miwyobil kbilebiani. aWarlebis qalebiviT kargamoketilSi ara cxovroben: amaT gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba aqvT~ [315, 272]. saqarTveloSi, kerZod mesxeTSi, calkeuli qurTuli momTabare tomebi XVI saukuneSi gaCnda [244, 575-576]. XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan 226 qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaerTianebisa da gaZlierebis kvaldakval TbilisSi Camodiodnen qurTiiezidebis delegaciebi [189, 380], romlebic imedovnebdnen osmaleTSi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dros erekle meores mxardaWeras. 1770 wels ereklesTan urTierToba daamyara qurTebis tomis beladma Coban-aRam. mimoweridan irkveva, rom qurTebi 20 aTasi meomriT monawileobas miiRebdnen osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefis winamZRolobiT, rac totlebenis avantiuram CaSala. dokumenturi wyaroebidan irkveva, rom ukve am periodSi SeimCneva aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qurTebisa da aisorebis Camosaxleba [356, 29]. Coban-aRas werilze mefe erekle aseT SeniSvnas akeTebs: `es Coban-oRli, gvarad iezidi, arc qristiania da arc musulmani. ufro metad qristianebis mxarezea da muslimanebis mteria [356, 22, sqolio 49]. qurTebi TbilisSi gamoCndnen XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. pirvelad erTi qurTi, rogorc Tbilisis mcxovrebi, dafiqsirebulia 1876 wels [357, 29], 1886 wels – 3, 1899 wels 464 qurTia aRwerili [357, 40]. saerTod, qurTebis ZiriTadi masa saqarTveloSi dasaxlda 1918-1920 wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac Turqebma daiwyes maTi religiur-politikuri Seviwroeba. qurTebi gadmosaxldnen vanidan da yarsidan [358, 102]. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi qurTebis raodenoba 10 217 suls udrida [359, 63]. amave periodSi qurTi-iezidebi 1,5 aTas kacs iTvlidnen [360, 139]. 227 1926 wlis aRweriT, TbilisSi cxovrobda 458 qurTi, maTgan 258 mamakaci da 200 qali. amave aRweriT TbilisSi iezidi iyo 2044 suli, aqedan 1157 mamakaci da 887 qali [184, 91]. igive aRweris mixedviT afxazeTSi cxovrobda 22, aWaraSi – 3295 da e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ _ 1 qurTi [361, 20]. 1926 wels TurqeTidan qurTebis sakmaod didi raodenoba cdilobda samxreT kavkasiaSi Semosvlas. xelisufleba sacxovrebeli teritoriis simciris gamo SeuZleblad Tvlida qurTebis tomis – brukis miRebas uaxloesi wlebis manZilze [362, 2]. Tumca imave wlis noemberSi TurqeTidan ltolvil qurTebs ufleba miecaT dasaxlebuliyvnen samxreT kavkasiaSi, risTvisac sarezervo fondidan gamoiyo 100 aTasi maneTi [362, 31]. 1930 wlis monacemebiT qurTebis didi nawili cxovrobda TbilisSi, mcire-soflad, ZiriTadad kaxeTSi. TbilisSi qurTebi cxovrobdnen kompaqturad, ubnebad, xarfuxis gagrZelebaze – orTaWalaSi, berZnebis ubnis gverdiT, aseve gafantulad – saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebSi [360, 139]. 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi qurTi-iezidebi iseve gaxdnen represiebis obieqti, rogorc qurTi-mahmadianebi saqarTvelos danarCen mosaxleobasTan erTad. oficialuri sabWoTa reJimi ltolvil iezidebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi (XX saukunis 30-40-iani wlebi) TurqeTis qveSevrdomebad Tvlida. mraval iezids mowmobaSi asec ewera: TurqeTis qveSevrdomi. represiebis periodSi, kerZod 1937 wels iezidebis umravlesobas SesTavazes aeRoT sabWoTa pasporti. uaris SemTxvevaSi maT emuqrebodaT deportacia ukan, TurqeTSi. 228 am mizniT mravali iezidi Tavisi ojaxiT gaasaxles Sua aziasa da yazaxeTSi [355, 20]. omis Semdgom periodSi, gansakuTrebiT 40-50ian wlebSi samuSaos mZebneli mravali iezidi sacxovreblad gadmovida somxeTidan saqarTveloSi. Camosaxldnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebsa da soflebSi, rogoricaa baTumi, ozurgeTi, qobuleTi, Telavi, manglisi da sxv. iezidebis ZiriTadma masam sacxovreblad mainc Tbilisi irCia [355, 19]. 1956 wels saqarTveloSi dabrunda 1944 wels gasaxlebuli qurTebis 242 ojaxi 1030 sulis raodenobiT. maT Soris iyvnen xemSilebic. gaiTvaliswina ra maTi mZime materialuri pirobebi xelisuflebam isini daasaxla baTumis, qobuleTisa da xaSuris raionebSi. magram aRniSnuli ojaxebi ar cdilobdnen axal sacxovrebel adgilebze damagrebas. maT survili hqondaT dabrunebuliyvnen Zvel sacxovrebel adgilas – sasazRvro raionebSi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar iziarebda maT survils da Tavs ikavebda Zvel sacxovrisSi maT dabrunebaze, ramdenadac am raionebSi ukve Camosaxlebuli iyvnen qarTvelebi sxvadasxva kuTxidan. Zvel mcxovrebTa dabruneba sasazRvro raionSi daZabavda viTarebas sazRvarze, miT ufro, rom 1944 wels mravali gadasaxlebuli naTasaur kavSirSi imyofeboda TurqeTis mosaxleobasTan. amitom Tvlidnen ZalaSi darCeniliyo sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis 1956 wlis 28 aprilis miTiTeba [319, 1-2]. sainteresoa, rom 1927 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 6000-ze meti qurTi. isini Ziri229 Tadad cxovrobdnen TbilisSi, axalcixeSi da sxva mazrebSi. TbilisSi iTvleboda 3200 qurTi [363, 36]. 1970 wlis sruliad sakavSiro aRweriT ki saqarTveloSi qurTebis raodenoba 21 aTasamde aRwevda, maT Soris TbilisSi cxovrobda 18 aTasze meti [364, 238]. $11. aisorebi asurelebis, romelTac Cven `aisorebs~ uwodebT sakuTari saxelwodebaa aTurai, surai, qaldai. isini semituri modgmis xalxia, arameelebis STamomavalni. ZiriTadad cxovroben iranSi, TurqeTSi da siriaSi. asurelebi cnobilni arian sxva saxelwodebiTac (nestorianelebi, iakobitebi, qaldevelebi), rac ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia maT konfesionalur dayofasTan. asurelebi umeteswilad qristianebi arian. iudeveli asurelebi ZiriTadad israelSi cxovroben; muslimi asurelebiT oriode sofelia dasaxlebuli siriaSi, antilibanis mTebSi baxa da jubadini [365, 240]. `sirieli~ dRes gulisxmobs ara marto siriis arabuli saxelmwifos mkvidrs, radgan amJamad siria arabuli saxelmwifoa, aramed qristian arameelsac da swored es ukanaskneli iyo misi pirveladi da ZiriTadi mniSvneloba. rac Seexeba termin `asurels~, dRes igi ZiriTadad (ZiriTadad da ara mxolod), radgan Tanamedrove sirielebi Tavis Tavs `asurelebs~ uwodeben, Tvlian ra Tavs Zveli asurelebis (aqadelebis) STamomavlebad. 230 `sirielisa~ da `asurelis~ aRmniSvneli eTnikuri terminebi qarTulSi didi xania Semosulia. leonti mroveli qarTlis ucxo eTnosTa Soris asurebsac asaxelebs. dasaxelebuli terminebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi ukavSirdeba qristianul sarwmunoebas. rogorc cnobilia, swored qristianobis gavrcelebam Seqmna CvenSi pirobebi mis mebairaRtreTa – berZenTa da sirielTa saeklesio Tu sxva xasiaTis TxzulebaTa qarTulad Targmnisa. qristianul aRmosavleTSi (siria, mesopotamia, palestina, egvipte, somxeTi da saqarTvelo) berZnulze naklebi mniSvneloba rodi hqonda siriul enas, am enaze Seqmnil literaturas. sayuradReboa, rom TviT qristianobis gavrcelebac saqarTveloSi sirieli saeklesio moRvaweebis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitom sirielTa da maTi enis moxsenieba qarTul literaturaSi misi saTaveebidanve daiwyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtsac, rom qristianobis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi (IV-VI ss.) monofizitoba mniSvnelovnad iyo gavrcelebuli, xolo monofizitobis kerad siria iTvleboda, maSin savsebiT gasagebi iqneba is mWidro kavSiri qarTul da siriul samyaroTa Soris, romelic im xanebSi unda arsebuliyo. `sirielisa~ da `asurelis~ aRmniSvneli eTnikuri terminebi qarTuli literaturis istoriis mTel manZilzea damowmebuli, dawyebuli Cvenamde moRweuli xelnawerebiT (X s.). saTanado masalis Seswavlam gamoavlina xsenebuli cnebebis Semdegi terminebiT gadmocema: asuri, asurastaneli, asureli, maTTan dakavSirebuli saxelebi (asurebi, asurastanuli, asuruli) 231 da qveynis saxelwodebani: `asuri, asurastani, asureTi, asuria, siria, aram) [366, 177-178]. eTnikuri termini `asureli~ asuris nacvalia da qarTulSi gvian Semodis. igi Cveulebriv, XIX saukuneSi jer kidev qristiani arameelis – sirielis aRmniSvneli terminia [366, 183]. termini `asureli~ dadasturebulia XVIII saukunis ZeglebSi vaxuSti bagrationis TxzulebaSi, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, sadac mas `aqadelis~ Zveli asureTis mkvidris mniSvneloba aqvs. magram `asureli~ dRes ZiriTadad `aqadels~ niSnavs, rac asaxulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic [366, 183-184]. `asureli~ qarTuli da somxuri tradiciiT `siriels~, e. i. qristian arameels niSnavs [367, 155]. arameuli ena erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi semituri enaa, romelsac 30-saukunovani fiqsirebuli istoria aqvs. marTalia, am enis matarebelma arameelebma ver Seqmnes didi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebani, magram maTi ena aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi samsaxurs uwevda iseT did da Zlier saxelmwifoebs rogoric iyo asureTisa da iranis imperiebi [367, 150]. arameul enas Cvens qveyanaSi didi xnis istoria aqvs – igi 20 saukuneze metia saqarTveloSi ismis. ufro metic, savaraudoa, rom arameulis gamoyenebas samwerlobo enad (Tundac saqmis warmoebaSi) saTave unda hqondes aqamenianTa imperiis (e. i. Zv. w. VI-IV ss.) xanidan. swored `saxelmwifo arameulis~ xangrZlivi xmarebis niadagze Seiqmna `arameuli damwerloba~ _ arameuli damwerlobis saxeoba, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelosTvisaa specifikuri [367, 156]. 232 axali arameuli saqarTvelos teritoriazec fiqsirdeba; kerZod, aq SevxvdebiT misi aRmosavluri dialeqtebis mTel jgufs (urmiuls, salamasurs, vanurs, botanis) [365, 155]. amave dros, Tanamedrove aRmosavlurma arameulma dialeqtebma, romelTa warmomadgenlebi dRes saqarTvelos mkvidrni arian, ZiriTadad daicves Zveli semituri enis tipi, Tumca struqturam mravali cvlileba ganicada. ZiriTadad cvlileba exeba zmnas, zmnis dro-kiloTa warmoebas, aseve bgeriT sistemasac. sayuradReboa, rom Tanamedrove arameuli dialeqtebidan swored Cven asurelTa metyvelebaSi dasturdeba TanxmovanTa iseTi rigebi, romlebic semiturisaTvis cnobili ar aris, xolo qarTulisaTvis (aseve somxurisaTvisac) damaxasiaTeblad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arameelebis (asurelebis) didi nawilisaTvis dRes siriuli damwerloba ucnobia da mSobliur teqsts Cveulebriv qarTuli asoebiT gadmoscemen (kerZo werilebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi, romlebsac TviTonve Txzaven). aq isic unda iTqvas, rom swored saqarTvelos teritoriaze damkvidrebul asurelTa metyvelebis mixedviT dadginda arseboba aqamde ucnobi dialeqtisa – vanis dialeqtisa, romelic saintereso TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba (masze metyveleben TurqeTidan, kerZod vanis vilaieTidan ltolvili asurelebi) [367, 155-156]. 1970 wlis monacemebiT asurelebis saerTo raodenoba erT milions Seadgenda. aqedan yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovrobda 24,3 aTasi asureli 233 [368, 661]. saqarTveloSi ki maTi raodenoba 5617 suliT ganisazRvreboda [367, 156]. asurelebis masobrivi imigracia ruseTis imperiaSi moxda ruseT-iranis 1828 wlis TurqmanCais sazavo xelSekrulebis Semdeg. ltolvilTa mZlavri nakadi iyo pirveli msoflio omis drosac. asurelebis kompaqturi dasaxlebebia somxeTisa da krasnodaris mxareSi (armaviris maxloblad). ruseTSi bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde gavrcelebuli saxelwodeba `aisorebi~, romelic maTi somxuri saxelwodebidan modis [365, 240]. termini `aisorebi~ mefis ruseTSi damamcireblad iTvleboda [368, 661]. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevridan daiwyo asurelebis migracia mSobliuri adgilebidan. dRes emigrirebuli asurelebi mTel msoflioSi arian gafantulni. maTi erTi nawili saqarTveloSic damkvidrda (sofeli qanda – mcxeTis raioni, vasilevka – gardabnis raioni, qalaqebi – Tbilisi, quTaisi, samtredia, zestafoni) [365, 240]. zestafonis saqorwilo aqtebSi warmodgenili asirielebi aRniSnulni arian: ionaniZe, iWvaiZe, igavaiZe, azvaniSvili, erTaderTi araqarTuli gvaria bitkaSi, Tumca is sxva SemTxvevaSi qarTvelad aris moxseniebuli [369, 73-74]. savaraudoa, rom ltolvilTa pirveli nakadi erekle meores dros Semovida saqarTveloSi, razedac miuTiTebs asureli kaTalikosis marSimunisa da esaias werilebi erekle meorisadmi [365, 240]. es werili erekles 1770 wlis 26 seqtebmers miuRia. werils aqvs erekles minaweri: `asurT episkopozi isaia, romelic amis uwinares CvenTan movida da mkiTxa: asurT SemoerTeba un234 daT Tqvenio~... samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra Sedegi mohyva am molaparakebas. Sida qarTlSi mosaxle aisorebi XIX saukuneSi arian migrirebulni. 1827 wels TurqeTidan urmiis raionis ori soflidan (ormedRaji da Taqurdebai) ayrilebi jer erevnis guberniaSi dasaxlebulan, Semdeg TbilisSi. sofel qandaSi asirielebis dasaxleba daiwyo 1867 wlidan, rodesac es sofeli muxran-batonis kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda. Tavidan muxranbatons asirielTa 20 ojaxi dausaxelebia. amaTgan yvelaze adre sami gvarisani – biTbadalovebi, biTCemianovi da biTeliavi mosulan. mogvianebiT aisorTa gvaris mwarmoebeli TavsarTi – biT – CamoucilebiaT da dRes isini iwerebian: badalovebad, Cugianovebad, iliaevebaT, xoSabaevebad, iakobovebad, isaevebad, osipovebad da sxv. [320, 153]. qandaSi mcxovrebi asirielebi 1900 wlamde xiznebad iwodebodnen. 1900 wels sofeli iyida erT-erTma asirielma usta-alaverdim da 1917 wlamde yvela gadasaxads ixdida. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi sofels da mis mosaxleobas aRniSnuli uflebebi aRar hqonda. sofels gaaCnda kargi savargulebi, romlebic CamoarTves da gadasces mezobel qarTul soflebs. dadga qandadan asirielebis gasaxlebis sakiTxi. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi yaraiazis TemSi dasaxleba daiwyo calkeulma asirielma. isini Tavdapirvelad qiraze muSaobdnen. mogvianebiT gadaecaT miwebi meurneobis sawarmoeblad [370, 43]. gviandeli imigraciis did nakads adgili pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg hqonda, rodesac 235 iranidan dabrunebul ruseTis jars kvaldakval qristiani asurelebi mohyvebodnen. 1916 wels saqarTveloSi saxldebian vanis vilaieTidan (TurqeTi) ltovlili asurelebi [367, 155]. sabWoTa reJimma Sors gamiznuli politikuri mosazrebiT asirielebs saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmna. TviT asirielebis sityviT arcerT erovnebas ar miuRia iseTi donis Tavisufleba da SesaZleblobebi, rogoric maT mieniWaT [371, 34]. 1922 wlis zafxulSi baTumsa da axalqalaqis mazraSi Semovidnen asirieli da somexi ltolvilebi [372, 92]. somxebis raidenoba 7 aTass aRwevda. asirielebi 360 suls iTvlidnen. amierkavkasiis xelmZRvanelobam miiRo gadawvetileba ltolvilebi daesaxlebinaT axalqalaqis mazris somxur soflebSi [372, 93]. 1927-1928 wlebSi sofel vasilievkaSi cxovrobda 203 sulisgan Semdgari 55 komli asirielis ojaxi. yaraTafaSi – 16 komli 55 suliT. yaraTafa naxevari versiT iyo dacilebuli vasilievkas da amitom mosaxleoba yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan [371, 71]. am droisaTvis asirielTa raodenoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1% udrida. sul maTi ricxvi 2904 suls aRwevda [371, 68]. sxva saarqivo dokumentis mixedviT 1926 wels asirielebi saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi suli iyo [371, 20]. 1897 wlis aRweriT TbilisSi cxovrobda 1017 suli aisori [184, 42]. 20-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi aisorebis raodenoba 1861-iT ganisazRvra [184, 91]. 1930 wels 2303 suls miaRwia [184, 105]. 1939 wlis monacemebiT ki TbilisSi 2986 aisori iyo 236 [184, 109]. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, mxolod qandaSi 250 komli aisori cxovrobda [320, 154]. $12. udiebi rogorc cnobilia, mosaxleobis migraciis procesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba migraciis xasiaTs – nebayoflobiTs an iZulebiTs da jgufis sociofsiqologiur ganwyobas. migraciis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi jgufSi gansxvavebul – dadebiT an uaryofiT socialur ganwyobebs ayalibebs. am ganwyobaTa Sesabamisad TandaTan ikveTeba axal garemosTan jgufis akulturizaciis konkretuli strategia, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes rogorc srul izolacias an marginalizacias, ise integracias an asimilacias. saqarTveloSi udiebis gadmosaxleba nebayoflobiTi iyo [373, 128]. udebi miCneulia kavkasiis istoriuli albaneTis erT-erT (zogis azriT, erTaderTi) gadarCenil tomad, romelsac Zvelad gavrceoebis didi areali hqonda. udiurs pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma uwoda albanuri. i. abulaZis saxels albanuri enis aRmoCena ukavSirdeba, xolo a. SaniZem Seiswavla aRniSnuli anbani da daadastura udiur enasTan misi kavSiri [374, 79]. es xalxi cxovrobda dRevandeli azerbaijanis aRmosavleT nawilSi. qalTvelebi maT herebs eZaxdnen, somxebi – alvanebs, berZnul-laTinurad isini cnobili arian albanelebis saxeliT. evropelebi maT kavkasiis albanelebs eZaxian, rom gaarCion balkaneTis albanelebisagan, romelTac 237 araferi saerTo ara aqvT maTTan. arabobis xanaSi albanelebs mahmadianoba miuRiaT da aqedan iwyeba maTi erovnuli gadagvarebac. ra modgmis iyvnen albanelebi, ra sistemis anbani hqondaT, ra Sinaarsisa iyo maTi kultura, _ ar vicodiT. bolo dromde araferi iyo moRweuli, maCvenebeli kavkasiis am civilizebuli Zveli eTnikuri elementis raobisa [375, 75]. es problema gadawyvita a. SaniZem sruli eWvmiutanlobiT. 1938 wels misma vrcelma gamokvlevam msoflio filologiur mecnierebas amcno erT-erTi gadaSenebuli civilizebuli xalxis damwerlobis aRmoCena, damwerlobisa, romlis bedi aRelvebda sxvadasxva qveynis mkvlevarebs. aTi wlis Semdeg (1948 w.) mingeCaurSi warmoebuli gaTxrebis dros, aRmoCnda taZris nangrevSi oTxkuTxa qva, ucnobi asoebiT irgvliv Semowerili. Semdeg mas miemata warwerebi Tixis sasanTleze da Tixis WurWlis natexebze. a. SaniZem Seiswavla es ucnobi warwerebi da isini albanurad aRiara. am axali fragmentis safuZvelze mecnierebas saSualeba aqvs, daaxloebiT warmodgena SeimuSaos ukve albanuri enis aRnagobaze. avtori midis im daskvnamde, rom albanuri ena kavkasiuri modgmis ena iyo da Zalian axlos idga dRevandel udurTan. a. SaniZis azriT, albanuri – es aris dRevandeli udiebis Zveli saliteraturo ena, anu, rac igivea, udiebi arian Zveli albanelebis erT-erTi tomis Camomavlebi [375, 76-77]. albaneTis saxelmwifom kavkasiaSi pirveli aTaswleulidan Cveni welTaRricxvis X saukunemde iarseba. maT erTi saerTo mefe hyavdaT da sa238 xelmwifoebrioba gaaCndaT. Tavidan maTi dedaqalaqi iyo yabala, xolo mogvianebiT man qalaq utikSi (udiebis) gadainacvla. samecniero literaturidan cnobilia, rom albanTa umetesoba mtris Semosevebs Seewira, nawili ki sxvadasxva eTnosebSi gaiTqvifa. udiebis mxolod mcirericxovani jgufi gadarCa, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT dRes saqarTvelos (yvarlis raionis sofel zinobianSi), azerbaijanSi (kabalinskovos raionis sofel nijsa da raionul centrSi varTaSenSi amJamad oRuzi), agreTve ruseTis federaciaSi (msxvil qalaqebSi gafantulad, umetesad rostovis olqSi) cxovrobs [376, 5-6]. saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad wamosul udiebs oficialur cnobebSi `gruzino udin~-ebs uwodebdnen, rac xazs usvamda maT qarTvelTa marTlmadideblur mimdevrobas. jer kidev 1836 wels ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz pirvelma udiebs albanuri tradiciis uaryofa aiZula, ris Semdeg varTaSenis udiebi qarTul marTmadidebel eklesias SeuerTdnen. es faqti savaraudod, erTerTi mTavari mizezi gaxda saqarTveloSi emigraciisa. sofel nijSi mcxovrebi udiebi ki somxur grigorianul eklesias Seerwynen [374, 87]. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi udiebis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis mizezi azerbaijanelebisa da somxebis urTierTdapirispireba gamxdara. am konfliqtis dros somxebi qristianul mosaxleobas – udiebs, azerbaijanelebisagan ver arCevdnen da udanaSaulo xalxi xdeboda sisxliani Setakebis msxverpli. udiebi xsnas erTmorwmune saqarTveloSi eZebdnen, sadac religiuri mrwam239 sis gamo maT arsebobas safrTxe aRar Seeqmneboda. amitom udidebis saqarTveloSi migraciaze, upirveles yovlisa, religiuri rwmenis erTianobis faqtors unda emoqmeda. specialistebi swored maTi da qarTvelTa identuri religiuri orientaciiT xsnian aRniSnul gadawvetilebas. udiebma saqarTveloSi wamosvlisas azerbaijanSi datoves saucxood gaSenebuli sofeli: baRebi, venaxebiT, bostnebiTa da qviTkiris SenobebiT [377]. udiebis soflis Tavkaci zinobi silikaSvili iyo. igi ganaTlebuli da SorsmWvreteli pirovneba yofila. swored man iTava udiebis gadmoyvana saqarTveloSi. maT Tavdapirvelad aWaraSi undodaT Casaxleba, Semdeg mukuzanSi, magram arc erTi adgili ar moswonebiaT da arCevani yvarlis raionze SeuCerebiaT, iq sadac dResac cxovroben. aqauri bunebrivi pirobebi xelsayreli aRmoCnda maTTvis. udiebis Camosaxlebisas es adgili dausaxlebeli da tyiT dafaruli yofila, gansakuTrebiT muxnariT. Tavdapirvelad soflisTvis muxianis darqmevac ki ufiqriaT, magram sabolood zinobiani daurqmeviaT zinobis pativsacemad [378, 183]. varTaSeneli udiebi yvarlis raionSi gadmosaxlebis Taobaze maTi religiuri winamZRolis, qarTlis saepiskoposos nuxis eparqiis mRvdlis mixeil jeiranaSvilis winadadebas mxolod im pirobiT daTanxmdnen, rom maTTan axlos iqneboda wminda giorgis eklesia. religiuri identobis gamo, qarTvelebTan udiebis kulturuli adaptacia SedarebiT iolad unda warmarTuliyo. aseve advilad unda momxdariyo maTi axal fizi240 kur-geografiul garemosTan adaptaciac, vinaidan udiebis axali da Zveli sacxovrebeli teritoria am TvalsazrisiT didad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, piriqiT, mravalfrovani sameurneo yofis SesaZleblobis mxriv saqarTvelo ufro momgebiani da saxarbielo iyo vidre varTaSeni. yvarlis raionSi gadmosuli udiebi kompaqturad dasaxldnen, rac xelsayrel pirobas qmnida maTi identobis SenarCunebisaTvis. mosaxleoba laparakobda udiurad (nawilma icoda aseve azerbaijanuli, somxuri da rusuli enebi). maT ar gauwvetiaT kavSiri azerbaijanSi (varTaSenSi) darCenil naTesavebTan, rac amyarebda maT kavSirebs da eTnikur TviTSegnebas. sabWoTa periodSi, rodesac mimosvla Tavisufali da uproblemo iyo, udiebs hqondaT ormxrivi intensiuri mimosvla erTmaneTTan, xSirad midiodnen TavianT samSobloSi, stumrobdnen erTmaneTs tradiciul religiur dResaswaulebze, gvaris dReobebze sxva mniSvnelovani TariRebis aRsaniSnavad. amdenad, SeuzRudavi intensiuri kavSirebi xels uwyobda maTi identobis SenarCunebas. saqarTveloSi dasaxlebulma udiebma gezi integraciisaken aiRes. mimdinareobda udiebis gvarebis qarTuli gvarebis yaidaze gaformeba. magaliTad, Tu varTaSenSi gvarebis daboloeba `ov~-ze mTavrdeboda, saqarTveloSi maTi gvaris fuZem `Svili~ daboloveba miiRo. kerZod, silikovi – silikaSvili, tizlarovi – tizlariSvili da sxv. Tumca sabWoTa periodSi pasportSi erovnebis grafaSi maT udini eweraT, erTi SexedviT, gvaris mixedviT maTi qarTvelisagan gansxvaveba rTuli iyo [373, 128-129]. 241 1927 wels zinobi xalxis mtrad gamoacxades da sikvdiliT dasajes. Semdeg komunistebs soflisTvis saxeli SeucvliaT da oqtomberi daurqmeviaT. dRes ki mas Zveli saxeli daubrunda [378, 184]. $13. qistebi veinaxebi XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurad moiwevdnen rogorc CeCneT-inguSeTis, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barisaken. bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul veinaxebs qarTvelma mefeebma pirvel rigSi dausaxlebeli mamulebi miuCines sacxovrebel adgilebad da dauweses garkveuli gadasaxadi. gadmosaxlebul veinaxebs mSvidobiani cxovrebis pirobebi SeeqmnaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini ZiriTadad saxaso ymaTa rolSi gamodiodnen. mezobeli osi Tu sxva eris warmomadgenelTa msgavsad, veinaxTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxleba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobian safuZvelze xdeboda [379, 48]. saqarTvelo-CeCneT-inguSeTis urTierTobas garkveuli urTierTmigraciuli procesebic axasiaTebs, ris gamoc arsebuli gza-bilikebiT TuSeTsa da xevsureTSi mcire, xolo pankisis xeobaSi veinaxTa kompaqturi dasaxleba Seiqmna. es movlena daaCqara im garemoebamac, rom CeCneTis mTianeTis erTi nawili, administraciulad TianeTisa da duSeTis raionebSi iyo gaerTianebuli [379, 36]. veinaxebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadmosaxleba da ekonomikurad mWidro kontaqti 242 iyo CeCneT-inguSeTis saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis erT-erTi gza [379, 45]. CeCnebi da inguSebi eTnikurad da enobrivad monaTesave xalxebia. CeCnebis TviTsaxelwodebaa `noxCo~. am sityvidan miiRo Tavisi saxelwodeba kavkasiur enaTa naxurma anu vainaxurma ganStoebam. amis Sesabamisad, naxi da vainaxi saerTo saxelwodebaa CeCnebisa da inguSebisa. TiToeuli maTgani dayofilia ramdenime eTnografiul jgufad. inguSebis amgvar danayofebSi cnobili iyo jeiraxis, fepis (qistebis), RalRelebis, corisa da mecxalis Tem-sazogadoebebi [380, 10]. CeCnebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba gviani feodalizmis periodSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX saukuneSi sxvadasxva faqtorma ganapiroba. magaliTad, sisxlis aRebam gadmosaxlebis saqmeSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa, magram mTavari mainc ekonomikuri pirobebi iyo. iyo agreTve sxva istoriuli da politikuri mizezebic. magaliTad, islamis miRebis mowinaaRmdege mTielTa devna. cnobilia, rom mTiani Sarois mcxovrebni, romlebmac islamis miReba ar indomes, Samilis brZanebiT koSkSi gamoketes da dawves. amasTanave, arsebobda dawinaurebuli meurneobis mqone ojaxis konfiskaciis wesi, romelic mTaSi vrceldeboda ekonomikurad Zlier ojaxebze. saZovari soflis Tems ekuTvnoda da yvelasTvis saerTo iyo. Tu romelime meurnes wvrilfexa da msxvilfexa saqoneli gaumravldeboda da es xels uSlida danarCeni mosaxleobis meurneobis ganviTarebas, arsebuli wesiT, soflis Tavkacebi Seiyrebodnen da gamoitandnen ganaCens, rom dawinaurebuli meurnisTvis zedmeti saqoneli CamoerTmiaT da ga243 daenawilebinaT Tanasoflelebs Soris. am wesis gamo araerTma mTielma datova Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgili da gadasaxlda mezobel mTielebSi – CeCneTis barSi da saqarTveloSi [381, 29]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze veinaxebis mudmivi dasaxlebiT XIX saukuneSi ukve ruseTis mTavrobac dainteresda. amave saukunis meore naxevarSi kavkasiaSi saglexo reformis gatarebam qarTveli da veinaxi mosaxleobis ekonomikur erTierTobazec moaxdina gavlena. am garemoebam xeli Seuwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTisa da baris zogierT raionSi veinaxebis masiurad gadmosaxlebas. isini Tavis mxriv erTgvar saSuamavlo rols asrulebdnen CeCneT-inguSeTis sazogadoebebisa da kaxeTis baris urTierTobaSi. bunebrivia es kontaqtebi xorcieldeboda kavkasiis mTavar qedze gamavali arteriebiT da uSualod mTaTuSeTisa da xevsureTis meSveobiT [379, 56]. saerTod, XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan veinaxTa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semosaxleba ufro aqtiurdeba, rasac isev ganapirobebda mTielTa samiwaTmoqmedo bazis siviwrove, agreTve sisxlis aRebis adaTi. veinaxur modgmas ganekuTvnebian hankisis xeobaSi dasaxlebuli qistebic. warmoSobiT zogi maTgani CeCenia da zogic inguSi. saxelwodeba qisti momdinareobs inguSebis erTi zemoxsenebuli erTeulis (Tem-sazogadoebis) lokaluri saxelwodebidan da qarTul literaturaSi da metyvelebaSi SecdomiT ixmareba yvela inguSis, zogjer ki CeCnebis aRsaniSnavadac. Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi vainaxebis Sesatyvisad ixmareboda ZurZuki an durZu244 ki. dRes arsebuli eTnikuri nominaciis mixedviT, vainaxebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian eTnosebis saxiT CeCnebi da inguSebi, xolo eTnografiuli jgufis saxiT – qistebi. vainaxebis gagebiT qisti iseTive mniSvnelobis erTeulia, rogoric nebismieri sxva eTnografiuli jgufis Tem-sazogadoeba: jeiraxis, coris, mecxalis da a. S. [380, 11]. vaxuSti batoniSvili vainaxebs sam Temad yofs: ZurZukebad, RliRvebad da qistebad. rogorc aRvniSneT, ZurZukebi da RliRvebi dRes Sesabamisad CeCnebad da inguSebad arian cnobili. qisti, es ufro krebiTi saxelwodeba unda iyos, vinaidan qarTvelebi qistebs uwodebdnen maT mezoblad mobinadre vainaxuri warmoSobis yvela toms. arc CeCnebisaTvis, arc inguSebisaTvis eTnonimi `qisti~ cnobili ar aris, Tumca toponimebSi SemorCenili Ziri (`qisteTis wyali~, `qisti baso~ CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriaze) miuTiTebs, rom eTnonimi adre garkveul toms ekuTvnoda. pankisis xeobaSi Camosaxlebulma CeCnebma eTnonimi `qisti~ TviTdasaxelebad miiRes. maT sabWoTa pasportebSic grafaSi `erovneba~ Cawerili hqondaT _ `qisti~. Tumca misi erovnebad miCneva rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba [54, 85-86]. qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis cnobebiT CeCen-inguSebi (ZurZukebi) saqarTveloSi saxldebian farnavazis Zis saurmagis dros, rac Semdgom periodSic grZeldeboda. mogvianebiT maTi asimilireba xdeboda qarTvelebTan. migraciul procesebs adgili hqonda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, risi dasturicaa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebSi gafantulad macxovrebeli qisturi warmomavlobis gvarebi. qis245 tebis qarTvelebTan xangrZlivma siaxlovem ganapiroba samSoblodan devnilTa Tu sakuTari surviliT gadmosaxlebulTa saqarTvelos miwawyalze daubrkoleblad dasaxleba. gadmosaxlebulebs TuSeTis, xevsureTis, fSavis Tu xevis sasoflo Temi uqmnida cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs, SeZlebisdagvarad uyofda miwas da sxva. cxadia, maT yofas Tan sdevda tradiciuli wesCveulebebi, rac arc Tu didad gansxvavdeboda adgilobrivisagan [381, 21]. pankisis xeobis sofel duisSi qistebi 18401858 wlebSi Camosaxldnen, `mTa-qisteTis~ sofel xaxanodan [382, 107]. saerTod ki xeobaSi qistebis damkvidreba XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan 18561860-ian wlebSi grZeldeboda. TiTo-orola ojaxis Camosaxlebas meore msoflio omamdec hqonda adgili [381, 30-31]. pankisis xeoba mdinare alaznis zemo dinebaSi (baxtrionis zemoT) mdebareobs. xeobis sigrZe 34 kilometria (mTa borbalodan alaznis vakemde). Semofarglulia kavkasionis mTavari qedis samxreT ganStoebebiT – pankisisa da didgverdnaqeralis qedebiT. xeobis centrs pankisis cixe warmoadgenda. cixis naSTi SemorCenilia xalawnisa da maRranis xevebis wyalgamyof mTaze (axmetis raioni). pankisis erisTavi wyaroebSi pirvelad XI saukunis Sua wlebSi moixsenieba, Tumca TviT cixesimagre ufro adre unda iyos agebuli. pankisis cixe Tavdapirvelad pankisis saerisTavos centri iyo, XII-XIII saukuneebSi – kaxeTis saerisTavosi, XVI saukunidan ki – kaxeTis samefos erT-erTi samouravos centria. gvian Sua saukuneebSi panki246 sis cixes maRranis cixe erqva. cixis naSTad miCneuli nangrevebi dReisaTvis kargad aris Semonaxuli. aRsaniSnavia mravali koSkis naSTi, romlis miwisqveSa sarTuli wyaros wylis rezervuars warmoadgenda [383, 663]. maTe albuTaSvilis mosazrebiT xeobis saxeli `pankisi~ warmodgeba sityvidan _ `pantisi~ _ adgili, pantis xevi an kidev pantiani. winaT am xeobaSi bevri panta scodnia, gemrieli, tkbili. `saerTod asea: sadac bevri Txilia, Txilians eZaxian, sadac bevri kakalia – kaklians da sxva~ [382, 39]. cnobilia, rom qarTveli mTielebi (TuSi, fSaveli, xevsuri, moxeve, mTiul-gudamayreli) yvela CeCens – qists uwodebs. es gamowveulia imiT, rom Zvel wyaroebSi ZurZukTan erTad moixsenieboda qisti da qisteTis qveyana. Semdgom periodSi saxelwodeba ZurZukis adgili daikava CeCenma, RliRvis – inguSma da qisti darCa Cvens dromde ucvleli. igi `kustis~ saxiT gvxvdeba VII saukunis somxur geografiaSi, xolo rogorc tomis saxelwodeba, `qiSti~ ixsenieba saqarTvelos xelnawerTa institutis fondSi dacul Zvel qarTul enaze Sedgenil XIII saukunis sabuTSi [381, 19]. qarTveli mTielebis SegnebaSi eTnonim qistSi gaerTianda CeCeni, inguSi da qisti, rom qisti XVII-XVIII saukunemde dadgenili eTnonimia, romelic sadReisod qarTvelis gagebiT CeCenis da inguSis gamomxatvelia [381, 20]. pankisis xeoba amJamad dasaxlebulia sami eTnikuri jgufiT: qistebiT, qarTvelebiT (fSavlebi) da osebiT. Tu istoriuli retrospeqtiviT 247 ganvixilavT, samive jgufi xeobisaTvis migrirebul, Camosaxlebul mosaxleobas warmoadgens. istoriul warsulSi xeoba mWidrod dasaxlebuli yofila qarTuli tomebiT da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul mxares warmoadgenda, rasac mowmobs am teritoriaze SemorCenili xat-salocavebisa da cixe-simagreebis nangrevebis simravle. pankisis xeobis orive mxares ganlagebuli cixesimagreebi (balTaSoris mTaze, sofel dumasturSi, xalawanSi, WobiosxevSi da sxv) imazec metyvelebs, rom xeobis mosaxleobas mtris mravali Semosevis mogerieba uxdeboda. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi gauTavebeli `lekianobisagan~ gabezrebulebma miatoves es adgilebi da qveynis siRrmeSi gadasaxldnen. XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi pankisi TuSebis mfarvelobaSia. aq iyo maTi zamTris saZovrebi, saqonlis sadgomebi da binebi. saarqivo dokumentebSi Semonaxulia erekle meoris gankarguleba, romelSic naTqvamia, rom pankisi TuSebs ekuTvnis da fSavelebs ufleba ara aqvT xelyon maTi mflobeloba. miuxedavad amisa, pankisis xeobaSi TandaTan iwyes Camosaxleba fSavelebma da ramdenime sofeli daarses [54, 83]. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kompaqturad, eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT dayofili saxlobs. aq aris wminda qisturi, qarTuli da osuri soflebi. qisturi soflebia: birkiani, omalo, joyolo, duisi; qarTuli: sakobiano, dedisferuli, zemo da Sua xalawani, yvarelwyali, kuwaxta, bayilovani, xevisWala; osuri: dumasturi, qoreTi, winubani, fiCxovani, qvemo xalawani. mxolod bolo wlebSi daiwyes qistebma Camosaxleba qarTul da 248 osur soflebSi. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom Tanacxovrebis TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze pankisis xeobaSi Camoyalibda erTiani socialuri organizmi Tavis winaaRmdegobebiT, lokaluri TaviseburebebiT, magram amave dros, mWidro urTierTkavSirebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase iyr XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. bolo aTeuli wlebis movlenebma bevri ram Secvala pankisis xeobis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis viTarebaSi [54, 84]. 249 meoTxe Tavi avtonomiuri formirebebi $1. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cadebuli naRmebi risTvis iqna gamogonebuli avtonomiuri erTeulebi da ras warmoadgenen isini Cvens sinamdvileSi? 1917 wlis Tebervlis recoluciis Semdeg imperiis masStabiT yoveli samazro qalaqi eswrafoda Tavi gamoecxadebina damoukidebel respublikad. istoriul kuriozad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1917 wlis aprilSi gamocxadebuli `Sliselburgis saxelmwifo~, romelSic yoveli sasoflo dasaxleba moiazreboda amerikis Statebis msgavsad [384, 230]. aseve, bolSevikebi, sadac sabWoTa xelisuflebas daamyarebdnen, ganurCevlad teritoriisa maSinve aZlevdnen respublikis statuss. cota xanSi aRniSnuli kvalifikacia ecvleboda miniWebul eTnoss. magaliTad, rodesac 1918 wlis ianvarSi yirimSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda, 22 marts gamocxadda Tavridis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. magram, mxolod erTi TviT [335, 59]. odnav mogvianebiT, oqtombris gadatrialebiT mopovebuli xelisuflebis SenarCuneba bolSevikebma adre gacemuli dapirebebis wyalobiT moaxerxes. maTi dauyovnebeli realizacia axali xelisuflebisaTvis iyo aucilebeli da im mosalodnel winaaRmdegobaTa Tavidan acilebisaTvisac, rac dapirebaTa Seusruleblobas ueWvelad mohyveboda. amasTan erTad, adgilobriv marTvagamgeobas iseTi forma unda hqonoda, rom xeli250 suflebisaTvis xalxis sruli morCilebiT `socializmis mSeneblobisaTvis~ saWiro viTarebac yofiliyo garantirebuli. gamoyenebuli iqna imperiis istoriaSi kargad cnobili `samouravo sistema~. garkveuli piri, am SemTxvevaSi msxvili partiuli funqcioneri, ibarebs erovnebasa Tu ers teritoriiTurT, kisrulobs politikur da sameurneo valdebulebas, romelTa Sesasruleblad ahyavs xelqveiTTa Stati da Tavisive xalxis morCilebisaTvis eyrdnoba mpyrobeli eris samxedro Zalas. am erTeulebs daerqvaT avtonomiuri `respublikebi~, `olqebi~, `nacionaluri okrugebi~ da sxv. qarTveli eris damoukidebloba rus bolSevikebs burJuaziul nacionalizmad hqondaT monaTluli, ase iyo saWiro maTi saxelmwifosaTvis. orjonikiZes aqtiurad uWerda mxars qarTveli bolSevikebis umravlesoba da, ra Tqma unda, TviT stalinic bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobiT. qarTvelTa damoukideblobisaken swrafvis aRmosafxvrelad, panacead iqca Cveni erovnuli energiisa da teritoriis daqucmaceba, erTa Soris winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvavebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. avtonomiasa da mis dawesebulebebs orasi, samasi da iseTi Tanamdeboba axlavs, romlebic amdenime piris keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs da ise, rom raime gamorCeuli niWi, Wkua da Sromismoyvareoba saWiro ar aris... mouravi am Tanamdebobebs axloblebsa da sando pirebSi anawilebda. iqmneboda sibaritebis kasta, romelic momdevno, mxveWelTa fenas ayalibebda da mis kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobas mfarvelobda yovelTviuri fuladi Tu sxva ram Rirebulebrivi 251 monarTmevis sakompensaciod. mxveWvelebi, xazinisa da xalxis ZarcviT, sarfiani adgilebis gayidviT, spekulaciis, xelqveiTTa dabegvriT, qrTamiTa da sxva saSualebebiT mdidrdebodnen, amdidrebdnen mfarvelebs, da ra Tqma unda morCilebaSi yavdaT Tavisi klanebi. ase xorcieldeboda regionSi simSvide, stabiluroba, da adgilobrivi `pirveli kacis~ valdebulebebis Sesruleba [386, 19-20]. rusi komunistebis saprogramo debulebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos komunistur partias (ruseTis komunisturi partiis organul nawils), iseTive politika unda ganexorcielebina, rac xorcieldeboda ruseTis farglebSi. rusuli Sabloni maT didi gulmodginebiT gadmoitanes saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi. es iyo Secdoma. ratom? ruseTi iyo metropolia, romelsac TviTon komunistebis aRiarebiT, udidesi danaSauli hqonda Cadenili koloniuri erebis mimarT. ra Tqma unda ruseTis komunisturi partiis erovnuli programa am Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT dgeboda. roca saqarTvelos komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba brmad iRebda rusul Sablons saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobis dargSi, saqarTvelos ayenebda faqtobrivad `metropoliis~ poziciaSi, romelsac mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi eTnosebisTvis unda Seeqmna gamorCeuli pirobebi erovnuli skolis, erovnuli kulturis gasaviTareblad. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis es aSkarad sizifes Sromas udrida. aseTma poziciam saqarTveloSi erovnuli konsolidaciis sakiTxebi ukana planze gadaswia da XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi seriozulad gaarTula sae252 rovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobani, radgan saqarTvelosagan avtomaturad moiTxovdnen iseTive erovnuli politika ganexorcielebina, rogoric ruseTSi iyo: unda Seeqmna avtonomiuri respublikebi da olqebi, rac saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, unda SeeCerebina ukve dawyebuli procesi erovnuli konsolidaciis mimarTulebiT, rom es nacionalizmis gamovlenad ar CaTvliliyo. unda ezruna nacionalur skolebze im pirobebSi, roca amisaTvis arc kadrebi, arc SesaZleblobebi ar arsebobda, xolo saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi ki moiTxovda skolis unificirebis safuZvelze nacionaluri konsolidaciis gaZlierebas. faqtobrivad, nacionaluri skola, romlis firniSis qveS, iqmneboda skolebi afxazi da osi erovnebis axalgazrdobisaTvis, `mesxeTeli TurqebisaTvis~, somxebisa da azerbaijanelebisaTvis, romlebic faqtobrivad, rusul skolebad gadaiqca. am procesma ki ar daaaxlova es erebi qarTvelebs, aramed daaaxlova puSkinis, lermontovis, tolstois ruseTs [387, 307-308]. amrigad, saqarTvelos sasazRvro-teritoriuli cvlilebebis sakiTxi moskovma Tavidanve sakuTar prerogativad aqcia. saqarTveloSi Seqmnes sami avtonomiuri warmonaqmni. erT fiora teritoriaze sami avtonomiis arseboba internacionalizmis orjonikiZiseuli gegmis nayofad unda CaiTvalos. an unda miviRoT, rom igi oqtombris gadarialebis WeSmarit miznebSi Cinebulad erkveoda _ `dayavi da ibatone!~. arsebobs azri, rom gadawvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis miniWebis Sesaxeb ar aris mar253 Tebuli, radganac igi warmoqmnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis SigniT. amitom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars ar uWeren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro metad emxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWebas [64, 37]. sruliad SeuZlebelia normaluri logikiT axsna, Tu ratom mieniWaT erTgan erovnul umciresobebs avtonomiis statusi da sxvagan saerTod araferi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aseTi warmonaqmnebis istoriul uniadagobaze.verc sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciaSi da verc sabWour iuridiul literaturaSi ver ipoviT ganmartebas – rodis, rogor, ra pirobiT, ra uflebebiT SeiZleba miiRos ama Tu im xalxma avtonomiuroba. yvela sabWouri avtonomia Seqmnilia sabWoTa kavSiris imdroindel mmarTvelTa guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisad. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflios qveynebis gamocdilebaSi da samarTlebriv koncefciebSi politikuri avtonomia srulebiT ar gvevlineba erovnul umciresobaTa problemebis gadaWris gzad. arcerTi saerTaSoriso dokumenti ar Seicavs aseTi avtonomiis Seqmnis saxelmwifo valdebulebebs [388]. amave dros, saerTaSoriso gaerTianebani erTdroulad aRiareben rogorc TviTgamorkvevas, aseve sazRvrebis daurRvevlobis princips, rac TavisTavad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi TviTgamorkvevis uflebas cnoben ZiriTadad sakuTar teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxisTvis (magaliTad, afrikis saxelmwifoebi, ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali umciresobebi da, saerTod, yofili imperiis Semadgeneli erebi, romelnic saku254 Tar teritoriaze mkvidr mosaxleobad iTvlebian) [64, 39]. yvela droSi da yvela qveyanaSi, winaTac da axlac, avtonomia eZleva im xalxs, romelic mocemuli teritoriis mkvidri mosaxleobaa, magram, istoriuli peripetiebis Sedegad, sxva ufro mravalricxovani saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. roca espaneTis erTiani saxelmwifo yalibdeboda, baskeTi mis SemadgenlobaSi moyva. raki baskebi baskeTis mocemuli teritoriis mkvidri mosaxleobaa, maT sruli ufleba aqvT avtonomiisa. magram espaneTSi mosaxle ebraelobas, misi aramkvidrobis gamo, avtonomiis ufleba ara aqvs. Tumca ebraelebma espaneTis istoriulkulturul cxovrebaSi udidesi roli Seasrules [389]. faqtia, rom ruseTSi arsebul avtonomiebsa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Seqmnil avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs Soris principuli gansxvavebaa da ar SeiZleba maTi saerTo, sabWoTa saxelmwifos TvaldaxedviT ganxilva. garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom ruseTSi arsebuli TiTqmis yvela (Tu absoluturad yvela ara) avtonomiuri warmonaqmni aris ruseTis mier sxvadasxva dros dapyrobili Tu `nebiT SeerTebuli~ (ratom gasagebia), manamde damoukideblad arsebuli qveynebi. magaliTad, Crdilo kavkasiis teritoria, sadac Semdeg ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali avtonomiuri erTeulebi Seiqmna, Crdilo oseTis, yabardo-balyareTis, CeCeninguSeTis, daRestnis... sxvadasxva dros ruseTis mier dapyrobili, Tu sxvadasxva pirobiT SeerTebuli miwa-wyalia. 255 sul sxva viTarebaa saqarTveloSi. yvelam kargad viciT, rom aWara saqarTveloa da aWarlebi qarTvelebi arian. ra absurduli principiT Seiqmna aWaris avtonomia esec yvelas moexseneba. is teritoria ki, sadac sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg Seiqmna afxazeTis da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri erTeulebi, uZvelesi droidan qarTuli miwa-wyalia, qarTul saxelmwifoTa farglebSi myofi regionebia [390]. 1992 wlis 3 marts vaSingtonSi, radiosadgur `amerikis xmis~ saaqto darbazSi Catarda konferencia, romelic bWobda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul mdgomareobaze. ganxilul sakiTxTagan erT-erTi centraluri iyo situacia kavkasiaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi. am Temaze isaubra cnobilma amerikelma sovetologma viqsmanma. man aRniSna, rom `Cems mraval publikaciaSi vsvam kiTxvas: ratom arsebobs afxazeTis avtonomia? gana sagulisxmo ar aris is faqti, rom afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika Tavidan mxolod 34 aTasi afxazisaTvis Seiqmna? – viqsmanis marTebuli daskvniT – TavianTi teritoriis sakiTxebs qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi ki ar wyvetdnen, aramed moskovSi xdeboda~ [391]. da bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela erovnul umciresobas ar SeiZleba hqondes sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis ufleba, radgan, es, pirvel yovlisa, arsebuli saxelmwifoebis teritoriul mTlianobas ayenebs safrTxis qveS da eTnokonfliqtebis gamowvevis erT-erTi mizezi xdeba. rogorc cnobilia, saerTaSoriso samarTali TviTgamorkvevis uflebas aZlevs mxolod koloniur da damokidebul, e. i. ZaliT mierTebul da 256 morCilebaSi myof xalxebs. erovnul umciresobas ki, romelic sxvadasxva istoriuli kataklizmebis Sedegad ucxo qveynebis binadari gaxda, miuxedavad cxovrebis drois xangrZlivobisa, TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ara aqvs. kremlis diqtatiT warmoebuli erovnuli ideologia, xels uwyobda `mokavSire~ respublikebSi mcxovrebi erovnul umciresobaTa konsolidacias. gansakuTrebiT visac avtonomiuri statusi mianiWes. maTi yuradRebis xarjze xdeboda ZiriTadi, aborigeni eris uflebebis SezRudva, erTgvari dapirispirebis xelovnuri Seqmna. ukanonod, sxvis miwaze saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs garkveuli naRmis roli unda SeesrulebinaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime aseTi saxis respublika Seecdeboda sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlas da damoukideblobis gamocxadebas. aRniSnulis TvalsaCino magaliTia saqarTvelo, romelic komunisturi reJimis erTgvar sasinj qvas da `laboratorias~ warmoadgenda. avtonomiuri erTeulebis Seqmnisas garkveuli roli Seasrula lozungma – komuniszmis dros sul erTia mainc waiSleba sazRvrebi urTierTSoriso. antipatriotulad ganwyobili qarTveli bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebul am uaRresad mtkivneul aqts sruli gulgrilobiT Sexvda `komunizmisa~ da `internacionalizmis~ demagogiuri lozungebiT motyuebuli eris erTi nawili. 257 $2. aWara aWaris avtonomiis idea SeiZleboda Casaxuliyo da Caisaxa kidec qarTveli xalxis, pirvel rigSi aWaris mkvidri mosaxleobis arakeTilmosurneTa Teoriul samzareuloSi. amitom man gasavali naxa adgilobrivi feodalur-sasuliero fenebis mxolod elitur nawilSi. farTo masebs, mSromel mosaxleobas da patriotulad ganwyobil inteligencias avtonomiis idea arc gauTavisebia da, samwuxarod, arc gadaWriT uaruyvia is, rac im dros erovnuli cnobierebis umwifarobaze migvaniSnebs [392, 51]. 1919 wlis agvistoSi baTumis olqis warmomadgenelTa yrilobam daadgina saqarTvelosTan SeerTeba avtonomiur safuZvelze da gamohyo am avtonomiuri erTeulis mmarTveli organo, romlis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna memed ibrahimis Ze abaSiZe. bunebrivia, TurqeTTan ukiduresad daZabuli urTierTobis gamo Jordanias mTvroba Tanaxma iyo aWaris avtonomiuri mmarTvelobisa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. Tumca Znelad egueboda aWaris TviTmmarTvelobas da cdilobda misi uflebebis Seviwroebas, ris gamoc konfliqturi situacia Seiqmna respublikis mTavrobasa da avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanelTa Soris [393, 227]. memed abaSiZis politikuri dajgufeba aWaris avtonomias imaze met mniSvnelobas aniWebda, rasac `avtonomiis~ cneba moiazrebda da warmoadgenda `saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi~. misi realizacia xels ver Seuwyobda erTiani saqarTve258 los formirebas. am wreebSi musirebda `aWaraSi sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis~ ideac [394, 110]. amitomac iyo mkacri da erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTi reaqcia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris mxridan. aWaris avtonomiis statusis warmodgenili proeqti sajarod daiwunes Tedo Rlontma, konstantine gamsaxurdiam, vaxtang kotetiSvilma da sxv. vaxtang kotetiSvili werda: `dRes aWara adgens... memorandums da iseTi kiloTi, iseTi gamoTqmiT, TiTqos aWareli sxva nacia iyos, damoukideblad arsebuli, romelic dRes Tanxmdeba avtonomiuri aWaristanis Seqmnaze~. werilis avtori, sruliad samarTlianad, win wamowevs im garemoebas, rom aWaras `saqarTvelosTan akavSirebs mxolod sagareo saqmeebi~. `aravis ar mivcemT gaumarTlebeli pretenziebiT iaros Cvens qveyanaSi da gamouangariSebeli survilebiT hglijos qarTveli eris isedac nagleji tani~, `is rasac mejlisi moiTxovs – is saxelmwifos Seqmnaa~. konstantine gamsaxurdia miuTiTebda: `memorandumis toni iseT STabeWdilebas hqmnis, TiTqos aWara Cveni mezobeli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyos, romelsac Sesvla unda Cveni respublikis SemadgenlobaSi... partikularizmi saqarTvelos warsulSi erT damRupvel mizezTagani iyo. axla saqarTvelom unda uaryos yovelive partikularizmi, sul erTia romeli qarTuli tomi gamoiCens amas~. memarcxene socialist-federalistebis aRiarebuli lideri Tedo Rlonti aRSfoTebiT werda: `ramdenadac akvirdebiT mimarTvas, imdenadve SeuZlebeli xdeba ara marto misi zogadi safuZ259 vlebis miReba, autaneli xdeba misi TviT suli, xasiaTi, miswrafeba, romelic mainc sCans Sig~ [394, 105]. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mahmadianebisaTvis avtonomiis Seqmnis sakiTxis ganxilvisas demokratiuli saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelTa pozicia ganisazRvreboda erTiani saqarTvelos politikuri interesebiT da am sakiTxis gaWianureba SeiZleba aixsnas warmodgeneli proeqtis principebisadmi maTi kritikuli damokidebulebiT. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, qarTvelTa Tavganwiruli brZolebis miuxedavad, bolSevikebis XI armia TbilisSi Sevida. mTavroba Tbilisidan baTums gaemgzavra. aseT pirobebSi ankaris mTavroba atyobinebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom ardaganis da arTvinis dakavebis Semdeg osmaleTisaTvis aRar arsebobs araviTari sadavo teritoria saqarTveloSi da ankaris jarebi daexmarebian qarTul jarebs bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg omSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu noe Jordania acnobebda qiazim-beis, rom saWiroa TurqTa jarebis Semoyvana baTumis gziTo. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam Tanxmoba ganacxada TurqTa baTumSi Sesvlaze. es, ra Tqma unda, didi Secdoma iyo da isini unda mimxvdariyvnen Turqebis mizans. rogorc ki Turqebi baTumSi Sevidnen, is Tavis teritoriad gamoacxades da sakuTari kanonebis damkvidrebas Seudgnen. aqedan gamomdinare, Semdgom ise gamovida, rom aRniSnuli teritoria saqarTvelos sabWoTa ruseTma daubruna, razec saubedurod madlobelic unda vyofiliyaviT [395, 42-43]. 260 sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis daaxloeba am or qveyanas Soris Zmobisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebiT dagvirgvinda. igi 1921 wlis 16 marts gaformda moskovSi. es is droa, roca saqarTvelos gasabWoebis procesi mTavrdeboda. am xelSekrulebiT sabWoTa mTavrobam oficialurad cno TurqeTis damoukidebloba, uari Tqva am qveynis mimarT mefis ruseTis yvela gansakuTrebul privilegiaze da dautova mas vrceli teritoria, romelic adre ruseTis imperiaSi Sedioda [396, 50]. dokumentis mixedviT gadawvetili aRmoCnda ardaganis, yarsis, naxCevanis, baTumis olqis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi gacxadebuli iyo, rom ruseTi aRiarebs TurqeTis teritoriebs 1920 wlis 20 ianvris TurqeTis erovnuli paqtis (aRTqmis) safuZvelze. meore muxliT TurqeTi mowyalebas iRebda da uTmobda saqarTvelos q. baTums CrdiloeTiT mimdebare teritoriebiT im pirobiT, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba didi avtonomiuri uflebebiT isargeblebda [395, 43]. xelSekrulebis me-15 muxlis ZaliT ruseTma ikisra valdebuleba TurqeTis mimarT, rom igi yvelafers gaakeTebda imisaTvis, raTa amierkavkasiis respublikebs `ueWvelad ecnoT TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis is muxlebi, romlebic uSualod maT exebodaT~. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amierkavkasiis respublikebi im periodisaTvis faqtobrivad aneqsirebulni iyvnen sabWoTa ruseTis mier, ueWvelia, aseTi zegavlenis moxdena ruseTs ar gauWirdeboda. ruseT-TurqeTis aRniSnuli xelSekruleba ar Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis iseT funda261 mentur normas, romelic jer kidev romis samarTlis mier aris Camoyalibebuli – xelSekruleba ar qmnis mesame mxarisaTvis arc uflebebs da arc movaleobebs [397, 240-241]. amrigad, ruseT-TurqeTis aRniSnuli garigebiT aWara saqarTvelos Semadgenel nawilad cnes. amasTan ruseTma saqarTvelos xarjze didi xelgaSliloba gamoiCina da teritoriul daTmobebTan erTad, meore mxares `mtkiced~ aRuTqva, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobas avtonomias miscemda, rac kremlis didmpyrobluri gegmebiTac iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. es iyo politikuri cinizmis Sedevri: erTi mxriT, gegmaven TurqeTis sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi milionobiT qarTvelis daCqarebul asimilacias, arafers amboben maT politikur uflebebze, xolo, meore mxriv, viTomcda icaven aWarelTa interesebs. gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom qemalistebis amgvari pozicia bolSevikebis Sors gamiznul gegmebs emTxveoda. igi faqtobrivad carizmis ruseTisa da sulTnis osmaleTis tradiciuli politikis axali, koordinirebuli, sabWour-qemalisturi gagrZeleba iyo. savaraudoa, rom avtonomiis sakiTxi xelSekrulebaSi sabWoTa delegaciis iniciativiT Seitanes. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg aWaris axali politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mier warmodgenili avtonomiis proeqti ZiriTadad imeorebda memed abaSiZis politikuri dajgufebis mier SemuSavebul proeqts. aRniSnulma poziciam arakomunisturi sazogadoebrivi azris mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos komunisturma reJimma damoukideblad aWaris politikuri mowyobis sakiTxi ver gadawyvita. 262 TbilisSi stalinis Camosvlis Semdeg (1921 wlis ivlisSi) misi monawileobiT moxerxda aWaris avtonomiis statusis gansazRvra. 1921 wlis 16 ivliss saqarTvelos revkomis dekretiT aWara sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamocxadda. dekreti iTvaliswinebda centris imperiums, ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani komisariatebis upirobo daqvemdebarebas centrisagan da centris kontrols. regionis ekonomikuri berketebi darCa centrs. Tu amas davumatebT partiul-ierarqiul damokidebulebas – rac centrisgan srul daqvemdebarebas gulisxmobda – faqtobrivad aWaraSi ganxorcielda avtonomizaciis sruli modeli – formalurad atonomiuri da faqtobrivad unitaruli, ramac momavalSi adgilobrivi plutokratiis mkveTri gaRizianeba gamoiwvia [394, 111]. 1921 wlis 13 seqtembers somxeTis, azerbaijanis da saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikebisa da osmaleTis didi erovnuli yrilobis mTavrobasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis VI muxlis I punqtiT ganisazRvra, rom baTumis olqis `mosaxleoba am adgilebisa, romelic naCvenebia am muxlSi, isargeblebs farTo adgilobrivi avtonomiiT administraciulis mxriT, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli Temis kulturul da sarwmunoebriv uflebebs da rom mosaxleobas miecema saSualeba daadginos iseTi saadgil-mamulo kanoni, romelic eTanxmeba mis survilebs~ [397, 246]. oficialurad miCneulia, rom aWaris avtonomiuri respublika Seiqmna am kuTxis sameurneo, socialuri da kulturuli CamorCenilobis dasaZlevad, magram faqtobrivad kremli mas imisTvis qmnida, rom aWaris mkvidri mosaxleoba da263 narCeni saqarTvelosTvis daepirispirebina, rac momavalSi gaadvilebda qarTvelTa, maT Soris mahmadian qarTvelTa garusebis saqmes, erTiani `sabWoTa xalxis~ formirebas. aWaraSi daamkvidres administraciul-mbrZanebluri xerxebiT ganxorcielebuli iseTi Sefaruli, Seuracxmyofeli RonisZiebebi, rogoric iyo qalaq baTumSi mkvidri mosaxleobis miRebaCaweris mkacrad SezRudva. saasmisod, TiTqos yovelTvis, an yovelTvis qalaqis sapasporto magidis ufrosad iniSneboda ara adgilobrivi mkvidri (aWareli). amave dros aWaris wylis xeoba, saidanac bari yovelTvis iRebda mosaxleobis namats, `gadaiketa~ sami sasazRvro-sajariso xergiliT (maxunceTSi, qedasTan da goderZis uReltexilze), rac bunebrivia, sazRvrebis dacvas garegnulad Tu emsaxureboda [392, 53, 54]. $3. afxazeTi afxazeTis politikuri statusis gansazRvra dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos iZulebiT gasabWoebasTan. bunebrivia, sabWoTa istoriografiaSi wiTeli armiis saqarTveloSi intervencia interpretirebulia, rogorc wiTeli armiis mier `mSromeli xalxisadmi daxmareba~. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom sabWoTa liderebi 1921 wels saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis SemoWras Tavad axasiaTebdnen okupaciad da intervenciad. magaliTad, stalini mas okupacias uwodebda, lev trocki – intervencias. filipe maxaraZe daufaravad ambobda, rom 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi 264 ruseTis winaaRmdeg TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelo ajanda [398, 32]. saqarTvelos `gasabWoebis~ procesSi, kerZod 1921 wlis TebervalSi calkeuli regionebis mxardaWera rom moepovebinaT ruseTis zeda eSelonebSi miiRes gadawvetileba, afxazeTi damoukidebel sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamoecxadebinaT, xolo partiuli organizaciisaTvis afxazeTis komunisturi partia ewodebinaT. 1921 wlis 13 Tebervals kavkasiis biuros rkp(b) ck-is wevrma a. sajaiam weriliT mimarTa afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos wevrs m. cagurias, romelSic mouwoda cru socialistebis – menSevikebis winaaRmdeg aRemarTaT revoluciis wiTeli droSa. a. sajaia pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom ajanyebaSi monawileobis SemTxvevaSi afxazeTi sabWoTa social