Sir Oliver Wardrop 150 - Fully Bilingual

Beka Kobakhidze

I commenced working on my doctoral thesis The Question of Georgia at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) in 2009. By then very little was known about Oliver Wardrop’s diplomatic deeds. Historians were aware of his book The Kingdom of Georgia that was written in his early years in 1887, as well as of the fact that Wardrop served as the British High Commissioner in Transcaucasia in the period between 1919 and 1920. We had also read that it was him who notified the Georgian government on 12th of January 1920 of the Allied de facto recognition of Georgia. But we had a very unclear idea concerning the practical activities of Wardrop in his capacity as a high commissioner, much as regarding his contribution to strengthening Georgian independence, or his daily activities on the ground. That the siblings Oliver and Marjory Wardrop were admirers of Georgia has always been beyond doubt. Hence I was always troubled by the questions: “Did Oliver Wardrop not do anything for Georgian independence? If yes, why do we know nothing of it?” Soviet censorship could never approve of the appearance in Georgian history of Oliver Wardrop as an anti-Bolshevik actor and a fighter for Georgian independence. Thus the Wardrops were presented to the public only as cultural actors, translators, travellers and the like. It was very well advertised that Marjory Wardrop translated Shota Rustaveli’s poem Knight in Pantera Skin (and much more), while the Georgians were aware of her close ties with Ilia Chavchavadze’s family and with other members of the Georgian intellectual elite. To this end, academician Guram Sharadze wrote his monograph prior to the beginning of the Perestroika era in Georgia. However, in 1984 Georgian historians were still far from having any freedom to write about the First Republic of Georgia and Oliver Wardrop’s diplomatic endeavors. Later, already in the years of regained independence, the turbulence of the 1990s and 2000s prevented Georgian historians from researching British archival sources. Thus, to me the answers to the following questions remained unknown: “Yes, I understand the case of Marjory, but what about Oliver? What is his contribution?” Then I had such a limited knowledge when I was told in 2011: “Georgian National Library disposes in the fund of Akaki Ramishvili some of American documents. Have a look! They might be of some use for your thesis…” Employee of Archival and Rarity Department of the library – Natia Kobakhidze brought for me in the reading room extensive archival material of the British National Archives. This material was collected by Akaki Ramishvili who was the son of the first Prime Minister of the First Republic – Noe Ramishvili. These sources were hitherto unused by Georgian historians. There I came across hundreds of documents created by Oliver Wardrop in relationship with Georgia and the South Caucasus. Among other evidence, I was reading his reports sent from Tiflis to the Foreign Office for Foreign Secretary Lord George Curzon’s attention. Papers were following one another and it was becoming clear me that the main goal in the life of Wardrop, the British friend of Georgia, was the independence of this country. In those papers he distinctly illustrated his love, his risky struggle and aspiration. However, the material was incomplete. Hence, in the framework of my doctoral studies I departed for the UK in 2013 in order to carry out research in British National Archives and Bodleian Library of Oxford. I first studied the documents of foreign and war offices in British National Archives and then moved to Oxford. There, in Bodleian Radcliff Science Library’s Special Collections Room I had the chance to browse through the Georgian collection that was created by Oliver Wardrop. Stored there were 170 typed pages of Oliver Wardrop’s private letters to his wife Margrethe Collett sent from Tiflis to Great Britain in 1919 and 1920. The letters were handed over by his daughter Nino Wardrop to the library in 1991. In those letters, Wardrop wrote privately and sincerely about his feelings, as well as of his connections to the Georgian society. Official and private correspondences did not leave gaps. Before me there were both his diplomatic and personal portraits and there was no other way but to conclude that throughout the history of Georgia no other foreigner ever demonstrated so much love, contribution and dedication to this country. I was honored to be the first contemporary Georgian historian to come to learn these facts. At once I got a feeling that it was my duty to share the knowledge with the public, to overcome the Soviet legacy and to recover a proper place for the deeds of Wardrop, which would result in paying a belated tribute to his love and contributions to Georgia.

saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi ser oliver uordropi 150 Tbilisi 2015 1 UDC (uak) 001 (410)(092) 008.1 (479.22.410) wigni Seadgina, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTo, redaqtireba gaukeTa, inglisuri teqsti qarTul Targmans Seudara istoriis doqtorma: beqa kobaxiZem teqsti inglisuridan qarTul enaze Targmna: salome beniZem qarTuli Targmanis stilisturi redaqtireba diana anfimiadisa wina ydaze gamosaxulia saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri - evgeni gegeWkori da didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisari - ser oliver uordropi tfilisSi 1919 wlis 30 agvistos mowyobil daxvedraze. foto daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi. On the front cover there are illutrated Miniter of Foreign Afairs of Georgia – Evgeni Gegechkori and British High Commissioner in Transcaucasia – Sir Oliver Wardrop at the arrival meeting of Wardrop in Tilis on 30th of Augut 1919. The photograph is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia. ukana ydaze gamosaxulia ser oliver uordropi - misi udidebulesobis generaluri konsuli strasburgSi. 1925 weli. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. On the back cover there is illutrated Sir Oliver Wardrop – His Majety’s Consul-General in Strasbourg. 1925. Photograph from Wardrops family album of Hilary Grundy. © saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka © saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi Sps “irida” rusTavi, firosmanis q.#7 ISBN 978-9941-0-8216-0 2 sarCevi: redaqtoris winasityvaoba ............................................................................................... 4 “ser oliver uordropi: samxreT kavkasiaSi misi udidebulesobis umaRlesi komisari”. beqa kobaxiZe ..................................................................................................................................... 9 werilebi colisadmi. tfilisi-sevenouqsi. 05.09.1919-19.04.1920 ...........................................................................................................................22 sagareo saqmeTa saministrosadmi gagzavnili rCeuli reportebi..................................................................................................................152 fotoalbomi/ PHOTO GALLERY.................................................................................164 Preface................................................................................................................ 199 Sir Oliver Wardrop: His Majety’s High Commissioner to Transcaucasia. Beka Kobakhidze .............................................................................................. 202 Letters to the Wife, from Tilis to Sevenoaks. 05.09.1919-19.04.1920 .......... 213 High Commissioner’s selected Reports to the Foreign Oice ....................... 319 3 redaqtoris winasityvaoba 2009 wels daviwye muSaoba Cems sadisertacio Temaze: „saqarTvelos sakiTxi parizis sazavo konferenciaze (1919-1920)”. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi Zalian cota vicodiT ser oliver uordropis diplomatiuri Rvawlis Sesaxeb. istorikosebi 1887 wels mis mier ymawvilkacobaSi daweril wigns „saqarTvelos samefos“ vicnobdiT; Cven, aseve, zogadad vicodiT, rom is samxreT kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis umaRles komisrad muSaobda 1919-1920 wlebSi, isic wagvekiTxa, rom 1920 wlis 12 ianvars swored man axara saqarTvelos mTavrobas mokavSireTa mxridan qveynis de faqto aRiareba. Tumca, aravis Seuswavlia, ras niSnavda misi umaRlesi komisroba, ra akeTa man saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi, ra wvlili Seitana qveynis damoukideblobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. cnobili faqti iyo, rom uordropebi saqarTvelos didi moyvarulebi iyvnen da yovelTvis mawuxebda kiTxva: „nuTu araferi gaakeTa oliver uordropma, rogorc diplomatma, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis? da Tu gaakeTa, ratom araferi viciT?“ sabWoTa cenzura ver dauSvebda oliver uordropis, rogorc antibolSeviki da saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis mebrZoli moRvawis warmoCenas. amitom uordropebi naCvenebi iyvnen, rogorc kulturuli aqtorebi, mTargmnelebi, mogzaurebi da a.S. Cven zedmiwevniT vicodiT marjoris mier „vefxistyaosanis“ (da aramarto) Targmna, misi kavSirebi ilia WavWavaZis ojaxTan, sxva mowinave qarTul wreebTan. am mxriv mSvenieri monografia jer kidev „perestroikamdel“ saqarTveloSi, dawera akademikosma guram SaraZem. Tumca, 1984 wels jer kidev ar iyo saSualeba pirvel respublikasa da oliver uordropis diplomatiur moRvaweobaze werisa. Sesabamisad, CemTvisac pasuxgaucemeli darCa kiTxva: „marjori gasagebia, magram oliveri? mas ra wvlili miuZRvis?...“ aseTi bundovani codniT SeiaraRebuls, ufro sworad ki SeuiaraRebels, 2011 wels miTxres, rom erovnul biblioTekaSi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis pirveli Tavmjdomaris, noe ramiSvilis vaJis, akaki ramiSvilis fondSi inaxeboda mis mier britaneTis erovnul arqivSi moZiebuli umdidresi masala, romelzec qarTvel istorikosTagan aravis emuSava. saarqivo fondi jer kidev ar yofila katalogizebuli, roca erovnuli biblioTekis xelmZRvanelobam gaiTvaliswina Cemi Txovna da damrTo masalebze muSaobis ufleba. aq wavawydi oliver uordropis mier saqarTvelosagan da kavkasiasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnil aseulobiT dokuments, tfilisidan sagareo ministr jorj kerzonisaTvis gagzavnil oficialur moxsenebebs. furceli furcels miyveboda da vxedavdi, rom saqarTvelos britanel megobars Tavisi cxovrebisa Tu bednierebis amocanad saqarTvelos damoukidebloba daesaxa; am dokumentebSi iyo misi riskiani brZola, siyvaruli da miswrafeba. 4 Tumca, es masala ar iyo srulyofili. Sesabamisad, 2013 wels, sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobis farglebSi, gavemgzavre britaneTis erovnul arqivsa da oqsfordis bodleanis biblioTekaSi samuSaod. Tavdapirvelad daviwye britaneTis erovnul arqivSi daculi sagareo da samxedro saministroTa dokumentebis sruli damuSaveba. Semdeg oqsfordSi gadavinacvle. iq, bodleinis radklifis samecniero biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi, oliver uordropis mier Seqmnil qarTul biblioTekasTan erTad, daculi iyo 1991 wels, misi qaliSvilis, nino uordropis mier wignTsacavisTvis gadacemuli, Semdeg manqanaze gadabeWdili oliver uordropis mier misi meuRlis, margreT koletisadmi tfilisidan britaneTSi 1919-1920 wlebSi gagzavnili werilebis 170 furceli. aRniSnul korespondenciaSi ufro privatulad, gulwrfelad iyo gamoxatuli saqarTvelos Zveli megobris piradi grZnobebi, misi kavSirebi qarTul sazogadoebasTan da a.S. samsaxurebriv, oficialur mimoweras piradi korespondencia avsebda da saboloo jamSi isaxeboda saqarTveloSi myofi gavleniani diplomatis portreti, romlis msgavsi siyvaruli, Rvawli da Tavdadeba arc erT ucxotomels ar gamoumJRavnebia am qveynisadmi. pativi mergo es yvelaferi mcodnoda mxolod me, erT qarTvel istorikoss. pirveli grZnoba, rac dameufla, iyo grZnoba valdebulebisa, rom es codna mTeli qveynisaTvis gameziarebina, mimeRwia oliver uordropis Rvawlis saTanado aRiarebisaTvis da yvelas erTad gveTqva dagvianebuli madloba misi siyvarulisa Tu gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis. 2014 wlis 10 oqtombers oliver uordropis dabadebidan 150 weli Sesrulda. aRniSnuli TariRi karg SesaZleblobas iZleoda zemoxsenebul amocanaTa Sesasruleblad. megobrebisa da uordropebis memkvidreobis gulSematkivarTa daxmarebiT araerTi RonisZieba ganxorcielda. maT Soris, parlamentis ukan mdebare skvers mieniWa oliver uordropis saxeli, sadac ukve 2015 wels da-Zma uordropebis Zegli aRimarTeba; erovnul biblioTekaSi, ucxoenovan wignTa samkiTxvelo darbazs uordropebis saxeli mieniWa; gaimarTa RonisZiebebi, gamofenebi; Catarda konferenciebi da leqciebi. es wignic aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa nawilad, oliver uordropis Sesaxeb codnis amaRlebaSi gadadgmul kidev erT nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. saerTo saqmeSi Setanili wvlilisa da daxmarebisaTvis minda didi madloba gadavuxado batonebs: parlamentis wevr fridon sayvareliZes, profesor stiven jonss, erovnuli biblioTekis direqtoris moadgile mirian xositaSvils, saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivis direqtor anton vaWaraZes, xelovnebis sasaxlis direqtor giorgi kalandias, saqarTvelos elCs gaerTianebul samefoSi revaz gaCeCilaZes; aseve qalbatonebs, oliver uordropis STamomavlebs: hilari grandisa da lusi Cois; ariskis koordinator 5 diana leJavas; ganaTlebisa da treiningis saerTaSoriso jgufis xelmZRvanel pamela qimslis; organizaciebs: saqarTvelos parlaments, Tbilisis merias, gaerTianebuli samefos saelCos saqarTveloSi, Rvinis kompania „petriaSvilis marans“. gansakuTrebuli madloba minda gadavuxado marjori uordropis qarTvelologiuri fondis Tavmjdomares, profesor donald raifilds, romelmac bodleinis biblioTekis uordropebis koleqciiT sargeblobisa da masalebis gamoqveynebis saavtoro ufleba momaniWa. uSualod aRniSnuli gamocemis materialuri da marketinguli mxardaWera uzrunvelyves, mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli madliereba daimsaxures saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnulma biblioTekam da saqarTvelos erovnulma arqivma. teqstis inglisuridan qarTul enaze TargmnisaTvis madlobas vuxdi qalbaton salome beniZes. beqa kobaxiZe Tbilisi 23.06.2015 6 oliver uordropis 150 wlisTavis aRsaniSnav RonisZiebaTa farglebSi saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka siamovnebiT warmogidgenT wigns “ser oliver uordropi 150”. avtoris mier masSi gamoyenebuli masalis nawili Cveni biblioTekis iSviaT gamocemaTa ganyofilebaSi inaxeba. noe ramiSvilis vaJis, akaki ramiSvilis arqivi erovnul biblioTekas saCuqrad 2001 wels gadaeca . igi moicavs didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros samxedro da politikuri dazvervis departamentebis korespondenciis, maT Soris sagareo saqmeTa saministros TanamSromlis, 1919 wlidan amierkavkasiaSi britaneTis mTavari rwmunebulis, ser oliver uordropis werilebisa da moxsenebebis aslebs. isini naTels hfenen diplomatis saqmianobasa da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos aRiarebisTvis mis mier gaweul Rvawls. saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka moxarulia wvlili Seitanos ser oliver uordropis saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis ucnobi faqtebis gamomzeurebasa da qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis misi pirovnebis axali kuTxiT wardgenaSi. mirian xositaSvili erovnuli biblioTekis generaluri direqtoris moadgile 7 saqarTvelos istoriisTvis umniSvnelovanesi sazogado moRvawis da diplomatis, ser oliver uordropis mimowera meuRlis, margaret koletisadmi pirvelad qveyndeba. werilebi asaxavs 1919-1920 wlebis periods, rodesac uordropi tfilisSi cxovrobda da didi britaneTisTvis diplomatiur samsaxuris garda, mxarSi edga ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebiT aRsavse, rTul geopolitikur viTarebaSi myof da dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis daxmarebis imedad darCenil axladSeqmnil saqarTvelos respublikas. aRniSnuli werilebi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis SeswavlisTvis. vinaidan am mimarTulebiT ZiriTadi saarqivo masala saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnul arqivSi inaxeba, gadavwyviteT Cveni mokrZalebuli wvlili Segvetana werilebis gamocemis saqmeSi da CaverTeT istorikos beqa kobaxiZis proeqtSi, romelmac masalis aslebi britanuli arqivebidan Camoitana. did madlobas vuxdiT proeqtSi CarTul erovnuli arqivis TanamSromlebs: saistorio centraluri arqivis direqtors, anton vaWaraZes da amave arqivis specialists, sofiko gugoSvils. saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekas da gansakuTrebiT biblioTekis direqtoris moadgiles, baton mirian xositaSvils romelmac aRniSnuli saqme iTava da bolomde miiyvana. oliver uordropis werilebis inglisuridan qarTulad mTargmnels, salome beniZes. anton vaWaraZe saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis saistorio arqivis direqtori 8 ser oliver uordropi: samxreT kavkasiaSi misi udidebulesobis umaRlesi komisari pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis imperiis damarcxebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo misi axalwarmoqmnili mokavSire - saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. safrangeT-britaneTis 1917 wlis 23 dekembris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, 1918 wlis dekembridan samxreT kavkasia britanulma jarebma daikaves. antantis samxedro warmomadgenlebi qarTvelebs uyurebdnen, rogorc mtris mokavSireebs. isini aseve Znelad ansxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan bolSevikur da menSevikur socializms. ase magaliTad, britaneTis Savi zRvis jarebis sardali da 1926 wlidan saimperio Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrosi - generali jorj milni generaluri Stabis imJamindel ufross - ser henri uilsons kavkasiis xalxTa Sesaxeb swerda: „...ar vfiqrob, rom msoflio rames dakargavs imiT, Tu am regionSi mcxovrebi xalxi erTmaneTs yelebs daWrian. isini erTi britaneli jariskacis sicocxledac ki ar Riran... vfiqrob, saxlSi (igulisxmeba britaneTSi - b.k.) kargad unda esmodeT, rom Tu Cven pasuxismgeblobas aviRebT am qveynebis daxmarebaze, jarebis datoveba mogviwevs ara 1-2, aramed 10 wliT mainc. am xalxisaTvis saTanado ganaTlebis micemas, raTa maT TavianT Tavs TviTonve mouaron, ramdenime Taoba dasWirdeba.1“ ufro metic, milnma, rogorc kavkasiaze pasuxismgebelma umaRlesma pirma, 1919 wlis 6 Tebervals pirveli vrceli reporti gaagzavna londonSi, romelSic saqarTvelos mTavrobas bolSevikebze ufro radikal socialistebad, Sovinistebad da korumpirebulebad moixseniebda. is aseve xazs usvamda mtrobas qarTvelebsa da aWarlebs Soris; rom am ukanasknelT aranairi survili ar aqvT qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebisa. 1919 wlis aprilis bolos TbilisSi Camosulma generalma uari ganacxada sapatio yarauliT daxvedraze da ise datova saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi, rom mTavrobis arc erTi wevri ar miiRo audienciaze.2 safrangeTis samxedro misiis meTauri, polkovniki Sardini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda kavkasiur respublikaTa damoukideblobas. ufro metic, missave qvemdebarem - leitenantma brosar d’uampuim 1919 wlis 20 noembers werili miswera safrangeTis premiersa da Tavdacvis ministrs, romelSic Sardinis safrangeTisaTvis reputaciis SelaxvaSi, qarTvelebisadmi arasaTanado mopyrobasa da am ukanasknelTa winaaRmdeg samoqmedod somxebisgan qrTamis aRebaSi adanaSaulebda. Sardini saqarTvelodan gaiwvies.3 1 J. Fisher – “On The Glacis of India”: Lord Curzon and British Policy in The Caucasus, 1919, pg. 54, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 1997, 8:2 2 WO 106/1396 Gen. Milne to the Chief of The Imperial General Staf, 6 February 1919; scsa f. 1864, aRw. 2, saqme 82, furc. 23-24 3 FO 371/6269/4378/8378/58 “Outline of Events in Transcaucasia from the Beginning of the Russian Revolution in the Summer of 1917 to April 1921” by W. J. Childs and A. E. R. McDonnell; Ministere des Afaire Etrangeres de la France. Paris. Europe 1918-1929. Archives Diplomatique; Russie; Cotes Z 653, Vol. 645, f. 13-15; Archives de Minitere des Afaires Etrangeres de la France (AMAE). Paris. Europe 1918-1929. Russie; Cotes Z 653, Vol. 645, Dossier 10 f. 18 9 amas emateboda general denikinis gaugonari braldebebi saqarTvelos mimarT, romelsac yvelanairad adasturebda denikinis StabSi moqmedi britanuli misia. misma xelmZRvanelma, generalma brigsma isic ki ganucxada noe Jordanias, rom is ara britaneTis, aramed denikinis saxeliT saubrobda.4 bunebrivia, am fonze Zalian gamwvavda urTierToba saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da britanel samxedroebs Soris. swored es ukanasknelni iyvnen dasavleTSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb informaciis gamtanni, romlebic Zirs uTxridnen qveynis reputacias, mis swrafvas damoukidebeli arsebobisaken. dasavleTSi saqarTvelos yvelaze mxurvale mxardamWeris, britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsruleblis, xolo 1919 wlis oqtombridan sagareo ministris - lord kerzonis moTxovniT 1918 wlis 30 dekembers saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs gaegzavnaT nota, romlis mixedviTac britaneTi miesalmeboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas da hpirdeboda mis dacvas parizis sazavo konferenciaze.5 jorj milni araerTgzis sTxovda mTavrobas gamoxatuli simpatiis gamowvevas, raTa bolomde gaxsnoda xel-fexi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samoqmedod, rac, faqtobrivad, gamoiwvevda kavkasiaSi denikinis SemoWris sanqcirebas.6 am gamouval viTarebaSi 1919 wlis maisis bolos qarTvelma patriotma da cnobilma anarqistma varlam CerqeziSvilma werili miswera mis Zvel megobars oliver uordrops, romelSic aRniSnavda, rom britaneli samxedroebi ver gaerkvnen arsebul viTarebaSi da saWiro iyo politikuri viTarebis samarTavad regionSi iseTi gaTvicnobierebuli samoqalaqo piris mowveva, rogoric Tavad oliver uordropi gaxldaT: “...Tu inglisi warmomadgenlad gamogzavnis Tqvennair kacs, romelic icnobs saqarTvelos, mis karg da cud mxareebs, yvela gaugebroba gaqreba da Cveni gulkeTili, magram ficxi xalxi sakuTar Tavs miuZRvnis ingliss an SeerTebul Statebs”, dasZenda CerqeziSvili.7 uordropma, rogorc politikuri dazvervis departamentis TanamSromelma, saCivarnarevi werili rogorc sagareo saqmeTa saministros, aseve Tavdacvis saministros samxedro dazvervis departaments gadaugzavna. lord kerzonisTvis SesaniSnavi SesaZlebloba iyo misi Tanamoazre, respublikaTa damoukideblobis Zlieri mxardamWeri gaegzavna samxreT kavkasiaSi, romelic milnisa Tu sxva generlebis reportebis tons Secvlida da mas londonSi bevrad gauadvilebda Tavisi poziciebis dacvas. kerzonma 20 ivniss Ses4“ scsa f. 1864. aRw. 2. saqme 82. furc. 1-10 FO 608/88 no. 12272; scsa f. 1864, aRw. 2, saqme 46, furc. 25; z. avaliSvili – saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, gv. 195, Tbilisi 2011 6 FO 608/88 no. 11390 Situation in Georgia 7 FO 371/3662/1015/81465/58; FO 608/88 no. 12302 5 10 Tavaza britaneTis samxedro sabWos uordropis daniSvna. “baton uordrops aqvs saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis sakiTxSi piradi didi gamocdileba; amasTanave, ruseTSi misi xangrZlivi sakonsulo namsaxurevoba am misiis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro gansakuTrebul unarze metyvelebs”, askvnida kerzoni.8 lordi kerzoni 1918 wlidan lobirebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. is samjer iyo namyofi TbilisSi da jer kidev 1889 wels werda kavkasiis, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTSi ruseTis gasasvlelis mniSvnelobaze. mas miznad hqonda sparseTTan proteqtoratis xelSekrulebis dadeba da kavkasias ganixilavda ruseTisgan damcav zRuded.9 regionSi myofi britaneli samxedroebisgan wamosuli uaryofiTi reportebi mas xel-fexs ukravda. swored amitom kerzonma aitaca CerqeziSvilis idea, icoda ra uordropis 25 wliani karieris Sesaxeb sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi da misi damokidebuleba kavkasiisadmi. amitom man myisve miiRo samxreT kavkasiaSi uordropis umaRles politikur komisrad daniSvnis gadawyvetileba. am moqmedebiT kerzonma samxedroebi politikas CamoaSora. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom uordropma qarTvel diplomatTa daxmareba jer kidev 1918 wlidan daiwyo, rodesac zurab avaliSvils did britaneTSi Sesasvlelad da sagareo saministroSi kontaqtebis dasaxmareblad xeli Seuwyo;10 Tumca axla ukve oficialur rangSi mieca mas Tavisi meore samSoblosaTvis samsaxuris gawevis SesaZlebloba. jon oliver uordropi daibada 1864 wlis 10 oqtombers aRmosavleT londonSi, warmoSobiT Sotlandieli Tomas uordropisa da marjori skotis ojaxSi. xuTi wlidan cxra wlamde is oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da swavlobda bebia-babuasTan midloTiansSi (Midlothians, samxreT Sotlandia). 1880-1881 wlebSi jer parizSi, Semdeg disenSi (germania) dadioda skolaSi. Semdeg is baliolis kolejSi (oqsfordi) swavlobda, sadac cnobilma diplomatma da istorikosma, lordma braisma gauCina kavkasiisadmi interesi. 18851886 wlebSi oliveri sorbonaSi iRebda ganaTlebas. 1887 wlidan daiwyo mogzauroba. jer romSi Cavida da sami Tvis ganmavlobaibid; ibid, no. 13302 G. N. Curzon – Russia in Central Asia, pg. 28-29, Oxford 1889; G. N. Curzon – Persia and The Persian Quetion, Vol. 1, pp. 61-69; London 1966; ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT: J. D. Rose – Batum as Domino, 1919-1920: The Defence of India in Transcaucasia. The International Hitory Review, vol. 2, No. 2 (Apr. 1980) pg. 266-287; D. Ewalt – The Fight for Oil: Britain in Persia, 1919. Hitory Today, vol. 31, issue 9, 1981; J. Fisher – “On The Glacis of India”: Lord Curzon and British Policy in The Caucasus, 1919. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 1997, 8:2, 50-82; J. Fisher – Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle Eat, 19161919, London 1999; H. Sabahi – British Policy in Persia 1918-1925. London 1990 10 z. avaliSvili – saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, gv. 189-191, Tbilisi 2011; avaliSvilisadmi daxmarebis TxovniT, berlinidan bergenSi 18 noembers mimarTa oliver uordrops akaki Cxenkelma ix. scsa f. 1831, aRw. 2, saqme 84, furc. 3; aseve Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. C. 30. 8 9 11 Si universitetSi eswreboda leqciebs, xolo Semdeg palestina, egvipte, siria da TurqeTi moiara. imave wlis aprilSi is pirvelad estumra saqarTvelos. 1888 wels man britaneTSi gamoaqveyna wigni “saqarTvelos samefo”; iswavla qarTuli ena da mis dasTan, marjorisTan erTad Targmnida qarTuli poeziis, prozis, Sua saukuneebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebulebs; is axlo urTierTobaSi imyofeboda qarTul kulturul da politikur elitasTan, maT Soris piradad, XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTuli erovnuli ideologiis Camosayalibebel, ilia WavWavaZesTan. 1892 wels is gaxda ruseTSi misi udidebulesobis elCis piradi mdivani; imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelosTan teritoriulad axlos yofiliyo da mogzaurobis saSualeba xSirad hqonoda, is muSaobda vice-konsulad jer qerCSi, Semdeg sevastopolSi; haitize, rumineTSi, norvegiasa da msoflios sxva adgilebSi msaxurebis Semdeg, 1918 wels misi udidebulesobis generaluri konsulis saxifaTo pozicia ekava bolSevikur moskovSi. 1919 wlis dasawyisidan mcire xniT muSaobda sagareo saqmeTa saministros politikuri dazvervis departamentSi. man jer kidev 1907 wels gamoiyena sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Tavisi pozicia, rodesac varlam CerqeziSvils haagis saerTaSoriso konferenciisaTvis „qarTveli xalxis peticiis“ Sedgenasa da wardgenaSi daexmara. is axalgazrduli asakidan ocnebobda saqarTveloSi diplomatiuri samsaxuris Sovnasa da cxovrebaze. caristuli ruseTis dros britaneTs, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mxolod baTumSi hqonda sakonsulo, sadac jer kidev 1890-iani wlebidan muSaobda patrik stivensi. 1894 wels uordropi konstantinepolSi Cavida britaneTis elCTan gasasaubreblad, raTa am ukanasknels is saqarTveloSi gaemwesebina. gasaubrebis Sesaxeb oliveri Tavis das werda: “mTeli Cemi imedebi kvira saRamozea damyarebuli. raime [sakonsulo] pozicias rom miviRebde, Tundac yvelaze dabals, usazRvrod gaxarebuli viqnebi, magram win sirTuleebs vxedav.” gasaubrebam uSedegod Caiara, magram oliveri kvlavindeburad surviliT iyo aRsavse: “imedis dakargvas ar vapireb, rom erT dRes miviReb baTumSi Tanamdebobas”. damwuxrebuli marjori Zmas pasuxobda: “gulwrfelad imedi maqvs, rom baton stivenss (vfiqrob, es aris baTumSi konsulis saxeli) daawinaureben, eWvi araa, imsaxurebs da vakanturad datovebs im posts, romelic Cven gvinda.”11 25 wlis Semdeg, 1919 wels stivensi kvlavindeburad baTumSi konsulis pozicias ikavebda. 22 ivliss kerzonma mas acnoba, rom is uordropis daqvemdebarebaSi gadadioda.12 miRweuli SedegiT yvelaze bednieri albaT oliver uordropi iyo. man araTu misTvis saocnebo konsulis, aramed damoukidebel saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiaSi 11 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. C. 31, f. 1-25, Marjory and Oliver; The Times, Obituary, Sir Oliver Wardrop, October 21, 1948; g. SaraZe – saqarTvelos mze da guli albionis kunZulebze: uordropebi da saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 1984 12 FO 371/3662 File 1015, no. 102622 12 misi udidebulesobis umaRlesi komisris Tanamdeboba moipova. 1919 wlis bolos is meuRles werda, rom mas cxovrebaSi mosavlis aRebis dro daudga da maqsimalurad unda gamoeyenebina es SesaZlebloba.13 27 ivniss parizSi britaneTis samSvidobo delegaciam kerzons gaugzavna profesor simpsonis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom misia ar unda Semofargluliyo mxolod saqarTveloTi da umaRles komisars Tavisi uflebamosileba unda gaefarToebina azerbaijanze, somxeTze, daRestanze. 9 ivlisis sapasuxo werilSi saministrom sruli Tanxmoba ganacxada.14 mogvianebiT imis gamo, rom generalma denikinma ivnisis dasawyisSi daRestnis okupacia moaxdina, Crdilo kavkasia amoRebul iqna uordropis sapasuxismgeblo arealidan. saqarTveloSi gamgzavrebamde, 1919 wlis 5 agvistos, ministris movaleobis Semsruleblis davalebiT uordropma saministros warudgina moqmedebis gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda Semdegs: 1) kavkasiaSi britanuli jarebis datoveba; 2) denikinTan politikuri misiis mimagreba, romelic samxedroebs politikur sakiTxebs CamoaSorebda da rusi generlisaTvis daxmarebis pirobad kavkasiis respublikebis Sida saqmeebSi Caurevlobis dadeba; 3) kavkasiis respublikaTa damoukideblobis aRiareba; 4) baTumis im respublikisaTvis gadacema, romlis mosaxleobac umravlesobas warmoadgenda baTumis olqSi; 5) misi udidebulesobis mTavrobis gavlenis gamoyeneba, raTa sxva did saxelmwifoebsac eRiarebinaT kavkasiis qveynebis damoukidebloba da mieRoT isini erTa ligaSi; 6) savaWro urTierTobebis damyareba; 7) aRniSnul respublikaTa ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri eqspertebiT momarageba, raTa daxmarebodnen maT ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi; 8) humanitaruli daxmareba; 9) britanuli skolis gaxsna, saukeTeso moswavleTa britaneTSi saswavleblad gagzavna; 10) britanuli presis gavrceleba, raTa adgilobrivebs gaegoT, Tu rogor xdeboda britaneTSi ama Tu im problemis ganxilva da gadaWra.15 saqarTveloSi Camosul uordrops 1919 wlis 30 agvistos, qarTveli xalxi Sexvda, rogorc mxsnels. ai ras wers amis Taobaze britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros Tavad oliver uordropi: „... yvela Cemi moZraoba gadaRebul iqna kinematografTa mier. me viyavi fotografTa samizne. rkinigzis sadgurSi orkestrma daukra britaneTis da saqarTvelos erovnuli himnebi. Cems gzaze, daaxloebiT 2 milis manZilze dakidebuli iyo droSebi, mofenili iyo aRmosavluri xaliCebi, garSemo Camwkrivebuli iyo xalxi. Senobebi RamiT gaanaTes. dRem Caiara, rogorc saxalxo dResaswaulma. es araCveulebrivi daxvedra qarTvelebma momiwyves imis gamo, rom ician, Tu ras vgrZnob maT mimarT ukve bolo 32 weliwadia. Cemi daniSvna maT miiRes niSnad imisa, rom misi udidebulesobis mTavOxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 79 FO 608/88 no. 13302; FO 371/3662/1015/95097/58 15 FO 608/88 no. 18006 13 14 13 roba yvelaze ufro megobruli grZnobebiT aris gamsWvaluli maTi qveynis mimarT da rom saqarTvelosaTvis daiwyo axali era.“ am Setyobinebas lordma kerzonma waawera: “Zalian kargi dasawyisia”.16 uordropi saqarTvelodan kviraSi 2-3 reports agzavnida, romelSic daJinebiT iTxovda qveynis damoukideblobis aRiarebas, misTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. man CamosvlisTanave Seutia britanel samxedroebs, moiTxovda baTumis olqSi maTi moqmedebis Sesaswavlad inspeqciis Catarebas, radgan adgilze sufevda uwesrigoba, samxedro mmarTveloba ki ignorirebas ukeTebda mosaxleobis umravlesobis nebas da samoqalaqo mmarTveloba faqtobrivad rus Cinovnikebs Caabara. is aseve mkveTrad pasuxobda denikinis StabTan arsebuli britanuli misiis braldebebs saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelisuflebebisadmi. swored am droidan denikinis saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis seriozulma safrTxem gadaiara, radgan britaneTis xelisuflebam mas daxmarebis pirobad kavkasiaze Tavdausxmeloba dauwesa. is faqtobrivad iqca gamtar mavTulad saqarTvelosa da britaneTis xelisuflebebs Soris. qarTuli mxaris nebismier wuxils, Txovnasa Tu saCivars maSinve ugzavnida sakuTar mTavrobas statusiT „saswrafo“ an „Zalian saswrafo“. misi wyalobiT pirvelad gaigo britaneTis mTavrobam saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da xalxis xma. uordropi zrunavda saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis eqstremist-socialistTa iarliyis moSorebaze, rac esoden sazianod moqmedebda qveynisaTvis. man politikur liderTa portretebi dauxata saministros. man londonSi gadaagzavna agraruli reformis Taobaze noe Jordanias gamosvlis Targmani, komentarSi ki axsna saqarTvelos socialisturi mTavrobis gawonasworebuloba da zomiereba. aseve vrceli moxseneba gaagzavna akaki Cxenkelis Taobaze, romelsac pro-germanulobis iarliyi moaSora da germanelebTan misi TanamSromloba mxolod gamouvali patriotuli motivebiT axsna.17 sinamdvileSi ki uordrops, romelic Tavisi rwmeniT konservatori iyo, sulac ar moswonda maSindeli msofliosaTvis axali, saqarTvelos mTavrobis social-demokratiuli ideologia. mTavrobis dacviT umaRlesi komisari mTel qveyanas icavda, xolo colisaTvis miweril pirad werilSi gulaxdilad werda: “...isini anci bavSvebiviT iqcevian, magram yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, isini jer kidev bavSvebi arian da radgan me naTlimamas meZaxian, vfiqrob, maTdami Tu religiuri ara, garkveuli moraluri valdebulebebi gamaCnia. unda vTqva, FO 371/3663 File 1015 no. 125051; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 535-536, London 1949 17 FO 371/3660 no. 159646; FO 371/3664 File 1015 no. 144756; FO 371/4931 no. E410; FO 371/3663 File 1015 no. 126879; ibid no. no. 133615; ibid no. 127479; ibid no. 137986; ibid no. 144581; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 537-538, 575-576, 625-626, 661-663 London 1949 16 14 rom ar miyvars social-demokratebi, radgan social-demokratiuli Teoria am xalxs ufro naklebad “jentlmenurs” xdis, vidre isini sxva SemTxvevaSi iqnebodnen. Tumca, mTlianobaSi xalxi, gansakuTrebiT gaWirvebuli xalxi, ar arian social-demokratebi da vfiqrob, isini Cemze Seyvarebulni arian, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yvela ase meubneba da sanam ar mecodineba, rom isini usafrTxod arian, minda maTTan davrCe da sakuTar Tavze aviRo riskebi...”18 uordropi SeebrZola general milnisa da baTumSi britaneTis konsulis patrik stivensis im mosazrebas, rom aWarlebi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg arian ganwyobilni da ar undaT maTTan erTad cxovreba. memed beg abaSiZis meTaurobiT Seqmnilma baTumis provinciis mejlisma, romelsac sxvadasxva dros patrik stivensi, generali milni, polkovniki Sardini da rusTa erovnuli sabWo Turqebis agentobas an mosaxleobaze gavlenis arqonas miawerdnen, 31 agvistos miiRo muslim qarTvelebis peticia da samSoblosTan SeerTeba moiTxova. maTi delegacia seqtemberSi imyofeboda TbilisSi da inaxula oliver uordropi. umaRlesma komisarma 12 seqtembers kerzons gadaugzavna mejlisis mier miRebuli dokumenti. TviTon ki aRniSnavda, rom delegacia warmoadgenda baTumis olqis mosaxleobis umravlesobis azrs; britaneli diplomati da qarTvelologi iqve akeTebda lirikul gadaxvevas, rom rusTavelma, saqarTvelos didma erovnulma poetma, romelic Tanabrad uyvardaT orive religiis mimdevar qarTvelebs, qristianebisa da muslimebisTvis Zmuri cxovrebis idealebi danerga. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom baTumis saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Semdeg xalxis erToba eWvqveS ar dadgeboda. meore mxriv, is sagareo saqmeTa saministros acnobebda muslim qarTvelTa mejlisis pozicias, rom baTumis administracia mTlianad denikinis mxardamWerTa xelSi iyo, xolo es ukanasknelni adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sawinaaRmdego politikas atarebdnen.19 uordropi amis Semdegac ganagrZobda “gamtari mavTulis” rolis TamaSs da baTumis sakiTxze qarTvelTa poziciebs acnobda sagareo saqmeTa saministros. muslimi qarTvelebi aprotestebdnen saqalaqo sabWos denikinelTa xelSi yofnas da Zalauflebis gadacemas qarTuli mejlisisaTvis moiTxovdnen. imave sakiTxze umaRlesi komisari kerzons ugzavnida saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris notas da askvnida, rom saWiro iyo baTumisa da lazistanis etapobrivad qarTvelTa xelSi gadasvla. uordropis qarTvelofiluri aqtivoba milnTan dapirispirebis gareSe ver Caivlida – 1920 wlis 22 ianvars, sagareo saqmeTa saministrosaTvis miweril werilSi man eWvqveS daayena baTumSi britanuli sardlobis efeqturoba; xazi gausva adgilobriv administraciaze TurqeTis, bolSevikTa da denikinis agentTa arakeTilismyofel gavlenas. umaRlesi komisari samxedro saministrosgan iTxovda, rom uwyebis adgilobriv warmomadgenlebs 18 19 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 148 FO 371/3663 File 1015 nos. 139963 and 129488 15 aRniSnul sakiTxebze yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT da gamoeZiebinaT isini. Tavis mxriv milnma uordropi qarTuli propagandis gavlenis qveS moqceulad Seracxa. man ukmayofileba gamoTqva, rom britaneli diplomati, gamoZiebisa da informaciis dazustebis gareSe seriozul braldebas uyenebda baTumis samxedro administracias.20 mas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis diplomatiuri brZola mxolod baTumis olqis mimarTulebiT ar uwarmoebia. ekaterinodarSi (dRevandeli krasnodari) denikinis StabSi muSaobda warmoSobiT afxazi kapitani xasaia, romelic „afxazi xalxis saxeliT“ memorandumebs ugzavnida parizis samSvidobo konferencias da afxazTa „saqarTvelosgan gaTavisuflebas“ moiTxovda. am moTxovnas garkveulwilad baTumSi britaneTis konsuli patrik stivensic uWerda mxars. uordropma calsaxad dausabuTa britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria iyo, xolo afxazi eTnosi qarTvelTa wiaRSi viTardeboda da maRal kulturasac maTgan Rebulobda. yvelaferi kargad da mSvidobianad iqneboda, Tu denikini Tavs daanebebda saqarTvelos _ askvnida umaRlesi komisari.21 britanelma diplomatma energiuli zomebi miiRo kavkasiis xalxTa Sesarigeblad, maTi saerTo miznebisaken dasarazmad, rasac esoden iTxovda maTgan saerTaSoriso politikuri viTareba. SedarebiT daTba urTierToba saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris, aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebi aRar dawyebula somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris. misi SuamavlobiT 1919 wlis noemberSi xeli moewera kavkasiis qveynebs Soris sabaJo, satranzito da sarkinigzo xelSekrulebas, ramac teritoriulis garda yvela sxva sakiTxebi moxsna qveynebs Soris urTierTobaSi.22 1919 wlis oqtomberSi uordropma piradad miswera sagareo saqmeTa ministr lord kerzons da sTxova eRiarebina kavkasiis respublikebis damoukidebloba. kerzonma es nabiji naCqarevad CaTvala, rac ukavSirdeboda im momentisaTvis ruseTis momavlis gadauwyvetelobas da aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi respublikaTa dacvis aucileblobas, rasac britaneTi mokavSireebTan SeuTanxmeblad ver gaakeTebda.23 qarTveli xalxis megobari arc ministris uars SeuCerebia da amis Semdegac ganagrZobda imave mimarTulebiT muSaobas, ramac mis uSualo zemdgoms, sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis departamentis ufross - jorj kidstons aTqmevina Semdegi: „uordroFO 371/4931/E238/1/58; FO 371/3673/166767-177987/172978/58 FO 608/84 (unnumbered) f. 114-124; FO 608/88 no. 6915; FO 371/3663/1015/139965/58; FO 371/3662/1015/106853/58 22 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 68-72 23 Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 560-562, London 1949; FO 608/85 unnumbered, f. 236-240; ibid, pp. 577-578; FO 371/3663 File 1015, no. 131980; FO 371/3663/1015/144528/58. 20 21 16 pi gvbombavs Tavisi grZeli reportebiT kavkasiis respublikaTa aRiarebis moTxovnis Taobaze.“ 1919 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi Camosuli britaneTis xmelTaSua zRvis Zalebis sardali, admirali de robeki ixsenebda, Tu ra siamayiT uyveboda uordropi „mis qarTvelebze“, ramac admirals am xalxze kargi STabeWdileba Seuqmna. igive istoria ganmeorda uordropisa da samxreT ruseTSi didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisris - ser halford makinderis Sexvedrisas.24 misma dauRalavma muSaobam Tavisi Sedegi mainc gamoiRo. 1919 wlis 24 dekembers lordma kerzonma memorandumi warudgina ministrTa kabinets samxreT kavkasiis Taobaze. es gaxldaT umaRlesi komisris moRvaweobis erTi udidesi gamarjvebaTagani. 13 gverdian memorandumSi, im adgilebSi, sadac saqarTvelozea saubari, dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli uordropis reportebidan amonaridebs amoicnobs. baTumis olqze naTqvamia, rom is istoriuli saqarTvelos nawili iyo yovelTvis, TurqeTis mier mis dapyrobamde. saerTaSoriso dokumentSi pirvelad gaCnda 1801 wels ruseTis moqmedebis aneqsiad Sefasebis faqti. aqve aRiniSna qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis arseboba pre-qristianuli xanidan moyolebuli, qarTvelTa roli jvarosnul moZraobaSi. 1907 wels haagis konferenciisadmi qarTvelTa peticiis wardgena (romelSic uordropma lomis wvlili Seitana - b.k.) da a.S. mimdinare viTarebaze saubrisas kerzoni aRniSnavs, rom rogorc ukanasknelma reportebma aCvenes, saqarTvelos hyavda regionSi yvelaze gamocdili mTavroba. isini iyvnen TavianT mezoblebze ufro civilizebulni da evropuli fesvebis matarebelni. maT Caaqres bolSevikTa yvelanairi ajanyeba da gaumklavdnen baTumis britanuli administraciis safarqveS moqmed denikinelTa propagandas.25 rogorc vxedavT, uordropma 4 Tviani muSaobis Sedegad viTareba, saqarTvelos imiji kardinalurad Secvala. 1919 wlis dekembrisaTvis saqarTvelos xelisufleba iwodeboda gamocdilad, baTumi _ saqarTvelos istoriul nawilad, qarTveli xalxi _ civilizebulad. sagareo saqmeTa ministri Tavad aRiarebda, rom britaneli samxedroebis safarqveS saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen denikinelebi da a.S. Tavad britaneTis xelisufleba qarTvel warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedrisas Tavs iwonebda, rom oliver uordropis daniSvniT maT saqarTvelosadmi arsebuli simpatiis Sesaxeb xmamaRla ganacxades. procesi aq ar SeCerebula. denikinelTa ukandaxevisa da bolSevikTa moaxloebis gamo uordropma yoveldRiurad, zogjer dReSi orjer, daiwyo reportebis gagzavna londonSi - kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa damoukideblobis aRiarebisa da maTTvis iaraRiT, sursaTiT, kreditiT daxmarebis moTxovniT. Sedegmac ar daayovna. 1920 wlis 10 FO 371/3664/1015/153849/58; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 783; FO 418/54 File 1089 no. 176979 25 CAB 24/95 CP 336 24 17 ianvars lordma kerzonma parizSi, antantis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa sabWos sxdomaze daayena da gaitana saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifoTa de faqtod aRiarebis sakiTxi.26 uordropi gamarjvebas zeimobda. swored man axara pirvelma saqarTvelos mTavrobas aRiarebis ambavi. 13 ianvars is londons acnobebda: “aRiarebam TbilisSi didi patriotuli demonstraciebi gamoiwvia. informaciis gamocxadebidan erT saaTSi qalaqi droSebiT iyo mofenili, manqanebis moZraoba SeCerda, maRaziebi da qarxnebi daixura. mTelma garnizonma, kavaleriiTa da artileriiT, Cemi saxlis win mosasalmeblad Caiara. Semdeg me da premier-ministri mTavrobis sasaxlesTan daveswariT aRlums, romelsac treid-unionebi da yvela wodebis Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebic SeurTdnen. premier-ministrma da sagareo saqmeTa ministrma xalxis uzarmazari raodenobis winaSe warmosTqves Zlier patriotuli, anti-bolSevikuri da pro-britanuli sityvebi. xalxTa masis mxridan mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi viRebdi usasrulo emociebs da maT Cems manqanamde mxrebze ayvanilebma mimiyvanes. qalaqi gaanaTes da operaSi gaimarTa didi pro-britanuli demonstracia, romelsac Ramis 11 saaTidan dilis 4 saaTamde banketi mohyva, sadac warmoiTqva uamravi pro-britanuli sityva...”27 damoukideblobis aRiarebis dRisadmi mowyobili zeimis TviTmxilvelma – maro mayaSvilma Tavis pirad dRiurSi Caiwera, rom xalxis masa uordropis saxls miadga, xolo “b. oliverma miuloca da usurva dRegrZeloba, qarTulaT sTqva: “gaumarjos turfa saqarTvelos!”28 15 ianvars baqodan miweril pirad werilSi britaneTis konsuli da 1920 wlis seqtembridan umaRlesi komisris Tanamdebobaze uordropis Semcvleli, polkovniki stoqsi mas eubneboda: “ara mgonia, SesaZlebeli iyos werilis dawyeba imaze ukeT, vidre mTeli guliT mogilocoT saqarTvelosadmi Tqveni imedebis asruleba da Tqveni yofna TbilisSi im dros, rodesac es didebuli ambavi movida.”29 Tavad uordropi cols piradi emociebis Sesaxeb atyobinebda: “es aris Cemi cxovrebis erT-erTi ubednieresi dRe... risi imedic 30 wlis manZilze mqonda, axda...” da am emociebSi sakuTar wvlilsac ar iviwyebda – “verc ki vaanalizeb im gamarjvebas, romelic movipove. me am saqmisaTvis yvelaze meti gavakeTe da aq es yvelam icis.” uordropi qarTvelTa xotbis sagnad iqca – “gaocdebodi, rom genaxa, rogor interesTa centrSia Seni prozauli qmari”. sadResaswaulo banketze man sapatio adgili Tbilisis meris gverdiT daikava da “oTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi Cems Sesaxeb saqebari saubari mimdinareobda... 26 Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 741-742, 746747 London 1949; FO 371/3666/1015/167947/58; FO 371/3666/1015/167875/58; FO 371/3666/1015/168506/58; FO 371/3666/1015/169174/58; FO 371.3666/1015/169118/58; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. II, pp. 796-797, London 1948; FRUS PPC, Vol 9, pp. 958-959; CAB 29/41 C. M. 1 27 FO 371/3666 File 1015 no. 172086 28 m. mayaSvili – dRiuri, gv. 140-141, Tbilisi 2014 29 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. D. 39.9, f. 13 18 erTi Seni da bavSvebis sadRegrZelo Tqves. yvelaze araCveulebrivi dRe iyo, romelic odesme gamitarebia.” momdevno, municipalitetSi gamarTul banketze is mTavrobis Tavmjdomaresa da patriarqs Soris dasves da uTxres, rom is qarTveli eris ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo, xolo diplomatebisaTvis gamarTul vaxSamze, romelsac xatisianic eswreboda, saqarTvelos da somxeTis premier-ministrebs Soris ijda. is eiforiaSi iyo – “Tu raime Zalian ginda, SeiZleba didi xniT mocda dagWirdes, magram Sen mas mainc miiReb da me ar vnanob, rom guSindel dRes 33 weli vucdidi.” uordropma rogorc mTavrobis, ise qalTa sazogadoebis emociebic daimsaxura. is meuRles swerda: “ar ieWviano, magram unda giTxra – dRes qalbatonebma gamimxiles, rom maT yovelTvis movwondi, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac me am kviraSi saqarTvelosTvis gavakeTe, isini maRmerTeben... ministrebma damarwmunes, rom sakmarisia me maT raime vTxovo da isini aucileblad gaakeTeben. es misia warmatebulad warvmarTe da Cems cxovrebaSi triumfis droa, romelsac bolomde veranairi samomavlo warumatebloba ver daangrevs.”30 marTlac faqti iyo, rom man yvelaze meti gaakeTa man moigo es brZola. ojaxs mowyvetili mainc saqarTvelos momavalze fiqrobda. Tumca is yvelafers qarTvelebisgan farulad akeTebda, aravin icoda misi notebis Sinaarsi. londonSi gagzavnili emociuri Setyobinebebis fonze, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan Sexvedrebis dros mas Tavi diplomatiurad eWira da ar agrZnobinebda Tavis pirad damokidebulebas. ufro metic, qarTul gazeTebSi gamoCnda misTvis xotbis Semsxmeli werilebi, razec man xelisuflebas protesti ganucxada da msgavsi werilebis akrZalva mosTxova, radgan mas Seeqmneboda tendenciuri, pro-qarTuli imiji, rac saqmisaTvis warmatebis momtani ar iqneboda. amis miuxedavad, qarTveli xalxi mixvda mis WeSmarit damsaxurebas. britanel komisars madliereba saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi da gansakuTrebiT damoukideblobis aRiarebis Semdgom ar mohklebia. 1920 wlis 10 ianvris Semdgom dReebSi mas yvela kuTxidan mosdioda qarTul enaze, ubralo qarTvelebis mier dawerili samadlobeli werilebi Semdegi saTaurebiT: „Zmao oliver!“, „batono oliver“, „mogesalmebiT ara rogorc britanels, aramed rogorc saqarTvelos Svils!“ da a.S.31 Tumca bolSevikuri safrTxe axlovdeboda. 1920 wlis TebervalSi, britaneTis Tavdacvis saministrom isargebla ra lord kerzonis SvebulebaSi yofniT, gadawyvetileba miiRo baTumidan jarebis evakuaciis Taobaze, rac faqtobrivad niSnavda mterTan qveynis pirispir Setovebas. am faqtis SetyobisTanave umaRlesma komisarma ganucxada sagareo saministros, rom gadadgeboda, Tu es 30 31 f. 19; Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 84-95 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. D. 38.9, f. 15-19; ibid, C. 2. 19 gadawyvetileba ar Seicvleboda, radgan es mis mosazrebebs da reportebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. uordropi mixvda, rom Tu britanuli jarebi saqarTvelos datovebdnen, garduvali gaxdeboda qveynis bolSevikuri okupacia, romelsac TviTon veRar SeaCerebda da amis Tavidan asacileblad sakuTari kariera riskis qveS daayena. sakuTari mTavrobiTa da zogadad politikosebiT imedgacruebas ver malavda colisadmi miweril pirad werilSi: „Sen albaT gaige, rom denikinis saqmeebi cudad midis. aSkaraa, rom misi saqme wasulia da, rac Zveli ruseTisgan darCa, bolSevikebi yvelafers daikaveben, garda, samxreT kavkasiisa. maTi samxreT kavkasiis miRma datoveba SesaZlebelia, Tu mokavSireebi da gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTi, gonivrulad moiqcevian; magram rogorc ici, me mTavrobaTa gonierebis ar mwams. ara mgonia, loid jorjma icodes, sad aris kavkasia... lordma kerzonma yvelaferi icis mis Sesaxeb da imedi maqvs, rom misi gavlena daCrdilavs mis kolegebs, gansakuTrebiT CerCils.”32 lordma kerzonma Svebulebidan dabrunebis Semdeg moaxerxa gadawyvetilebis SeCereba da komisars miswera werili, sadac mas srul ndobas ucxadebda.33 samwuxarod, klimatur pirobebTan SeuTavseblobis gamo is mZimed daavadda. cols yoveldRiurad swerda misi janmrTelobis rTuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. qarTvelma eqimebma mas simsivnuri gamonazardic aRmouCines da eqimma maWavarianma operaciac Cautara. igi iZulebuli gaxda sagareo saqmeTa saministrosaTvis gadadgomis Taobaze gancxadebiT miemarTa. saministro karga xans yoymanobda, ar akmayofilebda mis moTxovnas, radgan misi saTanadod Secvla ar iyo ioli saqme. oliveri cols swerda, rom 1920 wlis 30 martidan 16 aprilamde saxlidan erTxelac ver moaxerxa gasvla, logins iyo mijaWvuli, saqmes veRar akeTebda da am umoqmedobiT ufro meti ziani mohqonda, vidre sikeTe. mas surda samSobloSi dabruneba, mkurnaloba da gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg samuSaod safrangeTSi gadasvla, raTa iq, saerTaSoriso politikur movlenaTa epicentrSi ekeTebina saqme.34 am droisaTvis mas ukve mopovebuli hqonda saqarTvelos aRiareba, britanuli jarebic rCebodnen baTumSi, samxreT kavkasiis respublikebs Sorisac met-naklebi mSvidoba sufevda. 8 Tviani dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad man SeuZlebeli SeZlo da faqtiurad misiis didi nawili Sesrulebuli hqonda. aprilis bolos oliver uordropma sabolood datova saqarTvelo. mis gegmas imis Taobaze, rom ukve safrangeTidan gaewia daxmareba saqarTvelosaTvis damoukideblobis gamyarebaSi, aRsruleba ar ewera, radgan mis gamojanmrTelebas da samsaxurSi dabrunebas 1 weli dasWirda. am dros ki saqarTvelo ukve okupirebuli iyo. Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 148-149 FO 371/4931 File 1 no. E65 34 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 155-170 32 33 20 misi Rvawli jerovnad iqna dafasebuli. 1922 wels mefem is britaneTis imperiis raindis wodebiT daajildova da iwodeboda ser oliver uordropad. diplomatiuri karieris bolo wlebi (1921-1927) man strasburgSi gaatara generaluri konsulis Tanamdebobaze. amis Semdegac britaneTSi moxvedrili nebismieri nacnobi qarTveli misi daxmarebiT saqmianobda. igi, mis mierve dafuZnebuli marjori uordropis fondis daxmarebiT, aZlierebda qarTvelologiur mecnierebebs britaneTSi. gardaicvala 1948 wlis 19 oqtombers 84 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia londonTan axlos, sevenouqsis wminda nikolozis eklesiis sasaflaoze marjori uordropTan da meuRlesTan erTad. beqa kobaxiZe 21 werilebi colisadmi 05.09.1919-19.04.1920 tfilisi _ sevenouqsi tfilisi 5. 9. 19. Cemo uZvirfaseso, bolo werili ori dRis win gamogigzavne. mas Semdeg ki, mouclelobis gamo, verafriT movaxerxe mowera. oTxSabaT saRamos generalma korim1 Cems pativsacemad vaxSami gamarTa, romelzec mis qveSevrdom generlebsa da sxva samxedroebs Sevxvdi. vaxSams aseve eswrebodnen: amerikeli polkovniki has[k] eli,2 misi meuRle da meliqovebi. batoni meliqovi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sul oci wlisaa, sakmaod kargi poetia. Tavisi leqsebis patara krebulic gamomigzavna wasakiTxad. sasiamovno saRamo gavatareT simReris, fortepianosa da violinos TanxlebiT (violinos SesaniSnavi Semsrulebeli, gvarad slucki ukravda). guSin didxans vesaubre sagareo saqmeTa ministr gegeWkorsa da uamrav adamians, vinc CemTan Sexvedra moisurva. maT Soris iyo mamuka orbelianic, romelic saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom miamagra Cems misias. is da misi meuRle (saqarTvelos Zveli samefo dinastiis STamomavali) TiTqmis srulyofilad da uSecdomod floben inglisurs. ueiTi da grandi3 guSin Tavs kargad ver grZnobdnen, Tumca dRes orive ukeTaa. me janmrTelobas ar vuCivi miuxedavad imisa, rom daZabuli reJimi maqvs da amindTan Seguebac miWirs. guSin RamiT Cemma maspinZlebma4 vaxSmad qarTveli da somexi kapitalistebi moiwvies, raTa maTTan Sexvedris saSualeba momcemoda. dRes didxans velaparake general baraTovs, romelic general denikinis warmomadgenelia samxreT kavkasiaSi. SeiZleba gaxsovs kidevac - swored is xelmZRvanelobda ruseTis armias sparseTSi da 1 general-maiori jorj norTonkori - didi britaneTis Savi zRvis (salonikis) Zalebis 27-e diviziis meTauri 1919 wlis maisidan seqtembramde. 27-e divizia 1918 wlis dekembridan 1919 wlis seqtembramde, anu britanuli jarebis evakuaciamde axorcielebda saqarTvelos teritoriis okupacias. korimde am divizias xelmZRvanelobdnen generlebi: jorj forestie-uokeri da uiliam tomsoni. koris da uordrops mxolod ramdenimedRiani nacnoboba hqondaT, radgan 30 agvistos tfilisSi Camosulma uordropma 6 seqtembers gaacila Tavisi Tanamemamule. 2 polkovniki uiliam haskeli - parizis samSvidobo konferenciis mier daniSnuli mokavSireTa umaRlesi komisari somxeTSi. 3 uordropis TanaSemweebi. 4 jer uordropi, xolo Semdeg misi Semcvlelebi - hari luki da polkovniki stoqsi cxovrobdnen im droisaTvis yvelaze mdidari qarTvelis, akaki xoStarias saxlSi, romelic mdebareobs maCablis quCaze. 22 mesopotamiaSi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda britanelebTan. vici, rasac giyvebi, Zalze mosawyenad JRers, magram sxva marTlac araferi xdeba. mTeli Cemi aqauri cxovreba saqmes miaqvs. erTi ambavi rom mTavrdeba, meore iwyeba. sadili da vaxSamic ki samuSaos nawilad meqca. mxolod RamiT daZinebamde da diliT sauzmemde meZleva Tavisuflebis wuTebi. am dros yvelaferze vfiqrob. samuSao magidaze Seni da bavSvebis portretebi miwyvia. CemTvis ar arsebobs dasvenebis ukeTesi saSualeba, vidre Tqveni saxeebisTvis Tvalis Sevlebaa. mesmis, rom ar unda vibuzRuno. aq yofna gzas mixsnis da Sanss maZlevs, saxeli gaviTqva da mniSvnelovani saqme gavakeTo. siZneleebi, romelTac yoveldRe vawydebi, erTi SexedviT, dauZleveli da gadaulaxavia. ajobebda, ufro Zlieri da axalgazrda vyofiliyavi, magram imeds mainc ar vkargav da mouTmenlad velodebi SenTan Sexvedras. 23 SabaTi, 6 seqtemberi. 1919. 1 saaTi da 45 wuTi axlaxans davbrundi general koris pativsacemad gamarTuli vaxSmidan. meniusac gigzavni. aTasgvari qarTuli kerZi mogvarTves. saRamos qarTuli sanadimo simRerebi da cekvebi axlda. baRSi, sufTa haerze visxediT. sufras RambaSiZe5 Tamadobda, romelmac yvela sadRegrZelo inglisurad gviTargmna. SabaTi. SuadRe. Zalian dakavebuli viyavi da TiTqmis ar mqonda dro, raime mimematebina werilisTvis, romelsac general koris baTumSi vatan. aq Zalian cxela da amindi Cems janmrTelobaze arc ise kargad moqmedebs. kmayofili viqnebodi, varjiSs rom vaxerxebde, magram drois gamonaxva rTulia. wuxel stumrebs Soris azerbaijanis premier-ministri, batoni usubekovic iyo. is vaxSmobisas Cems win ijda. sasiamovno mosaubre aRmoCnda. Zalian Tavaziani adamiania da SesaniSnavi iumori aqvs. ufro dasavlels hgavs, vidre aRmosavlels. Zalianaa mowadinebuli, rom baqos, rac SeiZleba, male vestumro. vaxSamma mxiarulad Caiara. aSkarad igrZnoboda enTuziazmi da Tbili urTierTdamokidebuleba. me pirveli saaTisTvis wamovedi. roca iqauroba davtove, Cveni oficrebi da qarTvelebi erTad cekvavdnen. rogorc miTxres, dilis 5 saaTze daSlilan. qarTvelebs Zalian swydebaT guli, rom Cveni jariskacebi maT qveyanas toveben. sadacaa generali kori mestumreba, rom tfilisSi yofnis ukanaskneli saaTi CemTan erTad gaataros. werilis wera unda Sevwyvito, radgan generlis mosvlamde oficialur dokumentebze maqvs xeli mosaweri. giZRvniT udides siyvaruls, Sen - Cems ganumeorebel meuRlesa da Cvens Svilebs. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSensa da kamilas.6 Seni o. u. 5 daviT RambaSiZe - saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli did britaneTSi. 6 kamila - uordropis meuRlis margaret koletis da. 24 tfilisi. kvira Rame 7 seqtemberi, 1919 Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso, axlaxans vivaxSme Cems oTaxSi. didi xania, ase ar movqceulvar. SemeSinda, rom maspinZlebs da CemTan Sesaxvedrad mosul stumrebs vawyeninebdi, magram grandis da ueiTs davujere, rom samuSao Cemze cudad moqmedebs da dasveneba mWirdeba. dilidan SuaRamemde muSaoba da aTas saintereso Tu uintereso sakiTxze fiqri marTlac Zalian mZabavs. albaT kargad moviqeci, rom erTi Tavisufali saRamo davuTme sakuTar Tavs. guSin RamiT general koris werili gavugzavne SenTan wamosaRebad. vSiSob, rom naweri Zalian, Zalian uTavbolo da bundovani gamomivida, magram Sen kargad ici, rogor pirobebSi miwevs cxovreba. amitom didi imedi maqvs, rom mapatieb. Tavisi ukanaskneli wuTebi tfilisSi korim CemTan erTad gaatara. sadgurze erTad wavediT. gamomSvidobebis ceremoniali araCveulebrivi gamovida. mTeli ori milis manZilze, quCis gaswvriv, samxedroebi idgnen. quCebi xalxiT iyo savse, ministrebi ki sadgurze gvelodnen. yofil saimperatoro mosacdelSi, romelic yvavilebiT iyo morTuli, qarTvelebma misi sadRegrZelo dalies, janmrTeloba usurves; aRniSnes, rom guli swydebodaT misi gamgzavrebis gamo da imedovnebdnen, rom es mxolod “Au revoir” iyo da ara samudamo damSvidobeba. generalma saqarTveloSi sul oTxi Tve, tfilisSi ki mxolod eqvsi kvira gaatara, Tumca qarTvelebis siyvarulis mopoveba mainc moaxerxa. is araCveulebrivi adamiania, gansakuTrebul momxibvlelobasa da Sinagan sinaTlesTan Sezavebuli brwyinvale samxedro unar-CvevebiT. vwuxvar, rom ufro didxans ar momiwia masTan muSaoba. erTad bevr rames SevcvlidiT. Sin Cemi erT-erTi msubuqi manqaniT davbrundi. Zalian komfortuli ar aris, magram mZRolis wyalobiT mSvenieri siCqariT dadis. vwuxvar, magram unda vaRiaro, rom wesebi davarRvieT - ukana fari ar muSaobda. gagvaCeres kidec, magram rogorc ki gairkva, rom manqana „inglisel komisars“ ekuTvnoda, aTasjer mogvibodiSes. mZRols vuTxari, rom sagzao moZraobis wesebs yuradRebiT moekidos. ori mZRoli myavs, ori msubuqi manqana da erTi satvirTo furgoni bargisaTvis. 25 7. 09. 19. naSuadRevs denikinis warmomadgenlis, general baraTovis sanaxavad wavedi, magram ar damxvda. amitom Cems Zvel megobars, pirveli rusuli revoluciuri mTavrobis wevrs, anastasia wereTels Sevuare. bolo aTi welia, sabavSvo gazeTs redaqtorobs, dResac muSaobs miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve sakmaod moxucia da daRla saxeze aweria. daminaxa Tu ara, ise Camikra gulSi, TiTqos didi xnis dakarguli Svili ipova. sabralos SarSan geri gardaecvala. mere ki, sanam TviTon qalaqgareT iyo, saxli gauqurdes da yvelaferi waiRes, risi gazidvac moaxerxes. Cemma maspinZelma ZiriTadad sakvebis maragsa da gaZvirebul cxovrebaze iwuwuna. masTan naxevari saaTi gavatare. miTxra, rom marjoris gardacvalebis aTi wlis TavTan dakavSirebiT Jurnalis specialuri nomris gamoSvebas apirebda da dasZina, rom xSirad kiTxulobda marjoris Zvel werilebs. miaxloebiTac ver warmoidgen, rogor uyvarT marjori saqarTveloSi, raoden didi adgili uWiravs mas qarTvelTa gulebSi. TiTqos marjori aqaurebis wmindanebs utoldeba da yvelafers, rac mis xsovnasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saTuTad ufrTxildebian. gegoneba, rom yvela sityva, romelic marjoris uTqvams, qarTvelebma saguldagulod Caiweres da daimaxsovres. Cemma maspinZelma xoStariam dRes cota ram miambo Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aTi wlis win mebaRed muSaobda baTumSi. Svidi wlis win, roca misi kapitali 2000 funti iyo, sparseTSi wavida. rogorc vxvdebi, misi amJamindeli qoneba milionobiT sterlings Seadgens. saxli ki, sadac misi wasvlis Semdeg me unda vicxovro, 70000-mdea Sefasebuli. xoStaria ambobs, rom maSin ufro bednieri iyo, roca or Silingad sxva adamianebisTvis muSaobda, vidre axlaa, roca Tavadebi, generlebi da bankirebi muSaoben misTvis. misma colma ki, erT-erTma yvelaze fumfula qalma maT Soris, vinc ki odesme Semxvedria, gamimxila, rom is dro enatreba, roca mTel dReebs sadilebis mzadebasa da kabebis kervaSi atarebda da sakuTari SromiT cxovrobda baTumsa Tu CrdiloeT sparseTis junglebSi. is ambobs, rom mzadaa, Zvel yofas daubrundes, Tuki misi qmari janmrTelad iqneba da ojaxisTvisac gamoZebnis dros. col-qmars RviZli Svili ar hyavs da gogona iSviles, romelic axla borjomSia. Cemi diasaxlisi, gogonas TojinebiTurT, xval apirebs mis mosanaxuleblad wasvlas. dRes CvenTan erTad xoStarias biZaSvilma isadila. asakovani kacia. adre ruseTis xelisuflebaSi muSaobda, axla ki pensiazea. me is bolos 1910 wels erevanSi vnaxe. masac da mis colsac xalxi poetebad icnobs. amJamad orive pensiazea da 10 oTaxian saxlSi cxovrobs qalaq gorSi, romelic, Tuki Cvens valutaze dRevandeli kursiT gadavaxurdavebT, 200 funt sterlingad aqvT nayidi. male somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi unda wavide. rogorc gavige, am respublikebSic iseve kargad damxvdebian, rogorc saqarTveloSi. 26 ase rom, win daZabuli periodi melis. gradni da ueiTi „qarTul klubSi“ wasvlas da Tavis gamoCenas apireben. aivnis qvemodan stumrebis xmebi mesmis. jer 10 saaTic ar aris, magram unda davwve, rom kargad gamoviZino da xvalindel dRes momzadebuli Sevxvde. Rame mSvidobisa, Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso. xval kidev mogwer. 27 11. 9. 19. Cemma maspinZelma guSin RamiT SesaniSnavi vaxSami gamarTa, romelzec azerbaijanis premier-ministri da misi kolegebi, aseve saqarTvelos premier-ministri, batoni Jordania da misi kolegebi iyvnen mowveulni. vaxSams daaxloebiT 40 adamiani daeswro. mTeli saRamos ganmavlobaSi ansambli simebian sakravebze ukravda. me Tavs cudad vgrZnobdi da CavTvale, rom ajobebda banketze ar gamovCeniliyavi. eqimma RambaSiZemac7 mirCia, ramdenime dRe xmaurs movridebodi. mec davujere da Cems oTaxSi davrCi. havis Secvlis gamo ueiTic SeuZlod iyo. amitom Cems warmomadgenlad banketze grandi gavgzavne. avad ar var, Cemi sisuste ufro gadaRlis bralia. kargad gamoviZine da SemiZlia vTqva, rom dRes Tavs gacilebiT mxned vgrZnob. roca es saxli Cvens xelSi gadmova, rac imedi maqvs male moxdeba, albaT Tavs ufro komfortulad vigrZnobT da damatebiTi socialuri valdebulebebisganac gavTavisufldebiT. saSinao saqmeebs aq mTeli rigi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. gansakuTrebiT wylis nakleboba gvawuxebs. isic unda vTqva, rom aqauri wyali sakmaod aramimzidvelad gamoiyureba da araTu misi daleva, abazanis miRebac ki arasasiamovnoa. aqauroba [britanelma] samxedroebma TiTqmis sruli SemadgenlobiT datoves. mxolod ramdenime oficeria darCenili da kviris bolomde isinic miemgzavrebian. mixaria, rom tfilisSi maT wasvlamde Camovedi. amindi SesaniSnavia. temperatura dabla iwevs da mgoni, havac TandaTan umjobesdeba. guSin gazeT „kldeSi“ daibeWda poeti qalis, domenika erisTavis SesaniSnavi statia marjorize. yvelafers vinaxav, rom ukan dabrunebulma bodleinis biblioTekas gadavce. rogorc gavige mister rukeris, sevenouqsis8 moZRvris Svili Sin dabrunebula. mainteresebs, rogoria misi STabeWdilebebi qveyanaze, sadac ramdenime Tve gaatara. jeimi da endi9 albaT ukve wavidodnen skolaSi. momiyevi, rogor eguebian. aucileblad gamovugzavni bavSvebs Ria baraTebs, rogorc ki SevZleb. aq politikuri Worebi dadis, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi situacia icvleba da ramdenime dReSi yvelafers naTeli moefineba. 7 vaxtang RambaSiZe - did britaneTSi saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis daviT RambaSiZis Zma. samedicino ganaTleba miiRo moskovsa da parizSi. emigraciaSi yofnisas 1924-1951 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda safrangeTSi qarTul saTvistomos. 8 sevenouqsi - qalaqi kentis sagrafoSi, sadac mdebareobda uordropebis saojaxo mamuli 9 jeims da endriu uordropebi - oliver uordropisa da margaret koletis ufrosi Svilebi. 28 mixaria, rom londonidan telegramebi gacilebiT swrafad modis. guSin erTi miviReT, romelsac gzaSi mxolod sami dRe dasWirda. jer mxolod erTi Tve gavida mas Semdeg, rac Cems Zvirfass movSordi. arada meCveneba, rom mTeli welia, ar minaxavxar. dRis 5 saaTi telegrafis muSaobis gaumjobesebaze rac mogwere, simarTle ar aRmoCnda. axlaxans miviRe Sens mier 19 agvistos konstantinopolSi Sens erTaderT siyvarulTan gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Setyobineba. miuxedavad dagvianebisa, didi siamovnebiT vkiTxulob Sens nawers da mzad var moZvelebuli ambebi ukanasknel siaxleebad miviRo. ar viciT, greisi10 rodis gamoCndeba. xuTSabaTi. 11. 9. 19. amanaTi baTumSi midis, amitom axla mets verafers mogwer. Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob. didi siyvaruli Cemgan Cems Zvirfas meuRlesa da Svilebs, aseve dedaSens. marad Seni, o. u. 10 kapitani greisi - uordropis warmomadgeneli erevanSi. 29 tfilisi. 11. 9.19. Cemo Zvirfaso da erTaderTo, bednieri dRe gamiTenda. gamogigzavne Tu ara werili, londonidan Zveli gzavnili Camovida - Seni baraTebi, dawyebuli 19 agvistodan 26 agvistomde. ufro Zveli werilebi jer arsad Cans, magram mixaria, rom 16 dRis win Tavs kargad grZnobdi. Tumca CemTvis mainc usiamovnoa, rom sastumro oTaxSi avejis gadaadgilebiT daRlilxar. imedi maqvs, Zalian ar daqanculxar. saRamos sakmaod grZeli gza gaviareT. jer somxeTis premier-ministrs, baton xatisians vewvieT sapasuxo vizitiT, Semdeg ki kojrisken daviZariT. gza alag-alag saSinlad iyo dazianebuli, Cveni manqana ki arc ise Zlieri da komfortuli aRmoCnda, magram ukan dabrunebaze arc gvifiqria da 15 mili sakmaod mokle droSi davfareT miuxedavad imisa, rom 4000 futis simaRleze mogvixda asvla. Tvalwin tfilisisa da misi mimdebare soflebis araCveulebrivi xedi gadagveSala – triali mindvrebi, daserili kldeebi da udabno, aqa-iq aRmocenebuli ramdenime patara oazisiT. kojris misadgomebTan, sadac zafxulobiT tfilisis garnizoni iyo ganlagebuli, SemTxveviT gvazavas11 da mis meuRles12 SevxvdiT, romelic Cveni megobris, Cerqezovis13 Zmiswulia. col-qmarma Caize migviwvia. maTTan erTad 45 wuTi gavatareT da maTi Svilebic gavicaniT: gogona, Tamara, 6 wlis iqneba, xolo vaJi - jamleti, endis asakis. oriveni srulyofilad floben franguls, rusuls da qarTuls da, rogorc gviTxres, inglisuris Seswavlasac male daiwyeben. ukana gza mTvaris Suqze gamoviareT. Sin 8 saaTisTvis davbrundiT. dRes Tavs gacilebiT ukeT vgrZnob, Tumca Tavis tkivili mainc mawuxebs da vcdilob, rogorRac vimkurnalo. yvela nacnobi da megobari qarTveli, eqimia Tu ara, imdenad zrunavs Cems janmrTelobaze, ukve mrcxvenia. dRes erTi axalgazrda amerikeli gavicani, saxelad bleiqi14. Turme bolo xuTi welia qarTulis SeswavliTaa gatacebuli da aqaur universitetSi unda aswavlos. gansakuTrebuli adamiania, Tavisi codniTa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT. rogorc gavige, mis mSoblebs patara ferma aqvT. Camosvlis dRidan moyolebuli, ueiTi arc ise saxarbielo mdgomareobaSia kanis problemebis gamo. havis cvlilebam masze Zalian imoqmeda, Tumca bolo dros ukeTesoba daetyo. 11 giorgi gvazava - qarTveli politikosi, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. 12 nino CerqeziSvili 13 Tavadi varlam CerqeziSvili - cnobili anarqisti da qarTveli nacionalisti. 14 robert pirpont bleiki — amerikeli orientalisti, qarTvelologi, harvardis universitetis profesori, niko maris mowafe.1918-1920 wlebSi berZnul enasa da bizantiis istorias aswavlida tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. 30 11. 9. 19. Cveni diasaxlisi am diliT gaemgzavra, rac imas niSnavs, rom damoukideblad viwyebT cxovrebas. mgoni, yvelaferi gacilebiT martivi da mosaxerxebeli gaxdeba. xval Sevecdebi Sens moweril yvela SekiTxvas pasuxi gavce. Rame mSvidobisa, Cemo Zvirfaso. 12. 9.19. Seni werili kidev erTxel gadavikiTxe da mivxvdi, rom sinamdvileSi pasuxgasacemi kiTxvebi ar mogiweria. sjobs, bargis dazRvevis polisi Seinaxo; marTalia, jer ar damWirvebia, magram mainc. kmayofili var, rom lordi karzoni15 CemTvis gamogzavnil werilebs „didi pativiscemiTa da mokiTxviT“ asrulebs. es CemTvis win gadadgmuli nabijia oficialur ierarqiaSi. dRes somxeTis premier-ministrma Semomiara da karga xans visaubreT. tfilisSi sakmaod mokle vizitiTaa da greisis Camosvlis Semdeg (rogorc vici, xval ukve aq iqneba) Tavadac vestumrebi mas. vfiqrob, rom greisis erevanSi mouwevs darCena. sxvebTan erTad dRes qarTvel muslimTa delegacia da qarTvel ebraelTa mTavari rabini myavdnen stumrad. ebraelebi aq 2000 welze metia cxovroben. marto cxovrebis pirvel dRes Cvens mier dasaqmebulma mzareulma xarjTaRricxva mogvitana. is dReSi mxolod 650 rubls Seadgens da moicavs moumzadebel produqts. imedia, momavalSi am danaxarjs ar gavzrdiT. erTi kolofi asanTi 5 rubli Rirs, gazeTi – 3 rubli, erTi boTli adgilobrivi mineraluri wyali – 20 rubli da ase Semdeg. mixaria, rom ueiTi TiTqmis gamojanmrTelda, grandic mSvenivradaa. me cota gavcivdi, magram nerviulobad ar Rirs. „sevenouqsamde“ grZeli gzaa, Cemi guli ki mudam am gzisken miiwevs; magram vcdilob, imaze vifiqro, rom Cveni ganSoreba xangrZlivi ar aris da erTmaneTs saSobaod SevxvdebiT. axla aq cxovreba SenTvis Zalian damRleli iqneboda. sabralo misis haskeli general koris gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre rom vnaxe, sakmaod paTetikuri momeCvena. miTxra, rom qmars TiTqmis ver xedavda da arc megobari qalebi hyavda. aq saojaxo saqmeebis mixedva ucxoeli qalisTvis sakmaod rTulia. 15 lordi jorj naTaniel kerzoni - didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1919-1924 wlebSi. 31 11. 9. 19. mouTmenlad velodebi xvalindel dRes. greisi Camova da Sens dagvianebul werilebs Camoitans. kvira. 17. 9. 19. 10 da 18 agvistos werilebis wakiTxvam, romlebic greisim Camomitana, Zalian gamabedniera. Tvals ver vaSoreb Sens nawers. didi madloba... guSin saintereso dRe iyo. greisi da generali niukombi Camovidnen. am ukanasknels samxedro saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri operaciebis ganxorcieleba evaleba (kanadeli bankiria, rogorc vici), misi winamorbedi ki erevanSi, Cvens warmomadgenlobaSi daidebs binas. naSuadRevs bolSevikebma bombi esroles etls, romliTac denikinis warmomadgeneli, generali baraTovi da yofili mTavarsardali, generali odiSeliZe mgzavrobdnen. orive daSavda. polkovniki alxavi (romelsac vicnobdi), mZRolebi da zogierTi gamvleli daiRupnen, ramdenime adamiani ki daSavda. dRes niukombma da polkovnikma stoqsma16 (yofilma samxedro ataSem sparseTSi) CvenTan erTad isadiles. gigzavni Cemi Camosvlis dRes gadaRebul fotoebs. Cemi gadidebuli foto gamosagzavnad sakmaod mouxerxebeli zomisaa. dRes isev cxela da miuxedavad imisa, rom kviraa, imdeni rame maqvs mosaswrebi, Tavs uflebas ver vaZlev, dagegmil pirad saqmeebs mivxedo. guSin baliolis direqtorisgan17 SesaniSnavi vrceli werili miviRe. orSabaTi. 15. 9. 19. dilis 9 saaTi. kidev erTi mSvenieri dRe gaTenda. maincdamainc ar cxela. dRes bargs baTumSi vuSvebT. amitom SeiZleba, Zalian dakavebuli viyo da mosawerad veRar movicalo. magram minda icode, rom yovelTvis Senze vfiqrob da miyvarxar. guSin niukombma da polkovnikma stoqsma CvenTan erTad isadiles 16 polkovniki klod beifild stoqsi - jer uordropis warmomadgeneli baqoSi, xolo 1920-1921 wlebSi uordropisa da hari lukis Semcvleli samxreT kavkasiaSi misi udidebulesobis umaRlesi komisris Tanamdebobaze. 17 oqsfordis universitetis baliolis koleji, sadac oliver uordropma miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba. 32 da sparseTsa da baqoSi miRebuli samxedro gamocdilebis Sesaxeb miambes. greisimac gaixsena Tavisi ambebi, rogor gadaurCa ramdenimejer sikvdils da ra gamoiara moskovSi, bolSevikebis cixeSi. vcdilob, bavSvebisTvis gamosagzavnad Ria baraTebi vipovo, magram didi arCevani ar maqvs. SeiZleba, ramdenime sityvis mowera kidev movaxerxo, magram Tu dro ver gamovnaxe, gadaeci Cemi didi siyvaruli margarets, jeimis, endis da ninos,18 dedaSens da kamilas. aseve guliTadi mokiTxva mis melbais da sxva megobrebs. Seni o. u. dRis 4 saaTi. 15. 9. 19. sadilamde oficialuri Sexvedra unda mqonoda, romelic CaiSala. SemTxveviT visargeble da poetis qvrivs, olRa WavWavaZes Sevuare. man micno, magram CemTan saubarze uari ganacxada. bolo rva welia, srul Wkuaze araa. beqTabegovebTanac Seviare. diasaxlisma Cems danaxvaze tirili daiwyo da moindoma, momxveoda. orivem kiTxvebi damayares Sensa da bavSvebis Sesaxeb. maTTan mxolod ramdenime wuTiT gavCerdi. rogorc iqna, gigzavni ferad Ria baraTebs bavSvebisTvis, aseve werils tomisTvis da vinisTvis.19 Zalian dakavebuli, magram mainc mxiaruli, Seni o. u. 18.9.19 Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso meuRlev, bolo werili orSabaTs, 15-Si mogwere, meore diliT ki baTumisken daviZari. mas Semdeg saintereso TiTqmis aRaraferi momxdara, cxovreba ufro mSvidad warimarTa da saSualeba momeca, valad darCenili saqmeebisTvis mimexeda. gadawyvetili mqonda, Sua kviraSi erevnisken ameRo gezi, magram somexma ministrma mirCia Tavi Semekavebina, radgan Turme am periodSi iq malaria mZvinvarebs. garda amisa, gadaadgilebasa da dabinavebasTan dakavSirebiTac raRac problemebi Seiqmna. amitom jer greisi gaemgzavreba, rom me saqme gamiadvildes. savaraudod, me manamde azerbaijans vestumrebi. guSin me, grandi da ueiTi mama daviTis eklesias vestumreT, romelic mTel qalaqs zemodan gadmohyurebs da Camavali mzis fonze tfilisis araCveulebrivi xediT davtkbiT. eklesiis ezoSia WavWavaZis monumenti, gasaocari gemovnebiTa da ostatobiT Sesrulebuli 18 nino uordropi - oliver uordropisa da margaret koletis umcrosi Svili. tomas uordropi da vini - oliver da marjori uordropebis Zma da misi meuRle vinifred alis briCi. 19 33 qarTveli moqandakis, nikolaZis mier, romelic Turme rodenis moswavle yofila. saqarTvelos simbolo – qalis qandakeba, romelsac xelSi dafnis toti uWiravs, marmariloze dgas da bizantiuri ornamentebiT aris mokirwyluli, Sav filaze ki ubralod aweria: „ilia WavWavaZe, 1837-1907“. naSuadRevs saxokia20 mestumra. SeiZleba, gaxsovdes – briuselSi rom viyaviT saqorwino mogzaurobaSi, maSin Semomiara lanJeSi. axla franguls aswavlis aqaur skolaSi. bergenSi iyo Cvens sanaxavad da ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg Sin brundeboda. paraskevi. 19. 9. 19. gasaocrad sasiamovno da naTeli dilaa, Tavs SesaniSnavad vgrZnob. guSin SuadRisiT premier-ministr JordaniasTvis mokiTxvis baraTis dasatoveblad Seviare. SeuZlodaa. Semdeg Cemi Zveli megobari, tolstois moyvaruli ilia nakaSiZe movinaxule, romelsac ise gauxarda Cemi danaxva, rom gadamexvia. mogvianebiT, vanos biZaSvils, miSo maCabels Sevxvdi da misi ojaxi gavicani. man 1894 weli gaixsena, dro, roca ori jgufis _ WavWavaZistebis da maCablistebis Serigebas vcdilobdi. bolos, naxevari saaTi eqim eliaSvilTan gavatare, romelmac miambo ramdenime dRis win sofelSi misi saxlis dayaCaRebis mcdelobisa da mZarcveli jgufisgan Tavis dacvis Sesaxeb. 18. 9. 19. Cemi manqana uimedod gafuWda da sabuqsire manqanis gamoZaxeba momixda saxlSi mis misayvanad. manqanis SekeTebas ramdenime dRe mainc dasWirdeba, Tanac, meore avtomobilic gafuWebulia. RambaSiZem CvenTan erTad isadila da baTumisken gaemarTa general korisTan Sesaxvedrad. imedi maqvs, mSvidobiT CaaRwia. bolo xanebSi, zedized sami dRea, SeiaraRebulma dajgufebebma matareblebis Zarcvas mihyves xeli. arsebobs eWvi, rom isini sazRvargareT SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT moqmedeben. mTavari mizani saqarTvelos ususur qveynad warmoCenaa, qveynad, romelsac ingliselebis wasvlis Semdeg usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba ar SeuZlia. Tumca mTavrobam ukve gadadga qmediTi nabijebi – dakavebulia 800 bolSeviki, ZiriTadad, ucxoelebi. greisi xval SuadRisas apirebs erevanSi gamgzavrebas. azerbaijanis ministrTa kabinetSi cvlilebebia, amitom momiwevs baqoSi gamgzavreba iqamde gadavdo, sanam yvelaferi ar dalagdeba. vfiqrob, CemTan erTad polkovniki stoqsi (yofili samxedro ataSe sparseTSi) 20 Tedo saxokia - qarTveli politikosi, mwerali, eTnografi. 34 waviyvano. is SeiZleba Cems warmomadgenladac ki davniSno baqoSi. Cveni maspinZeli xoStaria da misi meuRle mosamsaxureebTan erTad londonSi apireben gamomgzavrebas. darwmunebuli var, saSualeba mogecema, Cemi ambebi maTgan moismino. imave periodSi londonSi wasvlas RambaSiZec fiqrobs. aq yofnis dros mSvenier garigebas miaRwia da, albaT, londonSic warmatebulad imuSavebs. momaval oTxSabaTs Cvens Zvirfas jeimisa da endis swavla ewyebaT. dilis rvis naxevarze (britanuli droiT 9 saaTsa da 30 wuTze), me maTze vifiqreb da visurveb, rom bednieri da nayofieri moswavleoba hqondeT. saRamos 7 saaTi. sawer magidasTan vzivar da vaxSams velodebi. win brolis larnaki midevs oTxi wiTeli da ori TeTri vardiT, iqve ki Cemi Zvirfasi meuRlisa da Svilebis portretebia. Sin cota xnis win davbrundi. ramdenime adgilas viyavi. ramdenime nawilis gamocvlis Semdeg, rogorc iqna, gafuWebuli manqanis gamoyeneba wuxel gaxda SesaZlebeli. 18. 9. 19. pirvel saaTze ukve parlamentis saSemodgomo sesiis gaxsnaze viyavi. mivedi Tu ara, mTeli darbazi fexze wamodga da ovaciiT Semegeba. parlamentis Tavmjdomarem sityva warmoTqva didi britaneTis Sesaxeb da mec momixsenia. sityvis dasrulebas kidev erTi ovacia mohyva. ramdenadac SemeZlo, guliTadad davukari sazogadoebas Tavi, rom Cemi mxurvale madliereba gamomexata. Semdeg parlamentma kanoni miiRo rkinigzaze yaCaRobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb da sxdoma dasrulda. maspinZlebma parlamentis Senoba damaTvalierebines (endis fotos vugzavni, rogor gamoiyureba mefisnacvlis sasaxle baRis mxridan) da gamesaubrnen. maT Soris, visac saRamos vestumre, domenika erisTavic iyo _ poeti qali, romelsac mimowera hqonda marjorisTan da cota xnis win gulSi Camwvdomi statiac gamoaqveyna mis Sesaxeb aqaur gazeTSi. vinaxule eqimi gedevani _ WavWavaZis erT–erTi gamocemis redaqtori, swored im gamocemisa, beqTabegovam rom jeimis gamougzavna saCuqrad. eqimi rentgenis aparatTan muSaobda da sakmaod dakavebuli iyo, Tumca Cems sanaxavad pacienti miatova. muSaobiT ar viRlebi, SedarebiT mSvidi periodi maqvs, Tavs araCveulebrivad msubuqad vgrZnob. 35 SabaTi, adriani SuadRe. am diliT erTi saaTi viseirne ueiTTan da grandisTan erTad. sufTa haerma saocrad imoqmeda Cemze, skolisken mimavali bavSvebis naxvamac gamabedniera. amjerad gigzavni qarTul ilustrirebul gazeTs, romlis pirvel gverdze Cemi da marjoris fotoebia. aseve SegiZlia gadaxedo frangul gazeTs, romelSic Cemi saqarTveloSi Camosvlaa aRwerili. albaT gaxsovs, jer kidev saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde aRvniSne, rom SeiZleboda konsulis Tanamdeboba SeeTavazebinaT erTi adamianisTvis, romelic sevenouqsidan kavkasiaSi unda gamomgzavrebuliyo. am adamians mxolod erTxel Sevxvedrivar, isic cxra wlis win, Tumca aq yoveldRe mesmis mosazrebebi mis Sesaxeb (rogorc britanelebis, aseve qarTvelebisa). yvelas erTi da igive mosazreba aqvs. Tvlian, rom is TanamdebobisTvis savsebiT Seuferebelia da misi aq muSaoba sikeTes aravis moutans. rasakvirvelia, Worebs ver gamovekidebi da verafers movimoqmedeb, magram didi imedi maqvs, rom gamoCndeba garemoeba, romelic mis kavkasiaSi Camosvlas xels SeuSlis. ra Tqma unda, es saidumlo informaciaa, magram Tu saWirod CaTvli, SegiZlia tomsa da vinis gaumxilo. kvira, 21. 9. 19. diliT sauzmemde isev gaviseirneT da rusul sakaTedro taZarsa da Tanamedrove qarTul eklesias vestumreT.21 qarTuli eklesia sakmaod kargi stilisaa, Tumca zogierTi morTuloba, cota ar iyos, auSnoebs. radgan kviraa, grandis da ueiTs vuTxari, daesvenaT. mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi gvianobamde uxdebodaT muSaoba. naSuadRevs, albaT, botanikur baRSi gaviseirnebT, iqidan ki „qarTul klubSi“ wavalT, romlis sapatio wevrebic varT. generali harbordi, amerikuli genStabis xelmZRvaneli,22 wesiT, aT dReSi aq unda iyos. imedia, misi Camosvla situacias naTels mohfens. vxvdebi, rom Cems karieraSi sakmaod kritikuli periodi dgas. Tu sirTuleebs Tavs davaRwev, Semdeg ukve SemeZleba SenTan da bavSvebTan erTad mSvidad davtkbe aqauri cxovrebiT. Tu davmarcxdebi, albaT, sjobs, Sen aq ar iyo. vfiqrob, or-sam TveSi yvelafers 21 igulisxmeba tfilisSi, rusTavelis gamzirze dRevandeli parlamentis Senobis adgilze mdebare rusuli samxedro taZari „soboro“ da qaSueTis eklesia. 22 generali jeims harbordi - 1919 wels prezident vudro uilsonis piradi davalebiT saTaveSi Caudga faqtebis Semswavlel komisias, romelsac somxeTSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi Seqmnili viTareba unda aRewera, ris safuZvelzec SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobas unda gadaewyvita somxeTze mandatis aReba. uordropi SecdomiT ixseniebs mas amerikuli genStabis xelmZRvanelad. 36 naTeli moefineba. Tumca, aseve SesaZlebelia, rom mdgomareoba moulodnelad Seicvalos. saxelmwifo kontrolioris, konstantine andronikovis mosvlam Semawyvetina wera. mgoni, wina werilSi mogiyevi im gulisamaCuyebeli mogonebis Sesaxeb, romelic man Cemze dawera - rogor SevxvdiT erTmaneTs 32 wlis win, roca andronikovi 12 wlis biWi iyo. mTeli guliT mepatiJeba Tavis mSobliur mxareSi, kaxeTSi ori kviris Semdeg rTvelze dasaswrebad. warmomidgenia, ramdenad sasiamovno da sasargeblo mogzauroba gamova. bevr saWiro adamiansac Sevxvdebi, Tumca am etapze baqosa da erevnis movla gacilebiT ufro prioritetulia. saintereso situaciaSi var. ucnauria, ucxo qveynis warmomadgeneli aseTi siyvaruliT iyo garSemortymuli, yvela fenis adamiani sakuTari ojaxis wevriviT an naTesaviviT giRebdes. CemTan ise modian, rogorc Zalian axlobelTan da brmad mendobian. ra Tqma unda, aseT mdgomareobaSi yofnas Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs, magram ar SemiZlia ar vaRiaro, rom aqaurebis damokidebuleba Zalian did bednierebas maniWebs. grandi didi ambiT yidulobs xaliCebs londonis saxlisa da Tavisi disTvis. misi gamocdileba mec gamomadgeba, Tu momavalSi xaliCebis SeZenas gadavwyvet. ise ki Tavad vurCie, rom saqonels gamogzavnamde dezinfeqcia Cautaros, radgan sakmaod saSiSi daavadebebia gavrcelebuli da xaliCa infeqciis erT-erTi saukeTeso gadamtania. saRamos 7 saaTi. vaxSmis dro axlovdeba, me ki isev gwer. SuadRisas botanikur baRSi wavediT manqaniT da cota xans viseirneT. lamazi, mwvane adgilia - sakmaod Rrma xevi SiSveli ferdobebiTaa garSemortymuli. guburebi wylis SroSanebiT da vercxlisferi TevzebiTaa savse. baRSi bevri ulamazesi yvavili da xe xarobs, patara mdinareze ki momcro xidebia gadebuli, iqve patara CanCqeric Camoedineba. mogvianebiT qalaqis aRmosavluri nawilisken daviZariT da Tvalwarmtac, mixveul-moxveul, uxeirod mokirwlul quCebs gavuyeviT kaxeTisken mimaval gzamde, sadac bolSevikebi da sxva yaCaRebi ixdian sasjels. fanjrebidan maTi danaxva Cvenc movaxerxeT. ukan dabrunebuls sparseTis generaluri konsuli mestumra da sakmao xans visaubreT. meSinia, aqauri wvrilmanebiT Tavi ar mogabezro, magram SenTvis ambebis moyolis siamovnebas ver velevi. Tu SeZleb, qarTuli koleqciidan (karadis qveda ori Taro) Semdegi wignebis or-ori egzemplari gadaawyve: ”vefxistyaosani”, ”visramiani”, 37 ”wminda ninos cxovreba”, ”gandegili”, giorgi V-is kanonebi, wminda jeimsis liturgia, inglisur-svanuri leqsikoni. wignebi kargad SefuTe, Sekari da aseTi warweriT gamomigzavne: ”o. uordropisaTvis dauzianeblad gadasacemad. Sua aRmosavleTis departamenti, sagareo urTierTobaTa ofisi.“ wignebi aqaurma biblioTekebma mTxoves. rogorc Cans, ”visramianis” arc erTi egzemplari, romelic 1914 wels gamovagzavne, aqamde ar Camosula. orSabaTi, adriani SuadRe. 22 seqtemberi. amanaTi sadacaa gamoigzavneba. yvelaferi rigzea. udidesi siyvaruliT, o.u. tfilisi. 29. 9. 19. Cemo uZvirfaseso meuRlev, guSinac mogwere, magram dRes isev Sevudeqi SenTan gamosagzavni werilis weras im imediT, rom Senamde droulad CamoaRwevs da Cveni qorwinebis iubiles aRsaniSnavad Cems siyvaruls Camoitans, Camoitans madlierebas, romelsac Sendami ganvicdi ubednieresi Svidi wlis gamo da yvelaze gulwrfel imeds, rom win kidev mravali bednieri dRe gvelis, Cvens usayvarles SvilebTan erTad, romlebic Sen maCuqe. xval biWebi swavlas iwyeben. fiqriT Tqvens gverdiT miguleT. imedi maqvs, sibejiTes gamoiCenen da TavianTi SromiT kacobriobas gauweven samsaxurs. Sin axlaxans davbrundiT. manqaniT gavediT da sionis sakaTedro taZari movinaxuleT, sadac wminda ninos vazis totebisgan Sekruli jvari da sxva relikviebi vnaxeT. taZari marTlac lamazia. seqtemberi ukve iwureba, magram mainc Zalian cxela. vSiSob, aqauri amindi Znelad asatani iqneboda SenTvis. dilis 8 saaTzec ki mze acxunebs da seirnobidan gaoflianebulebi vbrundebiT. samsaxurSi sakmaod bevri samuSaoa. yoveldRe uamrav telegramas viRebT da vgzavniT. sakancelario saqmes Cemi kabinetis gverdiTa oTaxSi akeTeben. grandis da ueiTs Ramis aT saaTamde uwevT iq muSaoba. Cemi janmrTeloba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. Tavis tkivilebs naklebad vuCivi. vcdilob, yvelafers martivad Sevxedo. 38 24 seqtemberi. saRamos 9 saaTi. sakmaod datvirTuli dRe mqonda. saRamo xans, vaxSmamde, manqaniT vimgzavreT. momeCvena, rom gadaWarbebuli siCqariT vmoZraobdiT. dRes yvelaferi movawesrige baqoSi wasasvlelad. SabaTs gavemgzavrebi da ukan, savaraudod, momdevno xuTSabaTs an paraskevs davbrundebi. Semdeg ki ramdenime dReSi erevanSi momiwevs wasvla. xval fostas baTumSi vgzavniT. am werilsac gamovayoleb. generali kori SuadRisas baTumidan konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra. amiT damTavrda Cveni armiis saqmianoba samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tumca generali kuk-kolisi jer kidev aq aris da baTumSi Cveni erTi garnizonic dgas. mainteresebs, biWebi rogor arian skolaSi gatarebuli pirveli dRis Semdeg. gaixares? minda didi madloba gadagixado 30 agvistosa da 1 seqtembris werilisTvis, romelic dRes Camovida. vwuxvar, rom gadaiRale da imedi maqvs, sawolSi gatarebulma dRem Sens janmrTelobaze kargad imoqmeda. ar mesmis, ratom dasWirda amdeni xani telegramis konstantinopolidan Senamde moRwevas. vinize nu idardeb. male isev ise iqneba, rogorc aqamde iyo, an sulac, ukeTesad. Cemi aqauri cxovreba Zalian sainteresoa da unda vaRiaro, rom bevri mizezis gamo, me is momwons. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli riskebi arsebobs, magram momwons xifaTiT an ufro metic, saSiSroebiT aRsavse cxovreba, miT umetes aq - CemTvis axlobel garemoSi. meCveneba, rom yvelaferi erTmaneTs ebmis, emateba da iseT SesaZleblobebs maZlevs, romlebzec verc ki viocnebebdi. araCveulebrivi, megobruli ganwyobiT var garSemortymuli, rac Zalian sasiamovnoa. ueiTi baqoSi CemTan erTad modis. mgoni, sakmaod STambeWdavi da gansxvavebuli TanamSromlebi meyoleba. radgan baqoze Camovarda laparaki, erT anekdotur ambavs mogiyvebi. erTi ucxoeli, maRali Tanamdebobis piri, xaliCis sayidlad wavida. SearCia Tavisi gemovnebiT da fasi ikiTxa. vaWarma xaliCa 50 000 daafasa, rac sakmaod gadaWarbebuli fasia. myidveli gabrazda da Setyobineba afrina azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi, romelmac myisve gamoagzavna eqvsi jariskaci. jariskacebma vaWari iqamde scemes, sanam man Sewyaleba ar iTxova da fasi 5 000-mde ar daswia. zemoxsenebuli pativsacemi persona mixvda, rom amjerad mcire Tanxa mosTxoves da sabolood, 10 000 gadaixada. aba, ras ityvi? mgoni, baqoSi xaliCebis yidva ar Rirs. SesaZloa, incidentma, romelic mogiyevi, usamarTlo sargebeli momces. yovelTvis didi siyvaruliT moikiTxe Cemgan dedaSeni da kamila, maSinac, roca amis mowera damaviwydeba. xom ici, mudmivad gadarbenaze var da werilebic naCqarevadaa dawerili. 39 xuTSabaTi, 25 seqtemberi. axlaxans visauzmeT. kokispirulad wvims. rogorc ki seirnobidan davbrundiT, maSinve dauSva. kargi iqneba, Tu gulianad iwvimebs, radgan bolo dros wylis problemam Zalian Segvawuxa. sfring raisis23 Sesaxeb statia Zalian saintereso iyo. madlobeli var, rom gamomigzavne. guSin „Taimsis“ ramdenime nomeri maTxoves. samwuxaroa, rom yvelaferi, rasac kavkasiaze weren, simarTlisgan Sors dgas. parlamentSi dasmul SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebic ki mcdar warmodgenas qmnis mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. SuadRis 3 saaTi. wvima maleve Sewyda da ramdenime saaTs mze anaTebda, Tumca mere isev moiRrubla. verc ki warmoidgen, ramden rameze miwevs fiqri da ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom Cems fiqrebs swori mimarTuleba mivce. ar vdardob, arc meSinia, radgan kargad vici, rom mxolod saukeTeso ganzraxva mamoZravebs da aseve darwmunebuli var, rom rac unda moxdes, Sen mainc geyvarebi. fostis gamogzavnis droa, amitom wera unda Sevwyvito. Cemi didi siyvaruli uZvirfases meuRlesa da Svilebs. vecdebi ninos da endis dabadebis dReebis misalocad telegrafiT visargeblo. marad Seni, o. uordropi 23 aq uordropi SeiZleba gulisxmobdes 1913-1918 wlebSi amerikaSi britaneTis elCs, sesil sfring raiss, romelsac jer rogorc oqsfordis baliolis kursdamTavrebulis rangSi icnobda, xolo Semdeg 1890-ian wlebSi isini erTad muSaobdnen sankt-peterburgSi, britaneTis saelCoSi. 40 matarebeli. 28. 9. 19. kvira, dilis 8. 30. Cemo usayvarleso meuRlev, ai, vzivar yofil saimperatoro matarebelSi da baqosken mivemarTebi. CemTan erTad arian ueiTi, faris-bei (azerbaijanis warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi), alSibaia (saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli azerbaijanSi) da samxedro da samoqalaqo pirebis mTeli amala. imedi gvaqvs, SuadRisTvis CavalT. Cemi kaligrafiiTac mixvdebi, rom matarebeli namdvilad araa saukeTeso adgili werisTvis. vSiSob, asoebis garCeva gagiWirdeba. guSin saRamos, sanam 8 saaTi dadgeboda da gamovemgzavrebodi, sadguris mosacdelSi Cems gasacileblad samxedro da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis warmomadgenlebi movidnen. iqve iyo RambaSiZe da grandic, romelic tfilisSi rCeba. imedi maqvs, momaval xuTSabaTs ukan davbrundebi. Tavs mxned da bednierad vgrZnob. ganTiadamde gameRviZa da 7 saaTze ukve Cacmuli viyavi. kavkasionis daTovlili mwvervalebis cqeriT davtkbi, qveyanas Tvali Sevavle. aq bevri niSania im damangreveli qmedebisa, rac ruseTis armiam gasvlisas Caidina. SegiZlia darwmunebuli iyo, rom guliT mudam SenTan var da yovel wams vfiqrob, rogor xar da ras akeTeb. jer kidev Zalian cxela da cac Zalian iSviaTad kargavs lurj fers. orSabaTi, dilis 6 saaTi. 29 seqtemberi. baqoSi guSin, SuadRis 3 saaTze Camovedi. mgzavrobas Cems mier gaTvlil droze xuTi saaTiT meti dasWirda. sadgurze oficialuri pirebi damxvdnen, maT Soris, sagareo saqmeTa ministri jafarovi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris TanaSemwe generali agabekovi, gubernatori, qalaqis meri da sxvebi. azerbaijanis himnis fonze Cems dasaxvedrad moyvanili sapatio yaraulic movinaxule. Cems sapativcemulod mTeli qalaqi droSebiT mourTavT. me ceremonmeister TahirovTan erTad gavemgzavre manqaniT asakovani batonis, Tagirevis saxlSi, romelic mTavrobam maspinZlad momiCina. is 87 wlisaa. odesRac qvismTleli iyo, Semdeg ki navTobma baqos umdidres adamianad aqcia. sakuTari saxelis dawerac ki uWirs, Tumca, guluxvad afinansebs gogonebisTvis gankuTvnil skolebs da sxva saganmanaTleblo Tu saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebs. 20 wlis win aSenebul mis didebul saxls ufro sasaxled moix41 senieben. oTaxebi brwyinvaledaa gaformebuli. kedlebs SesaniSnavi naxatebi amSvenebs (maT Sorisaa aivazovskis „konstantinopoli“, sakmaod mozrdili tilo, romliTac Cemi maspinZeli Zalian amayobs, sagangebodaa ganaTebuli zemoT damagrebuli lampebiT). Cemi saZinebeli, daaxloebiT, oci nabijis sigrZisaa. sadilis Semdeg premier-ministrisaken gavemarTe sapasuxo vizitiT. albaT, gaxsovs, tfilisSi rom Semomiara. didxans visaubreT mis Raribul, naqiraveb binaSi. saxlSi rom davbrundi da Cais smas Sevudeqi, usubekovma erTi saaTiT gamomiara. is Zalze kulturuli adamiania, gaxsnili gonebiT, liberaluri ideebiT, daxvewili manerebiT da saintereso, maxvilgonivruli saubriT. daaxloebiT aTis naxevrisTvis ukve dasawolad vemzadebodi, magram gamomiares da klubSi wamiyvanes. klubi erT-erTi saukeTeso aRmoCnda yvela klubs Soris, sadac ki odesme vyofilvar. saSualeba momeca, sufTa haerze vmjdariyavi, simfoniuri musikisTvis momesmina, jafarovTan da agabekovTan mesaubra, romelTac saintereso istoriebi ar elevaT revoluciisa da bolSevikebis tiraniis Taobaze. saxlSi 11 saaTze mivedi, TagievTan da TahirovTan erTad msubuqad vivaxSme da SuaRamisas daviZine. am diliT 5 saaTze gameRviZa. win grZeli da rTuli dRe maqvs _ jer menavTobeebs unda vestumro, Semdeg oficialuri vizitebi movilio, bolos ki banketze mivide, sadac ministrebs Sevxvdebi. orSabaTi, dRis 2 saaTi da 30 wuTi sadRac naxevar saaTSi uzarmazar magidas unda mivujde da uamrav adamianTan erTad visadilo. nasauzmevs, qalaqgareT mdebare bibieibaTis navTobis sabadoebi davaTvaliere da „Savi qalaqic“ vnaxe, is ubani, sadac nobelisa da sxvaTa qarxnebia. Semdeg oficialuri Sexvedrebis mTeli seria Cavatare. vesaubre sagareo saqmeTa ministr jafarovs, romelic uaRresad daxvewili adamiania da ruseTis saxelmwifo dumaSi muslimTa erT-erTi lideri iyo. 42 28. 9. 19. samSabaTi. dRis 6 saaTi. Tu mokle manZilze gaseirnebas ar CavTvliT, saidanac axlaxans davbrundi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli dRe saxlSi gavatare. erTmaneTis miyolebiT ramdenime Sexvedra mqonda. Zalian rTulia, didxans gqondes goneba daZabuli, miT umetes aseT sicxeSi. Sesvenebis dros wina nawerebs gadavxede da rogorc vxvdebi, SenTvis ar miTqvams, rom guSin 4 saaTze adriani vaxSami mqonda azerbaijanis premier-ministrTan, sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan, komunikaciebis ministrTan da Tavdacvis ministris TanaSemwesTan erTad. Semdeg ki premier-ministrs pirispir vesaubre. wuxel 10 saaTze daviZine da dilis 7 saaTamde sawolidan fexi ver movicvale. am saRamos oficialuri vaxSami imarTeba, sadac ormocdaaTamde stumari iqneba da saSualeba momecema, yvela ministrs Sevxvde. Ramis 11 saaTze sagangebo matarebliT vbrundebi tfilisSi. imedi maqvs, saRamos 8 an 9 saaTisTvis ukve tfilisSi viqnebi, manamde ki SuadRisas ramdenime saaTs elizavetpolSi gavatareb. 2 oqtomberi. dRis 12 saaTi da 30 wuTi. fosta ramdeni wuTSi gamoigzavneba, amitom unda viCqaro. vaxSamma didi warmatebiT Caiara. premierma, parlamentis Tavmjdomarem da nacionalisturi partiis liderebma Cems sapativcemulod sityvebi warmoTqves. marmarilos aivanze, sufTa haerze visxediT, qalaqisa da zRvis xedebs gadavyurebdiT. saRamos musikalurad aformebdnen aRmosavluri samxedro da evropuli orkestrebi, Sesabamisad, simfoniuri musikac Sesrulda. me premier-ministrsa da parlamentis Tavmjdomares Soris vijeqi, win ki sagareo saqmeTa ministri da iusticiis ministri mesxdnen (es ukanaskneli, sxvaTaSoris, socialistia). yvela umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri iq iyo. SuaRamisas sadgurSi erTad gamaciles, iqauroba droSebiTa da aTasgvari ornamentebiT iyo morTuli. manqaniT ase swrafad manamde arasodes mivlia. CemTan gamosamSvidobeblad Cemi moxuci mapinZeli, haji Tagievic movida. ganjaSi (elizavetpolSi) guSin, daaxloebiT, aTi saaTisTvis CavediT da samis naxevramde davrCiT. sadgurze, romelic aqac saguldagulod moerToT, general–gubernatori da sxva oficialuri pirebi damxvdnen. ramdenime mili manqaniT gaviareT da qalaqi davaTvaliereT, gverdiT ki cxenosani eskorti mogvyveboda WenebiT. meCeTSi, somxur eklesiasa da qalaqis sakrebulos SenobaSi misasalmebeli sityviT Semegebnen. Semdeg klubSi vivaxSmeT, sadac Tanamdebobis pirebi movidnen. es miuxedavad imisa, rom axla muslimuri 43 dResaswaulis, mubaramis periodia da yovelgvari zeimi ikrZaleba. damarwmunes, rom Cemi stumroba istoriuli movlenaa. SuadRisas namdvili Stormi daiwyo Weqa-quxiliT, elviTa da setyviT, magram sadRac, saRamos 8 saaTisTvis mainc mSvidobanad CavaRwie tfilisSi da aRmovCndi sazeimod morTul sadgurSi, sadac uamravi adamiani damxvda, maT Soris princi napoleon miurati, Tavadi m. orbeliani (romelic Tavdacvis saministrom momamagra) da sxvadasxva saministros warmomadgenlebi. kargad gamoviZine da Cveulebisamebr sauzmobamde viseirne. Tavs kargad vgrZnob, Tumca sakmaod dakavebuli var. mokiTxva dedaSens, kamilas da yvela megobars. Cemi didi siyvaruli Sen, jeimis, endis da ninos. TxuTmeti ricxvi memaxsovreba da vecdebi, telegrama gamogigzavno. marad Seni, o. uordropi tfilisi. 5 oqtomberi. 1919. Cemo uZvirfaseso, 21 oqtombers gamogigzavne grZeli werili baqoSi vizitis Sesaxeb da sami Ria baraTi bavSvebisTvis. 2 seqtembris Semdeg Sengan araferi msmenia, arada axal ambebs yoveldRe velodebi. bolo xanebSi sakmaod agrilda. ramdenime dRe gadabmulad wvimda. zamTari sakmaod uecrad modis, rodesac aseTi amindebi iwyeba. janmrTelobis mxriv sakmaod kargad var da imedi maqvs, rom Tavis tkivilic gamiqreba. paraskevs Cerqezovis24 ZmisSvili ivan Cerqezovi, misi meuRle elena (vano da taso maCablebis qaliSvili) da maTi oTxi Tvis biWuna _ miSa movinaxule. miSa Zalian mxiaruli da aqtiuri, Tumca sakmaod gamxdari da galeuli bavSvia. niko, elenas Zma, iqve, maT saxlSi mdebare sursaTis maRazias uZRveba, romelic Cerqezovebis wyvils ekuTvnoda. adre, sanam britanuli sajariso nawilebi aq iyvnen, nikos sakuTari kafes msgavsi adgili hqonda baRSi - „myudro kuTxe“. me vfiqrob, rom misi es saqmianoba sakmaod Seuferebelia sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone Zlieri, axalgazrda kacisTvis. guSin Cemma Zvelma megobarma vasili karbelaSvilma Semomiara da eklesiis ambebi momiyva. rogorc Cans, mdgomareoba sakmaod mZimea. is mecnieri da saeklesio musikis mkvlevaria da gamoqveynebuli aqvs uZvelesi xelnawerebi, romlebic mis ojaxSi saukuneebis manZilze 24 varlam CerqeziSvili 44 inaxeboda. guSin RamiT me da grandi saopero sezonis gaxsnaze wavediT da qarTuli xalxuri zRapris mixedviT Seqmnili saopero warmodgena „abesalom da eTeri“ vnaxeT, romelic Zvel qarTul xalxur zRaparzea dafuZnebuli. musika Tavisi xasiaTiTa da JReradobiT Tavidan bolomde qarTulia, meore nawilSi ki, sadac qorwilisa da mefed kurTxevis scenebia, qarTuli cekvebic mravlad gvxvdeba. darbazi savse iyo, Cven ki diplomatebis loJaSi visxediT, sadac xelisuflebam saukeTeso adgili damiTmo mTeli sezonis anu TxuTmeti warmodgenis ganmavlobaSi. „abesalom da eTeri“ ambavia glexis gogos Sesaxeb, romelic dedofali xdeba. misi siyvarulis istoria tragikulad, orive mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT mTavrdeba. moqmedebebs Soris Sesvenebebi sakmaod xangrZlivi gamodga, amitom loJis mezobel oTaxSi uamravi xalxi movida Cems mosanaxuleblad, maT Soris orkestris warmomadgenlebic. elementaruli pirobebisa da saWiro nivTebis uqonlobis gamo, rogoricaa Sesaferisi tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da grimi, dadgma iseTi ar gamovida, rogoric sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda gamosuliyo, Tumca warmodgenis maRalma xarisxma yvela am naklovanebas gadaaWarba da yvela Zalian kmayofili darCa. amJamad mTavari movlena amerikuli armiis Stabis ufrosis, general harbordis xanmokle vizitia. is prezident uilsonis davalebiT Camodis, rom saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSi moamzados. is umaRlesi rangis pirovnebaa da vfiqrob, rom misi viziti Sedegiani iqneba. Cven erTmaneTs parizSi SevxvdiT, roca me saqarTvelosken momaval gzas vadeqi. guSin generali harbordi baqoSi gaemgzavra, magram xval brundeba da apirebs Semxvdes, sanam baTumsa da, zogadad, dasavleTSi gaemgzavreba. mouTmenlad veli misi STabeWdilebebisa da mosazrebebis mosmenas. savaraudod, aTSi RambaSiZe gamoemgzavreba londonSi da col-qmari xoStariebic gamohyvebian. aucileblad moginaxuleben da Cems ambebs gadmogcemen. Seni da tomis misamarTi ukve miveci. orSabaTi. 6 oqtomberi. guSin CvenTan erTad meliqovebma, generalma niuqombma da polkovnikma stoqsma isadiles. kneina meliqovma miTxra, rom wilad mergo pativi, gavxde sruliad gansakuTrebuli, brwyinvale klubis wevri, romelic aqaurma mxatvrebma, musikosebma da literatorebma Camoayalibes. arc ki vici, ratom damafases ase. jer isic ki ver movaxerxe, yvela im klubSi mivsuliyavi, romlis sapatio wevric ukve var. rogorc iqna, agrilda da moiRrubla. rogorc Cans, win wvimebis 45 sezoni gvelis, Tumca es, albaT, ver gadaWris wylis problemas, romelic gamudmebiT gvawuxebs da ukve Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. generali harbordi Semxvda da Tavisi mosazrebebi gamiziara. vfiqrob, misi mokle mogzauroba samxreT kavkasiaSi Sedegiani aRmoCnda da politikuri viTarebis dalagebasac Seuwyobs xels. man survili gamoxata, Sexvedroda qarTvel qalebs, romelTa mosazrebebi prezident uilsonisTvisac saintereso iqneboda. Sesabamisad, dRes, 12 saaTze, saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam qalbaton xoStarias 5 saaTze qalebis Sekreba da saorganizacio sakiTxebis mogvareba sTxova. man SesaniSnavad gaarTva Tavi dakisrebul movaleobas da “en grange toilette”-Si samocdaaT stumarze gaTvlili brwyinvale miReba gamarTa. miRebaze imReres operis wamyvanma tenorma sarajievma25 da moyvarulma sopranom, qarTveli generlis qaliSvilma. simRerebi qarTul, frangul, italiur da rusul enebze Sesrulda. miWirs vTqva, rom miRebaze yvela ulamazesma qarTvelma qalma moiyara Tavi, an sxvagvarad rom gadmogce, yvela qali, romelic moiwvies, ulamazesi iyo, magram wveuleba SesaniSnavi gamovida. darwmunebuli var, verc erT sxva qveyanaSi ver SeZlebdnen aseTi lxinis ramdenime saaTSi mowyobas. grandi da ueiTi operaSi „evgeni oneginis“ sanaxavad wavidnen. me wynari saRamo maqvs - vkiTxulob da xels vawer gzavnilebs. amavdroulad, xvalisTvis saWiro werilebs vamzadeb. Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob. imedia, momavalSic ase iqneba. samSabaTi. 7 oqtomberi. 1919. adriani SuadRe. Senma werilma, romelic 10 seqtembers iwyeba da 14 seqtembers mTavrdeba, axlaxans moaRwia Cemamde. mgoni, erTi werili kidev aklia, romelic savaraudod gzaSi daikarga, radgan amis wina werilma sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi 2 seqtembers miaRwia, mixaria, rom yvelaferi kargad gaqvs da zooparkSi SesaniSnavi dRe gaatare. amis Sesaxeb Tozerma momwera. Sen verc ki warmoidgen, ramdens vfiqrob Senze da ramdenjer davxedav xolme Sens portrets muSobis dros. sityvebiT ver gadmovcem, rogor velodebi dros, roca isev erTad viqnebiT. aq iseTi viTarebaa, danamdvilebiT verafers vityvi, magram aris imedi, rom noembris bolos. parizis konferencia msoflios am nawilTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebsac gadawyvets. Tu yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT wavida, kviris bolos somxeTSi 25 qarTuli operis cnobili momRerali vano sarajiSvili 46 gavemgzavrebi oTxi-xuTi dRiT. gulTbili mokiTxva dedaSens da kamilas, aseve aegoT melbais, roca Seexmianebi. Cemi udidesi siyvaruli jeimis, endis, ninos da gansakuTrebiT, Sen, Cems uZvirfases meuRles. o. u. tfilisi. 8 oqtomberi. 1919. Cemo uZvirfaseso, guSin mogwere. aRar maxsovs, giTxari Tu ara, rom konverti, romelSic Tozeris werili ido, viRacam gaWra, sanam Cemamde moaRwevda. Tu aRmoaCen, rom Cemi werilebi gaxsnilia an raimea Secvlili, sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi j. kidstons26 Seatyobine da gadaeci Txovna, daicvas Cemi piradi mimowera ucxo Tvalisgan. guSin SuadRisas ilia WavWavaZis da, liza saginaSvili movinaxule. es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gulisamaCuyebeli Sexvedra maT Soris, rac aq mqonia. is oTxmoc welsaa gadacilebuli, Tumca garegnobisa da saubris mixedviT gacilebiT naklebs miscem. liza marto cxovrobs sakmaod did saxlSi, sadac mis Zmas xSirad Sevxvedrivar. is mSvidad da mkafiod laparakobs da misi qarTulis mosmena erTi siamovnebaa. lizam miTxra, rom ilias saflavTan mivida, romelic mTaze, wminda daviTis eklesiasTanaa da CasZaxa, rom bolos da bolos, saqarTvelo Tavisufalia. darwmunebulia, rom Zmam misi xma gaigona da axla bednieria. Cems danaxvaze cremlebi Camougorda, gadamexvia da miTxra, rom rac Zvirfasi Zma gardaicvala, misi Zma axla me var. magidis centrSi, ilias portretis siaxloves, marjoris suraTic SevniSne. iqve, kaxur tansacmelSi gamowyobili tomis fotocaa. liza Tavisi Taobis SesaniSnavi warmomadgenelia, Taobis, romelic ukve wavida. samwuxaroa, rom Cveni qarTveli megobrebidan bevri sakmaod moxucda. liza saginaSvilisgan wamosulma kidev erT megobars Sevurbine, sosiko merkvilaZes. mas patara maRazia aqvs _ wignebs yidis. Cemi danaxviT isic Zalian gabednierda da bevri tkbili sityva miTxra. uzomod msiamovnebs adamianebis aseTi Tbili damokidebuleba Cems mimarT. erevanSi gasamgzavreblad yvelaferi mzad mqonda, roca telegramiT Sematyobines, rom xanmokle, araoficialuri vizitiT xmelTaSua zRvispireTis mTavarsardali da konstantinepolis umaRlesi 26 jorj kidstoni - sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis departamentis (am departamentSi Sedioda kavkasiis regionis sakiTxebic) xelmZRvaneli, oliver uordropis uSualo zemdgomi. 47 komisari, admirali de robeki unda mewvios. Cemi varaudiT, misi sabrZolo gemi ”Iron Duke” ukve baTumisken gzas unda adges. Sesabamisad, somxeTSi gamgzavrebis gadadeba momixda, magram imedia, momaval kviras mainc movaxerxeb wasvlas. rom SemeZlos, siamovnebiT wavidodi daRestanSi da iq mimdinare brZolebis SeCerebas Sevecdebodi, magram rogorc vxvdebi, amJamad es SeuZlebelia. dRes mniSvnelovani stumrebi miviRe: saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri batoni gegeWkori da yofili Crdilo kavkasiis respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri batoni bamati. Crdilo kavkasiaSi sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaa. Sin axlaxans davbrundi. rac saqarTveloSi Camovedi, dRes pirvelad viyavi dalaqTan. aleqsandre diuma Cioda, rom tfilisSi Tmis SeWra 3 rusuli rubli ujdeboda, axla ki saerTo fasi Sampunis CaTvliT 16 rubls aRwevs. verc ki warmoidgen, ramdenad gaumjobesda Cemi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod 6 saaTi mZinavs da mTel dRes sakmaod dakavebuli var. mgoni, londonSi gamomaval gazeTebSi CemTvis aq mowyobil daxvedris Sesaxebac daiwera raRac, radgan sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Cemma yofilma mdivanma mis leslim milocva gamomigzavna pompezuri miRebis gamo. Cveni qorwinebis dRes gamudmebiT vifiqreb Senze, Tumca Sen isedac Cemi fiqrebis ganuyofeli nawili xar. 9 oqtomberi. 1919. ramdenime saaTis win udidesi bedniereba mewvia Sengan 19 da 21 seqtembers gamogzavnili werilebis saxiT. Tumca ramdenime werils, rogorc Sensas, aseve tomisas, jer kidev ar mouRwevia Cemamde. imedi maqvs, jeinma ukve gamogigzavna kargi damxmare. sami Svilis yola did energias moiTxovs miuxedavad imisa, rom biWebi ukve skolaSi dadian. albaT saqme TandaTan mogakldeba da gverdiT ucxo qalis yolac aRar mogiwevs. mTeli guliT mebralebiT, roca warmovidgen, rom TqvenTan male unda acivdes. aqac sakmaod agrilda, Tumca, roca mzea da ZiriTadad asea, sasiamovnod Tbila. buxarze fiqri jer ar dagviwyia. buxari arc gvaqvs, mxolod centralur gaTbobaze varT. samwuxaroa, rom haigeiTis skola ar mogwonT. ar megona, Tu aseTi arakomfortuli aRmoCndeboda. vifiqre, rom karpenteris wigni unda mogwoneboda. is originaluri adamiania da uitmenis stilSi wers. „demokratiisaken“ da sxva naSromebi grondals Zalian moswons. man ramdenime weli muSaobaSi gaatara mas Semdeg, rac CrdiloeTSi, universitetSi, leqciebis 48 kiTxvas Tavi daaneba. Tavadac mixvdebi, rom sazogadoebriv mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod radikaluri ideebi awuxebs, rac progresulad aRiarebuli adamianebis pativiscemas iwvevs. imedi maqvs, jeimi da endi swavliT tkbebian da codnas iReben. nu inerviuleb imis gamo, rom jeimi dausruleblad svams kiTxvebs. ubralod, periodi aqvs aseTi. mis asakSi adamianuri cnobismoyvareoba da misaRebi axsnis Zieba savsebiT bunebrivia. Senma werilma sulze momiswro, zustad Cems dabadebis dReze Camovida. xval albaT dro aRar meqneba aseTi fiqrebisTvis, magram dRes minda, Seni janmrTelobis sadRegrZelo Sevsva da guliTa da gonebiT Sens gverdiT viyo, iseve rogorc Sen xar CemTan. bevri nerviulobisa da damRleli samuSaos miuxedavad, bednieri adamiani var. cxovrebaSi bevri bednieri dRe mqonia. albaT adre verc ki viocnebebdi im sruliad gansakuTrebul sixarulze, romelic bolo Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi Sen da bavSvebma momitaneT. ojaxis gareT Cems yvelaze mniSvnelovan miRwevad SeiZleba kavkasiaSi Camosvla CaiTvalos im dros, rodesac Cemi uambiciobis miuxedavad msoflio istoriis SeqmnaSi vexmarebi im xalxs, visi didi siyvarulic xSirad uxerxul mdgomareobaSi magdebs. swori mimarTulebiT vmuSaob da ocdaaTwliani Sromis Sedegebs vimki. albaT xvdebi, rom mteric bevri myavs, romelTa arsebobac sayuradReboa, magram amaze nu idardeb da yuradRebas nu miaqcev, radgan Tanaxma var Cemi piradi usafrTxoeba sxvis xelSi davtovo. yvelaferi, rac unda moxdes, ukeTesobisken iqneba da iseTi araferi damemarTeba, rac uzenaesisgan ar miweria. Cemi oTaxi mzis SuqiTaa savse, aivnis kari farTodaa Ria, Citebi galoben, magram me mainc muSaoba unda ganvagrZo. didi madloba saCuqrisTvis, Cemo uZvirfaseso. 10 oqtomberi. 1919. dila mSvidobisa, Zvirfaso! minda Cemi dabadebis dRe SeniT daviwyo da ulevi siyvaruli giZRvna Sen, Cems usayvarles meuRles, romelic, vici, yovel wams Cemze fiqrSi gaatarebs. sasiamovno dilaa, mze anaTebs da Tbili niavi uberavs. Tavs bednierad vgrZnob. arc ki vici, Tu odesme gamTenebia ufro mSvenieri dabadebis dRe. jer mxolod Svidi saaTia, me ki mowesrigebuli da Cacmuli vzivar yavis molodinSi, rom sadgurisken gavemarTo admiral de robekis dasaxvedrad. win Zalian datvirTuli dRe melis, amitom ar vici, movaxerxeb Tu ara moweras. albaT am werils amaRam gavgzavni baTumSi. 49 11 oqtomberi. aucileblad unda mogiyve, rogor gavatare Cemi ormocdameTxuTmete dabadebis dRe. miuxedavad Cemi Txovnisa, admiral de robekis vizitisTvis oficialuri saxe ar miecaT, qarTvelebma mainc gamogzavnes sapatio yarauli mis dasaxvedrad. is 10 saaTze Camovida, Cems binaSi movediT da ramdenime saaTi laparakSi gavatareT. delikaturi, Tavaziani da ubralo adamiania. SeiZleba ici kidevac, rom dardanelis eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda da amisTvis parlamentis madloba, baronis wodeba da 30 000 funti aqvs miRebuli jildod. velingtonis hercogis msgavsad romauli cxviri aqvs. miTxra, rom misi winapari Svedi Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli, saxelad foki iyo, romelic amerikelebis mxares ibrZoda, Semdeg irlandiaSi dasaxlda, daqorwinda da gvari „de robeki“ im adgilis gamo SearCia, sadac cxovrobda. daaxloebiT 1 saaTsa da 30 wuTze Tormetkaciani sadili gveloda. sadils veswrebodiT: admirali da misi sami oficeri (boulbi, luki27 da birketi, romelTaganac ukanaskneli ori Cvens regionSi ori kviriT apirebs darCenas), ueiTi, grandi da me, orbeliani da meliqovi (rogorc Cemi TanamSromlebi), RambaSiZe, napoleon miurati da jafariZe (mekavSire oficrebi). rogorc mivxvdi, stumrebma sadiliT Zalian isiamovnes. sam saaTze daviZariT da oficerTa axali sawvrTneli skola davaTvaliereT qalaq mcxeTaSi, romelic 50 wuTis savalzea tfilisidan. sakaTedro taZarSi dagvxvdnen inglisurad molaparake mRvdeli kapanaZe, romelmac iqauroba dagvaTvalierebina da taZris mcveli, qarTveli poeti da oficeri enuqiZe, romelmac veluri yvavilebis Taiguli gadmomca da gulisamaCuyebeli sityva warmoTqva marjorisa da Cems Sesaxeb. sakaTedro taZari Zalian saintereso nagebobaa, romelic balaxiT dafarul mindorze dgas da Zveli qongurebiTa da maRali kedlebiTaa garSemortymuli. Senobis SigniT uZvelesi qarTuli freskebi, qarTvel mefeTa samarxebi (didebuli iraklis CaTvliT), samefo taxti, qvis galavniT SemosazRvruli wminda sveti, ierusalimTan axlomdebare wminda ioanes saxelobis qarTuli monastris mcire maketi vnaxeT. sakaTedro taZridan samTavros monasterSi wavediT, romelic misma winamZRolma, gvarad baraTovam (qaliSvilobis gvari cicianova) dagvaTvalierebina. is monazvnad meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 18 wlis win aRikveca da axla ormocdaaTamde monazonsa da obolTa patara TavSesafars xelmZRvanelobs. Tbili, ubralo, saxegaleuli, momcro tanis moxuci qalia. movinaxuleT adgili, sadac mefe miriani da misi ojaxis wevrebi moinaTlnen da senaki, sadac nino cxovrobda. Senobebi mSvenivrad gamwvanebul adgilasaa ganlagebu27 ser hari luki - uordropis kavkasiidan wasvlis Semdeg 1920 wlis april-seqtembrSi ikavebda mis adgils. 50 li da garSemo kedlebi akravs. sadilad iqve, sufTa haerze migviwvies. ukana gzaze elva da wvima wamogvewia, magram manqanis saxuravma gviSvela. 8 saaTze vivaxSmeT. vaxSams CvenTan erTad eswrebodnen: gegeWkori (sagareo saqmeTa ministri), ramiSvili (Tavdacvisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministri), gedevanovi (genStabis xelmZRvaneli da Tavdacvis ministris TanaSemwe). yvela sakmaod uSualod iqceoda. admirali, romelic aT saaTze Tavis punjabel mcvelebTan erTad wavida, erTad gavacileT. wasvlamde gviTxra, rom vizitiT Zalian nasiamovnebi darCa. vigrZeni, rom roca amas ambobda, gulwrfeli iyo. mixaria, rom misi gacnobis saSualeba momeca. erTad bevri sasargeblo saqmis gakeTebas SevZlebT. Cemi uaxloesi gegma erevanSi gamgzavrebaa. vapireb, momaval samSabaTs, RamiT wavide da SabaTs an kviras davbrunde. minda, Tan grandi da sazRvao flotis ori oficeri waviyvano, araratis mxares vimogzauro da eCmiaZinSi somxeTis kaTolikosi movinaxulo. dResve gigzavni telegramas, romelic, imedia, Cveni qorwinebis dRisTvis Senamde moaRwevs da kidev erTxel dagarwmunebs Cems siyvarulSi. aseve vgegmav, ninos da endisac gamovugzavno telegramebi maTi dabadebis dReebisTvis da iqneb TiToeulisTvis patara werilebis miwerac movaxerxo. zogadad ki, telegramebis droulad Camosvlis Sansi Zalian mcirea, radgan gadamcemi xazebis dazianeba Cveulebriv movlenadaa qceuli. kvira. 12 oqtomberi. didi fiqris Semdeg bibliidan ramdenime pasaJi gamovyavi Tanamedrove problemebTan da gansakuTrebiT bolSevizmTan dakavSirebiT. albaT Cemi daskvnebi Senc dagainteresebs. gadaxede zaqarias meTormete Tavs da naxav winaswarmetyvelebas, rom ebraeli eri gaxdeba: „sibruvis Tasi, yvela xalxisaTvis irgvliv“, sajildao qva, romlis yoveli amwevi welSi gawydeba“, ”anTebuli qura xeTa Soris da anTebuli CiraRdani Znebs Soris, romelic STanTqavs yvela xalxs irgvliv, marjvnivac da marcxnivac”. bolSevikuri moZraobis ukeT ganmarteba SeuZlebelia. Tumca imedic arsebobs. winaswarmetyveli ioveli, meore TavSi, laparakobs uflis armiaze, didebuli da Zlieri xalxis gaerTianebaze, romelic cud ebraelebs dasjis. vbedav davuSva, rom aq swored Cven, britanelebi SeiZleba vigulisxmebodeT. axlaxans leitenant-komanderi luki mstumrobda, vilaparakeT. mas yvelaferi ainteresebs, rac saqarTvelos ukavSirdeba. isic oqsfordelia, trinitis (samebis) kolejidan (baliolTan Zalian ax51 losaa), adre mTel raions xelmZRvanelobda kviprosze. mouTmenlad elis, rodis imogzaurebs CemTan erTad erevanSi, mere ki baqoSi wava. albaT misi konstantinopolSi umaRles komisarTan mrCevlad gagzavnac Rirs am regionTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad. Tumca konstantinepolisgan sakmaod damoukidebeli var da pirdapir sagareo saqmeTa saministros veqvemdebarebi. orSabaTi. 13 oqtomberi. kidev erTi mSvenieri, naTeli da Tbili dila gaTenda! grandim miTxra, rom gamoricxuli ar aris, misis jeinis damxmaresTan dakavSirebiT problema Segeqmnas, radgan ucxoel moaxleebs mxolod im ojaxSi muSaobis ufleba aqvT, romelic maT inglisSi Caiyvans, sxvagan gadasvla ki Sromis saministros nebarTvis gareSe ar SeuZliaT. amitom sjobs, wesebs mihyve, Torem SeiZleba darRvevebis gamo dagajarimon kidec. rogorc mTxove, “the Georgian Mail”-is ramdenime egzemplars gigzavni, magram didad saintereso araferia. am etapze yvelaferi ise midis, rom wesiT somxeTSi wasvlaSi xeli veraferma ver unda SemiSalos. xoStariebi jer ar gamomgzavrebulan, albaT am kviraSi wamovlen. samSabaTi, 14 oqtomberi. guSin miqaZeebs Sevuare. miqaZe axla sabaJo departamentis ufrosia. erTmaneTi aSxabadSi gavicaniT. misi meuRle Cveni gardacvlili megobris, veneras daa da rac dro gadis, sul ufro da ufro emsgavseba mas. maTi kidev erTi da Cvens karg megobars, telemak guriels hyavs colad. miqaZeebisgan wamosulma ozurgeTis Tavadaznaurobis yofili marSali kowia erisTavi da misi meuRle movinaxule. maT saojaxo Zvirfaseuloba damaTvalierebines: oqrosa da vercxlis xatebi, uZvelesi iaraRi, naqargebi da sxva iSviaTi nivTebi. 6 saaTze Sin dabrunebuls RambaSiZe melodeboda. laparakSi oTxi saaTi gavatareT. erevnidan rom davbrundebi, is ukve inglisSi iqneba. Cems saxelze uamravi telegramaa mosuli, amitom vSiSob, rom wasvlamde veRar mogwer. giZRvniT Cems siyvaruls Sen - Cems uZvir52 fases meuRlesa da Cvens Svilebs. marad Seni, o. u. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens, kamilasa da sxvebs. aq Zalian Tbila da imedia, amindi male ar gafuWdeba. polkovnik stoqsisgan axlaxans miviRe ganjaSi (elizavetpolSi), klubis baRSi, sadilobisas gadaRebuli foto, romelsac gigzavni. erevani xuTSabaTi, 16 oqtomberi. 1919. Cemo uZvirfaseso, roca SenTan gamosagzavni bolo werili konvertSi Cavde, Zalian bevri saqme mqonda. londonidan uamravi telegrama movida, zogierTi maTgani 4 oqtombriT iyo daTariRebuli. sam saaTze sagangebo matarebliT daviZari erevnisken. matarebelSi Cemi ori manqanac moaTavses. sadgurze Cems gasacileblad qarTveli da somexi oficialuri da samxedro pirebi movidnen. CemTan erTad gamoemgzavrnen grandi, admiral robekis ori oficeri (leiqi da barkiti), Cemze momagrebuli somexi polkovniki, aseve qarTveli polkovniki (mamuka orbeliani), mcvelTa razmi da mZRolebi. matareblis fanjridan Cvens Tvalwin mSvenieri xedebi gadaiSala, Tumca ruseTis armiis saSineli kvali aqaurobas jerac etyoba. albaT warmogidgenia, ra SeuZlia or milion udisciplino jariskacs. gaviareT sakmaod didi neitraluri zona saqarTvelosa da somxeTs (mSvenieri, nayofieri qveyanaa) Soris. 11 saaTisTvis karakiliss mivadeqiT. adgilobrivi mTavrobis xelmZRvanelma grZeli misasalmebeli sityva somxurad warmoTqva, Semdeg ki vaxSami pirdapir manqanaSi Semogvageba. mogvarTves Taflis fiWebic, riTac aqauroba sakmaod cnobilia. karakilisSi cxra wlis winac gavatare ramdenime dRe. oTxSabaTs aisamde gaviRviZe da didebuli ram vixile - ararati da alagerazi amomavali mzis fonze. omebis kvali aqac igrZnoba. Turqebi erevnamde xuTi milis manZilze mividnen. erevanSi 11 saaTze Casuls prezidenti xatisiani damxvda, romelmac Tavisi qveynis saxeliT didi madliereba gamoTqva Cem mimarT da aRniSna, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi Cemma muSaobam swrafad Secvala mdgomareoba ukeTesobisken, baqoSi Cemma vizitma ki mniSvnelovani Sedegi gamoiRo somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris daundobeli saomari moqmedebaTa Sewyvetis saxiT. Tavdacvis ministrma somxurad warmoTqva sityva, romelic greisim mokled miTargmna. gamacnes rogorc ministrebi, aseve mTavarsardali (kavkasiis omis gmiri, legendaru53 li generali nazarbekovi), saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis warmomadgeneli da sxvebi. sapatio yarauli movinaxule. rogorc miTxres, es erTaderTi samxedro jgufia somxeTSi, romelsac saTanado tansacmeli da aRWurviloba gaaCnia. jaris danarCeni nawili, faqtobrivad, ZonZebSia Cacmuli, samxreTis frontze ki jariskacebis 70 % maRali sicxiTaa avad da maT samkurnalod qveyanas medikamentebi ar gaaCnia. jariskacebma marSiT Caiares, me maT mivesalme, Semdeg ki xatisianma Cemi misiis Senobisken wamiyvana. momewona iqauroba, yvelaferi greisis miTiTebiTaa mowyobili, xedic SesaniSnavia - ararati moCans. Cveni Camosvlis aRsaniSnavi miRebac iq gaimarTa. sadilis Semdeg eqvsi adamianisgan Semdgar amalasTan erTad yvela savaldebulo oficialuri viziti movilie. aseve vesaubre xatisians, romelmac Tavisi mSvenieri rusi meuRle gamacno. nazarbekovsac Sevxvdi. warmodgenac ki gagiWirdeba, ramdenad mokrZalebulia aqauri ministrebis yofa - prezidentis bina afTiaqis Tavzea, is oTaxi ki, sadac nazarbekovi cxovrobs, rogorc Cans, erTdroulad saZinebelicaa, sasadiloc da misaRebic. saukeTeso pirobebi azerbaijanis warmomadgenels aqvs. is cxovrobs aRmosavluri ornamentebiT Semkul saxlSi, romelic erevnis xanebis rezidencia yofila. Senoba mrgval baRSi dgas. galavani, romelic baRs aqvs Semortymuli da saxlis feradi fasadi, mTlianad Teiranidan Camoitanes 130 wlis win. terasaze visxediT da Cais mivirTmevdiT, roca ferad tansacmelSi gamowyobili, Tavsaburaviani qalebis mTeli mwkrivi davinaxeT. qalebi wylis asaRebad mosuliyvnen SadrevanTan, romelic iqve, terasis qvemoT moCanda. saxlis patroni, ali xani, Casuqebuli TaTaria, uzarmazari saxiTa da kisriT. man siamayiT aRniSna, rom qalebi mis erTi wlis gogonas aseirnebdnen galavnian baRSi. Zalian dazianebuli gzebiT viareT episkoposis sasaxlemde, sadac Tavad episkoposma da kaTolikosma gevorq V-m migviRes. kaTolikosi araCveulebrivad simpaTiuri da mxne adamiania grZeli, TeTri wveriT. amJamad eqimebis meTvalyureobis qveSaa kenWis gamo. xedi araratis mTaze, romelic sasaxlis aivnidan moCans, erT-erTi saukeTesoa maT Soris, rac ki odesme minaxavs. qvemoT ki mdinareze gadakidebuli qalaqi da TaTrebis axlaxans ganadgurebuli da gadamwvari ubania. maspinZlebma Cai, Rvino da yurZeni mogvarTves. didxans visaubreT bevr saintereso sakiTxze. sityvebiT verc ki aRgiwer, ra xdeba aq. patara qalaqSi da mis SemogarenSi 200 000 absoluturad uqoneli, TiTqmis SiSveli devnili cxovrobs. tifi, qolera, malaria da uamravi sxva daavadeba daTareSobs adamianebs Soris, romlebic Ria cis qveS wvanan da versad emalebian qars, romelic infeqciebis gavrcelebas kidev ufro uwyobs xels. bavSvebi narCenebs eZeben da mzad arian yvelaferi gadaylapon, rac iWmeba da razec xeli miuwvdebaT. Sin dabrunebulma aivnidan davinaxe, rogor daeca SimSilisgan misavaTebuli, daZonZili kaci Sua quCaSi. xalxs WuWyi da mkbenari Wams. yvela sruliad 54 sasowarkveTili da demoralizebulia. mzad arian, puris gamo sakuTari Svilebi gayidon. puri aq 50 rusuli rubli Rirs. guli mtkiva, aseT rameebs rom vxedav. bevri saqme gakeTda da zogierTi mimarTulebiT mdgomareoba ukeTesia, vidre erTi wlis win iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, am adamianebis gadarCena SeuZlebelia da zamTarSi msxverpli aTeul aTasobiT gaizrdeba. somxeTis mTavrobas vuTxari, rom aseTi siRaribis fonze Cemi Camosvlis aRniSvna sruliad miuReblad mimaCnda, Tumca Zalian mTxoves, mokrZalebul sadilze vwveodi. ase rom, guSin saRamos mTavrobis sastumro saxlSi vivaxSme. vaxSams eswrebodnen ministrebi da inglisis, amerikis, ruseTis (denikinis armiis), saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebi. xatisianma sityva warmoTqva, romelSic somxeTis yvela mezobeli da mokavSire Tanabari madlierebiT moixsenia, Tumca mainc moaxerxa, ramdenimejer warmoeTqva Cemi saxeli odnav gansakuTrebulad, oRond ise, rom sxvebs Tavi damcirebulad ar egrZnoT. sasiamovnoa, rom es xalxi britaneTSi saimedo damcvels xedavs. rogorc yovelTvis, am diliTac adre avdeqi da mzis amosvlas Cemi aivnidan vuyure. ramdenime saaTis win Cavicvi, movwesrigdi da mzad var partniorebTan erTad sasauzmod. Tavs ise kargad vgrZnob, gagikvirdeba, rom mnaxo. guSin Cveni qorwinebis dRe iyo. Zalian mindoda, Cemi gamogzavnili telegrama guSin mogsvloda, magram TiTqmis darwmunebuli var, rom jer kidev ar mouRwevia Senamde. kidev erTxel gixdi madlobas im bednierebisTvis, romelic bolo Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi momaniWe. saRamos 10 saaTi da 30 wuTi. sauzmis Semdeg bazarSi gaviareT da Zveli vercxlis balTebi viyide, imedi maqvs, mogewoneba. sxvebma xaliCebi SeiZines sasacilo fasad - 1.5, 1.10 funtad TiTo. mogvianebiT eCmiaZinisken daviZariT. episkoposma tiraisma, romelic somxeTSi bolo vizitisas gavicani, radgan qonibearis megobaria, monastris teritoria, muzeumi da biblioTeka dagvaTvalierebina. eCmiaZini Cveni welTaRricxvis 301 wels aSenda, Tumca mecxre da meaTe saukuneebSi igi aRadgines, meCvidmete da mecxramete saukuneebSi ki Senoba gaadides. Tumca, samwuxarod, omis dros monastris mTeli ganZi moskovSi gaigzavna „usafrTxoebis mizniT“ da axla bolSevikebis xelSia. imedi maqvs, es uZvirfasesi nivTebi odesme somxeTSi dabrundeba. or episkoposTan erTad visadileT. ra Tqma unda, sadils misasalmebeli sityvebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. erevanSi 5-is naxevrisTvis davbrundiT da 5-ze ukve xatisianebTan viyaviT, sadac 55 mTavrobis wevrebs, parizidan da amerikidan Camosul amerikel delegatebs SevxvdiT. prezidentTan sakmaod xangrZlivi saubari gamomivida. 8-is naxevarze parlamentSi wavediT, sadac Tavmjdomare misasalmebeli sityviT Semomegeba, wevrebi da damswre sazogadoeba ki - taSiT. sakmaod gvian vivaxSmeT da davweqiT. dilis 6 saaTze unda daviZraT. diliJani 17 oqtomberi saRamos 8 saaTi aq saRamos rvis naxevrisTvis CamovediT. grZeli da momqancveli dRis Semdeg vecdebi, mokled mogiyve aqauri ambebi. jer mxolod imis Tqma SemiZlia, rom me da Cemi Tanmxlebi pirebi Zalian komfortul saxlSi gangvaTavses, sadac misvlisTanave Semogvegebnen inglisurad molaparake 12 wlis gogona da dedamisi, romelic franguls flobs da Cemi varaudiT somexi generlis coli unda iyos. axla vaxSmobas vapirebT. mogvianebiT mogwer. 18 oqtoberi, 1919. dasaZineblad 11-is naxevarze wavedi, amitomac veRaraferi mogwere, Tumca kargad meZina da dRes Tavs SesaniSnavad vgrZnob. guSin 6 saaTze unda davZruliyaviT, magram 8 saaTamde fexi ver movicvaleT. sam manqanaSi gadavnawildiT. aqedan erTi, romelic mxolod bargisTvis gamoviyeneT, pirdapir diliJanSi wavida. Cems manqanaSi greisi, grandi da luki isxdnen. meore manqana gafuWda da rogorc mogvianebiT gavigeT, 8 milis fexiT gavla mouxdaT. pirvelad gogCis tbis samxreTiT, elenovkaSi gavCerdiT. cxenosani eskorti gzad Semogvegeba da sofelSi zeimiT SevediT. maspinZlebma mTeli puri da TefSiT marili dagvaxvedres, romelic gavsinje. mogvianebiT adgilobrivma komisarma sadilad migviwvia. daaxloebiT 11 saaTisTvis daiwyo Cveni mogzauroba tbis gaswvriv, wminda ninosa da wminda rifsimes gzaze. maTi aqauri moRvaweobis aRsaniSnavad gzis piras, mTels gayolebaze, jvrebi dgas. soflebi TiTqmis miwasTanaa gasworebuli. daaxloebiT 20 mili ise gaviareT, sicocxlis niSan-wyali ar Segvxvedria. tba zRvis donidan 6000 futis simaRleze mdebareobs da aqauroba faqtobrivad Camkvdaria. novo baiazidamde ramdenime milis moSorebiT adgilobrivi delegacia 56 dagvxvda, qalaqis SesasvlelSi ki cxenosanTa razmi da boiskautebis jgufi gveloda misasalmebeli transparantebiT, SeZaxilebiTa da simRerebiT. qalaqSi triumfiT Sesvlas mosaxleobis guliTadi misalmeba, banketi da gamosvlebi mohyva. Semdeg eklesiisken gavemarTeT, Tan cxenosnebi da boiskautebi gvaxldnen. maTi simRera da xalxis ovaciebi mudam Tan gvsdevda. novo baiazididan elenovkaSi dabrunebisas manqanaSi momakvdavi devnili CavisviT. elenovkaSi Cvenebs SevxvdiT. gairkva, rom 4 saaTisTvis Zlivs Camosulan. mzis Casvlisas tbis dasavleT napirs gavuyeviT da kunZulze agebuli monastris ulamazesi xediT davtkbiT. gza zRvis donidan 8000 futis simaRlemde adis, mere ki qvemoT, 5400 futis simaRlemde eSveba mkveTri mosaxvevebis gavliT. swored aq, sadac ulamazesi, tyiani peizaJi iSleba, mSvenieri sazafxulo kurorti, diliJani mdebareobs. is erT-erTi ulamazesi adgilia maT Soris, risi warmodgenac adamians SeuZlia. rvis naxevarze ukve diliJanSi viyaviT, sadac Cveulebisamebr sazeimo daxvedra mogviwyves, Semdeg ki general ianalovis saxlisken gavemarTeT. mTebs Soris gza swored man gaiyvana da axla masze pasuxismgebeli Tavadaa. misma meuRlem araCveulebrivad Tbili daxvedra mogviwyo, xolo misma qaliSvilma, Tea osipovma (osipovi qmris gvaria) da SviliSvilebma - 9 wlis kitim da 12 wlis tasiam ojaxis wevrebiviT migviRes. vaxSami, romelic aivanze gagviSales, TerTmetis naxevramde gagrZelda. guSindeli dRe imdenad sasiamovno da amaRelvebeli iyo, mis Sesaxeb dausruleblad SemiZlia wera, Tumca axla sasauzmod mimeCqareba. kvira. 19 oqtomberi. am werils matarebelSi vwer, romelic dilaadrian Semovida tfilisSi. dabinavebamde sauzmobas vapirebT. guSin adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan erTad cixe movinaxule. iqauroba TurqeTidan wamosuli devnilebiTaa savse, bavSvebi SimSiloben. fqvilis sacavebsac SevavleT Tvali. rTuli dasanaxi ar aris, rom fqvilSi qviSaa gareuli. Semdeg ramdenime mili fexiT gaviareT tyiT Sefenili mTis gaswvriv, romlis silamazec arafriT Camouvardeboda gudbrandsdalisa da valdersis xedebs.28 sadilis Semdeg sapatio yaraulis TanxlebiT daviZariT. qalebi da bavSvebi Cems manqanas yvavilebs esrodnen. karaklisamde mSvenieri gziT viareT da naSuadRevs CavediT. CvenTan somxeTSi amerikuli xsnis komitetis29 ufrosi movida da cota xani Cems vagonSi gaatara. 28 adgilebi norvegiaSi American Committee for Relief in the Near Eat - humanitarul saqmianobas eweoda ZiriTadad somxeTsa da siriaSi. 29 57 gza dabnelebis Semdeg gavagrZeleT. sanainSi axalgazrda amerikeli oficeri davimgzavreT, romelic ori dRe elodeboda matarebels. erevnis mimarTulebiT kviraSi mxolod sami matarebeli dadis, mTel somxeTSi ki, jamSi, ocdaori lokomotivia, romelTa nawilic mwyobridanaa gamosuli da teqnikuri pirobebis uqonlobis gamo maTi SekeTeba SeuZlebelia. saerTod, rkinigziT sargebloba sakmaod sariskoa, magram aqamde usafrTxod CamovediT. Tavs kargad vgrZnob. mzisa da qaris wyalobiT sakmaod janmrTelad gamoviyurebi. darwmunebuli var, tfilisSi dabrunebuls bevri samuSao melodeba. 20 oqtomberi. 1919. uamravi saqme damxvda. Camosvlis wuTidan katorReliviT vmuSaob manamde, sanam Tavi saSinlad ar amtkivdeba da Tvalebi ar damexuWeba guSin, kviras, saxlSi sauzmis dros davbrundiT. mTeli kalaTa damxvda telegramebiT savse, Tanac yvela telegrama saswrafo iyo. saqmes SuaRamemde SemovrCi. erTaderTi, ramac bedniereba momaniWa, Seni 2 oqtombers gamogzavnili baraTi iyo, sadac bednier dabadebis dRes misurvebdi da Sens kargad yofnas mamcnobdi. maxarebs imis codna, rom yvela, vinc miyvars, 18 dRis win Tavs mSvenivrad grZnobda, radgan Sens werilebs 20 seqtembris Semdeg aRar mouRwevia Cemamde. dRes grZeli dRe mqonda. saRamos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma Semomiara gadaudebeli saqmis gamo da karga xans visaubreT. zogjer bednieric ki var, rom aq ara xar. aq rom cxovrobde, daundoblad damtanjavda fiqri, rom garSemo SenTvis saintereso araferia da Tavs ver iqcev. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, arc sanitaruli pirobebia Seni sakadrisi. sanam me erevanSi viyavi, aq bolSevikebma wyalsadeni gadawves da mas Semdeg qalaqs wyali aRar miewodeba. xalxi wyaroebisa da Webis imedadaa darCenili. albaT warmogidgenia, rogor mdgomareobaSi arian adamianebi, romelTaTvisac sisufTave Zalian mniSvnelovania. aq arc ise bevri bolSevikia; sadac waawydebian, iqve iWeren, magram TavianTi sawinaaRmdego azris gamoxatvas isini mainc axerxeben. aSkaraa, rom sanitaruli normebis dacva maTi programis nawili ar aris. ra Tqma unda, muSaobis procesSi bevr imedgacruebas da winaaRmdegobas vawydebi, magram mabednierebs imis SegrZneba, rom sasargeblo saqmes vakeTeb da maqvs samuSao, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovani samuSaoa maT Soris, rac ki odesme mqonia. cxovrebis saukeTeso periodi midgas da mgonia, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, mizans mainc mivaRwev. 58 bavSvebisTvis diliJanis fotoebs vagzavni. simarTle rom vTqva, Cems somxur mogzaurobaSi diliJani erTaderTi naTeli wertilia. erevani koSmari iyo, novo baiazidi - aranaklebi. fiqric ar minda, ra mdgomareobaSia iq xalxi da ras moutans zamTari am sabralo qveyanas. grandi da ueiTi telegrafis ofisSi wavidnen londonTan dasakavSireblad. mec movrCi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gviania, saqmes unda davubrunde. telegramebis mimosvlas imdeni dro miaqvs, eWvi mepareba, Rirs Tu ara telegrafis gamoyeneba ninosTvis da endisTvis dabadebis dReebis misalocad. Tumca albaT mainc vcdi. didi madloba saCuqrisTvis, Cemo uZvirfaseso. oTxSabaTi. 22 oqtomberi, 1919. guSindeli dRe sakmaod damRleli da depresiuli aRmoCnda. dasaZineblad 11 saaTze sruliad daqanculi wavedi. am diliT tomis 28-29 seqtembris werili Camovida. Sengan isev araferi ismis. Tavis werilSi tomi gakvriT aRniSnavs, rom ocdarvaSi Segxvda da Sen misis hadsonTan erTad iyavi. imedia, dro sasiamovnod gaatareT. Tavs cudad ar vgrZnob, magram uamravi saqme maqvs. somxeTSi gatarebuli dReebis gamo uamravi werili da telegrama damigrovda samuSaod. paraskevi. Rame. 24 oqtomberi. Tavisufali dro jer kidev ar gamomiCnda. SeiZleba uaxloes momavalSi CrdiloeTisken, darialis xeobaSi momixdes wasvla. amindi sagrZnoblad gafuWda. mokled rom vTqva, gadaviRale. am werils konstantinopolSi birketi da luki waiReben. dampirdnen, rom Tavad gaakontroleben gamogzavnis process. Cveni somxuri mogzaurobis amsaxveli fotoebi, romlebic grandim gadaiRo, sakmaod kargia. imedi maqvs, momavali werilis gamogzavnamde maT amobeWdvas movaxerxeb. konvertSi vercxlis patara jvars vdeb ninosTvis. giZRvniT udides siyvaruls, Cems Zvirfas margarets da bavSvebs. 59 SabaTi. 25 oqtomberi. 1919. albaT advili warmosadgenia, rogor gamaxara am diliT Seni werilis miRebam, romelic 26 seqtembridan 5 oqtombramdea dawerili. Tumca, Cemi varaudiT, Seni zogierTi werili jerac ar mosula Cemamde. imedi maqvs, Cemi 2 seqtembris werili ar dakargula. aseve mogwere 11, 22 da 25 seqtembers, 2 da 7 oqtombers, SeiZleba sxva gzavnilebi ubralod ar CaminiSnavs. moxaruli var, rom misis hadsonTan erTad dro sasiamovnod gaatare, axla ki albaT jonasi da maalfridi30 arian SenTan. albaT kamilac mandaa. Cemi azriT, kargi iqneboda, Tu alisas aiyvandi an vinme kargs ipovidi. Cemo sabralo! albaT, rogori daqanculi xar. muSebiT savse saxli da dazianebuli iataki rTuli asatani unda iyos. axla, albaT, ukeT grZnob Tavs. ver viTmen, ise minda sufTa, sasiamovnod mowyobili oTaxebi vnaxo, roca davbrundebi. meti araferi xdeba. Zalian bevri saqme maqvs, ueiTs da grandis velodebi. damxmare Zala namdvilad ar gvawyenda. rukeri albaT ukve daiZreboda. imedi maqvs, kargi TanamSromeli aRmoCndeba. dRes mSvenieri daria. SeiZleba xval TelavSi wavide manqaniT. daaxloebiT 60 mili unda gaviaro kaxeTis aRmosavleT nawilisken. Cemi siyvaruli Cems uZvirfases meuRles da Svilebs: jeimis, endis, ninos. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi 28. 10. 19. bolo werili SabaTs RamiT, 25 oqtombers mogwere. mas Semdeg bevri vifiqre da vidarde. iqneb raRacas ise ar vakeTeb, rogorc saWiroa? iqneb Cemi arCeuli gza sxvebisTvis damRupveli aRmoCndes? yvelaferi unda vakontrolo, mudam fxizlad unda viyo da es damRlelia. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi ori TanamSromeli Semomemata. pirveli leitenanti stounia, 49 wlis. baTumidan gamomigzavnes. misi 19 wlis vaJi flotSi msaxurobs. mgoni, omamde buRalteri iyo. meore _ yofili baronesa, Tamara Tisenhauzenia, daaxloebiT 30 jonas georg iohan koleti da maalfrid dublogi, oliver uordropis meuRlis - margaretis Zma da rZali 60 imave asakisa. is beWdvaSi mexmareba. sabralo, Zalian mondomebulia, rom movaleoba pirnaTlad Seasrulos. adamianebisTvis, romlebmac axalgazrdoba ukan moitoves, lukma-puris Sovna rTulia. aristokratebi Tavis gadasarCenad ibrZvian da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian msgavs samuSaos. bolo dros saxlSi vWamT da ara sufTa haerze, Tumca amindi jer kidev mSvenieria da dRes ufro Tbila, vidre ramdenime dRis win. sawyali ueiTi Tavs SeuZlod grZnobs, Tumca mainc muSaobs. mgoni, dedasa da daze dardobs, romlebic odesaSi arian. misi colis werilebi ki kidev ufro gvian modis, vidre Seni. qalbatonma begTaTbegovma miTxra, rom momaval kviras CemTvis didebul wveulebas marTavs, romelsac samoci stumari daeswreba. netav, Tavis arideba SemeZlos. SeiZleba, kaxeTSi wavideT eqskursiaze, esec mniSvnelovani ambavia. paralelurad vapireb vladikavkazSi gavemgzavro samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesasruleblad. metismetad datvirTuli var. rogorc Cans, dasveneba ar miweria. parizis konferenciaze raimes mainc rom ityodnen am regionze, goneba Semimsubuqdeboda. xalxSi mouTmenloba da brazi matulobs. veWvob, sasowarkveTam sabediswero nabijis gadadgmisken ar ubiZgoT. konvertSi uolSisa da kolinis werilebsac vdeb. rogorc ki SeZleb, iqneb gadaagzavno. xuTSabaTi. 30. 10.19. guSin ninos da endis telegrama gamovugzavne dabadebis dReebis misalocad. teqsti Zalian ubraloa: „nino, endriu, miyvarxarT.“ imedia, male Camova Tqvenamde. SuadRisas me, grandi da ueiTi fexiT avediT mTaze, romelic wminda daviTis eklesiis ukan, qalaqidan aTasi futis simaRlezea. es iyo pirveli didi gaseirneba mas Semdeg, rac aq CamovediT. Tbili amindiT Zalian visiamovneT. mTis wverze sasiamovnod qroda niavi. Cven Tvalwin SesaniSnavi xedi gadaiSala, TiTqos asobiT mili dagvides xelis gulze. yazbegis ulamazesi, daTovlili mTa Zalian naTlad moCanda, dasavleTiTac SeiZleboda mwvervalebis danaxva. Cven qvemoT gaSenebulma qalaqma Tavisi aRmosavluri xasiaTiT da mdinaris xeobam SesaniSnavi ganwyoba Segviqmna. funikuloris mimarTulebiT liandagicaa gayvanili, magram revoluciis Semdeg vagoni aRar moZraobs. amitom viwro da cicabo bilikiT mogvixda asvla. dabrunebisas axalgazrda oficers, heron uoTsons Sevxvdi. man ori Tvis win konstantinopolidan baTumamde imgzavra CvenTan erTad gemiT, axla ki Teiranidan brundeba Sin. uoTsoni ueiTTan da grandisTan erTad wavida operaSi, bizes „margalitis Tevzebis“ sa61 naxavad, me ki wynari saRamo maqvs, romelsac samxreT kavkasiur politikaze dardSi vatareb. am diliT saCxerelma nino wereTelma (taso maCablisa da babo bagrationis dam) soflidan uzarmazari kalaTiT yurZeni gamomigzavna saCxeridan. guSin rTuli dRe mqonda, magram mainc movaxerxe Cerqezovis ZmisSvili nino da misi meuRle gvazava menaxa. orive saocrad momxibvleli adamiania. naxevari saaTiT princ napoleon miuratsac Sevuare. qarTuli jaris generali miurati naxevrad qarTveli, naxevrad ki frangia. avadmyofobam xeli daria, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, sicocxliT savse da sasiamovno adamiania. RambaSiZec movida da Seqmnil viTarebaze visaubreT. generali niuqombi baqodan dabrunda saintereso axali ambebiT da malariiT, romelmac Zalian daasusta. vinatrebdi, aqauri mdgomareoba odnav martivi mainc yofiliyo. sanam parizis konferenciaze raime ar iTqmeba, vici, rom nerviulobas ver SevwyvetT. Seni da bavSvebis fotoebs rom dampirdi, Cemamde jerac araferi mosula. albaT, werili jer kidev gzaSia da maTi CamosvliT male gavbednierdebi. imedi maqvs, fotoze naTlad davinaxav, rom Cemi Zvirfasi meuRle mxnedaa, werilSi ki mxolod sasiamovno siaxleebs amovikiTxav. RambaSiZe, xoStaria da generali niuqombi albaT erTad gamoemgzavrebian momavali kviris dasawyisSi. SegiZlia, isini momaval kviraSive an Semdeg TveSi (noemberSi) naxo. aucileblad getyvian, rom ase kargad didi xania ar vyofilvar. somxeTis fotoebi jer kidev ar aris mzad. imedi maqvs, male movaxerxeb maT gamogzavnas. amjerad ki konvertSi werilTan erTad bavSvebisTvis sam Ria baraTs vdeb diliJanis xedebiT. paraskevi, 31 oqtomberi. dRes mSvenieri amindia da Tavs kargad vgrZnob. fosta ukve mzadaa gamosagzavnad, amitom Zalian cota dro maqvs imis saTqmelad, rom Zalian miyvarxar. xval gansakuTrebiT bevrs vifiqreb Cems Zvirfas ninoze, orSabaTs ki endize. gadaeci Cemi guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens, aseve joanas da maalfrids, Tu SenTan arian. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom mxolod ori Tvea, rac aq var. meCveneba, rom mTeli weli gavida. gkocni siTboTi da siyvaruliT, Cemo tkbilo meuRlev. o. u. 62 tfilisi. 3 noemberi. Cemo uZvirfaseso, 31 oqtombers mogwere, mere ki, saRamos, sakmaod xangrZlivi saubari mqonda RambaSiZesTan. ninos dabadebis dRe sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda CemTvis. bevri Tavsatexi gamomiCnda. miuxedavad amisa, mainc sul Cvens patara gogoze vfiqrobdi da bednierebis SegrZneba ar mtovebda. SuadRisas guliTadi saubari mqonda premier-ministr JordaniasTan. is SesaniSnavi adamiania, mTeli qveyana davalebulia misgan im yvelafris gamo, rasac Jordania akeTebs. mogvianebiT amerikuli misiis xelmZRvanels Sevxvdi. vilaparakeT jer kidev gadauWrel problemaze – uTanxmoebaze TaTrebsa da somxebs Soris. rogorRac unda movaxerxoT, rom es problema kidev ufro ar gamwvavdes. Semdeg afxazeTis eklesiis meTaurs, ambrosis Sevxvdi, romelic gasaocrad mxne, ganswavluli da RvTismoSiSi adamiania. man mniSvnelovani informacia momca soxumis raionis Sesaxeb. saRamos amindi gafuWda da cota xans, magram Zlierad quxda da elavda. Sin Zalian daRlili davbrundi. guSin, kviras, generalma niuqombma mTeli SuadRe CvenTan saqmian saubarSi gaatara, mere ki erTadac visadileT. RamiT baTumisken daiZra RambaSiZesTan erTad, saidanac, konstantinopolis gavliT, londonSi gaemgzavrebian. maTi mogzauroba Tvis bolos dasruldeba. rkinigzaze kidev erTi Tavdasxma ganaxorciela bandam, romelsac, savaraudod, ucxoeTidan gadauxades. garkveuli jgufebi Zalian cdiloben warmoaCinon saqarTvelo, rogorc areuli qveyana. Tavdasxmam xuTi adamiani imsxverpla, sakmaod ZviradRirebuli lokomotivi ki mniSvnelovnad dazianda. guSin, saRamos xuTisken, begTabegovebTan wavediT “tasse de the”-ze. vaxSams cekvebi mohyva, Tumca me aTi saaTisTvis mainc movaxerxe wamosvla. ra Tqma unda, iq bevri adamiani iyo, visi naxvac Zalian mesiamovna, magram Sen kargad ici – wveulebebi namdvilad ar aris Cemi cxovrebis stili. dRes Cemi Zvirfasi endis dabadebis dRea. dausruleblad vfiqrob masze da bednierebas vusurveb. am dReebSi Semodgomis araCveulebrivi amindi dgas. avdari sul ramdenime dRes gagrZelda, Sesabamisad, isev gvaqvs saSualeba, Senobis SigniT aRar vikveboT. aivanze vsauzmobT, vsadilobT da vvaxSmobT. sufTa haeri sicocxlis Zalas mmatebs. stumrad batoni Jordania (premier-ministri) myavda. erTi saaTiT Semoiara. miuxedavad imisa, rom ena odnav ebmis, masTan saubari Zalian sasiamovnoa. werilTan erTad Tormet fotos gigzavni. maTi umetesoba grandim somxeTSi yofnis dros gadamiRo. SeiZleba, mogvianebiT kidev 63 SevZlo ramdenimes gamogzavna. Cveni eleqtrosanaTebi mwyobridan gamodis, zogjer saerTod ar muSaobs. imedi maqvs, Sen Cemze naklebi problema gawuxebs. 4 noemberi. civi, mowyenili dRe iyo. vSiSob, rom bolos da bolos, zamTari dadga. vladikavkazSi wasvlas veRar vaxerxeb. marTalia, general qiss31 avuxseni, rom CemTvis masTan Sexvedra vladikavkazSi ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo, vidre tfilisSi, magram is xval diliT mainc Camodis. rogorc Cans, sagareo saqmeTa saministrom ivarauda, rom mgzavroba saxifaTo iqneboda CemTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom am qveyanaSi ar arsebobs gza, romelic SemaSinebda. aRarafers vambob imaze, rom aqaur gzebze uamravi manqana dadis yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe. 5 noemberi. qisi am diliT Camovida da sadilamde kargaxans vilaparakeT. vSiSob, rom uSedegod. is male SvebulebaSi miemgzavreba londonSi. CvenTan erTad RambaSiZem, meliqovma da orbelianma ivaxSmes. muzeumebisa da sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebis mosanaxuleblad arcerTi ar wasula. cota adrianad vivaxSmebT, raTa saRamos operaSi wasvla movaswroT ”toskas” mosasmenad, magram, simarTle rom giTxra, am warmodgenis xilva didad ar mexaliseba. xval saqarTvelos mTavroba Hotel d`Orient-Si gvepatiJeba sadilad, SuadRisas ki wveulebaze unda wavide. qisma Tqva, rom baTumSi paraskevs diliT dabrundeba. 7 noemberi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, operaSi wasvla mainc momiwia. msaxiobebi kargad TamaSobdnen da SesaniSnavad mRerodnen, magram warmodgena mainc ar momewona. Semdeg „qarTul klubSi“ wavediT savaxSmod da Sin Zalian gvian davbrundiT. 31 generali qisi - ekaterinodarSi denikinis StabTan politikuri misiiT mimagrebuli samxedro piri. qisi ekaterinodarSi xelmZRvanelobda politikur mimarTulebas, xolo generali holmani samxedros. sabolood, oriveni britaneTis Tavdacvis saministros eqvemdebarebodnen da ewinaaRmdegebodnen sagareo saqmeTa saministros, maT Soris, kerzonisa da uordropis mier gatarebul politikas. 64 guSindelma dRem Cemi didi Zalisxmeva waiRo. mejavreba zeimebi! ramdenime dRis win kowia erisTavs Sevpirdi, rom oTxze masTan erTad visadilebdi. Tavis arideba aRar gamomivida. sadils ocze meti adamiani daeswro, maT Soris, gegeWkori (sagareo saqmeTa ministri) da sxvebi. diasaxlisisa da misi qaliSvilis garda, romelic klerkad muSaobs sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi, yvela mamakaci iyo. kacebi mRerodnen, gitaraze ukravdnen da sadRegrZeloebsac warmoTqvamdnen, magram Svidi saaTi ar iyo, roca iqaurobas gamovecale. saxlSi misuli cameti ricxviT daTariRebulma Senma werilma gamaxara, swrafad CavikiTxe, Cavicvi da oficialur vaxSamze wavedi, romelsac mTeli ministrTa kabineti unda daswreboda. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom maTTvis sagangebo TaTbiri dainiSna da ver movidnen. magidis garSemo ocze meti stumari ijda. RambaSiZe, romelic Tamadobda, TiToeul maTgans elaparakeboda. es banketi qisis pativsacemad gaimarTa, romelic SuadRisas mcxeTaSi wasuliyo. Sin isev Zalian gvian davbrundi, SuaRame ukve gadasuli iyo. qisi dilis aTze gaemgzavra baTumSi, me ki Cveul ritmSi ganvagrZe muSaoba. xval, SuaRamisas, matarebliT gavemgzavrebi siRnaRisken, Semdeg manqaniT Telavisken, ukan ki isev matarebliT davbrundebi orSabaTs, sadilamde. imedi maqvs, cota xans mSvidad yofnas SevZleb. rac Seexeba aTi-Tormeti oqtombriT daTariRebul Sens Zvirfas werils- mixaria, rom ipove saweri magida, romelic mogwons da imedi maqvs, rom mag magidaze CemTvis bevr werils dawer. netav SemeZlos, misaReb oTaxSi Sevixedo da davinaxo fanjrebze mofriale axali wiTeli fardebi, daginaxo Sen, cecxlis piras mjdomi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaferi aRmiwere, srulad mainc ver warmovidgine iqauroba. marTalia, aq kidev ori weli ar vapireb yofnas (rukerma momawoda es azri), magram vSiSob, rom Sobas TqvenTan erTad ver gavatareb. es erTaderTi im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba Tu aRmoCndeba, rom Cemi aq muSaoba sruliad uSedego da usargeblo iyo. ra Tqma unda, verafers gamovricxav. imedia, wlis bolosTvis gavigeb, rogoria mokavSireTa32 politika dedamiwis am nawilTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca am etapze, informaciis naklebobis gamo, xel-fexi maqvs Sekruli. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, Zalian Semecodebodi aq rom yofiliyavi. verc bavSvebi gaZlebdnen. mixaria, rom skola ufro da ufro moswonT, Tumca sawyenia, rom frangulis maswavlebeli ar uvargaT. vici, Cemi werilebi Sendami Zalian mosawyeni da suleluria. swrafad vjRabni yvelafers, rac TavSi momdis, rogorc ki dro gamiCndeba. Cemi baraTebi ufro yoveldRiuri ambebis qronikaa, rac, vSiSob, sulac ar aris wasakiTxad saintereso. bolo xanebSi gacilebiT ukeT var. albaT ufro imitom, rom ca 32 igulisxmeba antanta - didi britaneTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, safrangeTi da italia. 65 mowmendilia da haeri -sufTa. aq ar icis civi zamTari, magram mudmivi problemebi gaTbobasTan da ganaTebasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalian gamaRizianebelia. CvenTan eleqtrooba aRar muSaobs da mTlianad sanTlebze varT damokidebuli. gTxov, gadasce Cemi guliTadi salami dedaSens da kamilas, aseve, jonass da maalfrids, romlebic, albaT, SenTan erTad arian. aseve, saukeTeso survilebiT moikiTxe lanJeebi. erTi Txovna maqvs - SegiZlia, poplinis halstuxebi gamomigzavno? sami cali, TiTo inCis sigrZis, lurji, mwvane an yavisferi. mgoni, sul gamebna Cemi halstuxebi, romlebic Tan Camovitane. windebs, cxvirsaxocebs da sayeloebsac veRar vpoulob. sarecxs TiTqmis ver vibrunebT danakargis gareSe. SabaTi. 8 noemberi. SuadRisas Cemi Zvirfasi gogonas kidev erTma werilma gamaxara da sasiamovnod gamakvirva. marTalia, werili sakmaod Zveli iyo (4-7 seqtembris), magram sasiamovnod ikiTxeboda. dagvianeba, savaraudod, oldhemis gamo moxda, romelmac gza-kvali aria. Sua aRmosavleTis departamenti gacilebiT sandoa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imedi maqvs, rom asea da ar vcdebi.33 ramdenime saaTSi kaxeTisken daviZvrebiT. imedi maqvs, ukan orSabaTs davbrundebiT, dRis pirvel naxevarSi. dRes bevri viSrome mosalodneli uTanxmoebis da sisxlisRvris Tavidan asacileblad. Tavs bednierad CavTvli, Tuki Cems Sromas amaod ar Cauvlia.34 maxsovs, adre miTxari, rom Cvenma erTma daqorwinebulma axlobelma (mgoni kamilam), Tqva, rom qorwinebis meSvide wlisTavi yvelaze kritikulia wyvilisTvis. Cven zRvars ukve gadavabijeT da axla, roca ukan vixedebi, mxolod bednierebas vxedav, bednierebas, romelic dRiTidRe izrdeba. savaraudod, garemoebebiT gamowveulma ganSorebam Cvens urTierTobaze kargad imoqmeda. yovelTvis, roca SenTan vbrundebi, vbrundebi didi siyvaruliT, vidre wina jerze da Senc ufro da ufro Zlier grZnobas magebeb. mixaria, rom varjiSs ar wyvet. dRes blumma Semomiara. is ruseTis konsulia TavrizSi. erTmaneTi didi xnis win, 1887 wels, moskovSi gavicaniT, roca jer kidev biWi iyo, me ki mis biZasa da bicolasTan gavatare Cemi iq yofnis mTeli periodi. sabralo dedamisi jer kidev 33 aq uordropi, savaraudod, gulisxmobs qalaq oldhemis safosto serviss da xazs usvams, rom sagareo saqmeTa saministros Sua aRmosavleTis departamentis gzavnilebi adgilze ufro usafrTxod Cadiodnen. 34 aq igulisxmeba, uordropis SuamavlobiT, somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi, romelTac is qvemoT ufro detalurad exeba. 66 moskovSia. blumi aq imisTvis Camovida, rom cols Sexvdes da TavrizSi masTan erTad dabrundes. coli cnobili rusi kompozitoris, skriabinis Svilia, Tavad blumi ki anton rubinSteinis Zmis SviliSvili. skriabinma marcxena xelisTvis imdenad rTuli noqtiurni dawera, rom sazogadoebaSi mis Sesrulebas Tavadac ki erideboda - Secdomebis daSvebis eSinoda. sasiamovnoa biZia alfis vercxleulis qona. Tuki adamians Zvirfaseuloba saerTod unda gqondes, albaT jobia, iseTi nivTebis mflobeli iyo, romlebTanac asociaciebi gakavSirebs. didi xania, Seni da bavSvebis fotoebi ar gamogigzavnia. arada, Zalian minda TqvenTvis Tvalis Sevleba. am diliT odnav yinavda da wels pirvelad, dilis tradiciuli seirnobisas, palto Cavicvi. wuxel mTeli Rame savse mTvare anaTebda, ramac Zalian gagvaxara, radgan sanTlebis garda, sinaTlis araviTari wyaro ar gagvaCnia. uCveulod sasiamovnoa, rom sagareo saqmeTa saministrom Cemi baTumSi vizitis Sesaxeb Segatyobina. albaT ukve gecodineba, rom mxolod erTi dRiT viyavi wasuli. „fiqris Zala“ SesamCnevad izrdeba maSin, roca azrebisTvis Tavis moyras axerxeb. vSiSob, azrovnebis unari saerTod wamerTva. me axla manqana var, romelic mTel dRes samuSaos Sesrulebas andomebs. Zvirfasi ninos fotom, romelic gamomigzavne, saxli momanatra. warmomidgenia, rogoria nino axla -„siamovnebaTa zmaneba“ da ara „patara, usaxuri arseba yviTeli TmiTa da lurji TvalebiT“.35 grandi da ueiTi mokiTxvas giTvlian. amJamad orive mSvenivrad grZnobs Tavs. kvira. 9 noemberi. dRis 3 saaTi. gurjaanis sadguri. am werils matarebelSi vwer, sanam STabeWdilebebi jer kidev cxelia. vSiSob, mogvianebiT saTanado sityvebis povna gamiWirdeba. manqanebs matarebelSi vtvirTavT. ramdenime wuTSi Telavisken daviZrebiT. wuxel RamiT grandi, ueiTi, orbeliani da me tfilisidan saRamos aT saaTze gavediT da naSuaRamevs, oTxis TxuTmet wuTze melaanSi CavediT, sadac siRnaRisken aris gadasaxvevi. 6 saaTze avdeqiT, visauzmeT da cxenosani eskortis TanxlebiT davadeqiT gzas. aqauroba lamazia, miwa-nayofieri, haeri-sufTa. gzadagza Cveni eskortic izrdeboda da mosaxleobis yuradRebac Cven mimarT. melaanidan 35 es aris amonaridebi britaneli poetis - uiliam uordvorsis leqsidan „siamovnebaTa zmaneba“. 67 aTi mili viareT da bodbes mivadeqiT, sadac wminda ninoa dasaflavebuli. xalxi Cvens manqanas yvavilebs esroda. monasters mivadeqiT, gaviareT triumfaluri TaRi, romelic foTlebisgan aRemarTaT. winamZRvarma Tavad migviRo. is Tavadis qali vaCnaZea, levan vaCnaZis da. levan vaCnaZe Cemi maspinZeli iyo tfilissa da siRnaRSi ocdaaTi wlis win, roca aq pirvelad Camovedi. Savsamosiani, maRalTavsaburiani dedebi, monastris skolis TeTrkabiani gogonebi da SemogarenSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba monastris teritoriaze Sekrebiliyo. mRvdeli meoTxe saukuneSi aSenebuli patara eklesiisken wamiZRva da locva aRavlina mona RvTisa oliverisa da misi sayvareli adamianebis kargad yofnisaTvis. monazvnebma galobiT misurves xangrZlivi da bednieri sicocxle. jvarze mTxvevis Semdeg wminda ninos saflavTan mimiyvanes. arqeologma natroSvilma, romelic amavdroulad momrigebeli mosamarTlea, bevri saintereso ram miambo monastris Sesaxeb. vazis xisagan damzadebul kankelze yurZnis mtevnebia gamosaxuli. winamZRvarma damaTvalierebina gogonebis saswavlebeli, sacxovrebeli, saklaso oTaxebi, satrapezo da saxelosnoebi, sadac xaliCebi, naqargebi, saeklesio samosi da xatebi iqmneba. man SenTvis saCuqrad naqargi gadmomca, Tamar dedoflis gamosaxulebiT, Cveni ninosTvis ki misi mfarveli wmindanis patara xati, romelic monazvnebis mieraa dawerili. sanam moswavle gogonebisa da monazvnebis gundi sagaloblebs asrulebda, winamZRvari Tavis samyofelSi yaviT gagvimaspinZlda. monasteri puris da, saerTod, bevri saWiro ramis naklebobas ganicdis. wamosvlamde iRumenias mcire Sesawiri gadaveci, 5000 rusuli rubli (daaxloebiT, 8 funti sterlingi). aseve davaTvaliereT monasterTan mdebare mozrdili baRi, yvavilebiT davitvirTeT da bavSvebisa da ufrosebis gamosamSvidobebeli SeZaxilebis TanxlebiT, siRnaRisken gaveSureT. saiTac nabiji gadavdgi, garsSemoxveuli gogonebi yvelgan yvavilebs maxvedrebdnen fexqveS. siRnaRSi Casulebs warmtaci xedi gadagveSala Tvalwin - alaznis triali veli da mis ukan aRmarTuli kavkasionis Tovliani mTebi. siRnaRs WenebiT, ufro sworad, WenebiT momavali eskortis TanxlebiT mivadeqiT. xalxi Cems Sesaxvedrad gamoefina da qalaqSi yvavilebisa da foTlebis TaRis gavliT Sevedi. Cems dasaxvedrad mTeli mosaxleoba gamovida, qalaqis xelisuflebis meTaurobiT, romelTaganac ramdenimem misasalmebeli sityva warmoTqva, Semdeg ki banketze mimipatiJes, sadac uamravi simRera Sesrulda da sadRegrZeloebic iTqva. sufras eswreboda poeti sandro SanSiaSvili, romelmac wlebis win dawerili, marjorisadmi miZRvnili leqsi waikiTxa. marjoris saxeli bevrma moixsenia mowiwebiTa da siyvaruliT. aRniSnes, rom masze, rogorc micvalebulze laparaki yvelas uWirs, radgan marjori samudamod cocxlobs qarTvelebis gulebSi da icocxlebs iqamde, sanam saqarTvelo arsebobs. wamosvlisas mTelma qalaqma gamogvacila. savaWro gaerTianebebs, gildiebs, municipalur organoebs bairaRebi gamoetanaT, gogonebi fexqveS yvavilebs 68 gvifendnen. mTagrexils qalaqis kedlebamde CavuyeviT, Semdeg ki daklaknili gziT venaxebamde CavaRwieT. es raioni swored yurZniT da RviniTaa cnobili. kidev erTxel Sevavle Tvali alaznis velis momajadoebel xeds da daRestnis mTian, kriala camde azidul sazRvars. mindors iqiT anagis daburuli tye moCanda, sadac, Cemi warmodgeniT, mZinare mzeTunaxavi cxovrobda da didxans eloda Tavis zRaprul princs. Cemi bolo vizitis Semdeg mosaxleobis raodenoba sakmaod gaizarda. siRnaRidan Telavamde saxlebisa da venaxebis mwkrivi ar wydeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mosavali arc ise didia, aqauri Rvino umaRlesi xarisxisaa da sakmaod Zviri Rirs. xalxi sakmaod SeZlebulad cxovrobs, kargad ikvebeba da mSvenivrad acvia. Sendeba axali saxlebi da gzebic igeba. gurjaanis sadguridan isev matarebliT ganvagrZeT mogzauroba da Telavis sadgurSi SevediT, romelic qalaqidan ramdenime milis daSorebiT mdebareobs. aRmarTi manqaniT aviareT, maRlobze mTeli Telavi gvelodeboda. aTasobiT adamiani sixaruliT danaxvaze, moedanze simRerebi gaisma da misasalmebeli sityvebic iTqva. moswavle gogonebi TeTrebSi gamowyobiliyvnen, yvelafers sazeimo elferi dahkravda. Zveli TaRi gaviareT da mefe iraklis sasaxlesTan mivediT, romelic axla gogonebis skolaa. gogonebis gundma saqarTvelos erovnuli himni Seasrula. arc yvavilebi dagvakles da arc triumfaluri TaRebi - albaT yvelafers, rac TelavSi dagvaxvedres, ver aRgiwer. Cais dasalevad oTaxSi davsxediT, romelsac uzarmazari, gaSlili aivani hqonda. Tvalwin gadagveSala yinulovani kavkasioni - erT-erTi ulamazesi xedi maT Soris, rac ki odesme minaxavs. skolis direqtoris colma Tavad gvimaspinZla - is estonelia da inglisuric icis. Telavidan imdenive adamianma gagvacila, ramdenic dagvxvda. cxenosani razmis TanxlebiT winandlisken daviZariT. samTavrobo Rvinis sacavebi swored winandalSia. iqauroba adre WavWavaZeebs ekuTvnodaT. swored winandlidan gaitaces Samilis meomrebma qalebi da ramdenime Tve mZevlad iyolies daRestanSi. Cemma mekavSire qarTvelma oficerma, mamuka orbelianma, Tavad maCvena cacxvis xe, romlis ZirSic ijda dedamisi, sruliad bavSvi, roca lekebma tyved aiyvanes. movinaxule nangrevebad qceuli samlocvelo, sadac cnobili rusi poeti da dramaturgi griboedovi (romelic TeiranSi mokles da tfilisSi dakrZales), princesa WavWavaZeze daqorwinda. mdidrulad da gemovnebiT morTuli sasaxle daaxloebiT oci akris farTobis kargad movlil tyeSi dgas. Casulebs maspinZlebi 20 futis simaRlis CiraRdnebiTa da TaigulebiT dagvxvdnen. ramdenime misasalmebeli sityvac warmoiTqva. aqaurobis xelmZRvanelma ramiSvilma vaxSami uzarmazar wveuleblad aqcia. Tamamad SemiZlia, vTqva, rom Rvinebi gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, vidre Tamadis mier warmoTqmuli sadRegrZeloebi. 69 daaxloebiT TerTmeti saaTisTvis isev matarebelSi CavsxediT da gurjaanSi davbrundiT, saidanac tfilisisken daviZariT. tfilisSi pirvel saaTze CavediT. damaviwyda meTqva, rom bakurcixeSic araCveulebrivad dagvxvdnen. iq ocdaaTi wlis winac viyavi da aRmoCnda, rom bevrs jer kidev vaxsovar. oTxSabaTi. 12 noemberi. rac tfilisSi davbrundi, uamravi saqme maqvs, magram Tavs kargad vgrZnob. guSin quTaisSi norvegiis konsulma, vinme kapitanma konrad soundlom saqmeze Semomiara. roca norvegiulad davelaparake, lamis guli wauvida da bolos, roca karga xnis Semdeg gons movida, miTxra, rom Cemi warmoTqma Zalian hgavda stlandurs, msubuqi bergenuli elementebiT. is Tavad tronheemidan aris. Cems oTaxs uamravi yvavili amSvenebs. maTgan zogi kaxeTidan Camovitane. amindi jer kidev Zalian sasiamovnoa da ZiriTadad, aivanze vsadilobT. am diliT wvimda. 12 noembris saRamo. Senma werilma, romelic 6 oqtombers biznesmenebs gamoatane, beriZis36 meTvalyureobis qveS, Cemamde dRes SuadRisas moaRwia. ramdenime wuTi gamovZebne, rom SenTvis es mecnobebina da aseve, didi madloba meTqva wignisTvis sfring raisis Sesaxeb. uamravi saqme maqvs. wesiT Sobas Sin Camosvla ver unda movaxerxo. sxvanairadac SeiZleba moxdes Tu aq srul kraxs ganvicdi. erTi suli maqvs rodis gnaxavT Sen da bavSvebs, miTumetes mas Semdeg, rasac bavSvebze miyvebi, magram arCevani ar maqvs, rac daviwye bolomde unda miviyvano. 36 saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros TanamSromeli 70 12.11. 19. oriode sityviT getyvi, rom Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob, Tumca Zalian, Zalian dakavebuli var. giZRvniT siyvaruls, Sen, Cems uZvirfases meuRles da Cvens Svilebs. mokiTxva dedaSens da sxvebs. Seni o. u. tfilisi. 14. 11. 19. Cemo uZvirfaseso meuRlev, saocrad sasiamovnoa Seni xeliT naweri, axali ambebiT savse, ocdaoTxgverdiani gzavnilis miReba, romelic 16-22 oqtombris ambebs momiTxrobs. yvelaze metad gamaoca im faqtma, rom Seni werili zustad maSin movida, roca me TviTon movrCi SenTvis gamosagzavni baraTis weras da konvertis daluqva davapire. rogorc Cans, male mudmivi Suamavlebi gveyoleba londonidan sparseTSi mimavali oficrebis saxiT, rasac baTumidan britaneTisken kviraSi orjer momavali safosto gzavnilebi emateba. ase rom, awi Cvens Soris komunikacia swrafi da xSiri iqneba. ra Tqma unda, sevdiania imaze fiqri, rom Cveni qorwinebis iubile erTad ver gavatareT, magram es pirvelad moxda da imedia, ukanaskneladac. madloba eskizisTvis. axla ukve SemiZlia warmovidgino, rogor gamoiyureba Cveni sastumro oTaxi, aveji davaTvaliero, gaviar-gamoviaro, Tumca mTeli Cemi gulisyuri mainc Tqvenkenaa mopyrobili, Cemi Zvirfasi meuRlisa da Svilebisken, romlebic, Cems warmodgenaSi, buxris piras sxedan. Zalian mainteresebs, vinis gandegiloba rogorme Tu aris dakavSirebuli siasamuris bewvis ambavTan. tomma miambo Tavis werilSi, rom vinim bevri idarda bewveulis tansacmelTan dakavSirebiT da fiqrobda, rom dedaCvenis wili misTvis unda gagveyo. aq Semodgomis SesaniSnavi amindia da mixaria, rom sveli da civi dReebi kidev cota xans ar gvemuqreba. jer kidev ise Tbila, rom aivanze vsadilobT. somxeTisa da azerbaijanis dapirispireba bevr problemas qmnis da muSaobas gvirTulebs. rac SegviZlia, yvelafers vakeTebT situaciis gansamuxtavad da imedia, Sedegic gveqneba, magram ucxouri intrigebis Sedegad gamowveuli zogadi daZabuloba yvelgan igrZnoba. Tumca „bolSevizmis“ afeTqebam, romelic aseve ucxouri fuliT finansdeboda, xeli Seuwyo am qveyanaSi viTarebis garkvevas. qarTvele71 bi Zalian Sors arian bolSevizmisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebisagan, gansakuTrebiT, soflis mosaxleoba Zalian ewinaaRmdegeba msgavs ideologias. qarTul oTaxSi, karadis Sua ganyofilebaSi, sul qvemoT, „wminda ninos cxovrebis“ ramdenime egzemplars ipovi. wignebs sqeli qaRaldi aqvs Semokruli da Sen albaT erTi SexedviT ver icnob, radgan garedan saTauris nacvlad didi asoebiT „studia biblika“ aweria. rukeri jer ar gamoCenila. yoveldRe velodebi. ueiTi da grandi gadaiRalnen da damxmaris gamoCena Zalian gaaxarebT. yovelTvis geubnebodi, rom endis ufro Warbad aqvs verglandebis sisxli, vidre danarCenebs. meniSna Seni mowerili, rogor aRfrTovanda endi, roca misi didi bebiis Zmis Sesaxeb uambe. vimedovneb, rom am didebuli adamianis Tvisebebi Cvens SvilSic mravlad iCens Tavs.37 ra ucnauria, rom „mglis lekvebi“, Cveni biWebi, ukve ise gaizardnen, rom msoflio problemebze fiqroben da did mebrZolebs edrebian. Sen beberi „mglis“ saqmeebi moikiTxe. risi Tqmac SemiZlia isaa, rom ganwyoba odnav gamomikeTda. jerjerobiT aravis uTqvams, rom raime seriozuli Secdoma davuSvi, Tumca vxvdebi, rom saxifaTo aRmarTs mivuyvebi da nebismier wams SeiZleba fexi gadamibrundes, rac Zalian cud Sedegs gamoiRebs da uamrav adamians daazaralebs. vgrZnob, rom aqaur istoriaSi sakuTar furcels vwer da didi imedi maqvs, rom Cems ambavs keTili dasasruli eqneba. mudmivad daWimuli var cvlilebebis molodinSi da vicdi, rodis dadgeba cvlilebebis dro, rom SvebulebiT saxlSi davbrunde da dResaswauli ojaxTan erTad gavataro. xuTi weli uSvebulebod muSaoba sakmaod rTulia. SeiZleba, gaisad naadrevad gamoviqce. rogorc ukve giTxari, savsebiT SesaZlebelia warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier momentSi ukan gamiwvion. Cems usafrTxoebaze ar vdardob. mcvelebi, romlebic qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas Tan damyvebian, mxolod Cemdami pativiscemis dasadastureblad momamagres. me ki vfiqrob, rom Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebare nebismier adgilas SemiZlia usafrTxod, dacvis gareSe vimogzauro da rac ufro velur, miuval adgilas mival, miT ufro gulTbilad damxvdebian. sfring raisis Sesaxeb patara wigni, romelic Sen gamomigzavne saCuqrad dabadebis dReze, ukve wavikiTxe. albaT gaxsovs, Ciroli, avtori, romelic cdilobda, Cveni qorwilebis pirvel wels,38 „TaimsSi“ muSaobiT daveinteresebine da me marTlac gavwie gaze37 oliver uordropis meuRlis - margaret koletis bebia iyo cnobili norvegieli mwerali kamila koleti (qaliSvilobis gvari verenlandi) 1813-1895, xolo misi Zma, romelzedac uordropi saubrobs, aseve cnobili norvegieli poeti - henrik vergelandi (1808-1845) gaxldaT. 38 1912 72 TisaTvis garkveuli samuSao. Tavad adre ucxoeTis ambebis ganyofilebas redaqtorobda. sfring raisi erT-erTi iyo maT Soris, vinc monaTesave sulad miviCnie da dRemde aseTad mimaCnia. peterburgSi yofnis dros misi gakeTebuli bevri mniSvnelovani saqme vnaxe. xval tfilisis universitetSi melodebian. kviras sadilad var mipatiJebuli Tavad mamuka orbelianTan da mis meuRle elisabedTan, romelic saqarTvelos samefo ojaxis warmomadgenelia da, amave dros, redaqtoria gazeTisa “La Georgie Independante”, romelsac regularulad gigzavni. rac Seexeba kvira saRamos, amerikuli flotis oficers, braians da mis meuRles Sevpirdi, rom erTad vivaxSmebT mSvid da sasiamovno garemoSi. 15. XI. 19. SuadRisas universitetSi Seviare. Senoba sakmaod didia, viTareba sasiamovno. koleqciebi da biblioTeka davaTvaliere. vnaxe rusTavelis ilustraciebi, romelTa yidvac, albaT gaxsovs, londonSi SemogvTavazes da ver SevZeliT. axla ilustraciebi im xelnawerebTan erTad inaxeba, saidanac Tavis droze amoWres. kedels marjoris portretebi amSvenebs, iqve misi brinjaos niRabia, romelic kneina olRa WavWavaZis saxlSi inaxeboda. ori saaTisTvis naxevari saaTiT movicale da Cai davlie patara gogonebTan, tasiasTan da kitisTan, maT dedasTan da bebiasTan erTad, romlebmac diliJanSi saocari stumarTmoyvareobiT gvimaspinZles. karakilisidan tfilisSi satvirTo vagoniT Camosasvlelad sami dRe dasWirdaT. Semdeg amerikis warmomadgenels Sevxvdi somxebisa da TaTrebis urTierTobaze sasaubrod. axlaxans davSordiT erTmaneTs. grandi da ueiTi amerikelebTan erTad vaxSmoben, me ki saxlSi var da saRamos mSvidad vatareb. saerTod, Cemi saRamoebis umetesoba wynari da uxmauroa, roca ar vmuSaob, mZinavs. 16. 11. 19. saRamos 6 saaTi da 30 wuTi. samsaxurebrivi TvalsazrisiT, dRevandeli dRe yvelaze damaimedebeli aRmoCnda da damanaxa, rom am wuTas SemiZlia bednieri viyo Cemi Sromis SedegiT. mere ra, rom aravin icis, ra moxdeba xval, SeiZleba sasowarkveTilebamac Semipyros, magram faqtia, rom Cemi orTvenaxevriani Zalisxmeva wyalSi ar Cayrila da mand, samSobloSi, Zalauflebis mqone adamianebs ara mxolod ainteresebT ras vakeTeb, 73 aramed mxars miWeren da iziareben Cems zogierT Sexedulebas. Cemi dRe kidev ufro gaabedniera Senma werilma, romelic 29 oqtombriTaa daTariRebuli. werili sazRvao Zalebis rezervis axalgazrda umcrosma leitenantma, gvarad louelma momitana, romelic admiralma de robekma gamogzavna Cems dasaxmareblad. orbelianebTan gamarTulma sadilma mSvenivrad Caiara. daaxloebiT 4 saaTze wamovediT, rac am qveyanaSi kargi Sedegia, radgan TiToeuli kerZis stumrebisTvis mirTmeva calke ritualia da did dros iTxovs. marTalia, sadRegrZeloebic iTqva, magram RambaSiZem, romelic Tamadobda, sakmaod mokled ilaparaka. sadils eswrebodnen: orbelianebi da maTi vaJebi (20 da 18 wlis, es ukanaskneli pianistia), Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa da ganaTlebis ministri (ramiSvili), qalaqis meri, TayaiSvili (arqeologi da parlamentis vice-spikeri- Cemi Zveli megobari), varia yifiani (profesori, romelic briuselSi muSaobda. varia ormoc wels gadacilebuli qalbatonia. man miTxra, rom Rrma bavSvobidan moyolebuli giJdeboda Cemze, ufro sworad, ise gamoacxada Tavisi „gagiJebis“ Sesaxeb yvelas winaSe, rom odnavac ar gawiTlebula. Semdeg ki daayola, rom misi damokidebuleba Cem mimarT mravalmxrivi iyo), nino gelovani (qarTuli stenografis gamomgonebeli, romelic bolos 1905 wels, petrogradis dumaSi vnaxe), RambaSiZe da misi rZali, bleiqi (axalgazrda amerikeli qarTvelologi), polkovniki stoqsi, ueiTi, grandi. mgoni, aravin gamomrCa. 17. 11. 19. guSin RamiT amerikuli flotis oficer braianTan da mis axalgazrda, sicocxliT savse meuRlesTan erTad vivaxSme. vaxSams aseve eswrebodnen: misis harisi (mister huveris,39 mokavSireTa gaerTianebuli sakvebis kontrolis xelmZRvanelis, yofili mdivani), amerikeli oficris - hibenis40 coli da polkovniki stoqsi. dRes TiTqmis mTeli dRe laparakSi gavatare. greisi ramdenime dRiT Camovida erevnidan, mas ori britaneli oficeric Camohyva baTumidan. mTlianobaSi viTareba ufro imedismomcemad gamoiyureba, vidre aqamde iyo. vdardob, rom mklavi ase gawuxebs. cota xnis win mec damemarTa, 39 herbert huveri - amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti 1929-1933 wlebSi. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg xelmZRvanelobda amerikuli xsnis administracias, romelic daxmarebas uwevda omis Semdeg gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil qveynebs, maT Soris ruseTs da somxeTs. 40 paqston hibeni - amerikeli diplomati, romelic 1918-1923 wlebSi somxeTisadmi amerikuli daxmarebis administrirebiT iyo dakavebuli, mravalgzis imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili qveynisadmi da 1921 wels dawera statia „mxiarulebis respublika“. ix. “Travel”, July 1921 (Vol. XXXVII, Issue 3) 74 raRac mwerlis spazmis msgavsi, magram maleve gamiara. imedia, male Senc kargad igrZnob Tavs. jeimi marTalia, roca ambobs: “du blir bedre og bedre for hver dag som gaar”.41 SegiZlia CaTvalo, rom is gulwrfeli adamiania. kargia, rom Cvenma Svilebma cekvis swavla moindomes. visurvebdi „lekuric“ scodnodaT, romelic didebuli sanaxavia da evropul cekvebs bevrad jobia. ar unda Seicio. ar SegiZlia, damatebiT zeTis Rumeli dadga, Tuki qvanaxSiri ar geyofaT? sawyenia, rom Seni ocnebis saweri magida ver miiRe. xom ici, rogor miyvars, roca ocnebebi gisruldeba. mouTmenlad velodebi, rodis Camova Seni amanaTi, romelic ruqers gamoatane. Sen mier CamoTvlili nivTebi Zalian mWirdeba. cxvirsaxocebi da yelsaxvevebi ukve TiTqmis aRar maqvs. 18. 11. 19. Cemi rCeviT, ocSi somxeTis da azerbaijanis premier-ministrebi tfilisSi Camodian, raTa erTmaneTTan dalaparakeba scadon da ganixilon, rogor moagvaron TavianT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi, romelic ukve sisxlisRvraSi gadaizarda. Tu Sexvedra warmatebiT Caivlis, SemiZlia Tavi bednierad vigrZno da vTqva, rom ramdenime sicocxle mainc gadavarCine. imave dRes vinme skoti, romelic TeiranSi kancleris Tanamdebobaze muSaobda, tfilisis gavliT, kairoSi midis, sadac ministrad iniSneba. mokled, datvirTuli dRe gvelis. dRes maiorma loftonma, arjil hailenderis warmomadgenelma isadila CvenTan erTad. is konstantinepolidan Teiranisken miemgzavreboda. guSin da dRes civi, moJamuli amindia. RambaSiZem da xoStariebma Tqves, rom am paraskevs namdvilad gamoemgzavrebian inglisSi. ukve ori Tvea gamgzavrebisTvis emzadebian. Zalian dakavebuli var. mets ver gwer. mxolod Cems siyvaruls gigzavni. garwmuneb, araferi miWirs. marad Seni, o. u. 41 “Sen yoveldRiurad sul ufro ukeTesi xdebi“, norvegiulad. 75 tfilisi, 20 noemberi. 1919. Cemo Zvirfaso meuRlev, axlaxans Cavabare werilebi SenTan da tomTan gamosagzavnad. toms vTxove wamoiRos amanaTi, romelic sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gadavagzavne da wavawere, rom mas wasaRebad moakiTxaven. amanaTSi xelnakeTi nivTebi da samkaulebia, romlebic erevanSi viyide, yvela vanel ostatTa naxelavia: vercxlis mozrdili qamari, vercxlis momcro qamari, vercxlis ori abzindi, vercxlis jvari, 22 filigranuli sakinZe, margalitebiTa da firuzebiT moWedili oqros ori sayure, romlebic SegiZlia kulonadac gamoiyeno. ra Tqma unda, es nivTebi sul Senia, magram Tu romelime maTganis gaCuqeba mogindeba, gTxov, Tavs nu Seikaveb. dRes mniSvnelovani da datvirTuli dRea. SeiZleba, gsmenia kidec, rom azerbaijani da somxeTi, omis oficialurad gamocxadebis gareSe, nebas rTaven adamianebs iomon zangezuris regionSi. moarul xmebs Tu davujerebT, msxverplma ukve ramdenime aseuls gadaaWarba. me winadadeba wamovayene, rom Tu orive qveynis premier-ministri erT magidasTan dajdeboda da dailaparakebda, mdgomareobis daregulirebas SeZlebdnen. orivem Tanxmoba ganacxada da guSin RamiT tfilisSi Camovidnen. xatisiani ukve Semexmiana, usubekovisgan jer araferi msmenia. wuxel adre daviZine, ase aTi saaTisTvis, grandi da ueiTi ki operaSi wavidnen ”abesalomze” dasaswrebad da orive premier-ministri iq naxes amerikel polkovnik reasTan42 erTad. rogorc Cans, maTi pativiscemis niSnad, maspinZlebma Zal-Rone ar daiSures. orkestrma saqarTvelos da britaneTis erovnuli himnebic Seasrula. didi imedi maqvs, rom premier-ministrebi, romelTac did pativs vcem, SeTanxmebas miaRweven. Tu ase moxdeba, es faqti samSvidobo konferenciaze43 did gavlenas iqoniebs, amasTanave, sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Cemi gavlena gacilebiT gaizrdeba. amindi sagrZnoblad Seicvala, civa da wvims. wuxel Tavsxma iyo. Tumca me Tavs SesaniSnavad vgrZnob da dilaobiT, yovelgvari diskomfortis gancdis gareSe, isev viReb civ abazanas. dRes tomis telegramas vugzavni dabadebis dResTan dakavSirebiT. imedia, droulad miuva. yvelaze metad maxarebs is faqti, rom Cemi aq Camosvlis Semdeg politikuri viTareba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda, Tumca realuri safrTxe jer kidev arsebobs da seriozuli imedgacruebisTvisac mzad var. 42 polkovniki rea - polkovniki haskelis moadgile. am ukanasknelis parizSi yofnis dros, 1919 wlis noemberSi, asrulebda somxeTSi mokavSireTa umaRlesi komisris movaleobas. 43 igulisxmeba parizis samSvidobo konferencia (1919-1920), romelic pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebs ajamebda, ayalibebda msoflios axal wesrigs da maT Soris, wyvetda ruseTis yofili imperiis, kavkasiis regionis bedsac. 76 dRes mister skoti Camodis tfilisSi gavliT, Teiranidan kairoSi miemgzavreba, sadac ministrad dainiSna. mas im droidan vicnob, roca petrogradSi, saelCoSi mdivnad vmuSaobdi. ise, merCivna, sxva dros gvwveoda. sanam werils vwerdi, batoni usubekovi Semomexmiana. dampirda, rom xval sam saaTze CemTan erTad isadilebs. imedia, batoni xatisianic mova. dRes eqvsaaTiani saubari hqondaT, Tumca veraferze SeTanxmdnen. xval dilas isev Sexvdebian da guliTadad vimedovneb, rom SeTanxmebas moaxerxeben. 21. 11. 19. wuxel aT saaTze skoti mestumra da SuaRamemde darCa. mas Tan axldnen studenti Tarjimani, saxelad- monipeni da rajputeli oficeri, saxelad- karlaili. maT am diliTac CvenTan erTad isauzmes, xolo xval ukve gaemgzavrebian. RamiT Zlierad wvimda, amitom diliT Cveuli seirnobisagan Tavi Sevikave. saRamos 7 saaTi. sadilma mSvenivrad Caiara. dro mxiarulad gavatareT, sadRegrZeloebis da sazeimo gamosvlebis gareSe. marjvniv usubekovi mejda, marcxniv xatisiani, pirispir - polkovniki rea, misgan marjvniv isxdnen - gegeWkori, RambaSiZe, papajaniani (somxeTis parlamentis Tavmjdomare), gajinski (azerbaijanis vaWrobis ministri), polkovniki stoqsi, azerbaijanis da somxeTis warmomadgenlebi saqarTveloSi. Jordania avad iyo da mosvla ver moaxerxa. sul ToTxmetni viyaviT da daaxloebiT eqvsis naxevrisTvis daviSaleT. bednieri var, rom premier-ministrebs Soris dialogi swored im mimarTulebiT midis, romliTac me visurvebdi. didi imedi maqvs, rom xval yvelasTvis misaReb gadawyvetilebebamde mivlen. Tu ase moxdeba, aq poziciebs mniSnelovnad gavimyareb. saintereso isaa, rom me ufro didi Zala da gavlena maqvs, vidre sxva nebismiers kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris, magram xom ici, rogoria Cemi damokidebuleba Zalauflebis mimarT - ar miyvars misi gamoyeneba. dRes saSobao saCuqari giyide - saintereso samkaulia. vifiqre, rom mogewoneba. jvaria, xeloba, mgoni, sparsul-somxuri, an sparsul-siriulia. vfiqrob, sakmaod Zvelic unda iyos. oqrosgan damzadebuli arSia sakmaod uxeSia. wina mxares minanqris zolebi dayveba, ukana mxare ki mTlianad 77 zurmuxtisferi minanqrisganaa damzadebuli. zurmuxtisfers ramdenime xazi kveTs, Tumca lalis Tvlebs arcerTi exeba. margalitebi, romlebic patara mavTuliTaa jvars mibmuli, odnav gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. jaWvi oqrosi araa da, Cemi azriT, sulac ar unda ekuTvnodes jvars. mas momcro romauli margalitebi amSvenebs. roca miiReb, Zalian gTxov, gulwrfelad gamiziaro Seni azri. uiSviaTesi nivTia, misi msgavsi arasodes araferi minaxavs. miTxari, mogewoneba Tu ara. aseve SegiZlia, iuvelirsac Seafasebino. mokled, rogorc moisurveb. dRes centraluri gaTboba gvqonda CarTuli, magram axla mainc sagrZnoblad civa. imedi maqvs, rom Sen da dedaSeni (romelsac guliTad mokiTxvas vuTvli), inglisuri saxlis siciviT ar itanjebiT. anginisa da bronqitis gamo, RambaSiZe xmas Zlivs iRebs. Zmam, romelic eqimia, samdRiani woliTi reJimi gamouwera. Tumca is mainc jiutad gaiZaxis, rom xval RamiT londonSi miemgzavreba xoStariasTan erTad. 22. 11. 19. skotma, mTeli SemadgenlobiTurT, CvenTan erTad isadila da xuTi saaTisTvis inglisisken gaemgzavrnen. me qalbatonma RambaSiZem Semomiara Tavis qaliSvilTan erTad, romelic xval (es „xval“ aRar damTavrda) biZas mihyveba londonSi. RambaSiZeebis qaliSvili sasiamovno gogo Cans, miuxedavad imisa, rom mamamiss, eqim RambaSiZes Camoagavs, maincdamainc qarTuli garegnoba ar aqvs. orSabaTi. Rame. 22. 11. 19. Sevajameb, ra moxda Cems cxovrebaSi SabaTidan moyolebuli. eqvs saaTze patara wveulebaze wavedi taso wereTlis saxlSi, sadac aseve mis mier 30 wlis win daarsebuli sabavSvo Jurnalis, „jejilis“ redaqciaa. sam Zalian moxuc qalbatons Sevxvdi: taso wereTels, ekaterine gabaSvils (gogonaTa skolis direqtori, Zalian cnobili mwerali, romelsac yurTasmena TiTqmis mTlianad aqvs dakarguli. is marjoris 1894 wels Sexvda mcxeTaSi ilia WavWavaZesTan da sxvebTan erTad)da qalbaton mesxs. saerTo jamSi, uamravma adamianma moviyareT Tavi, tasos Zmisa da diswulis, Tumanovis CaTvliT, romelic somxeTis aqauri diplomatiuri misiis mdivania. or saaTs gavCerdi. Cai davlieT, xili vWameT da didi xnis win gardacvlilebi gavixseneT. taso, marjoris gardacvalebis aTi wlisTavTan daka78 vSirebiT, „jejilis“ specialuri nomris gamocemas apirebs da mis gasaxseneblad, patara ceremonialis organizebasac mTavazobs. me Tavi metkina. garSemo mowyenilobam daisadgura. stumrebi danaRvliandnen. veRar gavZeli da wamovedi. xoStariebi dilis 11 saaTze, simReriTa da SeZaxilebiT daiZrnen baTumisken, saidanac inglisSi gamoemgzavrebian. kvira diliT dasveneba gadavwyvite. amasobaSi grandi, ueiTi da greisi naxatebis gamofena-gayidvaze wavidnen da ukan iseTi namuSevrebiT datvirTuli dabrundnen, rom CemisTana profanic ki moixibla. iseTi cnobili qarTveli mxatvrebis tiloebi, rogoric gabaSvilia, sul ramdenime Silingad iyides. SuadRisas istoriuli movlenis momswre gavxdi, swored im movlenis, romelsac ase azerbaijanisa da somxeTis premier-ministrebma xeli moaweres samSvidobo SeTanxmebas, romelsac SesaZloa gavlena hqondes regionis da zogadad aziis momaval istoriaze. me iq ar vyofilvar, Sesabamisad ar viqnebi im filmSi, romelic mimdinare movlenebis Sedegad Seiqmna, magram me viyavi scenis ukan da aramarto Sexvedra movawyve, aramed maTi politikac ganvsazRvre. karg adgilas viTamaSe am epizodSi da kmayofili var. 4 saaTze banketi gaimarTa. menius gigzavni. Cem gverdiT somxeTis premier-ministri ijda. bankets daeswro yvela, vinc ki raimes warmoadgens. Tamadobda RambaSiZe, romelic imave saRamos gamoemgzavra inglisSi. didi enTuziazmiT Semegebnen da Cem Sesaxeb bevri kargi ram iTqva. mTavar magidasTan msxdomTagan (kidev ori magida iyo) me erTaderTi aRmovCndi, visac sityva ar warmouTqvams. axla ase moqcevaa umjobesi. Cemi mtrebi Tvlian, rom jojoxeTurad Wkviani var, radgan xmas ar viReb. saRamos aRmosavluri musikac aformebda da evropulic. saopero ariebi da duetebi saukeTeso tenorebma da banebma Seasrules. cxra saaTze daviSaleT. Zalian daviRale. xuTsaaTiani vaxSami namdvili sasjelia. dRes azerbaijanis premier-ministri, usubekovi mestumra. didxans visaubreT. rogorc yovelTvis, Cemdami amjeradac Zalze keTilganwyobili iyo. vfiqrob, rom oriveni, isic da xatisianic, mendobian da mafaseben. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase amboben. orive Tvlis, rom maTi mSvidobiani SeTanxmeba Cemi damsaxurebaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom ganzrax amerikelebi wamovwie wina planze. SuadReze Cemma Zvelma megobarma aneta Wyoniam, ilia Wyonias colma Semomirbina TxuTmeti wuTiT. is Cemi maspinZeli iyo 1894 wels quTaisSi da 1910 wels karaklisSi. mogvianebiT me, ueiTma da grandim miwveviT visargebleT da naxevari saaTi gavatareT gabaSvilis saxelosnoSi. is erT-erTi saukeTesoa qarTvel mxatvrebs Soris, Tumca namuSevrebis umetesoba gayiduli aqvs da im naxatebidan, romelTa yidvac gansakuTrebiT mindoda, arcerTi damxvda, Tumca bevri sxva ramec momewona. grandim TuTis xis eskizi iyida, daaxloebiT TxuTmet (?...). 79 Semdeg amerikuli misiis warmomadgenel or qalbatons baraTebi davutove da Sin davbrundi, raTa sadilobamde memuSava. sadilis Semdeg vwer imas, rasac Sen axla kiTxulob. werilTan erTad miiReb axalgazrda qarTvelis mier Targmnil sagazeTo angariSs Cemi kaxeTSi vizitis Sesaxeb. imedi maqvs, ramdenime fotos gamogzavnasac SevZleb. rac Seexeba safosto markebs, rogorc miTxres, maTi Senaxva namdvilad Rirs. cudad ar var. Tavis tkivili sul ufro da ufro iSviaTad mawuxebs. jer Zalian ar civa, Tumca susxi ukve igrZnoba. ucnauri SegrZnebaa, yvelaferi rom mSvenivradaa da araferi mtkiva. axla Seni keTili survilebi mWirdeba, Torem CavTvli, rom Tavs ise kargad ar unda vgrZnobde, rogorc vgrZnob. oTxSabaTi. 26 noemberi. guSin tomis dabadebis dRe iyo, dRes ki marjoris dabadebis dRea. guSin saintereso TiTqmis araferi momxdara, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTvel bers Sevxvdi. man miTxra, rom xelnawerebi saimedodaa daculi, sakuTari TvaliT unaxavs ramdenime Tvis win. male am werilsac gamogigzavni. fostalioni xval, SuadRisas gamoivlis. Cemi janmrTelobis mgomareoba damakmayofilebelia, kargad vikvebebi, kargad mZinavs. Tavis tkivilebi ufro naklebad mawuxebs, vidre adre. Tvalebs rom vxuWav, RvTismSoblisfer lurj fers vxedav, rac kargis niSania. araferze vdardob, miuxedavad imisa, rom sanerviulo ar meleva. verc ki warmoidgen, ramdenad martivia aq sabediswero Secdomis daSveba. Tu SegiZlia, toms sTxove,sagareo saqmeTa saministros Sua aRmosavleTis departmentSi Seiaros da Cemi gamogzavnili amanaTi wamoiRos. amanaTSi is jvari da jaWvia, romelzec geubnebodi, aseve wminda ninos xati da naqargoba bodbedan. xuTSabaTi. 27 noemberi. baTumidan fosta movida, magram Sengan araferi Camoutania! am werilis weras ramdenime wuTSi unda movrCe. guSin SuadRisas, qalbatonma xatisianma (romelic, rogorc yovelTvis, momxibvlelad gamoiyureboda), Zalian viwro wre Caize migvipatiJa azerbaijanTan SeTanxmebaze xelmoweris aRsaniSnavad. 80 sul ocni viyaviT, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris, amerikeli polkovnikis, grandis da Cemi CaTvliT. xatisiani erevanSi dRes miemgzavreba. wuxel Cveni diliJaneli diasaxlisebi gvestumrnen naadrev vaxSamze. gansakuTrebiT bednieri patara gogona Canda. vaxSams aseve eswrebodnen: misis braiani, momxibvleli axalgazrda amerikeli,vinme kapitani hasiki amerikuli armiidan da Cveni axalwveuli leitenanti noueli, romelic konstantinopolidan gadmoiyvanes Cvens dasaxmareblad. dRes mSvidi dRea. mabednierebs is, rom londonidan ambavi movida, Cemi muSaobis Sedegebi maRal donezea Sefasebuli. mokiTxva dedaSens, jonass da maalfrids. giZRvniT udides siyvaruls Sen, Cems meuRles da uZvirfases Svilebs. o. u. p. s. rac Cemi saqmianobis Sesaxeb giambe, mxolod SenTvisaa (Tu saWirod CaTvli, toms da vinisac uTxari), sxvebTan ar ilaparako. tfilisi. 30. 11. 19. ocdaSvidSi gamovgzavne werilebi SenTvis da tomisTvis, aseve amanaTi lalisa da zurmuxtis jvriT, xatiTa da naqargebiT. sanam yuTs Caketavdnen, meore konvertic Cavde, kaxeTSi mogzaurobis amsaxveli fotoebiT. ocdarvaSi bodbes winamZRvari gvestumra sadilad. orbelianebic iq iyvnen. rogorc Cans, winamZRvari levan vaCnaZis biZaSvilia da ara da. aRkvecamde elene erqva, axla ki nino hqvia. saxli rom datova, 11 wlis iyo. axla 39 wlisaa. gamodis, bodbeSi 28 weli gaatara. guSin daZabuli dRe gvqonda. politikuri viTarebis gamo isev vRelav. TiTqmis mTeli dRe saxlSi gavatare, erTmaneTis miyolebiT vxvdebodi saWiro adamianebs. TerTmetis naxevarze koncerti iyo daWrili somexi jariskacebis dasaxmareblad da bileTebic mqonda, magram ver wavedi, Cem nacvlad grandi da ueiTi gavgzavne. dilis oTxamde ar dabrunebulan. mTeli Cemi cxovreba samuSaoa. yoveldRe uamravi werili momdis. ruqerisgan jer araferi msmenia. amindi isev sasiamovnoa da naTeli. sanam es werili Senamde moaRwevs, albaT Sobac dadgeba. mTel Cems siyvaruls am nawers vatan. imedi maqvs, erTad bednier dResaswauls gaatarebT da mere, roca marto viqnebiT, Tqven ifiqrebT Cemze. TiTqos saukune gavida mas Semdeg, rac Sengan ambebi movida. Tu CaTvli, rom Cemi werilebi Zalian gvian mogdis da imis gageba mogin81 deba, rom kargad var, nebismier dros SegiZlia Sua aRmosavleTis departamentSi gaarkvio, rodis miiRes bolo telegrama Cemgan. maTTan yoveldRiur kontaqtze var. samSabaTi. 2 dekemberi. Sengan isev araferi ismis. yuri movkari, rom gemi, romelsac Cveni werilebi mohqonda, konstantinepolSia gaCerebuli qvanaxSiris naklebobis gamo. kviras erTi saaTiT vestumre diasamiZeebis ojaxs. eqimma, misma meuRlem, maTma orma qaliSvilma, gigom, misma qaliSvilma, RambaSiZis eqimma Zmam, misma meuRlem da a.S. Caize mimiwvies. dasaZineblad sakmaod adre wavedi. guSin gigo diasamiZe CemTan movida da marjoris gardacvalebidan aTi wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT mosagonari ceremonialis Catarebis Sesaxeb azri mkiTxa. vupasuxe, rom sajaro RonisZiebis mowyobis momxre ar viyavi. deidamisi, taso wereTeli, am TariRTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi Jurnalis specialur nomers uSvebs, romelic Sobas gamova. guSin saRamos Cais dasalevad wavedi general denikinis warmomadgenelTan erTad, romlis meuRlec ilia WavWavaZis disSvilia. ramdenime adamians Sevxvdi, vinc didi xania ar minaxavs, maT Soris, nino Coloyaevas, romelic Tavis droze mzeTunaxavi iyo, axla ki oTxmoc wels gadacilebuli, sawyali moxuci qalia. aseve vnaxe sparseTis princi, mirza riza xani, romelic mgoni bolo werilSic vaxsene, is sparseTis elCi iyo konstantinopelSi, da amerikeli konsuli duliTli, romelsac Senc icnob. iqidan TerTmet saaTze, vaxSmamde wamovedi. am diliT Teqvsmeti telegrama movida (zogi maTgani Zalian grZelia), adgilobriv korespondenciaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. yvelaferi erTad dameyara Tavze. zogierTi maTgani Tormet noembersaa londonidan gamogzavnili. dRes sadilad konsuli soundlo gvewvia. me da grandim masTan norvegiulad vilaparakeT. male norvegiaSi midis da kamilasTan werili gavatane, Tumca darwmunebuli ar var saaxalwlod gadascems Tu ara. Semdeg ramdenime muslims vesaubre. sadilobamde bevri saqme unda movaswro, radgan dRes operaSi mivdivarT „abesalom da eTeris“ 25-e warmodgenaze dasaswrebad. kompozitor faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saRamoa da minda, rom daveswro. 82 oTxSabaTi 3 dekemberi, saRamos 9 saaTi da 30 wuTi wuxel operaSi wavedi da Zalian visiamovne. „abesalom da eTeri“ ramdenjerme maqvs nanaxi da yovel jerze ufro da ufro momwons. saukeTeso orkestris, momRerlebisa da reJisuris pirobebSi, londonSic udidesi warmatebiT daidgmeboda, Cveni sazogadoeba amisaTvis mzad rom iyos, magram me vici Cemi xalxis warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi. vfiqrob, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom kritikosebi aRmosavluri musikis ucnaur silamazes ver daafaseben. xval Cveni fostalioni mova. bevrs verafers gwer, uamravi saqme maqvs. Zlivs davamTavre sabuTebis grovis gadarCeva. sauzmidan moyolebuli, gareT fexi ar gamidgams. ukve sakmaod civa, Cven ki qvanaxSiri ar gvaqvs. qurTukiT vzivar. dRes damaimedebeli ambebic moxda. Tamara, nino wereTlis qaliSvili, qalbaton JurulTan erTad movida, rom dedamisis saxeliT madloba gadaexada CemTvis, radgan safrangeTSi dakarguli Zmis, nikos moZebnaSi davexmare. mis Sesaxeb Cerqezovebma telegramiT gvacnobes. bolos rom vnaxe Tamara, endis asakis iqneboda. Semdeg bleiqi movida, amerikeli mecnieri, romelic qarTul enaSia specializebuli da Tavisi rusi sacole gagvacno, romelic qarTul xelovnebaze - miniaturebze, arqiteqturaze da a.S. muSaobs. is simpaTiuri, Zlieri, maRali (daaxloebiT jonasis simaRlis) axalgazrda kacia, araCveulebrivad mimzidveli. ra kargi iqneboda, meti dro mqondes CemTvis sayvareli saqmeebis sakeTeblad da ufro xSirad vxvdebode CemTan sulierad ufro axlo myof xalxs, magram axla yvelaferi samsaxurs unda davuqvemdebaro. bolo dros wamaxalises da aman saqme gamiadvila. yvelaferi daiwyo sagareo saqmeTa saministrodan mosuli werilebiT, romelsac ewera - „geTanxmebiT“ an „sruliad geTanxmebiT“, xolo axla iqamde mivida saqme, rom Cem mier gaweul samuSaos „SesaniSnav warmatebad“ afaseben da a.S. de robekma ar daizara da ukve meored gamomigzavna telegrama warmatebis mosalocad, rac kolegialuri urTierTobis nawilia. rogorc Cans, Cveni urTierTobis erTma dRem is Cemdami megobruli grZnobebiT aRavso. Tumca, rogorc adrec miTqvams, yovelTvis meCveneba, rom cicabo, aramyar bilikze mivabijeb da nebismier wams SeiZleba niadagi gamomecalos. SesaZloa, xval telegrama miviRo londonidan, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad zrdilobiani, oficialuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvebiT mauwyebs, rom sinamdvileSi, Wkuasusti imbecili var. adamianebi da adamianTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis daqvemdebarebaSi muSaoben, an, sulac, Tavad arian mTavrobis wevrebi, gansakuTrebiT dRevandel drosa da am regionSi, iseT mdgomareobaSi arian, rom maTi gadadgmuli nabijebi yvelaferze gaTvlili ver iqneba da aman SeiZleba kaci araswor qmedebamde, zemdgomTa brZanebebTan winaaRmdegobamde miiyvanos. 83 mirza reza xanma Semoiara, raTa, Cem mier ramdenime dRis win SeZenili, Zveli sparsuli xelnawerebisaTvis daexeda da Zalian dainteresda. isini yvela ilustrirebuli an moxatulia. man aRniSna, rom erTi ilustracia (firdousis „Sahnames“ dasawyisis) sakmaod iSviaTia da gacilebiT ufro Rirebulia, vidre mTeli danarCeni xelnaweri. is Tavadac koleqcioneria da unda icodes kidec, ras laparakobs. kidev erTi saintereso ram, rac maqvs, muslimTa saRvTo wignia. Cemi azriT, es aris locvebis nakrebi, romlis ilustratormac, savaraudod, arabuli kargad ar icoda, Sesabamisad, ilustraciebi teqsts acdenilia. uamravi xelnaweri viyide Zalian iafad. grandim SesaniSnavi sparsuli xanjali iyida, romlis tari spilos ZvliTaa morTuli. saerTod, is yovelTvis mSvenivrad vaWrobs. mTel Tavis danazogsa da Tavisufal dros maRaziebsa da operaSi siarulSi xarjavs. axlac speqtakls eswreba ueiTTan erTad. ueiTs musika uyvars, magram mgoni, operaSi siaruliT ukve daiRala. Soba axlovdeba da martoobis SiSi SemomeCvia. unda movaxerxo, rom yovelTvis, roca davdardiandebi, Senze vifiqro, warmovidgino, ras akeTeb, xandaxan Tu genatreba CemTan erTad buxris piras jdoma. axla ki saqmes unda davubrunde - Cems cxovrebaSi mosavlis aRebis dro dadga da es SesaZlebloba maqsimalurad unda gamoviyeno. biliki, romelsac vadgavar, cicabo da saxifaToa, SeiZleba es gza bolomde aseTi rTuli iyos, magram ar vwuwuneb, radgan me maRla asvla minda da ara daRmasvla. 4 dekemberi minda amanaTi male gamovagzavno, amasTanave wamleka rTulma samuSaom, amitom dro TiTqmis ar maqvs da mxolod is SemiZlia giTxra, rom kargad var. gigzavniT mTel Cems siyvaruls Zvirfas meuRlesa da sayvarel Svilebs. o. u. P.S. oqtombris Semdeg Sengan werili isev ar momsvlia. misi udidebulesobis gemi „kalifso“ baTumTan axlos 84 2 ianvari, 1920 Cemo uZvirfaseso, axali weli kargad daiwyo. es pirveli welia, romelsac 1920 wels vwer. bolo werili tfilisSi davtove gamosagzavnad, sanam baTumisken gamovemgzavrebodi. sadgurisken sicivesa da mTvaris SuqSi viareT. sagangebo matarebliT vimgzavreT, romelic Zalian komfortuli aRmoCnda, abazaniT, sastumro oTaxiTa da ori saZinebliT. SuaRamisas daviZariT. kargad meZina. TerTmetis naxevarze ukve baTumSi viyaviT. sadgurze qarTveli konsuli da muslimebis winamZRoli gvelodebodnen wvimaSi (baTumSi TiTqmis yovelTvis wvims). ramdenime wuTSi samxedro gubernatori, generali kuk-kolisi gamoCnda da manqaniT wamiyvana navmisadgomSi, sadac navi melodeboda kreiserze gadasayvanad. konsuli stivensi SuadRis sami saaTisTvis mestumra da zRvaSi gavediT. Tavidan Zlieri qari uberavda, magram TandaTan Cadga da Semdeg mTeli gza mSvid zRvaSi mivcuravdiT. baTumidan novorosiiskamde 252 milia. nela viareT, daaxloebiT, saaTSi, TxuTmeti notiT (roca ocdaSvidic SegveZlo), raTa Sesabamis dros CavsuliyaviT. xval, tfilisSi rom Caval, gamova, rom 1000 mili vimgzavre. zRvis notio havam Cemze kargad imoqmeda. rac gembanze fexi Semovdgi, Tavis tkivils ar Sevuwuxebivar. rva saaTze novorosiiskis portSi SevediT, aTze ki ukve sabrZolo xomaldma „marlborom“ Ruza CauSva. CemTan navi gamoagzavnes. Semdeg mTeli dRe makinderTan44 laparakSi gavatare. „kalifsoze“ davbrundi Tu ara, daviZariT. am dros sadRac, eqvsi saaTi iqneboda. axla ukve TiTqmis baTumSi varT. imedi maqvs, amaRamve gavemgzavrebi matarebliT tfilisSi. xval, SabaT dilas, sauzmobisas ukve iq viqnebi. eWvgareSea, ukan rom davbrundebi, uamravi saqme melodeba. daZabuli cxovreba maqvs, magram mTlianobaSi siamovnebas ganvicdi, radgan aseTi mniSvnelovani samuSao jer arasdros mqonia da aucileblad warmatebas unda mivaRwio. Sen kargad ici, sad mimiyvans Cemi piradi survilebi da miswrafebebi, maT rom mivyve - saxlSi jdoma da mSvidad cxovreba yvelafers mirCevnia, magram es Tveebi saqmes unda Sevwiro, iseve, rogorc es omis periodSi iyo. mas Semdeg, rac zemoT moTxrobilis wera davasrule, gembanze damiZaxes, raTa siRrmuli bombis afeTqeba eCvenebinaT. aseT meqanizms xSirad iyeneben wyalqveSa navebis gasanadgureblad. sakmaod Zlieri xma iyo da gemzec wylis didi nakadi Semovarda. gavixedeT, rom gvenaxa, Tevzebic xom ar amohyva wyals, magram veraferi vipoveT. SesaniSnavi SegrZnebaa, usaqmurad iyo sabrZolo xomaldze, sadac yvelas uamravi saqme aqvs. wuxel sasignalo Suqze ivarjiSes. 44 ser harford makinderi - uordropis kolega, samxreT ruseTSi didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisari. 85 talRebi araCveulebrivad lamazad, zurmuxtisfrad moCanda. mgoni, napirze myofi mTielebi Zalian dainteresdnen, ra xdeboda, roca cisken aWrili eleqtronis naTeba dainaxes. mouTmenlad velodebi tfilisSi dabrunebas, radgan imedi maqvs, rom Seni werili damxvdeba. ar minda imedi gamicruvdes. gemis kapitani jerald seimuri saocrad sasiamovno kompanionia. is gasul ivnisSi daqorwinda da mxolod ramdenime kviris gatareba moaswro Tavis meuRlesTan erTad, radgan gemze gamoiZaxes. amJamad seimuris meuRle maltisken miemgzavreba. kapitanma Tqva, rom savaraudod, momaval welsac ver SeZleben ramdenime kviraze meti dahyon erTad. rogorc xedav, Cemze uiRbloebic arseboben. mezRvauris coli martoobisTvisaa ganwiruli. tfilisi, 4 ianvari, 1920. msoflioSi Cemo uZvirfaseso gogonav, paraskevs, saRamos aT saaTze, sanam baTumidan wamovidodi, konsul stivenss SenTan gamosagzavni dausrulebeli werili davutove. vifiqre, ase ufro male moaRwevda Senamde. tfilisSi wamoReba, gagrZeleba da mere gamogzavna ar Rirda. kidev erTi werili wasvlis win, 30 dekembers, tfilisidan gamogigzavne. baTumidan dabruneba maincdamainc komfortuli ar aRmoCnda. arc normaluri sawolebi gvqonda, arc dabanis saSualeba, arc sxva pirobebi, rac Cveulebriv gvaqvs xolme. safrangeTis warmomadgenlobis vagoniT vimgzavreT. is sakmaod gansxvavdeboda im vagonisagan, romelic Cveulebriv maqvs. guSin Tormetis naxevarze sadgurze grandi da greisi damxvdnen. am ukanasknels warmateba da D.S.O. („ordeni gamorCeuli samsaxurisaTvis“) mivuloce. pativi, romelic mxolod armiis oficrebs ergebaT, man CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCenili simamacisTvis daimsaxura, sanam bolSevikebi daiWerdnen. Tavad araferi icoda jildos Sesaxeb da Zalian gauxarda, roca vuTxari. saxli gayinuli damxvda, radgan wylis sistema-moSliliyo, Tumca saRamosTvis yvelaferi SekeTda. sagareo saqmeTa ministrma saswrafod moiTxova Sexvedra. bevri saqme gamomiCnda. diliT, sauzmemde, sufTa, civ haerze gaviseirne da Tavi SedarebiT ukeT vigrZeni. wuxel cudad meZina, mTeli Rame sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze vfiqrobdi. kapelani moviyvaneT. ceremonials daaxloebiT oci adamiani daeswro. kapelanma CvenTan erTad isadila. sadils aseve daeswro axalgazrda oficeri, romelmac aq weliwadze meti gaatara, amaRam ki bombeiSi miemgzavreba, rom sainJinro saqmes mohkidos xeli. SemTx86 veviT visargeble da werili gavatane palmoris episkoposTan, romelic baliolSi swavlobda CemTan erTad da gasul zafxuls londonSic Sevxvdi. rogorRac aq oqsfordis jgufi CamovayalibeT. grandis da Cem garda, ruqeric baliolSi swavlobda, maiori deli ki universitetis kolejSi. kidev erTi balioleli, lefroi, amJamad demobilizebulia da sakuTari biznesis dawyebas apirebs. mas baTumSi, stivensTan stumrobisas Sevxvdi. mgoni, baTumSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb araferi momiweria. napirs TerTmeti saaTisTvis mivadeqiT. zRva guburasaviT uZravi iyo, gemze visadileT, mere ki stivensTan wavediT da Cai davlieT masTan, mis dasTan, or frang qalbatonTan, kidev erT inglisel qalbatonTan da samxedro gubernator, general kuk kolisTan erTad. saRamos administraciis warmomadgenel samxedro oficrebTan erTad vivaxSme. vaxSams generalic eswreboda. daaxloebiT, aTi saaTisTvis gamovemgzavreT. dRes SuadRisas Cai davlie dadianebTan erTad. am inglisurenovani ojaxis Sesaxeb adrec miambnia. maTTan ramdenime sxva stumaric iyo. me naxevari saaTiT Seviare. ukve Sin var daSen gwer. Cemi aryofnis dros grandis ori araCveulebrivi ispahanuri xaliCa SeuZenia. erT-erTi maTgani gamgzavrebamde vnaxe da safasuris zeda zRvari davasaxele, Tumca grandis mier gadaxdilma Tanxam Cems dasaxelebul cifrs gadaaWarba. orive ulamazesia da imedi maqvs, mogewoneba. gansakuTrebiT is, romelic dRes ukve gamovgzavne liverpulisken mimavali gemiT. Sen es cxovrebas ar gagirTulebs, radgan liverpulSi polkovniki rijvei wava da xaliCas londonSi Camoitans. Cemi saCuqari Senamde albaT Tebervlis dasawyisSi moaRwevs. 120 funti damijda, magram eqspertebma Zalian aqes. xaliCas „muhabeT“ (siyvaruli) hqvia da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvisaa Seqmnili. eqspertebma miTxres, rom imdenad Zvirfasia misi minis qveS Senaxvac ki Rirs da, ra Tqma unda, Zalian Zvirfasia imisaTvis, rom masze talaxiani CeqmebiT iaro. vaWarma SeTanxmebis gasauqmeblad 25 funti SemomTavaza mas Semdeg, rac xaliCa viyide. vaxSmis dro movida. wera unda Sevwyvito. Jurnalma, romelsac “Teatri da cxovreba“ hqvia da romlis ori egzemplaric adre gamogigzavne, statia gamoaqveyna, sadac aRwerilia dedaCemis, mamaCemis, marjoris da tomis stumroba ilia WavWavaZis soflis saxlSi 1896 wels. statiis saTaurSi naxsenebia „oliver uordropis viziti“. ukve meore SemTxvevaa, roca xalxs me da tomi erTmaneTSi vereviT. xSirad misi foto Cemi hgoniaT. gigzavni Jurnalis or egzemplars, erTs SenTvis, meores tomisTvis, imedia, Tavisi fotos danaxva gauxardeba. 87 orSabaTi, dRis 3 saaTi amanaTi ufro adre unda gamoigzavnos, vidre me movelodi, amitom miwevs, ramdenime sityviT Semovifarglo. Tavs kargad vgrZnob. rogorc yovelTvis, dakavebuli var, Tumca Sengan isev araferi ismis, rac CemTvis savsebiT gaugebaria. imedgacruebuli var. diliT zomieri, sagazafxulo amindi iyo. mze anaTebda, magram axla ukve moRrublulia. ninosTvis Ria baraTs vagzavni. kargi baraTebis Sovna Zalian Wirs, Tumca vecdebi Semdeg jerze biWebisTvisac rame vipovo. droebiT gemSvidobebi, Cemo Zvirfaso. imedia, Seni werili male moaRwevs Cemamde. tfilisi 5 ianvari, 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, SuadRisas konverti davluqe, SenTan gamosagzavnad gavamzade da erTi saaTiT somxeTis warmomadgenlebTan Seviare Cais dasalevad. Sin dabrunebuls siurprizi damxvda - mTeli amanaTi inglisidan, romelic, aravin icis vin moitana. amanaTSi aRmoCnda wigni fiSeris Sesaxeb, sami halstuxi, uamravi cxvirsaxoci, endis mozrdili portreti, sami Ria baraTi bavSvebis fotoebiT, romelTaganac erT-erTs Seni uZvirfasesi saxec amSvenebs, aseve werilebi farn kotejidan, Tumca Sengan axali ambebi ar momsvlia. Tqveni fotoebis cqera didi bednierebaa, magram Sens werils mainc mouTmenlad veli. bolSevikebi ruseTis samxreT nawilis mimarT did interess iCenen. me ki vcdilob xalxis emociebi davacxro da maTi energia mosalodneli sagareo agresiisadmi winaaRmdegobis gasawevad momzadebisken mivmarTo. vaxSmis Semdeg grandi da ueiTi operaSi wavidnen ruqerTan da mis irlandiel megobarTan erTad. mas lefroi qvia, adre jarSi msaxurobda, Tumca amjerad biznesinteresebis gamoa Camosuli. saxlis atmosfero, romelic Senma gamogzavnilma nivTebma Semiqmna, bednierebas mgvris. evangulovebTan Cais sma sakmaod sasiamovno iyo. bevri stumari ar hyavdaT. buxarTan visxediT da vuyurebdiT, rogor iwvoda da yrida naperwklebs uzarmazari mori. qalbatoni evangulovi da misi qaliSvili araCveulebrivad laparakoben inglisurad. am ukanasknels 10 wlis asakSi inglisSi daubeWdavs frangulidan Targmnili moTxroba, romlis egzemplaric sakuTari avtografiT gadmomca. is 88 jer mxolod Cvidmeti wlisaa da unda, rac SeiZleba male, oqsfordSi ganagrZos swavla. ramdenime dReSi aq qarTvelebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi unda SevkriboT, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania ganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze. me optimisturad var ganwyobili da, rac ar unda moxdes, imedia, sul ase viqnebi. cxovrebas miadvilebs imaze fiqri, rom rac moxda, aucileblad unda momxdariyo da yvelaferSi dadebiTi unda veZeboT. fotoebs Tu davujerebT, gamxdarxar, Cemo sabralov. Tozerma miTxra, rom dardianad gamoiyurebodi da wuxdi Cemi xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo. ar minda imaze fiqri, rom aRdgomamde isev uSenod momiwevs yofna. ar gamovricxav ufro adrec, valentinobas, ukve Sen gverdiT mixilo. manamde ki, sanam aq saWiro var da adamianebis sicocxlis gadarCena SemiZlia, ver dagibrundebi. gaognebuli var, Cemi aryofnis mcire droSi, rogor gazrdilan Cveni Svilebi. es gansakuTrebiT jeimize iTqmis da ninoze, romelic suraTSi Sen gverdiT dgas. 7 ianvari, SuadRe. guSin veRaraferi mogwere, Zalian dakavebuli viyavi. samxreT ruseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi aqaurobaze did gavlenas axdens. orSabaTs, RamiT, kidev erTxel gadavqeqe Seni gamogzavnili nivTebi im imediT, rom sadme Sens werils vipovidi. albaT warmogidgenia Cemi sixaruli, roca 6-9 dekembris werils wavawydi da aseve dedaSenis baraTs, romelic mis mier naCuqar wignSi ido. sabednierod ueiTs melani aqvs, romliTac SemiZlia cxvirsaxocebi davniSno, roca dro meqneba. isinic ki, romlebsac adre davade niSani, samrecxaoSi xSirad mekargeba, amitom Senma gzavnilma sulze momiswro. mgoni, patara Ria baraTebi didebs jobia. ratom aris, rom endis calke uyvars suraTebis gadaReba? Tu Cerqezovebi jer kidev inglisSi arian, gTxov, Cemgan madloba gadasce werilisaTvis da auxseni, ratom ar gaveci pasuxi - megona, saqarTveloSi brundebodnen da CavTvale, rom Cemi werili mand veRar CamouswrebdaT. nino wereTelma Zalian gaixara, roca Svilis ambebi Seityo. CvenTan jer ar mouTovia. sasiamovno amindia. Zalian ar civa. konvertSi brokardis werilsac vdeb, imedia, bolo citata saintereso aRmoCndeba SenTvis da frangulSic gavarjiSdebi. dRes amerikeli qarTvelologis, bleiqis da misi rusi sacolis qorwilSi wavedi. ceremonialis dros galobiT Zalian visiamovne. SeiZleba, icode kidevac, rom jvrisweris dros wyvilis ukan maTi 89 megobrebi dganan, romlebsac qal-vaJis Tavze gvirgvinebi uWiravT. patarZali bleiqs mxramde Zlivs swvdeboda, amitom mis megobars dakisrebuli misiis Sesruleba ar gasWirvebia. Tumca bleiqi namdvili gigantia da misi xelismomkide Zalian Semecoda. stoqsi movida arsebul mdgomareobaze salaparakod. baqodan axali Camosulia. unda wavide. 8 ianvari. 1920. dRes erT-erTi yvelaze dakavebuli dRe maqvs maT Soris, rac ki odesme mqonia. dro aRar mrCeba, amitom toms, vinis da jons verafers vwer. arada, vimedovnebdi, rom amas movaxerxebdi. imdeni raRac xdeba, imdeni sxvadasxva ram iCens Tavs, verc ki aRvwer, Tumca mainc vfiqrob, rom rTul dReebs rogorRac gadavurCebi. mzis sinaTle cxovrebas mimartivebs. Cemi karieris kritikuli periodi SesaZloa didxans gagrZeldes an Zalian male dasruldes. araferi SemiZlia, garda Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da optimizmis im doziT SenarCunebisa, ris saSualebasac Seqmnili viTareba maZlevs. miyvarxar ufro metad, vidre odesme da mouTmenlad velodebi im drois dadgomas, roca isev erTad viqnebiT. Seni o. u. tfilisi kvira, 11 ianvari, 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, diliT rom gaviRviZe, TavSi erTi winaswarmetyveluri fraza amomitivtivda: ”mister da misis uordropebis urTierToba momavalSi sul ufro da ufro harmoniuli gaxdeba.” sityvebi gadavTvale da sixaruliT gamovutydi sakuTar Tavs, rom maTi raodenoba cameti aRmoCnda45 - Cemi sayvareli ricxvi. bevri saintereso, magram arasasiamovno ram xdeba. aravin icis, rogor ganviTardeba movlenebi. isev Zalian dakavebuli var. dRes cota xniT operaSi wavedi, rom taso wereTlis redaqtorobis iubiles davswrebodi - 30 weli Sesrulda, rac ”jejili” misi xelmZRvanelobiT gamodis. man da sxva asakovanma qalbatonebma Cemi danaxvisas Zalian gaixares. Teatri bavSvebiT iyo savse, scenac maT eWiraT. mSvenier, erovnul samosSi gamowyobilebi mRerodnen da cekvavdnen. irgvliv mxiaruleba sufevda da vici, didxans yofnac sasi45 qarTulSi Tormetsityviania es winadadeba, xolo inglisuris originalma variantma aRniSnul Tormet sityvasTan erTad, winadadebis dasawyisSi, moixmara artikli The. 90 amovno iqneboda, magram darCena veRar SevZeli. gigzavni ”jejilis” bolo nomers, sadac marjoris Sesaxeb ori statiaa dabeWdili. braianebi miemgzavrebian. davpirdi, rom am saRamos, 8 saaTze, maTTan erTad vivaxSmeb. vagzavni werils tomisTvis, romelsac Tan xelSekruleba erTvis. Tu SeiZleba, sTxove, mis wamosaRebad Sua aRmosavleTis departamentSi mivides. am diliT berZnuli warmomadgenlobis xelmZRvaneli, batoni stavridakisi, sakmaod jansaRi da Zlieri adamiani, moulodnelad filtvebis anTebiT gardaicvala. xval mis dakrZalvaze unda wavide. daavadeba sakmaod gavrcelebulia somxeTSi da unda aRiniSnos, rom arc tfilisia usafrTxo. orSabaTi, 12 ianvari. dRes Cems cxovrebaSi erT-erTi ubednieresi dRea. axlaxans davbrundi premier-ministrsa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan Sexvedridan. maT informacia mivawode, rom mokavSireebma aRiares saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis de faqto mTavrobebi. aRsrulda, rasac ocdaaT wels velodi. ukve daviwyeT kabinetis wevrebTan da mokavSireebis warmomadgenlebTan mosawvevebis gagzavna. 14 ianvars, wminda ninos xsenebis dRes, didi zeimi gaimarTeba. pirvelad, Cemi aivnidan gadakidebuli droSa amayad frialebs. eklesiis zarebi sazeimod reken. qalaqSi sayovelTao zeimia. samTavrobo uwyebebma, bankebma da sxva dawesebulebebma muSaoba SeaCeres. rogorc giTxari, saberZneTis warmomadgenlis dakrZalvaze viyavi. saxli, sadac is cxovrobda, adre general koris ekava. kubo swored im oTaxSi esvena, sadac bolo vaxSmobisas sasiamovno saRamo gavatare. ceremoniali sakmaod grZeli aRmoCnda. bevri sityva warmoiTqva. berZnebma uamravi cremli daRvares. iq Jordania, gegeWkori da sxva qarTveli ministrebic imyofebodnen. iqve idga sakmaod mravalricxovani sapatio yarauli artileriasTan erTad. procesias raRac manZilze gavyevi mSvenieri sagaloblis, ”kolslavenis” TanxlebiT da mere Sin davbrundi. uaxloes xanebSi Zalian dakavebuli viqnebi, Tumca imedi maqvs, mdgomareoba ar garTuldeba. bolSevikebis gaaqtiureba da sakvebis maragTa nakleboba xelisuflebisTvis axla mTavar safiqrals warmoadgens. unda mapatio Tu es werili Cveulebrivze ufro areuli mogeCveneba. verc ki vaanalizeb im gamarjvebas, romelic movipove. me am saqmisaTvis yvelaze meti gavakeTe da aq es yvelam icis. wuxel braianebTan wavedi savaxSmod. ocdarvani viyaviT, TiTqmis yvela britaneli da amerikeli. braiani, ueiTi, grandi da noueli 91 Cerqezuli samosiT gamocxaddnen. sakmaod mxiaruli saRamo gamovida. axalgazrdebma SuaRamemde icekves. Wabukma amerikelma oficerma gvacnoba, rom dainiSna belgiel axalgazrda qalbatonze, romelic amerikelebTan muSaobs. mxolod eqvsi dRea, rac wyvili erTmaneTs icnobs. mgoni, windauxedavi saqcielia, Sen ras ityvi? ar ggonia, rom xangrZlivi urTierTobebi ufro myari da saimedoa? sadilis Semdeg Cems oTaxSi vzivar da vicdi - wera Semawyvetines. pirveli delegacia gamoCnda. bairaRebiT, simReriTa da SeZaxilebiT trialeben saxlTan. aivanze gasvla momixda skolis maswavleblebis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebis mosasmenad. jer kidev aq arian da zeimoben. Cemo uZvirfaseso, minda icode, rom gamudmebiT Senze vfiqrob da uzomod miyvarxar. Cemi dRe Seni portretis cqeriT iwyeba da mTavrdeba. Sens Zalas, Sens naTel mzeras, Seni Tvalebis elvarebas me Cvens SvilebSic vxedav. fosta male gamoigzavneba, amitom weras veRar gavagrZeleb. gaxsovdes, rom me Sens mgznebare sayvarelsa da uerTgules qmars, Senze Zvirfasi aravin myavs. o. uordropi tfilisi. 12 ianvari. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, guSin tomsac gavugzavne werili, xelSekrulebiTurT, romlis wamosaRebadac sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi mouwevs Sevla. axla ki Txrobas ganvagrZob. doqtor stavridakisis dakrZalvidan axali dabrunebuli viyavi, roca xalxma quCaSi zeimi daiwyo. aivanze gasvla da demonstrantebis misalmeba momixda. tfilisis mTelma garnizonma, kavaleriis da artileriis CaTvliT, jer Cems, Semdeg ki mTavrobis saxlTan Caiara, sadac me da premier-ministri Jordania aivanze videqiT. demontracias muSebi SeuerTdnen - qalebic da mamakacebic. TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba quCaSi gamovida. arasodes minaxavs amdeni xalxis aseTi organizebuli moqmedeba. Jordanias da gegeWkors patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRsavse gamosvla hqondaT, sadac britaneTis damsaxurebas gausves xazi da mec xotba Semasxes. mTel dRes bednieri xalxis garemocvaSi vtrialebdi. quCaSi gavedi Tu ara, xalxis masam mxrebze Semisva da veluri sixaruliT mimarbenina Cems manqanamde. gaocdebodi, rom genaxa, raoden didi yuradRebis centrSi imyofeboda Seni prozauli qmari. 92 13 ianvari. 1920. operaSi wavediT (programas Tan vurTav), sadac ”abesalom da eTeris” warmodgena saxeldaxelod iqna Secvlili sxva speqtakliT, romelic aseve qarTulia, Tumca gacilebiT naklebad sayuradRebo. Cven rom mivediT, farda swored maSin aswies da gamoCnda erT-erTi primadona, is saqarTvelos ganasaxierebda - taxtze ijda, scenidan maRla iyo aweuli da gars mTeli dasi exvia. saxelmwifo himni ramdenimejer Sesrulda. Seasrules britaneTis himnic, romlis fonzec mxurvale ovaciebiT Semegebnen. premier-ministri, sagareo saqmeTa ministri da sxvebi Cvens loJas estumrnen. Sesvenebis dros Sampanuri mivirTviT. warmodgenis dasrulebis Semdeg „qarTul klubSi“ wagviyvanes, sadac uzarmazari banketi SuaRamemde gagrZelda. me ki, oTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, sayovelTao yuradRebisa da pompezuri mimarTvebis obieqti viyavi. qalaqis meris gverdiT damsves, romelic RonisZiebas xelmZRvanelobda. saRamos sami ansambli aformebda, maT Soris, kaxelebis folkloruli gundi, Tavisi araCveulebrivi simRerebiT. tfilisis saukeTeso mocekvaveebma qoreografiuli araCveulebrivi nomrebi Seasrules. Seni da bavSvebis sadRegrZeloc Sesves. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo yvelaze didebuli dRe Cems cxovrebaSi. sul vinis simRera maxsendeboda, ai, is simRera, „ZaRlis ambavs“ rom veZaxdi. rogorc vini waimRerebs xolme, „rac ar unda moxdes, Cemi dRec mova.“ Tu raime Zalian ginda, SeiZleba didi xniT mocda dagWirdes, magram Sen mas mainc miiReb da me ar vnanob, rom guSindel dRes 33 weli vucdidi. mTavaria, adamians mizani gqondes, romlisTvisac Rirs brZola. dasaZineblad xuTi saaTisTvis wavedi. sakmaod daRlili viyavi, Tumca, roca rvaze gamaRviZes, adgoma mainc ar gamWirvebia. grandi, ueiTi da me, Cveulebisamebr, sauzmobamde saseirnod wavediT. dakavebulma dilam rom gadaiara, batoni xatisianis mosakiTxad gavemarTe, romelic sul ramdenime wuTis Camosuli iyo erevnidan. sasaxlisken erTad daviZariT manqaniT, sadac Jordania saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis aRsaniSnav miRebas maspinZlobda. damaviwyda, SenTvis meTqva - guSin, roca es ambavi movida, mTeli qalaqis samrekloebma zarebis rekva iwyes da kaTalikosma sionis sakaTedro taZarSi samadlobeli locva gadaixada. visurvebdi, iq vyofiliyavi. dRis 6 saaTi. batonma xatisianma SuadRisas Semomiara da bolodroindeli movlenebis Sesaxeb didxans vilaparakeT. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalian dakavebuli viyavi da rogorc iqna, movixelTe ramdenime wuTi sakuTari TavisTvis, rom movwesrigde da sadilze wavide, romelsac moyveba sagangebo Sexvedra municipalitetSi rva saaTze, aTis nax93 evarze ki dadianebTanaa wveuleba. zogjer TviTonac warmoudgenlad meCveneba, rom me, romelsac didi Zaldatanebis gareSe saxlidan fexs ver gamadgmevinebda veravin, ase aqtiurad var sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabmuli. Senze fiqri Zalas da xaliss mmatebs. menatrebi da imedi maqvs, rom ukanasknel dros momxdari ambebis Sedegad, ufro realuria Cemi ocnebis axdena da aRdgomas saxlSi, TqvenTan erTad, Sexvedra. 14 ianvari. dRes marTlmadidebluri axali welia. Cveulebisamebr, Tbili da naTeli dRea. wuxel or saaTze Zlivs daviZine, magram mainc movaxerxe dilis tradicia ar damerRvia da meseirna. wuxel municipalitetSi sagangebo sxdoma gaimarTa damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT. qalaqis meriis Senoba araCveulebrivad gaenaTebinaT. bevri saintereso sityva warmoiTqva. sapatio stumrebi iyvnen: kaTalikosi, saqarTvelos premier-ministri, sagareo saqmeTa ministri, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da sxvebi. aseve, somxeTis premier ministri da mokavSireTa warmomadgenlebi. me pirvel or dasaxelebuls Soris momiCines adgili. Semdeg gaimarTa vaxSami, romlis drosac aravin damjdara. dalies Cveni janmrTelobis sadRegrZelo, ris Semdegac, aTi saaTisTvis gamovipare da dadianebTan wavedi saaxalwlo wveulebaze, sadac didi Sekreba gaemarTaT. axalgazrdebma warmoadgines mcire piesebi qarTulad da rusulad. cekva da molxena SuaRamemde gagrZelda. aRmoCnda, rom saRamos centraluri figura swored me gaxldiT. Jurulma sityva warmoTqva, sadac citata moiyvana puSkinidan adamianis Sesaxeb, romelmac maxeSi gabmuli Citi ipova da mas Tavisufleba aCuqa. man Tqva, rom Cemi muSaobis Sedegad mTelma erma moipova Tavisufleba. daaxloebiT, oris naxevarze wamovedi. axla ki waval, pirvel saaTze parlamentis sagangebo sxdoma iwyeba, romelsac unda daveswro. saRamos ki didi vaxSami gvelis. 15 ianvari. Ramis 2 saaTi. Cemi stumrebi cota xnis win wavidnen da daZinebamde weras vagrZeleb. parlamentis sazeimo sxdoma sam saaTs gagrZelda da sakmaod “fetlig”46gamovida. gansakuTrebiT moulodneli aRmoCnda Cxenkelis sityva, sadac man marjoris dakrZalvis detalebi gaixsena. mTeli darbazi fexze wamodga da wuTieri dumiliT miago pativi marjoris 46 Fetlig - sazeimo, norvegiulad 94 xsovnas. sityvebiT namdvilad ver gadmogcem, ra vigrZeni. Jordaniamac STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva. mTeli sxdomis ganmavlobaSi midioda rogorc foto, aseve kinogadaReba. me, adamiani, romelsac mudam CrdilSi yofna mirCevnia, isev sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi gaxldiT. ra gaewyoba, aseTia Cemi mdgomareoba, aseTi figura var, ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed somxeTsa da azerbaijanSic. 4 saaTze visadile, cota xans davisvene, mere wavimuSave, rva saaTisTvis ki regaliebiT aRkazmuli uniforma Cavicvi da vaxSmad ocdaaTi stumari miviRe. mTeli ministrTa kabineti movida. marjvniv Jordania mejda, marcxniv - somxeTis premier ministri. mis marcxniv - saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri, Semdeg - safrangeTis warmomadgeneli. Jordanias marjvniv azerbaijanis warmomadgeneli veliqovi ijda. Cem pirdapir ganlagdnen sparseTis, saberZneTis da poloneTis warmomadgenlebi. gverdiT magidebTan isxdnen qarTveli ministrebi, somxeTis delegaciis wevrebi, generlebi da sxvebi. mxolod sami sadRegrZelo warmovTqvi: mefis, samxreT kavkasiisa da mokavSireebis. mokled vilaparake. vaxSmis dasasruls, Jordaniam Cemi janmrTelobis sadRegrZelo Sesva da gulTbilad gaixsena Cveni Zveli Sexvedrebi Jenevasa da CisleharstSi. karga xans visxediT da vlaparakobdiT. drodadro sarajiSvili da imerliSvili, operis Teatris wamyvani tenori da baritoni mRerodnen. xalxuri simRerebi ansamblma sakravebis TanxlebiT Seasrula. operis momRerlebs akompaniments uwevda qalbatoni falieva, „abesalom da eTeris“ avtoris da. rogorc miTxres, Zalian kargi wveuleba gamovida. mgoni, ajobebs, daviZino. xval uamravi saqme maqvs. imedi maqvs, ar ieWvianeb, Tuki getyvi, rom ramdenime qalbatonma miTxra, rom maT yovelTvis movwondi, xolo mas Semdeg, rac bolo kviraSi saqarTvelosTvis gavakeTe, isini ubralod „maRmerTeben“. sasaxleze erovnuli droSa frialebs. ministrebma damarwmunes, rom sakmarisia mxolod rame viTxovo da is aucileblad Sesruldeba. saqme bolomde miviyvane, warmatebas mivaRwie da vercerTi marcxi, romelic SesaZloa momavalSi melodes, ver waSlis Cems dRevandel triumfs. SemiZlia vTqva, rom amaod ar micxovria. 15 ianvari. dRis 5 saaTi. 16-17 dekembriT daTariRebulma Senma werilma Zalian gamaxara, magram radgan fosta ukve ixureba, pasuxis grZlad gacema ar SemiZlia. azerbaijanis damoukideblobis aRsaniSnavad misi warmomadgenlis saxlSi muslimanuri religiuri ceremoniali gaimarTa. yvelani iq viyaviT. bolos Sampanuri davlieT da tkbili namcxvrebi mivirTviT. 95 dRis pirvel naxevarSi batoni xatisiani kidev erTxel mestumra. tomis 14-16 dekembris werilic dRes Camovida, konvertSi uoren roudis 41-is saijaro xelSekrulebac ido. erTi suli maqvs, Sens nacrisfer pijaks rodis vnaxav. mgoni, werili daumTavreblad gamoagzavne. rogorc mogwere, vercxleuli, romelic naklebad mogwons, Tavisuflad SegiZlia gasce. mixaria, rom biWebs skolaSi aqeben. sabuTebs ukan gibruneb. didi xania, SenTvis patara saCuqrebis gamogzavna minda, magram maT Casalageblad da SesafuTad dro ver gamovZebne. giZRvniT udides siyvaruls Cems Zvirfas meuRlesa da sayvarel Svilebs. Seni o. uordropi tfilisi. kvira. 18 ianvari. 1920. saRamos 7 saaTi. Cemo uZvirfaseso da usayvarleso, Cemo meuRlev, imdeni ram maqvs SenTvis mosayoli, arc ki vici saidan daviwyo, minda yvelaferi giTxra, ra trialebs Cems Tavs mas Semdeg, rac bolo werili gamogigzavne, magram mokle Sinaarsis gadmocemaze mets albaT ver movaxerxeb. Cems gzavnilSi ramdenime gazeTsac ipovi, raTa warmodgena Seiqmna ra xdeba Cem garSemo, Tumca is, rac gazeTebSi weria, mxolod garedan danaxuli ambebia da ra Tqma unda, ver aRwers Cems Sromasa da garjas, romelsac samuSaos SesrulebaSi vdeb. arsad Cans Cemi fiqri, romelic dilidan daZinebamde ar mtovebs. paraskev saRamos bali gavmarTe orasi stumrisaTvis. yvelam miTxra, rom man araCveulebrivad Caiara. stumrebs kmayofileba etyobodaT, me ki yvelaze metad dilis oTx saaTze daZinebam gamabedniera. aRiniSna, rom amden mSvenier qals saqarTveloSi erTad Tavi didi xania ar mouyria. TiToeul maTgans Tavisi saukeTeso kaba emosa, vercerTs daiwunebdi. zogierTs aTasobiT funtis Rirebulebis brilianti da margaliti aesxa. sayovelTaod cnobili evropuli cekvebis garda, Sesrulda qarTuli da TaTruli cekvebi, risTvisac TaTari qalebi sagangebod Camovidnen baqodan, azerbaijanis politikuri agentis, veliqovis mowveviT. wveulebas mTeli tfilisi eswreboda. mouTmenlad velodebi Sejamebas, romelsac kneina elisabed orbeliani Tavis gazeT ”La Georgie independante”-Si dabeWdavs. man silamazis mixedviT SerCeuli TxuTmeti gogona moiyvana. stumrebs Soris iyvnen somxeTis premier-ministri xatisiani, misi meuRle da sxva somxebi da TaTrebi, magram stumrebis umravlesobas mainc qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen. bolo didi wveuleba tfilisSi omis dawyebidan cota 96 xanSi, ruseTis mefis pativsacemad gaimarTa, swored imave SenobaSi. Tumca miTxres, rom Cemma wveulebam misas bevrad ajoba. cxadia, mis mimarT aravis gamouxatavs imdeni siyvaruli da aRfrTovaneba, ramdenic Cem mimarT bolo kviraSi gamoxates. ar maxsovs, giambe Tu ara patara qarTveli biWis Sesaxeb, romelic, ase vTqvaT, Cemi da marjoris paJi iyo qerCSi, ocdaxuTi wlis win. 1906-Si petrogradSi vnaxeT. mexanZreTa razmis xelmZRvaneli gamxdariyo da simamacisTvisac daejildoebinaT. megona, omSi mokles, magram bolSevikebs gahqcevia da axla tfilisSia, mTeli qveynis saxanZro brigadebs xelmZRvanelobs. mas aleqsi beriZe hqvia. toms albaT emaxsovreba. guSin momaragebis ministri movida da Tan Tavisi asistenti, roinovi moiyvana. am ukanasknels Cveni saubris ganmavlobaSi xma ar amouRia. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac wavida, Sevityve, rom Turme marjoris naTluli yofila. misi kidev erTi naTluli, avaliSvili, azerbaijanis armiis oficeria da axla albaT daRestanSi ibrZvis. piradi urTierTobebi Cems mdgomareobas gansakuTrebuls xdis. mTeli qveynis garSemo uamravi adamiania, vinc Cems nacnobobas iCemebs, Cveni ojaxis romelime wevrTan hqonia Sexeba da amiT Zalian amayobs. wuxel haskelebTan erTad vivaxSme. vaxSmis Semdeg amerikuli sadamxmareblo organizaciis klubis gaxsnaze wavediT. gaxsna baliT aRiniSna. rogorc gviTxres, kviraSi orjer cekvebi gaimarTeba, SesaZlebeli iqneba CogburTis TamaSi da sxvadasxvagvarad garToba. me aT saaTze gamovipare da Rame mSvenivrad davisvene. guSin baraqianad CamoTova, rac Zalian drouli iyo. Cemi aq yofnis periodSi saerTod ar uTovia da TiTqmis arc uwvimia, amitom yvela dardobda, rogori iqneboda momavali wlis mosavali. puris maragi am droisTvis Zalze mcirea da didi imedi gvaqvs, rom rogorme movaxerxebT sazRvargareTidan mis Semotanas. warmodgena ara maqvs, rogor gavZeli uSenod amden xans. Zalian mimZims, magram gamudmebiT momaval aRdgomaze da Cvens Sexvedraze vfiqrob. imedi maqvs, aRarasodes davSordebiT. Cems saqmes ver mivatoveb, yvelaferi unda gavakeTo, rac SemiZlia. ara imitom, rom saxelis moxveWa minda, aramed imitom, rom mjera, Cemi yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT msoflios vexmarebi. saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis damoukideblobis cnoba umniSvnelovanesi nabijia msoflio istoriisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki didi britaneTis istoriisTvis. swored esaa Tanamedrove politikis gardamtexi momenti, an jer ar aris, magram SesaZlebelia gaxdes. mixaria, rom mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi aq yofna ar mogixda. gagiWirdeboda mSvidad migeRo aramdgradi viTareba, romelSic vicxovre. verc me movaxerxebdi, SenTvis riskebi ameridebina. roca Cveni gemi mRelvare talRebs ukan moitovebs da mSvidad ganagrZobs curvas, yvelaferi Seicvleba. Tu sagareo saqmeTa saministro kvlav 97 moisurvebs, rom aq ganvagrZo muSaoba, imedi maqvs, SenTvisac ufro advili da saintereso iqneba aq cxovreba. savaraudod, garkveuli cvlilebebia mosalodneli umaRlesi komisris, anu Cems postTan dakavSirebiT. ramdenime versia ganixileba. SesaZloa, daarsdes cal-calke legaciebi samive respublikisaTvis, an saerTo yvela maTganisTvis. sainteresoa, ras gadawyvets sagareo saqmeTa saministro. Tu me damniSnaven legaciis xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze, es SeiZleba viRacebma gaaproteston britaneTis diplomatiur samsaxurSi, magram Tuki Cem magivrad vinme sxvas moavlenen, darwmunebuli var, amas qarTvelebis xmamaRali protesti mohyveba. gadawyvetili aqvT, rom mTeli cxovreba aq unda gavataro. nebismier dRes SesaZlebelia londonSi Cemma damqiraveblebma gadawyviton, rom Cemi qmedebebi maT mosazrebebTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis da Sesabamisad, dauyovnebliv Semawyvetinon saqmianoba. albaT ruqeris bargis ambavi dagainteresebs. jer araferi Camosula, maT Soris, arc Seni gzavnili da arc grandis amanaTi. bolo informaciiT, bargi novorosiiskSi imyofeboda. mgoni, raRacebi airia. batoni makinderi ukve londonisken miemgzavreba, rom samxreT ruseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informacia Caitanos. ukve vaxSmis droa, amitom wera unda Sevwyvito. imedi maqvs, werils xval davasruleb, sanam fostalioni gamoivlis. netav Seni baraTic moitanos Tan. Seni usayvarlesi werilebi Cemi aqauri yofis yvelaze naTel wertils warmoadgens. Sen albaT verc ki warmogidgenia, imdenad Zvirfasi xar CemTvis! 19 ianvari. SuadRe. RamiT kargad uTovia. xeebi da mTebi mzis Suqze TeTrad elvarebs. Tavs kargad vgrZnob, Tumca Zalian dakavebuli var. Tu SegiZlia, marjoris bolo portretebi gamomigzavne. sadRac unda gvqondes Senaxuli, magram sad, ver vixseneb. aseve minda, wignebis ori Sekvra gamomigzavno, rogorc adre - rusTaveli, „visramiani“, „wminda ninos cxovreba“, „gandegili“ da sxva wignebi - ra Tqma unda, inglisur Targmanebs vgulisxmob. gamudmebiT Tqvenze vfiqrob, Cems Zvirfasebze. droebiT unda dagemSvidobo. fostalioni movida, magram, samwuxarod, Sengan araferi moutania. ar dagaviwydes, toms uTxra, rom sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi misTvis werilia da gzavnilSi SenTvis gankuTvnili gazeTebicaa. o. u. 98 tfilisi, 21 ianvari. 1920. bolo werili 19 ianvars gamogigzavne. aseve, sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gadavagzavne werili tomisTvis, saijaro xelSekruleba da gazeTebis mTeli Sekvra SenTvis. guSin da guSinwin, Cveulebisamebr, Zalian dakavebuli viyavi da Tavis tkivilic mawuxebda, magram dRes - arc vici, rogor - Tavisufali dro gamomiCnda, hoda, mSvenivrad var. rom ar damaviwydes - zogjer SenTan gamosagzavn werilebs ukve gamoyenebul safosto markebs vakrav. rogorc miTxres, zogierTi maTgani sakmaod Rirebulia, amitom ajobebs, Seinaxo. xval fostalioni isev gamoivlis, amitom axla vcdilob oriode bwkari mogwero, SuadRemde dro ar meqneba, xuTi saaTisTvis ki baqosken daviZvrebi. azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministri tfilisSia da gadavwyviteT, erTad vimgzavroT. paraskevs baqoSi didi banketia azerbaijanis damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac aucileblad unda daveswro. savaraudod, tfilisSi orSabaTs davbrundebi. axlaxans movniSne yvela cxvirsaxoci, romelic saSobaod gamomigzavne. yoveldRe uamravi xotbis Semsxmeli telegrama momdis saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan, adamianebi madlobas mixdian imisTvis, rom maTi qveynis aRiarebaSi didi wvlili Sevitane. Zalian mainteresebs, sagareo saqmeTa saministro erTi sityviT mainc Tu aRniSnavs Cems Rvawls. rac aq Camovedi , Tavdauzogavad vSromob da jer gzis bolomde ar var misuli. Tovli ukve devs da drodadro Zalian mciva. saxlSi gaTboba saRamomde ar irTveba xolme. albaT mets rom vvarjiSobde, Zalian ar gamiWirdeboda sicivis atana, magram Tu dilis gaseirnebebs ar CavTvliT, gareT TiTqmis ver gavdivar. baqoSi wasvla, imedia, cvlilebebis momtani iqneba. ueiTi CemTan erTad modis. Tavs maincdamainc kargad ver grZnobs, magram arasdros wuwunebs. mgoni, ar miTqvams, rom orSabaTs triondalisgan naxati viyide, „alaznis veli“, lamazia da arc ise didi, sadRac 20/10-ze iqneba. 1,5 funti Rirda. am fasad CarCosac ki ver iyidi. aseve SeviZine oTxi somxuri xelnaweri 12 funtad. ori maTgani SesaniSnavad ilustrirebuli saxarebaa, srulad moxatuli gverdebiT, inicialebiT da ornamentebiT movarayebuli kideebiT. erTi xelnaweri, Cemi azriT, wmindanTa cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi koleqciaa. miniaturebi aqac SesaniSnavia, Tumca, samwuxaroa, rom furclebis nawili barbarosuladaa amoWril-amoCiCqnili. gamudmebiT vfiqrob Cvens saaRdgomo Sexvedraze. rac Seexeba oficialur nawils - mgoni ukve imaze mets mivaRwie, vidre warmomedgina, amitom axla Cemi sazrunavi miRweulis SenarCunebaa. axalgazrda respublikebis momavali didwilad maTsave saqcielzea damok99 idebuli. Semdegi Tveebi dagvanaxebs, ra moxdeba. axla is krizisi, romelic mokavSireTa mier TurqeTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis gaformebas mohyveba, Cavlili rom iyos, me Tavisuflad amovisunTqebdi da mxolod utkbes col-SvilTan Sexvedraze vifiqrebdi. xuTSabaTi, 22 ianvari. mSvenieri, mziani dRea. mxned var da arc Tavis tkivili mawuxebs. batonma xatisianma gamosamSvidobeblad Semoiara. amaRam erevanSi miemgzavreba. didi ambebi xdeba da Cemi ganwyoba optimisturia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ukve did rames mivaRwieT da rac unda moxdes, miRweva miRwevad darCeba. dRis 4 saaTi. gamgzavrebamde mxolod ramdenime wuTi darCa. Cems udides siyvaruls vuZRvni Zvirfas margarets, jeimis, endis da ninos. imedia, orSabaTs rom davbrundebi, Seni werili damxvdeba. o. u. baqo. SabaTi. 24 ianvari. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, sanam sparseTis warmomadgeneli Semoivlis, ramdenime Tavisufali wuTi gamomiCnda. xuTSabaTs mokled mogwere. Semdeg, xuT saaTze baqosken daviZariT. erT vagonSi ueiTi, maiori deli da me visxediT, xolo meore vagonSi - azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, misi rusi meuRle, TanaSemwe da somxeTis warmomadgeneli azerbaijanSi. gansakuTrebuli matarebliT vimgzavreT, sadac erTad vivaxSmeT da Caic mivirTviT. minda giTxra, rom kargadac meZina. baqoSi guSin sadRac aTi saaTisTvis CavediT. sapatio yaraulTan erTad, oficialuri pirebis mTeli jgufi damxvda. didi ambiT mimaciles Tagievis „sasaxleSi“ (iq, sadac bolo vizitisas davrCi), sadac sapatio yaraulis sxva razmi meloda. dacva idga yvelgan, ara marto saxlTan, aramed kibeze da Cemi oTaxis SesasvlelTanac. qalaqi droSebiT moerToT. gzadagza xalxi mxiaruli SeZaxilebiT mesalmeboda. jer premier-ministrs Sevxvdi. saRamos cxraze ki stoqsma banketi moawyo ocdaeqvsi stumrisTvis, romelsac yvela ministri eswreboda, garda erTi socialistisa. TiToeulma maTganma Cemi saqe100 bari sityva warmoTqva. Zalian gulTbilad meqcevian. mgoni, yvelas movwonvar. dasaZineblad pirveli saaTisTvis davweqi, rac CemTvis arc ise cudia. mTeli dRe mniSvnelovani saqmeebiT viyavi dakavebuli. dRes, cxra saaTze, saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, doqtori alSibaia, Cems pativsacemad bankets marTavs. aq gacilebiT ukeTesi amindia, vidre tfilisSi da, garda amisa, saxlic mSvenivrad Tbeba. Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob, magram daRlili var. xval RamiT azerbaijanis mTavroba awyobs Cems pativsacem bankets, ris Semdegac, didi albaTobiT, tfilisisken gavemgzavrebi. meCqareba ukan dabruneba, radgan aucileblad unda Cavide erevanSi. imedia, momaval oTxSabaTs ukve iq viqnebi. kvira. 25 ianvari. bankets, romelic wuxel cxra saaTze daiwyo, oTxi qalbatoni eswreboda. maTgan erT-erTi gaxldaT qalbatoni TofCibaSevi. misi meuRle ukve meore welia parizSi azerbaijanis warmomadgenlobas xelmZRvanelobs. danarCeni sami qarTveli iyo, maT Soris - Cemi maspinZlis, doqtor alSibaias colic. sul ocdaxuTni viqnebodiT. bankets azerbaijanis premier-ministric eswreboda. bevri sityva warmoiTqva - ramdenime Zalian saqebaric. daukra mevioline bretanickim. misi Sesruleba, beThovenis sonatis CaTvliT, iyo saukeTeso yvela im Sesrulebas Soris, rac ki odesme momismenia. dasaZineblad rom davweqi, ukve ors iyo gadacilebuli. dRes bevri saintereso ram moxda, Tumca mxolod politikuri xasiaTis. jerjerobiT mets verafers getyvi, garda imisa, rom kritikuli periodi gvidgas da bevri ram uaxloes dReebSi ganviTarebul movlenebze iqneba damokidebuli. amaRam, cxra saaTze, Cems pativsacemad kidev erTi banketi imarTeba, amjerad azerbaijanis mTavrobis organizebiT. imedi maqvs, pirveli saaTisTvis iqidan wamosvlas SevZleb da matarebliT gavemgzavrebi, magram arc isaa gamoricxuli, davrCe da xval somxebis mowyobil wveulebas daveswro. Tavs kargad vgrZnob, miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqSi avadmyofoba sakmaod gavrcelebulia. 101 baqo. 26 ianvari. Tavis daRweva verafriT movaxerxe. somxebs mTeli guliT undaT, rom maT wveulebaze viyo aTis naxevarze. momiwevs iqidan pirdapir sadgurisken gavemarTo da pirvel saaTze tfilisisken daviZra. Cemma vizitma didi politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da sakmaod Sedegianic aRmoCnda. wuxandelma vaxSamma warmatebiT Caiara. mTeli mTavroba da yvela partiis xelmZRvaneloba, bolSevikebis garda, iq iyo. Cemi da inglisis misamarTiT Tbili da madlierebiT aRsavse sityvebi ar daiSures. vaxSamma aTasgvari qoreografiuli da musikaluri nomris TanxlebiT Caiara. gansakuTrebiT momxibla aRmosavlurma musikam, romelic qamanCaze (patara violinoze) sruldeba. ukve sami saRamoa azerbaijanis premier-ministri gverdiT mizis da laparakSi oTx saaTs vatarebT, ramac saSualeba mogvca, erTmaneTisTvis ukeT gagvego. Zalian sasiamovno da gonieri adamiani aRmoCnda sparseTis warmomadgeneli, romelic muSaobaSi mniSvnelovnad damexmara. polkovniki stoqsi aq Zalian popularulia da sparsul enaze misi gamosvlebi am enis masterklasebad iTvleba. wveulebidan oris naxevarze wamovedi da orze ukve loginSi viweqi. diliT gaseirneba vcade, magram baqos cnobilma CrdiloeTis qarma, romelic marTlac Zalian civi da Semawuxebelia, xeli SemiSala. filtvebis anTeba mTel qalaqsaa modebuli da sikvdilianobac sakmaod xSiria. didi imedi maqvs, rom tfilisSi dabrunebuls Seni werili damxvdeba. wesiT, korespondenciebis gagzavna unda daCqardes. britaneTidan mosul axal ambebSi Cemi aqauri saqmianobis da saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis aRiarebisTvis gaweuli muSaobis Sesaxeb weria. albaT Senc waikiTxavdi am ambebs londonur gazeTebSi. tfilisSic da baqoSic sayovelTao keTilganwyobiTa da pativiscemiT var garSemortymuli. samSabaTi. 27 ianvari. 1920. wuxel aT saaTze yvelaze warmatebuli banketi gaimarTa, romelic somxeTis warmomadgenlobam moawyo Cems pativsacemad. somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis Sexvedra Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo da am Sexvedram damakmayofilebeli Sedegebic moitana. garda somxebisa, bankets eswrebodnen azerbaijanis premier-ministri, sagareo saqmeTa ministri, sparseTisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi. sul ormocamde stumari iqneboda. sakmaod gonebamaxviluri sityvebi warmoiTqva. beqzadianma Cemi janmrTelobis sadRegrZelo Sesva da ganacxada, rom swored me var sami axalgazrda respublikis naTlima102 ma. idea ori disa da erTi Zmis (azerbaijanis) Sesaxeb sxvebmac aitaces da araerTxel axsenes. magida oTaxis erTi kuTxidan meore kuTxemde iyo gaSlili, rom didi sivrce dagvrCenoda. mogvianebiT qamanCazec daukres. marTlac araCveulebrivi instrumentia. aseT sasiamovno xmovanebas xSirad ver moismen. instrumenti violinos gavs, Tumca gamoberili muceli aqvs da isea awyobili, rom misi magidaze dadgmac SesaZlebelia. usubekovi, xan xoiski, alSibaia, beqzadiani, zia-ud-dini da sxvebi sadgurze wamovidnen Cems gasacileblad. msubuqad Tovda. Tovli baqosTvis didi iSviaTobaa. Svid weliwadSi erTxel Tu moTovs. sakmaod punqtualurad, gamovemgzavreT, pirvels rom ramdenime wuTi gadascda. me maSinve daviZine, dilis Svidze gaviRviZe da cxeli abazana miviRe. axla sauzmes velodebi. gadauReblad wvims. sadacaa evlaxis sadgurSi gavCerdebiT, rogorc vxvdebi, wylis asaRebad. saqmiani TvalsazrisiT, Cemi baqoSi viziti kidev ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre velodebodi. moxuci haji Tagievi (amboben, rom ukve asi wlisaa) Zalian saintereso adamiania. is xSirad imeorebs, rom ”rogorc muhamedma Tqva, adamianma sul unda iswavlos, dabadebis dRidan gardacvalebis dRemde”. mgoni, adrec giTxari, rom odesRac Zalian Raribi iyo, mtvirTavad muSaobda, Semdeg ki mis ezoSi navTobis sabado aRmoaCines da axla milioneria. 28 ianvari. dilis 10 saaTi. Ramis xuT saaTze CamovediT. tfilisi TovliT dagvxvda dafaruli. gadauReblad bardnis da mirCevnia, sanam erevanSi wasvlis dro - saRamos rva saaTi ar mova, manamde saxlidan ar gavide. ukan albaT ocdaTerTmetSi davbrundebi. bedniereba mqonda Sin Seni ocdasami dekembris werili damxvedroda. albaT verc ki warmoidgen, iseTi Zvirfasi xar CemTvis da ise menatrebi. mouTmenlad velodebi nanatr dRes, roca gulSi Cagikrav da warsulSi darCenili qariSxali Cvens daSorebas veRar SeZlebs. Sen arc is ici, rogori daZabuli da moulodnelobebiT aRsavsea Cemi cxovreba, magram vcdilob, bolomde SevinarCuno simSvide da ar vidardo. miviRe tomis werilic, romelic aseve ocdasamiTaa daTariRebuli. Tu jer kidev ver ipoveT Cemi sicocxlis dazRvevis polisi, SesaZloa, mas preskotis bankSi miagnoT (qornhilis 50), patara yuTi unda iyos, romlis gasaRebic, rogorc maxsovs, Sen dagitove (gasaRebis aRweriloba mocemulia). Tavs SesaniSnavad vgrZnob, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi kvebisa da Zilis reJimi sakmaod ameria. Tumca vimedovneb, rom Sem103 deg SabaT-kviridan reJimSi Cadgomas SevZleb. wuxel miRebul werilebs Soris bodbis winamZRvris, ninos telegramac aRmoCnda, romelmac mamcno, rom wminda ninos Rames (Zveli stiliT 26 ianvars) monazvnebma Cveni patara ninosTvis da mTeli Cveni ojaxisTvis iloces. aseve miviRe Cveni gogonas mimarT keTili survilebiT savse werili poeti qalisgan, ”gandegilisgan” (misi namdvili saxeli da gvari domenika erisTavia) da Tarxan-mouravisgan (milanSi mcxovrebi prima donas, elenas mamisgan). ufro metic - Turme tfiliseli qalebi da gogonebi apirebdnen, sazeimo msvleloba moewyoT, CemTan mosuliyvnen da wminda ninos dRe moelocaT, mere ki banketi gaemarTaT Cveni patara princesas pativsacemad. Cemma baqoSi vizitma dagegmili RonisZiebebi CaSala, Tumca vxvdebi, rom win ”moulodneli” stumroba melis, romlis Sesaxeb winaswar araferi mecodineba. sami axalgazrda respublikis aRiarebaSi Cems Setanil wvlilTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev viReb telegramebs. erTi maTgani sparseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisganaa. azerbaijanulma presam Cem Sesaxeb erTob maamebluri statiebi gamoaqveyna, somxebi ki uamrav madlobas miTvlian yvelafrisTvis, rac gavakeTe. mgoni, amJamad yvelaze popularuli adamiani var kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris. imeds vitoveb, rom Tovlis gamo rkinigzaze ar CavrCebi. win civi gza melis. erevanSi sastiki zamTari icis. sazogadoebrivi jandacvis viTareba sakmaod mZime dReSia erevanSi, arc tfilissa da baqoSia kargi mdgomareoba. ueiTi qancgawyvetilia azerbaijanSi bolo mogzaurobis Semdeg da Zalian vwuxvar, rom erevanSic miwevs misi wayvana. arada, namdvilad saWiroebs karg dasvenebas. Cemi mogzaurobis periodSi grandi tfilisSi iyo. Seusveneblad axvelebs. ruqeris bargic jer ar Camosula. SesaZloa wasvlamde ramdenime sityvis damatebac SevZlo. es werili xval RamiT gamoigzavneba baTumidan inglisSi. Cemi mokiTxva da siyvaruli jeimis, endis da ninos, dedaSens, toms, vinis da Cvens norvegiel megobrebs. Cemi guli Cemi sayvareli colis xelSia, xelSi, romelic yoveldRe damaqvs mkerdiT da ar viSoreb. aRdgoma is droa, roca gulSi Cagikrav da aRarasodes gagiSveb, sanam cocxali var. mTel Cems siyvaruls giZRvni Sen, Cemo WeSmarito, tkbilo, sayvarelo meuRlev. Seni mgznebare Tayvanismcemeli, o. u. 104 erevani. paraskevi. 30 ianvari. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, oTxSabaTs RamiT, sanam gamovemgzavrebodi, SenTan gamosagzavni konverti davluqe. me da ueiTi rva saaTze daviZariT maior delisTan da maior qolanTan erTad (punjabis 67-e batalionidan). erevanSi guSin, xuTSabaTs, ori saaTisTvis CavediT. Cems Sesaxvedrad uamravi oficialuri piri Sekrebiliyo: xatisiani, ministrebi, ucxo qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, meri da mravali sxva. iqve melodeboda sapatio yaraulic, romelic, rogorc yovelTvis, movinaxule. Semdeg yaraulma sazeimod Cem win Caiara. premier-ministrma Cvens warmomadgenlobaSi wamiyvana, sadac ministrebi miviRe audienciaze. oTx saaTze kaTolikoss vestumre episkoposis sasaxleSi. ramdenime saaTi visaubreT. mogvianebiT azerbaijanis da sparseTis warmomadgenlebsac Sevxvdi. maTTan sakmaod sasargeblo gasaubreba mqonda. Sexvedrebi Semawyvetina informaciam, rom misiis SenobasTan uamravi adamiani da orkestri mosuliyo. isini Cems gamoCenas elodnen. gareT gasuls Tovlian quCaze aTasobiT TurqeTis somxeTidan gadmosuli ltolvili damxvda. didi ovaciebiT Semegebnen. Sesrulda britaneTis himni. warmoiTqva misasalmebeli sityvebi somxurad da inglisurad. me aivanze videqi da iqidan vTqvi sapasuxo sityva. Semdeg delegacia miviRe da calkeul stumrebsac vumaspinZle, maT Soris, amerikel eqim aSers, romelsac somxeTSi muSaobis ocwliani gamocdileba aqvs. male baton xatisianTan momixda dabruneba. politikuri viTareba ganvixileT. cxra saaTisTvis ki Cems pativsacemad gamarTul banketze wavediT. mSvenieri banketi gamovida. maspinZlebma uamravi saqebari sityva warmoTqves Cemi misamarTiT. samive respublikaSi megobrad miviCnevi. saxlSi pirveli saaTisTvis davbrundi da rvamde meZina. mindoda tfilisSi amaRam davbrunebuliyavi, magram aq aleqsandropolis47 universiteti ixsneba da ceremonials aucileblad unda daveswro. Tu yvelaferi kargad warimarTa, kvira diliT ukve tfilisSi viqnebi. SuadRemde ramdenime Sexvedra maqvs, naSuadRevs ki ministrebTan erTad unda ganvixilo mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. aq gacilebiT metad civa, vidre tfilisSi. sakmao raodenobis Tovlicaa. greisi saxls kargad aTbobs da saerTod, mSvenivrad zrunavs Cemze. Tavs kargad vgrZnob. ocdasami dekembriT daTariRebuli Seni werili kidev erTxel gadavikiTxe. mouTmenlad velodebi baraTs Sobis ambebiT. Zalian Znelia Sengan Sors yofna. gadavwyvite yvelaferi gavakeTo imisT47 dRevandeli giumri 105 vis, rom aRdgomas TqvenTan erTad Sevxvde, magram aqauri situacia imdenad aramdgradia, gamiWirdeba raimes dagpirde. sabralo stoqsi didi dilemis winaSe dgas. dedamisic da mamamisic, orive Zalian avadaa. Svils Sin dabrunebas sTxoven. magram misi aq yofnac umniSvnelovanesia, amitom gadawyvita, rom am etapze baqodan gamgzavreba araswori saqcieli iqneba. axla unda wavide. Sexvedrebi mewyeba. kvira Rame. 1. 2. 20. 9 saaTi. paraskevs, saRamos aT saaTze xatisianTan patara vaxSami gaimarTa, yovelgvari sazeimo sityvebisa da ceremonialebis gareSe. Semdeg aleqsandropolSi yvelani erTad gavemgzavreT da dilis cxraze ukve iq viyaviT. rogorc yovelTvis, sadgurze daxvedra mogviwyves, sapatio yaraulis TanxlebiT. maT premier-ministrTan erTad Camovuare. Semdeg arqiepiskoposma TavisTan mimiwvia da saSualeba momeca axali universitetis reqtors Sevxvedrodi, doqtor gamborovs, romelic iuristia da vinogradovis kolega iyo moskovSi. Sexvedras ramdenime profesoric daeswro. naSuadRevs universitetis gaxsnaze wavediT, sadac sazeimo gamosvlebi TiTqmis oTx saaTs gagrZelda. mec momiwia sityvis Tqma. mogvianebiT xalxmravali demonstraciac gaimarTa. dRe banketiT dasrulda. iqac iZulebuli gavxdi, mokle samadlobeli warmomeTqva uamravi saqebari gamosvlis sapasuxod. rogorc yovelTvis, sapatio adgilas vijeqi. rva saaTisTvis gamoparva movaxerxe da dilis cxraze tfilisSi Camovedi. somxeTSi Zalian cudi amindi davtove, gadauReblad Tovda. Cven 5000-6000 futis simaRleze unda gagvevlo da meSinoda, matarebeli gzaSi ar CarCeniliyo. dRes Zalian dakavebuli viyavi, bevri saqme damigrovda, oficialuri Sexvedrebis CaTvliT. didi survili maqvs, Cems Zvirfas meuRles vesaubro, magram, samwuxarod, es siamovneba unda gadavdo. xval fostis Camosvlis dRea da imeds vitoveb, rom Sens werils miviReb. ruqeris bargma, rogorc iqna, baTumamde CamoaRwia da SeiZleba xval aq Camoitanon. warmoudgenelia, sami Tve gzaSi! mikvirs, ra kargad gadavitane gauTavebeli mgzavroba dekembridan dRemde - novorosiiski - baqo - erevani- aleqsandropoli, banketebi da sazeimo gamosvlebi. Tan, mgzavrobisTvis friad usiamovno amindebi damemTxva - wlevandeli zamTari Cveulebrivze ufro sastikia. Zalian vwuxvar sabralo stoqsis gamo. mama gardaecvala, deda Zalian avadaa da Svilis naxvas daJinebiT iTxovs. mas ki gamgzavreba ar SeuZlia da ufro metic, romc gaemgzavros, albaT ukve Zalian gviani iqneba. 106 2 Tebervali. 1920. Cemo Zvirfaso, Sengan 30 dekembriTa da 3 ianvriT daTariRebuli werilebi momivida, me ki pasuxis gasacemad dro ver gamovZebne. Camovida tomis werilic, romelic 8 ianvarsaa gamogzavnili. fostis wasaRebad ukve movidnen da mxolod imis Tqma ZalmiZs, rom miyvarxar da ise menatrebi, rogorc arasdros. xval axal werils movkideb xels. Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob. isev Zalian dakavebuli var. Zalian vdardob jeimis janmrTelobis gamo. Tevzis cximi mieci da sakvebi, romelic qimiur danamatebs Seicavs, gansakuTrebiT, Tevzis cximi. uTxari, rom minda Zlieri biWi gaizardos. Cemi udidesi siyvaruli Zvirfas meuRles da Svilebs, maT, viszec gamudmebiT vfiqrob. o. u. tfilisi. 3 Tebervali. 1920. saRamos 10 saaTi. Cemo uZvirfaseso, mZime dRe mqonda. ukve dasaZineblad mivdivar da Zlivs movaxerxe oriod sityva mogwero. wina werili guSin, or Tebervals gamogigzavne. Cais smisas „moulodneli“ stumrebi momividnen. qvemoT Cavedi da davinaxe oTxi gogona (sami TeTr tansacmelSi, erTi ki wiTelSi gamowyobili, oTxive eqvsi wlis): makrine meliqiSvili, Tamar gvazava, leila qavTaraZe, qeTevan erisTavi da xuTi qalbatoni: maria kvinitaZe, nino gvazava, elene afxazi, ekaterine lorTqifaniZe, ana diasamiZe. dasaxelebul gogonaTagan pirvelma reveransi gamikeTa da patara sityva warmoTqva, sadac aRniSna, rom qarTveli gogonebi da qalebi bednierebas usurvebdnen Cems patara qaliSvils, ninos da mfarveli wmindanis dResTan dakavSirebiT, mcire saCuqars uZRvnidnen. saCuqari, ninos magivrad, me gadmomces - Zveli, sparsuli mozaikis yuTi, romelSic oqros jvari ido, Sen rom gamogigzavne, im jvris msgavsi, oRond SedarebiT patara da Zalian lamazi, oqrosave, lalis da margalitis TvlebiT morTuli yelsabamiT, uZvirfasesi reliqvia, romlis aRwerac gamiWirdeba, magram Sevecdebi. (naxati da aRwera Tan aris darTuli). jvars garSemo lurji minanqari aqvs Semovlebuli da masiuri oqroTia nakeTebi. sakmaod Zveli unda iyos. jvris zemoT patara mtredia gamosaxuli, mozrdili, daumuSavebeli lalis TvliT. jvari mtredis kiserzea Camokidebuli. lali, daaxloebiT, am zomis107 aa... yelsabami ocdaeqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuls daumuSavebeli lali amSvenebs, daaxloebiT, am zomis... muqi lurji minanqris yvavilis SuagulSi, nawilebs Soris da gverdiT, amoburcul oqroSi, ori margalitia Camagrebuli. xelovnebis es SesaniSnavi nimuSi mTlianobaSi Seicavs ocdaaT mozrdil lals, samoc margalits da xuT briliants. aseTi samkaulebi mxolod uZveles ojaxebSia SemorCenili da maTi sayidlad Sovnac ki Zalian rTulia, Tumca, grandi rogorRac mainc waawyda msgavs namuSevars, romelic asormocdaaT funtze meti Rirda (150 000 rusuli rubli). ukana mxare mominanqrebuli da gravirebulia. savaraudod, saCuqari uamravi adamianis SemowirulobiTaa nayidi da darwmunebuli var, maTgan bevrma didi msxverpli gaiRo amisTvis dRevandel pirobebSi, roca rublis fasi measedic aRaraa adrindelTan SedarebiT da cxovreba Zalian Wirs. ver aRvwer, rogor amaRelva Cveni patara gogonasTvis gakeTebulma araCveulebrivma saCuqarma. stumrebi Caize damewvivnen. gogonebma mTeli saaTis ganmavlobaSi icekves, iTamaSes da imxiarules. bevri werili momivida, romlebze pasuxis gacemac am dromde ver movaxerxe. maT Sorisaa moxuci mwerlis, ekaterine gabaSvilis werili. bevrma iseTma adamianma momwera, vinc avadmyofobis an sxva mizezebis gamo ver SeZlo mosvla. rogorc Cans, saCuqris gadmomcem stumarTa ricxvi da vizitis xangrZlivoba Tavad Seamcires, rom CemTvis dro ar waerTmiaT da ar Sevwuxebuliyavi. dRes asakovani ivane rostomaSvili mestumra, damsaxurebuli mwerali. misi qaliSvili elena marjoris naTluli iyo da eqvsi wlis asakSi gardaicvala. man Ria baraTi momitana, romelic daaxloebiT, oci wlis win, marjorim port-o-prensidan48 gaugzavna gogonas. miTxra, rom sxva werilebi erovnuli muzeumis biblioTekas gadasca. misi vaJi isev apirebs iaponiaSi, CineTsa da cimbirSi dabrunebas, sadac man, rogorc konsulma da saqarTvelos mTavrobis savaWro warmomadgenelma, ukve ramdenime weli gaatara. Zalian, Zalian dakavebuli var, dRe ki metismetad moklea yvelafris mosaswrebad. siaxleebiT aRsavse periodi maqvs. aravin icis, xval ra moxdeba. sxva Tu araferi, temperaturam mainc moimatos, radgan Cveni gaTboba arsebulze bevrad ukeTesis survils tovebs. roca aq Cemi muSaobis periodi dasruldeba, Cemi Semosavlebi sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba. miuxedavad saxlebis gayidvidan Semosuli Tanxisa, Cemi sabanko angariSebi saxarbielod namdvilad ar gamoiyureba. bankidan angariSi miviRe. vxedav, rom cxovreba inglisSic sakmaod Zviria. sam TveSi 600 funti gagitania, rac weliwadSi 2400 funts udris, Cemi xelfasi ki inglisSi sul 800 funtia, gadasaxadebis gamoklebiT. aq adgilobrivi pirobebis Sesabamisad vcxovrob. 48 port-o-prensi - haitis dedaqalaqi, oci wliT adre oliver uordropi haitize muSaobda didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenlad. 108 Cemi wliuri Semosavali 550 funtia. miuxedavad amisa, axla fulze dardis dro ar aris. saaRdgomod movifiqreb, rogor gavaumjobeso mdgomareoba. sanam Cveni Semosavali mniSvnelovnad ar Semcirdeba, mirCevnia, ar vinerviulo. axla ki waval da guSin miRebul Zvirfas werilebs kidev erTxel gadavikiTxav. 4 Tebervali. 1920. wuxel veRar gavagrZele wera, amitom Tavidan viwyeb. mSvenieria, rom Cemi rva dekembris werili ocdaaTSi miiRe. netav Seni baraTebic sam kviraSi momdiodes! mixaria, rom Cemi amanaTi _ jvari, xati da naqargebi _ ukve SenTanaa da mogwons. vgoneb, ninos saCuqari kidev ufro mogxiblavs. gazeTidan amonaWrebi, romlebic Sen ver moiZie, ukve gamomigzavnes sxvebma. Cemi misamarTiT araswori Sefasebebia gakeTebuli, weren, TiTqos Cemi qmedebebi „saxifaToa inglis-ruseTis megobrobisaTvis“. presisgan miRebuli dartymebi saerTod ar madardebs da ufro metic, SemiZlia, arc ki SevimCnio. Sengan aRwerilma Sobis dResaswaulma saxli kidev ufro momanatra. ramxela sulgrZelobaa jonasisgan, rom mTeli vercxleuli Sen mogca! ar maxsovs, giTxari Tu ara, rom kamilas werili gavugzavne fineTis warmomadgenlis, biorkvistis xeliT, romelic orSabaTs gaemgzavra. imedi maqvs, jonasi gaciebas moeria da gzaSi Zalian ar gawvalda. Sen samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb mkiTxe, gansakuTrebiT gainteresebda, rodis wavalT parizSi. dRevandel dRes parizSi gamgzavrebis Sansebi Zalian mcired gamoiyureba. sami axalgazrda respublikis mTavrobas da aseve, xalxs, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebs, imis gagonebac ar undaT, rom odesme aqedan waval. mtkiced sjeraT, rom Sen da bavSvebic unda CamoxvideT da samudamod yvelani erTad aq unda davsaxldeT. jiutad amtkiceben, rom swored me var maTi damoukideblobis Semoqmedi da uCemod Sors ver wavlen. Tanac amas gamudmebiT imeoreben. ar vici, ramdenad mizanSewonilad CaTvlis sagareo saqmeTa saministro aseT kritikul dros Cems Sin dabrunebas, magram Tu erT TveSi an eqvs kviraSi ar gadawyda saaRdgomod Cemi inglisSi gamgzavreba, maSin momiwevs telegrama gavagzavno da Seni da bavSvebis aq mSvidobianad, saswrafod, komfortulad Camoyvana viTxovo. admiralitets es namdvilad SeuZlia. vgoneb, SesaZloa, belmonts avejiT aRWurvili oTaxebi ramdenime TviT davuTmoT, Cveni nivTebi ki qarTul oTaxSi CavketoT. zustad vici, rom Sens da bavSvebis gareSe veRar vicxovreb. am saxlSi uamravi adgilia. arc msaxurebTan geqneba problema, Tavisi saqme yvelam kargad icis. stoqsma Znelad, magram mainc gadawyvita inglisSi gamgzavreba. mamamisi ukve gardaicvala, dedac dReebs iTvlis. saxlSi wasasvlelad sakmarisze meti mizezi daugrovda, magram mainc iTrevda fexs. 109 bevri gamowvevis winaSe dgas da Tavs ar zogavs, rom yvelaferi saTanadod gaakeTos. gamosdis kidevac. axlaxans movrCi masTan xangrZliv saubars. oh, ukve SuaRame gadasula. neta icode, rogor miyvarxar! „ufro da ufro harmoniulad“. warmomidgenia, ra bednierebi viqnebiT, roca SevxvdebiT, ase ar aris? gigzavni saqarTvelos himns jariskacebis simRerasTan erTad. himni dRes Tavad kompozitorma momitana. saintereso ambebic gavige. man miTxra, rom himni namdvilad qarTveli xalxis qmnilebaa da dazustebiT aravin icis, revoluciis dros gaCenilma simReram rogor miiRo dRevandeli JReradoba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es ar aris erTi pirovnebis mier cnobierad Seqmnili produqti. himni sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1. locva, 2. brZola, 3. gamarjveba. kompozitorma aseve miambo, rom saeklesio musikam, romlis xelnawerebi mecxre saukunidan arsebobs, bevri ram warmarTuli musikisagan, maT Soris mzis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblisgan aiRo. kompozitori Zalian saintereso adamiania. musikaluri ganaTleba petrogradSi miuRia. is ambobs, rom misi qveynis fokloruli musika moicavs harmoniasac, kontrapunqtebsac, erTi sityviT, yvelafers, rac mas Teoriulad uswavlia. musikas tomis saxelze gamosagzavn konvertSi vdeb. masSi aseve moTavsebulia ori saijaro xelSekruleba. Tu SeiZleba, sTxove toms sagareo saqmeTa saministros Sua aRmosavleTis departamentSi Seiaros gzavnilis wamosaRebad. xval albaT Zalian dakavebuli viqnebi da moweras ver SevZleb, amitom dRes kidev erTxel geubnebi, rom Sen is xar, vinc amqveynad yvelaze metad menatreba da visi naxvac saocrad mwyuria. SenTan Sexvedra erTaderTia, rac imediT mavsebs, rac piradia da mxolod me mekuTvnis. yvelaferi sxva, rac meimedeba, politikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. gigzavni mxurvale kocnas, Cemo tkbilo da erTgulo, Cemo Zvirfaso meuRlev! veswrafi Sens naxvas. 110 xuTSabaTi. 5. 2. 20. sanam fosta gamoigzavneba, mxolod ramdenime sityvis mosawerad maqvs dro mozRvavebuli saqmis gamo. Zalian civa. ca lurjia, haeri ki sufTa. giZRvniT Cems udides siyvaruls, Sen, Zvirfaso, da sayvarel jeimis, endis da ninos. rogorc gavige, ninos saCuqari manamde avalovebis ojaxs ekuTvnoda. saintereso isaa, rom am ojaxis erT-erTi (qorwinebiT) wevri, naTesavad gergeba.49 gkocniT yvelas. mokiTxva dedaSens. o. u. tfilisi. 6 Tebervali. 1920. Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso margaret, polkovniki stoqsi amaRam moemgzavreba. sikeTe gamoiCina da Tan moaqvs Cemi amanaTi Semdegi nivTebiT: ninos jvari, yelsabami, romlebic Zvel sparsul minanqrian yuTSia Cadebuli. Zveli rusuli vercxlis sarZeve (daaxloebiT, 1830 wels damzadebuli). mozrdili vercxlis qamari vanis olqidan. erTic momcro qamari. sparsuli, mominanqrebuli burnuTis yuTi, vercxlis patara yuTiT, aseve vanidan. patara yuTis saxuravs sami qva amSvenebs, SigniT ki momcro zomis „iveriis RvTismSobels“ ipovi. Zveli vercxlisgan damzadebuli Tanamedrove portsigari, saferfle da asanTis kolofi, romelic erevanSi mcxovrebi vaneli devnilebis naxelavia. imedi maqvs, yvelaferi mSvidobianad CamoaRwevs Senamde. SegiZlia, nivTebi Seni survilisamebr gaaCuqo (cxadia, ninos jvris garda) da gadasce toms, vinis, jonass, kamilas, dedaSens da Sens romelime megobars. stoqsi mand Zalian dakavebuli iqneba. mamamisi gardaicvala, dedac Zalian mZimedaa. Tumca albaT mainc moaxerxebs Sens sanaxavad mosvlas, Cems Sesaxeb giambos da saWiro rCevebi mogces im SemTxvevisTvs, Tu me ver Camoval da Sen gamomgzavrebas gadawyvet. man jer ar icis, ramden xans darCeba inglisSi, magram Zalian ecdeba, rogorc ki SeZlebs, baqoSi dabrundes, radgan uamravi saqme aqvs. me kargad var, Tumca Seusveneblad muSaoba Zalian mRlis. dRes 49 aq uordropi gulisxmobs cnobili qarTveli mecnierisa da diplomatis - zurab avaliSvilis dedas, romelic oliver uordropis meuRlis msgavsad norvegieli iyo. 111 gazafxulis amindia - naTeli da Tbili dRe dgas. gagvimarTla, rom ar civa, radgan arc wyali gvaqvs da arc centraluri gaTboba. es werili Senamde albaT male moaRwevs, radgan stoqsi Seecdeba, rac SeiZleba swrafad Camovides inglisSi. is umaRlesi donis adamiania da bednieri viqnebi, roca ukan damibrundeba. inglisSi misi misamarTia: qenfild gardensis 10, NW6 londoni. SegiZlia, miswero da hkiTxo, rodis ecleba, rom Sen an tomma amanaTi wamoiRoT, mere ki is gestumroT sevenouqsSi sadilad an vaxSmad. mokiTxva toms, vinis da jonos, betis, ens da dedaSens. Cemi udidesi siyvaruli Cems Zvirfas meuRles, vis mkerdSic Cemi guli gansasvenels hpovebs. mokiTxva Zvirfas jeimis, endis da ninos. Cemi fiqrebi yoveldRe maTiT sazrdoobs. migule SenTan axlos, Cemo erTaderTo. imedia, male SevxvdebiT, aq an inglisSi, aRdgomas. marad da mTeli arsebiT, Seni o. u. sul sam Sekvras gigzavni, TiToeli erTi futis sigrZisaa. tfilisi, 6 Tebervali, 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, wuxel erTi werili Sen gamogigzavne, erTi ki toms, ori saijaro xelSekrulebiTurT. amaRam stoqss kidev erT werils da sam Zvirfas Sekvras vatan. roca naxav, getyvis, rom sul cota xniT adre mis gamomgzavrebamde Zalian mniSvnelovani politikuri siaxlis Sesaxeb Sevityve, rac didi dartyma aRmoCnda CemTvis. jer kidev vinarCuneb optimistur gawyobas, magram situacia marTlac sagangaSoa. didi dro gavatare Tqvengan Sors, Tumca Tavs yovelTvis vinugeSebdi imiT, rom saqme, rasac vakeTebdi, romelsac CemTvis aRiareba unda moetana, ufro TqvenTvis iyo, Tqveni bednierebisTvis da keTildReobisTvis da ara CemTvis, radgan me kargad vici, sazogadoebis aRtacebasa da gamorCeul pativSi ayvanas ramdenad mcire Rirebuleba SeiZleba hqondes. rac unda moxdes, Sen unda icode, rom me SeuZlebeli SevZeli, movaxerxe is, rasac sxva veravin gaakeTebda. me aq davimkvidre saxeli, sapatio saxeli, romelic darCeba, rac ar unda moxdes. SuadRisas sufTa haerze gaviseirne da ukan dabrunebulma ramdenime saintereso nivTi movitane Tan. vfiqrob, gagixardeba. 1. samkaulebis yuTi sparsuli mozaikiT, daaxloebiT, Cveulebrivi saweri dafis zomis, garSemo warwerebiT. muslimanuri kalendriT 1209 welsaa damzadebuli, anu axla, daaxloebiT, 130 wlis unda iyos. 2. mZime da Zveli, qarTuli Rvinis xapi, aseve warwerebiT. 3. Zalian saintereso Cinuri nefritis samelne. 112 4. vercxlis daxvewili qamari, filigrinuli namuSevari axalcixidan. 5. TiTberis Tasi sparsuli gravirebiT. unda movaxerxo da rogorc ki saSualeba momecema, es nivTebi gamogigzavno qaSgarul xaliCasTan erTad. radgan stoqsi xmeleTiT modis da eCqareba, Zalian ver davtvirTe. stoqsi pirveli klasis britanelia. Zalian gamimarTla, rom erTad vmuSaobT. imedi maqvs, ukan male dabrundeba. SabaTi. 7 Tebervali.1920. damqancveli dRe mqonda. SuadRemde ramdenime adamians Sevxvdi. mestumra kompozitori faliaSvili, romelmac Tavisi kompoziciebis ukve dabeWdili notebi momitana. gigzavni ramdenime maTgans. faliaSvili sxvebsac dampirda. gansakuTrebiT velodebi ariebs „abesalom da eTeridan“. axla ramdenime dRiT dasasveneblad miemgzavreba. misi opera ukve ocdaTvrametjer daidga. SuadRisas TanamSromlebTan erTad madam xatisians vestumre Caize. ramdenime dReSi erevanSi, qmarTan midis. isev uwylod varT, Sesabamisad, arc centraluri gaTboba muSaobs. amitom „sparsul oTaxSi“ SeSis Rumeli davanTeT. sundlo 31 dekembers Cavida qristianiaSi. imedi maqvs, kamila naxa da Cems Sesaxeb siaxleebi acnoba. vvaraudob, rom CemTvis momdevno ramdenime dRe kidev ufro daZabuli iqneba. ukve TerTmetis naxevaria da albaT ajobebs, daviZino, Tumca manamde aucileblad unda giTxra, rom Sen CemTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi xar da mTel Cems siyvaruls Sen, Cvens biWebs da patara gogonas gigzavniT. kvira. 8 Tebervali. 1920. am diliT wyali abazanisTvisac gvqonda da gaTbobac CavrTeT, Tumca Semdeg isev Sewyda da saxlSic acivda. ninoze ukve gazeTebSi weren. misi saxeli didi asoebiT weria! aba, ras ityvi? amaRam, aT saaTze, saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebaze miwevs daswreba. uars ver vityvi, premier-ministris meuRlem mimiwvia, romelsac jerac ar Sevxvedrivar. fosta baTumSi xval wava da am werilsac gamovagzavni. imedi maqvs, rame Senganac mova. dRes patara, moxatuli sparsuli xelis sarkis yidva SemomTavaz113 es da viyide kidevac ocdaaTad. mxolod mina aqvs gamosacvleli, romlis Sovnac sirTules ar warmoadgens. vfiqrob, mogewoneba. SenTvis bevri araferi Semigrovebia aq, magram rac giyide, imedi maqvs, yvelaferi Seesabameba Sens gemovnebas. orSabaTi. 9 Tebervali. 1920. fostalions isev araferi moutania. grZeli saRamos Semdeg, Ramis or saaTze Zlivs movaRwie saxlamde. rogorc giTxari, madam Jordaniam, romelic xelmZRvanelobs „qalTa sazogadoebas bavSvTa keTildReobisTvis“, saqvelmoqmedo saRamo moawyo kafe „fraskatiSi“. kafe RonisZiebisTvis sakmaod patara aRmoCnda. me Jordaniebsa da maT qaliSvilTan erTad vijeqi. Jordaniebis Svili TxuTmeti wlis, gamokveTilad sada gogoa. patara scenaze ramdenime nomeri warmoadgines: imReres, balalaikaze daukres, gansakuTrebiT didi dro ki cekvebs daeTmo. unda aRvniSno, rom cekvebi Zalian momewona, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavlurebi, xolo yvelaze metad mTielTa cekvebi, romlebic qalbatonebma merimanovam da andronikaSvilma Seasrules (qalbatonma andronikaSvilma oTxi weli gaatara londonSi da SesaniSnavad flobs inglisurs). Tanxis Sesagroveblad „amerikuli auqcionic“ gaimarTa. yvela myidveli Tavis fass asaxelebda, bolos ki erT qarTvel ebraels ergo pativi, bavSvTa dasaxmareblad Seqmnil fonds misi saxeli darqmeoda. ukve naxseneb ebraels, qristian qarTvelsa da somexs Soris sakmaod seriozuli paeqroba gaimarTa. Sesabamisad, ufro didi Tanxa Segrovda, vidre vinme eloda. auqcioni axalgazrda poets, paolo iaSvils mihyavda, romelic stumrebs iumoristuli eqspromti kupletebiT agulianebda da amxnevebda. saRamos msvlelobisas axalgazrda mxatvarma Cemi portretis eskizi Seqmna da maCuqa. momewona, Tumca mainc mgonia, rom arc ise maRal donezea Sesrulebuli. Jordanias portretic igivenairi warmatebiT daxata. Jordania Zalian momwons da gamixarda, rom masTan oTxi saaTis gatarebis saSualeba momeca. misi meuRle moridebuli da ubralo adamiania. Jordanias TqmiT, „cnobismoyvare damswre sazogadoeba“ ZiriTadad simdidris mixedviT iyo SerCeuli, Tumca bevri sasiamovno da saintereso pirovneba vnaxe. tradiciulad dalies Cemi da Jordanias sadRegrZelo, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnes inglisis simpaTia daCagruli erebis mimarT da magaliTad moiyvanes baironis brZola saberZneTisTvis. Zalian daRlili var. wuxel wveulebaze wasvlamde mxolod erTi saaTiT wavuZine. aRmovaCine, rom nebismier dros SemiZlia Tvalis motyueba da es Zalian mosaxerxebelia. vfiqrob, roca mnaxav, mixvdebi, rom axla gacilebiT mxne da jan114 rTeli var, vidre bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi odesme vyofilvar. mgoni, bevri muSaoba mixdeba. vfiqrob da imedi maqvs, rom Cem gverdiT axla ufro bednieri da kmayofili iqnebi, vidre adre. Zalian menatrebi. siamovnebiT unda aRvniSno, rom dRes wyali CagvirTes. am diliT, Cemi tradiciuli seirnobisas, Zalian ar cioda. SuadRe, 5 saaTi. dRes ori saaTi gavatare sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi. sul raRac meored momixda iq saqmis gamo misvla (pirveli viziti maSin Sedga, roca mTavrobas saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis aRiarebis Sesaxeb vauwye). roca salaparako gvaqvs, gegeWkori yovelTvis TviTon modis CemTan, magram dRevandeli TaTbirisTvis sakmaod didi rukebi gvWirdeboda, amitom saministroSi misvla gacilebiT mosaxerxeblad CavTvale. gadauReblad Tovs, magram radgan saxlSi gaTboba CarTulia da SigniT temperatura asatani, aminds ara uSavs. gamudmebiT mefiqreba, Senc iseve genatrebi Tu ara, rogorc me menatrebi. yoveldRe sul ufro da ufro Zlier miyvarxar da meCqareba, rom es gagrZnobino. gadaeci Cemi siyvaruli bavSvebs da dedaSens. sruliad da samaradJamod Seni, o. u. 115 tfilisi. oTxSabaTi. 11 Tebervali. 1920. Cemo Zvirfaso da erTaderTo, bolo werili fostalionma orSabaTs, RamiT waiRo. samsaxurSi rTuli periodi maqvs. Cveni mTavrobis saqcieli Zalian maSfoTebs. ramdenime dRea, uSedegod velodebi pasuxs telegramaze, romliTac Savi zRvis regionSi „mwvaneebis“50 gaaqtiurebis Sesaxeb vamcne, magram CemTvis ar ucnobebiaT Tu ra politikis gatarebas apireben. isev Zalian civa. bolo ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadauReblad Tovda. guli maqvs damZimebuli. arc ki vici, ra mogwero. “Ak min venn, kan du tro at jeg har elsket dig? Tak for al den glede du harskjenketmig.”51 12 Tebervali. axlaxans visauzme, magram manamde ar miseirnia. quCebi moyinulia da kviris ganmavlobaSi gareT Zlivs gavdiodi. Cemi werilidan dainaxav, rom guSin Zalian natanji viyavi, amitom adre davweqi. rogorc giTxari, sabednierod, nebismier dros SemiZlia Zils mivece. momqancveli saqmianoba maqvs. patar-patara cecxlebs vaqrob, romelTaganac nebismieri SeiZleba uzarmazar koconad iqces da abrialdes, Zlier dinebebTan vageb patara wyalSemakaveblebs da vSiSob, rom movardnilma wyalma SeiZleba nebismier momentSi walekos Cemi nagebobebi, vzivar denTiT savse kasrze, romlis afeTqebasac aTasobiT adamiani cdilobs. damokidebuli var Cemi xelmZRvanelobis keTilganwyobaze, romelsac arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb Zalian bundovani warmodgena aqvs da kidev ufro naklebad adardebs, ra moxdeba. netav msofliom icodes, ra sulelia xalxi, romelsac is sakuTar beds andobs! rac msurda, rac minatria, yvelafers mivaRwie. Cemze bednieri aravin meguleba, ara marto imitom, rom Cems yvelaze warmoudgenel politikur ocnebebs Sevasxi frTebi, aramed imitomac, rom ymawvilkacobidan moyolebuli, sayvareli saqmis keTebis sixaruli ar momklebia, siyvarulis unari arasodes damikargavs da vfiqrob, aravin hyvarebiaT ise, rogorc me garSemomyofT vuyvardi. Tanaxma var, adgilze viyo da ase viarsebo, sanam raime sargeblis motana SemiZlia, xolo Semdeg, roca dro mova, kmayofili davtoveb aqaurobas. 50 “mwvaneTa armia“ - glexTa SeiaraRebuli moZraoba, romelic tuafsesa da soWis midamoebSi moqmedebda denikinis winaaRmdeg da mas farulad uWerda mxars saqarTvelos xelisufleba. 51 ehh, Cemo megobaro, ici rom miyvarxar? bednierebis yvela mwvervali swored Sen maCuqe. norvegiulad. 116 fostalions, arc londonidan da arc konstantinepolidan, dResac araferi moutania. sawyenia. warmodgena ar maqvs, rodis miviReb Setyobinebas. gavige, rom Cveni jari baTums tovebs, Tumca sagareo saqmeTa saministros ar gavufrTxilebivar da CemTvis araferi Seutyobinebia. rogorc Cans, iseve unda viyo mowyvetili samyaros, rogorc moskovSi viyavi. Cemi inglisTan komunikacia, am etapze, indoeTis gavliT xdeba, Zalian maeWvebs da SeiZleba, nebismier wuTs gawydes. rasac gazeTebi msoflios am nawilis Sesaxeb weren, nurafers daijereb. SuadRisas saseirnod gavedi. mgoni, samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi es aqamde arasodes gamikeTebia. quCaSi TovlWyapi damxvda. usiamovno SegrZneba dameufla. ukan dabrunebulma ramdenime arasasiamovno Sexvedra Cavatare, romelic dagegmilze didxans gagrZelda, Sesabamisad, droulad sadiloba ver movaxerxe. albaT xvdebi, paraskevidan moyolebuli, ra ubedurad vgrZnob Tavs, radgan safrTxe emuqreba yvelafers, rasac eqvsi Tvis Sroma Sevalie. gaTbobis sistemis gaumarTavi muSaobis gamo saxlSi Zalian civa. saxlSi an saSinlad cxela, an viyinebiT. sabednierod zamTari male dasruldeba. rogorc xedav, siaxleebi ar maqvs, amitom werilis gamogzavnas ar davayovneb. wera sauzmis Semdeg daviwye, sadilobisas ganvagrZe da axla, Cais smis dros, vasruleb. Cemi guli SenTanaa, Zvirfaso. gadaeci Cemi Soreuli kocna bavSvebs, Tbili mokiTxva ki dedaSens da Cvens megobrebs. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi. 14 Tebervali. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, dRes wminda valentinis dRea. gwer, rom gTxovo, welsac iyo Cemi valentini, radgan swored Sen xar erTaderTi gogo dedamiwis zurgze, romelic miyvars. didi veraferi dRea imisTvis, rom garSemo Citebma ifrinon TavianT gulissworebTan erTad. dilidan gadauReblad Tovs. kidev ori dRec da Tovli mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi aRar gadneba. aseTi zamTari mas Semdeg ar yofila, rac aq bolos 1911 wels viyavi. maSin baTumSi ise moTova, Tovlis safari pirveli sarTulis fanjrebs miwvda. sabralo SoSiebi aTi (Tu meti) dRis win gamoCndnen. sabraloni. bolos guSinwin mogwere. mouTmenlad velodebi fostis mosvlas, 117 iqneb Cemi Zvirfasisgan werili moitanos. londonidan telegrama isev ar Cans. daZabuli var da vbrazob. xval samxedro nawilebze mimagrebuli mRvdeli Camodis baTumidan. aq wirvas Caatarebs. orSabaTs begTabegovebis saxlSi sagangebod CemTvis iqneba warmodgenili axali opera „legenda SoTa rusTavelze“, diriJorobas misive kompozitori - arayiSvili gaswevs, xolo ariebs saukeTeso momRerlebi Seasruleben. Zalian mainteresebs, rogori gamova saxlis pirobebSi dadgmuli saopero speqtakli. bolo dros, Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram dRes gacilebiT ukeT var. grandi da ueiTi SiSoben, rom gripi aqvT (msgavsi Civilebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia). imedi maqvs, cdebian. yvelaferi gaTbobis moSlili sistemis bralia. SenobaSi an Zalian civa, an Zalian cxela. kvira. 16 Tebervali. qveda sarTulze wirva Catarda. samuSaos udidesi nawili ukve Sevasrule da cota dro maqvs imisTvis, rom Cems Zvirfass mivwero, sanam dagegmili sadili daiwyeba. mainteresebs, ukve Tu iSove da waikiTxe doroTi vordsvorsis dRiuri,53 romelic axlaxans dabeWda profesorma naiTma. is araCveulebrivad saintereso adamiani iyo, Tavad vordsvorsi sakuTar miRwevaTa did nawils swored mas unda umadlodes. vfiqrob, aseT qalbatonTan nacnoboba Zalian gesiamovneboda. doroTi vordsvorsi erT-erTia im adamianebs Soris, visTan Sexvedrasac vinatrebdi im qveynad. SiSveli mTebi jer kidev TovliTaa dafaruli, Cvens gadaTeTrebul baRSic totebdamZimebuli, welSi moxrili xeebi dganan. es mcenareebi zamTars Znelad eguebian. guli mikvdeba, ferwasul, sabralo palmebs rom vuyureb. male tfilisSi msoflioSi yvelaze didi, 140 000 adamianze gaTvlili stadioni gveqneba. gareubans, sadac mSenebloba daiwyeba, vake qvia. iqauri miwa zedgamoWrilia msgavsi wamowyebisTvis. ”Tenk paa det”!53 gazafxulze yvelani erTad gavalT da stadionis teritoriis garSemo xeebs davrgavT. mxolod imedi maqvs, rom manamde iaraRis xelSi aReba da bolSevikebTan brZola ar mogviwevs. Savi zRvis napirze ajanyeba sul ufro bolSevikur saxes iRebs. baTumi sxvadasxva erovnebis, saSiSi da gaurkveveli urdoebiTaa savse, romlebmac nebismier dros SeiZleba, problemebi Seqmnan. me mjera qarTvelebis, rom germanel, ebrael da axalgazrda Turq SeTqmulebs ar SeuerTdebian. 52 doroTi vordsvorsi - cnobili ingliseli romantikosi poetis, uiliam vordvorsis da. 53 ifiqre amaze! - norvegiulad 118 saRamos 7 saaTi. SuadRisas Seni Zvirfasi werili movida, romelic camet ianvars iwyeba da ToTxmet ianvars mTavrdeba. werili aq moxvedrilma mefis Sikrikma moitana, romelic sparseTSi midioda da gzad gamoiara. vfiqrob, ajobebs Seni baraTebi Sua aRmosavleTis departamentSi miitano warweriT „pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave usafrTxod gasagzavnad“. vfiqrob, oldhemis gavliT fosta ufro cudad muSaobs. tomis werilebi, rogorc wesi, ufro gvianaa gamogzavnili, vidre Senebi, magram gacilebiT ufro adre Camodis. magaliTad, dRes 22 ianvriT daTariRebuli gzavnili miviRe misgan. mTeli kviriTa da erTi dRiT naklebi dasWirda. Sens kiTxvas vupasuxeb _ Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vSiSob, rom parizSi saerTod veRar waval, Tumca darwmunebiT verafers getyvi. arc ise didi xnis win saerTod gadadgomas vapirebdi, Cemi mdgomareoba dResac gaurkvevelia. erTaderTi, rac namdvilad vici, isaa, rom saaRdgomod Zalian minda Seni naxva da yvelafers gavakeTeb imisTvis, rom gnaxo _ an me davbrundebi saxlSi, an Sen gTxov aq Camosvlas. Tumca, rac garSemo xdeba, CemTvis Zalian rTulia. stoqsi giambobs, ra dReSi var da warmodgenas Seiqmni. mjera, rom vinis axali megobari kargi adamiania. mis qmars Soridan, sxvebis monaTxrobiT vicnob. erTxel vnaxe, aTi wlis win, sul raRac TxuTmeti wuTiT da mas Semdeg aRar Sevxvedrivar. yvelaferi, rac polkovnikis Sesaxeb gainteresebs, SegiZlia, tomisgan gaigo. me arasodes mqonia masTan Sexeba. ise ki, STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom did pativs aravin scems. Sens gamogzavnil gazeTs Cemamde ar CamouRwevia. inglisis ambebi Tozeris mier akinZuli gazeTebidan amonaWerebiT gavige. xsenebul amonaWerebs aqve gigzavni. dilis wirvam sasiamovnod Caiara - arc ise bevrma adamianma moiyara Tavi. mRvdelma CvenTan erTad isadila, aseve roberTsma, romelic aq indo-evropul telegrafis sadgurs xelmZRvanelobs. masTan erTad sakmao saqme gvaqvs sakeTebeli. axlaxans gadaitana cieb-cxeleba, romelic oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi tanjavda da lamis fataluri aRmoCnda. ramdenime weli gaatara qerCSi da bevri saintereso informaciac momawoda Cemi iqauri megobrebis, bolSevikTa mier Cadenili mkvlelobebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. grandim da me, gasakaJeblad, Tavi gamovideT da Tovlsa da WyapSi viareT qalaqis meore bolomde. ramdenime wuTiT Cerqezovis diswuls da mis meuRles - elena maCabels SevuareT da maTi rva Tvis biWuna - miSa movinaxuleT, romelic ukve Zlieri da fumfula bavSvia. adre susti da ususuri iyo. vaxSmis droa. wera unda Sevwyvito. 119 Ramis 10 saaTi. tomis werilidan Sevityve, rom Cems TanamSromlebs SenTvis telegrama gamougzavniaT. Zalian mesiamovna maTi saqcieli. orSabaTi. 16 Tebervali. arc dro maqvs werisTvis da arc axali ambebi. sakmaod kargad var. giZRvniT Cems siyvaruls Cems uZvirfases gogonasa da Svilebs. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi. 19. 2. 20. Cemo uZvirfaseso, orSabaTis Semdeg SenTvis sityvac ar momiweria. dRes fosta isev mova da imedi maqvs Sens werilsac momitans. rTuli dro midgas. mondomebiT vibrZvi, rom rogorme baTumSi britanuli jari SevinarCuno, magram ar var darwmunebuli, rom Cemi mcdeloba warmatebuli iqneba. jariskacebis nawili ukve gaemgzavra. CemTvis Zalian sasiamovnoa, rom samSobloSi Cems Rvawls afaseben da sagareo saqmeTa saministrom sruli ndoba gamomicxada. gazafxuli kidev ufro rTuli iqneba da albaT gameorebac aRaraa saWiro, rom yvelafers gavakeTeb Cems ZvirfasTan rac SeiZleba swrafad Sesaxvedrad. orSabaTs, RamiT, begTabegovebma wveuleba gamarTes. madam begTabegovas wmindanis dRe iyo (ana hqvia). samocdaaTi stumari hyavdaT mowveuli. warmoadgines nawyvetebi operidan, Tumca warmodgena „abesalom da eTeris“ msgavsad momxibvleli ver gamovida. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom sivrce Zalian patara aRmoCnda, moqmedeba scenaze ar mimdinareobda, orkestris nacvlad ki mxolod fortepiano ukravda. vaxSamma didxans gastana da Sin dilis oTx saaTze davbrundi. samSabaTs aleqsandropolis arqiepiskoposma mesrofma erTi saaTiT Semomiara da Cemi kuTvnili somxuri xelnawerebi daaTvaliera. Semdeg majoni movida, Cemi italieli kolega moskovidan. is aq italiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros davalebiTaa Camosuli, komerciuli misiiT, ormoc adamianTan erTad. Tan ormocdaaTi karabineri Camoiyvanes, usafrTxoebis mizniT! man da misma kompanionma CvenTan 120 Semoiares sadilad. sagareo saqmeTa ministri gegeWkoric movida da arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb seriozulad visaubreT. yoveldRe Tovs da Zalian civa. Tumca unda aRvniSno, rom bolo dReebSi saxli sakmaod davaTbeT. dRes sauzmemde saseirnod ar waval. am dros SenTvis mosawerad viyeneb. gwer da drodadro portretze aRbeWdil Tqvens saxeebs vuyureb - Sen, Cemo Zvirfaso gogona da Cvens sameuls. dros rogor atareb? kiTxulob? ukrav? franguls swavlob? albaT dakavebuli da mxiaruli xar, rogorc yovelTvis. dRes erevnidan greisi Camodis azerbaijanel diplomatTan erTad. mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi unda ganvixiloT. guSin londonidan ocdasami ianvris gazeTi miviRe. rogorc Cans, inglisSi TandaTan Cndeba interesi msoflios am nawilis mimarT. samwuxaroa, rom es ufro adre ar moxerxda. Tavs kargad vgrZnob. ra Tqma unda, aRmarTi da daRmarTi erTmaneTis gareSe ar arsebobs, magram jer Zalian dablac ar davSvebulvar. drodadro bolSevikebic zrdilobianad miTmoben yuradRebas da TavianTi iatakqveSa gamocemebidan miteven. cota xnis win sikeTe gamoiCines da erTi aseTi gamocema gamomigzavnes. konverts „Sen mier mowyobili karnavalisTvis“54 ewera. damxates, rogorc „yovlisSemZle uordropi“, rom Cemi wkeplis qveS, saqarTvelos mTavroba imas akeTebs, rasac me veubnebi. maT aseve axsenes Cemi „jadosnuri xeli“, romelSic yvela sadave iyris Tavs. 19 Tebervali. Cais dro. fostalionma Sengan mxolod 8, 9, 10 ianvris gazeTebi momitana (hohencoleris korespondencia „nikisTan“),55 tomis 18 ianvris da 26 ianvris werilebi. es ukanaskneli Sens bolo werilze ori kviriT gvianaa gamogzavnili. aq isev Tovs. me kargad var. 54 savaraudod, damoukideblobis aRiarebis aRsaniSnavad mowyobili zeimi igulisxmeba. 55 germaniis imperator vilhelm meoresa da ruseTis imperator nikoloz meores Soris, msoflio omis dawyebamde gamarTuli mimowera. ori imperatori erTmaneTis naTesavi iyo da maT mimowerasac sruliad araformaluri saxe hqonda, Sesabamisad, xels awerdnen, rogorc “vili“ da „niki“. inglisur enaze gamarTuli es korespodencia „vilis da nikis werilebiT“ aris cnobili. 121 20 Tebervali. dRis 1 saaTi da 30 wuTi. ramdenime dRe Tovda, magram axla mze anaTebs. wuxel, Ramis sami saaTisTvis, sakmaod Zlieri, talRisebri miwisZvra moxda da imave wuTs elvamac gaanaTa. Cemi gamoTvliT, es yvelaferi oc wamze didxans ar gagrZelebula. rogorc vici, aq msxverpli ar yofila, magram tfilisidan dasavleTiT, ramdenime milis savalze, gorSi, daRupulebic arian, daSavebulebic da usaxlkarodac bevri darCa. ruqeri da deli saRamos sacekvaod wavidnen. Turme oTaxSi, sadac isini imyofebodnen, miwisZvris Sedegad, bzari gaCenila. Tumca, me sxva qveynebSi bevrad uaresi miwisZvrebis momswrec gavmxdarvar (italiaSi, rumineTSi, haitize da a.S.). Tavs kargad vgrZnob, magram visurvebdi, mets vvarjiSobde da sufTa haerze seirnobis saSualeba mqondes. greisi jer ar gamoCenila. vSiSob, rom misi matarebeli gzaSi CarCa Tovlis gamo. dRis 3 saaTi. sadilobisas erTma britanelma komercialistma saintereso istoriebi gviambo avstraliasa da kanadaSi savaWro warmomadgenlis rangSi gatarebuli wlebis Sesaxeb. Sua saubrisas miwisZvra kidev erTxel vigrZeniT. ryevam erT wuTs gastana. oTaxSi yvelaferi amoZravda, Tumca Cven mainc myarad visxediT Cvens adgilebze da arc ki SevrxeulvarT, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom saswrafod saaTebze davixedeT drois dasaniSnad. radgan mze anaTebs, cotas gaviseirneb. TovlSi siaruls namdvilad ajobebs. dRis 6 saaTi. sadacaa, fosta gamoigzavneba, amitom bevrs verafers mogwer. svel quCebSi viare. mixaria, rom sufTa haeri Cavylape, cota mainc. baraTs Cems siyvaruls vatan SenTan da bavSvebTan. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. samaradJamod mxolod Seni, o. u. 122 tfilisi. kvira. 22 Tebervali. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso da erTaderTo, dasanania, rom Sengan isev araferi ismis. miwisZvram rkinigza daaziana da vSiSob, Seni werilis mosvlas kidev ramdenime dRe daagviandeba. SenTvis paraskevs (20-Si) daweril Cems werils tfilisi jer kidev ar dautovebia. greisi guSin (SabaTs) diliT Camovida. rogorc vvaraudobdi, Tovlis gamo aleqsandropolSi CarCa. rkinigzis gawmendas samasi adamiani daWirda. guSin RamiT amerikis sakonsulos uzarmazar wveulebaze momixda wasvla. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoZinebuli viyavi, Zalian daviRale. sanam SuaRame dadgeboda, gamovipare. dRes arqeologTa sazogadoebam deputacia gamomigzavna, raTa sazogadoebis sapatio wevrobis damadasturebeli diplomi gadmoecaT. sakmaod wynari dRe mqonda. Tavs damSvidebulad vgrZnob, radgan baTumis Sesaxeb Cemi politika albaT mainc gaimarjvebs. rac aq Camovedi, yvelaferi vnaxe da, miuxedavad Zlieri opoziciis yolisa, rac mindoda, yvelaferi gamomivida. miwisZvra ufro seriozuli aRmoCnda, vidre me megona. gori (qalaqi, romelic tfilisidan dasavleTiT 60 milis savalzea da sadac 20 000 adamiani cxovrobs) mTlianad daingra. dangreulia mis garSemo mdebare ramdenime sofelic. biZgebis Sedegad zedapirze Rrmulebi da Termuli wylebi gaCnden, qvaTa cvena mdinare mtkvars kalapotis Secvlas uqadis. rkinigza dazianebulia, liandagebi ayrili. bevri adamiani daiRupa, aTeulobiT aTasi ki Ria cis qveS darCa sastik amindSi. sakvebis maragic Zalian mcirea. tfilisic ver gadarCa zaralis gareSe. ramdenime saxli saZirkvelidan saxuravamde daibzara. Cems rezidenciasac etyoba bzarebi saxuravTan axlos. dRes erT adgilobriv gazeTSi amovikiTxe, rom 1088 wlidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos msgavsi miwisZvra ar axsovs. dRe sagrZnoblad gaizarda da amitom dRes 6 saaTamde movaxerxe kiTxva. mxolod am werilis dasawerad damWirda eleqtrolampis anTeba. SuadRisas TiTqmis erTi saaTi gavatare gareT. miuxedavad imisa, rom gzebi svelia da Tovliani, trotuarebi mSralia da sufTa. jer kidev civa, magram gazafxulis surneli haerSi ukve trialebs. cac naTeli da lurjia. ionos mokle baraTi gavugzavne dabadebis dRisTvis da vacnobe, rom Cems saCuqars Sen gadascemdi. aRdgomas Sin dabrunebis imedi ar gadamiwuravs. Tumca SeiZleba amis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi Zlieri aRmoCndes, magram yvelafers gavakeTeb, rom SevZlo. gTxov, ar damiviwyo, Cemo uZvirfaseso! 123 orSabaTi, 23 Tebervali. dRis 2 saaTi. fostalioni baTumidan moulodnelad Camovida da saRamos ukan midis. radgan „TaTbiri“ maqvs, mxolod oriode sityvis moweras vaxerxeb. londonidan araferi momsvlia. gareT mze anaTebs, magram maincdamainc kargad ara var. ukve Zalian daviRale yvelafriT. xval gorSi mivdivarT miwisZvriT gamowveuli zaralis sanaxavad. Cemi wasvla albaT aucilebelia da Tavis arideba ar moxerxdeba, magram ubedurebis sanaxaobad gadaqcevis winaaRmdegi var. kidev ra mogwero? cud xasiaTze var da ajobebs, wera Sevwyvito. giZRvniT udides siyvaruls Cems Zvirfas meuRlesa da Svilebs. gulTbili mokiTxva dedaSens. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi, 25 Tebervali, 1920 Cemo uZvirfaseso margreT, bolos orSabaTs, RamiT, mogwere. dRes Cemodani gamogigzavne, romelsac grandis mosamsaxure londonSi CamosvlisTanave mogitans. nivTebis CamonaTvals werils Tan vurTav. Zvirfasi amanaTi, romelic 4 ianvars gamogigzavne, mxolod gasul SabaTs, 21 Tebervals daadga gzas gemiT. imedi maqvs, am werilis Camosvlamde mSvidobianad Cagbardeba. guSin miwisZvris Sedegebis sanaxavad wavediT. zarali gacilebiT didia, vidre warmomedgina. gorSi 30 000 adamiani cxovrobda da arc erT maTgans aRar aqvs Tavze Weri, Tu aqa-iq SemorCenil xis qoxebs ar CavTvliT. biZgebis dros mTaze mdgari uZvelesi cixis kedlebi CamoiSala da mTis qveS mdgom saxlebs daeyara, saidanac, marto Cveni iq yofnis dros, oTxi micvalebulis cxedari gamoasvenes. biZgebi drodadro meordeba, Tumca me verafers vgrZnob. albaT es qalaqi erTianad unda aiyaros da sadme sxvagan aSendes. guli momikla sabralo adamianebis danaxvam, romlebic karvebsa da saxeldaxelod gaWimul xaliCebs Sehfarebodnen. cremli ver Sevikave, roca Cveni Svilebis asakis bavSvebi davinaxe, akankalebulebi, mSivrebi, gausaZlis yinvasa da TovlSi usaxlkarod darCenilebi. qalaqSi cudi mdgomareobaa, magram kidev uaresia axlo soflebSi, romelTaganac 47, met-naklebad, dangreulia. maT dasaxmareblad jer araferi gakeTebula. ramdenime adamiani, bavSvebis CaTvliT, SiSisgan gagiJda. qalebs miwisZvris dros naadrevi mSobiaroba daewyoT. pirvelma Sokma imdenad imoqmeda xalxze, rom ryevebis dasrulebis Semdeg, sabednierod, 124 saxlebSi aravin Sebrunebula, saWmlis mosamzadebladac ki. Sesabamisad, roca meore, ufro Zlieri miwisZvra moxda, ukve yvela gareT iyo. nangrevebSi xanZari ar gaCenila. me jer gorSi wavedi, mere ki sofel xidisTavSi (ar agerios guriis imave saxelwodebis sofelSi, sadac tomia namyofi). saSinelebas, romelic iq vnaxe, namdvilad ver aRvwer. vnaxe amilaxvrebis saxli, sadac 1897 wels Cvens ojaxs umaspinZles. fasadi jer kidev dgas, magram sxva yvelaferi miwasTanaa gasworebuli. erisTavebis saxlic mTlianadaa dangreuli. miSo erisTavi da misi ojaxis wevrebi ramdenime xaliCisgan saxeldaxelod gamarTul karavSi, TovlSi, Wyapsa da yinvaSi cxovroben. xalxi sasowarkveTili da ganadgurebulia, magram Cveni vizitisa da TanagrZnobis gamo madlierebis gamoxatva aravis daviwyebia. TiToeul maTgans uzarmazari tragedia daatyda Tavs. jer kidev Zalian civa da qari qris, Tumca mze anaTebs. ramdenime wuTSi profesorma cagarelma unda Semomiaros. is TiTqmis dabrmavebulia, magram mainc bevrs muSobs. amJamad wigns wers saqarTvelos damoukideblobis uflebriv sakiTxebsa da misi teritoriuli mTlianobis samarTlebriv aspeqtebze. somxebi da azerbaijanelebi (gansakuTrebiT, dasaxelebulTagan pirvelebi) problemebs qmnian. oriode dRis win gadavwyvite, ramdenime maTganisTvis momeyara Tavi da menaxa, miaRwevdnen Tu ara SeTanxmebas. guSin, roca miwisZvriT dazaralebuli sabralo xalxi vnaxe, davfiqrdi kidev asobiT aTas adamianze, romelic zustad igivenair siRaribesa da uimedobaSi cxovrobs im politikosTa mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis gamo, romlebic CamoxrCobas imsaxureben. dRes Rame kidev erTi Sexvedra maqvs imave sakiTxebze da vapireb, yvelaferi vTqva, rasac vfiqrob. Tavs arc ise kargad vgrZnob. Tavis tkivili Zalian mawuxebs, Tumca vuZleb da Tbili amindebis dadgomas mouTmenlad velodebi. Cemi fiqrebi da imedebi aprilSi Sin dabrunebas ver Sordeba. cxadia, yvelaferi movlenebis ganviTarebazea damokidebuli, magram Tu raime Zalian mniSvnelovani da gauTvaliswinebeli ar moxda, vfiqrob, Svebuleba unda momcen. cudia, rom Sengan ase cota ismis. 26 Tebervali. 1920. fostalions Seni baraTi isev ar moutania. erTaderTi, rac damitova, germaniasTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis sami egzemplari iyo.56 fosta tfilisSi bombeis gavliT gamoigzavna. albaT 56 1919 wlis 28 ivniss gamarjvebul saxelmwifoTa mier germaniasTan gaformebuli „versalis samSvidobo xelSekruleba“. 125 xvdebi, ra “Wkvianuradaa” yvelaferi mowyobili. amindi gamokeTda. ufro da ufro vuaxlovdebiT gazafxuls. netav ufro metad SemeZlos amindiT tkboba. gamudmebiT Tavi mtkiva da sasikvdilod damRala yvelaferma. Sevnatri mSvidobas. Cveni jari baTumSi rCeba. es Cemi kidev erTi warmatebaa. rom ara Cemi kategoriuli protesti, aucileblad gaiyvandnen mTel Semadgenlobas da savalalo Sedegs miviRebdiT. Tumca es saidumlo informaciaa da nuravis etyvi. gareT gasvlas vapireb, sul raRac naxevari saaTiT. iqneb Tavis tkivilma gamiaros. saxlSi sul cota xnis win Semovedi, civi da sufTa haeris CasunTqvis Semdeg ukeT var. fosta male gamoigzavneba, amitom weras veRar gavagrZeleb. Tumca sakmarisi dro maqvs imis saTqmelad, rom Zalian miyvarxar da saSinlad menatrebiT Senc da bavSvebic. ras ar gaviRebdi, rom erTi Tvis TqvenTan erTad gatareba SemeZlos, soflis siwynaresa da myudroebaSi, Cemi yoveldRiuri oromtrialisa da momqancveli rutinisgan Sors. gadaeci Cemi siyvaruli da mokiTxva dedaSens, toms, vinis da maT Svilebs. gTxov, xandaxan ifiqro Cemze. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi, 28 Tebervali, 1920 Cemo uZvirfaseso, xuTSabaTs, ocdaeqvsSi, werili gamovgzavne SenTvis da Ria baraTebi bavSvebisTvis. dRes SesaZlebloba momeca, amanaTi baton uaiqss (kompania „kosmosidan“) pirdapir londonSi gamovatano. dro cota maqvs, magram minda, gacnobo, rom cocxali da janmrTeli var. Tuki Cemi werilebis dagvianebis gamo amaSi eWvi Segepareba, SegiZlia sagareo saqmeTa saministros Sua aRmosavleTis departaments miakiTxo. mis warmomadgenlebs CemTan yoveldRiuri kavSiri aqvT. CanTiT vagzavni amanaTs da werils sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi. werili tomisTvis aris, romelic or saijaro xelSekrulebas Seicavs. Sekvra SenTvisaa, masSi Teqis baliSis piri devs divnis muTaqisTvis (xurjinis naxevari), romelic am diliT 11000 rublad (anu daaxloebiT 1.1 funtad) viyide. Sens xaliCebs Zalian mouxdeba, Tumca jer unda garecxo. imedi maqvs, mogewoneba. aseTi ram aq jer gasayidad ar minaxavs. am diliT kbilis eqimTan wavedi da vuTxari, rom yvela kbilis amoReba minda. is Zalian sasiamovno qarTvelia da, rogorc amboben, saukeTeso stomatologia saqarTveloSi. gvaric keTilxmovani aqvs - cxomeliZe. miTxra, rom erT kbilze mets ar amomiRebs da aucileb126 lad Camisvams xelovnur kbilebs axlad amoRebuli da sevenouqsSi dakarguli kbilebis sanacvlod. isic miTxra, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi kbilebi saerTod aRar Semawuxebs. darwmunebuli ar var, rom ar cdeba, magram Sansis micema namdvilad Rirs. man Cemi darCenili kbilebi gasinja da Tqva, rom TiTqmis yvela saRia. baTumis bedi gadawyvetilia (telegrama sul axlaxans movida), Tanac sakmaod damakmayofileblad. sanam es werili Senamde moaRwevs, axal ambebSic waikiTxav. „morning fost“-is statia baTumis Sesaxeb, romelic Sen gamomigzavne, aris RvarZliani da ganzrax SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli. ar daijero, rasac presa wers. axla ki minda, madloba gadagixado ori werilisaTvis, romlebic 19-28 ianvris Sualedis periods exeba, „morning fost“-is da „obzerveris“ ori SekvrisTvis. verc ki warmoidgen, rogor gamaxara sparseTisken mimavali Sikrikis xeliT maTma miRebam, gansakuTrebiT, wina dRis imedgacruebis Semdeg. gTxov, madloba gadasce dedaSens mosaloci baraTisTvis. marTlac rom, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba, Cems sajaro saqmianobas Tu SevexebiT, yovelTvis Cemi cxovrebis yvelaze sanukvari ocneba iyo. Cerqezovebisgan araferi ismis. mgoni, arc aravin icis, rogor midis maTi mogzauroba. dRevandeli dRe gazafxuls hgavs. mze kaSkaSebs da Citebi Cemi fanjris win Sekrebilan, erTi Jriamuli gaumarTavT, rogorc es gazafxulze xdeba xolme. kargad moiqeci, mensfilds rom xuTi funti gaugzavne. yovelTvis mjeroda, rom qening TaunSi bevr karg saqmes akeTebda. rogorc mivxvdi, londonSi RirsSesaniSnaobebi dagiTvalierebia. imedi maqvs, msgavs eqskursiebs momavalSic moiwyob. bavSvebis skolaSi swavlasTan dakavSirebiT saCqaro da sanerviulo araferia. mTavaria, janmrTelebi da bednierebi iyvnen, kargad iqceodnen, icodnen, rogor miudgnen saqmes, alRos aReba da swrafad aTviseba SeeZloT. imedi maqvs, jeimi male moZlierdeba. ecade, xSirad iyos sufTa haerze da noyierad ikvebos, garnirebisa da sousebis gareSe. gTxov, ninos gadasce, rom dedasTan Tavneboba ar gamoiCinos da endis uTxra, rom moxaruli var misi „xSiri“ kargi saqcieliT. acnobe bavSvebs, rom male mama Zalian, Zalian bednieri iqneba maTTan erTad yofniT. saaRdgomod Sin dabrunebis imedi jerac ar damikargavs. dRes Tavs gacilebiT ukeT vgrZnob, vidre wina dReebSi. Tavis tkivilis kvalic ki arsad Cans. ver vxvdebi, ra SeiZleba iyos uecari gamomjobinebis mizezi. albaT wnevis cvalebadoba. Zalian mainteresebs, es werili ramden xanSi Camova. 5 ianvars gamogzavnilma 23-Si moaRwia Senamde - mxolod 18 dRe daWirda! komunikaciis arxebi gamarTulad rom muSaobdnen, 8 dReSi adgilze iqne127 boda. gulSi gikravT Cems siyvaruls, Cems uZvirfases meuRles, ninos, jeimis da endis. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi 2 marti. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso meuRlev, Cemo patara gogonav, Cerqezovebi vnaxe. dRes Camovidnen, didxans vesaubre da axal ambebTan erTad, 15 ianvriT daTariRebuli Seni werilic Camomitanes. erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli werili iyo maT Soris, rac ki bolo dros mimiRia. amanaTi jer ar gadmouciaT, radgan maTi bargi amolagebuli ar aris, magram xval sadilad mewvevian da yvelafers momitanen. sanam zeda striqonebs vwerdi, telegrama miviRe, romelic, erTi SexedviT, ucnaurad ar momCvenebia. macnobes, rom laudoni, romelic CemTan erTad muSaobda moskovSi, Semdeg ki, bolSevikebis Semosvlamde cota xniT adre, odesidan mesamed Tu meoTxed mouxda evakuacia, xval apirebs tfilisSi Camosvlas, raTa Cems daqvemdebarebaSi, konsulad imuSaos. ramdenime saaTis win sxva telegrama movida, sparseTis gavliT, romelic iuwyeboda, rom man 26 Tebervals datova konstantinopoli da tfilisSi gamoemgzavra. me informacia maqvs, rom aRniSnul dRes gamosuli xomaldi danaRmuli aRmoCnda da vSiSobdi, rom laudonisTvis es mogzauroba ukanaskneli gamodgeboda. berZeni diplomati, romelic imave gemiT moemgzavreboda saqarTveloSi samuSaod, afeTqebas cocxali Zlivs gadaurCa da bargis gareSe mouxda konstantinopolSi dabruneba. afeTqebebi aq Zalian modaSia. guSin erT-erTi satvirTo gemi awies haerSi, romelsac denikinisTvis gankuTvnili tyvia-wamali mihqonda. dRes erTma kacma, romelsac ojaxTan hqonda problemebi qalaqis centrSi, sakuTari saxli aafeTqa, Sedegad, masTan urTierTobaSi myofi erTi qali daiRupa. areul samyaroSi gviwevs cxovreba. momeCvena, rom Cerqezovebi sakmaod mxiarul ganwyobaze arian. qmari gacilebiT axalgazrdulad gamoiyureba, vidre odesme, colma ki aRniSna, rom nino dausruleblad eflirtaveboda mis meuRles, razec me vupasuxe, rom SeuZlebelia, vinmem Cerqezovis momxibvlelobas gauZlos. mixaria, rom kamila sundlos Sexvda. imas mainc etyoda, rom gamoqvabulSi, an xis totze ar vcxovrob. Cemi TanamSromlebis axalgazrda nawili operaSi wavida. datvirTuli reJimis gamo mTel warmodgenaze daswrebas iSviaTad ax128 erxeben. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, vaxSmis gamotoveba uwevT. werilTan erTad goris miwisZvris fotoebsac gigzavni, magram vSiSob, rom miwisZvriT gamowveul saSinelebaze sruli warmodgena mainc ver Segeqmneba. albaT, grandis gadaRebulebi ajobebs, roca davbeWdavT, gamogigzavni. diliT adre unda avdge da baRSi moWikWike Citebs movusmino. saerTod adrianad viRviZeb, Tumca, samwuxarod, Cemi oTaxis fanjara baRis mxares ar gadis da gareT jer kidev Zalian civa imisTvis, rom mzis amosvlamde aivanze davjde. gagrZeleba iqneba. 3 marti. 1920. rac Seexeba aminds, kidev erTi araCveulebrivi dRe gaTenda. gigzavni grandis mier gorSi gadaRebul 13 fotos. garkveuli STabeWdileba Segeqmneba, magram, ra Tqma unda, fotoebi arsebul ganwyobas ver gadmogcems. laudoni am diliT Camovida. roca bolSevikebis gamo odesis datoveba mouxda, Sin dabruneba daapira, magram sagareo saqmeTa saministrom Cems dasaxmareblad gamouSva, komerciul sakiTxebs unda mixedos, rac Zalze Sromatevadi da damRleli samuSaoa. mainteresebs, moaRwia Tu ara Senamde Cem mier 20 noembers gamogzavnilma amanaTma vercxleuliT da Cagbarda Tu ara yvela nivTi. ueiTma da grandim aRmoaCines, rom Zvirfasi xaliCebisa da sxva nivTebis nawili, romelic mogzaurs andes, daikarga. amanaTi, romelsac vgulisxmob, vercxlis CamCas RvinisTvis, vercxlis qamrebs da sxva nivTebs Seicavs. Tumca, yvelaze Rirebuli gzavnili stoqsisaTvis micemul sam SekvraSia moTavsebuli (maT Soris, ninos yelsabami da sparsuli minanqris yuTSi Cadebuli misi jvari). „kosmosis“ gemiT gamovgzavne xelnawerebis nawili da Zveli sparsuli yuTi samkaulebisTvis, daaxloebiT, saweri magidis zomis. sxva gemiT (rogorc maxsovs, „frigia“ erqva), inglisisken wamovida Zvirfasi sparsuli xaliCa, romelSic, daaxloebiT, 120 funti gadavixade. am yvelafers stoqsi an grandis msaxuri mogitans. rac Seexeba Cems Sin dabrunebas - yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, apireben Tu ara Cems diplomatiur warmomadgenlad daniSvnas. Tu damniSnaven, unda miviRo es winadadeba; ramdenimeTviani SvebulebiT dauyovnebliv Camovide TqvenTan da aq erTi, an ori wliT gadmosabargeblad mogamzadoT. Tu aq vinme sxvas moavlenen, maSin, rasakvirvelia, Sin davbrundebi da ramdenime Tves davisveneb iqamde, sanam parizSi, an sadme sxva SemoTavazebul adgilas gavagrZeleb saqmianobas. rogorc vxvdebi, yvelaferi male gairkveva. rogorc vatyob, sxva didi saxelmwifoebi ukve apireben elCebis da misiaTa xelmZRvanelebis gamogzavnas. 129 kidev erTi faqtori, ramac SeiZleba, Cems gadawyvetilebaze moaxdinos gavlena, politikuri mdgomareobaa. Tu bolSevikebi gaaqtiurdnen da samxreT kavkasias seriozulad daemuqrnen, verc me davtoveb aqaurobas da verc Sen Camoxval. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sakmaod optimisturad var ganwyobili, mxolod baqos sakiTxi madardebs, radgan iqauri navTobi mimzidvel sacdurs warmoadgens bolSevikebisTvis. gza rom mokle iyos da mgzavroba komfortuli, jer kidev Tveebis win gTxovdi Camosvlas, magram verafriT davuSveb sruliad aramimzidvel pirobebSi, infeqciuri daavadebebisa da sxva safrTxeTa riskis qveS Sens erTTvian mgzavrobas. es yvelaferi Zalian sevdiania, radgan Cem gverdiT iseTi bednieri verasdros iqnebodi, rogorc aq, mec arasodes momnatrebixar ise, rogorc axla. isRa dagvrCenia movlenaTa ganviTarebas davelodoT. jer kidev ar damikargavs imedi, rom aRdgomas an naaRdgomevs, maleve gnaxav. Tvis bolosken ukve Seicvleba mdgomareoba, ukeTesobisken an uaresobisken. stoqsis dabruneba saxlisken wamosvlas SedarebiT gamiadvilebs, Tu, ra Tqma unda, miviReb am gadawyvetilebas. Cerqezovebma miTxres, rom kargad gamoviyurebi, magram daRlili vCanvar. TviTon Zalian mxned da mxiarulad arian ocdaoTxdRiani mogzaurobis Semdeg. xuTSabaTi. SuadRe. diliT mosulma fostam samSoblodan araferi Camomitana. bevri dro ara maqvs werilis dasasruleblad. 4 saaTze oficialuri Sexvedra mewyeba (ukve 3:55 aris), 5 saaTze ki aseve oficialur stumrebs velodebi. rogorc iqna, nanatri amindi dadga. ise Tbila, rom aivnis kari dilidan Ria maqvs. Cerqezovebs amanaTi jer kidev ar gadmouciaT. imedi maqvs, stomatologi xval daasrulebs Cemi kbilebis mkurnalobas. Tavs kargad vgrZnob, magram Zalian menatrebi. Tu aprilSi ara, mjera maisSi mainc viqnebiT erTad. did siyvaruls vuZRvni Cems uZvirfases meuRles, jeimis, ninos da endis. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. jer kidev Zalian dakavebuli var da ar vici, es yvelaferi rodis dawynardeba. samaradJamod Seni, o. u. 130 P.S. dRes dilas, daaxloebiT or funtad, vercxliT moWedili qarTuli sasmisi viyide, romelzec cxovelTa ori saintereso jgufia gamosaxuli. zemoT mowerilis Semdeg, Cem mier Catarebuli Sexvedrebi sakmaod uferuli gamodga. erTaderTi adamiani, romelTan Sexvedra ver movaxerxe da amas vnanob, aris liza saRinova (WavWavaZis da). rac Camovedi, mxolod erTxel vnaxe. dro ar maqvs im xalxs vestumro, romelTan saubars guliTadad visurvebdi. uZvirfaseso, kidev erTxel giZRvni Cems guliTad siyvaruls. tfilisi. kvira saRamo. 7 marti. 1920. Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso, xuTSabaTis (4 martis) Semdeg araferi momiweria. maSin werilTan erTad dangreuli goris fotoebi da oTxi gazeTic gamogigzavne. imave dRes tomsac gavugzavne werili. Cerqezovebma Seni amanTi gadmomces. warmoudgenlad madlieri var Seni. yvelaferi, rac gamomigzavne, Zalian mWirdeboda. paraskevs manqaniT daviZariT kojrisken, magram sami futis simaRlis Tovlma Segvaferxa da ukan dabruneba mogvixda. haerSi gazafxulis suni trialebs da Tovli, romelic Cvens baRSi 17 ianvridan ido, guSin erTbaSad gaqra. sadRac, Svidis naxevramde, sakmarisi sinaTlea imisTvis, rom sakiTxavad geyos. bolo werilSi xaliCebi mTxove, amitom guSin ori hamadanuri xaliCa viyide - Zvelia, magram araCveulebrivad karg mdgomareobaSia, aqlemis bewvisgan aris damzadebuli. odnav gansxvavdeba aqlemis bewvis im xaliCebisgan, romlebic ukve gvaqvs, magram vfiqrob, rom isini erTmaneTs mainc mouxdebian. TiToeuli maTgani TxuTmeti futis sigrZisa da sami futis siganisaa. oriveSi 40 000 rubli gadavixade, rac daaxloebiT, 40-50 funts udris. kursi Zalian meryeobs. Cemze garkveulma xalxma, maT Soris, grandim, romelic namdvil eqspertad Camoyalibda, miTxra, rom sakmaod kargad vivaWre. didi xania, aqlemis bewvis xaliCebi aRar mzaddeba da albaT aRarc damzaddeba, masalis Rirebulebis gamo. ramdenime lamazi Teqis xaliCac vnaxe, magram saukeTeso maTgani 1000 funti damifases, Tanac, ramdenime naxvretic aRmovaCine (Tumca maTi amokerva SesaZlebeli iyo). naxvretebi, savaraudod, rusi mepatroneebis uyuradRebobis da mouvlelobis Sedegad gaCnda. rogorc Cans, isini xaliCas bertyavdnen. aRmosavluri xaliCis an fardagis gabertyva dauSvebelia. is xelis jagrisiT, an specialuri xaliCis sawmendiT unda gaiwmindos. am etapze samsaxurSi seriozuli problemebi maqvs. netav icode, 131 ra daZabulobaa! dasveneba ise mWirdeba, rogorc arasdros, magram axla samuSaos mitoveba warmoudgeneli ramaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, stoqsis dabrunebamde mainc. sapatio mizezebis gamo, romelsac axla ver gagimxel, Seni da bavSvebis aq Camosvla arasasurvelia. Tumca, Semaferxebeli politikuri faqtorebi SeiZleba ucabedadac gaqres. 16 Tebervlidan moyolebuli, begTabegovebis wveulebis Semdeg, saRamoxans mxolod erTxel gavedi gareT, rodesac ori kviris win amerikelebis mier mowyobil vaxSamze naxevari saaTiT wavedi. ukve imdenad daqanculi var, muSaobis paralelurad, sazogadoebriv aqtivobebSi monawileoba aRar SemiZlia. fizikuri kolafsis riskis winaSe vdgavar. dReisTvis mniSvnelovan RonisZiebaze mimiwvies, magram uaris Tqma momixda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis aRniSvnas da Tan, miwisZvriT dazaralebulTaTvis Tanxis Segrovebas apireben. organizatori piradad movida colTan erTad da mimipatiJa, magram iZulebuli viyavi uari meTqva. maT ganzraxuli aqvT, sazogadoebas amcnon prezidentis da Cemi saxelobis fondis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic axalgazrdebis inglisSi swavlas daafinansebs. sawyis etapze, fondSi 1000 funts Cadeben. organizatori gvarad beriZea. is britanuli savaWro kompania ”kosmosis” adgilobrivi menejeria. oTxSabaTi. 10 marti. 1920. unda mrcxvenodes, rom kviris Semdeg veraferi mogwere. orjer Tu samjer davapire mowera, magram saTanado ganwyoba ar aRmomaCnda. arc dRes var karg xasiaTze. politikuri viTareba Zalian daZabulia da garSemo bevri imedgamacruebeli faqtoria. Sedegad, Zal-Rone mecleba. srul dasvenebas vsaWiroeb. TanamSromlebma maiZules, dRes sawolSi mesauzma. ukve 11 saaTia da oTaxidan axlaxans gamovedi, rom SenTvis momewera. zafxulis amindia, ise Tbila, aivnis kari Ria maqvs da vuyureb, rogor iRvreba oTaxSi sinaTle. sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gasagzavnad telegrama movamzade, sadac inglisSi SvebulebiT gamomgzavrebis nebarTvas viTxov. werili SesaZloa nebismier momdevno dRes gavgzavno. vinmem Cemi movaleoba unda Seasrulos. me stoqsis kandidaturas vTavazob. Tu vinme sxvas gamouSveben, minda, rom Cemi gamomgzavrebis droisTvis, stoqsi ukve baqoSi iyos. orSabaTs ser jon hiuiti Camovida. man Zalian kargi samsaxuri gaswia mesopotamiasa da indoeTSi. mgoni, baliolis kolejis kursdamTavrebulia. man CvenTan erTad isadila da baqoSi gaemgzavra saqmeze. is londonis orientaluri skolis prezidentia. amave skolis direqtoria profesori denison rosi, aw ukve raindi. sainteresoa, rom vaWrebma xelnawerTa koleqciis yidva SemomTavazes, romelic 132 500 sparsul, arabul da Turqul xelnawers Seicavs, Tanac, sakmaod iafad, 2000 funtad. Sesabamisad, vcdilobT, Cven Soris mdidari ingliseli vipovoT, vinc xelnawerebs SeiZens da rosis skolas, an bodleinis biblioTekas gadascems. am diliT Semdegi nivTebi giyide: 1. ulamazesi, Zveli sparsuli minanqris yuTi, romelic 120 wlis winaa damzadebuli. zed mTeli romania amotvifruli. msgavsi silamazis nivTi iSviaTad minaxavs. fasi: 5 funti. 2. spilos Zvlis broSi, saocari ostatobiT Sesrulebuli Cinuri miniaturiT, romelzec figurebi, baRebi da Senobebia gamosaxuli. garedan mooqrovebulia. daaxloebiT, am zomis. fasi: 1.12 funti. 3. spilenZis sparsuli miniatura, daaxloebiT, am zomis. gverdebi cota gacveTili aqvs, magram zogadad, arc ise cud mdgomareobaSia. fasi: 2.10 funti. albaT fiqrob, rom rac momewoneba, yvelafers vyidulob, magram ase ar aris. Tu kargad dafiqrdebi, mixvdebi, rom finansuri TvalsazrisiTac Wkvianurad viqcevi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTebi maTSi gadaxdil Tanxaze sam-oTxjer Zvirad gaiyideba. bankSi fulis Senaxvas namdvilad jobia msgavsi nivTebis yidva, Tumca mainc vimedovneb, rom gayidvis saWiroeba ar dagvidgeba. axla, roca umniSvnelo sakiTxebs movrCi, SemiZlia, mivubrunde uZvirfases werils, romelic 2-4 TebervliTaa daTariRebuli da orSabaTs, 8 marts, SuadRisas Camomivida. es CemTvis epoqaluri werilia, radgan damSvenebulia xelmowerebiT ”jeimi, endi, nino”. veli im dros, roca, saxlSi dabrunebis Taobaze, maTi moTxovnis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba momecema. Sens werilTan erTad tomis werilic miviRe, romelic mTeli kviriT gvian (12 ricxvSi) aris gamogzavnili. ueiTmac miiRo colis baraTi, romelic ocdaoriTaa daTariRebuli (mTeli Tvrameti dRiT gvian! mgoni, werilSi SenTan stumrobaze iyo laparaki). veWvob, rom Seni werilebis dagvianebaSi oldhemia damnaSave. imedi maqvs, misi gavliT aRarafers gamoagzavni. vwuxvar, rom Tavs SeuZlod grZnobdi. imedi maqvs, axla ukeT xar. Camomivida Sen mier gamogzavnili, 2 Tebervlamde Segrovebuli, gazeTebis krebuli; aseve, Tebervlis Sua ricxvebamde Sekrebili, tomis gamogzavnili amanaTi, yovelkvireuli axali ambebiT, ”qonTemforari rivius” CaTvliT, sadac nevinsonis57 statiacaa saqarTveloze. ho, marTla, rogorc gavige, lange58 nobelis premiazea wardgeni57 varlam CerqeziSvilis, oliver da marjori uordropebis megobari britaneli Jurnalisti, romelmac 1906 wels imogzaura saqarTveloSi, sxvebs Soris, Sexvda ilia WavWavaZesac. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mxardamWeri werilebi gamoaqveyna britanul presaSi. is iyo erTi mTavari moqmed pirTagani, romelic CerqeziSvilTan da uordropTan erTad amzadebda 1907 wels haagis konferenciisaTvis qarTveli xalxis peticiis wardgenas. ufro dawvrilebiT ix. d. SveliZe - ai vin iyo, qarTvelno, varlam CerqeziSvili! gv. 234-241 58 qristian lange - norvegieli istorikosi da politologi. misma 1919 wels gamoqveynebulma Sromam „internacionalizmis istoria“ erTa ligis SeqmnisaTvis moamzada ideologiuri niadagi, risTvisac langes 1921 wels gadaeca nobelis premia. 133 li. vfiqrob, rom jildo mas ufro metad ekuTvnis, vidre nebismier sxvas. Tuki miiRebs am prizs, gTxov, Cemgan miuloco. gadaeci guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. vici, zogjer maviwydeba misi mokiTxva, magram imedi maqvs, xvdeba, rom es mxolod gadaRliT da gafantulobiT momdis. am werilis wera ramdenimejer Semawyvetines. jer baTumis garnizonis oficeri movida da qarTvelebis arasasiamovno saqcielis Sesaxeb momitana ambavi. Semdeg yarsis mxaris delegacia mestumra saCivriT, rom somxebi soflebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sacxovriss anadgureben da qalebs da bavSvebs xocaven. mogvianebiT Semoiara azerbaijanis axalma warmomadgenelma somxeTSi, Teinurbei makinskim, romelic moskovis universitetSi somxeTis premierTan, xatisianTan Tanadroulad swavlobda. man miTxra, rom misi winamorbedi, Cemi megobari axverdovi, erevnis gzaze daayaCaRes da 5 400 000 rubli waarTves, romelic yarsel muslimebTan mihqonda. rogorc Cans, matarebeli sanainTan axlos, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris, egreT wodebul ”neitralur teritoriaze” gaZarcves. bevri saqme maqvs da wera unda Sevwyvito, Tumca imeds vitoveb, sanam gamogigzavni, oride sityvis mimatebas SevZleb. oTxSabaTi saRamo. naSuadRevs TanamSromlebma damarwmunes, manqaniT gagveseirna. Tbiloda da mze anaTebda. ruqerTan da laudonTan erTad mcxeTaSi wavedi. sakaTedro taZarSi naxevari saaTi davyaviT. ukana gzaze saburavi gagviskda da tfilisSi dabruneba dagvigvianda. sufTa haerze 3 saaTze meti gavatare, rac Cemi janmrTelobisTvis Zalian kargi unda iyos. sanam daviZineb, toms unda mivwero. Tu SeiZleba, Ceki mieci, rom Cemi bargis dazRveva kidev eqvsi TviT gaagrZelos. xuTSabaTi. 11 marti. TeqvsmetSi gamogzavnili werili dRes Camomivida. radgan Seni bolos wina werili 4 TebervliTaa daTariRebuli, vivaraudeb, rom gzaSi kidev ori unda iyos. iseTi amindia, ukeTesi rom ar SeiZleba. TiTqos zafxuli ukve dadga. bavSvebze rac miTxari, Zalian sainteresoa. yvelani menatrebiT. uamravi saqme maqvs. axlaxans davasrule Sexvedra or ministrTan, netav SemeZlos, cota xniT am yvelafers gaverido. Cemi siyvaruli Sen gekuTvnis, uZvirfaseso. rogorc vatyob, aR134 dgomas saxlSi yofnas ver movaxerxeb Tu ar gadmovfrindebi, magram mainc vitoveb imeds, rom aprilSi meRirseba Seni naxva. Seni, o. u. tfilisi. 14 marti. 1920. Cemo WeSmarito siyvarulo, bolo werili TerTmetSi gamogigzavne. imedi maqvs, kidev erTi fosta xval wamova. bolo ramdenime dRea, vcdilob, cxovrebas martivad Sevxedo. sauzmis Semdeg vdgebi. TanamSromlebma eqimi RambaSiZe59 momiyvanes, romelsac gulaxdilad vuTxari, rom janmrTelobas ar vuCivi, Tavis tkivilebi aRar maqvs da mxolod dasveneba da cvlilebebi mWirdeba. is dameTanxma da mirCia, ramdenime dRiT qalaqgareT gavide, me ki mirCevnia, Tavisufali dro TqvenTan Camosasvlelad gamoviyeno. telegrama, romliTac sagareo saqmeTa saministros SvebulebaSi gasvlis uflebas vTxov, jer ar gamigzavnia, magram imedi maqvs, xval movaxerxeb. Cems samsaxurs mudam Tan axlda, axlac axlavs, moulodnelobebi da adamianebis uyuradReboba, rac aucileblad unda Seicvalos. paraskevs samsaaTiani seirnoba movawyveT manqaniT, kojors 29 versiT gavcdiT da manglisamde TiTqmis naxevari gza gaviareT. sakmaod maRla avediT da ukana gzaze Segvcivda kidevac, magram mainc Zalian sasiamovno mogzauroba gamovida, Cven win iSleboda mTis veluri peizaJebi. wuxel gvazavebTan wavediT da mSvidad vivaxSmeT. vaxSams aseve eswrebodnen Cerqezovebi, elene maCabeli, misi meuRle da da, aseve afxazebi. es iyo yvelaze myudro da ojaxuri wveuleba maT Soris, sadac ki saqarTveloSi yofnisas vyofilvar. sakmaod adre daviSaleT. diliT umcrosi Cerqezovi movida Cveni bavSvebis fotoebis sanaxavad. sul esaa Cemi piradi cxovrebis ambebi. rac Seexeba saqveyno saqmeebs, maTze arafers vityvi. mTlianobaSi Zalian imedgamacruebeli mdgomareobaa. guSin da dRes sakmaod cioda da wvimda. mcire zomis Rumeli, romelic ruqerma Camoitana, Cems oTaxSi ufro suns ayenebs, vidre siTbos. rogorc xvdebi, Cveni centraluri gaTboba isev isvenebs. dRes sadilad majoni unda gvwveoda, romSi gamgzavrebis win Cve59 cnobili eqimi vaxtang RambaSiZe, romelic, sabWoTa okupaciis Semdeg, emigraciaSi qarTul saTvistomos xelmZRvanelobda. is gaxldaT britaneTSi saqarTvelos diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelis - daviT RambaSiZis Zma. 135 ni naxva undoda, magram mxolod Setyobineba gamogvigzavna, rom oficialurma movaleobebma sadili saerTod CauSala. kidev erTxel unda giTxra, rom Zalian menatrebi, Cemo Zvirfaso. ase mgonia, saukune gavida mas Semdeg, rac „viqtoriaze“60 davSordiT da mas Semdeg Cven Soris gadaulaxavi manZilia. arada, teqnikuri saSualeba rom iyos, 3500 kilometrsac or dReSi gaivlida adamiani. orSabaTi. 15. 3. 20. dRes sawolSi yofnis fufuneba mergo. eqim RambaSiZis rCevebs yuri vugde. dasvenebisTvis ukeTes dRes albaT verc SevarCevdi civi, wvimiani da uJmuri amindia. ramdenime Semawuxebeli Sexvedrac gamovtove da esec didi saqmea. telegrama Svebulebis moTxovniT jer kidev ar gamigzavnia, miuxedavad imisa, rom karga xania, mzad maqvs. mizezi isaa, rom vici, aq xalxi safrTxeSia da sanam ar davrwmundebi, rom maT dasacavad yvela zomaa miRebuli, manamde versad waval. social-demokratiul mTavrobasTan mec mqonda garkveuli uTanxmoeba (seriozuli uTanxmoeba an ukmayofileba ara, rasakvirvelia). isini anci bavSvebiviT iqcevian, magram, yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, isini mainc bavSvebi arian da TavianT „naTlimamas“ meZaxian. mimaCnia, rom maT winaSe, religiuri Tu ara, moraluri valdebulebebi mainc gamaCnia. unda vTqva, rom social-demokratebi didad ar miyvars, radgan am xalxis social-demokratiuli ideologia maT ufro nakleb „jentlmenurad“ warmoaCens, vidre isini sxva SemTxvevaSi iqnebodnen. Tumca, mTlianobaSi xalxi, gansakuTrebiT ki, ubralo adamianebi, social-demokratebi ar arian. isini amboben, rom maT vuyvarvar, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yvela amas meubneba da sanam ar mecodineba, rom usafrTxod arian, maTTan unda davrCe da sakuTar Tavze aviRo riskebi. minda, maTTan erTad gavusworo Tvali yvela mosalodnel safrTxes. bolosdabolos, es safrTxeebi arc ise didia, rogorc arakeTilmosurneebs surT, rom iyos. baTumidan am diliT Camosulma fostam araferi Camomitana, magram ramdenime pativsacemi adamiani ukve gzaSia da imedia, Cemi werilebi maT moaqvT. albaT gaigebdi, rom denikinis saqme Zalian cudad midis. misi saqme wasulia da bolSevikebi yvelafers Caigdeben xelSi, rac Zveli ruseTisgan darCa, garda samxreT kavkasiisa. samxreT kavkasiis maTgan dacva SesaZlebelia Tu mokavSireebi, gansakuTrebiT, didi britaneTi, gonierad imoqmedeben. magram mogexseneba, mTavrobaTa 60 erT-erTi sakvanZo sarkinigzo sadguri londonSi 136 gonierebisa ar mwams. eWvi mepareba, loid jorjma icodes, sad aris samxreT kavkasia da Tu icis, TebervalSi misi gamosvlis gaTvaliswinebiT, namdvilad arasworadaa informirebuli politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb. samagierod, lordi kerzonia kargad garkveuli da didi imedi maqvs, gavleniTa da avtoritetiT kolegebs ajobebs, gansakuTrebiT, CerCils. ar vici, telegrama amaRam gamovgzavno Tu ukeTes SesaZleblobas davelodo. mgoni, jobia, gamoviZino da Semdeg miviRo gadawyvetileba. bolo 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad, meZina. roca davbrundebi, saeklesio sagaloblebis wignidan bavSvebi TiTo simReras mimRereben? jeimi # 411-s, endi # 403-s da nino # 427-s. safosto baraTebis Sovna Zalian Znelia, magram vecdebi Semdeg jerze gamogigzavnoT. samSabaTi. 16 marti. iseT dros avdeqi, rom 11 saaTze pirdapir dantistTan wavsuliyavi. bolo viziti mqonda. roca xelSi 25 000 rubli (daaxloebiT 25 funti) CavuTvale, gavifiqre, rom ajobebda, fuli sxvanairad damexarja. Tumca mesmis, rom, dRevandeli gacvliTi kursis pirobebSi, man sakmaod zomieri fasi moiTxova. Cvens msaxurebSi didi aliaqoTia. aRmoCnda, rom dakargulia Cemi erTi wyvili fexsacmeli, aseve grandis erTi wyvili fexsacmeli da ruqeris tansacmeli. saerTo azria, rom saqmeSi policia CavrioT, me ki mirCevnia, yvelaferma misi daxmarebis gareSe Caiaros. msaxurebi aRSfoTebulebi arian, rom aseTi ram moxda saxlSi, sadac arasdros araferi dakargula. ruqeri, Cemi nebarTviT, guSin ramdenime dRiT baqoSi gaemgzavra. rogorc iqna, telegrama gavgzavne da sagareo saqmeTa saministrosgan Svebuleba viTxove. dasveneba namdvilad mWirdeba, Tu raime gauTvaliswinebeli moxda, Svebulebis gadadeba yovelTvis SemiZlia. aqedan fexs ar movicvlidi da am xalxs gasaWirSi ar mivatovebdi, maTTvis odnav gamosadegi mainc rom viyo. laudonis aq yofna droebiTi aRmoCnda. misi Semcvleli ukve baTumSia. werils da amanaTs, xaliCebiTa da sxva nivTebiT, savaraudod, laudons gamovatan. kidev erTi civi dRea, wvims da mowyeniloba sufevs. albaT erTi faqti dagainteresebs - cota xnis win rom sparsuli xaliCa gamogigzavne, visganac viyide, is vaWari damikavSirda da xaliCis isev misTvis miyidva mTxova 200 000 rublad, rac, dRevandeli kursiT, 200 funtze sakmaod metia. rac Seexeba cota xnis win nayid hamadanis (aqlemis bewvis) xaliCas, darwmunebuli var, is dRes orjer ufro 137 Zvirad dafasdeba tfilisSi. imedia, isini Senamde mSvidobiT moaRweven. darwmunebuli var, yvelaferi mogewoneba. xuTSabaTi. 18 marti. dRis 3 saaTi da 20 wuTi. werili ukve unda Cavabaro. werisTvis dro aRar maqvs. Tavs gacilebiT ukeT vgrZnob. mTeli Cemi siyvaruli Sen gekuTvnis, Zvirfaso. tfilisi. kvira. 21 marti. 1920. Cemo erTaderTo da uZvirfaseso, Cemi bolo werili xuTSabaTs, 18 marts gamoigzavna. Seni bolo werili, romelic 16 TebervliT iyo daTariRebuli, 11 marts miviRe. Cemi gamoTvliT, SesaZloa, xval Camomivides Seni mowerili axali ambebi. 18-Si kamilas werili movida Cveulebrivi fostiT. gamogzavnis TariRad 8 Tebervali iyo miTiTebuli. gTxov, Cemgan madloba gadasce. aucileblad vupasuxeb, rogorc ki SevZleb. wina paraskevs, 19-Si, didi demonstracia gaimarTa, sadac baTumis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas moiTxovdnen. demonstracias mTavrobam gauwia organizeba, rac, Cemi azriT, suleluri politikis nawilia da, savaraudod, maTi mtrebis mier aris provocirebuli. paraskevi dasvenebis dRe iyo da quCebi xalxis msvlelobiT gaivso. msvlelobis monawileTa deputacia miviRe da, rogorc yovelTvis, rac maTTan vilaparake, presaSi yvelaferi nayalbevad daiwera. mogvianebiT Cerqezovma Semomiara erTi saaTiT da, sxvebis msgavsad, masac vuTxari, rom mTeli es ambavi sisuleled mimaCnia. aq savaWro palatis Tavmjdomare (ser hubert liuilin smiti) da misi sami TanamSromeli arian. Sin brundebian sparseTidan. maTze zrunva gviwevs. aqve arian britaneli jariskacebi Crdilo kavkasiidan, sadac denikinis jarma, faqtobrivad, arseboba Sewyvita. diliT aneta Wyoniam Semoiara da SenTvis TeTri matylis gorgali moitana. pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave gamogigzavni. SuadRisas sapasuxo vizitiT vewvie amerikel admirals, romelic cota xniTaa Camosuli. dRes sparsuli axali welia - kargia wlis dawyeba, roca gazafxuli dgas da garSemo yvelaferi yvavis. sul esaa bolo werilis gamogzavnis Semdeg momxdari ambebis mTeli qronika. gigzavni aqaur presas. sxvebs Soris, SekvraSi ipovi komikur Jurnals - „eSmakis maTraxi“. mis pirvel gverdze Cemi karikaturaa war138 modgenili orfeosis saxiT, sadac me saqarTvelos mTavrobas vajadoeb, sanam britanelebi baTums isakuTreben. iqvea ori mcire zomis pamfletic, erTi marjoris fotoTi, meore ki Cemi gamosaxulebiT garekanze. Tu toms daainteresebs, aslebi gaatane. yvelafers msubuqad vuyureb. maincdamainc kargad ar vgrZnob Tavs, mudmivma brZolam Zalian damRala. Tu telegrafi gamarTulad muSaobs, Cemi ganacxadi Svebulebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, ukve Cavidoda londonSi. daujerebelia, magram axlaxans miviRe ori telegrama sagareo saqmeTa ofisidan, romelTaganac erTi rva kviris winaa gamogzavnili, meore ki eqvsi kviris win. imedia, aprilSi saxlSi viqnebi. ganacxadSi moviTxove, rom Cems Sesacvlelad stoqsi am TveSi unda gamoemgzavros londonidan. aseve moviTxove, rom Tu Svebulebas momcemen, amis Sesaxeb aucileblad Segatyobinon. orSabaTi. 22 marti. 1920. mSvenieri dRea. mze sasiamovnod kaSkaSebs, magram uamravi saqme maqvs da sul ramdenime wuTi damrCa werilis dasasruleblad, sanam oTxis naxevarze fosta gamoigzavneba. bevri araferi maqvs saTqmeli. arc Sengan momsvlia axali ambebi, Cemda samwuxarod. gigzavni mTel Cems siyvaruls. marad Seni, o. uordropi tfilisi 22 marti uZvirfaseso, vCqarob, amitom mokled getyvi, rom sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi vagzavni amanaTs, romlis gamosatanadac Sen an tomma unda SeiaroT. ukve gzaSia didi amanaTi, romelic patara werilsa da gazeTebs moicavs. albaT orive gzavnili erTdroulad CamoaRwevs Senamde. gigzavni Semdeg nivTebs: qaSgarul xaliCas, romelsac lurji foni aqvs, xelnawerebs bodleinis biblioTekisTvis, ramdenime portrets, sparsuli xelnawerebis nimuSebs, mtkvris sanapiros tfilisur peizaJebs, romelzec yazbegic moCans, aseve Tamaris (sakmaod cudad nakeT) xats. bolSevikebis winsvlasTan dakavSirebiT did mRelvarebas aqvs adgili. rogorc gavige, vladikavkazi da larsi ukve maT xelSia, rac imas niSnavs, rom tfiliss mxolod 100 mili aSorebT. visurveb139 di, rom aqaurebi ufro gawonasworebulebi iyvnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi nebismieri dampyroblis Semotevas moigeriebdnen, Tavs daicavdnen momxdurebTan brZolaSi da daqiravebuli agentebis daxlarTul intrigebsac daaRwevdnen Tavs. netav Tu SevZleb, rom aprilis bolos Sen gverdiT viyo. wesiT, araferma unda SegviSalos xeli Tu stoqsi droulad wamova da misi mgzavroba swrafadac Caivlis. Seni da bavSvebis naxva warmoudgenlad gamabednierebs. swored Tqven aqcevT dedamiwas adgilad, sadac cxovreba miRirs. mze swored Tqveni portretebidan minaTebs axlac, roca SenTvis gamosagzavn werils vwer. damaviwyda meTqva, rom aneta Wyonias naCuqar gorgalsac gigzavni. didi, didi siyvaruli Cemgan Cems uZvirfasess. o. u. tfilisi. xareba. 25. 3. 1920. orSabaTs (22 marts) gamogzavnil werilSi gacnobe, rom amanaTi Sua aRmosavleTis departmentidan unda waiRo. sul sami Sekvraa: lurji qaSgaruli xaliCa, sparsuli da arabuli xelnawerebis nakrebi, Sin damzadebuli, TeTri qsovili. paralelurad gamogigzavne gazeTebi da Ria baraTebi bavSvebisaTvis. dRes samsaxurebrivi fostiT gigzavni or xaliCas, orive hamadanuria, aqlemis bewvis. samSabaTs orsaaTiani Sexvedra mqonda premierTan da sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan. dRes, aseve, ori saaTi gavatare JordaniasTan da kuk-kolisTan, baTumis samxedro gubernatorTan. Zalian rTuli periodia, Cemi janmrTeloba ki daZabul reJims ukve veRar uZlebs. guSin cota xniT zaqaria WiWinaZe mestumra, im broSurebis redaqtori, sadac Cemi da marjoris portretebi dabeWdes, romelic gamogigzavne. mas mravali welia vicnob. is 70 welsaa gadacilebuli da Tavdadebuli patriotia. bodleinis biblioTekisTvis ramdenime wigni momitana. vestumre damfuZnebeli krebis biblioTekas da marjoris da Cemi wignebis egzemplarebi gadaveci. maTganac miviRe saCuqrad ramdenime gamocema. guSin Cerqezovebs Sevuare da erTi saaTi gavatare maTi mokrZalebuli saxlis aivanze. mamadaviTis mTaze, maRla cxovroben da maTi saxlis meore aivnidan tfilisis araCveulebrivi xedi Cans. iZulebuli var, werili Cavabaro. generali kuk-kolisi sadilad 140 melodeba. sanam baTumSi dabrundeba, unda vinaxulo. dResve, kamilasac vugzavni werils. Cemi udidesi siyvaruli Zvirfas meuRlesa da Svilebs. guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. Seni mosiyvarule meuRle, o. u. tfilisi kvira. 28 marti. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, ai, kidev erTi werilis weras viwyeb ise, rom Sengan pasuxi araferze mimiRia. Seni bolo werili 16 Tebervlisaa, Cemi - 25 martis.sagareo saqmeTa saministros meSveobiT, aqlemis bewvis xaliCebic imave dRes gamogigzavne. paraskevs generali erdeli61 mestumra, romelmac Tavi daaneba Crdilo kavkasiaSi brZolas da darCenili 4000 meomriT, romelTaganac 1600 oficeria, da maTi ojaxebiT foTisken miemarTeba. imave dRes, SuadRisas, mcxeTis da wilknis gavliT wavedi da samxedro gzaze 43 versi viare. vladikavkazidan momavali devnilebi Semomxvdnen - zogi manqaniT, zogi oTxTvaliT, zogic fexiT modioda, Tan saxeldaxelod gamokruli fuTebi mohqondaT. yvelaze sevdiani sanaxavi erTi kaci iyo, romelic bargis gareSe, gancalkevebiT miabijebda gzis piras. mkerdze Cvili miekra da gasaocari sisaTuTiT mohyavda. albaT misi sabralo meuRle gzaSi daiRupa. guSin safrangeTis umaRlesi komisari, de marteli Camovida. is adre eliotis kolega iyo cimbirSi, im eliotis, romelic 1892 wels Sevcvale ser robert morieris pirad TanaSemwis Tanamdebobaze peterburgSi, axla ki tokioSia elCad. guSin sakmaod mRelvare dRe mqonda. bevr adamians Sevxvdi, sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsruleblis CaTvliT. saxelmwifos meTaursac vesaubre. arsebuli politikuri viTareba sasurvelisgan da saimedosgan Zalian Sorsaa. dRes Setyobineba movida, rom novorosiiski bolSevikebis xelSi gadavida. somxebs da muslimebs isev daeZabaT urTierToba. xmebi dadis, rom ramdenime qalaqSi, sadac bolSevikebma bevri fuli daxarjes xalxis mosasyidad, ajanyeba ifeTqebs. danavsuli „baTumis sakiTxi“ jer ar gadawyvetila. SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom Zalian rTul mdgomareobaSi var da visurvebdi, janmrTeloba xels 61 denikinis generali 141 miwyobdes arsebuli siZneleebis gadasalaxad. rogorc ici, telegrama, romliTac SvebulebaSi gasvlis ufleba viTxove, 12 marts gavgzavne sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi. Tumca, Cveni telegramebi gzaSi Zalian did dros atareben. aqedan gamomdinare, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu nebas damrTaven, albaT aprilis Sua ricxvebamde ver gamovemgzavrebi. es imas niSnavs, rom saaRdgomod Camosvlas ver movaxerxeb. Cveni imedi fuWi aRmoCnda. ar gamovricxav, eqimi RambaSiZe davarwmuno, raTa man erTkviriani woliTi reJimi gamomiweros. miuxedavad imisa, rom konkretulad araferi mawuxebs, rac Cems aseT saqciels gaamarTlebs, imdenad daqanculi da gamofituli var, samarTliani iqneboda Tu Caviketebodi, damRlel Sexvedrebsa da saubrebs Tavs avaridebdi. wuxel, vaxSams ukve vamTavrebdiT, roca Cerqezovma Semoiara da ramdenime saaTi erTad gavatareT. masTan saubari didi siamovnebaa. gvindoda, dRes manglisisken gagveseirna, magram manqana mwyobrSi ar aris. isedac, arc ise kargi dRea qalaqgareT gasvlisTvis. diliT wvimda da axlac civa. male Cais dro mova, me ki jer gareT arc ki gamixedavs. rusul wignze minda, giTxra, romelic, mgonia, rom mogewoneba. inglisurad 2-3 wlis win iTargmna. es wigni s. t. aksakovis „ojaxuri qronikebi da mogonebebia“ (SeiZleba, originalSi saTauri cota sxvagvarad JRerdes). nawili, romelic dedamiss, mamamiss da mis bavSvobas exeba, Zalian momwons. sevenouqsis biblioTekaSi erTi egzemplari meguleba, Tu ver ipovi, ikiTxe da getyvian, gamomcemeli vin aris. damaviwyda giTxari Tu ara, rom im dRes bukinistebTan „1805 wlis reestri, istoriuli mimoxilva, politika da literatura“-s gadavawydi pirvandel mdgomareobaSi, gadauSlels da dauzianebels. albaT 100 welze metxans xeluxleblad ido tfilisSi. ramdenime erTmaneTze gadabmuli gverdis (sul aTasamdea) gaWra momiwia da nelsonis sikvdilisa da austerlicis brZolis Sesaxeb wavikiTxe. mRelvare epoqa iyo, magram is araferia axlandel droebasTan SedarebiT, romlis moSorebul da areul mxareSi Cems mcire rols vTamaSob. gverdiT oTaxSi TanamSromlebi baTumidan dagvianebiT Camosuli telegramebis gadarCevas cdiloben. saintereso TiTqmis araferia. rogorc wesi, ase xdeba xangrZlivi wyvetis Semdeg komunikaciis aRdgenis dros. uamravi pasuxismgebloba makisria (imaze meti, vidre visurvebdi) da gadawyvetilebebis miReba ise miwevs, rom londonTan konsultaciebis gavlas ver vaxerxeb. ufro metic, zogjer britaneTis mTavrobis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebic ar vici. aseT viTarebaSi Secdomebis daSveba gardauvalia, Tumca, imedi maqvs, rom Zalian mZime Secdomebs ar davuSveb. yovel SemTxvevaSi, londonidan jer sayveduri ar mimiRia. gigzavni sam azerbaijanul safosto markas, romelic, vfiqrob, sakmaod iSviaTi da Rirebulia inglisSi. 142 orSabaTi. SuadRe. fosta ramdenime wuTSi igzavneba. bevrs ver mogwer. diliT arc Sengan momsvlia raime da arc oficialuri korespondencia Camosula londonidan. dRes bevri Sexvedra maqvs da albaT saRamomde Zalian daviRlebi. uZvirfasesi siyvaruli, msoflioSi colTa Soris uZvirfasess, misTvis Tavdadebuli qmrisagan. o. u. tfilisi. aRdgomis kvira. 4 aprili. 1920 Cemo uZvirfaseso, bolos orSabaTs mogwere. mas Semdeg bevri araferi momxdara iseTi, mosayolad rom Rirdes. stoqsisgan 14 martiT daTariRebuli werili miviRe, sadac mwers, rom gnaxa da yvelani kargad xarT. Seni bolo werili 16 Tebervlisaa. saSinelebaa amden xans lodini! rogorRac miviRe Seni gamogzavnili gazeTebi da gavige, ra xdeboda msoflioSi 4 Tebervlidan 4 martis CaTvliT, magram dedamiwis im pawawina nawilis bolo Svidi kviris ambebi, romelic yvelaze metad mainteresebs, CemTvis jer kidev ucnobia. rogorc mogwere, gadavwyvite, erTi kvira sawolSi gametarebina da fexze adgomisTvis Tavi ameridebina. garda amisa, marcxena mxarze gaCenil simsivnur gamonazardTan dakavSirebiT problemebi Semeqmna. miTxres, rom jobda, amomeWra, radgan aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yuradRebas ar vaqcevdi da savaraudod, momavalSi gamirTuldeboda. amitom wina oTxSabaTs qirurgma maWavarianma62 mcire operacia Camitara. rogorc man Tqva, es ”fibro-lipoma” iyo (mgoni, sworad davimaxsovre) da sworad moviqeci, rom moviSore. Tan dasZina, rom amJamindeli mdgomareobiT safrTxe ar memuqreboda, magram momavali garTulebisgan dazRveuli ar viyavi. simsivne ufro Rrmad aRmoCnda fesvgadgmuli, vidre eqimi moeloda. Tumca, operaciam kargad Caiara, arc qloroformiT daZineba damWirda da arc zogadi anesTezia, adgilobrivi gayuCebac sakmarisi aRmoCnda. me Zalian dainteresebuli vadevnebdi Tvals process, grandi ki, romelmac ar daiSala da operacias daeswro, miuxedavad misi samedicino gamocdilebisa, Zalian SeSinebuli Canda. CvenSi darCes da albaT SeiZleboda, operacia ufro daxvewilad Catarebuliyo, Tumca eqim maWavarians adgil62 profesori aleqsandre maWavariani (1884-1941) - peterburgis samxedro-samedicino akademiis kursdamTavrebuli, sadac 1914 wels daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. 1919 wlidan muSaobda tfilisis universitetis samedicino fakultetze. iTvleba qarTuli qirurgiis erT-erT fuZemdeblad. gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre, 1939 wels, gaxda komunisturi partiis wevri. 143 ze Zalian maRali reputacia aqvs da, mgoni, tfilisis universitetis profesoria. proceduris dasrulebis Semdeg arc ZilSi damikargavs dro da arc kvebis reJimi damrRvevia. arc maRali sicxe mqonia. Wriloba swrafad xorcdeba da Cems oTaxSi ukve damoukideblad gadavadgildebi. dasveneba Zalian momixda da Cemi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. Tavis tkivili aRar mawuxebs. axla mTel yuradRebas yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadaWras vuTmob. magaliTad, ra vuyoT denikinis flots, romelic kaspiis zRvaSi vercerT portSi ver Sedis? an ra gavakeToT imisTvis, rom somxebma da muslimebma erTmaneTi ar daxocon da ar daangrion? rogor davicvaT samxreT kavkasia bolSevikebisgan? rogor mivxedoT aTiaTasobiT devnils Crdilo kavkasiidan? msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arc ise advilia, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. sami aRmosavluri xaliCa giyide, vifiqre, mogewoneba. yvela Zalian karg mdgomareobaSia. sakmaod xelsayrel fasad Camivarda xelSi. sul 12 000 rubli gadavixade (12 funtze cota meti). yvelaze patara, muq ferebSi, daRestnuria, aseT xaliCebs ”CiCis” eZaxian,63 cal mxares gamokerva Wirdeba ZafebiT, rRvevis SesaCereblad. saSualo zomis ”baluCia”64 - misi ZiriTad feri wiTelia. Suqze TvalismomWrelad elvarebs. yvelaze didi ki Wrela-Wrula ”zilea”, romelic yvelaze Txelia da sawolis gverdiT daageb. rogorc vici, Crdilo-dasavleT sparseTidanaa. laudonma sikeTe gamoiCina da dampirda, rom samives wamogiRebs am kviraSi, roca wamova. SvebulebaSi gasvlis Taobaze Cems gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT pasuxi jer ar momsvlia, magram SeiZleba, nebismier dRes miviRo. sagareo saqmeTa saministros ukve vTxove, informacia Senc mogawodon. Cemi imedi, aRdgomas TqvenTan erTad vyofiliyavi, ukvalod gaqra. imedi maqvs, maisis dasawyisSi mainc movaxerxeb Camosvlas. Tqmac ar unda, rom gamudmebiT Senze vfiqrob. wuxel Ramis 11 saaTi iqneboda (Seni droiT, albaT, 9), meditacia vcade da Zalian Sevecade SenTvis Cemi Sen gverdiT yofna megrZnobinebina, warmovidgine, rogor zixar biblioTekaSi dedaSenTan erTad. me kars vaReb, Semovdivar da Sens gverdiT vjdebi, mere xaliCaze, Sens ferxTiT vinacvleb da Tavs Sens kalTaSi vdeb. vSiSob, Cemma eqsperimentma uSedegod Caiara. Tumca, aRdgomis Rames albaT fiqrobdi, ramdenad mindoda Sen gverdiT yofna. 63 xaliCebis tipi yubis daRestnuri saxanodan xaliCa baloCistanis tomidan, romelic Tanamedrove iranis, avRaneTisa da pakistanis mosazRvre teritoriebs moicavs. 64 144 orSabaTi. 5 aprili. kargad meZina da Tavs mSvenivrad vgrZnob. eqimi naxevar saaTSi mova da, imedia, mdgomareobas dadebiTad Seafasebs. sicxe ar mqonia. saxvevebis yoveldRe cvla sasiamovnoc kia. greisim ramdenime wuTiT Semoiara Cems sanaxavad. xval yarabaRSi midis frang da italiel oficrebTan erTad, rom saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb informacia Seagrovos da Tu brZola isev mimdinareobs, SeaCeros SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba. dRes ”don kixots” vkiTxulobdi. adre, 1912 wels viyide tenerifeSi, jer kidev iqamde, sanam Sen Segxvdebodi. es aris wigni, romelic yovelTvis mabednierebs. arc vici, bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjer maqvs wakiTxuli. imedi maqvs, biWebic CemsaviT Seiyvareben, roca dro mova. saRamo/Cais dro sadilis dros luki gvestumra, konstantinopolSi umaRlesi komisris, admiral de robekis piradi TanaSemwe. sainteresod visaubreT. mis mier dawerili kviprosis gzamkvlevi momitana, romelic axlaxans gamoica londonSi. 1911 wlidan moyolebuli, omis dawyebamde, luki iq muSaobda komisrad. xval ramdenime dRiT midis baqoSi. didi imedi maqvs, sagareo saqmeTa saministro nebas darTavs, garkveuli periodiT Cemi movaleoba Seasrulos, Tuki stoqss dabruneba daugviandeba, xolo me, am TveSi, saxlSi dabrunebis uflebas momcemen. vin icis? SesaZloa, sanam am werils miiReb, manamde me TviTon Camovide. imedi maqvs, srul sisuleleebs, rasac presaSi weren aqaurobis Sesaxeb, yuradRebas ar aqcev. yvelaferi, rasac weren, an tyuilia, an gadaWarbebuli. velodebiT swrafi telegrafis amuSavdebas. Zvirfaso, axla wera unda Sevwyvito, fosta ukve miaqvT. mTel Cems siyvaruls giZRvniT Sen da Zvirfas Svilebs. gadaeci guliTadi mokiTxva dedaSens. Tilgjensyn! Din65 o. uordropi 65 Til gjensyn - Sexvedris imediT; Din - Seni. norvegiulad. 145 tfilisi. SabaTi. SuadRe. 10 aprili. 1920. Cemo uZvirfaseso, aivanze vzivar da mzes veficxebi. Cems Tavze mercxlebi dafrinaven da WikWikeben. ise cxela, drodadro adgilis Secvla miwevs Crdils dasadevneblad. eqimma saxvevebi TabaSiriT Semicvala. ukve SemiZlia, damoukideblad Cavicva. gamojanmrTelebis aRsaniSnavad Seni sayvareli mewamuli bafTac gavikeTe. imedia, momaval kviraSi saseirnod wasvlasac SevZleb. xuT ricxvSi werili gamogigzavne. laudeni momdevno dRes gamoemgzavra da dampirda, rom aucileblad mogawvdis axal ambebs Cem Sesaxeb da mogitans xaliCebs, romelTa Sesaxebac wina werilSi vilaparake. diliT greisim qoTniT SroSanebi Semomitana. oTaxi sasiamovno surneliT aivso. yvela ise kargad meqceva, guli miCuydeba imis danaxvaze Tu ra keTilia xalxis buneba. isini saqmian Sexvedrebisgan mifaraven da bolo aTi dRea aravin minaxavs. sxva mxriv, gacilebiT ukeT var. xval qarTvelebi aRdgomas dResaswauloben. Sesabamisad, momaval samSabaTamde an oTxSabaTamde oficialuri pirebis mxridan mniSvnelovans arafers ar unda velode. telegrafi isev ar muSaobs. indoeTis gavliTac ki ver vaxerxebT dakavSirebas da sruliad mowyvetili varT londons. imedia, orSabaTs telegramebis nawils mainc miviRebT konstantinopolidan. mTeli Tvea, erTi werilic ar Camosula. Senma bolo werilma (16 Tebervlis) CemTan 11 marts moaRwia. mouTmenlad velodebi, rodis dadgeba Cveni Sexvedris dRe. Seni da bavSvebis fotoebi mudam win midevs da xSirad Cumad gelaparakebiT. 11 aprili. 1920. kvira. qarTuli aRdgoma qariSxliT, elviT da Weqa-quxiliT daiwyo, ris gamoc, xalxi eklesiebSi Cveulebrivze didxans darCa. guSin saRamos, vaxSmamde, sionis sakaTedro taZris gundi movida da saaRdgomo sagalobeli Seasrula pirvel sarTulze, magram me qvemoT ar Cavsulvar. rac vmkurnalob, pirvel sarTulze fexi ar Camidgams. lanCamde sawolidanac ki ar vdgebi. dRes susxiani da mowyenili dRea. grandi da ueiTi, Cems magivrad, saaRdgomo vizitebis gansaxorcieleblad wavidnen. isini, pirvel rigSi kaTolikos-patriarqsa da quTaisis mitropoliis episkoposs ewvivnen. es ukanaskneli mis 146 uwmindesobas stumrobs. netav xval diliT mainc momividodes Seni werili. kvira. saRamo. ukve eqvsi saaTia da me isev aivanze vzivar, mTeli SuadRe aq gavatare. bolo ramdenime saaTia, baRSi aseulobiT Citi mReris. yovel saRamos ikribebian da daZinebamde koncerts atareben. mercxlebi Cem garSemo dafrinaven, Tavs damtrialeben, drodadro ki baRSi, maRal xeze brundebian, romlis totebic jer kidev norCi foTlebiTaa amwvanebuli. Citebs uyvarT sakuTari wveulebebis mowyoba. kedels gadaRma mdgomi xilis xe ki TeTradaa morTuli. es yvelaze sasiamovno periodia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. mgoni, mTeli tfilisis masStabiT, yvelaze meti Citi Cems baRSi cxovrobs. bevri araferi maqvs mosayoli. viTareba metad rTulia da aravin icis, ra moxdeba xval. qarTvelebma, romlebic enzeliSi, sparseTSi cxovroben, 147 000 rubli Seagroves miwisZvriT dazaralebulTa dasaxmareblad da me gamomigzavnes, raTa (damxmare) komitets gadavce. uaRresad sainteresoa, rogori damokidebuleba aqvT Cem mimarT qarTvelebs. Tvlian, rom umaRlesi xelisufali swored me var da maTi mTavroba mxolod Cems direqtivebs asrulebs! rogorc Cans, bolSevikebic igive azrze arian, gamudmebiT kbenen saqarTvelos mTavrobas da Cems msaxurebad moixsenieben. xazgasmiT minda, vTqva, rom amisTvis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs. TiTqmis mTeli Tve gavida mas Semdeg, rac SvebulebaSi gasvla viTxove da pasuxi jerac ar momsvlia. mouTmenlad veli saxlisken gamomgzavrebas, ara mxolod piradi mizezebis gamo, aramed saqmidan gamomdinarec. vTvli, rom, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba xels ar miwyobs, raTa movaleoba saTanadod Sevasrulo da droa vinmem Semcvalos. ukve bindi Camowva. sanam acivdeba, jobia oTaxSi davbrunde. orSabaTi. 12 aprili. Cveulebrivad visauzme: kvercxi, TeTri puri, karaqi (mgoni, daaxloebiT ori uncia), Tafli da yava. mouTmenlad velodi Sengan werilebis mTeli grovis miRebas, Tumca mxolod tomis werili Camomivida, romelic 23 martiTaa daTariRebuli da safosto ofisSi Cabarebis drod dRis 11 saaTi da 40 wuTia miTiTebuli. Tavis dasamSvideblad is unda vikmaro, rom, rodesac tomi Tavis werils agzavnida, im droisaTvis Sens Tavs yvelaferi kargad iyo. magram 147 sagareo saqmeTa saministro ras akeTebs? 16 Tebervlidan moyolebuli, CemTvis Seni werili ar gamougzavniaT. 20 Tebervlis Semdeg erTi gzavnilic ki ar wamosula maTgan. es Zalian cudia. maT ufleba ar aqvT sainformacio izolaciaSi momaqcion da Tu mainc ase gamodis, es yvelaferi oldhemis safosto kompaniisa da misTanebis uniaTobis bralia.66 minda, ueiTi konstantinopolSi gavagzavno. iqneb raime siaxle Camoitanos. vfiqrob, mcire cvlilebebiT moxaruli iqneba da dedasac naxavs, romelmac odesa bolSevikebis SesvlisTanave datova. Sens mier gamogzavnili, 11-17 martis gazeTebi Camomivida. erTi suli maqvs, rodis wavikiTxav. saRamo SuadRes sakmaod griloda da mosawyeni amindi iyo. albaT ajobebs, adre daviZino. inglisSi dabrunebis nebarTvas yoveldRe velodebi. ar gamovricxav, am werils me TviTon Camovaswro. gadaeci Cemi gulTbili mokiTxva da didi siyvaruli dedaSens da kamilas, roca miswer. Au revoir,67 Zvirfaso. imedia, male SevxvdebiT. marad Seni, o. u. tfilisi. 16 aprili. 1920. guSin Teiranidan werilebis xuTi Sekvra Camovida. rogorc iqna, miviRe Seni werilebi, 21 Tebervlidan 24 martis CaTvliT, yvelaferia. mTeli samocdaTeqvsmeti gverdi maqvs wasakiTxi! albaT warmogidgenia, ra bednieri var. oTxSabaTs, 14-Si, telegrama movida: ”yvelaferi kargadaa. siyvaruliT., uordropi.” aSkarad londonidan gamoigzavna da konstantinopolidan baTumamde gemiT Camovida. telegrafsac imdeni dro daWirda, ramdenic bolo werils, Sesabamisad, verc mis imedze viqnebiT. samsaxurebrivi korespondenciidanac ramdenime telegrama isev gvaklia. 66 aq uordropi kerZo xasiaTis Setyobinebebsa da gzavnilebze saubrobs. sagareo saqmeTa saministrosTan oficialuri korespondencia, telegrafis meSveobiT, garkveul SeferxebaTa miuxedavad, ar Sewyvetila. 67 Au revoir - naxvamdis. frang. 148 konvertSi SecdomiT vinme molas werilic Cagidia (warmodgena ar maqvs, vin aris), romelsac ukan gibruneb. sagareo saqmeTa saministrodan erTma kacma Sematyobina, rom parizSi generaluri konsulis Tanamdebobaze sxva adamianis kandidatura ganixileba (ar saxeldeba visi), xolo Tu me sakonsulo samsaxurSi muSaobis gagrZelebas movindomeb, ecdebian, Sesaferisi pozicia gamomiZebnon. oficialurad vaprotesteb CemTvis gankuTvnili postis sxvaze gadacemas, ise, rom me araferi mkiTxes. aseve, vfiqrob, aucileblad unda dainteresdnen, minda Tu ara im postis dakaveba, romelzec ganmixilaven. sxvaTaSoris, erTaderTi adgili, sadac, mocemul momentSi, muSaoba msurs, parizia. gulaxdilad getyvi, rom vinis m.s.-Tan urTierTobiT didad kmayofili ar var. is ar aris adamiani, vis naxvasac visurvebdi CemTvis mniSvnelovani adamianis gverdiT. tomTan gagzavnil werilSi es arc damimalavs. Tavs aSkarad ukeT vgrZnob, Tumca datvirTuli samuSao grafikisTvis mzad ar var. vcdilob, movlenebs msubuqad Sevxedo, gvian vdgebi. grandim barbelionis68 ”imedgacruebuli kacis dRiurebi” gamomigzavna. didi interesiT vkiTxulob. TiTqmis movrCi rusul wigns sparseTSi arsebuli religiebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, ruqerma maTxova qinsis wigni „zavis ekonomikuri Sedegebi“.69 rogorc xedav, Tavis gasarTobad bevri saSualeba maqvs, magram saxlSi dabrunebas mainc mouTmenlad veli. dRes nebarTvis Txovnidan erTi Tve gavida, magram pasuxi isev ar momsvlia. komanderi luki, romelsac, stoqsis Camosvlamde, Cemi movaleobis Semsruleblad muSaoba SevTavaze, baqodan da enzelidan dabrunda, sadac bevri mniSvnelovani saqme gaakeTa da dRes ramdenime dRiT gaemgzavra erevanSi greisisTan erTad. kargad mesmis, rom mocemul momentSi aq sikeTis motana ar SemiZlia, aucileblad unda Semcvalon. sagareo saqmeTa saministros garkveviT avuxseni, rom Cemi Secvla saqmis interesebidan gamomdinareobs. ukve or kviraze metia, oficialur SexvedrebSi monawileoba ar mimiRia, magram guSin gegeWkoris (sagareo saqmeTa ministris) naxva momixda, xval ki Cems frang kolegas, de martels unda Sevxvde. Tu Sin dabrunebis nebas ar damrTaven, yoveldRiuri samuSao rutina isev CamiTrevs, rac namdvilad ar aris sasurveli. amindi sakmaod zomieria. SemiZlia, mTeli SuadRe aivanze gavataro. iasamnis yvavilobis Jami Sorsaa, axla gliciniebisa da broweu68 barbelioni - britaneli mwerlis, brus frederik qamingsis (1889-1919) fsevdonimi. 69 jon meinard qinsi - britanuli delegaciis wevri parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze. man hiperkritikuli wigni dawera versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. qinsis samSvidobo ideebi Zalian gavda meore msoflio omis Semdeg SemuSavebul „marSalis gegmas“. 149 lis droa. kunelis, iasamnis, qrizanTemasa da vardis yvavilobisas, saxlSi yofnas visurvebdi, Tumca araferi minda ufro metad, vidre Cemi cxovrebis yvavilebis - margriTis, jeimis, endis da ninos naxva. sasiamovnoa, rom kamila Camosvlas gpirdeba. imedi maqvs, roca davbrundebi, mand damxvdeba. Sen albaT gaigeb Svebulebis Taobaze Cemi moTxovnis pasuxs da Tu ar damikmayofileben, vSiSob, Sengan werilebis miRebis siamovnebac momakldeba, aRar momwer, radgan CaTvli, rom xelaxla viwyeb yvelafers. SabaTi. 17 aprili. guSin sagareo saqmeTa saministrodan nebarTva miviRe, davbrunde Sin, rogorc ki saqmes gadavabareb. imedi maqvs, luki SeZlebs, stoqsis dabrunebamde, Cemi movaleobis Sesrulebas. aseTi SemTxvevaSi, aT dReSi movaxerxeb gamomgzavrebas. am diliT qirurgi movida, romelmac Wriloba Semimowma da miTxra, rom mcire nawili (daaxloebiT, inCis sigrZis), jer kidev Riaa, magram ramdenime dReSi Sexorcdeba. am diliT qarTuli usadeno sadguridan gamogigzavne Setyobineba, rom ”Cemi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba da aT dReSi saxlisken gamovemgzavrebi”. yvela mizezia virwmuno, rom ukve maisis Sua ricxvebSi SenTan viqnebi. ganuwyvetliv vfiqrob uZvirfases ninoze, rogor uxmobs Zilis dros mamas. sevdiT mavsebs imaze fiqri, rom bavSvebis warmosaxvaSi mxolod warmosaxviTi pirovneba var. albaT verc micnoben, rom daminaxaven. kvira. 18 aprili. 1920. dRes Cerqezovebi gvestumrnen da aivanze visadileT. erTad sasiamovno dro gavatareT. SuadRisas azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, xan xoiski vnaxe, romelic tfilisSi xanmokle vizitiT Camovida. Tavs kargad vgrZnob, mxari ar mawuxebs, magram havas mainc ver veguebi da nervebi daZabulobis zRvarze maqvs. xom ici, wnevis cvalebadobisadmi ra mgrZnobiare var. mgoni, sisulelea, im werilis wera gavagrZelo, romelic Cemze adre ver Camova Senamde. Tumca fosta xval modis, me ki erT kviraSi da vin icis, iqneb Camomaswros kidevac. admiralma de robekma macnoba, rom is yvelafers gaakeTebs, raTa Cemi sazRvao mgzavroba uzrunvelyos. 150 orSabaTi. 19 aprili. guSin Cerqezovma miTxra, rom Cveni ninosTvis naCuqari jvris istoria gamoikvlia. gairkva, rom jvari Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos samefo ojaxs ekuTvnoda da is, qorwinebis Sedegad, rusebTan monaTesave didgvarovnebis, afxazebis ojaxs gadaeca. qarTvelma qalebma jvari swored maTgan iyides. rogorc Cans, es reliqvia avalovebs arasodes ekuTvnodaT. sasiamovno da Tbili amindia. SuadRisas albaT saseirnod gaval. am Tvis ganmavlobaSi jer gareT ar vyofilvar. aRmosavluri xelnawerebis koleqcia unda vnaxo, romelic xuTasamde egzemplarisgan Sedgeba. ramdenime didi inglisuri biblioTeka maT Sesyidvas apirebs da am saqmis garigeba me momandes. diliT fostalionma, Cveulebisamebr, momitana tomis gamogzavnili, 18 martis CaTvlis, gazeTebis krebuli. Tavs gacilebiT ukeT vgrZnob. Wriloba, TiTqmis, momirCa. 19 aprili. diliT qirurgi movida, gamsinja da miTxra, rom naoperaciebi, faqtobrivad, Sexorcebulia. ase rom, SuadRisas, 30 martis Semdeg pirvelad, naxevari saaTiT gareT gavedi. Sens baraTebsa da sxva pirad werilebs erT amanaTad vagzavni sagareo saqmeTa saministros Sua aRmosavleTis departamentSi. iqneb tomma Cemi ambis gasagebad Seiaros da es gzavnilebic wamoiRos. Cveni Sexvedris dro axlovdeba da Seni saxe ufro da ufro naTlad Cans Cems fiqrebSi, uZvirfaseso. mamiko, am werilTan erTad, mTel Tavis siyvaruls ugzavnis bavSvebs. marad Seni, o. u. 151 sagareo saqmeTa saministrosadmi gagzavnili rCeuli reportebi FO 608/88/18006 memorandumi sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gasavrceleblad 5. 8. 1919. lord kerzonis miTiTebebiT (romelic man 1919 wlis 4 agvistos, Sua aRmosavleTis sakiTxebSi departamentTaSorisi konferenciis sxdomaze momca), samxedro strategiis Sesabamisad, Camovayalibe Semdegi samoqmedo gegma, samxreT kavkasiaSi Cemi misiis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTvis: 1. Tu SesaZlebelia, misi udidebulesobis mTavrobam gadaxedos samxreT kavkasiidan Cveni jarebis evakuaciis gadawyvetilebas. Tuki es ver moxerxdeba, SeZlebisdagvarad Seneldes samxedroTa gasvlis procesi, ramdenadac amis saSualebas jaris usafrTxoebis dacva mogvcems. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, ganvagrZoT baTumis dacva, sanam misi momavali Cvenda sasurvelad ar gadawydeba. 2. didi sifrTxiliT unda SevarCioT moxele, romelic mxolod sagareo saqmeTa saministros winaSe iqneba pasuxismgebeli. mas saTanado raodenobis samoqalaqo pirebi eyoleba daqvemdebarebaSi, raTa moxaliseTa armiis qmedebebs daakvirdes samxreT kavkasiasTan mosazRvre regionebSi. es moxele mimagrebuli iqneba general denikinTan da mas rCevas gauwevs Tu rogor unda airidos konfliqti axal respublikebTan. aRniSnulma moxelem miukerZoeblad unda Seatyobinos misi udidebulesobis mTavrobas, denikinis mxridan, sasazRvro zolis meore mxares nebismieri Carevis Sesaxeb. aseve, acnobos general denikins misi udidebulesobis mTavrobis pozicia, rom misTvis daxmarebis gagrZeleba damokidebuli iqneba uryev principze: is ar unda Caerios respublikaTa saSinao saqmeebSi da Tavi Seikavos maTi teritoriebis mitacebisagan. 3. misi udidebulesobis mTavrobam unda aRiaros respublikebi ise, rogorc es moxda or (saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis) SemTxvevaSi germaniisa da TurqeTis mier da, rogorc vici, arc italia daagvianebs poziciis gamoxatvas; an me momeniWos uflebamosileba, vacnobo maT mTavrobebs, rom britaneTi cnobs sam respublikas maSinve, rogorc ki isini dagvanaxeben TavianT mtkice ganzraxvas mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb da SeinarCuneben keTilganwyobas general denikinis mimarT, Tu am ukanasknelis Zalisxmeva kvlavindeburad ruseTSi Tavisufali, demokratiuli xelisuflebis Seqmnisken iqneba mimarTuli. 4. misi udidebulesobis mTavrobam Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuros imisaTvis, rom baTumis, mis garSemo arsebuli teritoriisa 152 da, aseve, samxreT kavkasiis nebismier sadavo olqis Sesaxeb miiRos gadawyvetileba, romelic adgilze macxovrebeli mosaxleobis umravlesobis interess daakmayofilebs. Cven mxari unda davuWiroT iq darCenili im umciresobis warmomadgenlebisTvis dacvis garantiebis micemas, romlebic xelSesaxebad didxans cxovroben sadavo olqebSi da arian kanonmorCili moqalaqeebi. misi udidebulesobis mTavrobam unda waaxalisos migrantebis, rogorc ltolvilebis, aseve, ZaliT gandevnilTa dabruneba sakuTar saxlebSi da mesakuTreTa survilis winaaRmdeg mitacebuli miwebisa da saxlebis mflobelTaTvis dabruneba. 5. tfilisSi momuSave misia uzrunvelyofili unda iyos saTanado simZlavris umavTulo sakomunikacio danadgariT, raTa kavSiri daamyaros konstantinopolSi umaRles komisarTan, general denikinis armias mimagrebul politikur oficerTan, mesopotamiaSi moqmed britanul saTavo ofisTan da TeiranSi misi udidebulesobis diplomatiur legaciasTan. 6. misi udidebulesobis mTavrobam unda ganacxados sakuTari ganzraxvis Sesaxeb respublikebs daexmaros Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: a. gamoiyenos Tavisi gavlena did saxelmwifoTa mier respublikebis aRiarebisa da erTa ligaSi maTi miRebis mizniT. b. moamaragos respublikebi SesaZleblobis farglebSi da xeli Seuwyos adgilobrivi produqtis (manganumis, navTobis, metalis, myari merqnis, abreSumis, Tambaqos, Rvinis, xilis, Taflis, cvilis) gadacvlas saWiro saqonelze (rogoricaa, venaxisTvis Sxam-qimikatebi, qsovilebi, sakeravi Zafebi, xelsawyoebi, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, tyaveuloba, induri rezini, wamlebi da a. S.). gasagebia, rom aseTi tipis gacvla saqonlis SezRuduli odenobis regularul gadazidvas gulisxmobs da respublikebis mxridan winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda modiodes didi britaneTis gacxadebul interesebTan. g. respublikebis mxridan moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, samxreT kavkasiaSi gaigzavnon teqnikuri mrCevlebi, rac xels Seuwyobs samxreT kavkasiis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. d. aseTi daxmarebis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, britanelma mrCevlebma moaxdinon adgilze administraciaTa reorganizeba da Seqmnan jansaRi sawyisi pirobebi finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. e. respublikebisaTvis daxmarebis RonisZiebebi ise daigegmos, rom arc erT maTgans ukmayofilebis grZnoba ar gauCndes da mizezi ar mieces meore respublikisTvis gankuTvnili maragis misaTviseblad. v. gaZlierdes inglisuri enis swavleba da Seiqmnas inglisuri stilis sajaro skolebi, sadac klasikur da Tanamedrove sagnebs, mecnierebasa da fizkulturas aswavlian. xeli SeewyoT sifrTxiliT SerCeul, orive sqesis moswavleebs, raTa swavla ganagrZon britan153 ul kolejebsa da universitetebSi, ekonomikisa da biznesis skolebSi, rom, zogadad, samxreT kavkasielebi eziaron inglisur kulturas. yvelaze did mniSvnelobas imas vaniWeb, rom Cveni popularizacia moxdes. piradad me, marjori uordropis fondis saSualebiT (romlis biujetic amJamad 3500 funts Seadgens), SemiZlia, dauyovnebliv uzrunvelvyo oqsfordSi saqarTvelos istoriisa da literaturis leqciebis Catareba. vfiqrob, igive SemiZlia gavakeTo somxuri da Turquli sagnebis swavlebisTvis, megobrebis daxmarebiT, ise, rom xazinas araferi movTxovo. z. profkavSirebis sando warmomadgenlebs neba daerToT, imogzauron did britaneTSi da mWidro urTierToba iqonion britaneTis WeSmarit leiboristul partiasTan. T. britaneTidan samxreT kavkasiaSi regularulad gaigzavnos presa, raTa mosaxleoba gaecnos Tu rogor wydeba socialuri, politikuri da sawarmoo problemebi britaneTSi; gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gaigzavnos is sagazeTo masala, romelic samxreT kavkasias exeba, raTa mcdari azris gavrcelebis SemTxvevebi londonSic vicodeT da saswrafod moxdes reagireba. rac Seexeba baqodan, tfilisidan da baTumidan britanuli jarebis evakuaciis sakiTxsa da Seqmnil viTarebaSi optimalur samoqmedo gegmas, vSiSob, am etapze pasuxis gacema gamiWirdeba. amitom, vTxov lord kerzons, sanam adgilze sakiTxs ar gamovikvlev, neba damrTos Tavi Sevikavo azris gamoTqmisagan. meore paragrafTan kavSirSi, vTvli, rom polkovniki qisi SesaniSnavad Seasrulebs politikuri oficris movaleobas. is axla denikinTan aris. kargi iqneba Tu baTumSi Semxvdeba. gavbedav da imeds davitoveb, rom lordi kerzoni SeZlebs gamoiyenos Tavisi gavlena da xazinidan moipovebs misiis muSaobisaTvis, gonivrul farglebSi, aucilebel Tanxebs, rac saWiroa warmomadgenlobis TanamSromelTaTavis xelfasebis, gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebisa da gasarTobi RonisZiebis (rac esoden aucilebelia aRmosavleTis qveynebSi) dasafarad. o. uordropi 5. 8. 19. 154 FO 371/3663/1015/125051/58 es dokumenti aris misi udidebulesobis mTavrobis sakuTreba da unda inaxebodes sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Tu sxvagvarad gamoyenebis oficialuri saWiroeba ar dgas. ruseTi oficialuri gamomgzavni: mister uordropi gagzavna: dilis 10. 30. 2 seqtemberi. 1919.1 miReba: dilis 11. 05. 4 seqtemberi. 1919. qarTvelebma Zalian gulTbili daxvedra momiwyves. guSin baTumSi araerTi deputacia damxvda. maT Soris, rogorc oficialuri warmomadgenlebi, aseve ubralo moqalaqeebi. yvelasgan madlierebiT aRsavse sityvebi movismine. muslimebic da qristianebic, Tanabrad megobrulad Semxvdnen. memsaxureboda specialuri matarebeli, romelic adre imperatoris sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. sadgurebi droSebiT iyo morTuli da manqanebis moZraoba gadaeketaT. 30 agvistos, diliT, TbilisSi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebeli gegeWkori da mTavrobis wevrebi, municipalitetisa da samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi, xelovanTa sazogadoebis wevrebi, ucxour misiebisa da sxvadasxva socialuri fenis uamravi adamiani damxvda. sapatio yaraulSi erTad idgnen britaneli da qarTveli jariskacebi. TiToeuli nabiji kinofirze aRibeWda da fotografTa samizned viqeci. orkestrma, rkinigzis sadgurze, britaneTis erovnuli himni daukra. operis Teatri da mTavrobis sasaxlec Cems gankargulebaSi iyo. Cems mier gasavleli mTeli gza, daaxloebiT ori milis manZilze, morTuli iyo droSebiTa da aRmosavluri xaliCebiT, gzis orive mxares Camwkrivebul xalxs ki derefani gaekeTebina. sajaro dawesebulebaTa Senobebi saRamos gaanaTes. dRem Caiara, rogorc saxalxo dResaswaulma. qarTvelTa mxridan mowyobili am araCveulebrivi daxvedris mizezi gaxlavT is, rom maT kargad ician, rogoria Cemi saqarTvelosadmi damokidebuleba da siyvaruli bolo 32 wlis ganmavlobaSi. maT, Cemi am Tanamdebobaze daniSvna, miiRes niSnad imisa, rom misi udidebulesobis mTavroba yvelaze megobruli grZnobebiT aris gamsWvaluli saqarTvelos mimarT da rom saqarTvelosTvis axali era daiwyo. 1 sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsrulebelma - lordma kerzonma aRniSnul telegramas waawera: „Zalian kargi dasawyisia!“ 155 FO 371/3663/1015/133615/58 tiflisi. 5 seqtemberi. 1919. misi udidebulesobis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs milord, am saRamos, roca Cveni jarebi baTumisken miemarTebian,2 maqvs pativi, Cemi zogadi dakvirvebebi ramdenime punqtad mogweroT: 1. telegramiT ukve SegatyobineT TbilisSi gamarTuli miRebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca Tavmdablobam maiZula, bevri detali ar momeyola. imave mizezis gamo, ar vimeoreb xotbis Semsxmel frazebs, rasac aqauri presa wers mTavar statiebSi Cemi muSaobis mniSvnelobasa da SedegebTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos xelisufleba SiSobda, rom xalxmravali demonstraciebi sazogadoebriv wesrigs safrTxes Seuqmnida da sxva respublikebSic gaaRvivebda Surs, amitom zomebi miiRes sadgurze da quCebSi xalxis raodenobis SesazRudad. azerbaijanis da somxeTis warmomadgenlebisgan danamdvilebiT vici, rom rogorc isini, aseve, maTi Tanamemamuleebi miukerZoebel adamianad mTvlian da qarTvelebis msgavsad, karg megobrad mimiCneven. 2. evakuaciam gulgrili aravin datova. Cvenebic da sami respublikis warmomadgenlebic Tanabrad wuxan. oficrebica da samoqalaqo pirebic siamovnebiT darCebodnen aq, radgan Tavs bednierad grZnobdnen. Cveni jariskacebi aq sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen. mosaxleoba Tvlida, rom maTi aq yofniT daculebi iyvnen CrdiloeTidan denikinis armiis Semotevisgan, samxreTidan ki qurTebisa da Turqebis waqezebiT moqmedi sxva jgufebis agresiisgan. sayovelTaod arsebobs imedi, rom jarebi baTumSi mainc darCebian garkveuli droiT da am imeds mec viziareb. aqaurobis mitoveba samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan Zlieri Semotevebis winapirobas Seqmnis. gadarCenili somxebi, ubralod, cud mdgomareobaSi ki ar aRmoCndebian, aramed xocva-Jleta iseTi sisastikiT gagrZeldeba, rom somxebi ubralod gaqrebian da maTi sakiTxis gadaWra aRarc ki iqneba saWiro. 3. didi britaneTis prestiJi samxreT kavkasiaSi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre romelime sxva qveynisa. vfiqrob, rom samive respublika siamovnebiT Seasrulebs Cvens nebismier gonivrul moTxovnas, Tumca unda aRvniSno, rom aq, faqtobrivad, xelcarieli Camovedi da didad viqnebodi davalebuli, Tuki misi udidebulesobis mTavroba moaxerxebda CemTvis xmis mowvdenas da gamiziarebda informacias samxreT kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli politikis Sesaxeb, romelsac me sajarod gavacxadeb. aq warmatebiT samuSaod, aucilebelia, aRniSnul gancxadebaSi iyos naTqvami, rom didi britaneTi yvela saSualebas gamoiyenebs imisTvis, raTa general denikinis jari samxreTiT ver 2 dReebSi britaneTis jarebi baTumis gavliT tovebdnen samxreT kavkasias. maT mxolod baTumis olqSi datoves 2000 jariskaci. 156 gadaadgildes da mocemuli momentisTvis arsebuli sademarkacio xazi ar gadakveTos.3 daRestnis denikinisaTvis daTmobam samxreT kavkasiaSi didi sinanulis grZnoba da gangaSi gamoiwvia. qarTvelebs uwevT, didi Zalebi iyolion am sademarkacio xazis meore mxares,4 rasac yoveldRiuri Setakebebi axlavs Tan. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod mcire masStabis brZolebzea aq saubari, saqarTvelos es yvelaferi mainc sakmaod Zviri ujdeba. aseve, aucilebelia regionis momarageba sakvebiTa da im saWiro produqtiT, romlis Semotanasac, denikinis wyalobiT, xeli eSleba. 4. jer kidev londonidan gamomgzavrebamde Sevadgine memorandumi, romelic 5 agvistoTia daTariRebuli. memorandumi ramdenime SemoTavazebas Seicavs. minda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxvilo me-6 paragrafis v, z da T punqtebze.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod ramdenime dRea aq var, azerbaijanelebi, somxebi da qarTvelebi ukve udides survils gamoTqvamen, rom maTi axalgazrdoba CarTuli iyos inglisis samecniero, teqnikur da sauniversiteto samuSaoebSi. Tu TiToeuli qveynidan ramdenime axalgazrdas didi sifrTxiliT SevarCevT da inglisSi gavuSvebT saswavleblad, ganviTarebis saSualebas mivcemT, amas efeqti eqneba mTeli samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleobis cxovrebis progresze. 5. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer dro ar mqonia yvela partiis muSaobas gavcnobodi da, miTumetes, Semeswavla, ras fiqrobs muSaTa klasi da glexoba, uyoymanod SemiZlia vTqva, rom evropul presaSi gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos qarTvelebi bolSevikebis dasayrdens warmoadgenen, safuZvels moklebuli da mavnebluria. marTalia, cxovreba sakmaod Zviria, magram leninizmis kvals mainc ver vxedav. Tavis mxriv mTavroba, romelic ZiriTadad social-demokratebiTaa dakompleqtebuli, mkacrad axSobs saSiSi propagandis yovelgvar mcdelobas da dauyovnebliv apatimrebs yvelas, vinc msgavs saqmianobaSia SemCneuli. mdidari fena, SeiZleba iTqvas, fufunebaSi cxovrobs da miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli kanonmdeblobis zogierT normas (samxreT kavkasiis federaciis dros miRebuls) Tavisuflad aprotestebs, mTavrobasTan realur winaaRmdegobaSi mainc ar modis. mTavrobis socialisturi politika, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, ufro konstruqciulia, vidre destruqciuli. sasoflo-sameurneo kanonmdebloba imaze naklebad uqmnis problemas wvril aznaurobas, 3 1919 wlis ivlisSi, moxaliseTa armiis mier daRestnis okupaciis Semdeg, didma britaneTma general denikins wauyena ultimatumi, romlis mixedviT is samxreT kavkasiaSi ar unda SeWriliyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Seuwydeboda samxedro daxmareba. ix. FO 608/88 no. 15996, War Oice to GOC Contantinople, July 17, 1919; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pg. 451, London 1949; FO 371/3662/1015/100552/58; FO 371/3663/1015/121653/58 4 igulisxmeba afxazeTis fronti. 5 aRniSnuli memorandumi ix. zemoT. 157 vidre SegviZlia warmovidginoT, radgan sesxebis umetesi nawili (daaxloebiT, 90%) tfilisisa da quTaisis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankebma dafares da, Semdeg, Tavadaznaurebma nebayoflobiT gadasces es bankebi saxelmwifos. saintereso isaa, rom glexebi, romlebsac sakmao danazogi aqvT da mudmivad Ciodnen miwis gadasaxadebis gamo, axla amboben, rom mTavrobis Sedgenil oficialur qaRaldebs miwis mflobelebisgan miRebuli qviTrebi jobda. kidev erTi ramaa gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi - bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad, mTel qveyanaSi bevri saxli darCa upatronod, Tanac Rirebuli avejiT savse. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, mezobelma glexebma daicves. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqaurebma gasaocari pativiscema gamoiCines kerZo sakuTrebis mimarT. 6. jer Zalian adrea gadaWriT vTqva, ramdenad myaria axlandeli mTavrobis mdgomareoba. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom qarTvelebi orTodoqsi social-demokratebi arian, Tundac iseTi socialistebi, rogoric batoni Jordanias mkveTrad nacionalisturi da konstruqciuli kabinetia. Tavad mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, Tavisi Tavazianobis, gulwrfelobisa da uangarobis gamo, didi popularobiT sargeblobs glexebSi. mis sityvas didi wona aqvs da adamianebs sjeraT, rom partia, romelsac is ekuTvnis, xalxis interesebs yvelaze ukeT daicavs. samwuxarod, mas janmrTeli ar eTqmis - wlebia, tuberkulozi tanjavs. sxva partiebma arCevnebSi did warmatebas ver miaRwies. Cans, rom isini TandaTan mTavrobis garSemo ikribebian. SesaZloa, swored am gadajgufebam waiyvanos politika ufro marjvena mxares. 7. gigzavniT saintereso angariSis asls, romelic baTumi-yarsis rkinigzis proeqtis Sesaxeb gamomigzavna konsulma stivensma6 (1 seqtemberi, # 1). rogorc Cans, ruseTis somxebs Rrmad swamT, rom maTi ekonomikuri keTildReoba ruseTTan siaxlovezea damokidebuli, iseve, rogorc qarTvelebi Tvlian, rom didi britaneTi maTi ukonkurento mokavSirea rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri gaZlierebis gzaze. sasurvelia, es gaviTvaliswinoT, roca rkinigzis sakiTxi dadgeba. meore mxriv, Tu amerikelebi somxeTze droebiT pasuxismgeblobas aiReben, unda vicodeT, rom somxebi yvelafers gaakeTeben, rac maT ZalebSi Sedis, raTa amerikelebis upiratesi mxardaWera moipovon, aman ki, SesaZloa, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mdgomareoba gaarTulos. SemoTavazebuli rkinigzis proeqti, sparseTTan vaWrobis tranzitis Semosavals saqarTvelodan da azerbaijanidan somxeTisken gadaqaCavs. magram, amave dros, dasaSvebia, rom aRniSnulma rkinigzam somxeTis ruseTisadmi urTierTobazec iqonios gavlena, radgan somxeTi ekonomikurad ufro naklebad 6 patrik stivensi - didi britaneTis konsuli baTumSi. 158 damokidebuli gaxdeba. 8. yvela mzadaa, sayovelTao mSvidobis damyarebas xeli Seuwyos. gaCnda kompromisi somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris yarabaRis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris lores Taobaze. muslimebi Semrigeblur politikas awarmoeben qristiani mezoblebis mimarT. 31 agvistos aWarlebis mier baTumSi miRebuli erTsulovani gadawyvetileba aWaris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb, amis dasturia. axla viTarebis bolomde dalagebas garedan mosuli samxedro Zalis, Tundac Zalian mcirericxovanis, daxmareba sWirdeba, raTa gaRvivdes rwmena, rom didi saxelmwifoebi CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan SemoWril mtrebs gasaqans ar miscemen. Tu aRniSnuli samxedro Zalis miwodeba da samSvidobo garantiebis gacema ar daayovnebs, gacilebiT naklebi iqneba saSiSroeba imisa, rom erovnul an religiur niadagze dapirispireba gaRvivdes da samxreT kavkasieli muslimebi proTurquli Zalebis mier daxlarTul intrigebSi Caeban, radgan brZoliT isinic Zalian daiRalnen. maqvs pativi, viyo Tqveni xelisuflebis umdablesi da umorCilesi msaxuri, o. uordropi. FO 371/3663/1015/144528/58 ruseTi gamgzavni: mister uordropi (tfilisi) 20 oqtomberi. 1919. gagzavna: dilis 9:30, 21 oqtomberi, 1919. miReba: dRis 4:15, 22 oqtomberi, 1919. saswrafo Tqveni brwyinvalebis telegrama # 29, romelic 4 oqtombers gamoigzavna, 14 oqtombers Camovida da me mxolod am diliT, erevnidan Camosvlis Semdeg gadmomeca.7 1. argumentebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebisTvis gacilebiT Zlieria iuridiuli,politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored amitom gavakeTe masze gansakuTrebuli aqcenti, Tumca, unda aRvniSno, rom igive mosazreba maqvs azerbaijanisa da 7 es werili aris uordropsa da kerzons Soris polemikis nawili. umaRlesma komisarma, 19 seqtembers, sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsruleblisagan samxreT kavkasiis respublikaTa aRiareba moiTxova. man gansakuTrebuli aqcentebi saqarTveloze dasva. kerzonma, Tavis 4 oqtombris pasuxSi, eWvqveS daayena mocemul etapze de faqto aRiarebis mizanSewoniloba da ramdenime kiTxva dausva uordrops, ramac am ukanasknelis 20 oqtombris kidev erTi pasuxi gamoiwvia. 159 somxeTis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT da aseve, mimaCnia, rom daRestani unda gadmovides britanelebis, an mokavSireTa kontrolis qveS, misi damoukideblobis cnobamde. vfiqrob, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg aRmarTuli es barieri umniSvnelovanesia indoeTisa da sparseTis mimarTulebiT Cveni poziciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis. 2. procesi riskis Semcvelia, magram Tu samxreT kavkasia mtruli Zalis xelSi aRmoCnda, es kidev ufro saSiS movlenad iqceva CvenTvis, rogorc aziuri imperiisTvis. movlenaTa ganviTarebis yvelaze sasurveli scenari is aris, rom bolosdabolos, amerikamac aiRos garkveuli pasuxismgebloba msoflios am nawilSi, rac, savaraudod, maTTan Cveni interesebis Tanxvedras gamoiwvevs. 3. rogorc wina telegramebSi SegatyobineT, urTierTSetakebaTa gagrZeleba nakleb savaraudod mimaCnia, Cveni jaris Zalze mcire nawilic sakmarisi iqneba mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. respublikebi ukve arsebiTad muSaoben sazRvrebis gamijvnis sakiTxze da ukve ramdenime maTganma gamoacxada ganzraxva federaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 4. denikinisadmi SiSi, romelic, vfiqrob, sakmaod safuZvliania, xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens. aRiareba ki, am SiSs ganaqarvebda. Tu aRmoCndeba damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom respublikebi denikinis mtrebTan marTla aqtiurad TanamSromloben, me maT mTavrobebs Zlier winaaRmdegobas gavuwev. Tumca, jerjerobiT, Worebis garda araferi gamigia, romlebzec Tqvenc uTiTebT Tqvens#41 telegramaSi. saqarTvelo da azerbaijani cdilobdnen [denikinTan] SeTanxmebis miRwevas general baraTovis daxmarebiT, sanam mas daWridnen. vfiqrob, SeTanxmebis bolomde miyvanas didi Zalisxmeva ar daWirdeboda.8 saqmes mxolod denikinis SiSi arTulebs, SiSi, romelsac somxeTic iziarebs, Tu baton xatisians davujerebT. 5. darwmunebuli ara var, rom, gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, moxaliseTa armia bolSevikebze naklebad progermanuli iqneba. 6. Tu misi udidebulesobis mTavroba, baltiis qveynebisTvis gagzavnili telegramis msgavsad, Cvenc gamogvigzavnis Setyobinebas, sadac ganacxadebs, rom ar daeTanxmeba denikinis arcerT agresiul nabijs, vfiqrob, am etapze es sruliad sakmarisi iqneba. denikinsac ufro meti gaqaneba miecema, nacvlad aseTi Soreuli regionebisa, petrogradis siaxloves imoqmedos da misi ZiriTadi amocanebi Seasrulos. 7. sam respublikas erTad muSaobis sul ufro mzardi survili gaaCnia da saerTo interesebi, vfiqrob, aq ufro metia, vidre 8 denikinma, moskovze generaluri antibolSevikuri marSis dawyebis win, samxreT kavkasiis respublikebTan mosalaparakeblad gamoagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli - generali baraTovi. molaparakebaTa CaSlis mizniT, 1919 wlis 13 seqtembers, bolSevikma arkadi elbaqiZem teroristuli aqti moawyo baraTovis winaaRmdeg. es ukanaskneli mZimed daiWra da molaparakebebic CaiSala. 160 baltiis saxelmwifoebSi. aq klimatur da sxva pirobaTa imxela mravalferovnebaa, rom erTiani ekonomikuri politika da saerTo mtris SiSi yovelTvis Seqmnis, umravles sferoebSi, harmoniuli TanamSromlobis garantias. samive qveynis xelisufleba gamoTqvams survils, gaauqmon sabaJo barierebi, hqondeT saerTo valuta, erTiani ZalebiT akontrolon fosta, telegrafi da rkinigza. maT ukve aCvenes TviTmmarTvelobis unari. swored isini warmoadgenen (Tu ar CavTvliT baqos, romelic cota xans ucxoelebis xelSi iyo) ruseTis imperiis erTaderT nawils, sadac bolSevizms aranairi gasaqani ar mieca. 8. radgan baTumsa da CrdiloeT sparseTSi jari gvyavs, vTvli, rom aq mxolod Jandarmeriac sakmarisi iqneba wesrigis SesanarCuneblad, magram esec ar unda gaxdes saWiro. 9. im qmedebaTa Seusrulebloba, romelTa SeTavazebac Tqven SemogkadreT, qmnis safrTxes, rom azerbaijani da daRestani TurqeTs moiwveven, SeuTanxmdebian mustafa qemals, an vinme msgavss da imaves gakeTebas Seecdebian, rac von der golcma CrdiloeTSi moimoqmeda. 10. mesmis, rom SesaZloa, generali harbordi TurqeTisa da samxreT kavkasiis erTiani mandatis SeTavazebas gaakeTebs. is fiqrobs, rom ase gacilebiT ufro mcirericxovani jaris gamoyeneba gaxdeba saWiro. sxvebis msgavsad, isic aRiarebs, rom amerikelebs ar aqvT aRmosavleTis xalxebis marTvis codna da rom es mandati britanelebma unda ganaxorcielon. ara mgonia, aseTma didma gaerTianebam harmoniulad SeZlos Tanaarseboba, rac, sabolood, ekonomikur interesTa konfliqts gamoiwvevs da, SesaZloa, muslimebi - panislamuri moZraoba aRmoCndes dominantur poziciaSi. FO 371/3663/172086/58 es dokumenti aris misi udidebulesobis mTavrobis sakuTreba da unda inaxebodes sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Tu sxvagvarad gamoyenebis oficialuri saWiroeba ar dgas. (172066) ruseTi politikuri telegrama mister uordropisgan (tfilisi) gagzavnis TariRi: 13 ianvari, 1920. miRebis TariRi: 21 ianvari, 1920. damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb cnobam tfilisSi didi patriotuli demonstracia gamoiwvia. erT saaTSi mTeli qalaqi droSebiT moirTo, moZraoba Sewyda, qarxnebi da maRaziebi daixurnen. jer Cemi saxlis win Caiara mTelma jarma, kavaleriisa da artileriis CaTvliT, salami miZRvnes, da Semdeg, sasaxlis win, me da 161 premier-ministri profkavSirebisa da yvela socialuri fenis mosaxleobis msvlelobis mowmeni gavxdiT. premier-ministrisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministris gamosvla uamravi adamianis winaSe mkveTrad patriotuli, antibolSevikuri da probritanuli iyo. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi ovaciebi ar momklebia, mxrebze Semisves da manqanamde ase mimiyvanes. mTeli qalaqi gaanaTes. probritanuli msvleloba, Semdeg operaSi dawyebuli probritanuli banketiT gagrZelda, romelic guSin, 11 saaTze daiwyo da dRes, dilis 4 saaTze dasrulda. baqodan cnoba movida, rom qarTvelebis msgavsad, bolSevikebs azerbaijanelebmac ukompromiso uari ganucxades da kidev erTxel daadastures mokavSireTa mimarT erTguleba.9 orive qveynis mTavroba Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi erTsulovania. azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs xval aq elodebian. somxebis aRiarebis procesSi CaurTvelobam maTi aRelveba gamoiwvia, magram me Sevecade da gavufante SiSebi. somxeTis premierministri am diliT Camovida erevnidan. 9 1920 wlis 2 ianvars sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma - giorgi CiCerinma ultimatumi gaugzavna saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebs, sadac denikinis winaaRmdeg samxedro mxardaWerasa da mokavSireTa jarebis kavkasiis gayvanas iTxovda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, orive respublikis arsebobas emuqreboda. qarTulma mxarem aseT SeTavazebas mkacri uariT upasuxa. azerbaijanis mTavroba pirvel etapze damajereblad ar gamoiyureboda, Tumca saqarTvelos elCisalSibaiasa da uordropis CareviT maTma sapasuxo werilmac mkacri Seferiloba miiRo. ix. FO 371/4931/E414/1/58 162 163 fotoalbomi PHOTO GALLERY 164 britanel samxedroTa tfilisis Teatrisa da kinos bileTebi. daculia britaneTis saimperio omis muzeumSi. Theater and cinema tickets of British soldiers from Tilis. From the collections of the British Imperial War Museum. 165 oliver uordropi vaJiSvilebTan - jeimsTan (mis marcxniv) da endriusTan (mis marjvniv) erTad. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Oliver Wardrop together with his sons – Andrew (to the left) and James (to the right). Photograph from Wardrops family album of Hilary Grundy. 166 konstantinopolSi saqarTvelos konsulis - ioseb gogolaSvilis 1920 wlis 16 ianvriT daTariRebuli samadlobeli werili oliver uordrops saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac vkiTxulobT: „neba miboZeT, ara rogorc oficialur pirs, aramed rogorc kerZo qarTvels, giZRvnaT udidesi salami da umxurvalesi grZnobebi, Cveni Zvirfasi samSoblosTvis im daufasebeli muSaobisTvis, romelsac Tqven awarmoebdiT uCinrad da wynarad...“ daculia oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi. Letter of gratitude of January 16th 1920 of Georgian Consul in Contantinople – Ioseb Gogolashvili to Oliver Wardrop, which reads as follows: “Let me send you my comprehensive greetings and the warmet feelings not as to foreigner, but as to certain Georgian for you have done priceless job for our beloved motherland and you did it invisibly and quietly…” The item is preserved in Oxford Bodleian Library’s Special Collections Room. 167 uordropis mier aRwerili, saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli xaliCebis karvebi, goris miwisZvris Semdeg. foto daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi. After Gori earthquake: hatily erected carpet tents. The photograph is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia 168 qarTveli mwerlis - dominika erisTavis 1920 wlis 27 ianvriT daTariRebuli samadlobeli werili oliver uordrops, sadac weria: „Tu wminda ninom saqarTvelos mohfina mcneba qristesi, Tqven mkvdreTiT aRadgineT es saqarTvelo...“ dokumenti daculia oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi. Letter of gratitude of Georgian writer Dominika Eritavi of January 27th 1920, which reads as follows: “Saint Nino brought to Georgia belief of Chrit, but you brought back Georgia to the life…” The item is preserved in Oxford Bodleian Library’s Special Collections Room. 169 uordropis karikatura „Cveni orfeosi“ 1920 wlis 21 martis „eSmakis maTraxis“ nomerSi: „uordropi (ukravs da mReris) mismineT: baTomisken cqera ra savargulia... sulmnaTi SoTas Txzuleba Rrma sibrZniT moqargulia, aw misgan Tqmula qarTvelo, kargad miapyar gulia: rasaca gascemT Tqvenia, rac ara - dakargulia.“ Wardrop’s caricature in satiric journal “Devil’s Whip” with an ironical comment on it saying that the Georgians should forget about Batum 21t of March 1920. 170 oliver uordropis Zma - Tomas uordropi foto daculia literaturis muzeumSi Brother of Oliver Wardrop – Thomas Wardrop The photograph is preserved in the Literature Museum of Georgia 171 oliver uordropis meuRle - margret koleti foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Wife of Oliver Wardrop – Margrethe Collett Photograph from Wardrops family album of Hilary Grundy. 172 oliver uordropis meuRle - margret koleti axalgazrdobaSi foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Wife of Oliver Wardrop – Margrethe Collett Photograph from Wardrops family album of Hilary Grundy. 173 marjori uordropi fotoebi daculia literaturis muzeumSi Marjory Wardrop The photographs are preserved in the Literature Museum of Georgia 174 ser oliver uordropis nekrologi gazeT The Times-Si. 1948 wlis 21 oqtomberi. Obituary of Sir Oliver Wardrop. The Times, October 21t 1948 175 ser oliver uordropis qaliSvili - nino uordropi foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Daughter of Sir Oliver Wardrop – Nino Wardrop Photograph from Wardrops’ family album of Hilary Grundy. 176 ser oliver uordropi fotoebi hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Sir Oliver Wardrop Photographs from Wardrops the family album of Hilary Grundy. 177 oliver uordropi sevenouqsis samamulo saxlSi fotoebi daculia literaturis muzeumSi Oliver Wardrop in Sevenoaks Wardrops’ family house The photographs are preserved in the Literature Museum of Georgia 178 saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris, akaki Cxenkelis mier oliver uordropisTvis 1918 wlis 18 noembers qarTul enaze gagzavnili werili, sadac vkiTxulobT: „maqvs sruli imedi, kvlavac mxurvaleT moekidebiT mraval-wamebul saqarTvelos sve-beds... bevria damokidebuli Tqvens samSoblosgan - didi britaniisgan. me darwmunebuli var, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba sruliad eTanxmeba didi britaniis politikur interesebs da amitom imedi gvaqvs, es ukanaskneli mxars dagviWers. Tqven ki, vimeoreb, batono uordrop, yvela Cveni politikur wreebis rwmeniT, mxars dagviWerT am wminda saqmeSi, rasac ar dagiviwyebT Tavisufali saqarTvelo. werili daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivsa da oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi. Private letter of Georgian foreign miniter Akaki Chkhenkeli to Oliver Wardrop, 18th of Novermber 1918. In Georgian it reads as follows: “I am very hopeful that, again, you will take a passionate tand towards multi-martyred fate of Georgia… A lot depends on your motherland – Great Britain. I am convinced that the independence of Georgia is in a full consent with the political interets of the Great Britain. Hence, we are hopeful that your country will not spare support for us. And you, it is believed in all our political circles, will grant your support to this holy afair [of the independence] that will never be forgotten by the liberated Georgia.” The letter is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia and in Oxford Bodleian Library’s Special Collections Room. 179 britaneTis umaRlesi komisari samxreT kavkasiaSi - oliver uordropi tfilisSi, Tavis rezidenciaSi. dRevandeli maCablis quCa 13. 1920 weli. foto daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi. vaxtang RambaSiZis foto. British High Commissioner in Transcaucasia – Oliver Wardrop in his house of residence. Nowadays Machabeli tr. 13. Tilis 1920. The photograph is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia. Photo of Vakhtang Ghambashidze. 180 polkovniki klod beifild stoqsi foto daculia britaneTis saimperio omis muzeumSi Colonel Claude Bayield Stokes The photograph is preserved in the British Imperial War Museum 181 noe Jordanias ojaxi, marcxnidan marjvniv: qaliSvili naTela, meuRle ina koreneva, vaJiSvili rejebi (kalTaSi), noe Jordania, qaliSvili asmaTi (fexze dgas). foto qristine faRava-bulezis saojaxo albomidan. Family of Noe Jordania, from left to right: daughter Nathela, wife Inna Koreneva, Son Redjeb, Noe Jordania, daughter Asmat (is tanding) The photograph from the family album of Chritine Pagava-Boulez 182 britaneTis mefis - jorj mexuTis mier 1922 wlis dekemberSi gacemuli sigeli, romlis mixedviTac oliver uordrops mieniWa britaneTis raindis tituli da seris wodeba. dokumenti daculia hilari grandis uordropebis saojaxo arqivSi. Document issued by the British King George Fifth in December 1922. Sir Oliver Wardrop was created Knight of British Empire. The document is preserved in the Wardrops’ family archive of Hilary Grundy 183 oliver uordropis, magret koletis da marjori uordropis saflavi sevenouqsis wminda nikolozis saxelobis eklesiis ezoSi. beqa kobaxiZis foto Grave of Oliver Wardrop, Margrethe Collett and Marjory Wardrop in the churchyard of Sevenoaks St. Nicolas church. Photograph by Beka Kobakhidze. 184 uordropebis samamulo saxli sevenouqsSi, kentis sagrafo foto daculia literaturis muzeumSi Wardrops’ family house in Sevenoaks, Kent. The photograph is preserved in the Literature Museum of Georgia. 185 oliver uordropis meuRlis deda - andrea konradi foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Mother in law of Oliver Wardrop –Andrea Conradi Photograph from Wardrops’ family album of Hilary Grundy. 186 qarTveli biznesmeni akaki xoStaria da misi meuRle minadora Turqia-xoStaria. akaki xoStarias mier britanuli diplomatiuri misiisTvis gadacemuli sakuTari rezidencia, sadac 1919-1920 wlebSi cxovrobda oliver uordropi. Tbilisi, maCablis 13. fotoebi erovnuli biblioTekis koleqciidan. Georgian enterpriser Akaki Khoshtaria and his wife Minadora Turkia-Khotaria. Akaki Khoshtaria’s house which he spared for the British in High Commissioners to Trasncaucasia as a place of residence. Here was living Oliver Wardrop in 1919-1920. Tbilisi, Machabeli tr. 13. Photographs from Georgian National Library’s collection. The photograph is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia 187 oliver uordropisTvis naCuqari yelsabami da jvari. daculia britaneTis erovnul muzeumSi. jvris oliver uordropiseuli Canaxati. daculia oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi. Cross and necklace presented to Oliver Wardrop. The item is preserved in the British Museum. Oliver Wardrop’s painting of the cross. The item is preserved in Oxford Bodleian Library’s Special Collections Room. 188 tfilisis sazogadoebis Sexvedra oliver uordropTan. 1919 wlis oqtomberi. pirvel rigSi, marcxnidan meore - moqandake iakob nikolaZe (wamowolilia) da nikoloz (kolia) erisTavi; meore rigSi marcxnidan sxedan: meore – eqvTime TayaiSvili; meSvide –oliver uordropi; mesame rigSi: marcxnidan meoTxe - saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli did britaneTSi daviT RambaSiZe; meoTxe rigSi: marcxnidan meore - tfilisis qalaqisTavi benia CxikviSvili; mesame - mxatvari gigo gabaSvili; foto daculia erovnul biblioTekaSi Oliver Wardrop’s meeting with Tilis society. October 1919. Firt row, from left to right: second – sculptor Iakob Nikoladze (lying down), third – Nikoloz (Kolia) Eritavi; second row, left to right: second – Ekvtime Takaishvili, seventh – Oliver Wardrop; third row, left to right: fourth – diplomatic representative of Georgia in Great Britain Davit Ghambashidze; fourth row, left to right: second – Tilis Lord Mayor Benia Chkhikvishvili, third – painter Gigo Gabashvili The photograph is preserved in the National Library of Georgia 189 oliver uordropis Svilebi, marcxnidan marjvniv: endriu, nino da jeims uordropebi. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Children of Oliver Wardrop, from left to right: Andrew, Nino and James Wardrops Photograph from Wardrops’ family album of Hilary Grundy. 190 oliver uordropi da misi meuRle margret koleti. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Oliver Wardrop and his wife Margrethe Collett. Photograph from Wardrops’ family album of Hilary Grundy. 191 oliver uordropis colis da - kamila koleti. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. Siter in law of Oliver Wardrop – Camilla Collett. Photograph from Wardrops’ family album of Hilary Grundy. 192 saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli did britaneTSi - daviT RambaSiZe (marcxniv) da misi Zma, oliver uordropis mkurnali eqimi - vaxtang RambaSiZe (marjvniv). foto daculia saqarTvelos erovnul biblioTekaSi. Diplomatic representative of Georgia to the Great Britain – Davit Ghambashidze (left) and his brother, physician of Oliver Wardrop – Dr. Vakhtang Ghambashidze (right). The photograph is preserved in the National Library of Georgia. 193 oliver uordropis mier meuRlisaTvis tfilisidan miwerili 1920 wlis 12-13 ianvris werilebis xelnaweri, sadac is saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebiT gamowveul sixarulze uyveba. dokumenti daculia oqsfordis bodleinis biblioTekis gansakuTrebul koleqciaTa ganyofilebaSi. Manuscript of Oliver Wardrop’s letters to his wife, sent from Tilis on 12-13th of January 1920 where he wrote about his joy after having been informed of Georgia’s de facto recognition as an independent tate. The item is preserved in Oxford Bodleian Library’s Special Collections Room. 194 a c a g b b oliver uordropis qarTveli megobrebi: a) varlam CerqeziSvili; b) moxucebuli olRa guramiSvili-WavWavaZe; g) britaneTis umaRles komisarTan mimagrebuli saqarTvelos samxedro saministros mekavSire oficeri mamuka orbeliani da misi meuRle, tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis inglisuri enis leqtori elisabed bagration-gruzinski. fotoebi erovnuli biblioTekis koleqciidan. Georgian friends of Oliver Wardrop: a) Varlam Cherkezishvili; b) Olga Guramishvili-Chavchavadze (the lat photo before death); c) Georgian War Ministry’s liaison oicer to Oliver Wardrop Mamuka Orbeliani and his wife, lecturer of English language at Tilis State University Elizabeth Bagration-Gruzinsky. Photographs from Georgian National Library’s collection. 195 oliver uordropis skverSi aRmarTuli oliver da marjori uordropebis Zegli Tbilisis centrSi, saqarTvelos parlamentis Senobis ukan. Statue of Oliver and Marjory Wardrops, erected in Oliver Wardrop Square in the centre of Tbilisi, jut behind the Parliament building. 196 Sir Oliver Wardrop 150 197 Edited by Beka Kobakhidze (PhD in Hitory) 198 Preface I commenced working on my doctoral thesis The Quetion of Georgia at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) in 2009. By then very few was known about Oliver Wardrop’s diplomatic deeds. Hitorians were aware of his book The Kingdom of Georgia that was written in his early years in 1887, as well as of the fact that Wardrop served as the British High Commissioner in Transcaucasia in the period between 1919 and 1920. We had also read that it was him who notiied the Georgian government on 12th of January 1920 of the Allied de facto recognition of Georgia. But we had a very unclear idea concerning the practical activities of Wardrop in his capacity as a high commissioner, much as regarding his contribution to trengthening Georgian independence, or his daily activities on the ground. That the siblings Oliver and Marjory Wardrop were admirers of Georgia has always been beyond doubt. Hence I was always troubled by the quetions: “Did Oliver Wardrop not do anything Henceforth for Georgian independence? If yes, why do we know nothing of it?” Soviet censorship could never approve of the appearance in Georgian history of Oliver Wardrop as an anti-Bolshevik actor and a ighter for Georgian independence. Thus the Wardrops were presented to the public only as cultural actors, translators, travellers and the like. It was very well advertised that Marjory Wardrop translated Shota Rutaveli’s poem Knight in Pantera Skin (and much more), while the Georgians were aware of her close ties with Ilia Chavchavadze’s family and with other members of the Georgian intellectual elite. To this end, academician Guram Sharadze wrote his monograph prior to the beginning of the Peretroika era in Georgia. However, in 1984 Georgian hitorians were till far from having any freedom to write about the Firt Republic of Georgia and Oliver Wardrop’s diplomatic endeavors. Later, already in the years of regained independence, the turbulence of the 1990s and 2000s prevented Georgian historians from researching British archival sources. Thus, to me the answers to the following quetions remained unknown: “Yes, I undertand the case of Marjory, but what about Oliver? What is his contribution to Georgia?” Then I had such a limited knowledge when I was told in 2011: “Georgian National Library disposes in the fund of Akaki Ramishvili some of American documents. Have a look! They might be of some use for your thesis…” Employee of Archival and Rarity Department of the library – Natia Kobakhidze brought for me in the reading room extensive archival material of the British National Archives. This material was collected by Akaki Ramishvili who was the son of the irt Prime Miniter of the Firt Republic – Noe Ramishvili. These sources were hitherto unused by Georgian hitorians. There I came across hundreds of documents created by Oliver Wardrop in relationship with Georgia and the South Caucasus. Among other evidence, I was reading his reports sent from Tilis to the Foreign Oice for Foreign Secretary Lord George Curzon’s attention. Papers were following one another and it was becoming clear for me that the main goal in the life of Wardrop, the British friend of Georgia, was the independence of this 199 country. In those papers he ditinctly illutrated his love, his risky truggle and aspiration. However, the material was incomplete. Hence, in the framework of my doctoral tudies I departed for the UK in 2013 in order to carry out research in British National Archives and Bodleian Library of Oxford. Firt i tudied the documents of foreign and war oices in British National Archives and then moved to Oxford. There, in Bodleian Radclif Science Library’s Special Collections Room I had the chance to browse through the Georgian collection that was created by Oliver Wardrop. Stored there were 170 typed pages of Oliver Wardrop’s private letters to his wife Margrethe Collett sent from Tilis to Great Britain in 1919 and 1920. The letters were handed over by his daughter Nino Wardrop to the library in 1991. In those letters, Wardrop wrote privately and sincerely about his feelings, as well as of his connections to the Georgian society. Oicial and private correspondences did not leave gaps. Before me there were both his diplomatic and personal portraits and there was no other way but to conclude that throughout the hitory of Georgia no other foreigner ever demontrated so much love, contribution and dedication to this country. I was honored to be the irt contemporary Georgian hitorian to come to learn these facts. At once I got a feeling that it was my duty to share the knowledge with the public, to overcome the Soviet legacy and to recover a proper place for the deeds of Wardrop, which would result in paying a belated tribute to his love and contributions to Georgia. The 10th of October 2014 was the 150th anniversary of Sir Oliver Wardrop. There could be no better date but this one for the initiation of the aforementioned goals. Multiple events were organised through the good oices of friends and supporters of the Wardrop legacy. The Sir Oliver Wardrop Square was opened right behind the Parliament Building in Tbilisi, where in 2015 Oliver and Marjory Wardrops’ tatues are also going to be erected. In the National Library, a foreign literature reading room was named after the sibling Wardrops. Numerous exhibitions, conferences and public lectures were also held. The printing of this book is also envisaged to be a part in the chain of these abovementioned events as a tep forward in raising awareness of Sir Oliver Wardrop’s legacy. I would like to express my gratitude towards contributors who were retless to achieve the common goal — the recognition of Wardrop. Among them are: MP Fridon Sakvarelidze, Dr. Stephen Jones, Mirian Khositashvili (Deputy Head of the National Library), Anton Vacharadze (Director of Georgian Central Hitoric Archive), Giorgi Kalandia (Director of the Art Palace), Revaz Gachechiladze (Georgian ambassador in The United Kingdom), the descendants of Sir Oliver Wardrop, Hilary Grundy and Lucy Choi, Diana Lezhava (ARISC coordinator), Pamela Kimsley (Head of Education and Training International Group) as well as the following organizations: The Parliament of Georgia, Tbilisi City Hall, Petriashvili Wine Cellar. I would like to give a special acknowledgement to the chairman of Marjory Wardrop Fund for Georgian Studies Dr. Donald Rayield. It was thanks to him that I enjoyed the opportunity to work on Wardrops’ collection in 200 Bodleian and also obtained rights to publish the material. This edition was funded and advertised through the good oices of the Georgian National Library and Georgian National Archives. I express my enhanced gratitude towards them. Translation from English to Georgian was done by Salome Benidze to whom I am so thankful. Beka Kobakhidze Tbilisi 23.06.2015 201 Sir Oliver Wardrop: His Majety’s High Commissioner to Transcaucasia The defeat of Germany in the Firt World War created diiculties for its newly created ally, the Democratic Republic of Georgia. In compliance with the agreement between France and Britain signed on December 23 1917, Transcaucasia was occupied by British troops from December 1918. Military representatives of the Entente viewed Georgians as allies of the enemy. They were also unable to diferentiate easily between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Menshevik government of independent Georgia. For example, General George Milne, commander of the British Black Sea Troops and Chief of the Imperial General Staf from 1926, wrote to Sir Henry Wilson, the Chief of General Staf, about the people of the Caucasus: “...I am fully aware that the withdrawal of the British troops would probably lead to anarchy but I cannot see that the world would lose much if the whole of the inhabitants of the country cut each other’s throats. They are certainly not worth the life of one British soldier. …I think it wants to be clearly undertood at home that if we accept responsibility to help these countries we will have to retain troops not only for one or two years but possibly for 10 years, while the education of the people to manage their own afairs will be the work of several generations. …I have never seen a more miserable country or people.“ 1 Furthermore, as the highet ranking person in the region at the time, Milne sent the irt comprehensive report to London on February 6 1919 in which he depicted the government of Georgia as radical, socialit, chauvinit and more corrupt than the Bolsheviks. He also emphasised the hotility between Georgians and Adjarians tating that the latter had no desire as such to co-habit with the Georgians. At the end of April 1919, the General arrived in Tilis, refused to be met by the guard of honour and left the Georgian capital without any oicial government reception.2 Commander of the French military mission, Colonel Chardigny, was irmly againt the independence of the Caucasian republics. Furthemore, his subordinate, Lieutenant Brossard D’Oimpuis, wrote a letter to the Premier of France and the Miniter of Defence on November 20 1919 in which he accused Chardigny of damaging the reputation of France by improper treatment of Georgians and taking a bribe from the Armenians to act againt the former. Chardigny was recalled to France and relieved of his position.3 Compunding the situation were unprecedented accusations againt Georgia by Tsarit General — Anton Denikin, who launched an Anti-Bolshevik assault 1 J. Fisher – “On The Glacis of India”: Lord Curzon and British Policy in The Caucasus, 1919, pg. 54, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 1997, 8:2 2 WO 106/1396 Gen. Milne to the Chief of The Imperial General Staf, 6 February 1919; Georgian National Hitoric Archives (GNHA) 1864/2/82/23-24 3 FO 371/6269/4378/8378/58 “Outline of Events in Transcaucasia from the Beginning of the Russian Revolution in the Summer of 1917 to April 1921” by W. J. Childs and A. E. R. McDonnell; Minitere des Afaire Etrangeres de la France. Paris. Europe 1918-1929. Archives Diplomatique; Russie; Cotes Z 653, Vol. 645, f. 13-15; Archives de Minitere des Afaires Etrangeres de la France (AMAE). Paris. Europe 1918-1929. Russie; Cotes Z 653, Vol. 645, Dossier 10 f. 18 202 from South Russia while being trongly assited by the British War Oice. He sought retoration of the empire in its old boundaries and was thus decidedly hotile to Georgian independence. Denikin labeled the Georgians as Bolsheviks and therefore hotile to the Allied (Entente) cause. In doing so he was trying to prepare the ground for military intervention in Georgia, which had already tarted in February 1919 on the Abkhazian front. Unfortunately for Georgia, his accusations were fully supported by the British mission operating in the taf of Denikin. Its head – General Briggs even tated to Georgian Prime-Miniter Noe Jordania that he was speaking on behalf of Denikin and not Britain.4 Naturally, againt this background, relations between the Georgian authorities and British soldiers became extremely aggravated. The latter broadcat information about Georgia to the Wet, thereby undermining the reputation of the country and its aspirations to exit independently. Following the demand of Lord Curzon, the mot passionate and ardent supporter of Georgia in the Wet and Foreign Secretary from 1919, diplomatic representatives of Georgia were sent a note in which Britain welcomed the proclamation of Georgian independence and promised to defend it at the Paris Peace Conference.5 George Milne, however, continuously asked the British government to renounce their pledge to defend Georgian independence and to expel Georgian representatives from London and Paris. Had Britiain approved Milne’s proposal there would have been no obtacle to Denikin’s military occupation of Georgia.6 In this hopeless situation, at the end of May 1919, the Georgian nationalit and famous anarchit Varlam Cherkezishvili wrote a letter to his old friend, Oliver Wardrop, in which he noted that British militaries could not discern in the exiting situation and it was necessary to invite such an aware and sophiticated civilian to the region as Oliver Wardrop: “ . . . if England will send a man like yourself, who knows Georgia and its good and bad characteritics, as a representative, all misundertanding will disappear and our good-hearted but hot-headed people will be devoted to England or U.S.” , added Cherkezishvili.7 Wardrop, as an employee of the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Oice, forwarded the letter to both the Foreign Oice and the Military Intelligence Department of the War Oice. This was a wonderful opportunity for Lord Curzon to send a like-minded person, a trong supporter of the republics’ independence, to the Transcaucasia to change the tone of Milne’s reports or those of other Generals, making it much easier for Curzon to defend his position in London. Curzon proposed Wardrop’s appointment to the British Military Council on June 20. “Mr. Wardop’s extensive personal experience of Georgia and the Georgians while his long consular service in Russia makes him particullary itted to carry out such a mission…”, concluded Curzon.8 Lord Curzon had been lobbying 4 GNHA 1864/2/82/1-10 FO 608/88 no. 12272; GHNA 1864/2/46/25; Z. Avalishvili – Independence of Georgia in International Politics of 1918-1921, pg. 195, Tbilisi 2011 6 FO 608/88 no. 11390 Situation in Georgia 7 FO 371/3662/1015/81465/58; FO 608/88 no. 12302 8 ibid; ibid, no. 13302 5 203 for Georgian independence since 1918. He visited Tilis three times and it was back in 1889 that he wrote about the importance of the Caucasus as the Russian pass to the eat. He intended to sign a protectorate agreement with Persia and regarded the Caucasus as the wall protecting it from Russia. Negative reports prepared by the British military in the region prevented him from being active. This is why Curzon was keen on Cherkezishvili’s idea. Being aware of Wardrop’s 25-year career at the Foreign Oice and his attitude to the Caucasus, he immediately made a decision to appoint him as the high political commissioner in the Transcaucasia. With this act, Curzon kept the military apart from politics.9 It mut also be noted here that Wardrop tarted assiting Georgian diplomats in 1918 when he supported Zurab Avalishvili to enter Great Britain and etablish contacts at the Foreign Oice.10 However, now it was in an oicial rank that he was given the opportunity to provide service to his second motherland. John Oliver Wardrop was born on October 10, 1864 in Eat London into the family of Thomas Wardrop (a Scot by birth) and Marjory Scott. Between the ages of 5-9 he lived and tudied with his grandparents in Midlothian, southern Scotland. From 1880-1881 he went to school irt in Paris and then Disen (Germany). After that he tudied at Balliol College, Oxford, where a famous diplomat and hitorian, Lord Bryce, provoked his interet in the Caucasus. 1885-1886 Oliver tudied at the Sorbonne. In 1887 he tarted travelling, going irt to Rome and attending university lectures there for three months. He then visited Paletine, Egypt, Syria and Turkey. In April of the same year he visited Georgia for the irt time. In 1888 he published a book in Britain called “The Kingdom of Georgia”, learned the Georgian language and, together with his siter Marjory, translated collections of Georgian poetry, prose and legislative acts of the Middle Ages; he was closely connected to the Georgian cultural and political elite, including Ilia Chavchavadze - founder of the national ideology of Georgia in the 19-20th centuries. In 1892 he was appointed as Personal Secretary to His Majety’s Ambassador to Russia. To maintain a close territorial connection with Georgia and have the opportunity to travel frequently, he worked as the Vice-Consul irt in Kerch and then in Sevatopol in Crimea. After serving in Haiti, Romania, Norway and other parts of the world, in 1918 he held the dangerous position of His Majety’s Consul-General in Bolshevik Moscow. From the beginning of 1919 he worked G. N. Curzon – Russia in Central Asia, pg. 28-29, Oxford 1889; G. N. Curzon – Persia and The Persian Quetion, Vol. 1, pp. 61-69; London 1966; More details of the topic see: J. D. Rose – Batum as Domino, 1919-1920: The Defence of India in Transcaucasia. The International Hitory Review, vol. 2, No. 2 (Apr. 1980) pg. 266-287; D. Ewalt – The Fight for Oil: Britain in Persia, 1919. Hitory Today, vol. 31, issue 9, 1981; J. Fisher – “On The Glacis of India”: Lord Curzon and British Policy in The Caucasus, 1919. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 1997, 8:2, 50-82; J. Fisher – Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle Eat, 1916-1919, London 1999; H. Sabahi – British Policy in Persia 1918-1925. London 1990 10 Z. Avalishvili – Independence of Georgia in International Politics of 1918-1921, pg. 189-191, Tbilisi 2011; Georgian Foreign Miniter Akaki Chkhenkeli addressed to Wardrop a letter sent from Berlin to Bergen on November 18, 1918, and asked him for supporting Avalisvhili. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. C. 30; GHNA 1831/2/84/3 9 204 in the Political Intelligence Department at the Foreign Oice for a short period of time. Back in 1907, he had used his position at the Foreign Oice when he helped Varlam Cherkezishvili to prepare and present the “Petition of the Georgian People” at the international conference in Hague. Since his youth he dreamed of getting a diplomat’s job in Georgia and living there. Under Tsarit Russia, Britain only had a consular department in Georgia in Batum where Patrick Stevens worked from 1890. In 1894 Wardrop went to Contantinople to speak with the British Ambassador to ensure the latter appointed him to a position at the British Consulate in Batum. After having spoken with him, Oliver wrote to his siter: “All my hopes are settled upon next Sunday evening. If I could only get some pot of the meanet kind I should be overjoyed, but I foresee all the diiculties” The interview was inefective. But Oliver was till full of desire and aspirations: “I do not intend to give up the hope of securing Batum some day.” Saddened, Marjory replied to her brother: “I sincerely hope that Mr. Stevens, I think that is the name of the consul at Batum, will get the advancement he no doubt deserves, and leave vacant for us the one pot we want.”11 Twenty ive years later, in 1919, Stevens till served as the Consul in Batum. On July 22, Curzon informed him that he was moving under the command of Wardrop.12 Presumably it was Oliver Wardrop who appeared happiet as a result of such an outcome. He not only gained his dream position of Consul, but also that of the High Commissioner to His Majety in independent Georgia and the Transcaucasia. He wrote to his wife at the end of 1919 that he had a “harveting time” in his life and he had to make maximum use of this opportunity.13 On June 27, the British peacemaking delegation in Paris sent Curzon Professor Simpson’s opinion about the fact that the mission should not have been limited to Georgia and the High Commissioner should have his authority expanded to include Azerbaijan, Armenia and Dagetan. On July 9, in its written response, the Minitry expressed its full consent.14 Later on, due to the fact that General Denikin occupied Dagetan at the beginning of May, the North Caucasus was removed from Wardrop’s area of responsibility. On Augut 5 1919 and before leaving for Georgia, Wardrop, following orders from the acting Foreign Secretary, submitted an action plan to the Minitry that envisaged the following: 1) Leaving British troops in the Caucasus; 2) Attaching a political mission to Denikin which would take away political issues from the military and etablished, as a condition for providing assitance to the Russian general, no interference in the internal afairs of the Caucasus republics; 3) Recognition of the independence of the Caucasus republics; 4) Giving Batum to the republic whose population contituted the majority in the Batum region; 5) Using the inluence of His Majety’s Government to make sure the other Great 11 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. C. 31, f. 1-25, Marjory and Oliver; The Times, Obituary, Sir Oliver Wardrop, October 21, 1948; G. Sharadze – The Sun and The Heart of Georgia in Albion Islands: Wardrops and Georgia, Tbilisi 1984 (In Georgian) 12 FO 371/3662 File 1015, no. 102622 13 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 79 14 FO 608/88 no. 13302; FO 371/3662/1015/95097/58 205 Powers recognize the independence of the countries of the Caucasus and allow them into the League of Nations; 6) Etablishing trade relations; 7) Supplying the republics with economic and technical experts to assit them in economic development; 8) Humanitarian aid; 9) Opening a British school and sending the bet pupils to tudy in Britain; 10) Ditributing British newspapers to ensure the locals undertood how diferent problems were discussed and solved in Britain.15 The Georgian people met Wardrop, who had arrived in Georgia in Augut 30 1919, as a saviour. This is what Oliver Wardrop himself wrote to the British Foreign Oice: “… All my movements were cinematographed and I was the prey of photographers. Bands played the British National Anthem at the railway tation, opera and a magniicent house was placed at my disposal. For about 2 miles my route was decorated with lags and oriental carpets and lined with onlookers. Public buildings were illuminated in the evening; the day was held as a Holiday. The extraordinary reception accorded to me is due to the fact that Georgians are aware of the afection I have felt for them during the lat 32 years. They see my appointment to this pot as a sign that His Majety’s Government are inspired by mot friendly feelings towards their country and that a new era has begun for Georgia.” Lord Curzon minuted on Wardrop’s report: “a very good beginning!”16 Wardrop would send two or three reports a week from Georgia in which he consitently demanded recognition of the country’s independence and the rendering of economic assitance. Immediately upon his arrival he attacked the British military, demanding inspection of their activities in the Batumi region since disorder had been reported on the spot. Military command ignored the will of the majority of population and actually handed civilian command to Russian bureaucrats. He also clearly responded to the accusations of the British mission at the Denikin headquarters towards the authorities of Georgia and Azerbaijan. This is when any serious threat of Denikin attacking Georgia passed since the British authorities agreed that he would be given assitance on condition that he did not attack Georgia. In reality Wardrop became the communication channel between the authorities of Georgia and Britain. He immediately informed his government of any worry, requet or complaint from the Georgian side often entitling his messages “urgent” or “very urgent”. Because of him, it was the irt time that the British government heard the voice of the authorities and the people. Wardrop was very anxious to remove the label of extremit-socialits from the Georgian authorities, which was very harmful for the country. He sent portraits of political leaders to the Foreign Oice and dispatched to London a translation of Noe Jordania’s paper on agrarian reform. In his comment he noted the balance and temperance of the socialit government of Georgia. He also sent a 15 FO 608/88 no. 18006 FO 371/3663 File 1015 no. 125051; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 535-536, London 1949 16 206 full report about Akaki Chkhenkeli from whom he removed his pro-German label and explained that his cooperation with the Germans was only based on disparate patriotic motifs to rescue the country from the Turkish invation with the help of the Germans in May-November 1918, when the British till were far away from the Caucasus.17 In reality, Wardrop, conservative in his faith, did not at all like the social-democratic ideology of the government of Georgia which was something new to the world at the time. By protecting the government, the High Commissioner protected the whole country. In his letter written to his wife he wrote: “…they have been naughty children, but after all they are only children and as they persit in calling me their “godfather” I suppose I have certan moral, if not religious, duties towards them. I mut say I do not like Social-Democrats for I think the theories of those people make them less “gentlemanly” than they would have been otherwise. However, the people at large, especially the poor people, are not Social-Democrats and I think they are fond of me, at leat everybody tells me they are, so until I know they are safe I want to tay with them and take the risks...”18 Wardrop fought againt the opinion of General Milne and the British Consul in Batumi, Patrick Stevens that the Adjarians were againt Georgians and did not want to live together with them. The Batumi provincial Mejilish etablished under the supervision of Memed Beg Abashidze which Patrick Stevens, General Milne, Colonel Chardigny and the National Council of Russians attributed to being Turkish agents or having no inluence on the population at various times, adopted the petition of Muslim Georgians on Augut 31 and demanded they unite with the motherland. Their delegation visited Tilis in September and met with Oliver Wardrop. On September 12, the High Commissioner sent Curzon the document adopted by the mejlish. He himself noted that the delegation represented the opinion of the majority of the population of the Batumi region. The British diplomat and specialit in Georgian Studies made lyrical deviations on the spot tating that Rutaveli, the great national poet of Georgia, who was loved equally by Georgians following both religions, promoted the ideal of living side by side to both Chritians and Muslims. He was convinced that after Batum was joined to Georgia, the people’s unity would no longer be in doubt. On the other hand, he notiied the Foreign Oice about the position of the Mejilish of Muslim Georgians that the Batum adminitration was completely in the hands of Denikin’s supporters, who pursued a policy againt the local population.19 After that Wardrop continued to play the role of telegraph and informed the Foreign Oice about Georgian opinions regarding the Batum issue. Muslim Georgians proteted the fact that the city council was in the hands of Denikin FO 371/3660 no. 159646; FO 371/3664 File 1015 no. 144756; FO 371/4931 no. E410; FO 371/3663 File 1015 no. 126879; ibid no. no. 133615; ibid no. 127479; ibid no. 137986; ibid no. 144581; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 537-538, 575-576, 625-626, 661-663 London 1949 18 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 148 19 FO 371/3663 File 1015 nos. 139963 and 129488 17 207 and demanded transfer of power to the Georgian mejlish. The High Commissioner sent Curzon a note from the Minitry of Foreign Afairs of Georgia on the same issue and concluded that it was necessary to make sure Batum and another hitoric province of Georgia, then in Turkey, Lazitan, gradually moved into Georgian hands. Wardrop’s Georgian activity would not pass without confrontation with Milne and, on January 22 1920, in a letter written to the Foreign Oice he quetioned the eiciency of the British command in Batum, tressing the undesirable inluence of Turkish, Bolshevik and Denikin’s agents on the local adminitration. The High Commissioner demanded the War Oice ensure that locally represented military commanders focused on the abovementioned issues and invetigated them further. On his part, Milne deemed that Wardrop had been inluenced by Georgian propaganda. He expressed dissatisfaction about the fact that the British diplomat presented serious accusations againt the military adminitration of Batum without due invetigation and speciic information.20 Wardrop did not wage the diplomatic war for the territorial integrity of Georgia only in the direction of the Batum region. Originally Abkhazian, Captain Khasia worked in Denikin’s taf in Ekaterinodar (present-day Krasnodar) and sent memoranda to the Paris Peace Conference “on behalf of the Abkhazian people” and demanded “liberation” of Abkhazians from Georgia. To some extent this demand was also supported in Batum by the British Consul Patrick Stevens. Wardop wired to the British Foreign Oice that Abkhazia was the hitorical territory of Georgia whereas the Abkhaz ethnos was developing in the depth of Georgians and got high culture from them. Everything would have been calm and good if Denikin abandoned Georgia, concluded the high commissioner. Hence the quetion of Abkhazia was inalized in the Foreign Oice.21 The British diplomat actively tried to reconcile the Caucasian people, gathering and directing them towards the common goal that the international political situation required from them. Relations were relatively warmer between Georgia and Armenia and war had not tarted between Armenia and Azerbaijan. With his mediation in November 1919, the cutoms, transit and railway agreement was signed among the countries of Transcaucasia which, apart from the territorial issue, resolved all the other problems afecting relations between the countries.22 In October 1919, Wardrop wrote to the Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon requeting recognition of the independence of the Caucasus republics. Curzon regarded this tep to be hurried and premature, primarily because the future of Russia was unclear; in the event of recognising these countries’ independence Britain would be unable to protect them without agreement with her allies.23 The friend of the Georgian people was not deterred by the refusal of the FO 371/4931/E238/1/58; FO 371/3673/166767-177987/172978/58 FO 608/84 (unnumbered) f. 114-124; FO 608/88 no. 6915; FO 371/3663/1015/139965/58; FO 371/3662/1015/106853/58 22 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 68-72 23 Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 560-562, London 1949; FO 608/85 unnumbered, f. 236-240; ibid, pp. 577-578; FO 371/3663 File 1015, no. 131980; FO 371/3663/1015/144528/58 20 21 208 Foreign Secretary he continued to work towards the same goal, which made his immediate superior, Head of the Eatern Department at the Foreign Oice - George Kidton - say the following:– “Wardrop bombards us with his lengthy reports about the requet to recognize the republics of the Caucasus”. In October 1919, the British Commander of the Mediterranean Forces, Admiral De Robeck recalled with what pride Wardrop talked “about his Georgians” which led the Admiral to have a positive impression of the Georgian people. The same tory was repeated during the meeting of Wardrop and Sir Halford Mackinder - High Commissioner of Great Britain in South Russia.24 His tireless work inally yielded results. On December 24 1919 Lord Curzon submitted a memorandum about Transcaucasia to the Cabinet of Miniters. This served as one of the High Commissioner’s greatet victories. In the 13-page memorandum, an attentive reader would identify extracts from Wardrop’s reports in places where Georgia is mentioned. The report indicated that the Batum region had always hitorically been part of Georgia until it was conquered by Turkey. Curzon’s memorandum was the irt international document to label Russian action of 1801 as the annexation of Georgia; the exitence of Georgian tatehood since the pre-Chritian era was also noted as well as the role of the Georgians in the Crusade movement; Curzon also recalled submission of the Petition of Georgian People to The Hague Conference in 1907 (to which Wardrop contributed the lion’s share – B.K.), etc. While speaking about the current situation Curzon notes that as recent reports have shown, Georgia had the mot experienced government in the region, they were more civilized than their neighbours and they had European roots. They suppressed all kinds of Bolshevik activities and could ofer resitance to the Denikin propaganda operating under cover of the British adminitration of Batum.25 Wardrop changed the image of Georgia signiicantly as a result of his four months of work. By December 1919, the Georgian authorities were regarded as experienced, Batum – a hitorical part of Georgia, the Georgian people - civilized, the Foreign Secretary himself admitted that Denikin’s supporters were acting againt Georgia under the cover of the British military etc. The British authorities would pride themselves while meeting Georgian representatives that by appointing Oliver Wardrop they had announced their sympathy towards Georgia loudly. The process did not end here. Due to the retreat of Denikin’s troops and the approach of the Bolsheviks to Transcaucasia, Wardrop tarted to send reports to London on a daily basis, sometimes twice a day, demanding recognition of the independence of the Transcaucasian countries and requeting assitance for them in the form of arms and amunitions, food and credits. The result was not delayed. On January 10 1920, Lord Curzon submitted a proposal for the de facto recognition of the tates of Georgia and Azerbaijan at the Conference of Allied FO 371/3664/1015/153849/58; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 783; FO 418/54 File 1089 no. 176979 25 CAB 24/95 CP 336 24 209 Foreign Miniters in Paris and got it approved.26 Wardrop celebrated this victory. He was the irt to notify the government of Georgia about the recognition. On January 13, he informed London: “Recognition raised great patriotic demontration in Tilis. Within an hour of announcement the city was lagged, traic topped, oices, shops and factories closed. Whole garrison with cavalry and artillery marched pat my house cheering and then at the Palace, the Prime-Miniter and I witnessed a parade joined by Trade Unions and population of all classes. The Prime-Miniter and Miniter for Foreign Afairs made patriotic anti-Bolshevit and trongly pro-British speeches to an enormous crowd. I received continuous ovations during the day and was carried on the shoulders of the crowd to my motor car. The city was illuminated and there was a great pro-British demontration at the Opera followed by a banquet with numerous pro-British speeches lated from eleven p.m. yeterday till after four a.m. today…”27 A witness of the celebration dedicated to the day of recognition of independence - Maro Makashvili - noted in her private diary that a mass of people arrived at the house of Wardrop and “Mr . Oliver congratulated them and wished them a long life. He said in Georgian “Long live beloved Georgia!”28 On January 15, in his personal letter sent from Baku, Colonel Stokes, the British representative in Azerbaijan under Wardrop’s command and the latter’s replacement as High Commissioner from September 1920, wrote to him: “I do not think I can begin my letter better than by ofering you my heartiet congratulations on seeing your hopes for Georgia fulilled and on your good fortune in being in Tilis when the good news arrived.”29 Wardop himself informed his wife about his personal emotions: “This is one of the happiet days of my life… what I hoped for 30 years has come to pass…” and he did not forget his contribution to these emotions as well – “I can hardly yet fully realize the victory I have won, for I have done it to a greater degree than anybody and everybody here knows it.” Wardrop became the subject of praise of the Georgian people – “you would have been amused to see your prosaic husband the centre of so much interet”. He occupied an honorary place at the celebration banquet near the Lord-Mayor of Tilis and “for over four hours I was the object of speeches of the mot complimentary kind… Among the toats was one for you and the children. It was altogether the mot extraordinary day I have ever spent…” At the next banquet held at the municipality he was placed between the Prime-Miniter and the Patriarch and he was told that he was the liberator of the 26 Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pp. 741-742, 746-747 London 1949; FO 371/3666/1015/167947/58; FO 371/3666/1015/167875/58; FO 371/3666/1015/168506/58; FO 371/3666/1015/169174/58; FO 371.3666/1015/169118/58; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. II, pp. 796-797, London 1948; FRUS PPC, Vol 9, pp. 958-959; CAB 29/41 C. M. 1 27 FO 371/3666 File 1015 no. 172086 28 M. Makashvili – Dghiuri (The Diary), pp. 140-141, Tbilisi 2014 29 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. D. 39.9, f. 13 210 Georgian nation. As for the dinner in honor of diplomats, which was attended by the Armenian Prime-Miniter, Alexandre Khatisian he was seated between the Prime Miniters of Georgia and Armenia. He was euphoric - “If you want things very much you seem to get them even though you may have to wait a long time - and I don’t mind having had to wait 33 years for yeterday”. Wardrop received attention from both the Georgian government and female society. He wrote to his wife: “You need not be jealous if I tell you that some ladies to¬day said they had always been fond of me but that after what I had done for Georgia this week they "adored” me… All the miniters have assured me that I have only to ask for something and it will be done. I have made a success of this mission and my life has had a great triumph which no mishaps in the future can wholly detroy. I have had my day.”30 Indeed, it was a fact that he was the one who did the mot, it was he who won this battle. Despite being cut of from his family he till thought of the future of Georgia. However, he was not always totally open with the Georgians about his thoughts and actions. For example no- one knew the content of his notes and telegrams wired to the Foreign Oice. Againt the background of emotional messages sent to London, he acted diplomatically during meetings with the Miniter of Foreign Afairs of Georgia and did not let him feel his personal attitude. Furthermore, as letters praising him tarted to appear in Georgian newspapers he proteted to the authorities and requeted them to ban similar letters so as not to create the image of him as pro-Georgian and hence a biased individual which would hinder him doing his job successfully. Despite this, the Georgian people were able to realize his genuine merit and achievement. The British High Commissioner was not short of gratitude while in Georgia, especially, after the recognition of independence. After January 10 1920, he received thank-you letters in Georgian from all over Georgia, written by ordinary Georgians entitled: “Brother Oliver!”, “Mr. Oliver”, “Let me greet you not as a British person but as a son of Georgia”, etc.31 However, the Bolshevik threat was approaching. In February 1920, the British War Oice, taking advantage of Lord Curzon being on leave, made a decision to withdraw troops from Batum which would actually mean leaving the country face to face with the enemy. Immediately upon being notiied about this, the High Commissioner tated to the Foreign Oice that he would tep down if this decision was not reversed, since it contradicted his opinions and reports. Wardrop realised that if British forces left Georgia, Bolshevik occupation of the country would be inevitable and he would not be able to prevent it, thus he was prepared to put his own career at risk. He could not hide his disillusion with his own government and politicians in general in a personal letter to his wife: “You have probably heard that things are going badly with Denikin. He is evidently inished and the Bolsheviks will take what is left of the old Russia, except Transcaucasia, out of which they can be kept if the Allies, and especially Great Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 84-95 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms. Ward. D. 38.9, f. 15-19; ibid, C. 2. f. 19 30 31 211 Britain, will behave sensibly - but as you know, I have no faith in the intelligence of governments. I don’t suppose [Prime-Miniter] Lloyd George knows where the Caucasus is and even if he knows, he is, judging from a speech he made in February, incompletely informed about the political aspects of the Transcaucasian quetions. Lord Curzon, however, knows all about it and I hope his inluence may prevail over that of his colleagues – especially [War Secretary] Churchill.” 32 After returning from his holiday, Lord Curzon managed to reverse the decision and wrote a letter to the High Commissioner in which he expressed full trut in him.33 Unfortunately, the climate did not agree with Wardrop and he became ill. He wrote to his wife every day about his deteriorating health. Georgian doctors even discovered a cancerous growth on his arm and Doctor Machavariani operated on him. He was forced to apply to the Foreign Oice about tepping down, but the Foreign Oice hesitated for a long time before satisfying his requet, as it was no easy thing to ind a suitable replacement. Oliver wrote to his wife that from March 30 to April 16 1920 he could not leave the house even once as he was chained to the bed, unable to work and with such inactivity he did more harm to the Georgian independence than good. He wished to return home and then move to France after treatment and recuperation to be active there in the epicentre of international political events.34 By that time he had already gained Georgia’s recognition, British forces also remained in Batum and there was a relatively peaceful tate of afairs among the republics of Transcaucasia. As a result of eight months’ tireless work, he managed to do his very bet and had actually accomplished a large part of his mission. At the end of April, Oliver Wardrop left Georgia for good. His plan that he would assit Georgia from France in trengthening its independence was detined to fail since a whole year was required for him to recover and return to work. By this time Georgia was already occupied. His diplomacy was duly recognised. In 1922 the King awarded him the Order of Knight of the British Empire and he became Sir Oliver Wardrop. He spent the inal years of his diplomatic career (1921-1927) in Strasbourg as Consul-General. Even after that, he continued to provide assitance to Georgian acquaintances who happened to be in Britain. With the help of the Marjory Wardrop Fund, founded by him after his siter’s death, he reinvigorated Georgian tudies in Britain. He died on October 19 1948 at the age of 84. He is buried near London, at Saint Nicholas Church in Sevenoaks together with Marjory Wardrop and his wife. Beka Kobakhidze Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 148-149 FO 371/4931 File 1 no. E65 34 Oxford Bodleian Library, Special Collections’ Room, Ms.Eng.C 6824, f. 155-170 32 33 212 LETTErS TO THE WIFE, FrOM TIFLIS TO SEvENOAKS 05.09.1919-19.04.1920 TIFLIS 5.9.19 My Own Dearet, Two days ago I sent of a letter to you and then I have been kept so busy that I have not had time to begin another. On Wednesday night Gen[eral] Cory1 gave a dinner for me and I met the generals serving under him and some of his taf. The only others were the American Colonel Ha[k]ssel2 and his wife and the Melikoofs. Pss. Melikof, though only 20 years of age is quite a poet and has already sent me a little book of her lrics. We had a very pleasant evening, with the accompaniment of violin (b a really good performer called Slutsky), bass and piano. Yeterday I had a long interview with the Foreign Miniter Gegechkori and a large number of people called on me including a certain Mamuka Orbeliani who is to be attached to my mission on behalf of the Georgian War Oice; he and his wife (a member of the old royal family of Georgia) both speak English quite luently and correctly. Both Waite and Grundy3 were not very well yeterday but they are better today. I have had no trouble with m health in spite of the very trenuous time I am having and the rather trying weather. Lat night there was a dinner given to Georgian and Armenian Capitalits by my hots,4 to meet me. To-day I had a long talk with Gen[eral] Baratov, General Denikin`s representative in Transcaucasia. You may remember that he led a Russian army in Persia working in Connexion with the British in Mesopotamia. All this is very dull, but what else can I write about. My time is all spent in business of one sort or another and even my meals are a part of the day`s work. It is only when I go to bed and when I rise in the morning, till breakfat, that I have time to think of anything. I have your portrait and that of the children on my 1 Major-General George Norton Cory – Commander of 27th Division of British Black Sea (Salonika) Forces From May to September 1919. 27th Division carried out occupation of Georgia from December 1918 up to the evacuation in September 1919. Before Cory the Division was led by generals George Foretier-Walker and William Thomson. Wardrop and Cory had a short time for working together, because British High Commissioner arrived in Georgia on 30th of Augut and saw his compatriot of on 6th of September. 2 Colonel William Haskell – Allied High Commissioner to Armenia appointed by the Paris Peace Conference. 3 Assitants of Wardrop 4 Firt Wardrop and then the ones who came to replace him – Harry Luke and Colonel Stokes were living in the house of that time’s richet Georgian enterpriser Akaki Khoshtaria, which is located on Machabeli treet in Tbilisi. 213 writing table and it is a great refreshment to look at these portraits. I mut not grumble. This is the chance of my life to make a name and do important work. The diiculties seem almot insurmountable and I wish I was younger and tronger but I shall do my bet and hope for the bet and look forward to our meeting again. SATurDAy, 6 SEPT. 1919 1.45 AM I have jut returned from the dinner given in honor of General Cory. I inclose the menu: there were all sorts of Georgian dishes and during the whole dinner there were Georgian drinking songs and dances. We set in a garden in the open air. Ghambashidze5 was toatmater and translated all the speeches into English. Saturday Afternoon I have been very busy and shall not have much time to add to this letter which I am giving to Gen. Cory to take to Batum. It is very hot weather and the conditions of life generally are not very conductive to health. I mut try to get more exercise but it is diicult. Among the guets at the dinner lat night was the prime miniter of Azerbaijan (Mr. Ussubekof) and I had him opposite to me at dinner and we spoke a great deal. He is very amiable and has a sense of humor; he is more like a Weterner than an Oriental. He is very anxious for me to visit Baku as soon as possible. It was very lively at the dinner lat night and there was great enthusiasm and cordiality. When I left after one o’clock this morning our oicers and the Georgians were dancing together and they kept it up till ive o`clock, I am told. The people here are really sorry our army is leaving. Gen. Cory is coming to spend the lat hour of his tay in Tilis with me in a few minutes and I have some oicial papers to sing irt so I mut top. Dearet love to my own dear wife and to the children. Love to your Mother and Camilla6 Your O. W. TIFLIS SuNDAy NIGHT 7 SEPT 1919 My own very dearet, I have jut had dinner in my own room – the irt time I have had a meal 5 6 Davit Ghambashidze – Diplomatic Envoy of the Georgian Government to Great Britain. Camilla Collett – Siter of Oliver’s wife Margrethe Collet. 214 alone for a long time. At the risk of hurting the feelings of my hot and hotess and the guets they had invited to meet me, I allowed myself to be persuaded by Grundy and Waite to afect a press of work in order to have a ret. It is rather training to go from morning till night working or trying to be intereted and it is perhaps jut as well that I have taken one evening free. Lat night I sent by General Cory a letter for you. I fear it was very, very scrappy and dull, but knowing the circumtances under which I am living you mut excuse me. Cory spent his lat hour in Tilis with me and I drove down to the tation with him. He had a magniicent farewell. The treets were guarded by troops for the whole two miles, there were crowds of people and the Miniters were waiting for him at the tation. The former Imperial waiting room was full of lowers and those present drank his health in Champagne and said how much they regretted his departure and hoped it was only “Au revoir”; in four month during which he only spent six weeks in Tilis, he has gained the afection of the Georgians. He is a man of singular charm and certain shyness, combined with excellent military gifts and I am sorry I was not sent out sooner to work with him before his departure together I think we might have brought about a better tate of afairs. I drove back from the tation in one of my own motorcars. It is not perhaps very comfortable but the chaufeur makes it go at a ine speed and I am sorry to say he despised the municipal regulation in another way by having no tail lamp so the whitles were blown by zealous militiamen as we rushed pat and at one point we were actually topped but when it was found that it was “the English Commissioner” profuse apologies were made. I have told the chaufer he mut behave with more regard to the traic rules. I have two chaufers, two motor cars and a motor wagon for luggage. 7.09.19 This forenoon I went to see Denikin`s representative General Baratov, but as he was not in I called on m old friend Anatasia Tsereteli, member of the irt Russian revolutionary government. She is till editing the children’s` paper she has issued for the lat thirty years, though she is very old and tired looking. When she saw me she threw her arms round me as if I had been a long lot son. She lot one tepson only a short time ago, poor thing, and when she was away in the country, thieves came in and tole from her house all they could lay hands on. She complained of the shortage of food and the cot of living. I tayed with her half an hour. She is anxious to bring out a special number of her journal for the tenth anniversary of Marjory`s death and told me how she had been re-reading Marjory`s letters to her. You cannot form an idea of the way in which Marjory lives in the hearts of the Georgians. She has taken a place with their saints and every detail about her is cherished in their memory. It would seem that almot every word she spoke here 215 has been written down and remembered. My hot Khoshtaria, was telling me to-day something about his career. Ten years ago he was a working gardener in Batoum. Seven years ago he went to Persia with a capital of about ₤2000. I undertand that his present wealth is etimated at several millions terling and the house I am to take over when he leaves cots him ₤70 000. He says he was happier when he was working for two shillings a day for other people than he is now when he has princes, generals and bankers working for him, and his wife, one of the larget ladies I know, told me that she missed the days when she did all the cooking and tailoring and dressmaking and lived laboriously in Batoum or in the jungle in north Persia. She says if only her husband were well and free from business cares she would be glad to go back to the old life. They have no children, but adopted a daughter who is now at Borjom where she is going back with dolls for her to-morrow. To-day Khoshtaria`s cousin lunched with us. He is an elderly man who was in the Russian adminitration and is now pensioned. I lat saw him at Erivan where he was tationed in 1910. Both he and his wife are well known as poets. They have retired to a house of 10 rooms which they have bought for ₤200 (in our money at the present exchange) in the town of Gori. Before long I shall have to visit Armenia and Azerbaijan and I undertand that those republics will try to give me a reception as good as I got from the Georgians, so I mut look forward to a trenuous time. Grudny and Waite are going out to show themselves at the Georgian Club and I can hear the voices of guets in the garden under my balcony. Though it is barely 10 o’clock I shall slip of to bed and have a good ret in preparation for tomorrow. Goodnight my own dearet I hope to write more to-morrow. 11.9.19 My hot gave a great dinner part lat night to the Azerbaijan Prime-Miniter and his colleagues and M. Jordania, the Georgian Prime Miniter and his colleagues. There were about 40 people present and a tring band was playing the whole time. I had been doing a good deal lately and did not feel equal to taking part in the banquet, so Grundy represented me and I tayed in my own rooms at the requet of Dr. Ghambashidze,7 who says I had better take things quietly for a couple of days till I get “seasoned”. Waite has been rather the worse for the change of climate and he has also been told to lead a quiet life for a day or two. I am not ill, but only a little exhauted and as I had an excellent night`s ret. I feel quite lively to-day. When we get this house entirely into our own hands, which will I hope be 7 Doctor vakhtang Ghambashidze – elder brother of Davit Ghambashidze. He obtained his medical education in Moscow and Paris. He was in charge of Georgian Community in Exile in France from 1924-1951. 216 very soon, we shall be more comfortable and less occupied in purely social duties than we have been so far. Housekeeping has its diiculties here and we are especially grieved at the shortage of water and its very uninviting appearance; it is impossible to drink it and even bathing in it is not appetizing. All the troops have left and there are only a few oicers and others till here; they will all be out of Tilis before the end of the week. I am glad I got here before the evacuation. The weather is simply splendid and the heat is gradually diminishing. I think it is quite a good climate. Yeterday in a paper called “the Rock” the poetess Domenica Eritavi had a very charming article about Marjory. I am keeping all these to bring home for the Bodleian Library. I hear that the son of Mr. Rooker, the rector of Sevenoaks,8 is now at home and I wonder whether you have heard any of his impressions of this country where he spent several months. By this time I suppose Jamie and Andie9 have gone to school and I am wondering how they get on. I ought to send the children some potcards and I shall do so when I am able to get any worth sending. There is a good deal of political rumor loating about and people seem to think that the situation of Transcaucasia may be clearer in a few days. I am glad to say that telegrams from London are coming through much more rapidly. We had one yeterday which had been apparently only three days on the journey. It is jut a month to-day since I parted from my darling. It seems like a year! 5PM What I said about the improved telegraphic communication does not seem altogether true for I have this moment received your dear message of Aug[ut] 19 addressed to Contantinople and reading “all well dearet love”. Though late, it is welcome as the mot recent news I have of you. We have not yet heard when Gracey10 will arrive. THurSDAy 11.9.19 A bag is going to Batoum so I have no time to write more at present. I am quite well. Dearet love to my darling wife and children. Love to your mother. Your own. O.W Town in Kent, united Kingdom where there was located family house of Wardrops. James and Andrew Wardrops – elder children of Oliver Wardrop and Margrethe Collett 10 Captain Gracey – Wardrop’s representative in Erevan. 8 9 217 TIFLIS 11.9.19 My own dearet, This has been a really happy day, for jut after I had sent of m letter to you a bag of dispatches from London came in, containing your letter down to the 26th of Augut from the 19th. Earlier letters from you have not arrived yet but I am so glad to know that all was well with you as recently as 16 days ago, though I was rather uneasy to know that you were tired after moving the things into the living-room and I do hope you did not hurt yourself by doing too much. We went for quite a long motor drive this afternoon. Firt I returned the visit of M.Khatissian, the Prime Miniter of Armenia and then we tarted for Kodjori. The road was rather bad in places and the car is not very comfortable or trong, but we had no breakdown and did the 15 miles in fairly good time though we had to rise to a height of well over 4 000 feet. There were splendid, extensive views of Tilis and the country round – great bare, rugged rocks with only a small oasis here and there in the deserted landscape. On reaching Kodjori (which used to be the summer quarters of the Tilis garrison) we met by accident Gvazava11 and his wife,12 who is our friend Cherkezov`s13 niece. They would have us to tea and we spent three quarters of an hour with them and made the acquaintance of their children: Tamara, a girl of about six and Djamlet, a fair haired boy of about Andie`s age. They both speak French, Russian and Georgian luently and will begin English soon. The drive back by moonlight was ine and we got here before 8. I feel much better to-day, but I have till headache and eforts are being made to get rid of it. All the Georgians, doctors or not, pay such attention to my well-being that it is quite embarrassing. To-da I met the young American, Blake,14 who has been tudying Georgian for the lat ive years and is to lecture at the University here. He is a man of quite remarkable ability and scholarship. I undertand that he is a small farmer`s son. Waite has had a troublesome time since his arrival with a skin trouble, due apparently to the change of climate, but he is now recovering rapidly. Our hotess left early this morning so we now have our independent housekeeping, which will be simpler and more convenient. I shall try to-morrow to take in turn the quetions raised in your letter. Goodnight my Darling. Giorgi Gvazava – Georgian politician, one of the founders of National-Democratic party. Nino Cherkezishvili 13 Prince varlam Cherkezishvili – Well-known Anarchit and Georgian nationalit. 14 robert Pierpont Blake – American Orientalit, specialit of Georgian Studies, professor at university of Harvard. During 1918-1920 he was teaching Greek language and the hitory of Byzantium at Tbilisi State university. 11 12 218 12.9.19 FrIDAy 10 PM. On looking through your letter I see there are no quetions really to answer. I have written to [script cannot be deined] this evening and you should keep the luggage insurance policy, though I have not yet had any occasion to make a claim under it. I am amused to see that Lord Curzon15 now sings himself in dispatches to me “with great truth and regard”. This is a tep up for me in the oicial hierarchy. To-day the Prime Miniter of Armenia called on me and we had a long conversation; he is on a short visit to Tilis and I shall return his visit as soon as possible with Gracey who is due to arrive here to-morrow. Gracey will probably tay in Erivan. Among other visitors to-day were; a deputation of Georgian Mussulmans and the Chief Rabbi of the Georgian Jews, who have been settled here over 2000 years. We have had our irt housekeeping accounts from the Georgian male we employ. They only amount to about 650 roubles a day for the raw food and I hope we shall be able to prevent them from increasing. A box of matches cots about 5 roubles, a newspaper 3 roubles, a bottle of local mineral water 20 roubles and so on. Wait is now nearly well again, I am glad to say, and Grundy is quite it. I had a slight chill but it was nothing. “it is a long, long way to go” - Sevenoaks and my heart is always turning that way, but I try to think our separation will not be so long and that we may meet sometime about Chritmas. At present it would be very trying for you here, for many reasons. Poor Mrs. Haskell, when I saw her at Gen. Cory`s lat week, was quite pathetic; she said she saw hardly anything of her husband from morning till night and she has no female colleagues. Housekeeping is a hard business too for a foreign lady. I look forward to getting your missing letters to-morrow by Gracey. SuNDAy, 17.9.19 The missing letters (10th to 18th Aug.) arrived yeterday by Gracey and gave me great pleasure. I have read them over and over again. Many thanks… Yeterday was an intereting day. Gracey and Gen. Newcombe arrived; the latter is to do some inancial work connected with the military occupation (he is a Canadian banker I believe) and the former will probably take up his abode at Erivan as my representative. In the afternoon Bolsheviks threw bombs at a carriage containing Denikin`s representative Gen. Baratov and the ex-Commander in Chief of Georgia Gen. Odishelidze who were both wounded. A Colonel Alkhavi (whom I knew) and the chaufeurs and some passersby were killed and others 15 Lord George Nathaniel Curzon – Foreign Secretary of Great Britain (1919-1924) 219 wounded. To-day Newcombe and a certain Col. Stokes16 (formerly Military Attache in Persia) came to lunch with us. I am sending you photographs taken on the day of my arrival. The enlarged one of myself is far too big to send. It is hot again to-day and though it is Sunday I have too much to do to allow of making some personal visits as I had intended. I had such a nice long letter from the Mater of Balliol17 by yeterday’s bag. MONDAy 15.9.19 9AM. It is another beautiful day and not at all too hot. We are sending a bag to Batoum so I shall be rather busy and may not have time to write much more but I want to tell you that I am thinking of you with love all the time. Yeterday Newcomb and Col. Stokes lunched with us and told many of their military experiences in Persia, Baku etc. Gracey gave also some reminiscences of the narrow escapes he had from death and of his terrible time in the Bolshevits prison at Moscow. I am trying to get some potcards to send the children but there are not many to be had and not very suitable for the purpose. Perhaps I may be able to add a few words but if not Dearet love to my darling Margrethe, Jamie, Andie and Nino.18 Love also to your Mother and Camilla and kindet remembrances to Miss Mellbye and other friends when you write. Yours O. W. 4 PM 15.9.19 I had to pay an oicial call before lunch and as I did not ind the man in I took advantage of the opportunity to call on Olga Chavchavadze (widow of the poet) she recognized me but she is quite insane and refused to speak to me. She has in this tate for 8 years. I also called on the Bektabekovs. She cried and wanted to embrace me and they both asked many quetions about you and the children. I could only tay a few minutes. 16 Colonel Claude Bayield Stokes – Firt he was Wardrop’s representative in Erevan, but later (1920-1921) he took his and Harry Luke’s position as His Britannic Majety’s High Commissioner in Transcaucasia. 17 Balliol College of Oxford university – the place where Wardrop got his high education. 18 Nino Wardrop – younget Child of Oliver Wardrop and Margrethe Collett. 220 B this pot I am sending coloured potcards for the children and a letter to Tomy and Winnie.19 Very busy but quite cheerful O. W. TIFLIS 18.9.19 My own dearet wife, M lat letter was written on Monday the 15th and I tarted for Batum the following morning. Since then there has not been very much of interet and we have had a quitter time and have been able to make up arrears of work. It has been my intention to leave for Erivan about the middle of this week but the Armenian Miniter here trongly advised me to potpone my visit for a week or so as this is the wort malarial season there. Besides, there is a diiculty about the railway and other accommodation, so Gracey is going down irt to make things easier for me. I may perhaps pay a visit to Azerbaijan in the interval. Yeterday evening Grundy, Waite and I walked up and saw St. David’s Church which tands well above the town and we enjoyed a splendid view of Tilis in the setting sun. Chavchavadze`s monument is in the churchyard and is a very good and tateful piece of work by Georgian sculptor named Nikoladze who was a pupil of Rodin. It represents Georgia as a bronze female igure holding a bunch of laurel, in full relief on a marble ground surrounded by Byzantine ornamental border. In front of a black slab on the ground are simply the words “Ilia Chavchavadze 1837-1907”. This afternoon I had a visit from Sakhokia.20 You may remember he called on me in Brussels, at Lange`s, when we were on our wedding trip. He is now teacher of French at a grammar school here. He came to see us in Bergen on his way back to Russia after the revolution. FrIDAy 19.9.19 It is delightfully fresh and bright this morning and I am feeling very well. Yeterday afternoon I called to leave a card on the Prime miniter, M. Jordania, who is ill. Then I called on my old friend Ilia Nakashidze, a Toltoit, who was apparently overjoyed to meet me for he embraced me warmly. Then I saw Misho Machabeli, cousin of Vanno and made the acquaintance of his family; he recalled the time in (1894) when I was trying to reconcile the two Georgian parties – The Chavchavadzits and the Machamelits. Afret that I spent half an Thomas Wardrop – brother of Oliver and Marjory Wardrops. Winifred Alice Breach – wife of Thomas Wardrop 20 Tedo Sakhokia – Georgian politician, writer, ethnographer. 19 221 hour with Dr. Eliashvili who gave me an account of the attack on his house by a band of brigands a few days ago in the country and the way he kept them of. My motor car then broke down hopelessly and I had to get a cab home for help to bring it back; it will be some days at leat before it is it to use and the other car has also broken down. Ghambashidze dined with us and then tarted for Batoum to see General Cory. I hope he got through without incident, for on three successive days the train has been derailed by armed bands who are evidently working on same organized plan of foreign origin. The evident intention of these maneuvers is to discredit Georgia abroad by suggeting that she is unable to keep order now that the British troops have left; but the Government is taking very vigorous action and has already arreted about 800 Bolsheviks (motly foreigners). Gracey is arranging to leave for Erivan to-morrow afternoon. As a recontruction of the cabinet is taking place in Baku I shall potpone my visit to that city till the new government is contituted. I shall take with me a certain Col. Stokes (formerly Military Attache in Persia) whom I propose to leave there as my representative. Our hot (Khoshtaria) with his wife and a suite of servants will probably leave for England next week and you will no doubt have an opportunity of hearing news of me through him. Ghambashidze is thinking of going to London at the same time; he has done a great deal of good here during his tay and will also be very useful in London. Next Wednesday our dear Jamie and Andie will tart their schooling and at half pat seven (-9.30 British time) I shall be thinking of them and hoping they have happy and useful schooldays. 7PM. I am sitting at my writing table waiting for dinner. At my elbow I have a bunch four red roses and two white ones in a crytal vase and before me are the portraits of my darling wife and children. A few minutes ago I came in after paying a few visits. By taking fairly sound parts out of the other sick motorcar I have been able to use the one which broke down lat night. At one o`clock I was at the opening of the autumn session of the Parliament. When I appeared the whole house rose and gave me an “ovation”; the President of the Chamber made a long lattering speech about Gt. Britain and incidentally about me and this was followed by another “ovation” to which I responded by bowing as gracefully as I could. Then a decree was passed introducing martial law on the railways and the proceedings closed. I was then shown over the parliament building (I am sending a photo of it to Andie by this pot – view of the old Viceroy`s palace from the garden side) and has some conversation with my hots. This evening among those I called on was Domenica Erithavi a poetess who used to correspond with Marjory and wrote a very touching article about 222 her in a paper the other day. Also a doctor Gedevani who edited the edition of Chavchavasze of which Mme. Bektabekova sent a copy to Jamie; the doctor was busy with Rontgen ray work but left his patient to see me. I am having a fairly easy time and not overworking. I feel very well and bright. SATurDAy FOrENOON This morning I went for an hour`s walk before breakfat with Waite and Grundy. The air was delightfully fresh and it was pleasant to see all the children on their way to school. By this bag I am sending you an illutrated Georgian paper with Marjory’s portrait and mine on the irt page. Inside it you will ind a French paper giving an account of my arrival. You will remember before I left I mentioned some Consular place which might be ofered to a certain person who was expecting to go from Sevenoaks to the Caucasus. I only saw the man once, about 9 years ago, and know little of him but I am tartled to ind what everybody here who knows him (British and Georgians alike) says about him; the unanimous opinion is that he is quite unit to ill the pot and that his presence here would be disatrous. I cannot, of course, take an action on mere gossip but I do hope something may prevent him from coming. This I tell you, of course, in trict conidence for our guidance but naturally you can tell Tom and Winnie if necessary. SuNDAy 21.9.19 This morning again we went for a walk before breakfat and visited the Russian Cathedral and a modern Georgian church21 which is in good tyle but disigured by some of its decoration. As it is Sunday I have asked Grundy and Waite to ret, for they have been working late this week. We shall probably go for a walk this afternoon to the Botanical Gardens and after dinner we may go to the Georgian Club, of which we are honorary members. Gen. Harbord,22 Chief of the American General Staf, is expected here in about 10 days and his arrival may help to clear the situation. I realize that this is a critical period in my career. If I get through it satisfactorily I should enjoy having you and the children here to share my satisfaction and 21 Here is meant russian “Sobor”, which was located at the place of nowadays Parliament building on rutaveli avenue and Kashveti church in front of it. 22 General James Harbord – He was appointed as a head of the Fact Finding Mission to Armenia, which traveled all over Anatolia and Transcaucasia. reports of this mission were supposed to make American mind on taking a mandate over Armenia. There is a mitake made by Wardrop to mention him as a Chief of uS General Staf. 223 increase my success. If I fail to do well, it is of course better that you should not be here. Two or three months may pass before anything decisive happens; or, on the other hand, some change in the situation may happen suddenly. I had written this much when I was interrupted by a visit from the State Controller, Contantine Andronikof. I think I told you in a former letter how he wrote a touching account of his recollection of me 32 years ago when he was a boy of 12. He is anxious that I should go about a fortnight hence to his native province of Kakhethi to see the vintage for a day; it would be a very pleasant excursion, and useful too, for I should meet many people. But I wish to pay my oicial visits to Erivan and Baku irt. It is a curious situation for an oicial in a foreign country to be held in such affection, by people of all classes, as a person and member of a family, they come to me as they would to one of their own kinsfolk and seem to trut me implicitly. Such a position as its risks as well as advantages, but I cannot helps enjoying the feeling that I am really liked. Grundy has been busily buying carpets for his house in London and for his siter. The knowledge he is acquiring of the market will be useful to me later on if I buy any, but I have advised him that he ought to have the goods carefully disinfected before sending them home for there is a good deal of disease prevalent and carpets often carry infection. 7 PM. It is getting near dinner time and I continue again. This afternoon we drove to the Botanical Gardens and walked about there for some time. It is an attractive green spot in a deep ravine with bare brown mountains round it. There are pools with water lilies and white silver ish and many beautiful lowers and trees and bridges over a tiny tream with a tiny waterfall. We then drove through the Oriental part of the City with its picturesque winding ill-paved treets – out to a point on the Kakhetian Road where there is a large prison at the windows of which we could see Bolsheviks and other brigands in abundance. On my return the Persian Consul General called and I had a long talk with him. I fear all these scraps of news will have very little interet for you, but I like to tell you what I am doing. Will you please collect from the Georgian room (the middle of the book case on the two lower shelves) two copies each of the following books; The man in the Panther`s Skin. Visramiani Life of St. Nino The Hermit Laws of George V Liturgy of St James English-Svanetian Vocabulary And pack them up in a parcel with tring round it and send the parcel to 224 me addressed; “for favor of transmission by safe opportunity O. Wardrop” c/o Mid-Eatern Dept. “Foreign Oice. S.W.I I have been asked for these by the libraries here. None of the copies of “Visramiani” &c which I sent here in 1914 seem to have arrived. Monday forenoon 22 September The bag is jut leaving. Quite well. Bet love. O. W. TIFLIS 23.9.19 My own dearet wife, Yeterday I sent a letter to you and to-day I begin another in the reasonable hope that it may reach you in time for the anniversary of our wedding and bring you my loving thanks for the seven years of great happiness you have given me and my earnet hope that we may have many more years together with the dear children you have given me. To-morrow the boys will begin their education and I shall be with them and you in thought and wish that they may be good learners and it themselves for good work in the world. We have jut been out for a drive and paid a visit to Sion Cathedral where we saw the vine tem cross of St Nino and other relics. It is really a ine church. Though we are near the end of September it is till very hot and I am afraid you would ind the temperature trying. Even on our morning walk at 8 o`clock it is hot and I always come in perspiring. There is a good deal of work and numerous telegrams go out and come in every day. The Chancery is next to my tudy and Grundy and Waite are generally working there till after ten at night. My health is quite satisfactory and I am less troubled by headaches than I was. I take things as easily as I can. SEPT 24TH 9PM I have a fairly busy day but in the evening before dinner we took a drive in the motor car at a speed which seems to me excessive. To-day I have made arrangements for a journey to Baku next Saturday and I shall probably be back here again on the following Thursday or Friday. A few days after my return I shall go to Erivan for a short visit. We have a chance of sending a bag to Batoum to-morrow and this letter will go by it. Gen. Cory left Batoum this afternoon for Contantinople so that is the end of the army of occupation in Transcaucasia, but we till have Gen. Cooke-Collis 225 and a garrison in Batoum. I wonder if the boys are exited this evening after their irt day at school? Now I mut thank you for your letter of Aug. 30 to Sept. 1 which arrived today. I am sorry to hear you have been so tired and hope the day in bed did you good. I cannot undertand why the telegram from Contantinople took so long to reach you. Don`t worry about Winnie. She will come round again to be as she was before – or better. It is a very intereting life I am leading and, for many reasons, I am enjoying it. There may be certain risks, but I like living adventurously or even dangerously, especially here where the atmosphere is congenial. It seems as if my life was being heaped up to the brim with the things I have wished for and hardly hoped for. The friendliness of everybody surrounds me with a softness which is decidedly pleasant. Waite is going to Baku with me and I shall have quite an imposing taf of various kinds of people. Talking on Baku, I mut tell you an anecdote. A certain highly placed Allied personage was there the other day and wished to buy a carpet. He found one he liked and asked the price. The dealer demanded Rs 50 000 which was general considered to be an outrageous price. The personage was cross and had a message sent to the Azerbaijan F. O. who immediately sent down six soldiers and these began to beat the dealer till he bade them top and said his price was Rs 5 ooo. The personage found this too low a price and inally paid Rs 10 000. What do you think of that? I don’t intend to buy carpets in Baku for I fear the incident referred to above should give me an altogether unfair advantage. You mut always give my bet “hilsen”23 to your mother and Camilla if I happen to forget this in any of my letters which are general written in a great hurry. THurSDAy 25 SEPT. We have jut had breakfat and the rain is falling heavily. It began as we reached home after our morning walk and it will do good, for we have been short of water for some time. The article on Spring Rice24 was very intereting and I am glad you sent it. Yeterday some copies of the “Times”, down to Aug. 26, were lent to me. It is discouraging to see how misleading all the news about the Caucasus is. Even the answers given to quetions asked in Parliament give a wrong impression. Hilsen – regards, in Norwegian Here Wardrop might meant Cecil Spring rice – British Ambassador to uS during 1913-1918, whom he knew as a graduate of Balliol College in Oxford and then in 1890s in St. Petersburg they worked together for the British Embassy. 23 24 226 3 PM. The rain did not lat after all and we have had several hours of sunshine, but it is clouding over again. You cannot imagine how many things I have to think of and how important it is that I should think rightly about them. But I do not feel nervous or worried and this is because I know that I want to do the bet and that whatever I do or whatever happens to me you will love me all the same. It is time now close the bag so I send my dearet love to my darling wife and darling children. I shall try to telegraph for the birthdays of Nino and Andie. Your own O. Wardrop IN THE TrAIN 28.9.19 SuNDAy 8.30 AM My own dearet wife, Here I am again in the ex-Imperial train on my way to Baku, accompanied by Waite, Fariss-Bey (Azerbaijan representative in Georgia), Alshibaia (Georgian representative in Azerbaijan) and a guard of oicers and men. We hope to arrive about midday. As you will see by my writing the train is not very teady and I am afraid you will have diiculty in reading this. On my departure at 8 pm. yeterday the tate waiting room at the tation was opened for me and I was seen of by representatives of the War Oice, F.O. &c including Ghambashidze, also Grundy, who remains in Tilis. I hope to be back again by next Thursday. I am feeling very well and bright. I was awake long before dawn and was dressed at about 7, looking at the Caucasus Mountains (some snow topped) and the country generally. There are many signs of the detruction done by the Russian troops on their retreat. You may be sure I am thinking very much of you and wondering how all goes with you. It is till quite hot and it is a rare thing for the sky not to be all blue. 227 MONDAy 6 AM SEPT. 29 I arrived at Baku at 3 pm yeterday. The train took about ive hours longer than had been expected. At the tation I was received by representatives of the authorities including the Miniter for F. A. (Jafarof), the Assitant Miniter of Interior (Gen. Agabekof), the Governor and Mayor of the city &c. there was a guard of honor which I inspected on the platform to the sound of the Azerbaijan national hymn performed by a military band. The whole city was lagged in my honor. I drove with the “Mater of the Ceremonies” (Tahirof) to the house of the aged Mr. Tagirev which has been placed at my disposal by the govt. and the proprietor who acts as my hot. He is 87, was a quarryman and made out of petroleum the larget fortune in Baku. He can barely write his own name but generously endows schools for girls and other educational and philanthropic intitutions. His house, built 20 years ago, is known as “the palace” and is of great magniicence – vat rooms richly decorated in the Oriental tyle and valuable pictures (including a large one of Contantinople by Aivazovsky of which he is very proud – he has it illuminated with electric lamps from the top). My bedroom is about 20 paces long. After lunch I returned the call the Prime Miniter paid me in Tilis and had a long conversation with him at his rather bare-looking lat on the third loor of a tenement house. On my return to my quarters I was having tea when M. Ussubbekov returned my visit and sat for over an hour. He is a man of wide culture, liberal ideas, amiable manners and speaks in a very intereting and witty way. About half pat nine I was about to go to bed when I was called for and taken to the Club, probably one of the inet in the world, where in the open air I set listening to a symphony concert and conversing with Jafarof and Agabekof, who had many fascinating tories of the revolution and the Bolshevit tranny to tell. I did not reach my house till after 11. A light supper with Tagiev and Tahirof and then to bed at midnight. This morning I woke about ive and I have a long day before me, beginning with a visit to the petroleum reineries, then oicial visits and, I am told, inishing up with a banquet at which the miniters will be present. MONDAy 2.30 PM In almot half an hour I am to have lunch with a full table of people. This forenoon I drove out to the oilields of Bibi Eibat on one side of the town and to the “Black” Town were Nobel`s and other reineries are situated on the side of the town. Then I paid a round of oicial visits and had conversation with M. Jafarof, Miniter of Foreign Afairs, a very cultivated man who was one of the Mussulman leaders in the Russian State Duma. 228 TuESDAy 6 PM To-day, except for a short walk from which I have jut returned, I have been indoors all day receiving visits almot continually. It is rather tiring to keep one`s attention trained for so long and the weather is very hot. I see that (through an interruption while I was writing) I did not tell you that I had early dinner yeterday about 4 pm with the Prime Miniter, The Miniter for F. A., Miniter of Communication and Assit. Miniter for war. Afterwards I had a conversation for some time with the Prime Miniter alone. I went to bed at 10 and did not get till after 7 this morning. To-night there is to be a dinner at the Club where I am to meet all the Ministers &c – about 50 guets in all and then I leave by special train for Tilis at 11pm. To-morrow forenoon I hope to spend a couple of hours at Elizavetpol, arriving in Tilis about 8 or 9 pm. OCT. 2. 12.30 PM There is a bag leaving in a few minutes so I mut hurry. The dinner at Baku was a great success. There were speeches in my honor by the Prime Miniter, the President of Parliament and the leader of the Nationalit party. We sat in the open air on a long marble balcony looking over the city and the sea. There was an Oriental military band, another European band and a symphony concert was also given. I set between the Prime Miniter and the President of Parliament and the Miniter for F. A. and Jutice (a Socialits, by the way) were opposite. All the chief authorities and oicers were there. The all accompanied me to the tation at midnight; it was adorned with fetoons of foliage and lags. I never went through treets as fat in a motor car before. M old hot, Hadji Tagiev, also saw me of. Yeterday at about 10 we arrived at Ganja (Elizavetpol) and tayed till half pat two. Here again the tation and town were decorated. I was met by the Governor-General and all the authorities. We drove several miles and saw the town, accompanied by a cavalry escort galloping at our side. At the Mosque and the Armenian Church and the Town Hall speeches of welcome were made to me. Then we had luncheon at the Club where all the authorities were present – though it is the Mussulman fat of Mubarram when no fetivities should take place. I was assured that my visit was a hitoric event. During the afternoon there was a terriic torm of lightning, thunder and hail but I arrived safe at Tilis at 8 pm and found the tation decorated and was met by a whole crowd of people including Prince Napoleon Murat, Prince M. Orbeliani (attached to me by the War Oice) and representatives of the Minitries. I slept well and had the usual walk before breakfat. I am feeling quite well but am very busy. Hilsen to your mother, Camilla and all friends. 229 Dearet love to my darling wife and Jamie, Andie and Nino. I shall remember the 15th and try to send you a telegram. Our own O. Wardrop TIFLIS 5 OCT 1919 My own Dearet On Oct 21 sent a long letter to you about my visit to Baku and three potcards to the children. I have no letter from you later than Sept 2 and I am daily expecting news. We have had a good deal of rain during the lat few days and the weather has become much cooler. The winter sets in pretty suddenly when it begins. I am feeling very well these lat few days and I am hoping to get rid of my headache altogether. On Friday I called and saw Cherkezov`s25 nephew Ivan Cherkezov, his wife Elena (daughter of Vanno and Taso Machabeli) and their four month`s old baby boy “Misha” who is a wonderfully sociable and lovely child, though very thin and small. I also saw Nico, Elena`s brother, who is keeping a grocer`s shop in the house that used to belong to them; while the British troops were here he had a sort of café (“the cosy corner”) in the garden; it is rather a poor exitence for a ine trong young man with a university education. Yeterday an old friend of mine the priet Vasili Carbelashvili called and told so much about Church afairs, which are in a very bad tate. He is a scholar and a specialit in old church music of Georgia of which he has published a great deal from ancient manuscripts kept in his family for hundreds of years. Lat night Grundy and I went to the irt night of the Opera and saw the opera “Abesalom and Etheri” founded on an old Georgian folk tale. The music is thoroughly Georgian in character and in the second act (a wedding and coronation scene) were many Georgian dances. The seats were all occupied and we were in the diplomatic box in which the authorities have given me the bet place for the whole season of 15 performances. The tory is of a poor peasant girl who becomes a queen and is a love romance which ends tragically with the death of both heroine and hero. There were long waits between the acts and many people visited me in the rooms attached to the box. Among them was the orchetra. For want of many necessary things, such as paint and cloth and proper shoes, the scenery and cotumes were not as good as they might have been but the quality of the piece overcame these disadvantages and everybody was highly pleased The chief event at present is the lying visit of Gen. Harbord, Chief of Staf of the American army, who has come out on behalf of President Wilson to report on 25 varlam Cherkezishvili 230 Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. He is a irt class man and his visit promises to be useful. I met him in Paris on my way out here. He went to Baku lat night but will return to-morrow and I look forward to hearing his impressions, for he is coming to see me when he arrives here before going to Batoum and the Wet. Probably Ghambashidze will leave for London on the 10th and will be accompanied by M. and Mme. Khoshtaria. They will come and see you and give you news of me. I have given Tom`s address and yours to them. MONDAy 6 OCT. The Melikovs and Gen. Newcombe and Col. Stokes lunched with us yeterday. Princess Melikov informs me that I am to be an honorary member of a very select and luxurious Club of artitic, musical and literary persons which is being founded here. I don`t know why I should have this honor. I have not yet visited all the other clubs and Societies of which I am honorary member. It is decidedly cool and the sky is dull and we have a good deal of rain but is does not seem to help our water supply and the diiculties of illing the bath are a daily trial. Gen. Harbord came and had a conversation with me. I think his brief visit to Transcaucasia has done good and may help to clear the political atmosphere. He had expressed the wish to meet some Georgian ladies his opinion of whom was desired by President Wilson. So the Govt. of the Social-Democratic Republic of Georgia asked Mme. Khoshtaria at 12 to-day to arrange a tea-party for 5 o`clock. She succeeded wonderfully and there was a brilliant reception “en grange toilette” of 70 people with songs by the leading tenor of the opera (Saradjiev26) and an amateur soprano (the daughter of a Georgian General) in Georgian, French, Italian and Russian. I should be sorry to say that all the Georgian beauties were there or that all who were there were beauties, but it was a very creditable party and I feel sure that in no country in the world could such an entertainment have been organized at such short notice. Grundy and Waite have gone to the Opera to see “Eugene Oneguine” but I am having a quiet evening – reading and signing dispatches to the F. O. and preparing other dispatches for to-morrow. I am really very well and hope I shall continue to be so. 26 vano Sarajishvili – well-known Georgian tenor 231 TuESDAy, 7 OCT 1919 FOrENOON Your letter begun on Sept. 10 and ended on Sept. 14 has jut arrived. There is probably one missing, for your preceding letter reached the F. O. on Sept. 2. I am so glad to hear that all was well with you when you wrote and that you had a nice day at the Zoo. I have to-day a letter from Tozer also telling me about it. You don`t know how much I think of you and how often I look at your portrait during the day`s work. I need not tell you how eagerly I long for the time when we shall be to-gather again. Everything here is very uncertain, but there seems some prospect that the Paris Conference may deal with the quetions connected with this part of the world in November. If it can be arranged, I hope to go to Armenia at the end of this week and shall probably be away four or ive days. Love to your mother and Camilla and kindet remembrances to Aagot Mellbye when you write. Dearet love to darling Jamie, Andie and Nino and especially to my own sweet wife. O. W. TIFLIS 8 OCT. 1919 My own dearet, I sent you a letter yeterday. Did I tell you that Tozer`s letter to me had been cut open by somebody? If you ind my letters have been opened or censored will you please sent the envelopes to G. Kidson,27 Foreign Oice, and say I have asked you to do so and beg him to protect my private correspondence from being tampered with. Yeterday afternoon I called on Lisa Saginashvili, siter of Ilia Chavchavadze. It was one of the mot touching visits I have ever paid. She is over 80 but looks and speaks like a comparatively young woman. She lives by herself in the big house where I so often saw her brother. She speaks gently, clearly and it is a pleasure to hear Georgian from her lips. She said she went to Ilia`s tomb upon the hill behind St. David`s Church and whispered to him that Georgia was at lat free and she thought he mut have heard her and been happy in his grave. She cried a little when she saw me and embraced me and said now that her own dear brother was dead she looked upon me as a brother. Marjory’s portrait tood in the center of the table under Ilia`s portrait and one of Tom in Cakhetian cotume was also on her table. She is a ine type of a generation that has almot passed away. It is sad that so many of my Georgian friends are so old! 27 Sir George Kidton – Chief of Eatern Department (part of which were the Caucasian afairs) in the Foreign Oice, immediate superior of Oliver Wardrop. 232 I then went for a few minutes to see another old friend, a bookseller in a small way called Sosico Mercviladze. He also was overjoyed to see me and said sorts of nice things. It is really mot touching to be treated by many people with such afection. I had made all my plans to leave for Erivan on Friday night when a telegram came telling me that on that day Admiral de Robeck, Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean and High Commissioner at Contantinople would pay me a short unoicial visit and he has probably tarted for Batoum in his battleship the Iron Duke. I have had to potpone my visit to Armenia, but hope to go there next week. If I could get away I should like very much to go up into Dagetan and try to top the ighting there but it is impossible to spare the necessary time at present. To-day I have had visits from M. Gegechkori, the Georgian Foreign Miniter and M. Bammat the Foreign Miniter of the former Republic of the N. Caucasus. The situation is disquieting in that part of the world. This evening I have jut come in from the barber`s, where I have had my hair cut for the irt time since I left home. Alexandre Dumas complained that when he was in Tilis he had to pay Rs 3 for haircutting. Now the price is, including shampoo, is only Rs 16, which at the present rate of exchange equals about 8d. You cannot imagine how much better my health is now, though I only sleep about 6 hours and am pretty busy all day. There was probably something in the London papers about my arrival, for Miss Leslie, who used to be my Secretary in the F.O., wrote me congratulating me on the reception I had. I shall be thinking very much of you on the anniversary of our wedding day. I am indeed always thinking of you. 9 OCT. 1919 A couple of hours ago I had the great happiness of receiving your letter of the 19th-21t Sept. but there are till several from Tom and at leat one from you missing. I hope you have got the nurse from Jayne’s – that is to say if she is really good. It will be an advantage to have three though now that the bays are at school there should be less to do and you will not have a trange charwoman. Poor people you are to have cold weather so soon. It is very much cooler here but when the sun shines and it does motly, it is quite pleasant and we have not thought of ires yet. We have no ires but only central heating for the winter. It is a pity the Highgate School is so unsatisfactory. It did not trike me as being a very comfortable household. I thought you would like Carpenter`s book. He is an original person who has written “poerty” of the Whiteman type, e. g. “Towards Democracy” and other works with which Grondahl is highly pleased. He spent some years living the 233 life of a working man out in the country after having been a University Extension Lecturer in the North. He is as you would gather, very radical in his ideas of social organization and is very much respected by all the “advanced” people. I hope Jamie and Andie are enjoying “school” and getting proit from it. Don’t worry about Jamie continually asking “why”? it is the age when human curiosity and the desire for a reasonable explanation of the universe begin to manifet themselves. Your letter was very well timed to arrive on the eve of my birthday. I shall not have much time to think of such things to-morrow, but I shall quietly drink your health and I shall think of you while you are thinking of me. In spite of many anxieties and too much work I am very happy. I have had so much joy in life and so many things that I dared not hope for have been given to me – especially in connexion with home and all the great happiness of the lat seven years that you and the children have brought into my life. Among outside things, the bet perhaps is that I have come here to the Caucasus at such a period where, even in spite of myself, I am helping to make the hitory of the world among people who, in many cases, have afection for me which makes me bashful. I have got into the right groove and am reaping the work of more than 30 years. You will undertand that there are also enemies, very unscrupulous ones, to be taken into account, but I do not worry about this and pay no attention, content to leave my personal safety in other hands, for I know that all that befalls me will be for the bet and that nothing can come to me which is not permitted by Higher Power. The sun is shining brightly in the room, the door on the balcony is wide open, and the birds are hopping about twittering. But I mut go on with my work. Goodbye for the present my own darling. OCTOBEr 10.1919 Good morning Darling! The irt thing I do on my birthday is to send my love to the dearet wife in the world who will I know be sending me hers all day. It is a beautiful, sunny breezy morning and I am feeling very happy. I don’t know that I have ever had a happier birthday morning. It is only about 7 o’clock but I am dressed and bathed and waiting for cofee before going down to the tation to meet Admiral de Robeck. It will be a very busy day and I may not have much time for writing. I shall probably send this letter down to Batoum to-night. 234 OCT 11 I shall now tell you how I spent my ifty ifth birthday In spite of my requet not to give Adm. de Robeck`s visit any oicial character, the Georgians sent a guard of honor to the tation. At 10 he arrived and I brought him up here and we spent the whole forenoon chatting, he is a very ine, simple, amiable man, you know he was in command of the Fleet at the Dardanelles Expedition and received thanks of Parliament, a baronetry and £30 000. He has a Roman nose, like the Duke of Wellington and he told me he was descended from a Swedish adventurer named Fock who fought for Americas in the War of Independence and then settled down in Ireland and married and assumed the name of de Robeck from the place in Ireland where he lived. We had a luncheon party of 12 at about 1.30 pm. Present: the Admiral and his three taf oicers (Bowlby, Luke and Birkett of whom the 2 latter will remain in this ditrict for a fortnight), Waite, Grundy and I, Orbeliani and Melikov (attached to my taf), Ghambashidze, Napoleon Murat and Japaridze (liaison oicers). The lunch was very good and impressed the guets I am told. At 3 we tarted in motorcars and after inspecting a new oicer`s training school in town drove in 50 minutes to Mtskheta. At the Cathedral we were met by the priet Kapanadze (English speaking) who showed us round and by a Georgian oicer and poet named Enukidze who is guardian of the Cathedral and gave me a bouquet of wild lowers making a touching speech about Marjory and myself. The Cathedral is mot intereting and is beautifully situated in a large grassy inclosure with old battlements and high walls round it. Inside we saw some old frescoes, the tombs of the Georgian Kings (including the great Irakli) the old throne of the Kings, the tone inclosure round the holy pillar, a miniature reproduction of the Georgian Church of St. John near Jerusalem &c. then we went to the Church and Convent of Samthavro were we were shown round by the Mother Superior Baratova (nee Tsitsianova) who become a nun on the death of her husband 18 years ago and has now charge of 50 nuns and a small orphanage; she is a sweet, simple, thin faced, pretty little old woman. We saw the font where King Mirian and his Family were baptized after their conversion and the cell where Nino lived. The buildings are in a well-kept grass space with walls round it. We were entertained at a meal in the open air. On our way back a torm of lightning and rain came on but we were sheltered by the hood of the car. At 8 we dined as a party of 12 including Gegechkori (Foreign Miniter), Ramishvili (War miniter and Min. of the Interior), Gedevanov (Comr.in Chief and Assit. War Miniter). The proceedings were quite informal. At 10 we all saw the admiral of, with his guard of Punjabis. He said he had thoroughly enjoyed his visit and I feel sure he did. I was very glad to have the opportunity of making his acquaintance as we may have a good deal of work in common. My plan is now to tart for Erivan next Tuesday night and I shall probably re235 turn on Saturday or Sunday. I propose to take Grundy and the two naval oicers and to make a motor journey in the Ararat ditrict and a visit to the Catholicons of Armenia at Edchmiadzin. I am sending to-day a telegram which I hope will reach you by our wedding day and assure you of my love. I shall also try to send a telegram for Nino and Andie`s birthdays and may write them a little letter each. As for the telegrams, the chance of their speedy arrival seems rather small as the wires have been cut in several places and this frequently happens SuNDAy, 12 OCT. I have jut come upon some passages in the Bible which may interet you in connexion with the troubles of the present day and chiely Bolshevism. Look at the twelfth chapter of Zecharia and you will ind that the Jews are prophesied to become “a cup of reeling unto all the peoples round about”, “a burdensome tone for all the peoples and all that burden themselves with it shall be sere wounded“, “like a pan of ire among wood and like a torch for ire among sheaves, and they shall devour all the peoples round about on the right hands and on the left.” Could you have a better description than this of the Bolshevit movement. But there is consolation in what the prophet Joel says in his second chapter, where he tells how there will be an arm of the Lord, formed of “a great and trong people” who are to punish the bad Jews. I venture to hope the British may be “the great and trong people”. Lt. Cmr. Luke has jut been in and I have had a talk with him. He is keenly intereted in everything connected with Georgia. He is an old Oxford man from Trinity College (next door to Balliol) and was formerly chief of a ditrict in Cyprus. He is anxious to go to Erivan with me and will afterwards go to Baku. It will be useful to have him in Contantinople to advise the high commissioner in case any quetions about this part of the world come up, though I am quite independent of Contantinople and only responsible to the F. O. MONDAy 13 OCT. Another beautiful, bright, warm morning! Grundy tells me you may have diiculty in talking on Mrs. Jane`s nurse because foreigners servants are only allowed to take service with the family which brings them to England and they can only pass into the service of another family with the permission of the Minitry of Labor. So you had better enquire into this in case you should be ined for a breach of the regulations. As you wish, I am sending you some copies of “the Georgian Mail” but it is a very poor production. 236 Nothing has yet happened to prevent my journey to Armenia to-morrow. The Khoshtarias have not yet left, but say will tart this week. TuESDAy 14TH OCT. Yeterday I called on the Mikadzes. He is now Head of the Cutoms Dept. I knew him at Askhabad. His wife is a siter of our late friend Venera and has grown very like her. Her other siter is wife of Telemaque Gurieli, a very good friend of ours. Then I called on Cotia Eritavi, former Marshal of the Nobility in the Ozurgeti ditrict and saw him and his wife. They showed me their family heirlooms including gold and silver icons, old arms, embroideries and all sorts of rare things. Ghambashidze was waiting for me when I returned at 6 and I spent four hours in talk with him; he will have tarted for England before I return from Erivan. A large number of telegrams have come in and I shall be unable to write more before leaving. Dearet love to my sweet wife and children from Your own O. W. Kindet remembrances to your mother, Camilla &c. It is splendid warm weather and I hope it will lat. I have jut received from Col. Stokes copy of a photo he took at Ganja (Elisavetpol) in the garden of the Club after our luncheon there and I send it to you. ErIvAN THurSDAy 16 OCT. 1919 My own dearet, On Tuesday before leaving Tilis I closed a letter to you I was busy. As a whole bunch of telegrams (several sent from London on Oct. 4) came in. At 3 o`clock, seen of by a group of Georgian and Armenian oicials and oicers, I tarted in a special train carrying also my two motor cars. I was accompanied by Grundy, Adm. Robeck`s two oicers (Lake and Burkitt), an Armenian Colonel attached to my suite, a Georgian colonel also attached (Mamuca Orneliani) and guards and chaufeurs. We had ine views of the country and saw many traces of the devatation done by the Russian army when it abandoned the Caucasian front. You can imagine the damage that would be done by two millions of undisciplined troops. We passed the large neutral zone between Georgia and Armenia (a beautiful and fertile country) and reached Karakilis at 11 pm. Here I was welcomed in a long Armenian speech by the chief local authority who then gave us all supper in my car, including great honeycombs for which the place is famous. I spent some days at Karakilis 9 years ago. 237 On Wednesday I was up before the dawn and saw the sunrise with glorious view of Ararat and Alageraz. Here also were signs of detruction along the line. The Turks came within ive miles of Erivan. We arrived at Erivan at 11 am and were met by the President (M. Khatissian) who told me his country was grateful to me for what I had already done and said the situation changed for the better immediately after my arrival in Transcaucasia and my visit to Baku had resulted in the topping of the cruel hotilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The War Miniter then made a speech in Armenian which Gracey briely translated. The Miniters were introduced to me, also the Commander in Chief (the famous General Nazarbekof who was the hero of the Caucasian campaign), the representative of Georgia and Azerbaijan &c. I inspected the guard of honor and was told they were the only troops in Armenia who were properly clothed and equipped; the ret of the army is in rags and on the Southern front 70 % of them are ill with fever and have no medicines. The guard marched pat and I took their salute and then M. Khatissian drove with me to my Mission, a ine house the Government have placed at Gracey`s disposal, with a beautiful view of Ararat. A reception took place on our arrival there. After lunch, accompanied by the suite, consiting of six persons, paid all the necessary oicial visits and had a conversation with M. Khatissian who introduced me to his wife, beautiful Russian women. I also had a talk with Gen. Nazarbekov. You would be surprised to see in what a very modet way the ministers live – the President has rooms over and apothecary`s shop, Gen. Nazarbekov seems to live in a combined bedroom, sitting room and dining room. The Azerbaijani representative has the bet house. It was a former palace of the Khans of Erivan and is richly furnished in the Oriental tyle. It is built round a garden which a high wall and the curious colored facade was brought bodily from Tehran 130 years ago. We sat on the terrace and took tea which a tream of veiled women in bright garment came and took water from the fountain below us. The owner of the house, one Ali Khan, a very tout Tatar with a typical enormous face and chin and neck, proudly pointed out to me his little daughter of about a year old who was being carried in the wall shaded garden by availed woman. We then went by very bed roads to the Bishop`s palace and were received by him and by the Catholicos, George V, an extraordinarily handsome and able looking man with a long white beard who is taying at present for surgical treatment for tone. The view of Ararat from the terrace is one of the grandet sights in the world – with the town perched above a river and the ruins of the Tatar quarter recently detroyed and burned. We were entertained with tea, wine, grapes and had a long conversation of an intereting kind. I cannot give you an idea of the tate of afairs here. There are 200 000 absolutely detitute, almot naked refugees in this small town and its ditrict. Typhus, cholera, malaria and fever of all kinds are raging among these poor people who are lying out in the open air breathing the infected dut which the wind carries into their faces. The children pick up scraps of anything eatable they can ind in the dirt. As soon as I was in this house I saw from the balcony an emaciated, ragged, tarving man fall down dying of hunger in the treet below 238 me. The people are covered with dirt and vermin and completely hopeless and demoralized. They will sell their children for bread, which cots Rs50 a pound. The sight of such things makes one`s heart sore. There is a great deal being done and things are far better than they were a year ago, but there seems no prospect of saving these people and during the winter tens of thousands will die. I told the American government I could not enjoy any fetivities among such misery, but they begged me to be their guet at a simple meal. So we had dinner lat night at the Government guet house. All the miniters and chief military oicers were there and representatives of England, America, Russia (i. e. Denikin`s army), Georgia, Azerbaijan &c. there was one speech, in which M. Khatissian greeted all his allies and neighbors of Armenia in an equally friendly way and coupled it with my name in such a way as to avoid routing the susceptibilities of the guets. It is touching to ind how all these countries believe in the British and long to be under our protection. This morning, as usual, I was wide awake before dawn and saw the sunrise from the balcony. I was dressed a couple of hours ago and now going to breakfat with our party. I am quite well and you would be surprised to see how trong I am. Yeterday was our wedding day and I wish you had my telegram but I feel almot sure it would not reach you till long after the day. Again I think my darling wife for the joy of the lat seven years. EvENING 10.30 PM We went down to the bazars after breakfat and I bought some old silver belt buckles &c which I hope may interet you when you see them. The other members of the party bought carpets at ridiculously low prices – say ₤ 1.5 to ₤ 1.10 – each. Then we went by motor car to the Monatry of Edchmiadzin where Bishop Tirais, a friend of Coybeare`s whom I met lat time I was here, showed us over the Cathedral (originally founded in 301 AD but afterwards recontructed in the IX and X centuries and augmented in the XVII and XIX centuries), the Museum and the Library. All the valuable relics and manuscripts were unfortunately sent to Moscow “for safety” during the war and are now in the hands of the Bolsheviks; I hope they may come back again! We had lunch with two Bishops and the usual speeches of welcome were made. We returned to Erivan by 4.30 and at 5 went to be with the Khatissians and met members of the Govt. and American delegates from Paris and America. I had a long talk with the President. We went at 7.30 to the Parliament where I was greeted with a speech of welcome by the speaker and applauded by the House and public who illed the galleries. After a late dinner we are preparing to go bed as we tart to-morrow at 6. 239 DELIJAN, 17 OCT. 8PM We arrived here about 7.30 pm after a long day of which I shall try to give you some idea. Meantime I may tell you that I am intalled with my party in a very comfortable house where I was greeted in English on my arrival by a little girl of about 12 and her mother (the wife of some Armenian general, I believe) who speaks French. We are jut going to supper so I mut put of my letter till later. 18. X.19 I went to bed at half pat ten and was too tired to write more lat night but I have slept well and feel quite lively. Yeterday we had meant to leave at 6 but did not get of till 8. There were three motorcars – one for luggage which went traight to Delijan. My car had in it Gracey, Grundy and Luke and we went ahead while the other party broke down, as we afterwards heard, and they had to walk 8 miles. Our irt toppage was at Elenovka on the south side of Lake Goktcha. A cavalry escort met us some ditance outside the village and we made a triumphal entry. The villagers had put up a table with a loaf of bread and a dish of salt of which I partook. Then the local commissar gave us lunch. We tarted about 11 am along the lake following the road taken by St. Nino and St. Riphsime on their light and saw the numerous crosses by the roadside put up to mark their route. The villages were nearly all in ruins and for about 20 miles there was not an inhabited house to be seen. The lake is 6000 feet above sea level and the country is black. Some miles before reaching Novo Bayazid we were met by a deputation and then outside the town we found a detachment of cavalry and boy scouts with banners to welcome us with speeches and cheers and songs. A triumphal entry into the town amid the greetings of the whole population was followed by a banquet with numerous speeches. Then we walked to the church escorted by troops, scouts singing national songs and crowds of people. From Novo Bayazid we returned to Elenovka, picking up on the way a dying refugee. At Elenovka we found the ret of our party who had not got in till 4 o`clock. In the sunset we tarted round the wetern side of the lake, residing rapidly and getting ine views of an ancient monatery on an island. The road rises to 8 000 feet and by a zigzag descent with sharp turning goes down to 5400 feet where among beautiful woodland scenery lies the summer resort of Delijan, one of the mot attractive places you could imagine. We got in there at 7.30 pm. Received the usual welcomes and went to the house of certain General Yanalof who made the road down the mountain and is now in charge of it. His wife gave us a mot friendly reception and her daughter Mme Tea Osipof and the two grandchildren, Kitty aged 9 and Tasia aged 12 greeted us as if we were of the family. There was supper on the balcony at which the local authorities were present and I inally got to bed rather tired at 10.30. It was a mot enjoyable and intereting day and I could write pages about it but mut hurry to breakfat. 240 SuNDAy, 19TH OCT I am writing this in the train at Tilis where we arrived very early this morning. We are going to have breakfat before going to our quarters. Yeterday forenoon accompanied by the local authorities I visited the prison, two refuges for several hundred orphan children from Turkey, the lour tores (to see the sand in the lour) and then walked a couple of miles along the road among beautiful well wooded mountain scenery not unlike Gudbrandsdal and Valders.28 After lunch we tarted amid the greetings of a guard of honour and a shower of lowers was thrown into the car by women and children. The drive to Karakilis was beautiful and we arrived there in the late afternoon. The head of the American Relief29 work came and sat in my railway carriage for some time and then we tarted after dark. At Sanain we picked up a young American oicer who had been waiting for a train for two days. There are only 3 trains a week to Erivan and in the whole of Armenia there are only 22 locomotives. Mot of which are “sick” and cannot be cured for want of material. There is a good risk of railway accident but we have got here safe. I am feeling very well and the exposure to sun and wind has given me a very healthy appearance. No doubt there will be a great deal of work waiting for me. 20 Oct. 1919 There was a great deal of work waiting for me and I have been working like a galley slave since my arrival, working till my head was aching and my eyes were dim. We got into our house by breakfat time yeterday (Sunday) and I found a whole basketful of telegrams waiting for me and they were all urgent so I was at work till late at night. The only telegram that gave me joy was yours of the second of October wishing me many happy returns of my birthday and telling me you were all well. I have to be content with the knowledge that all the people who are dear to me were well 18 days ago for I have no letter later than yours of the 20th Sept. To-day I have been hard at it all the time and had a long interview with the Miniter for Foreign Afairs who called on me this evening on urgent business. I am almot glad you are not here, for if you were I should be tantalized by not being able to see anything of you and you would have nothing to keep you intereted. Besides, the sanitary conditions are not such as to make your presence desirable, for on the day when I tarted for Erivan some Bolshevik burnt down the waterworks and the town has had no water since, except what can be got from springs and wells. You can imagine what privation this is to people who like to be clean. The Bolsheviks are not numerous here and they are arreted daily whenever they are discovered, but they contrive to make themselves disagreePlaces in Norway American Committee for relief in the Near Eat – was a leading humanitarian aid actor in Armenia and Syria 28 29 241 able and the quetion of cleanliness is not any part of their program. I am meeting with discouragements and annoyances of various kinds but I am happy in the thought that I am doing what I can in the job I have liked bet of all the jobs I have had. This is the time of my life and I hope I shall make the bet of it in spite of everything. I am sending the children photographs of Delijan, which was really the only bright spot in my Armenian tour. Erivan was a nightmare and so was Novo Bayazid. I don’t like to think about the tate of afairs in Armenia and the prospects for the winter in that unfortunate country. Grundy and Waite have gone of to the telegraph oice with communications for London and I am done. I mut get back to work again though it is late. Our telegrams though oicial take so long to come and to arrive that I doubt whether it is worthwhile telegraphing for the birthdays of Nino and Andie, But I think I shall try all the same. Goodbye for the present my own dearet. WED. 22. OCT. 1919 Yeterday was a depressing, worrying day and I went to bed at 11 tired out. This morning Tom`s letter of 28-29 Sept. arrived but I have none from you. He mentions casually that Mrs. Hudson was with you when he met you on the 28th and I hope you had a pleasant time together. I am quite well but there is a good deal in the day`s work to make one tired. My absence in Armenia made an accumulation of telegrams and letters. FrIDAy NIGHT. 24 OCT. I have been busy and till am so. I may have to go north very soon, through Darial Pass. It is depressing weather and I am rather tired of things in general. This letter will be taken to Contantinople by Birkett and Luke and they promise to see it is sent on at once. Grundy`s photos of our Armenian trip are good and I hope to have prints of them ready for my next letter. I enclose a little silver cross for Nino. Dearet love to my own darling Margrethe and the children. SATurDAy, 25 OCT. 1919 You can imagine how delighted I am to have this morning your letter of Sept. 26th –Oct 5th. I was getting very tired of waiting for news. But some of your earlier 242 letters are till missing I think. Mine of Sept. 2 has I hope turned up. I sent on Sept. 11, Sept. 22. Sept. 25, Oct. 2, Oct. 7, and there may be others of which I have not kept a note. I am so glad you had a nice time with Mrs. Hudson and that by this time you will have Jonas and Maalfrid30 with you and perhaps Camilla. It would be nice if you could get Alice and in any case I hope you will ind somebody good. Poor dear! You mut have had a tiresome time with workmen in the house so long and then the outbreak of dry rot! I do hope you are feeling better now. I am looking forward to see the nice clean rooms when I come back. There is nothing to tell you. I have much to do and so have Waite and Grundy and we shall be glad of more help. Rooker has probably left by this time and I hope he is a good worker. It is a ine sunny day. To-morrow I may perhaps go out to Telavi in the motor-car. It is about 60 miles from here to the Eat in Cakheti. Dearet love to my sweet wife and Jamie, Andie, Nino. Your own O. W. TIFLIS 28.10.19 My own dearet, My lat letter to you was sent on the night of Saturday Oct. 25th. Since then I have had a good deal to think about and some of it is rather worrying. Something I do not quite in the right way or something I omit to do may mean great trouble for other people so I mut be contantly on the watch and this is tiring. Within the lat few days I have had two additions to my taf. Firt a Lieut. Stone aged 49, with a son of 19 in the Navy, who has been sent up to me from Batoum; I believe he was an accountant before the war. The other is certain Baroness Tamara Tiesenhausen, of about the same age, who helps with the typewriting; she seems very eager to do her bet, poor things. It is very hard on people pat their youth who are thus forced to earn their bread in humble ways. All the aritocracy ind it diicult to live and are glad to accept any occupation. We have tarted taking our meals indoors but it is till quite mild, warmer than it was a few days ago. Poor Waite is not well, though he is able to do his work. I think he worries a good deal about his mother and siter in Odessa and the letters from his wife seem to be delayed even more than mine from you. I am told Mme. Bektabegov is preparing a great feat for me next Sunday. There are to be 60 guets. I wish I could get out of it. Then there is talk of an excursion to Cakheti on the following Sunday which will be a very big afair too. 30 Jonas Georg Johan Collett and Maalfrid Doublaug, respectively brother and siter in law of Oliver Wardrop’s wife Margrethe 243 Besides this I am expecting to make a journey to Vladikavkaz on business very soon. It is a busy life and I long for some real ret. If only the Paris Conference would say something about this part of the world my mind would be easier. But people are growing impatient and nervous and I am always dreading they will do something desperate. I enclose letters from Walsh and Collin. Please pot them. THurSDAy 30.X.19 I sent of a telegram for Nino and Andie`s birthdays yeterday and I hope it will arrive in time. It says simply “Love Nino Andrew. Well”. This afternoon Grundy, Waite and I went for a walk to the top of the hill behind St. David`s Church, more than a thousand feet above the town. It is the irt walk of any importance that we have had since we came here and as the weather was ine and warm we greatly enjoyed it. The air on top was delightful and we had a splendid view of hundreds of miles of country – Mount Kazbek was quite clearly visible and was wonderful sight with its snow and glaciers and white snow peaks to the wet of it were also seen clearly. The great extent of the town with its very Oriental appearance and atmosphere and the river winding through the plain made a triking panorama at our feet. There is a funicular railway to the summit of the hill but it has not been working since the revolution, so we walked up by a very teep winding path. On our return I found here a young oicer named Heron Watson who travelled on the boat with us two month ago from Contantinople to Batoum and has jut arrived here on his way back from Tehran. He has gone with Waite and Grundy to the Opera to see Bizet`s “Pearl Fishers” and I am taking a quiet evening for there has been a good deal to worry me lately in connection with local politics in Transcaucasia. Nino Tsereteli, Of Sachkheri, (the siter of Taso Machabeli and Babo Bagrationi) sent me this morning from the country a large basket of grapes. Yeterday I was pretty busy but I was able to see Cherkezov`s niece Nino and her husband Gvazava who are both charming. I also went for half an hour to see Prince Napoleon Murat, who is a General in the Georgian Army and is half Georgian and half French; he is almot crippled by illness but is very lively and amiable. Ghambashidze also came in and talked about the situation and while we were at dinner Gen. Newcombe returned from Baku with intereting news; he too is rather crippled by malarial fever. I do wish the position here was easier but I fear people will be nervous till the Paris Conference does something to settle their minds. You have not sent me the promised new photographs of you and the children; perhaps they are already on the way and it will be delightful when they do come. I hope I shall see my darling wife looking quite trong in the picture and that I shall hear from you that you are cheerful and well. 244 Gambashidze, Khoshtaria and wife and Gen. Newcombe will probably all leave together early next week and you may see them in the course of next month (November). They will be able to tell you that I am looking better than I have looked for a long time. The photographs of the Armenian trip are not ready yet but I shall send them by my next letter, meantime here are three potcard views of Delijan for the children. FrIDAy, 31ST OCT. It is a beautiful warm day and I feel well and cheerful. The bag is jut being closed so I have only time to say again that you have all my love. I shall think much of darling Nino to-morrow and of Andie on Monday. Give my afectionate “hilsen” to your mother and to Joanas and Maalfrid if they are with you. It seems hard to believe that I have only been here two month. It seems like a year. A very warm kiss to my sweet wife from her O.W. TIFLIS 3 NOv. 1919 My own dearet, On Oct. 31 sent you a letter and in the evening I had a long “conference” with Gambashidze till pat midnight. Nino`s birthday was rather a troubled day for me. There were many worrying things to deal with but I thought a great deal about our darling little girl and felt the happier for it. At midday I dad a long conversation with Jordania, the Prime Miniter, who was very cordial; he is a ine man and his country owes him a great deal. I then saw the head of the American Mission about some troublesome things which we want to prevent from becoming more troublesome – quarrels between Armenians and Tatars. Then I had an interview with Ambrose,31 head of the Abkhazian Church, a learned, able and pious ecclesiatic who gave me much useful information about the ditrict of Sukhum. We had a short but lively thundertorm in the evening and I went to bed rather tired. Yeterday, Sunday, Gen. Newcombe spent the forenoon talking business and then lunch with us. He left lat night for Batoum with Gambashidze and will go to London through Contantinople arriving before the end of this month. There has been another attack on the railway by a band of brigands, probably paid by foreign persons who wish to create abroad the impression that this Ambrosi Khelaia - later Holly Patriarch of Georgia during the irt years of Bolshevik occupation (1921-1927). He proteted Bolshevik occupation to the Genua International Conference in 1922 for what he was jailed during two years. 31 245 country is unsettled. There were ive people killed and a valuable locomotive was seriously damaged. Yeterday evening at 5 we went to a “tasse de the” at the Begtabegovs. There was dancing and then supper but I was able to go away about 10. It was pleasant to meet some of the people, but you know well that “parties” are not in my line. To-day is dear Andie`s birthday and I am thinking very much of him and wishing him everything that is good. We are having a wonderful autumn weather. It was only for a couple of days that we had to take our meals indoors. It is now quite warm again and we breakfat, lunch and dine on the balcony. All this fresh air is doing me a great deal of good. M. Jordania (the Prime Miniter) came and spent about an hour with me. He is very pleasant to talk to, in spite of a slight tutter. I am now inclosing 12 photographs, motly of my trip to Armenia, and there may be some more later on if they come out. They were taken by Grundy. Our electric light is getting teadily worse and goes out altogether from time to time. I hope you have no such trouble. NOv. 4. It has been a cold, dull day and I fear the winter is beginning at lat. My trip to Vladicavkaz will not happen after all. Gen. Keyes is arriving here to-morrow morning though I told him it would suit me much better to meet him at Vladikavkaz than in Tilis. The F. O. seemed to have some idea that the road was not safe, but there is no road in this country which I would hesitate to travel by and passenger motor cars are running every day along that rout without being interfered with. NOv. 5 Keyes arrived this morning and I spent the forenoon talking with him; not too much purpose, I fear. He is going to London on leave. He and Gambashidze and Melikov and Orbeliani lunched with us and have not gone for a motor trip to see the Museum etc. We are to dine early so that they may all go to the Opera to see “Tosca” but I have no desire to see that piece. To-morrow the Georgian Govt. has invited us all to lunch at the Hotel d`Orient and in the afternoon I have to go to a party. Keyes says he will return to Batoum on Friday morning 246 NOv. 7 After all I had to go to the Opera on Wednesday night but I disliked the piece, though the acting was good and the singing fairly good. Then we went to supper at the Georgian Club and it was late before I got to bed. Yeterday was another trying day. I do hate fetivities! Some days ago I had promised to dine at 4 with Cotzia Eritavi and I culd not decently get out of it. There was 20 people there, including Gegechkori (the foreign Miniter) and other personages – all men exept the hotess and her toats and songs and guitar playing but I got away before 7. On my return here I was cheered by getting your letter of the 13th which I read through and then had to hurry and dress and go to an oicial dinner at which the Cabinet was all to have been present. But they had a special Cabinet meeting and could not come. There were however about 20 people there and Ghambashidze, as toatmater, made speeches to each of them. It was a banquet for the beneit of Keyes who had spent the afternoon in a motor trip to Mtzhet. Again I was not home till after midnight. This morning Keyes departed for Batoum at 10 p`clock and I have been busy to-day with my usual work. To-morrow I have to tart about midnight by train for Signakn thence by motor through Caketi to Telav and back from there by train arriving here on Monday forenoon. I do hope there may be a quiet time in tore after that. Now for your dear letter of October 10-12. I am glad you have found a writing desk you like and hope you will write me many letters on it. I wish I could see the sitting room with the new red curtains and you sitting by the ire. I have not a very clear idea of the room in spite of your descriptions. Though I am certainly not going to be out here two years (as Rooker suggeted) I fear the chance of my being home for Chritmas is small - unless my mission proved an absolute failure, an contingency which is quite possible. By the end of the year I hope to know something deinite about the Allied policy regarding this part of the world but at present I am greatly handicapped by the absence of any information on the subject. Under present conditions you would be miserable out here and the children could not come. I am so glad they are liking school but sorry your French teacher is so unsatisfactory. My letters to you are very, very dull and tupid. I have to scribble them rapidly when I have a little time to spare and they are a mere catalogue of events of no particular interet. I have been much better lately – chiely because the air is light and the sky is clear. The winter is never very cold here, but the diiculties of heating and lighting will no doubt be annoying. Our electric light has now topped altogether and we have to depend on candles. Please give my love to your Mother and to Camilla and to Jonas and Maalfrid who are probably with you now. Kindness remembrances to the Langes. By the way, could you send me in a letter three real poplin ties – about an inch broad all the way down and dark colors – say brown of blue or green? I 247 seem to have lot the ties I brought with me – and some of my others too I fear e. g. handkerchiefs, collars, socks. We cannot get back our washing accurately. SATurDAy, 8 NOv. I was surprised and delighted to get another letter from my dearet girl this afternoon. It is true the letter was rather old (Sep 4th-7th) but it was a very nice one. The delay was probably due to its being sent to the care of Olsham who bungled our journey out; the Mid Eatern Dept. are I think more to be depended on, or at leat I hope so. We are tarting in a few hours for our trip to Caketi but we shall be back I hope on Monday forenoon. To-day I have been very busy doing things to prevent quarrels and possibly bloodshed. If my eforts are successful I shall feel very happy. Do you remember telling me once that you had heard from some married person (I think it was Camilla) that the seventh year of married life was the mot critical? We are pat that now and may look forward to an increasing happiness together. Perhaps our involuntary separation, however hard to bear at the time, may have been good after all. I have certainly come back every time with a tronger love and I have found an increasingly loving welcome from you. I am glad you are keeping up your practicing. To-day I had a visit from Bloom the Russian Consul in Tabriz. I knew him when he was a boy in Moscow and tayed with his aunt all the time I was in 1887. His mother is till on Moscow poor thing! He is here to meet his wife and take her to Tabzir. She is a daughter of famous Scriabin the Russian composer and he is a grand-nephew of Anton Rubintein. Scriabin wrote a Nocturne for the left hand which is so diicult that he himself refused to play it in public – he was too nervous to risk mitakes. How nice to have Uncle Alf`s ailver. It is much better (if you have silver at all) to own things with associations. You have taken a long time to get the new portrait of yourself and the children. I am so anxious to have them. This morning it was almot froty and I were an overcoat for the irt time on our usual morning walk. Lat night the full moon was splendid all night and we found it welcome for we have no light but candles. It was unusually kind of the F. O. to let you know of my arrival in Batoum. As you will know by this time, I only tayed there one day. Your “thought power” will gradually increase if you are not discouraged. I am afraid mine has dwindled to nothing. I am a mere oicial machine and all my days are spent on my work of a kind. The picture you gave me of our darling Nino makes me homesick. I can imagine her and quite agree that she is a “phantom of delight” and not at all a “plain little thing with yellow hair and blue eyes”. Grundy and Waite send you their “hales’”. They are both quite well now. 248 SuNDAy 9 NOv. 3PM GurJAANI STATION I am writing this in the train while the impressions of the day are fairly fresh as I am afraid I may forget a good deal. We are loading the cars on the train and leave for Telav in a few minutes. Lat night Grundy, Waite, Orbeliani and I left Tilis before 10 pm and arrived at 3.15 am this morning at Melhavi, the junction for Signakh. We rose about 6, had breakfat and before 7 tarted in our car accompanied by an escort of cavalry. The country is beautiful and fertile and we greatly enjoyed the fresh morning air. Our escort increase as we went along and so did the interet of the inhabitants. About 10 minutes from Melvani we come to Bodbe, the burial place of St. Nino. People threw lowers into the car as we passed and where reached Convent we found a triumphal arch erected (made of foliage) and were received by the Mother Superior (a princess Vachnadze - siter of Levan Vachnadze with whom I tayed in my irt visit from Tilis and Signakh 30 years ago. The nuns in their black robes with their curious tall headdresses and veils, the girls of the convent school (all in white dresses) and the people of the neighboring village were all collected in the enclosure of the convent. The priet led me into the little church, originally built in the 4th century, and held a short service of a few minutes, praying of the servant of God Oliver and all those dear to him and the nuns sang a hymn wishing me many years of happy life. After the kissing of the Cross I was taken into the tomb I was taken into the tomb of St. Nino and Natroeshvili, an archaeologit who is also a jutice of the peace told me about the intereting points of the Church. The altar screen Is made of wood from vines and represents vines with grapes. Then the abbess showed me all over the girls` school-dormitories, class-rooms, refectory, kitchen and the work rooms where carpets, embroidery, ecclesiatical vetments and are made. She presented me with a piece of embroidery for you, an icon of Queen Tamar, and for our Nino a small icon, painted by the nuns, of her patron saint. She then gave us cofee in her apartment while a choir of nuns and schoolgirls sang hymns. The convent is sufering much for want of bread and everything else and I gave the Abbess before leaving a small present of Rs 5 000 (about £8). We also saw the large garden attached to the Convent and then loaded with lowered presented by the girls and thrown into the car and amid the shuts of the people and children left for Signakh. Wherever I walked my path was trewn with branched by the girls who made a passage for me through their midt. The views of Signakh, the lat valley of the Alazana and the snow clad range of the Caucasus beyond were magniicent. We galloped (or rather accompanied our galloping escort) into Signakh. All along the road the people greeted me and I entered the town through an arch of lower and foliage. I was met by what appeared to be the whole population headed by the authorities who made speeches of welcome and then took me to the banquet where there were speeches and songs, Among others present was thee poet Sandro Shantrashvili who recited a poem he wrote many years ago 249 in honor of Marjory. In many of the speeches touching references were made to her and one said that he could not speak of her as dead for she was alive in the hearts of the Georgian people and would live as long as Georgia lived. When we left the whole town saw us of. The trade unions, guilds and municipal bodies had their banners and girls threw lowers into the car and on the road in front of us. By a ine cornice road we went along the ridge on which the town tands in its extensive walls with towers at their gates and then zigzagged down the hill to the rich vineyards for which the ditrict is famous. I saw again the magniicent view the Alazania Valley with the snowy border of Daghetan high up in the blue sky and there in the plain was the thick foret beyond Anaga where I am sure the Sleeping Beauty of the fairy tales used to be waiting for the Prince Charming. There has been a great growth of population since I was here lat and the willages among the vineyard make an almot unbroken treet from Signakh to Telav. Though the vintage is only about half of the normal quantity the wine is of irt rate quality and the prices all very high. The people are wealthy and well nourished and well clothed and many good new houses are being built. The roads are also being greatly improved. At Gurjaani tation we took the train again and about sunset reached the tation of Telav which is a few miles from the town. We drove up the hill and found the whole population waiting. Thousands of people cheered; there was music and a speech in the market place. The school girls were all dressed in white and the whole things was very fetive. Passing through the old archway we came to the palace of King Irakli which is how a girls` grammar school. A choir of girls sang the Georgian national anthem. Flowers were presented and thrown, there were triumphal arches – in fact I can`t tell you all there was. We sat down to tea in a room with a vat balcony looking over the volley to the froty Caucasus – one of the inet views I have seen. The wife of the director of the grammar school acted as hotess – she is an Etonian and speaks English. We were seen of from Telav by the same crowds which met us and with an escort of cavalry drove to the palace of Tsinondal where the government wine cellars are. Tsinondal was the home of the Chavchavadzes and from there Shamil`s mountaineers carried of several ladies into the mountains of Daghestan and kept them prisoners for some month, My Georgian liaison oicer (Manuca Orbeliani) showed me the lime tree under which his mother was sitting as a girl when the Lesghians seized her. I also saw the ruined chapel where the famous Russian poet and dramatit Griboyedov (who was murdered in Teheran and buried in Tilis) was married to a princess Chavchavadze. The palace tands in a beautiful well wooded parck of about 20 acres and is a ine house richly furnished. When we arrived there were great torches about 20 feet high held by men to show us the way and there were bouquets presented and speeches made. The head of the etabilishment, Ramishvili, entertained a large party at dinner and I may say the vines were better than the speeches of the toatmater. About 11 o`clock we rejoined our train and moved back to Gurjaani whence, after breakfat in the railway tation, we tarted early for Tilis, arriving there at 250 1 pm. I forgot to mention that at Bakutsizkhe there was a great reception. I had tayed there 30 years ago and some of the people remembered me. WED. NOv. 12 Since my return I have been very busey but I am feeling very well. Yeterday the Norwegian Consul in Kutis, a certain Capt Konrad Sundlo, called on business. When I spoke to him in Norwegian he nearly had a it and did not quite recover enough to sat that my pronounciation was tlandsk with a trace of Bergensk. A great mass of lowers, some of those presented to me in Cakheti, adorns my room. The weather is till quite mild and we generally lunch on the balcony. It has been raining this morning. EvENING NOv. 12 Your letter of Oct. 6 sent by the business party under Beridze`s leadership reached me this afternoon and I snatch a few moments to tell you so. Many thanks for the book about Spring Rice. There are all sorts of things which keep me very busy. It does not look as if I should be home for Chritmas unless I am a failure here. I am longing to see you all and especially after all you say about the children but this is a piece of work I mut do as well as can. 12.11.19 Jut a word to say I am quite well but very, very busy. Dearet love to my darling wife and the children. “Hilsen” to your mother &c Your own O. W. TIFLIS 14.11.19 My darling wife, It is delightful to have 24 pages from you giving news of the period 16-22 October and I mot agreeably surprised to get such a budget lat night after I had closed my own letter to you. We are to have a regular messenger twice a week from Batoum in addition to the oicers who go through from London to Persia, so our communication now should be rapid and frequent. Yes! It was sad that for the irt time we could not spend the anniversary of 251 our wedding day together; but I hope the irt time will be the lat. Thanks to your sketch I can now picture the sitting room and in through I walk in often and admire the furniture, but my chief admiration is for the dear wife and children whom I picture by the ireside. I wonder whether Winnie`s aloofness was not due to the sables. Tom tells me in his letter that she had for some time been longing for furs and she may have thought we should have shared my mother`s with her. Our autumn weather is simply wonderful and I am glad to be spared s far from cold and wet. We till have luncheon on the balcony every day. Things here are in rather an uncomfortable tate on account of the relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia. We are all doing what we can to prevent any serious trouble and I hope we may be successful, but there is general nervousness, due in a great measure to foreign intrigues. The attempted “Bolshevit” outbreak in Georgia, which was also engineered with foreign money, has really helped to clear the air in this country. The Georgians are very far for sympathizing with Bolshevism and the country people are particularly opposed to anything of the kind. You will ind a few copies of the “Life of St. Nino” in the Georgian room – the lowet part of the middle section of the bookcase. They are in tif paper cover and you perhaps failed to recognize them, as the title on the cover in large letters is “Studia Biblica”. Rooker has not yet appeared but I am expecting to see him any day. Waite and Grundy are both very hardworked and will be glad of assitance. I always told you I thought Andie had in him more of the Wergeland blood than the others and it is intereting to learn that he was “fascinated” by what you told him of his great-grand-uncle. I hope he has inherited some of the bet qualities of that great man.32 How trange to think that, as “Wolf Cubs”, the boys have already come into some sort of touch with the world`s work and are itting themselves to be ighters. You asked about the old “wolf`s” work. All I can say is that I am a little more cheerful about it. And so far I have not been told of any serious mitake; but it is a slippery, teep path I am on and the slightet error of judgment may have evil consequences and cause sufering to many people. I suppose I am making local hitory to some slight extent and I only hope it will be good hitory. It is a train and I shall be glad when something happens which will make things easier and enable me to get home for a holiday, fore I feel that ive years without leave is good deal, so if the situation allows it I may try to escape quite early next year. As I told you before, it is always quite possible that a failure on my part may lead to my recall at any moment. You need not be afraid about my personal safety. The guards who accompany me on country excursions are sent to show me honor. I could go anywhere alone between the Black Sea and the Caspian without danger and the wilder the Grandmother of Oliver Wardrop’s wife Margrethe Collett was well-known Norwegian writer Camilla Collett (nee Wergeland) 1813-1895, brother of Camilla, whom about Wardrop wrote to his wife, was also well-known Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland (1808-1845). 32 252 place the better I should be received. I have read the little book on Spring Rice which you sent me as a birthday gift and I liked it, although it is rather thin. You may remember that the author, Chirol, whom I have known for many years, was very anxious to get me on the “Times” taf in the irt year of our marriage and that I did some work for that paper, of which he was formerly foreign editor. Spring Rice was one of the mot congenial spirits I ever knew and in Petersburg I saw a great deal of him. To-morrow I am invited to visit Tilis University. On Sunday I have to lunch with a party at the house of Prince Mamuca Orbeliani and his wife Elizabeth, a princess of the royal house of Georgia and now editor of “La Georgie Independante” which I send you regularly. On Sunday evening I have promised to dine “quietly” with a young American naval oicer named Bryan and his wife. 15.XI.19 This afternoon I paid a visit to the university which is a very ine large building with a beautiful situation. I visited all the collections and in the library, I saw the illutrations for Rutaveli which you will remember I was the means of saving when they were ofered for sale in London. They are now with the manuscript from which they had been cut. In a frame on the wall is a collection of some Marjory`s portraits and in a case near is the bronze mask of her which Princess Olga Chavchavadze formerly had in her house. At 2 I went for half an hour and I had tea with the small girls Tassia and Kitty and their mother and grandmother who so hospitably entertained us in Delijan. They took three days to come in a goods wagon from Karakilis to Tilis on the railway. After that I had conversation on the Armenian Tatar quetion with the American representative here and he has jut left me. Grundy and Waite are dining with the Americans so I am having a quiet evening – though mot of my evenings are quiet, for if I am not working I generally fall asleep. 16. XI.19 6.30 PM. This has been a mot encouraging day from the oicial point of view and though there may be cause for depression to-morrow I am now enjoying the consciousness that my eforts of the lat two and a half months have not been wholly in vain and that the powerful people at home are not only taking an interet in my work but are being brought round to some of my views. To make the day till happier I have actually another letter from you, as recent as Oct. 29 and this makes me very glad. It was brought by a young sub-lieu253 tenant of the naval reserve, named Lowell, whom Admiral de Robeck has sent here to help me. The lunch at the Orbelianis was quite nice and we got away about 4, which is quite decent for this country, where the meals are generally too long. We had toats, it is true, but Ghambashidze (who was toatmater) made the speeches brief. There were present: the Orbelianis and their two sons (aged 20 and 18, the latter a pianit), the Miniter of War, Interior and Education (Ramishvili), the Lord Mayor, Thaqaishvili (archaeologit and Vice President of Parlament – an old friend of mine), Varia Qipiani (formery professor in Brussels, a lady who said she was over 40 and had been “fond” of me since she was a child; this she announced unblushing to the whole company, who told me that she was very Catholic in her “fondnesses”), Nino Gelovani (the inventor of Georgian Stenograph – I saw her lat in the Duma in Pertograd in 1905), Ghambashidze and his siter-in-law, Blake (the young American Georgian Scholar), Col. Stokes, Waite, Grundy. I think that is all. 17. XI. 19. Lat night I went to dinner with the American naval oicer Bryan and his pretty and lively young wife. There were also present: Mrs. Harris (formerly secretary to Mr. Hoover,33 head of the Allied Food Control) the wife of an American oicer named Hibben34 and Colonel Stokes. Today I have been busy all the day talking. Gracey arrived from Erivan for a couple of days, also two oicers from the British taf in Batoum. In the whole things generally look a little more hopeful. I am sorry to hear that your arm is causing you trouble. Some time ago I had a sort of writer`s cramp but it has altogether disappeared and I sincerely hope yours will too. Jamie is quite right when he says “du blir bedre og bedre for hver dag som gaar”35 you may trut him not to latter. It is nice to let them learn dancing. I wish they could learn the “Lezginka”, which is very graceful and far superior to the European dances. You mut not feel cold. Can you not get some extra toves for oil if you have not enough coal? What a pity that you did not get a worktable of your dreams! You know I should like you to have round you things you are fond of. 33 Herbert Hoover - President of united States during 1929-1933. After the WW1 he was in charge of American relief Adminitration, which was providing humanitarian aid to the poor countries, among others to russia and Armenia. 34 Paxton Hibben – American diplomat, who during 1918-1923 served on a military relief commission in Armenia, visited Georgia and helped the red Cross in its eforts to rescue children during the russian famine of 1921-23. He wrote an article “The republic of Mirth” on his travel accounts to Georgia. See: “Travel”, July 1921 (vol. XXXvII, Issue 3). 35 „you become better and better with each passing day“, in Norwegian. 254 I am looking forward to the parcels you are sending by Rooker. The things you mention will be very welcome for handkerchiefs and ties are both running rather short. 18. XI. 19 The Prime Miniters of Armenia and Azerbaijan are coming to Tilis on the 20th, at my suggetion, to try and settle the dispute between their countries which has already resulted in bloodshed. If they are successful I shall be delighted to have been means of saving some lives. On the same day a certain Scott, who has been Councilor at Teheran, is passing through on his way to Cairo where he is to be Miniter. So we shall be busy that day. To-day a Major Laughton, of the Argyll Highlanders, lunched with us on his way to Teheran with a bag from Contantinople. It has been raw and cold to-day and yeterday. Ghambashidze and the Khoshtarias say they are positively leaving on Friday for England. They have been on the point of tarting for the lat two month. 20. XI. 19 This is a very busy day so I have only time to send you love and say I am well. Your Own O. W. TIFLIS, 20 NOv. 1919 My own darling wife, I have jut put into the bag a letter for you and one for Tom in which I ask him to call for a parcel I have sent to the F. O. “to be called for”. It contains the following, all of Van workmanship, jewelry bought by me in Erivan: Large silver belt, smaller silver belt, two buckles of silver, silver cross, 22 iligree tuds and ornaments, two gold earrings, with pearls and turquoises, which could be used as pendants. They are, of course, all for you, but if there are any you would prefer to give away, please do so. To-day is rather an eventful day for me. As you may have heard, Azerbaijan and Armenia, without being actually at war, have had their people ighting pretty freely in a region called Zangezur, and reports of doubtful veracity say some hundreds have been killed. I suggeted to the two Prime Miniters that if they met personally they could settle the trouble and they both accepted my suggetion at once and arrived here lat night. I had a call from M. Khatissian but have not yet seen M. Ussubbekov. Lat night I went to bed early (soon after 255 10) but Gracey and Grundy went to the Opera where “Abessalom” was being performed. They saw the two Prime Miniters there with the American Colonel Rhea.36 There was a great demontration in their honor and the orchetra played the Georgian and British national anthems. I do hope the two Prime Miniters, for both of whom I have a great regard, will come to an agreement. If they do, it will have a great efect on the Peace Conference37 and, incidentally, it will improve my position in the F. O. It is much colder and duller and we had a good deal of rain lat night but I am feeling wonderfully well and I continue to have a cold bath every morning without the leat discomfort. To-day I am telegraphing Tomy for his birthday and hope he may get the message in time. It is mot gratifying to ind how the political situation has improved since I came here, but there are till many dangers ahead and I am quite prepared for serious disappointments. This afternoon a certain Mr. Scott, whom I knew as Secretary at the Embassy in Petrograd several years ago, is coming to spend a day here on his way from Teheran to Cairo where he has been appointed as a Miniter. I wish he had come on some other day. Since writing the above I had a call from M. Ussubbekov. He promised to have a late lunch with me to-morrow at 3 and I am hoping M. Khatissian will come too. They discussed for six hours to-day without coming to any conclusions and they are to meet again to-morrow morning; I heartily hope they will agree. 21. XI. 19 Lat night at 10, Scott, accompanied by a tudent interpreter named Monypenny and an oicer of the Rajputs named Carlyle came to supper and tayed till midnight. They also had breakfat with us this morning and will leave to-morrow morning. It rained very hard lat night and this morning so I did not get my usual walk. 7 PM The lunch went of very well. It was lively and cheerful, without any toats or speeches. I had Ussubbekov on my right, Khatissian on my left and Col, Rhea opposite me with Gegechkori on his right. Others present were: Ghambashidze, 36 Colonel rhea, Deputy of Colonel Haskell. During the presence of the latter in Paris, in November 1919, Colonel rhea was acting Allied High Commissioner for Armenia. 37 Here is meant Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920), which was summarizing results of WW1, was introducing the new world order and was drawing new world map. Among many other things, Paris Peace Conference was supposed to discuss future of the former russian Empire and the tatus of newly formed republics of Transcaucasia. 256 Papajanian (President of Armenian Parlament), Gajinski (Azerbaijan Miniter of Trade) Col. Stokes, the Azerbaijan and Armenian representatives here. Zhordania was too ill to come. We were 14 in all and the party lated till about half pat ive. I am glad to say that the conversation between the Prime Miniter are taking the direction I desire and I hope they will come to a satisfactory settlements to-morrow. If they do, my position here will be improved. It is curious to think I have possibly more power than anybody between the Black Sea and the Caspian; but you know my ideas about power, and I am very sparing in using it. To-day I bought as a Chritmas present for you a curious piece of jewelry which I hope you will like. It is a cross of either Persian- Armenian or Persian-Syrian workmanship and is of some age I should think. The sketch is very rough and somewhat large than the original. It is of gold. (Follows a rough sketch of the cross). There are traces of enamel on the front, and the back is of bright emerald color enamel. The emeralds are cut lat with beveled edges and the rubies are uncut. The pearls are slightly iridescent, to the cross is attached, by a piece of wire, a chain which is not gold I think and certainly does not belong to the cross; it has on it small Roman pearls. When you get it tell me frankly what you think it is a rare kind of thing and I never saw anything of that sort. You might tell me what you think it is worth and you could ask a jeweler to value it if you like. To-day we had the central heating on but it is quite cold now. I do hope you and your Mother (to whom I send my bet “hilsen”) are not sufering from the cold English house. Ghambashidze can hardly speak on account of quinsy and bronchitis and his brother the doctor says he should go to bed for three days. But he tells me he and the Khoshtaria will deinitely leave for London to-morrow night. 22.11.19 The Scott party lunched with us and I left at 5 pm for England. Mm. Ghambashidze called with her daughter who is leaving for London to-morrow with her uncle. (It is always “to-morrow”) She seems a nice girl but not particularly Georgian looking, though rather like her father the doctor. MONDAy NIGHT 24.11.19 I resume the tory of my life from Saturday afternoon. At 6 in the evening I went to a pathetic little party at the house of Taso Tsereteli, which is also the oice of the children’s` journal “Jejili” founded by her more 257 than 30 years ago. There I met three very old ladies – Taso Tsereteli, Ekaterine Gabashvili (quite deaf – the head of a swing school for girls – a irt rate writer – she met Marjory at Mtskheta in 1894 with Ilia Chavchavadze and others), Mm. Meskhi; in all we were about a dozen including Taso`s brother and her nephew Tumanov, Secretary of the Armenian Legation here. I tayed two hours and we drank tea, ate fruits and talked of people long dead. Taso is going to publish a special number of “Jejili” for the tenth anniversary on Marjory`s death and proposes to hold a quiet requiem service on that day. I had a headache and was dull and the guets were depressed and not at ease. The Khoshtariss left with much singing shouting at 11 for Batoum and England. On Sunday morning I took things quietly, while Waite and Grundy and Gracey went to a picture sale and came back loaded with works of art which even a profane person like myself mut admit to be good. They bought pictures by such a well-known Georgian painter as Gabashvili for a few shillings apiece. At midday the event I had hoped for took place. The Prime-Miniters of Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a treaty of peace which may afect the whole future hitory of this country and Asia in general. I was not present, so I shall not igure in the ilm which was made of the proceedings, but I had been behind the scenes and I not only brought about the meeting, but suggeted the policy. I have played a good part in the episode and am satisied. At 4 o`clock a banquet was held and I enclose the menu. I set next the Prime-Miniter of Armenia and everybody who is anybody was there. Ghambashidze was toatmater and he left the same night for England. I was greeted with the greatet enthusiasm and many nice things were said about me. I was the only one of the guets at the high table (there were two other tables) who did not make a speech. I shall make no speeches for the present. My enemies think I am diabolically clever because I make no speeches. There was music both European and Oriental and we had operatic airs and duets by the bet tenor and bass from the Opera. I was very tired before we broke up, after 9. A ive hour dinner is somewhat of a trial. To-day I had a long visit from Ussubbekov, the Azerbaijan Prime Miniter. He was very nice, as he always is, and I think both he and Khatissian like me and trut me – they say so anyhow and both attribute to me the happy ending of their dispute, though I have purposely let the Americans play the “Beau role”. My old friend Aneta Chqonia, the wife of Ilia Chqonia called on me this afternoon for a quarter of an hour. She was my hotess at Kutais in 1894 and at Karaklis in 1910. Then Waite, Grundy and I went for half an hour by invitation to the tudio of Gabashvili. He is one of the bet painters here but he has sold practically everything and I saw nothing I particularly wished to own, though there were many things I admired. Grundy bought a sketch of a mulberry tree for about 15 [?...]. I then left cards on two ladies of the American Mission and came home to work till dinner. Now after dinner I have written what I have written to you. 258 You will get with this letter a translation by a young Georgian of a newspaper account of my trip in Kakheti. I also hope to send you some photographs of that episode. The potage tamps are, I am told, worth keeping. I am quite well and upon the whole my head causes much less annoyance. It is not really cold, though I sometimes feel a little chilly. It is a curious exitence when everything is really work and there is no real play. You mut think of me if you wish me well and I am sure you do or I should not feel so well as I do WED. NOv 26 Yeterday was Tom`s birthday and to-day is Marjory`s. There was not much of interet yeterday, but among the people I saw was a Georgian monk from Mt. Athos who assured me that the manuscripts there were till quite safe and he saw them only a few months ago. It is about time that I sent of this letter. Our potman comes to-morrow afternoon. My health is quite good and I sleep and eat well and headaches are less troublesome than they were. When I shut my eyes the color I see is “Madonna” blue, and that is a good sign. I do not worry, though I have plenty of excuses for doing so; you cannot imagine how easy it would be to make a fatal blunder. Please ask Tom to call at the Mid. Eatern Dept. F. O. for a small parcel which I am sending by bag. It contains the cross and chain I mentioned, the icon of St. Nino and the piece of embroidery from Bodbe. THurS. 27 NOv. The messenger has come from Batoum but he has brought nothing from you! I mut close this letter in a few minutes. Yeterday afternoon Mm. Khatissian (as charming as ever) gave a very select tea-party to celebrate the signing of the agreement with Azerbaijan. There were only about 20 there including the Georgian Foreign Miniter and the American Colonel, Grundy and I. Kh. Leaves for Erivan today. Lat night we had our hotesses from Delijan to an early dinner. The little girl evidently enjoyed it immensely. The other guets were Mrs. Bryan, a very charming young American, a certain Capt. Husick of the American army and our new recruit, Lt. Nowell who has been sent from Contantinople to help us. It is a ine mild day and I am comforted by news from London that some of my work here has been appreciated. “Hilsen” to your mother, to Jonas and Maalfrid &c and dearet love to my own sweet wife and to the children from their mot loving. O. W. P. S. what I tell you about my work here is for you (and Tom and Winnie if you like) and is not to be talked about. 259 TIFLIS 30.11.19 My own dearet, On the 27th I sent by bag a regitered letter to you and one to Tom and a parcel containing a ruby and emerald cross, an icon and a piece of embroidery. Jut before the bag was closed I put in another letter to you containing some photographs of my journey to Kakheti. On the 28th, the Abbess of Bodbe came to lunch with us and the Orbelianis were also there. It seems she is the cousin and not the siter of Levan Vachnadze; her name was Elena before she became a nun and now it is Nino. She led from home to Bodbe when she was 11 and has been there mot of the time since – that is 28 years, for she is now 39. Yeterday was rather a busy day for me as there is some nervousness again about the political situation so I was at home nearly all the time seeing people. There was a concert at half pat ten lat night in aid of Armenian wounded soldiers and I had tickets, but I did not go and sent Grundy and Waite intead; they did not get back till about 4 this morning. There is nothing but work, so many letters mut be dull. Still no news of Rooker. Weather till mild and bright. It will probably be Chritmas before this reaches you. I send you all my bet love and hope you will have a very happy time together and think of me in my loneliness. It seems such a long time since I had news of you. If you ever think my letters are far behind and want to know whether I am well you could always ask the Mid. Eatern Dept. the date of my lat telegram to them, for I telegraph every day almot. TuESDAy, 2 DEC. Still no news from you. I heard that the boat with our letters is detained at Contantinople for lack of coal. On Sunday I went for an hour to tea with the Diasamidze family, the doctor and his wife and two daughters and Gigo and his daughter and Ghambashidze’s doctor brother and his wife &c. I went to bed early. Yeterday Gigo Diasamidze came about the quetion of holding a requiem service next Sunday on the tenth anniversary of Marjory`s death. I told him I would much rather have no public commemoration. His aunt, Taso Tsereteli, will bring out a special number of her children`s journal, to appear about Xmas Time with a memoir &c. Lat night I went to tea with the representative of Gen. Denikin, whose wife is a niece of Ilia Chavchavadze. I met several people I had not seen for many years, including Nino Choloqaeva who used to be a great beauty, but is now a poor old lady of over 80. Among others was a Persian Prince, Mirza Riza Khan, 260 whom I mentioned in my lat letter I think; he used to be Persian Ambassador in Contantinople. Doolittle, the American Consul, whom you know, was also there. I got away at 11 before supper. This morning we had 16 telegrams (some very long) to deal with and a whole mass of local correspondence. I feel snowed up. Some of the telegrams were sent from London on Nov. 12; Consul Sandlo came to lunch to-day and Grundy and I talked “Norsk” to him. He is leaving in a few days for Norway and I have given him a letter for Camilla but I doubt whether it will be in time for the New Year. I have jut had an interview with some Mussulmen and I mut get through some work before an early dinner for we are going to-night to the Opera to see the 25th performance of “Abesalom and Etheri”; it is the beneit night of Paliashvili, the composer of the Opera and I should like to be there. WEDNESDAy, 3 DEC. 9.30 PM I went to the Opera lat night and enjoyed it very much. Each time I see the piece (“Abesalon and Etheri”) I like it better. With a irt class orchetra, singers and scenery it might be an enormous success in London if the public were prepared for it, but I know the prejudices of my people and think it quite possible the critics would not appreciate the trange beauty of Oriental music. To-morrow our potman will come and there is a very poor letter to send you, but I am really driven hard by work. I have jut got through a whole basketful to-day and have not been out of the house since breakfat. It is a chilly and we have no fuel, so I am sitting in my fur-coat. There has been some consolations to-day. Tamara, the daughter of Nino Tsereteli, came with Mm. Zhuruli to thank me on her mother`s behalf for getting news of her lot brother in France, Nico, about whom the Cherkezovs had telegraphed. She was not much more than Andie`s age when I saw her lat. Then Blake, the American Scholar who has specialized in Georgian, came to introduce his Russian iancée, who is working at Georgian art – Miniatures, architecture &c. He is a ine handsome trong, tall young man (about the height of Jonas) and singularly attractive. It would be nice if I had the time to do the things I like and see more of congenial people, but I have to subordinate everything to work. Still, it is easier, now that I am getting some encouragement. It began with F. O. “approval” then “entire approval” and now it has reached the point where my services are described as “remarkable success…” &c and De Robeck takes the trouble to telegraph me congratulations (for the second time) on something I have done – quite an usual thing on the part of a colleague and a proof that our one day together has inspires him with friendly feelings. But as I told you before, I think, it is slippery ground I am walking on and teep uphill all the way. To-morrow I may get a telegram from London telling me 261 in more or less polite oicial terms that I am a doddering imbecile, or words to that efects. Human beings and collections of human beings under governments and members of governments themselves under such conditions as those of the present moment, and in this particular region, are all capable of doing things which bale foresight and set reason at deiance. Mirza Reza Khan looked over some Persian Mss. I got hold of the other day and was much intereted in them. They are nearly all illutrated or illuminated and one illumination (at the beginning of Firdusi`s “Shah Nameh”) is he says of quite extraordinary merit and of more value than the whole of the ret of the Ms. He is a collector himself so he ought to know. One curious thing I got was a Ms. Manual of Mussulman devotion, a sort of prayer Book. In which the artit (perhaps ignorant of the language – Arabic) had inserted pictures quite inconsitent with the text. I got a whole lot – about a dozen mss. – For very little. Grundy bought a beautiful dagger of Persian work the other day with a inely carved ivory handle; he has been very fortunate in his purchases and spends nearly all his leisure frequenting the shops and going to the Opera where he is again to-night with Waite. Waite is fond of music but is rather tired I think of Opera going. It is getting near Chritmas and I rather dread the loneliness. I shall try think of you whenever I feel less cheerful than I could wish and try and imagine what you darlings are doing and whether you sometimes wish I was sitting at the ireside with you. But I mut get back to work – this is the harvet time of my life and I mut make the mot of it. I do not grumble that the road is all uphill and may be so till the end, but it ought to be up for I do not want to go down. DEC. 4 The bag is about to close and I am overwhelmed with troublesome work so I have only time to say that I am quite well and that I send my bet love to my darling wife and children. O. W. Still no letter from you later than October. HMS “CALPySO” NEAr BATOuM 2 JANuAry 1920 My own dearet, The New Year is well begun and this is the irt letter I have written in 1920. My lat was left in Tilis on the night of my departure to be sent to you by the next bag. It was a cold moonlight drive to the tation. We left by special Train (very 262 comfortable, with a bathroom and a drawing room and two bedroom) at midnight and I slept well. At half pat ten next morning we were in Batoum and the Georgian Consul and certain chief of the Mussulmann population were waiting in the rain (It nearly always rains in Batoum) to welcome me. A few minutes later Gen. Cooke-Collis, the Military Governor arrived and drove me in his motor-car to the pier where a boat was waiting to take me on board the cruiser. Stevens, the consul, came and visited me add we sailed at 3 in the afternoon. The weather had been rather windy but soon improved and we have had a smooth sea for the whole voyage. It is 252 miles from Batoum to Novorossiysk and we went slowly i. e. about 15 knots an hour (we could have done 27) so as to arrive at a decent hour. I shall have travelled over 1000 miles by the time I get back to Tilis to-morrow morning. The sea air and the net have done me much good and I have not sufered from headache since I came on board. At 8 we were in the port of Novorossiysk at 10 the battleship "Marlborough" anchored outside and sent a boat for me. I spent the day there talking with Mackinder38 and on my return to "Calypso" we sailed again at 6 and here we are nearly back in Batoum. To-night I hope to tart by train arri¬ving at Tilis to-morrow, Saturday, morning at Breakfat time. There is sure to be plenty of work waiting for me when I get back. It is a trenuous life, but I enjoy it on the whole and I should like to make a success of this the mot important piece of work I have ever had. You know where my personal inclinations would lead me – it is a quiet home life that I love better than anything but I mut sacri¬ice these months as I have sacriiced others during the war. I had jut written the above when I was called out on deck to see the dropping of a depth-charge, which as you know is full of powerful explosives and used in war for blowing up submarines. It was quite a "bang” and there was a big mass of water thrown into the air within a hundred yards of us. We went back to see if any ishes had been killed but found none. It is a pleasant experience to be an idle person on a warship where everybody else has his work to do. Lat night there was lashlight practice and the waves looked beautifully bright emerald and I suppose the mountaineers on the coat were intereted when the blaze of electricity came upon them. The thing I am looking forward to with the greatet pleasure is the getting of a letter from you on my arrival in Tilis. I hope I shall not be disappointed. The Captain of this ship, Gerald Seymour, is a very pleasant companion. He was married lat June and had only a few weeks with his wife when he was ordered abroad. She is now on her way to Malta and he says that he does not expect to be able to be with her more than a few weeks during the next year. So you see I am more fortunate than some people. A sailor’s wife mut have a lonely time. 38 Sir Harford Mackinder – British High Commissioner for South russia 263 TIFLIS SuNDAy, 4 JAN. 1920 My own dearet girl in the world, Before leaving Batoum at 10pm on Friday I handed to Consul Stevens an uninished left for you as I thought it would reach you much earlier than if I brought it to Tilis and continued it. I also sent you one from Tilis on my departure on Dec 30. The journey from Batoum was not very comfortable as we had no bedding or proper beds and the washing &c arrangements were very uninviting. It was the carriage of the French Mission and very diferent from the one I generally have. On arrival here I was met at the tation by Grundy end Gracey at 11.30am yeterday. I congratulated the latter on his D.S.O. (Ditinguished Service Order conferred only on oicers of the army) which was given him for bravery in the Northern Caucasus before his capture by the Bolsheviks. He had not heard of this honor and seems to be pleased. I found the house cold, for the hot water arrangements had gone wrong, but were repaired in the evening. The Miniter for Foreign Afairs urgently asked for an inter¬view and I was pretty busy. This morning I had a good walk in the froty air before breakfat and felt the better for it as I had been rather worried and wakeful during the night on account of public afairs. We had the Chaplain here at 11 and about 20 people came to the Service. The Chaplain lunched with us, also a young oi¬cer who has been here a year and is leaving to-night for Bombay to take up an engineering appointment. I gave him a short letter to the Bishop of that at place — Palmor, who was at Balliol with me and whom I had met in London lat summer. We are becoming quite an Oxford set, for besides Grundy and me, there is Rooker who was at Balliol and Major Daly who was at University College and another Balliol man, Lefroy, is demobilized and is coming to tart business. I met him at Batoum the afternoon I was there, at Steven's. I don't think I told you about my return to Batoum — we got in at about 11 — the sea was like a pond. I lunched on board the "Calypso” and then went to Stevens's and had tea with him and his siter and two French ladies and an English lady and the Military Governor, General Cooke-Collis. In the evening I dined with the military oicers of the adminitration, including the general, and we left Batoum at 10 o'clock. This afternoon I called and had tea with the Dadianis, the English speaking family I mentioned before. There were several other guets and I tayed more than half an hour and now I am home again writing to you. During my absence Grundy bought two Isfahan carpets of an extraordinarily ine kind. I saw one of them before I left and gave him a price limit which he has exceeded somewhat. They are wonderful and I think you will like the one I have sent of on its journey to-day, to be sent by ship to Liverpool. You will have no trouble about it for Colonel Ridgway will go to Liverpool and fetch it and bring it 264 to London. You might get it by the beginning of February as a present from me. It cot about £120 but experts tell me it would bring anything in London. It is of a kind called "muhabet" (love) made for very special occasions. Experts say it is good enough to be kept under glass and, of course, too good to be trodden on by dirty boots. The dealer ofered £25 to annul the bargain after it was made. It is dinner time, so I mut top for the present. A journal called "Theatre and Life" of which I send you two copies, has an article describing the visit of my mother, father Marjory and Tom to Ilia Chavchevadze's country house in 1896. It is headed Oliver Wardrop's visit &c. This is the second time I have been mitaken for Tom in such articles and many people have his portrait thinking it’s mine. I send two copies if the paper - one for Tom, who may like to see his portrait. MONDAy 3PM The bag has to be closed earlier than I expected so I have only time for a few words. I am quite well and as busy as usual. It was a great disappointment to have nothing from you by the potman and I cannot undertand it. This morning was as mild as spring and with sunshine but now the sky is overcat. I am sending a potcard to Nino. It is diicult to get anything that is good but I shall try to ind some for the boys for next bag. Goodbye for the present my own darling. I do hope I may have news of you soon. Your own O. W. TIFLIS 5 JANuAry 1920 My very dearet, I had closed and sent of a letter to you this afternoon and went out for an hour to tea at the house of the Armenian repre¬sentative here. On my return I found to my surprise a whole bundle from England and nobody seems to know who brought it. It included Fisher’s book, three ties, a dozen handkerchiefs, a large portrait of Andie, and three potcard photos of the children one of them with your dear, dear self in it. There were letters from Parn Cottage but none from you and I am so sorry to have to wait till for news of you. It is a comfort to have the portraits though I am longing for a letter from you. There is a great deal of interet in the Bolshevit advance in South Russia 265 and I am trying to keep people from being too anxious about it, but rather to use their energy in pre¬paring to resit any outside attack. It is after dinner and Grundy and Gracey have gone to the Opera with Rooker and an Irish friend of his, named Lefroy, who formerly served in the army out here and has now come on business of a commercial kind, have gone to pay a visit. I am enjoying the home atmosphere your parcels have brought me. The tea-party to-day at the Evangulofs was quite pleasant and there were only a few people there, sitting in front of a big open ireplace with large logs crackling and blazing. Mm. Evangulof and her daughter speak English perfectly and the latter at the age of 10 published in England a tory tran¬slated from the French which she has given to me with her autograph in a prettily bound gilt edged edition. She is only about 17 and wants to go to Oxford for her education as soon as possible. We are to have conferences of Armenians, Georgians and Azerbaijanis here in a few days and the progress of events may make them very important. I till take an optimitic view and hope I shall always do so, whatever happens. It is comforting to believe, as I do, that anything which has already happened was meant to happen and mut have happened and that we should make the bet of it. My poor darling looks rather thin in the photograph and Tozer tells me in his letter that you seemed worried at the thought of my absence being prolonged. I hardly think, how-ever that I shall be separated from you later than next Easter and it is quite possible I may be with you by Valentine’s Day. In any case, I cannot desert my pot while my presence here may be useful and may actually save human lives. I am atonished to see how our children have advanced even in the short time which has passed since I left home. Jamie especially looks so grown up and Nino, in the group with you. 7 JAN. MIDDAy Yeterday I could not write anything as I was busy all the time. Events in South Russia are having a great efect here. On Monday night quite late I suddenly thought of looking through all the presents you had sent to see if I could not ind a letter from you and I was delighted to discover your dear letter of the 6th—9th Dec. and your mother's in the book she gave me. Luckily Waite has some marking ink so when I have time I shall mark the handkerchiefs. Even those which are marked are very often lot in the washing and I was much reduced, so your present was very welcome. I think the small potcard portraits are even better than the large ones. How it is that Andie has the ditinc¬tion of a separate picture? 266 If the Cherkezovs are till in England please thank them for their letter to me and say I have not replied because I thought they were coming out here and my letter would not reach them. Nino Tseretheli was delighted to hear of her son’s safety. We have had no snow as yet and the weather is motly bright and not too cold. I am inclosing a letter from Brocard and I think you may ind the long quotation at the end of it intereting and it will give you practice in reading French. This afternoon I went out to the wedding of the American Georgian scholar Blake with a Russian lady. The singing was very beautiful and I enjoyed it. You may know that during quite a long time during the service crowns are held over the heads of the bride and bridegroom by friends tanding behind them. The bride only came up to Blake’s shoulder and it could not have been diicult for her assis¬tant to hold the crown, but I pitied the man behind Blake, who is a giant. Stokes has come up from Baku to discuss the situation so I mut top. 8 JAN 1920 It is one of the busiet days I have had and I can only spare a few minutes and have no time to write to Tom or Winnie and John, as I had hoped to do by this pot. All sorts of things are happening or may happen, but by doing one thing at a time I manage to get through the days somehow without worrying overmuch. The sunshine helps to make life tolerable. The critical period of my career here may lat for some time or it may be very short. I can only try to do my bet and be as optimitic as the circumtances permit. I am loving you all more than ever and looking forward so eagerly to the time when we shall be together again Your own, O. W. TIFLIS SuNDAy, 11 JAN. 1920 My own Darling, When I woke this morning I was thinking of the prophecy: "The relations between Mr. and Mrs. Wardrop will become more and more harmonious" and I noted with amusement that the number of words was 13, my favorite number. All sorts of intereting, but not particularly amusing things are happening and we never know what will come next. I am kept very busy. To-day I went for a short time to the celebration at the Opera House of Taso Tseretheli's 30 years editorship of the children's journal "Jejili". She and the other 267 old ladies seemed pleased to see me. The theatre was full of children and there were crowds of them on the tage, acting and sing¬ing and dancing in pretty national cotumes. It was all very cheerful and pleasant and I should have liked to be able to tay longer. I am sending you the latet number of “Jejili" with two articles about Marjory. The Bryans are leaving and I have promised to dine with them to-night at 8. By this bag I am sending a letter to Tom inclosing another lease. Will you please ask him to call at the Mid. Eat Department, Foreign Oice, for it? This morning the head of the Greek Mission, Dr. Stavridakis, a trong looking man, of about 30 I should think, died of pneu¬monia very suddenly. I have to go to the funeral service to-morrow. There is a great deal of illness of that kind in Armenia jut now and Tilis is not very healthy either. MONDAy 12 JAN. This is one of the happiet days of my life. I have jut returned from a visit to the Prime-Miniter and the Miniter of Foreign Afairs. I told them the Allies recognized the de facto Government of Georgia and Azerbaijan. What I have hoped for 30 years has come to pass. We are sending out invi¬tations to the Cabinet and the representatives of the Allies to join in a banquet to celebrate the event on the l4th of January, which is St. Nino's Day. My lag is lying from the balcony for the irt time. The church bells are ringing. The whole town is making holiday and all the government oice, banks &c. have closed. I had written so far when, at midday, I had to go to the funeral ceremony of the Greek representative. He had occupied the house where Gen. Cory lived and his coin was in the room where I had enjoyed a pleasant evening lat time I dined there. The service was rather long and was followed by afecting speeches, and many tears were shed by the Greeks. Jordania, Gegechkori and other Georgian miniters were there and there was a large guard of honor with artillery. I walked after the coin for some ditance, to the sound of that beautiful hymn “Kol Slaven", and then came home. There will be a busy time for the next few days, but I suppose we shall get through without being any the worse. The activity of the Bolsheviks and the anxiety about the food supplies are the chief quetions that are occupying oicial minds. You mut forgive me if this letter is even more dis¬jointed than usual. I can hardly yet fully realize the victory I have won, for I have done it to a greater degree than anybody and everybody here knows it. Lat night I went to dinner with the Bryans. We were 28, nearly all British and Americans, and Bryan, Waite, Grundy and Nowell appeared in Circassian Cotume. It was a very gay evening and they danced till after midnight. A young American oicer announced his engagement to a young Belgian lady in the American Service whom he has only known 6 days! What do you think of that for imprudence? Don’t you believe in long engagements? 268 AFTEr LuNCH I am sitting in my room waiting - here I was interrupted, for the irt deputation came singing and shouting, with banners, to make a demontration outside the house. I had to appear on the balcony and liten to a speech on behalf of the school teachers. They are till cheering in the treet out¬side. I want you to know, dearet, that I am thinking of you all the time and loving you so dearly. When I look every morning and evening at your portrait by my bedside I get trength from the sight of your true, clear look and I ind the same frank, traight gaze in all the children. The pot bag will soon close, so I mut top. You are the dearet one in the world for your contant, ardent lover and devoted husband 0. Wardrop TIFLIS, 12 JAN. 1920 My own Dearet, I sent you a letter yeterday and also one to Tom, in¬closing a lease, to be called for at the F.O. and I now re¬sume my narrative. Hardly had I returned from the funeral service for Dr. Stavridakis when demontrations began to take place and I had to appear on the balcony and show myself to cheering crowds. The whole garrison of Tilis, with cavalry and artillery, marched pat my house and then marched pat the palace of the Government where I tood on the balcony with Jordania (Prime-Miniter). The workmen and workwomen and the population gene¬rally joined in the demontration and I never saw such an enor¬mous and well behaved crowd. Jordania and Gegechkori made very patriotic and pro-British speeches and referred to me in mot lattering terms. I have been cheered all day and when I went out through the crowd they lifted me on their shoulders and carried me down the treet to my motor-car amid the wildet enthusiasm, you would have been amused to see your prosaic husband in the center of so much interet. 13 JAN 1920 We had to go to the Opera, where "Abesalom and Etheri" (I enclose programme) was subtituted for another piece (also Georgian but rather frivolous) at very short notice. When we arrived, the curtain rose showing one of the prima-donnas en¬throned as Georgia high above the tage and surrounded by the whole troupe. The national anthem was played several times and there were tormy ovations in my honor with much playing of the British national anthem. The Prime-Miniter, Miniter for Foreign Afairs &c. came to our box and Cham269 pagne was served between the acts. After the opera we were taken to the Georgian Club where an enormous banquet was served till about midnight. I was received with music and left amid a fanfare of long brass clarions and for over four hours I was the object of speeches of the mot complimentary kind and had the seat of honor next the ’’Lord Mayor” who was chairman. There were three bands, a choir of Kakhethians who sang folk-songs beau¬tifully, and the bet dancers in Tilis performed the mot wonderful dances. Among the toats was one for you and the children. It was altogether the mot extraordinary day I have ever spent. It reminded me of that song of Winnie’s which I used to call ’’the one about the dog” and I might well say, as she sings, that whatever happens ”I shall have had my day”. If you want things very much you seem to get them though you may have to wait a long time - and I don’t mind having had to wait 33 years for yeterday; the main thing is really to want something worth having. I was rather tired when I went to bed about 5 am this mor¬ning but when I was called at 8 I got up without diiculty and Grundy, Waite and I went out for cutomary walk in the sunshine before breakfat. After a busy morning I went to greet M. Khatissian who had arrived a few minutes before from Erivan and we drove together to the Palace where there was a reception by Jordania to receive congratulations on the recognition of Georgia’s independence. I forgot to tell you that yeterday when the news came all the church bells were set ringing and the Catholics held a Te Deum at the Sion Cathedral at which I should have liked to be present. 6 PM. M.Khatissian came in the afternoon and we had a long talk about current afairs. I have been pretty busy all day and am snatching a few minutes to write to you before preparing for an early dinner, after which I have to go to a special meeting of the municipality at 8 and then at 9.30 to a party at the Dadianis. It mut seem trange to hear that I who could never be induced to go anywhere without the tronget compulsion am living such a social life. The thought of you is such a support and comfort to me. I am longing for you so much and think recent events make it more probable that my dreams of coming home at Eater may come true. 14 JAN. This is the Orthodox New Year's Day and it is warm and bright as usual. Though I did not get to bed till 2 this mor¬ning I had my usual morning walk. Lat night there was a special sitting of the Municipality to celebrate Georgian Independence. Many speeches were made and the Town Hall was brilliantly illuminated. The guets of honor were: The Catholicos, the Georgian Prime-Min270 iter, Foreign Miniter, Miniter of the Interior &c. Prime-Miniter of Armenia, representatives of Allies. I sat between the irt two named. There was a tanding up supper afterwards and our health was drunk and then I escaped about 10 and went to a New Year's party at the Dadianis where there was a very large gath¬ering. The young people performed some plays in Georgian and Russian, and then there was dancing and supper at midnight. I was the guet of the evening and my health was drunk with great, enthusiasm. Juruli made a short speech in which he quoted from Pushkin something about the man who freed a small bird from a snare being a benefactor and said that by my work I had liberated a whole nation. I got away about half pat one. Now I mut get ready to go to the special sitting of Parliament hour hence (1pm) and to-night we have our big dinner here. JAN.15. 2AM My guets have jut left and I continue my letter before going to bed. The sitting of the Parliament lated 3 hours and was very "fetlig”.39 The greatet sensation was Chkhenkeli's speech about Marjory's funeral; it electriied the whole assembly and they rose and tood silent for some time and I felt much more than I can tell. Jordania made an eloquent speech and the whole of the proceedings was photographed and "ilmed”. Here again I was in a position, uncomfortable for a person like me, of being the center. I have such a position, not only in Georgia but in Azerbaijan and Armenia that I could do what I liked. A late lunch at 4 and then a short ret and work till 8 when I dressed (in uniform with my decorations) and received the 30 guets for dinner. All the Georgian cabinet came and I had Jordania on my right and the Armenian Prime Miniter on my left with the Georgian Foreign Miniter on his left, followed by the French representative; on Jordania's right was Velikof the Azerbaijan agent. Opposite me were the representatives of Persia, Greece and Poland. At the linger tables, at right angles to my table, were the remaining guets, Georgian Miniters, Armenian reproves, generals &c. I gave only three toats; the King, Transcaucasia and the Allies, and I spoke briely. At the end of the dinner Jordania proposed my health and told of our early meetings in Geneva and Chislehurt - a very nice speech. Then we sat and talked and Saradjishvili and Irmeishvili, the leading tenor and baritone at the Opera sang from time to time. During dinner and after, a Georgian band played native intruments and sang. The accom¬panit to the opera singers was Mlle Palieva, siter of the composer of the opera of "Abesalom and Etheri". I am told it was quite a successful party. Now I think I mut go to bed for there is a good deal to do to-morrow. You need not be jealous if I tell you that some ladies today said they had 39 Fetive – in Norwegian 271 always been fond of me but that after what I had done for Georgia this week they "adored” me. The national lag is lying at lat to-day over the Palace. All the miniters have assured me that I have only to ask for anything and it will be done. I have made a success of this mission and my life has had a great triumph which no mishaps in the future can wholly detroy. I have had my day. 15 JAN. 5 PM I have had the joy of getting your letter of Dec.16-17 but as the pot is about to close I cannot write much. To-day there was a Mussulman religious service at the Azerbaijan representative's house to celebrate their indepen¬dence and everybody was there and we had champagne and sweet cakes afterwards. This forenoon I had another visit from M. Khatissian. Tom's letter of 14-16 Dec. arrived to-day inclosing lease of 41 Warren Road. I look forward to seeing your gray cotume. You sent of your letter uninished. I meant you to give away any of the silver you liked less than the ret. It is so nice to have good reports of the boys; I return the papers. I have a few small things to send you but cannot ind time to pack them. Dearet love to my darling and the children. Your, O. Wardrop. TIFLIS SuNDAy, 18 JAN. 1920 7 PM. My own darling sweetheart and wife, There is so much to tell you that I hardly know how to begin and I cannot hope to give you more than a brief outline of what has happened since I wrote you on Thursday, the 15th. Some of the newspapers I am sending may give you an idea of what I am expe-riencing. But they only give the external public things and mot of my time and energy is spent in work that never comes into the papers - the teady oicial toil that occupies me from break¬fat time till bed time. On Friday night I gave my ball to about 200 people and every¬body assures me that it was a brilliant success. The guets looked as if they enjoyed it but I was glad enough to get away to bed after four o`clock in the morning. I am told there had not been so many beautiful women together for many years; there was not one among them who was plain and they were dressed in the mot fascinating cotumes and several of them had thousands of pounds worth of dia272 monds and pearls. Besides the ordinary European dances there were Georgian and Tatar dances of the mot wonderful kind and Tatar ladies came especially from Baku to take part at the intigation of Vekilof, the Azerbaijan political agent. “Tout Tilis” was there and I look forward to the account of the proceedings which Princess Elizabeth Orbeliani is sure to put in her paper "La Georgie independante”. She brought ifteen girls chosen for their beauty. Among the guets were Khatissian, the Prime Miniter of Armenia, and his wife and there were other Armenians and Tatars, but the majority of the guets were Georgian. The lat great party held in Tilis was soon after the beginning of the war and it was in honor of the Tsar, who received the guets in this same house. But I am assured that his party was not as good as mine. He certainly never received such signs of afection as I have had this lat week. I do not know whether I ever told you of a small Georgian boy who acted as a sort of page to Marjory and me in Kertch ive and twenty years ago. We saw him in Petrograd in 1906 and he had then become head of a ire brigade and was ditin¬guished for his bravery. I thought he had been killed in the present war, in an airplane, but he escaped from the Bolsheviks recently and has now come back to Tilis and is head of all the ire brigades in the Republic. His name is Alexi Beridze and Tom will remember him. The Miniter of Supplies was here yeterday and brought his assitant, Roinov, who said nothing during the interview. It was only after he hid gone that I found out he was a godson of Marjory`s. Another of her godsons, Avalishvili, is an oicer in the Azerbaijan army and is probably ighting in Daghetan jut now. These personal connexions make my position here unique. All over the country there are people who claim some sort of tie with me and are proud of having seen some of our family. Lat night I was at dinner with the Haskells and we after¬wards went to the opening of a club for the American relief wor¬kers. There was a ball and there are to be dances twice a week and tennis parties and all sorts of amusements. I slipped away soon after ten o`clock and had a good night`s ret. Yeterday there was quite a good fall of snow. It was much needed for there has been no snow and hardly any rain since I came here and everybody is anxious that next harvet should be a good one, for we are very, very short of bread at present and anxiously hoping to get some from abroad. How can I bear being parted from you so long? It is hard, but I am looking forward to a joyful meeting next Eater and then we shall not part again. I mut go on with this work - not because I want to make a name but because I know I can help the world's work by what I am doing. The recognition of the independence of Georgia and Azerbaijan is of very far reaching importance in the world's hitory and in the hitory of Great Britain especially. It is a turning point in current afairs - or may be. I am glad you have not been here up to the present. You could not have tood the excitement and I would not have cared to expose you to the various risks. When we get into smooth water it will be diferent and if the F.O. till wants me to be here I think you will enjoy the life if you take it quietly. 273 My position as Chief Commissioner will probably be modiied by recent events. There will be either Legations to the various republics or one Legation for them all. It will be intereting to see what the F.O. does. If they appoint me Miniter there will be a howl from the British diplomatic Service. If they appoint anybody else there will probably be a till louder howl from the Georgian people who have apparently made up their minds that I mut tay here for the remainder of my life. Of course, the whole quetion may be settled any day by my doing (or not doing) something discordantly with the views of my employers in London who would in that case un¬hesitatingly disavow me. You may be intereted to hear that Rooker`s luggage, including your parcel for me and a parcel of Grundy's, has not yet arrived. When lat heard of it was till at Novorossiysk and things there seem to be in a mess. Mr. Mackinder is already on his way to London to report generally on the tate of afairs in South Russia. It is now dinnertime so I mut interrupt my letter but I hope to continue it to-morrow before the potman leaves. I only hope he may bring me something from you. Your dear letters are the brightet spots in my life here. You are such a dear! JAN. 19 MIDDAy There was a fall of snow in the night and the trees and hills look very bright in the sunlight. I am feeling well but am very busy. Could you send me by the next bag a few of the latet portraits of Marjory? There is a tock of them somewhere but I forget where. You might also send me two sets of the various books - Ruthaveli, Visramiani, Life of St. Nino, The Hermit &c. as before - I mean of course the English translations. I am thinking of my dear ones. Goodbye for the present. The potman, alas, has brought me no letter from you. Do not forget to tell Tom that there is a letter for him at the F.O. It contains some newspapers for you. O. W. TIFLIS, 21 JAN. 1920 My lat letter to you was sent on Jan 19 and I also forwarded to the F.O. (to be called for) a letter to Tom enclosing a lease and a bundle of newspapers for you. These lat two days I have been kept busy as usual, I have had troublesome headaches but to-day, for some odd reason, I have been quite free and feel very comfortable. 274 Before I forged - I sometimes put used potage tamps in the envelopes of my letters to you, as I am doing to-day. I am told these are very valuable and are sold for some pounds a set in London, so you might keep them. To-morrow the potman will be here again so I am scribbling a few lines now as I shall not have much time in the forenoon and at 5 pm I tart for Baku. The Azerbaijan Miniter for Foreign Afairs is on a visit to Tilis and we propose to travel together. There is a banquet in honor of the recognition of Azerbaijan at Baku on Friday and I have to be there. Probably I shall be back here on Monday next. I have jut marked the dozen handkerchiefs you sent me for Xmas. A whole bundle of lattering telegrams has come in to thank me for the part I have played in getting Georgian recognition and there are more arriving every day from all parts of the country. I wonder if the Foreign Oice will show any sign of appreciation of my eforts. I have indeed worked hard since I came here and I am not at the end of my toil yet. The snow is lying on the ground and I do not feel very warm as the heating of the house is very irregular and seldom beings till the evening. If I could get more exercise I would not feel so cold, but I am hardly ever out of the house excepting before breakfat. The trip to Baku will be on the whole an easier time, as well as a change. Waite is going with me; he does not look well but never complains. Did I tell you that on Monday I bought a picture of the Alazani Valley from Triondal? It is quite pleasant and not too big – about 20”X 10” I should think. It cot £l-5/- and you could not buy the gilt frame for that. I have also bought 4 Armenian manuscripts for £12. Two of them are abundantly illutrated gospels with full page pictures and hund¬reds of illuminated initials and igures in the margin and one is a great collection of lives of saints (I think) with miniatures but a good many of the latter have been barbarously cut out or torn out. Our meeting about Eater time is till one I look forward to with pleasure. As for oicial things - I have achieved more than I ever hoped and only hope to keep what has been won. The behavior of the young Republics is a matter of great importance for their future; the next month should show how things will inally turn out for them and if the crisis which will happen in the publication of the Allied treaty of peace with Turkey was only pat I should breathe freely and think only of reunion with my sweet wife and children. THurSDAy, 22 JAN. It is a beautiful sunshiny day and I am in good spirits and free of headache. Mr. Khatissian called to say goodbye as he leaves for Erivan to-night. There is a great deal happening and I feel rather optimitic about things in general. Anyhow, a great deal has been accomplished already and even if there are some set-backs what has been done has been done. 275 4 PM. I have only a few minutes before tarting, to send dearet Margrethe and Jamie, Andie and Nino my bet love. I hope to ind letters from you next Monday on my return. O. W. BAKu, SATurDAy 24 JAN, 1920 My own Dearet, I have a few minutes to spare while waiting for a call from the Persian representative. On Thursday I sent a short letter to you. Then at 5 Waite, Maj. Daly and I in one wagon and the Azerbaijan Miniter for Foreign Afairs with his Russian wife and a secretary and the Armenian representative in Azerbaijan in another carriage tarted by special train for Baku. We had tea and supper to¬gether in the train and I slept quite well. About 10 am yeterday we arrived at Baku. I was met by a guard of honor and had a band of oicials and drove to Tagiev's "palace" (the house where I tayed lat time I was here) and there was another guard of honor. Not only the outside of my house but the hall, taircase and entrance to my suite of apartments are guarded. Crowds cheered me on the way and the town was lagged. I had interviews with the Prime-Miniter &c. and then in the evening Stokes gave a banquet of 26 people at 9 o'clock. All the Miniters except one Socialit were there and they nearly all made very lattering speeches about me. They are very cordial and I think they like me. I got to bed about 1 am which was not so bad. All day I have been busy with afairs of importance. To-night at 9 the Georgian representative (Dr. Alshibaia) is giving a banquet in my honor. It is much warmer here than in Tilis and the house is, besides, well heated. I am feeling quite well, but rather tired. To-morrow night the Azerbaijan Government is giving a banquet in my honor and after it I hope to leave for Tilis as my presence is urgently required in Erivan and I hope to be there by next Wednesday. SuNDAy, 25 JAN. 1920 The banquet lat night began at 9. There were four ladies present including one Tatar lady, Mme. Topchibashev (?) whose husband has been two years in Paris as head of the Azerb. delegation and three Georgians including the wife of my hot, Dr Alshibaia. Alto¬gether we were about 25 and the Prime Miniter 276 of Azerbaijan was there. There were numerous speeches - some very lattering. Afterwards a violinit named Bretanitzky played better than anything I have ever heard on the violin including a sonata of Beethoven. I was in bed soon after two. To-day there has been much that is intereting but only of a political character so I cannot tell you more than that. This is a very critical time and a good deal depends on the next few days. To-night there is a banquet given in my honor by the Azerbaijan Gov. at 9 pm and I am hoping to get away by train at 1 am to-morrow morning, but I may have to tay for an Armenian banquet to-morrow night. I am quite well though there is a good deal of sickness in this town at present. BAKu, 26 JAN. I did not get away this morning after all the Armenians are very anxious for me to go to their banquet to-night at 9.30 and I shall go traight from there to the train and tart for Tilis to-morrow at 1 am. My visit here has been of great political importance and has had very good results so far. The dinner lat night was a great success. The members of the government and leaders of all parties except Bolsheviks were present and made speeches very gratifying to me and very friendly to England. There were all sorts of dances and songs and musical performances during the dinner. I especially enjoyed the oriental music played on an intrument called "Kemancha" (little violin) which was wonderful. For three nights now I have sat with the Prime-Miniter on my right for four hours at a time, so we have had plenty of opportunity to undertand each other. The Persian Commissioner here is a very capable and agree¬able man and has helped me greatly in my work. Col. Stokes is very popular and his speeches in Persian are materpieces of language. I got away about half pat one and was in bed by two. This morning I have been for a short walk but the famous north wind, of Baku is blowing and it is miserably cold and dull. There is a great deal of illness and mortality from the epidemic of pernicious pneumonia which is prevalent. I am looking forward eagerly to the prospect of inding a letter from you to-morrow when I return to Tilis. There will probably be quicker transport for correspondence now. The British wireless news received here yeterday gave an account of the proceedings in what I took part in Tilis on the declaration of recognition so I suppose you have heard about it from London newspapers. Both in Tilis and Baku I have been the object of demontrations of a very enthusiatic kind. 277 TuESDAy JAN 27.1920 Lat night at 10 o'clock there was a mot successful banquet in my honor at the Armenian Mission. It was important to get the Azerbaijanis and Armenians together and the result of their meeting was very satisfactory. The Azerbaijan Prime-Miniter and Min. for F.A. were both there, also the Persian Commissioner and the Georgian representative and many Armenians - altogether about 40 I should think sat down to supper. The speeches were mot witty. Bekzadian in proposing my health said I was godfather of the three young republics and in the succeeding speeches the idea of the two siters and the brother (Azerbaijan) was kept up. The table was from corner to corner of the room, to give more space. Afterwards there was some playing on the kemancha; it is a wonderful intrument and I have rarely heard so delightful – a ine tringed iddles with a round belly and a long projection on which the iddle is tood upright on the table. Ussubbekov, Khan Khoisky, Alshibaia, Bekzadian, Zia-ud-Din &c. all came to the tation with me. There was a slight fall of snow – a very rare thing in Baku, where snow is not seen once in 7 years. We left punctually enough-only a few minutes after 1 am this morning and I went to bad at once, I woke about 7, have had a hot bath and am now waiting for breakfat. It is raining hard and we are topping (to take water I suppose) at a tation called Evlakh. My trip to Baku has been more successful from the oicial point of view than I had expected. The old Hadji Tagiev (people say he is 100) is a very intereting character. His favorite aphorism is “Mahomet said a man mut go on learning from his birth till the day of his death” I think I told you he was a poor man, a carman, in whose yard one of the mot valuable petroleum springs was found and he is a millionaire many times over. 28 JAN. 10 AM We got in lat night at 5 and found Tilis under snow. It has been snowing ever since and I do not propose to go out till it is time to catch the train for Erivan at 8 pm. I expect to be back here on 31t. I had the joy of inding yur letter of Dec. 23 when I arrived. Such a darling you are and how I long for you. It will be a day of gladness when I hold you in my arms again after all this tormy time of separation is pat. You have no idea how exiting my life is but I keep calm through it all and am not worrying. There was a letter from Tom of the same date as yours. If you have not yet found my insurance policy (Life) it may possibly be at Prescott's Bank (50 Cornhill) where I have a tin box of which I believe I left the key with you- a key about this size (description given). I am feeling wonderfully well in spite of all my occupations and the neces278 sarily irregular food and sleep of the lat few days but I shall be glad to be back here next Satur¬day or Sunday and get into regular habits again. Among my correspondence lat night was a telegram from Nino, Abbess of Bodbe, saying that on St. Nino's day (the 26th old tyle) the nuns had prayed to St. Nino for our little Nino and us. There was also a letter from the poetess " Gandegili" (Domenica Erithavi) with warm wishes for our little girl and another from Tarkhan-Mouravi (father of Elena, the prima donna, who is now in Milan). Not only this but the women and girls of Tilis had arranged a procession to come and greet me on the day and a banquet was to have been held in our little princess's honor. My absence in Baku prevented this program from being carried out, but when I return from Erevan I undertand there is to be a "surprise” visit to me about which I am to know nothing beforehand. I till get telegrams in connexion with my share in obtaining oicial recognition of the exitence of the three new republics. There is one from Georgians in Persia. The Baku newspapers had very lattering articles about me and the Armenians are sending me the warmet thanks for what I have done. For the moment I suppose I am the mot popular person between the Caspian and the Black Sea. I only hope I shall not be snowed up on the railway. It will be a cold journey and Erivan has a severe winter climate. The tate of public health is pretty bad there and it is not very good in Tilis and Baku. Waite is very much fatigued by our recent trip to Baku and I am sorry to be obliged to take him to Erivan, He needs a long ret. Grundy tayed here while I was away and he is coughing all the time. Rooker`s luggage has not yet come! Perhaps I may be able to add a few words before leaving. This letter will be sent to Batoum for England to-morrow night. Love to darling Jamie, Andie and Nino – to your Mother, to Tom and Winnie and their three and to all friends in Norway. My heart is in my darling wife`s hands and I carry her with me everywhere in my breat. Eater is the time when I hope to hold you close to me again never to let you go any more as long as I live. All my love to my own true, sweet, lovely wife from her ardent lover O. W. ErIvAN, FrIDAy, JAN. 30. 1920 My own dearet, On Wednesday night before leaving I closed a letter for you. I tarted with Waite at 8 pm. Accompanied my Maj. Daly and Maj. Colan (of the 67th Punjabis) and we reached Erivan yeterday (Thurs-day) about 2 o`clock. I was met by M. Khatissian and the Cabinet and the foreign representatives, mayor and other authorities and there was a guard of honor which, as usual, I had to inspect and then it marched pat me ceremonially. 279 The Prime Miniter drove me to our Mission and I received the miniters. At 4 I called on the Catholicos at the Bishop’s Palace and had a talk with him. Then I called on the Persian and Azerbaijan representatives and had some useful conversation with them. My round of visits was interrupted by the news that a great crowd was waiting for me outside our Mission, with a band. I returned and found thousands of Turkish Armenians tanding in the snowy treet. There was a great ovation with much playing of the British national anthem and there were speeches in Armenian and English to which I had to reply from the balcony. Then I received a deputation and some visits including one from the American doctor Usher who has had 20 years’ experience of Armenia. Soon after I had to go and return M. Khatissian's visit and discuss the political situation and then we went to a banquet in my honor at 9 o'clock. There were numerous speeches of a mot lattering kind and my reception was of a mot satisfactory sort. In all three republics I am looked upon as a friend. I got home to bed about 1 and slept till 8. To-night I proposed to leave for Tilis, but the university at Alexandropol40 is to be opened to-morrow so I shall be present at the ceremony and hope to be back in Tilis on Sunday morning if all goes well. This forenoon I have some visits to make and then at noon I am to meet the Cabinet and discuss various quetions. It is much colder here than in Tilis and there is a great deal of snow. Gracey keeps the house warm and generally looks well after me and I am feeling quite healthy. I have jut read again your letter of Dec. 23. I am looking forward to your after Chritmas letter when I get back. It is very, very hard to be away from you all and I have made up my mind to do everything possible to come home at Eater, but the whole situation is so uncertain that I cannot be sure. Poor Stokes was in a dilemma. Both his father and mother are dangerously ill and want him to come home. But his work here is so important that he has decided it would not be right for him to leave Baku jut now. I mut really go now and do my visits. SuNDAy NIGHT. 1. 2. 20 9PM. There was a small dinner, without speeches, at M. Khatissian's on Friday evening and then at 10 pm. we all tarted for Alexandropol, arriving there yesterday morning at 9. There was the usual reception at the tation and I had to share the inspection of the guard of honor with the Prime-Miniter. Then the Archbishop took me to his quarters and I met the Rector of the new university (Dr. Gamborov, a jurit and a former colleague at Moscow of Sir P. Vinogradof) and some of the professors &c. At noon we went to evening of the University and 40 Nowadays Gyumri 280 there were speeches for nearly four hours (I had to make one) followed by great demontrations. Then there was a banquet, at which (as always) I had the place of honor and had to make another brief speech in reply to nume¬rous lattering orations. At 8 I succeeded in escaping and arrived in Tilis at 9 am this morning. The weather was very cold and snowy in Armenia – that altitude was 5000-6000 feet and I wondered whether my train would not be snowed up. To-day I have been busy with oicial work, including the receiving of visits and I now would like to have a chat with my darling wife but I fear I mut potpone the pleasure. To-morrow there will be a pot in and out and I do hope it may bring me some¬thing from you. Rooker's luggage has at lat reached Batoum and may come here to-morrow - three months on the road! It is surprising how well I have tood all the travelling I have had since the end of December - Novorossiysk - Baku - Erivan - Alexendropol - and all the banquets and speechmaking. This is not a pleasant time for travelling; the winter is more severe than usual. I am sorry for poor Stokes. His father has died and his mother is very ill and anxious to see him. But he cannot get away and even if he tarted at once it would probably be too late. 2 FEB 1920 My own Darling, Two letters from you Dec. 30 and Jan. 3 - and I had not time to answer them. I also got Tom’s own to the 8th Jan. The pot is being made up so I can only tell you that I am loving you and longing for you more than ever. I shall begin another letter to-morrow. Meanwhile I am quite well and very busy. I was so sorry to hear Jamie had not been well. Feed him on cod-liver oil and chemical food - especially the former. Tell him I want him to be a trong boy. Dearet love to my sweetheart wife and children of whom I am always thinking. O.W. TIFLIS, 3 FEB. L920 10PM. My own Dearet, I have been hard it work all day and now before going to bed I begin a new letter to you. My lat was sent on Feb 2nd i. e. yeterday evening. At tea-time a surprise party came to call on me. I went down and found four little girls (three in white and one in red) and ive ladies. The former were called: 281 Makrine Meliki- shvili, Thamar Gvazava, Leila Kavtharadze, Kethevan Erithavi all aged about 6, The latter were Mmes. Maria Kvinitadze, Nino Gvazava, Elene Apkhazi, Ekaterine Lorthkipanidze, Anna Diasamidze. The irt named little girl came up to me with a curtsey and made a little speech saying that the women and girls of Georgia wished all happiness to my little daughter Nino on the occasion of her saint's day and asked me to accept for her the small gift she ofered me on their behalf. The gift was a ine Old Persian inlaid jewel case containing gold cross something like the one I sent you lately but smaller and very much iner and with a gold collar set with rubies and pearls - a very ine ancient heirloom which I shall try to describe. (Drawing and description follows) The cross has blue enamel round the edges and is of thick gold. It probably contains some relics. Above the cross is a small golden dove with a large uncut ruby and the cross hangs from the bird's neck; the ruby is about this size: T h e collar is of 26 pieces: each with an uncut ruby of about this size. In the center of a dark blue enamel lower end between each of these pieces and the next are two pearls: in gold mount. Altogether it is a wonderful piece of work containing over 30 large rubies, 60 pearls, and ive diamonds. Such jewels are only in a few old families and are hardly ever to be purchased but Grundy happened to see one something like this which was priced well over £150 (Rs 150 000). On the back it is enameled and chased. This one mut have been bought from the oferings of many people and probably meant a sacriice for several of those who subscribed for the rouble is only one hundredth part of its former value and mot people are inding life diicult. I need not tell you how deeply I was touched by this magniicent gift to our dear little daughter. The guets had tea with us and the little girls danced and played and enjoyed themselves for over an hour. I also had letters from other people which I have not yet been able to answer - one from the aged Ekaterina Gabashvili (the authoress) and poems &c from people who through illness or other causes could not come personally. Out of consideration for me they limited the deputation to very few and they would not tay long for fear of wating my time and tiring me. To-day I had a visit from an old man Ivan Rotomashvili, a writer of merit. His daughter Elena was Marjory’s god-daughter and died at the age of six. He brought a potcard Marjory had written nearly twenty years ago to the child from Port-auPrince41 and said he had given other letters to the National Library in the Museum. His son is returning to China, Japan and Siberia, where he had already spent some years, on a consular and commercial mission for the Georgian Govt. I am very, very busy and the days are not long enough to get through the work. It is a mot exciting time for me and nobody knows what will happen next. I wish for one thing at leat to happen and that is a rise in the temperature, for our heating leaves a good deal to be desired. 41 Port-Au-Prince – capital city of Haiti. 20 years before Oliver Wardrop was serving there as a representative of British Foreign Oice. 282 When this job is ever I fear my capital will be con¬siderably diminished for, in spite of the money I have got from the houses sold, my bank balance is not very brilliant. I got an account from the bank and I see from it that life in England is expensive too, for you seem to have drawn about £ 600 in three months i.e. £ 2400 a year, while my salary in England is less than £ 800 apparently, after deducting income tax &c. I am living here on the local allowance of 30/- a day i.e. about £ 550 a year. It is not, however, a time to worry about money for by Eater I shall either have been put on a better footing or transferred. It is the time of life and unless I spend so much as to cause your income to be seriously diminished in the future I prefer not to worry. I mut now read through again the dear letters I got yeterday. 4 FEB 1920 I could not continue lat night so I tart again. It was pretty good to get by the 30th my letter of Dec 8; I wish yours came in three weeks! I am glad the parcel (cross, icon and embroidery) arrived and that you like them. Nino`s cross and necklet will I think please you even better than yours. The cutting you could not ind had already reached me from ano¬ther source. It is mitaken in attributing to me (for I am the person referred to) action ”dangerous to Anglo-Russian friendship” I don’t mind press attacks and generally take no notice of them. Your account of the Chritmas fetivities made me rather home¬sick. How generous of Jonas to give you all the silver! Did I tell you I sent a letter to Camilla by the Finnish representative here, Bjorkquit, who left on Monday? I hope Jonas got over his cold and did not sufer too much on the journey. You ask me about the future and especially about the date when we are likely to go to Paris. The chance of my ever going to Paris seems small at present. The Governments of all these three young republics and their people too, especially the Georgians, will not hear of my leaving and demand that you and the children should come and join me and settle down here permanently. They all persit that I am the author of their independence and that they cannot get on without me. The things they say are too lattering to be repeated. It is questionable whether the F.O. would let me come home at such a critical time, but if I see in a month or six weeks that I cannot get away by Eater I shall telegraph and ask that arrangements be made for safely, comfort¬ably and rapidly sending you and the children out here; this is a thing the Admiralty could arrange. I suppose we could always let Belmont furnished for some months and lock up our per¬sonal things in the Georgian room. I cannot go on indeinitely without you and them. There is plenty of room for you in this house and you would have no trouble with the servants who are irt rate. Stokes is here on his way to England after all. His father has already died 283 and his mother is dying and he ought to go home for many reasons but he can till be spared. It is a very trying situation for him as he is devoted to the work here and has done very well. I have jut had a long talk with him and it is nearly midnight, oh how I love you! "More and more harmonious" We shall be so happy when we meet, shall we not? I am sending you the Georgian national anthem and a soldiers' song which the composer brought me to-day. He told me some intereting things; the anthem is really the creation of the Georgian people – nobody quite knows how it grew, during the revolution, into its present shape. In any case it is not the conscious creation of any particular person. It is composite of three elements: 1) a prayer 2) a truggle 3) attainment. He also said the church music (of which there are mss. scores of the IX century) was really the adaptation to Chritianity of the old pagan religious music – e. g. there is a hymn to the sun-god. The composer is a very intereting man who inished his musical tudies at the Conservatoire of Music in Petrograd and says that he inds the folk-music of his country contains all the theories of counterpoints, harmony &c. which he had laboriously learnt. I am sending the music in an envelope addressed to Tom to be called for at the F.O. the envelope also contains two more leases end a letter for him so please tell him to call for it in the Mid-Eatern Department. To-morrow I shall be pretty busy and may not have much time to add to this letter so I will again tell you that you are the one in the world I long to see, you are everything to me and meeting with you is my only personal hope – all my other hopes are of what you might call a “political” and impersonal kind. A very warm kiss to my darling, true, sweet wife! I am yearning to be with you. THurSDAy, 5.2.20 The mass of work prevents me from writing more than a few words before the closing of the bag. The sky is blue and the air is light though it is very cold. Dearet love to my own darling and to the darlings Jamie, Andie and Nino. I hear her cross was formerly the property of the Avalov family and this is curious considering that one of that family by marriage is your kinswoman.42 Kisses to you all. Love to your mother O.W. TIFLIS, 6 FEB. 1920 42 Here Wardrop means mother of prominent Georgian scholar and diplomat – Zurab Avalishvili, who, likewise Oliver Wardrop’s wife, was of Norwegian origin. 284 My own dearet Margrethe Colonel Stokes is leaving to-night and he is kindly taking with him parcels containing the following: Nino’s cross and necklace in an Old Persian enameled box; An old silver milk-jug of Russian make (about 1830); A large silver belt from the Van ditrict; A Persian enameled snuf box containing a small silver box from Van with three tones on the lid and in this box small enamel Iberian Madonna; A modem cigarette case, ashtray and matchbox made out of old silver at Erivan by silversmith refugees from Van; I hope you will get all these safely. You may give away any of the things (except, of course, Nino' cross and necklace) to Tom, Winnie, Jonas, Camilla, your mother or anybody else of your friends if you wish. Stokes will be very busy when he reaches England. His father has died and his mother is dying but he will try to come and see you and he will be able to give you news about me and my surroundings and advise you about the journey if it should be advisable for you to come out, in case I cannot come home. He does not know how long he will be in England, but will try to come back as soon as possible for he has much work to do here in Baku. I am quite well but hard pressed by contant work. It is like a spring day bright and warm - and this is lucky for we have no water and consequently no central heating. This letter ought to reach you pretty quickly as Stokes is travelling as fat as he can. He is a irt rate man and I shall be glad when he comes back again. His address in London is 10 Canield Gardens, NW6 London, and you might write and ask him when you (or Tom) could call for the parcel and when he would be able to come to Sevenoaks to lunch or dinner. Love to Tom and Winnie and Johno, Betty and Ann and to your mother. All my love to my sweetet wife, in whose breat my heart rets all the time, and our darling Jamie, Andie and Nino, who are in my thoughts every day. Keep close to me darling and look for¬ward to our meeting, either here or in England, at Eater. Altogether and always Your O. Wardrop There are three parcels in all, each about a foot long. TIFLIS, 6 FEB. 1920 285 11.30 PM My own very dearet, I sent you a letter lat night and one to Tom enclosing two leases. To-night I have sent you by Stokes a letter and the three very valuable parcels. When you see him he will tell you that jut before his departure I received a very serious piece of political news which has been a great blow to me. I am till optimitic, but the situation is very, very grave. I hope you will undertand that a great consolation in my absence from you dearet ones has been the thought that my work here might be helpful to you and that anything I might achieve in the way of personal recognition would be of use to you and bring you more gratiication than it would to me, for I know how little value the public applause and honoriic ditinctions may have. Whatever happens you will know that I have done what nobody else could have done in the same way. I have made a name here, an honorable name which will lat whatever may happen. This afternoon I went out for a short time to take the air and I bought some intereting things which I think you will be glad to have. 1) A Persian inlaid jewel case about the size of an ordinary writing desk with inscriptions all over it. It is dated A.H. 1209 i.e. it is about 130 years old; 2) A heavy old Georgian wine ladle with and inscription; 3) A very curious Chinese jade inktand with carving; 4) A soft silver belt with buckle and ornaments in Akhaltzikhe iligree; 5) A brass cup covered with Persian engraving of igures and inscriptions. I shall try and send you these and the Kashgar rug where I have a suitable opportunity, but as Stokes is travelling overland and as rapidly as possible I could not burden him with them. Stokes is a irt rate British type and I am fortunate to have had him to work with. I only hope he will come back again before very long. SATurDAy, 7 FEB. 1920 It has been a tiresome day. I saw several people on business in the forenoon and had a visit from the composer Paliashvili, who brought me all the musical compositions of his that are in print at present. I send you some of them and he has pro¬mised me more - especially other airs from the opera ’’Absalom da Etheri". He is going for a ret in a few days. He has already had 38 representations of his opera. This afternoon I had to go, with my taf, to tea at Mme. Khatissian`s. She is leaving in a few days for Erivan to join her husband. We are till without any water and therefore without Central heating, but I have had a wood ire in the "Persian" room. Soundlo arrived in Kritiania on Dec. 31t. I suppose he has seen Camilla 286 and given her news of me. The next few days may be rather an anxious time for me. It is about half pat ten and I think I shall go to bed but I mut tell you irt that you are my own very dearet and I send you and the two boys and the little girl all my love. SuNDAy, 8 FEB. 1920 We had water for baths and heating this morning, but now it has topped again and I am feeling cold. What do you think of Nino being in the newspapers already? And her name in such large letters! To-night at 10 I have to go to a Charity Fete. I cannot very well refuse, as I am invited by the Prime-Miniter `s wife, whom I have not yet met. There should be a pot to Batoum to-morrow and I hope to send this, by the man. "Gid" he may bring something from you! To-day a Persian hand mirror case covered with paintings was ofered to me for sale and I bought it for 30/- it needs a new piece of glass, which will be easy to get, and I think you will like it. Am I not collecting a lot of things for you? I only hope they will be to your tate. MONDAy 9 FEB. 1920 Again the potman has brought nothing. I reached home at 2am after a long evening. As I told you Mme. Jordania, as President of the Ladies` Society for Child Welfare had organized a fete at the Cafe Frascati, which was much too small for the purpose. I sat at the table and had supper with the Jordanias and their daughter, a singularly plain girl of about 15. On a small tage there was a variety performance - songs, balalaika playing and especially dancing. The dancing was wonderfully good - especially the Oriental dances, above all the mountaineers` dances by Mademoiselle Merimanova and a Madmoiselle Andronikashvili (who was 4 years in London and speaks English perfectly) there was also an "American auction" for the Charity. All the bidders of course handed over their bids and the lat bidder (a Georgian Jew) had the honor of having his name given to the fund for the beneit of the children. The competition was severe at the end between this Jew, a Chritian Georgian and an Armenian and the amount raised was much greater than anyone expected. The auctioneer was a young poet, Paolo Iashvili, who made humorous impromptu couplets to induce the people present to bid. During the evening young artit sketched my portrait and presented it to me. It is like but I do not think it is irt class. He also sketched Jordania with about equal success. I like Jordania very much and was glad to have four hours with 287 him. His wife is very simple plain person – rather shy and unused to company. It was as Jordania said when we were leaving a “curious public” - motly collected for their wealth, though there were many nice people there too. There was the invariable speech in which Jordania and I were toated and there were references to England`s sympathy with oppressed nationalities as exempliied in Byron`s work for Greece. I am very tired, for I slept an hour lat night before going to the party. I ind I can sleep almot at any time and this is convenient. You would, I think, ind me more vigorous and healthy than I have been for many years. Hard work seems to suit me. I think and hope you will like me better and get more satisfaction from my company than you did before I left. I miss you very much. The water is on again to-day I am glad to say and I did not ind the air so cold this morning on my usual walk before breakfat. AFTErNOON, 5 PM This afternoon I spent two hours at the Foreign Minitry. This is only the second time I have gone there on business (the irt was when I went to announce the recognition of the Gov. of Georgia and Azerbaijan) for Gegechkori always comes to me when there is anything to talk about. But today there were large maps to consult so it was more convenient for me to go there. It is snowing hard jut now but likely our heating has been on this forenoon so the house is tolerably warm. I wonder whether you think as much of me as I do of you. I love you more and more and I am longing to show you this. Dearet love to out darling children, love to you mother. Altogether and always yours, O. W. TIFLIS WED. 11 FEB. 1920 My own dearet darling, My lat letter was sent by the potman on Monday night. I am passing through a troublesome period in my work. The behavior of our government is causing me great anxiety and as there have been no telegrams for several days on account of the “green” rising43 on the Black sea coat, I have had no explanation of their policy. The cold weather till continues and we have had a great deal of snow in the lat 24 hours. I feel dispirited and hardly know what to write. “Ak min ven, kan du tro at jeg har elsket dig?44 43 “Green Army” – was armed popular movement againt Denikin at the surroundings of Tuapse and Sochi and was secretly supported by the Georgian government. 288 Tak for al den glede du har skjenket mig.” 12TH FEB. I have jut had breakfat, but no walk before it. The treets are slippery and I have hardly been out this week. As you will see I was “vemodig”45 lat night, so I went to bed early. Luckily I can always sleep at any time day or night. It is a weary business. I am putting out little ires that may at any time turn into big ones – building little dams in torrents that may sweep them away at any moment – sitting on a powder magazine which thousands of people are trying to blow up. And all the time I am at the mercy of employers who really know very little and seem to care till less about what happens. If the world only know the tupidity of the people to whom it entrut its afairs! I have had all I really wanted in this world. Nobody could have been happier, for not only have I seen the realization of my mot ambitious political desires, but I have had the great joy of happy work since my boyhood and the till greater joy of loving and being loved as few have been – none I think. I am content to tay on this ground loor of exitence as long as I can be of any use here, but when the time comes to lit I shall go with gladness. The potman has brought absolutely nothing for me – either from London or C[ontantino]ple. It is very sad, for I do not know when I shall get any more pot. Our troops are leaving Batoum I hear – though the F. O have given no warning or notiication of this – and I shall possibly be cut of from the world again as I was in Moscow. My only telegraphic communication with England is now through India and it is doubtful, and may be cut at any moment. Do not believe any newspaper tories you may hear about this part of the world. I went out for an hour forenoon (a thing I have never done here before on a weekday); the treets were slushy and disagreeable and when I got back there were annoying interviews lating far beyond the time when I ought to have had lunch. You can imagine how unhappy I have felt since lat Friday to see that all my six month`s work is imperiled. It is very cold in the house again through the failure of the heating arrangements. We have it either too hot or too cold. Luckily the winter cannot lat longer. I have, as you see, no news so the closing of the bag does not ind me unprepared. I began this after breakfat, and then went on after lunch and now at tea-time I have inished. All my love is with you dearet. Kiss the children from far. Love to your moth44 Ohh, my friend, can you believe that I have loved thee? Summit of all the happiness you have betowed me. In Norwegian. 45 Witful – in Norwegian 289 er and all friends. Your own O. W. TIFLIS 14. FEB 1920 My own Sweetheart, To-day is St. Valentine’s and I write to ask you to be my Valentine for another year as you will always be so long as I live - the only girl in the world. It is a poor day for the birds to be courting and choosing their mates. From the morning it has been snowing hard. In another two days we shall have had snow on the ground for a whole month. There has not been a winter like this since I was here lat in 1911, when there was snow in the treets of Batoum up to the irt loor windows. The tarlings made their appearance some ten days (or more) ago. Poor things! I wrote you lat the day before yeterday and I am looking forward impatiently to the next pot-day, hoping it may bring me something from my darling. There are till great anxieties and the lack of telegrams from London is annoying. To-morrow the military Chaplain from Batoum is holding a service here. On Monday the Begtabegofs will have at their house a special performance for me of the new Georgian Opera called "The Legend of Shota Ruthaveli” conducted by its composer Arakishvili and sung by the bet performers here. I am curious to see how an opera can be taged in a private house. I have not been feeling particularly bright lately but to-day I am more lively. Grundy and Waite imagine they are going to have inluenza (the fashionable complaint jut now) but they may be, and I hope they are wrong. It is trying on account of the irregular heating; we are either too cold or too hot indoors. SuNDAy 16 FEB. We have had Church Services downtairs and I have done the mot necessary part of my oicial work and now I have a few minutes left to write to my darling before lunch is announced. Could you get and read Dorothy Wordsworth’s Journal46 which I hear has recently been published by Professor Knight? She was one of the mot beautiful characters and Wordsworth owed a large part of himself to her. I think you would enjoy inter¬course with such a woman. She is one of the people I should like to meet in heaven. The snow till lies on the naked hillside and the garden at my back and the 46 Dorothy Wordsworthy – Siter of English romantic poet William Wordsworthy 290 trees are weighed down by big burdens of it; they are not the sort of trees to be snow ridden and the palms look unhappy and discolored. We are to have in Tilis the greatet Stadion in the world, in a suburb called Vake where the land lends itself to such an enterprise. It is to seat 140.000 people. ”Tenk paa det”!47 When the spring comes we are all to go out and plant trees round the spot. I only hope we shall not have to go out with guns and beat of Bolsheviks in the interval. The rising on the Black Sea coat is becoming more Bolshevit in character and in Batoum there are hordes of dangerous and naty people of many nationalities who may make trouble. I have my faith pinned to the Georgians that they will not join with the German - Jewish - Young Turk plotters. 7 PM. This afternoon your mot welcome letter begun on Jan 13 and ended on the 14th arrived here by a casual King’s Messenger on his way to Persia. It would be better to address your letters to the care of the Mid-Eatern Department, Foreign Oice, marking them “To be forwarded by irt safe opportunity”. I do not think they come so quickly when sent through Oldham. Tom's letters are generally of later date than yours and today I have one from him dated Jan. 22 a whole week and a day more recent. In answer to your quetion — the probability at present seems that I shall not go to Paris at all, but nothing is certain. I was on the point of resigning all together not very long ago and my position is till doubtful. The only thing I feel sure about is that I am very anxious to be with you about Eater and I shall do everything possible to that end - either by coming home or by asking you to come here. But events may be too trong for me. You will get some idea of my situation from Stokes. Winnie's new friend is I believe very nice. Her husband I only know what I have been told. I saw him once more than 10 years ago for about a quarter of an hour and have not met him since. Of Col[onel] you can hear anything you wish to know from Tom. I have not, so far as I know, ever met him. My impression is that he was not greatly respected. The newspapers you sent have not arrived. All the public news I have from England to-day is a bundle of cuttings sent by Tozer. I return the cutting you inclosed. The Church Service was nice this morning - only about a dozen people altogether. The Chaplain lunched with us and so did Roberts, the head of the Indo-European Telegraph Station here, with which we have a great deal to do. He is recovering from remittent fever after an illness of four months which very nearly proved fatal. He was several years at Kertch and told me fairly recent news of my friends there - very bad news of Bol¬shevik murders and so on. Grundy and I, for our health's sake, trudged through the wet snow and slush to the other end of the town and went in for a few minutes to see Cherkesov's 47 Think about it! In Norwegian 291 nephew and his wife Elena (Machabeli) and their 8 months old baby Misha which has now grown in quite trong and plump since it was weaned. It looked very puny and wizened before. Dinner time! So I mut interrupt. 10 PM I see from Tom's letter that my taf sent you a telegram. This is the irt I knew of it. It was very nice of them. Monday 16 Feb. No time for more and no news. I am quite well. Dearet love to my dearet girl and the children. Love to your mother. Your own O. W. TIFLIS 19.2. 20 My own dearet, Since my letter on Monday I have not writen a word to you and to-day there will be another pot I hope. Perhaps it will bring me something from you. It is a troublous time. I am ighting hard to keep the British troops in Batoum but I doubt whether I shall succeed. Some have gone already. It is a satisfaction to me that my work is appreciated at home and that the F.O. tell me I have their complete conidence. The spring will be a critical period and I need not tell you that I shall do my bet to be with my darling at the earliet possible moment. On Monday night the Begtabegofs had their party. It was her Saint`s day (Anna) and there were 70 guets. The extracts from the Opera were performed but I did not ind the music as attractive as that of “Abesalom da Etheri”; this may have been due to the fact that the room was too small and there was no scenery and only a piano intead of an orchetra. Supper was rather long and I did not get home till 4 am. On Tuesday I had a visit from Archbishop Mesrop of Alexandropol who looked over some Armenian Mss. I have and spent an hour with me. Then came Majoni, my Italian collegue at Moscow. He has come here as Italian F.O. representative on a commercial mission of 40 persons. They brought 50 Carabinieri to protect them! He and one his companion came to lunch with us. In the evening Gegechkori (Min. for Foreign Afairs) came and had a serious talk about the situation. We are having heavy snow every day and it is cold, but the house has been fairly warm these lat days. I shall not go for a walk before breakfat to-day so I spend the time writing to you and looking over at the portrait of my girl and the group of our three. 292 How do you spend the time? Are you reading much and learning French and practicing music? You mut be a cheerful busy girl. Gracey is coming from Erivan to-day with the Azerbaijan diplo¬matic agent to talk over several matters. Lat night a London newspaper of Jan 23 came and I see that people at home are beginning to take some interet in this part of the world. It is a pity they didn’t do this sooner. I am feeling quite well. I have my "ups and "downs" but I do not go far down. The Bolsheviks are paying me polite attentions in the form of attacks printed in secret presses. They were good enough to send me one of these yeterday by pot on which they had written "a present for the Carnival" and in which I am described as the "omnipotent Wardrop" under whose “Whip" the Georgian govt. Do what I tell them. They also talk about my “Fine hand“ which is supposed to be pulling all sorts of trings.48 19 FEB. TEATIME The pot boy only brought me some newspapers from you dated Jan. 8-910 (W.Hohenzollern`s correspondence with "Nicky"),49 a letter from Tom of Jan 18 and another letter (also poted) from Tom of Jan. 18 and another letter (also poted) from London of Jan. 26 (a fortnight later than your lat). It is snowing hard. I am well. 20 FEB. 1.30 PM The snow has been falling for some days but now the sun is shining. This morning jut before 3 o'clock we had quite a decided undulatory earthquake and I saw lightning at the same time. The whole thing did not, I suppose, lat more than 20 seconds but though I have heard of no loss of life or great damage here there are reports of people being killed some miles wet of Tilis and at Gori the population are said to have sought refuge in the open air. Rooker and Daly were out at a dance and a crack appeared down the wall of the room where they were. I have felt very much worse earthquakes in other places (Italy, Haiti, Romania &c.) I am feeling quite well but I wish I could get more fresh air and exercise. Gracey has not yet appeared so I suppose his train is snowed up. 3 PM. Mot probably here is meant a celebration dedicated to the De Facto recognition Correspondence between German Emperor Wilhelm II and russian Emperor Nicolas II prior to World War I. As two of the emperors were relatives, their correspondence was of an informal character, thus calling each other “Willy” and “Nicky”. That is why the correspondence, which went on in English is known as “Willy-Nicky correspondence”. 48 49 293 After lunch, during the meal, at which there was a British Commercial man who told us intereting tories of his experiences here and in former years in Autralia and Canada as Trade Commissioner, we had another earthquake lating about a minute. It agitated the material objects in the room a good deal but was not bad enough to make us move, except to the extent of taking out our watches to regiter the length of the diturbance. As the sun is shining I think I shall go out for a walk in spite of the heavy walking in the snow. 6 PM. The bag is on the point of closing so I cannot write much more. I have been out in the wet treets and was glad to get some air. Dearet love to my darling and the children. Love to your mother. Altogether and always only yours OW TIFLIS SuNDAy, 22 FEB.1920 My own Dearet, It is sad to be till without news from you and as the railway is damaged by the earthquakes it may be some days before I have a letter from you. The letter I wrote on Friday (the 20th) has not yet left Tilis. Gracey inally appeared on Saturday (yeterday) morning. As I conjectured, he was snowed up near Alexandropol and it took 300 men to clear the track. Lat night I had to go to a very large party at the American Consulate. Though I had slept before it I was so tired that I came away quietly before midnight. To-day the archaeological Society sent a deputation to present me with a diploma as honorary member. I have had a fairly quiet day and feel consoled by the idea that my policy about Batoum is likely to prevail after all. Since my arrival I have seen everything, so far, turned out as I wished, in spite of trong opposition. The earthquakes has proved to be more serious than I irt thought. Gori (a town of 20,000 inhabitants, about 60 miles wet of Tilis) was completely detroyed - not a house left and about a score of villages near it are also ruined. Craters and hot springs have appeared and the fall of rocks threatens to alter the course of the river Kura. The railway is damaged and the rails are twited. A large number of people were killed and tens of thousands are homeless in this severe weather and are short of food. Even in Tilis we did not escape altogether for several houses are cracked from top to bottom and my own resi¬dence shows a good many small long crevices in the ceilings. One of the newspapers 294 to-day says it is the wort earthquake Georgia has had since 1088. The days are getting much longer and I was able to see, to read till nearly six o'clock to-night. I only lighted my electric lamp to begin this letter. I was out for about an hour in the afternoon and though the roads are slushy and snowy the pavements are quite dry and clean. The air is cold but there seemed to be a suggetion of spring in the breeze and the sky was clear and blue. I have written a short letter to Johno for his birthday and told him you would give him a present from me. The hope of getting home about Eatertide has not yet abandoned me. I shall do my bet, though circumtances may be too trong for me. Do not forget me dearet! MONDAy 23 FEB. 2 PM Unexpectedly a potman came from Batoum to-day and is leaving again this evening so as I have a “conference” this afternoon I write you a few words more. With the idea of sending this of to-night. The pot brought nothing from London. The sun is shining but I do not feel particularly lively. I am very tired of everything. To-morrow there is to be an excursion to Gori to see the damage caused by the earthquake. I shall probably have to go but I object on principle to making a picnic of a disater. What more can I write? I am in an ill humor and had better top. Dearet love to my own darling wife and to the children. Love to your mother. Always your O. W. TIFLIS, 25 FEB 1920 My dearet Margrethe, On Monday night I sent you a letter. To-day I have sent of a case which will be brought to you by Grundy`s servant when it arr¬ives in London; enclosed is a lit of the contents. The valuable cornet which tarted from here on Jan 4 did not leave by teamer till lat Saturday (Feb 21); I hope it will safely reach you before this letter. Yeterday I visited the scene of the earthquake and found the damage much greater than I had expected. Gori was a town of over 30.000 inhabitants and not one of them has a roof over his head now, except a very few small wooden huts which escaped. The ancient fortress on the hill above the town poured heaps of tones down on the houses below it and four bodies were taken out of the ruins while we were in the town. The earthquakes were till continuing from time to time, though I did not notice them. The city will have to be abandoned altogether 295 and rebuilt somewhere else. It was pitiful to see the poor people sheltering under the canvas or under a carpet or rug and the tears came to my eyes to see children like ours shivering and hungry and homeless in a freezing atmosphere with snow all round. The town was bad enough but the villages (of which 47 are more or less ruined) are till worse and hardly anything has yet been done for their relief. Several people have gone mad with terror, even children. In¬fants were born prematurely while all the terror of the earthquake was going on. It was fortunate that the irt severe shock frightened the people so much that they did not go back to their houses, even to cook food, so when the second great shock came they were motly outside. There were no ires in the ruins. I went right through Gori and then right through the village of Khidithavi (not the place of the same name in Guria where Tom once taved). They were too awful to be described. I saw the house of the Amilakhvaris where my family was entertained in 1897, the front is till tanding but all the ret is ruined. The house of the Eritavis, where they also were, was completely gone and Misho Erithavi and his family are living under a few carpets in the mud and snow and frot. The people are tunned and hopeless but they said they were grateful for our visit and our sympathy. It is a tragedy for every one of them. It is till very cold and there is a trong wind blowing jut now but the sun is shining. I am expecting Professor Tsagareli to call in a few minutes. He is nearly blind but till works hard; he is writing a book about the Georgian claims to independ¬ence and her territorial rights. The Armenians and Azerbaijanis (especially the former) are giving trouble and I brought some of them together a couple of days ago to see if they could not come to terms. When I saw the mise¬rable victims of the earthquake yeterday I thought of the hundreds of thousands of people who had been reduced to the same sort of misery by the deliberate design of politicians who ought to be hanged. To-night I have another interview about the same thing and mean to say what I think of it all. I am not feeling particularly well these lat few days. My head annoys me a good deal, but I keep going and when the warm weather comes it will be pleasanter. My hopes are ixed on getting away in April. It depends of course on the turn afairs may take but unless something very unexpected happens there is reason to believe I may get leave. It is sad to get so little news of you. 26 FEB 1920 296 Again the potman has come without bringing anything from you. The only thing he brought was a bag containing three copies of the Peace Treaty with Germany.50 This bag had been sent to Tilis via Bombay, you see with how much intelligence things are managed. The weather is ine and becoming more and more like spring. I wish I could enjoy it more. I have a headache practically all the time and am sick to death of everything. There is no peace. Our troops have topped leaving Batoum. I have made another success in this; if I had not proteted so violently they would have left and the consequences would have been lamentable. But this is only for your private information. I mut go out for half an hour and try if I cannot diminish my headache. I have now come back from a troll in the cold air and feel the better for it. The bag will be closed in a few minutes so I cannot write much more. I have, however, time to tell you again how I am loving you and yearning for you and the children. If only I could have a month with you in a quiet, pretty country place, away from all this turmoil and fatigue! Give my love to your mother and to Tom and Winnie and their children. Think of me sometimes. Your own O.W. TIFLIS, 28 FEB. 1920 My own Dearet, , On Thursday (the 26th) I sent yon a letter and potcards to the children. Today I have a chance of sending a bag direct to London (by a certain Mr Wickes of the Cosmos Co.) and though I have very little time I mut try to send you some news, if it be only to say that I am alive and well. If you are ever in doubt of that fact (through my letters being delayed) you have only to ask at the Mid. Eatern Dept. of the F.O. who are in daily communication with me. I am sending a letter and a parcel to the F.O. by this bag. The letter is for Tom and contains 2 leases. The parcel is for you and contains a Tekke cushion cover (Half of a saddle bag) which I bought for you this morning at the price of Rs 11000 (i.e. about £1.1)- It will go well with your rugs but it needs cleaning. I hope you will like it. I have never seen any of the kind for sale here before. This morning I went to the dentit and told him I should like to have all my teeth extracted. He is a very nice Georgian and is said to be the bet dentit here. He has the euphonious name of Tzkhomelidze. He said he would pull out 50 1919. “Treaty of versailles” – signed by the victorious Powers of Entente with Germany on June 28th, 297 one tooth but no more, and guaranteed that he would provide me with a subtitute for it and for the others I lot in Sevenoaks in a very short time and that I would have no more trouble in connexion with this matter for years. I am not sure that I agree with him but I shall give him a trial. He preteted that my remaining teeth were quite sound. The fate of Batoum is decided (the telegram has jut come in) and in a fairly satisfactory way. You will have seen the news before this letter reaches you. The „Morning Pot“ article on Batoum which you sent me was, as you say, malicious and purposely misleading. Don't believe anything you read in the newspapers. Now I mut thank you for your two letters covering the period from Jan 19 to Jan 28 and the two bundles of “Morning Pot” and “Observer” down to the 28th. It was such a pleasant surprise to get them yeterday from a tray messenger to Persia after being disappointed the day before. Please also thank your mother for kind card of congratulation. It was indeed the dream of my life (so far as public matters go) to see Georgia recognized. There is no news of the Cherkesofs and I do not think anybody here knows they are on the way. It is really like spring to-day. The sun has been shining so brightly and there is quite a public meeting of twittering birds outside my window chattering in a spring like way. You were right to send £5 to Mansield. I have always thought they were doing good work in Canning Town. What a nice day of sightseeing in London you seem to have had. I hope you will continue to make such excursions. There is no great hurry about the children learning much at school. The chief thing is for them to be healthy and happy and to form good habits and get some idea of method and alacrity. I do hope Jamie dear will soon be tronger. Keep him in the open air as much as possible and give him good plain nourishing food without any sauces of trimmings. Tell Nino she mut not be self-willed with Mor51and tell Andie I am so glad he is a good boy “often”. Tell them all Far52 will be “so glad, so glad” when he is with you again. I am till hoping to get home about Eater. To-day I feel better than I have done for weeks. Hardly a trace of headache I do not know what the cause of improvement can be – possibly barometer. I wonder whether this letter will get to you in record time. It was pretty good that mine of Jan 5 arrived on the 23rd – only 18 days! It ought really to be 8 at the mot if the communications were normal. A “god klem”53 to my own darling wife and to Nino, Jamie and Andie. Your own O. W. Letter No 26 TIFLIS Mor – Mother, in Norwegian Far – Father, in Norwegian 53 God klem – Good hug, in Norwegian 51 52 298 2 MArCH 1920 My own dearet little wife, I have had a long talk with the Cherkesovs who arrived here to-day and brought me news of you and gave me your letter of Jan. 15 which was the nicet I have had for sometime. The par-cels are not yet unpacked from their trunks but they will hand them over to-morrow when they come to lunch. While I was writing the above I got a telegram which (for once) was not disagreeable. It says that Loudon, who was with me in Moscow and has recently (is it the third or fourth time?) had to evacuate Odessa, jut before the entry of the Bolsheviks, will arrive here to-morrow to work under me as Consul. A few hours ago I had a wireless telegram, through Persia, telling me he had left Contantinople for Tilis on Feb. 26 and as I knew that a boat which sailed on that day had been mined in or near the Bosporus I feared Loudon had done his lat trip. A Greek diplomatit who was to come here as Miniter was blown up on that boat but escaped with his life – minus all his baggage - and had to go back to Contantinople. Blowings up are the fashion. A teamer in Batoum yeter¬day with a cargo of dynamite for Denikin went up in the air, and a gentleman who had some sort of grievance againt his family threw a bomb in or near the dometic hearth in his Tilis home to-day and one of his lady relations was killed. It's an unquiet world. The Cherkesovs are quite lively and cheerful. He looks younger than ever and she says Nino was actually lirting with him, to which I replied that (as she knew) he was irresitible. I am glad Camilla saw Sundlo. He would be able to tell her at leat that I am not living in a cave or up a tree. The youthful members of the taf have gone to see part of an Opera. They seldom get the whole performance for there is much work and when they do go they always have to sacriice some of the dinner. By this pot I am sending you some pictures of the Gori earth¬quake but I fear they will not give you an accurate idea of the damage. Perhaps Grundy’s ilms may be better when they are printed. I mut really get up and hear the thrushes singing in the garden one of these days. Lately I have been waking early but unfortu¬nately my room is not on the garden side of the house and it is till too chilly to permit of a séance on the balcony before dawn. To be continued. 3 MArCH 1920 299 Another perfect day so far as weather is concerned. Enclosed are Grundy's photographs of the Gori earthquake - 13 of them; they will give you some idea but of course you do not get the "temning"54 in a photograph. Loudon arrived this morning. He wanted to go home when the Bolsheviks drove him out of Odessa but the F.O. have sent him here to help me with the commercial work, which is abundant and annoying. I wonder whether you ever received the parcel of silver I sent you on Nov. 20 and in fact whether the things I have put in the beg generally have reached you. Waite and Grundy both seem to have lot valuable carpets etc. which they entruted to a traveler. The parcel I refer to contained I think a silver wine ladle, silver belts etc. The mot valuable things however are in the three parcels I gave to Stokes (including Nino's necklet and cross in a Persian box). By the Cosmos teamer I sent some MSS and a large Persian antique jewel case as big as a writing desk. By another teamer (the "Phrygia’' I believe) went the valuable Persian picture carpet for which I paid about £120; but all these will be delivered either by Stokes or by Grundy's servant. About my homecoming - one of the things on which it depends is whether the F.O. means to appoint me deinitely as diplomatic representative or not. If they do I suppose I should accept and in that case I would come home as soon as possible and arrange for our all coming out here, after some months' leave, to settle down for a year or two. If the F. O. appoints anybody else, of course I should come home and take several months' leave before going to Paris or whatever other pot they might induce me to accept. The quetion should be settled pretty soon for I undertand the other Powers are all on the point of sending out miniters or charges d'afaires. Another matter, of course, which will afect my plans, is the political situation. Should the Bolshevik advance be continued so as to threaten Transcaucasia it would naturally be impossible either for me to leave or for you to come out. My own view of the matter is however optimitic on the whole; the only point I am uneasy about is Baku, which is tempting from the petroleum point of view. If only the journey were shorter and more comfortable I would have asked you to come out months ago but to have you travelling for about a month under the mot unattractive conditions, exposed to great risk of infectious disease and other dangers is not to be thought of. It is all very sad, for there is no time when you would have enjoyed being with me more than the present and there is no time when I have longed more for you. We can only wait for the progress of events and I do not despair of a meeting about Eater or soon after. Certainly by the end of this month the situation will have changed either for the better or the worse and when Stokes comes back there will be more chance of my getting home if it be the choice I make. 54 Stemning – Mood, in Norwegian 300 The Cherkezovs say I look well but tired. They both look well and lively after their voyage of 24 days. Thursday afternoon. The bag this morning brought nothing from home and as it goes out at 6 I shall not have much time to write you, for I have some oicial visits to make at 4 (it is now 3.55) and at 5 I have to receive oicial visitors. The weather is all that could be desired. So warm that I have had the door on the balcony wide open since the morning. My parcel from the Cherkesovs has not yet been delivered. The dentit will I hope inish with me to-morrow. I am feeling quite well but longing very much for you. If not April then May will I trut see us together again. Dearet love to my own darling and Jamie, Nino and Andie. Love to your mother. I am till busy and I wonder when things will be quieter. Altogether and always your O. Wardrop I bought this morning for about £2 a Georgian drinking vessel ornamented with silver (including two curious groups of animals). The visits I paid since writing the above were blank. The only one I was sorry not to see was Pss. Liza Saginova (Chavchavadze's siter) whom I have not seen more than once since my arrival. I have no time to visit the people I would really like to talk to. Again dearet love to my darling. TIFLIS SuNDAy EvENING MArCH 7, 1920 My own dearet, I have not written anything since lat Thursday (March 4) when I sent you a letter inclosing photographs of the ruins of Gori and four newspapers. I also sent a letter to Tom at the same time. Your parcel has now been delivered by the Cherkesovs and I send you my bet thanks for the things, which are all very useful. On Friday I drove up the Codjori till we came to a snow-drift about three feet deep and had to turn back. The air is now quite spring like and all the snow had disappeared from the garden yeterday after lying there since Jan 17. It is now light enough to read till about half pat six. Your lat letter asked for carpets and yeterday I bought for you two Hamadan "runners" - old but in perfect condition and of camelhair; they are iner than the camel hair we have already but will go well with it. They are ifteen feet long and about three feet wide. I paid Rs 40.000 for the pair and this is about £40 301 to £50 (according to the exchange, which varies a good deal). I am assured by people who know, including Grundy (who is quite an expert) that I made a very good bargain. No camel hair carpets have been made for many years now and they will probably never be made again for the material is too valuable. I saw at the same time some ine Tekke carpets but the price asked was £1000 for the bet although it had several holes in it (which can be mended). The holes were caused by the ignorance of the people (Russians) who had owned it and had beaten it. An Oriental carpet or rug should never be beaten but either brushed with a hand brush or with a carpet sweeper. I have a great deal to trouble me jut now in my work. If you only knew what anxieties there are! I feel more than ever that I ought to get away for a complete ret but it is absolutely impossible and I mut in any case go on till Stokes returns. For good reasons which I cannot tell you jut now it is not advisable for you and the children to come out here at present though it is always possible that the hindrances (political) may disappear suddenly. Since the Begtabegof's party on Feb.16 I have only once been out in the evening (at the Americans’ for half an hour a fortnight ago). I cannot manage these social duties as well as the work without risk of breaking down. To-night I am asked to a great fete but refused. It is to celebrate the recognition of Georgia and to raise money for the relief of the suferers by the earthquake. The organizer and his wife came to ask me to-day but I had to decline. They are going to announce that they are etablishing a fund in the name of the President of Georgia and myself for education of young Georgians in England and they are giving £1000 to tart it. They are called Beridze and he is manager of a British Tra¬ding Co. here called ’’Cosmos”. WEDNESDAy 10 MArCH 1920 I ought to be ashamed for not writing anything to you since Sunday. I was on the point of writing two or three times but felt I had not the proper ’’temning".55 To-day again I am not in a bright humor. There are so many annoying things and so much to cause anxiety about the political situation. Consequently my vitality has been depressed and I ought really to take a complete ret. The taf insited on my having breakfat in bed to-day and I have jut come out of my room (at 11 Am.) to tart my day by writing to you. It is simply a perfect summer's day and so warm that I sit with my door wide open and the sunlight pouring in on the loor... I have prepared a telegram to the F.O. asking for leave to come to England and I may send it any day. Somebody would have to take my place and I propose Stokes and even if they send somebody else I should like to have S[tokes] 55 Stemning – Mood, in Norwegian 302 back at Baku before I left. On Monday a certain Sir John Hewett, who has done very good work in Mesopotamia and India and is, I believe, a Balliol man, arrived here had lunch and left yeterday on a short trip to Baku on business. He is a president of the London School of Oriental Studies of which Prof. Dennison Ross (now knighted) is Principal. Curiously enough I had jut been ofered a collec¬tion of 500 Persian, Arabic and Turkish Mss. at a low price (£2000) so between us we are trying to get rich people in England to buy the Mss. either for Ross’s School or for the Bodleian. This morning I bought the following for you: 1. A perfect Old Persian enamel box dated more than 120 years ago with a whole romance depicted on it. I have hardly ever seen anything of the kind so ine. Price £5. 2. a very delicately carved Chinese ivory scene in miniature with many igures and building and garden all in the form of a brooch with a thin gold band round its edge; about this size. Price £1.10. 3. A Persian enamel miniature on copper, oval shaped about this size; slightly chipped at the edges but in good condition generally. Price £2.10. You may think I am buying "curios" recklessly, but I think you will ind that even from the economic point of view I have done well and that mot of my purchases, if you have at any time need to part with them will bring three or four times what they cot. They are really better than money in the bank from that point of view but I hope you will not need to sell. And now, having disposed of minor topics I can take in hand your dear letter of Feb.2nd to 4th which arrived on Monday forenoon, March 8th. It is an epoch making letter in that it bears the signatures of "Jamie Andie Nino". If they knew how eagerly I am waiting the time when I can obey their requet to "come home”. On the same day as your letter I had one from Tom of the 12th. (a whole week later) and Waite has one from his wife dated the 22nd. (Eighteen days later! telling of her visit to you I believe). That man Oldham is much to blame for keeping back your letters and I hope you have ceased to send them to his care. I am so sorry you had not been quite well and hope you are now quite trong. The newspapers you sent down to Feb 2 have arrived and Tom’s weekly papers down to about the middle of Feb., also the copy of the "Contemp[orary] Review" with Nevinson’s56 article about Georgia. By the way, I see it is proposed to give one of the Nobel Peace prizes to Lange.57 I should think he deserves it as much as anybody and if he gets it please congratulate him from me. 56 British Journalit, a friend of varlam Cherkezishvili and sibling Wardrops. In 1906 he traveled all around Georgia and among others he met Ilia Chavchavadze. When he returned back to Britain, he published number of supportive articles in British press on Georgia. Together with Cherkezishvili and Wardrop, he was one of the leading igures, who was preparing submission of “The Petition of Georgian People” to the Hague Conference in 1907. See more details in: D. Shvelidze – ai vin iqo, kartvelno, varlam cherkezishvili (Georgians, look who was varlam Cherkezishvili!), pp. 234-241. 57 Chritian Lange – Norwegian hitorian and political scientit. In 1919 he published “Hitory of Internationalism” (in French), which prepared an ideological ground for the foundation of League of Nations. Primarily for this book he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1921. 303 Love to your Mother. I am afraid I sometimes forget to send "hilsen" but she will know that it is only forgetfulness. During the writing of the above I have been continually interrupted. Firt by an oicer from the Batoum garrison with troublesome news about the behavior of the Georgians. Then by a deputation of villagers from the Kars ditrict to complain that the Armenians are detroying their houses and killing them and their wives and children. Then by the new representative of Azerbaijan in Armenia, a certain Teinurr Bey Makinsky, a former tudent of Moscow University where he was contemporary of Khatissian, the Prime Miniter of Armenia. He tells me his predecessor, my friend Akhverdof, was robbed on his way to Erivan of 5 400.000 Rubles which he was carrying for the relief of the Mussulmans in Kars ditrict; it seems the train was topped by brigands near Sanain in the so-called "neutral zone” between Georgia and Armenia. I mut really do some work now but hope to continue this letter before sending it of to-morrow night. WEDNESDAy EvENING. The taf told me to go for a drive this afternoon as it was bright and warm so I went with Rooker and Lowdon to Mtzkhet and we spent half an hour in the Cathedral. On the way back a tyre burt and we were a good deal delayed, so I was nearly three and a half hours in the open air and that should be good for my health. I mut, now write to Tom before going to bed. Please give him a cheque for the insurance for another 6 months on my luggage. THurSDAy 11 MAr. Your letter of the 16th has come to-day. As your lat was dated Feb. 4 there mut be at leat two of yours till on the way. You cannot have better weather than we have. It is warm summer. What you tell of the children is very intereting. I do long to see you all. There is plenty of work. I have jut had an interview with two of the Miniters lating two and a half hours. If I could only get away from it all for a bit! Dearet love to my own darling wife. I see I shall not be home for Eater unless I can get an airplane to bring me; but I till hope to be with you sometime in April. Your own O.Wardrop TIFLIS 304 14. MArCH 1920 My own true love, My lat letter was sent on the 11th and I hope we shall have another pot to-morrow. For a few days I have been taking life easily and rising after breakfat. The taf brought Dr. Ghairbashidze58 to interview me yeterday but I was able to tell him quite truthfully that my general physical health is quite sound, save for headaches, and that all I needed was ret and change. He agreed and wants me to go away to the country for a few days but I prefer to come home if it be possible. I have not yet sent my telegram to the F.O. applying for leave but expect to do so tomorrow. There has been, and there till is, too much incident in my work and human attention is a limited quantity which may be worn out. On Friday we had a three hours' drive pat Codjori to the 29th vert on the road to Manglis - that is almot half way. We were pretty high up and it was rather cold on the way back, but it was an enjoyable trip among wild mountain scenery. Lat night we went, to a quiet dinner with the Gvazavas. The other guets were the Cherkesovs junior (our friends Elene Machabeli, her husband and sister) and the Apkhazis. It was the snugget and mot homely party I have been at here and we got away reasonably early. This morning the Cherkezovs junior came on purpose to see the photographs of our children. There you have all the private events of the lat few days. Of the public events I will say nothing. They have been on the whole annoying. Yeterday and to-day have been cold and dull and we have had some rain. A rather smelly portable tove which Rooker brought out in his luggage is feebly trying to warm my room but gives more odour than warmth. Our central heating is taking a ret again. Majoni was to have come to lunch before departing for Rome to-night but he sent a message to say his oicial duties prevented him from lunching at all. I need not tell you how I am longing to be at home with my darling wife. What a long time it seems since we parted at Victoria and what a long way - but if only there were facilities, the 3500 kilometers could be lown in two days. MONDAy, 15.3.20 AFTEr LuNCH I am having the luxury of a day in bed, in accordance with Dr. Ghambashidze`s intructions, and I could not have chosen a better day for the purpose - it is cold, dull and rainy. I have also missed some troublesome interviews and that is a great advantage. 58 Well-known Georgian doctor – vakhtang Gambashidze, who, after Bolshevik occupation, emigrated to Paris and was in charge of the Georgian community in France. He was a brother of the head of Georgian diplomatic mission to The Great Britain – Davit Gambashidze. 305 The telegram applying for leave has not been sent of yet, though I have had it ready for some time. The reason is that I am afraid these people here are in danger and till I know that proper measures have been taken to help them I simply cannot leave. I have had some trouble with the Social-Democratic government (not real trouble or anything like a quarrel) and they have been naughty children but after all they are only children and as they persit in calling me their “Godfather” I suppose I have certain moral, if not religious, duties to¬wards them. I mut say I do not like Social-Democrats as Social-Democrats for I think the theories of those people make them less "gentlemanly" than they would have been otherwise. However, the people at large, especially the poor people, are not Social-Democrats and I think they are fond of me, at leat everybody tells me they are, so until I know they are safe I want to tay with them and take the risks, which are not after all as great as the people who threaten me pretend to think. The bag from Batoum has brought absolutely nothing this morning but various ditinguished persons seem to be on their way hither and some of them may bring letters. You have probably heard that things are going badly with Denikin. He is evidently inished and the Bolsheviks will take what is left of the old Russia, except Transcaucasia, out of which they can be kept if the Allies, and especially Great Britain, will behave sensibly - but as you know, I have no faith in the intelligence of governments; I don’t suppose Lloyd George knows where the Caucasus is and even if he knows that he is, judging from a speech he made in February, incompletely informed about the political aspects of the Transcaucasian quetions. Lord Curzon, however, knows all about it and I hope his inluence may prevail over that of his colleagues - especially Churchill. I do not know whether to send this to-night or to wait for a better opportunity. I think I shall sleep over the quetion. I have been sleeping mot of the lat 24 hours. Would the children each learn a hymn from the Church Hymn Book to sing to me when I come home? Jamie No 411, Andie No 403 Nino No 427. Potcards are not very easy to get but I shall try to send them some by the next pot. TuESDAy 16TH MArCH. I got up in time for my inal visit to the dentit at 11, when I handed him Rs 25.000 (say £25) I would rather have spent the money in some other way but I undertand his charges were moderate at the present rates. There is great agitation among the dometic servants for it has been discovered that a pair of my shoes and a pair of Grundy's and clothing of Rooker's were tolen the other day so public opinion has demanded the introduction of the 306 police or militia. I had rather they had been kept out of it. The servants are indignant that such a scandal should have happened in a house where nothing had ever been tolen before. Rooker went to Baku lat night for a couple of days with my permission. At lat I have sent of my telegram to the F.O. asking for leave as soon as possible. I ought to have a ret, and if anything should happen to prevent me from leaving I can always potpone my leave. I would certainly not go away and leave these people in the lurch if I could be of any use here. Loundon`s appointment here was only temporary and the man who is to replace him is already in Batoum on his way here so L[oudon] may carry this letter with him and perhaps a bag for you containing carpets &c. It is another chilly, dull, rainy day. As regards the ’’picture” carpet I sent you some time ago - it may interet you to know that the dealer from whom I bought it ofered to buy it back from me at the price of Rs 200.000 which at the present rate of exchange is well over £200. As for the Hamadan (camel hair) ’’runners” I bought recently they would certainly fetch here in Tilis double what I paid for them. I hope they will reach home safely for I feel sure you will like them. THurSDAy, MArCH 18 3.20 PM. The bag is closing at once and I have no time to write more. I am much better. Dearet love to my own dearet. TIFLIS SuNDAy 21 MArCH 1920 My own Dearet, My lat letter to you left on Thursday the 18th. My lat from you was dated Feb. 16 and received March 11th. Perhaps I may have something from you to-morrow. On the 18th I received by the ordinary pot Camilla’s letter of February 8. Please thank her very much and say I shall try to answer her soon. Lat Friday (the 19th) there was a great demon¬tration to demand Batoum for Georgia. It was really organized by the government and this seems to be a tupid policy intigated by their enemies. The day was a holiday and the treets were full of processions. I had to receive a deputation and the report of what I said to them is, as usual, deliberately falsiied in the press. Cherkezov spent an hour with me afterwards and I told him. As I have told others, how tupid I think the whole thing. The head of the Board of Trade (Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith) and three of 307 his taf are here on their way home from Persia and have to be looked after. Also British oicers from the N[orth] Caucasus, where the Denikin’s force has practically ceased to exit. Aneta Chqonia called this morning and said the white home¬made roll of woolen material (which I shall send you by the irt opportunity) was for you. This forenoon I returned the call of an American Admiral who has come up on a short visit. To-day is the Persian New Year - a very good time to begin the year when the spring is making everything fresh and attrac¬tive in these parts. That is, I think, a chronicle of all that has happened since my lat letter to you. By this bag I am sending you some newspapers. Among others a comic journal entitled "The Devil’s Whip", on the irt page of which you will see me represented as Orpheus, charming the Georgians while the British teal Batoum! There are also two small pam¬phlets, one with Marjory's portrait and one with mine on the cover. I send duplicates in case Tom would like copies. I am taking things easily and do not feel particularly lively, I am tired of the continual truggle. My application for leave should have reached London by this time if the telegraph is working properly. Can you believe that a couple of days ago I got in one day two tele¬grams from the F.O. one of which was sent of eight weeks before and the other six weeks before! I do hope I shall be home in April. I asked that Stokes should leave London this month if possible and I also asked that you should be informed if my leave was granted. MONDAy 22 MArCH 1920 It is a beautiful warm day and I am enjoying the sunshine, but I have a great deal to do and have only a few minutes free before the bag is closed at half pat three. There is nothing new to tell you and nothing has come from you - to my great disappointment. I send you all my love Your own O. Wardrop 308 TIFLIS 22 MArCH 1920 Dearet, Jut a line in great hate to tell you that I am sending a bag to the F. O. which Tom or you could call for. I have already sent you a big envelope containing a small letter and several newspapers which ought to reach you by pot at the same time as this. The tag contains: The Kashgar rug with blue ground, a bundle of Mss. Intended ultimately for the Bodleian and some portraits, specimens of Persian handwriting, a small picture of the banks of the river Kura near Tilis with Kazbek in the ditance, also an icon of Tamara. (Not good) &c There is great excitement about the Bolshevik advance. I hear that Vladikavkaz and Lars are in their hands, so they are only about 100 miles from Tilis. I wish people here were a little more level-headed. If they were they could easily hold their own againt any invaders and keep down any paid intriguers in this country. I wonder whether I shall be with you by the end of April. I see no reason to the contrary at present if Stokes gets away in good time and makes a reasonably quick journey. It will be delightful to be with you and the children again. You are the people in the world that makes it worth living in for me. The sun is shining on all your dear portraits on my table in front of me as I write. I am also sending you the roll of white cloth from Aneta Chqonia. Again dearet, dearet love to my own darling. O. W. TIFLIS LADy DAy (25.3.1920) My own darling, On Monday (Mar 22) I sent you a letter telling you that by the same bag I had forwarded to the F.O., to be called for in the Mid-Eat Dept., three parcels containing: Kashgar blue rug; Bundle of Persian and Arab Mss. &c Roll of white homemade native cloth. In another letter by the same occasion I sent you several newspapers and potcards for the children. To-day I am sending you by the F.O. bag, addressed as before, the two long camelhair Hamadan carpets. On Tuesday I had two hours with the Prime Miniter and Miniter for Foreign Afairs and to-day I have had two hours more of talk with Jordania and Cooke-Collis, the Military Governor of Batoum, who was also present. It is a very 309 trying time and my health is somewhat the worse for the continued train. Yeterday I had a short visit from Zachary Chichinadze, the publisher of the pamphlets I sent you with portraits of Marjory and myself. He is over 70 and is a very devoted patriot whom I have known for many years. He brought me several books for the Bodleian. I also visited the Library of the Contituent Assembly and gave them copies of Marjory's books and mine and they gave me some books in return. Yeterday I had an hour with the Cherkezovs on the balcony of their modet little apartment high up on St. David's Hill. From the other balcony there is a ine view of Tilis. They are pressing me for this letter to put in the bag General Cooke-Collis is waiting for dinner with us before returning to Batoum, so I mut top. I send by this bag a letter to Camilla. Dearet love to my own darling and the children and love to your mother. Your own loving husband O. W. TIFLIS SuNDAy, 28 MArCH 1920 My own Dearet, Here I am again beginning a letter to you without having any from you to answer. Your lat was of Feb 16; my lat to you was March 25 and on that day I sent you to the F.O. the two Camel hair carpets. On Friday I had a visit from General Erdeli59 who has given up the campaign in the Northern Caucasus and is going with 4 000 troops he has left, including 1600 oicers, and their families to be interned at Poti. The same afternoon I drove 43 verts up the Military road, through Mtzkhet to Tsilcani and saw the refugees coming down from Vladikavkaz; some in motor cars, some in open carriages others tightly packed in rough country carts and the ret going wearily on foot. The mot saddening sight of all was to see a poor man walking quite alone without any luggage, tenderly carrying a baby in his arms. Where was his poor wife? - Probably dead by the roadside. Yeterday arrived de Martel, appointed French Commissioner here; he was formerly a colleague in Siberia of Eliot, now Ambassador in Tokyo whom I succeeded in 1892 as Private Secretary in Petersburg to Sir Robert Morier. It was a worrying day yeterday and I had several visits, including one from the Acting Miniter for Foreign Afairs as late as ten pm., besides an interview with the Miniter President. The general political situation is far from being bright or simple. There is a report to-day that Novorossisk is in the hands of the Bolsheviks. Things are not 59 General of Denikin’s forces 310 going smoothly between the Armenians and Mussulmans. There is nervousness about the possibility of outbreaks in some of the towns, where the Bolsheviks have spent much money in buying support. The wretched “Batoum quetion" is not yet solved. Altogether my position is not an easy one and I wish I had better health to face all the diiculties and complications. As you know, I applied on March 12th for leave to come home and I asked the F.O. to let you know the Result of my appli¬cation. But our telegrams are taking a very long time to arrive. Even if my requet be granted it is unlikely that I shall be able to get away before the middle of April, so my hope of being with you for Eater was a vain one. Quite possibly I may be able to persuade Dr. Ghambashidze to order me to go to bed for a week. Though I have no ailment sui¬ciently deinite to jutify this I am so exhauted and run down that I think I am jutiied in shutting myself up to escape tiresome conversations. Lat night Cherkezov came in when we were at our late dinner and he tayed a couple of hours. It is a comfort to talk with him. We had meant to drive to Manglis to-day, but the motor car is not repaired yet. It would not have been a good day for the trip; because it was raining all the forenoon and the air is cold. I have not been out of the house though it is teatime already. There is a Russian book of which you would, I think, enjoy the English translation published within the lat two or three years. It is S. T. Aksakov`s "Family Chronicle and Reminiscences’' (the title may be diferent in the translation) and tells the tory of his family. The part about his father and mother and his own childhood is very good. At the Sevenoaks Library they may have a copy, or if not they could probably tell you who are the publishers. I forgot whether I told you that I found the other day at a second hand booksellers a copy of "the Annual Regiter, or a view of the Hitory , Politics and Literature of the year 1805" exactly as it was issued , unbound and unopened. It has probably lain in Tilis for over 100 years. I have cut a few pages (there are over 1000) and read about the death of Nelson and the battle of Auterlitz. That was a tirring time, but how small the events seem compared with those in which I am playing my small part in this remote unquiet corner! In the next room the taf is deciphering belated telegrams of which a bunch came to Batoum by boat yeterday. They are of the mot unintereting kind, as seems to be the case generally when communication is resumed after a long break. I have plenty of responsibility (more than I desire) for I have to act immediately without being able to consult London and without knowing even the general lines of policy governing the actions of the British Govt. In the circumtances it is inevitable that I mut make mitakes but I hope they will not be too grave. So far, at leat, I have not been reproached for anything by the people at home. I inclose three Azerbaijan potage tamps which are I think rare and valuable in England. Monday afternoon. The bag is leaving in a few minutes so I have no time to write at length. Noth311 ing from you arrived this morning and no oicial correspondence from London. I have several interviews this afternoon so I shall be pretty tired before evening. Dearet love to the dearet of wives from her altogether devoted husband. O. W. TIFLIS EASTEr SuNDAy APrIL 4. 1920 My own Dearet, I wrote you lat Monday and not much has happened worth writing about since then. I had a letter from Stokes dated March 14 telling me that he had seen you and that you were all well; but the latet direct news from you is till your letter of Feb 16. It is wearisome to wait so long for letters! I had however, newspapers from you for the period from the 4th of Feb. to 4th of March which have given me some long desired in¬formation about what is going on in the world generally but the mot important part of the world for me - the part near the Vine - remains unknown for the lat seven weeks. As I told you in my lat letter, I made up my mind to have a week in bed and to make an excuse for not getting up; I had medical advice about a swelling you may remember I told you about, on my left shoulder. I was told it was better to get it removed as it had been there about 10 years or more and might be troublesome if neglected. So lat Wednesday a certain surgeon named Machavariani60 came and removed it. He said it was a "ibro-lipoma" (I think that is right) and it was a good thing I was rid of it, for though it was not dangerous in its present tate it might have become so. He found it was much deeper than he had expected but the operation was quite successful and I did not need any chloroform or general anethetic, but only a slight local anethetic. The whole performance rather amused me, but Grundy (who insited on being present) was rather horriied I think - in spite of all his hospital experience - and I mut say (trictly between ourselves) that it seemed to me the job might have been more artitically performed, though Dr. M[achavariani] has quite a high local reputation and is I believe professor of surgery at Tilis University. I have not lot an hour's sleep or a meal through the operation and my temperature has been absolutely normal all the time. The wound is healing rapidly and I can move about in my room quite easily. My general health has beneited very much from the ret and my headaches have disappeared. It is only the mot important quetions that are brought in to me and I can devote all my attention to them. Such quetions as - what is the bet way to deal with Denikin’s leet in the Caspian now that it has no port of its own to 60 Prof. Alexander Machavariani (1884-1941) – Graduate of russian Military-Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he obtained his doctoral degree in 1914. During WW1 period he worked for the military frontiers. In 1919 he joined Tilis State university and is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Georgian surgery. Shortly before his death he became a member of Georgian Communit Party in 1939. 312 go to? How can the Armenians and Mussulmans be prevented from slaughtering and ruining each other? How can the Bolsheviks be kept out of Transcaucasia? What is to be done with the thousands of refugees from the northern Caucasus? Such quetions are not as easy to answer as you might think. The other day I bought you three Oriental rugs which I hope you will like. They are all good of their kind, and a great bargain, for I only paid Rs.12 000 (a little over £12) for the lot. The smallet is a Chichi from Dagetan in dark quiet colors; it wants overtitching at one end, where it is worn to prevent it from getting worse. The next in size is a Baluchi,61 motly red, with quite a good sheen on it when you put it in the right light. The larget is a variegated Zilleh, rather thin material, which would do for a bedside rug; it comes from North Wet Persia. Lowdon has kindly promised to bring you these as he proposes to go home this week. I have till no answer to my application for leave but it may come any day now. The F.O. has been asked to inform you of my movements. My hope of being with you at Eater has been disappointed. I wonder whether I shall be home for the beginning of May. I need not tell you that I am always thinking of you. Lat night at 11 (I suppose about 9 o`c[lock] your time) I tried very hard to make you conscious of my presence. I imagined you and your mother to be sitting in the library and I came in at the door and over to your chair and sat down beside you and then sat on the rug at your feet with my head on your knees. I fear my psychical experiment had no success. It occurred to me that on Eater Eve you might be thinking of my hope to be with you at that time. MONDAy, APrIL 5. I had a good night, as usual, and feel quite comfortable. The surgeon will come in about half an hour and I hope he will make a good report. I have had no fever. It is quite pleasant to have the bandages changed daily. Gracy has been in to see me for a few minutes. He is going down to Karabagh to-morrow with French and an Italian oicer to enquire into the ighting there and try to top it if it is till going on. This forenoon I have been reading a copy of Don Quijote which I bought in Tenerife in February 1912 - before I had met you! It is a book I always delight in and have read it many times during the lat 40 years. I hope the boys will enjoy it as much as I do when they are old enough to appreciate it. Tea-time Luke, who is private secretary to Admiral de Robeck, the High Commissioner at Contantinople arrived at lunch time and I have jut had an intereting talk Tribal carpets from Balochitan, the region which is covering bordering territories of Iran, Afghanitan and Pakitan. 61 313 with him. He has brought me a copy of his Handbook to Cyprus of which a new edition has jut been published in London. He was there as Commissioner from 1911 till the war began. It is one of the mot beautiful islands in the world as you know. Luke is going down to Baku to-morrow for a few days and I rather hope the F.O. may authorize him to take my place here for a time, if Stokes is not yet ready to return, and let me come home this month. Who knows? It is jut possible I may be with you before you get this letter. I do hope you will not be worried by any absurd news you may get from the newspapers about this part of the world. You may be sure that everything is either false or exaggerated. We are hoping to get telegraphic communication of a more rapid kind before long. Well, Darling, I mut top now for the bag is to be closed. Dearet love to my very dearet sweet wife and children. Love to your Mother. Til gjensyn! Din62 O.Wardrop. TIFLIS SATurDAy AFTErNOON APrIL 10. 1920 My own Dearet, I am sitting basking on the balcony with the swallows lying twittering over my head. It is so hot that I have to move into the shade from time to time as the sun progresses. The surgeon has replaced the bandages by a sort of plater, so I can now dress in the usual way, and to celebrate my con¬valescence I have put on a tie of your favorite purple. I hope to go out for a walk early next week. On the 5th I sent you a letter and on the following day Lowdon left for London and said he would give you news of me on his arrival and hand over to you the three rugs I mentioned in my lat letter. Gracey brought me such a large arum lily in a pot this morning, to scent and adorn my room. Everybody has been very nice to me and I am quite touched to ind how friendly people are. I have been shielded from visitors all the time and have seen nobody on business for the lat ten days. I am much better for the ret. To-morrow is the Georgian Eater so nothing of im-portance will be done by the oicials before next Tuesday or Wednesday. We are till absolutely cut of from telegraphic communication with London - even through India but possibly we may get some telegrams on Monday by the bag from Contantinople. Of letters we have had none for a month. Your lat letter (dated Feb.16) reached me on Mar.11. 62 Til gjensyn – The reunion; Din – yours. In Norwegian 314 I am looking forward so longingly to our meeting. Your portraits are on view all the time and I often silently talk to you and the children. APrIL 11.1920 (SuNDAy) The Georgian Eater Sunday began with a severe torm of thunder, lightning and rain which prevented people from leaving the churches for some half hour or so. The choir of Sion Cathedral came before dinner lat night and sang an Eater Carol in the hall downtairs but I did not go down. I have not been downtairs yet and I tay in bed every day till luncheon, To-day it is dull and chilly. Grundy and Waite have gone to pay Eater calls for me and they are to begin with the Catholicons-Patriarch and the Metropolitan Bishop of Kutaisi who is taying with His Holiness. I wonder whether (at lat) I shall have a letter from yon to¬morrow morning. SuNDAy EvENING It is after six o’clock and I am sitting on the balcony where I have been all the afternoon. For the lat hour there has been a concert of hundreds of birds in the garden, where they congregate every evening and hold their vocal meeting for an hour before going to root. The swallows come and perch on the cornice above my head and then dart away to the top of a high plane tree in a garden adjacent where on the topmot twigs, jut growing green; they hold little parties of their own. Over the wall is a fruit tree covered with white blazon. It is the pleasantet time of the year and I think this mut be the mot popular garden in Tilis for the bird population. There is not much that is new and worth telling you. The situation is complicated and I do not know what will happen next. The Georgians at Enzeli, in Persia, have collected Rs.147 000 in aid of the victims of the earthquake and they have sent it to me to hand over to the [Relief] Committee. It is curious how the Georgians generally seem to think that I am the person of mot authority here and that their own government is only a sort of advisory body subordinate to my orders! The Bolsheviks seem to be of the same opinion and they are continually taunting the government with being my servants! As I need hardly say, there is no foundation for this. It is now nearly a month since I asked for leave and I till have no answer. I am anxious to tart for home, not only for personal reasons, but because I am sure it is in the public interet that somebody else should take over my work for I do not feel it for it and mut have a change. The twilight has come so I shall go back to my room as the air is growing cool. 315 MONDAy, 12 APrIL 1920 I have had my usual breakfat of eggs, white bread, butter (about 2 oz. I think) and honey and cofee and I had been looking forward to getting a whole bunch of letters from you. The dispatch rider has brought me only one letter the one Tom poted in London on March 23rd at. 11.40am at the London E.C. pot - oice. It is a comfort to know that when he wrote all was well with you. But what is the F.O. doing? They have sent me no letters of yours since Feb.16 and no dispatches since those which left London on Feb. 20. It is too bad. They could not deprive me of news so thoroughly if they tried to do so - it is simply the appalling ineiciency of people like Oldham and Co.63 I propose to send Waite to Contantinople to see if he cannot get any news; he will be glad of a change and it will give him the opportunity of seeing his mother about whom he is anxious since she led from Odessa on the Bolshevits occupation of that place. Your bundle of newspapers from March 11 to 17th has arrived and I look forward to reading them. Evening It has been dull and chilly this afternoon. I think I shall go to bed early. Every day I am expecting news about my return to England and it is quite possible that I may be with you before this letter. Love to your mother and to Camilla when you write. Au revoir64 Darling. I do hope it will be soon. Your O.W. TLFLIS 16 APrIL 1920 My own Dearet, Yeterday at lat a messenger for Tehran brought ive bags from London and I have letters from you dated Feb.21 to March 24. Seventy six pages from you! You can imagine how delighted I am. On Wednesday the 14th there came a telegram reading "All well. Love .Wardrop" apparently sent from London at 4.25pm on March 26 and brought to Batoum by boat from Contantinople. It has taken as long to come from London as the bag of the mot recent date, so there is no encouragement to telegraph. We have a large number of oicial telegrams till missing. You seem to have put in the enclosed letter from "Molla” (whoever she may be) by mitake so I return it. One of the F.O. people has written to me to say that the pot of Consul 63 Here Wardrop wrote about dispatches and information of private character. Foreign Oice oicial correspondence with some hindrance did not cease to circulate via telegraph. 64 Au revoir – See you, in French 316 General in Paris is being given to somebody else (unnamed) and that if I should decide to remain in the Consular Service an endeavor will be made to give me some other suitable pot. I am proteting oicially againt the giving away of a pot allotted to me without giving me an opportunity of deciding myself whether the pot which may be ofered in return will suit me. As a matter of fact the only consular pot which world suits me at present is Paris. For your own private information - I am rather uneasy about Winnie associating so much with the M-s. He is not the sort of person I would choose as a companion for anybody I was intereted in, but I don't care to mention the matter in a letter to Tom. I am getting on pretty well but am not it for much work at present so I till take things easily and do not get up till after midday. Grundy has sent me “The Journal of a Disappointed Man” by Barbellion,65 which I am reading with interet. I have also read mot of a Russian book on the religions of Persia and Rooker has lent me Keynes's book "The Economic Consequences of the peace".66 So you see I have plenty to amuse me. But I am very impatient to come home. It is a month to-day since I applied for leave and I have had no answer. Commander Luke, whom I proposed to act for me until Stokes return, has returned from Baku and Enzeli, where he did useful work, and has gone down to Erivan to-day with Gracey for a short trip. It is quite clear to me that I can do no good here at present without having a change irt and I have made it quite clear to the F.O. that I consider it is the public interet to relieve me. For more than a fortnight I had no oicial interviews, but yeterday I had to see Gegechkori (the Foreign Miniter) and to-morrow I have to see my French colleague de Martel. If I do not get away I shall be gradually drawn back into the routine of work and this is not at all desirable. The weather is quite mild and I can spend the whole afternoon on the balcony. The lilac is now quite out and there is abundance of witeria and some pomegranate blossom. I should like to be home for the hawthorn and lilac and laburnum and the roses. But mot of all I am anxious to see again the sweetet lowers of all - Margrethe and Jamie, Andie and Nino. It is nice to think that Camilla proposes to visit us and I do hope I may be back while she is with you. You will probably have heard of my application for leave and if it is not granted I shall not have the comfort of letters from you as you will probably top writing, thinking I am tarting. Barbellion – Pseudonym of English diarit Bruce Frederick Cummings (1989-1919). John Maynard Keynes – A British delegate at the Paris Peace Conference, who wrote a hypercritical book on versailles Treaty. His ideas were similar to pot-WW1 “Marshal Plan”. 65 66 317 SATurDAy, 17 APrIL. Lat night I received from the F.O. permission to come home as soon as I can hand over. I am hoping that Luke may be able to take my place till Stokes arrives and in that case I should leave here within ten days. The surgeon came this morning and says the small part (about an inch) of the wound till open will be closed in a few days. I telegraphed you this morning through the Georgian wireless tation that I am ’’progressing favorably and hope to tart for home in about ten days.” There is every reason to believe that I may be with you before the middle of May. I cannot help thinking of dear Nino calling for “Far”67 in her sleep and it is sad to think that I am only a vague igure in the children’s imagination. They would probably not recognize me if they saw me. SuNDAy, 18 APrIL 1920 The Cherkezovs came to lunch with us to-day on the balcony and we had a quiet pleasant time together. In the afternoon I had to see Khan Khoisky, the Azerbaijan Miniter for Foreign Afairs, who is here on a short visit. I feel pretty well and my shoulder is not troubling me but there is some quality in the air which has set my nerves on edge, as you knew, I am sensitive to barometric pressure. It is perhaps rather tupid to go on writing a letter which may not reach you till after my arrival but I shall send this of to-morrow and as I am not likely to tart for about a week it is jut possible that you may get this before you see me. Adm. de Robeck has telegraphed to say he will do all he can to arrange for my transport by sea all the way. MONDAy 19 APrIL Cherkezov told me yeterday he had been enquiring about the hitory of our Nino's cross and necklet and found they were the property of the Georgian Royal family originally and passed by marriage to the Apkhazi family, a Russian connexion of whom inally ofered them for sale and the Georgian ladies bought the jewel for Nino. It never belonged to the Avalovs. It is a warm and pleasant day and I shall probably go out this afternoon. I have not been out this month yet. I shall go and look at a collection of 500 Oriental Mss. which some great English libraries think of buying and have authorized me to purchase. 67 Far – Father in Norwegian 318 This morning; the pot brought the usual newspapers from Tom down to the 18th of March. I am feeling much better and the wound is very nearly healed. 19 APrIL The surgeon came this morning and found the wound practically healed, so I have been out this afternoon for half an hour the irt time since March 30th. I am sending a small parcel of your letters and other private letters &c to the care of the Mid Eat Dept. F.O. by this bag. Perhaps Tom may be calling there for news of me and could bring you the parcel. You are more and more in my thoughts (if that were possible) as the time for our meeting approaches. You are such a darling "Far” sends dearet love to the children. Your very own O. Wardrop HIGH COMMISSIONEr’S SELECTED rEPOrTS TO THE FOrEIGN OFFICE FO 608/88/18006 Memoranda for circulation to the Foreign Oice. 5.8.1919 In obedience to the intructions of Lord Curzon (given to me at the I.D.C.E. on Aug. 4, 1919)1 I set down as follows the course of action which would, I think, in conformity with the military point of view, tend to facilitate my mission to the Transcaucasian Republics: 1. That H.M.G. should, if possible, reconsider their decision to evacuate Transcaucasia; or, failing this, render the evacuation as slow as the safety of the troops would permit; or, at the very leat, continue to hold trongly the ditrict of Batoum till its future is determined as we should wish it to be. 2. That a carefully selected political oicer, responsible to the Foreign Ofice alone and provided with a civilian taf suicient to observe efectively the 1 1919 Augut 4’s Meeting of Interdepartmental Conference on Middle Eatern Afairs where Wardrop was present and prospects of Caucasian policy of The Great Britain was discussed. The Conference was consulting body for the Cabinet of the Miniters. It was chaired by Lord Curzon and was time after time attended by War Secretary Winton Churchill, Chief of Imperial General Staf Sir Henry Wilson, State Secretary for India Edwin Samuel Montagu and some other oicials. Conference was supposed to elaborate recommendations for the Cabinet in regards of the Middle Eat including The Caucasus. 319 action of the Volunteer Army in the regions adjacent to Transcaucasia, be attached to General Denikin to advise him how friction with the Republics can bet be avoided and to report fully and impartially to H.M.G any interference with the populations on the other side of the line ixed for that General. The political oicer should inform General Denikin that the continuance of supplies to him by His Majety’s Government is dependent on his trict observance of the principle of non-intervention in the internal afairs of the Republics and abtention from recruiting in their territories. 3. That His Majety’s Government would either recognize the Republics, as they have already been recognized in two cases (Georgia and Azerbaijan) by Germany and Turkey and are, I undertand, on the point of being recognized by Italy, or that I be authorized to inform the three republics that His Majety’s Government is ready to recognize them as soon as they have given undoubted proof of their intention to live in peace and amity together and maintain a benevolent attitude towards General Denikin so far as his policy is directed to the support of a free, democratic government truly representative of a regenerated Russia. 4. That His Majety’s Government will use its inluence to obtain for Batoum and its vicinity and for any other ditricts in Transcaucasia which may be the subject of conlicting claims such government as may be congenial to the majority of the inhabitants and will favor the imposition of necessary guarantees for the protection of minorities of bona ide citizens etablished at their present places of residence for a reasonably long period and will favor the withdrawal from the Country to their original homes of alien immigrants, whether refugees, or exiles, or others forced into Transcaucasia againt the will of the local population and occupying land forcibly taken from its lawful owners. 5. That the mission at Tilis be provided with a Wireless intallation of suicient power to communicate with the High Commissioner at Contantinople, the political oicer attached to General Denikin’s army, the British headquarters in Mesopotamia and H.M. Legation in Tehran. 6. That His Majety’s Government declare their intention of assiting the Republics in the following manner: a) by using inluence to obtain the general recognition of the Republics by the Powers and their admission to the League of Nations; b) by supplying them, as far as possible and in exchange for local products ( manganese, petroleum, metals, hardwoods, silk, tobacco, liquorice, wine, fruits, honey, wax, etc. ) with necessary goods (such as sulphate of copper for vines, textiles, sewing cotton, needles, implements, machinery, leather articles, India rubber, drugs, etc. ) , it being clearly undertood that such exchange of goods shall proceed regularly in shipments of moderate bulk and shall be contingent on the pursuance by the Republics of a policy not conlicting with the declared interets of Great Britain; c) by recommending, on the requet of the Republics, such expert technical advisers as may contribute to the economic development of Transcaucasia; d) by furnishing such assitance as may be possible in the selection of British advisers to reorganize the adminitration and set the inances of the Re320 publics on a sound basis. e) by endeavoring to concert measures of relief in such a manner that there shall be no reasonable cause for dissatisfaction among the Republics or excuse on the part of any one of them for diverting supplies intended for another; f) by encouraging the teaching of English in Transcaucasia and the etablishment of an English boarding school of the Public School type with classical, modern, scientiic and athletic teachers, and by helping carefully selected tudents of both sexes to secure admission to universities, high schools, schools of economics and commerce, working men’s colleges etc. in Great Britain and, generally, promoting cultural intercourse of native Transcaucasians with England; (this I consider of the highet importance and mot likely to make us popular) ; simultaneously I might arrange for the immediate application of the income of the Majory Wardrop Fund in Oxford ( now amounting to £3500 ) to the delivery of lectures on the hitory, literature and language of Georgia and I think I could bring about similar intruction in Armenian and Turkish subjects with the assitance of friends, without asking for any aid from the Treasury; g) by promising that trutworthy representatives of trades unions should be allowed to travel to England and keep contact with the genuine British labor party; h) by sending regularly newspapers from which the native populations could learn how social, indutrial and political problems are being dealt with in Great Britain and press cuttings referring to Transcaucasia, so that, if necessary any tatements prejudicial to their interets or at variance with truth could be promptly contradicted in London. As regards the quetion of the probable results of the British evacuation of Baku, Tilis, Batum, and the mot suitable action to be taken by His Majety’s Government under the circumtances, I fear that any answer I might give now would be misleading and I would ask Lord Curzon to permit me to defer any expression of opinion until I have enquired into the situation on the spot. With reference to paragraph 2, I would sugget Colonel Keyes as a suitable political oicer. He is now with Denikin and perhaps he could meet me in Batoum. I venture to hope that Lord Curzon may ind it possible to use his inluence to secure Treasury sanction for reasonable expenditure by the Mission on salaries, incidental expenses, entertainment (very necessary in Oriental Countries) and such aims. O. Wardrop 321 5.8.19. FO 371/3663/1015/125051/58 [ This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majety’s Government, and should be returned to the Foreign Oice if not required for oicial use. ] RUSSIA, POLITICAL. Decrypher. Mr. Wardrop ( Tilis ) Augut 30th 1919.2 D. 10. 30 a.m. September 2nd 1919. R. 11. 05 a.m. September 4th 1919. My reception by Georgians has been of very cordial nature. At Batoum yesterday I was met by numerous deputations, oicial and unoicial who made speeches of welcome. Moslems and Chritians were equally friendly. I was provided with the special train formerly reserved for ex-Emperor. All the tations were decorated with lags and traic was suspended. On arrival at Tilis this morning Augut 30th I was met by Acting Prime Miniter Gegechkori and members of the government, municipality and clergy representatives, learned artitic societies, foreign missions and a very large crowd of people of all classes. Guards of honor were provided by British and Georgian military authorities. All my movements were cinematographed and I was prey of photographers. Bands played British National anthem at Railway tation, opera and magniicent house placed at my disposal. For about 2 miles my route was decorated with lags and oriental carpets and lined with onlookers. Public buildings were illuminated in the evening; the day was held as a holiday. The extraordinary reception accorded to me is due to fact of Georgians being aware of afection I have felt for them during lat 32 years. [They perceived] my appointment to this pot as a sign that His Majety’s Government are inspired by mot friendly feeling towards their country and that a new era has begun for Georgia. 2 Acting Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon minuted on this telegram: “a very good beginning!” 322 FO 371/3663/1015/133615/58 TIFLIS SEPTEMBEr 5TH. , 1919 TO HIS MAJESTy’S PrINCIPAL SECrETAry OF STATE FOr FOrEIGN AFFAIrS. My Lord, On the eve of the departure of our troops for Batoum3 I have the honour to submit a few observations of a general character: 1) By telegraph I have already communicated a brief account of my reception in Tilis, but modety prevented me from giving too many details on that point. For the same reason, I abtain from repeating the highly lattering remarks in the press; in leading articles of all the papers my coming was hailed as an event of the highet importance and of good augury. The Georgian Government were afraid that the popular demontrations would be of such a character as to threaten public order and rouse jealousy in the other republics, so they took great precautions to limit the number of people at the tation and in the treets. I have, however, the formal, spontaneous assurances of the Armenian and Azerbaijan representatives here that their countrymen regard me as trictly impartial, and they wish to associate themselves with the Georgians in greeting me as their good friend. 2) The evacuation makes a deep impression and is equally regretted by our countrymen and the inhabitants of these republics. The oicers and men were happy here and would gladly have tayed. They were popular and their presence gave a sense of security againt the Denikin army in the North and the Kurds and others acting under Turkish intigation in the South. There is a universal hope that Batoum at leat will till be held for some time, and I share this hope. The abandonment of that place would lead to attacks from North and South, the unhappy survivors of the Armenian nation would not only be cut of from relief, but they might be massacred in such numbers that there would be no Armenian quetion left for solution. 3) Great Britain enjoys in Transcaucasia a pretige far higher than that of any other nation. I think we could easily obtain from the three Republics the fulillment of any reasonable requets we might make, but I would point out that I come here empty-handed and it would greatly trengthen my position if His Majety’s Government could ind if possible to make publicly and communicate to me by telegraph some general tatement of their policy towards Transcaucasia. Such a tatement in order to be of real value should include a very deinite assurance that Great Britain will do here utmot to prevent General Denikin’s forces from advancing to the South of the present line of demarcation.4 3 These are the days when the British troops were evacuating Transcaucasia through Batoum. They left behind garrison of only 2000 soldiers only in Batoum region. 4 In July 1919, after the volunteer Army occupied Dagetan, Great Britain gave ultimatum to General Denikin that he was not supposed to break into the Transcaucasian republics and threatened him with termination of military aid. See: FO 608/88 no. 15996, War Oice to GOC Contantinople, July 17, 1919; Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series I, vol. III, pg. 451, London 1949; FO 371/3662/1015/100552/58; FO 371/3663/1015/121653/58 323 The abandonment of Daghetan to Denikin has created profound regret and lively alarm in Transcaucasia and at the other end of the line the necessity of keeping a large force of Georgians engaged in actual daily warfare, though on a small scale, is felt as a heavy inancial burden.5 It might be well also to give some guarantee that the supply of goods for this region will be encouraged, more especially of food tufs, the shipment of which Denikin prevents. 4) I drew up before my departure from London a memorandum, dated Augut 5th, making certain suggetions and I would draw particular attention to sections f, g and h in paragraph 66; though I have only been here a few days the Azerbaijanis, Georgians and Armenians alike have already exhibited the tronget desire that facilities should be given to their young people to participate in the beneits of English scholatic, technical and university training, and if a few carefully selected pupils from each country were permitted to go to England and were there put under some proper superintendence and encouraged to develop the undoubted common to all the Transcaucasian peoples the efect here would be beneicial. 5) Though I have not yet had time to come into touch with all the political parties and have especially, no knowledge at irt hand of the real feelings of the working class and the peasantry, I have not the leat hesitation in tating that the reports circulated through the European press to the efect that the Georgians are at heart Bolsheviks are misleading and mischievous. In spite of the extremely high cot of living I ind no trace of Leninism and the Government (mainly composed of social democrats) represses rigorously all dangerous propaganda and unhesitatingly arrets those who attempt to carry it on. The wealthy class is living very comfortably, and though they freely express their dissatisfaction with some of the Georgian legislation (based on the decrees issued by the Transcaucasia Diet) they are not seriously at variance with the Government, whose socialit policy is admitted to be contructive rather than detructive. The agrarian legislation is less of a hardship to the rural gentry than might be supposed, for long ago the mortgages on by far the greater part of the land (I believe about 90%) had been foreclosed by the Agrarian Banks of the Nobility in Tilis and Kutais and the nobility themselves have voluntarily and formally handed over those Banks to the State. A signiicant circumtance is that the peasantry (who have abundance of money saved) are in general anxious to pay landowners for the land they are now acquiring and frequently say they think receipts from the owners are a far better title than papers from the Government. Another point worth noting is that during all the troubles of the pat two years unguarded houses full of valuable furniture in remote country places have been protected by the neighboring peasants themselves and they have almot without exception shown respect for the rights of private owners. 6) It is too early for me to express a decided opinion as to the tability of the Government now in power. I can hardly believe that the Georgian people are in any overwhelming degree orthodox Social-Democrats, even of the trongly 5 6 Here is meant concentration of Georgian troops on Abkhazian frontier. See the memorandum above. 324 nationalit and contructive type of the Cabinet of Mr. Jordania. The Prime-Miniter, through his amiable, honet and unselish character, has an enormous inluence over the peasantry and they take his word for it that the party to which he belongs is the one mot likely to uphold their interet: unfortunately he has for many years sufered from tubercle of the lungs and is far from being in good health. By the sytem of scrutin de lite7 other parties have been swamped at the elections; they seem to be gradually rallying to the Government, and it may be that this inluence will carry the policy towards the right. 7) I enclose, in duplicate, copy of an intereting dispatch addressed to me on the projected Batoum-Kars railroad by Mr. Consul Stevens8 (No 1 of September 1t) and in connexion with this I may remark that there seems to be among the Russian Armenians a trong conviction that their economic interets demand a close union with Russia, jut as they Georgians believe that Great Britain is indisputably the great power bet able to help them economically, as well as politically. It would seem desirable to bear this in mind when considering the railway scheme in quetion. On the other hand, should America take temporary charge of Armenia it is to be anticipated that the Armenians would do all in their power to secure trong American support of their interets and this might render the position of Georgia and Azerbaijan diicult. The proposed railway would divert from Georgia and Azerbaijan to Armenia the proits of the transit trade with Persia, it might, however, have some efect on the attitude of Armenia towards Russia by making Armenia less economically dependent. 8) There is a general desire for peace and the recent compromises arrived at between Azerbaijan and Armenia on the Karabagh quetion, between Armenia and Georgian on the Lori quetion and the conciliatory attitude of Mussulmans generally towards their Chritian neighbors, e.g. in the unanimous resolution at Batoum on Augut 31t, of the Adjarians that they wished to form a part of Georgia, are proof of this. All that is needed is some external force, however small in number, to inspire conidence and some deinite guarantee that outside interference from North or the South will not be tolerated by the Great Powers; if this force and this guarantee were forthcoming there need be little fear that racial or religious diferences would lead to trouble or that pro-Turkish intrigues would succeed among the Mussulmans of Transcaucasia, who are tired of ighting. I have the honour to be, With the highet respect, My Lord, Your Lordship’s mot obedient, Humble servant O. Wardrop 7 French - single-member ditrict plurality sytem of Majoritarian members of Parliament representing their contituencies. 8 Patrick Stevens – British consul in Batoum 325 FO 371/3663/1015/144528/58 ruSSIA DECyPHOr. Mr. WArDrOP, (TIFLIS) OCTOBEr 20TH. 1919. D. 9.30. A. M. OCTOBEr 21TH. 1919. r. 4.15. P. M. OCTOBEr 22ND. 1919. Urgent. Your Lordship’s telegram No. 29 of October 4th arrived here mutilated on October 14th and was not delivered to me until my return from Armenia this morning.9 1. Arguments for recognition of Georgia are tronger juridically, politically and economically than those for other republics so I laid greater tress on that side of the quetion, but I am of opinion that Armenia and Azerbaijan should at the same time be recognized and that Daghetan should be placed under British or Allied Control with a view to its inal independence. This barrier againt Russia seems to me an absolute crucial for safety of our position in Persia and India. 2. Process would involve risks but to allow Trans-Caucasia eventually to fall under hotile inluence would be till more perilous to us as an Asiatic power. Mot desirable event for us would be that America should commit herself to some course of action in this part of the world which would make our interets identical. 3. You have learned from preceding telegrams that I consider further internecine truggles improbable and a very small show of force on our part would keep the peace. Republics are already seriously engaged in attempt to ix their frontiers; declared intention of various Governments is in favor of a federation. 4. Fear of Denikin, and I believe it is well-founded, is diturbing element and even qualiied recognition would greatly diminish it. If evidence can be produced that republics are really actively co-operating with Denikin’s enemies I shall confront Governments concerned with that evidence. So far I have nothing but rumors like that referred to in your telegram No.41. Both Georgia and Azerbaijan were trying to come to a modus vivendi through General Baratov before he was wounded and I believe an agreement would be reached without much efort.10 Only impediment is fear of Denikin and this fear is even shared by Armenia if I may believe M. Khatissian. 5. I have no conidence that a victorious volunteer army would be less pro-German than Bolsheviks. 6. If some such message as His Majety’s Government have according to penultimate paragraph of your telegram addressed to Baltic States, were issued and accompanied by a solemn assurance that His Majety’s Government would efectively show their disapproval of any aggressive action on part of Denikin I This letter is a part of the debate between Wardrop and Curzon. High Commissioner wired to the acting Foreign Secretary on September 20th asking him for recognition of the Transcaucasian republics. Wardrop mot speciically was writing about Georgia. In his reply on October 4th Curzon treated Wardrop’s views with a suspicion and quetioned him on several topics, which resulted in High Commissioner’s reply of 20th of October. 10 Shortly before General Denikin commenced his main anti-Bolshevik march to Moscow he sent his envoy General Baratov to Tilis in order to reach modus vivendi with Transcaucasian republics. In order to obtruct negotiations Bolshevik Arkadi Elbakidze organized terrorit attack againt Baratov, wounded him, thus he prevented negotiations to be of any success. 9 326 believe this would suice for the present. Denikin would have more ground for objecting to what has been done in case of tates in immediate vicinity of Petrograd than he could possibly have in case of ditant regions like this. 7. There is a general and growing desire in three Republics to work together and [common] interet seems to me to be greater here than in Baltic States. There is here such variety of climatic and other conditions that a common economic policy and common fear of aggression would always furnish a guarantee for harmonious action in mot ields. In all three Republics Governments express their trong desire for abolition of Cutoms barriers, for united currency, for collective control of railways, pots, telegraphs etc. They have already shown their itness for self-government and they (with the exception of Baku for a short period when it was in the hands of foreigners) are only part of what was Russia where Bolshevism has not had any success. 8. So long as we have garrisons in Batoum and North Persia mere gendarmerie would be suicient to preserve order here and I hardly think that would be necessary. 9. Failing some action such as I venture to sugget there is a risk that Azerbaijan and Daghetan may incite Turkey to come in terms with Mutapa Kemal or someone of the kind may attempt here what Von Der Goltz tried in the North. 10. I undertand General Harbord will probably propose a mandate for whole of Turkey and Trans-Caucasia together. He maintains that this would involve use of much less military force. Like nearly everybody else, he admits that Americans had not necessary training to manage Eatern peoples and suggets that personnel under mandate should be British. I hardly think such a large group could be worked harmoniously and in it there would be competing economic interets and possibility of Mussulman predominance and a Pan Islamic movement. FO 371/3663/172086/58 ruSSIA, POLITICAL. TELEGrAM FrOM Mr. WArDrOP ( TIFLIS ) D. 13TH JANuAry 1920. r. 21ST JANuAry 1920. Recognition roused great patriotic demontration in Tilis. Within an hour of announcement the city was lagged, traic topped, oices, shops and factories closed. Whole Garrison with cavalry and artillery marched passed my house cheering and then at Palace, Prime Miniter and I witnessed parade joined by Trade Unions and population of all classes. Prime-Miniter and Miniter for Foreign Afairs made patriotic, anti-Bolshevit and trongly pro-British speeches to enormous crowd. I received continuous ovations during [the] day and was carried on shoulders of crowd to my motor car. City illuminated and great pro-British demontration at Opera followed by banquet with numerous pro-British speeches lated from eleven p.m. yeterday till after four a.m. to-day. Reports from Azerbaijan tate that uncompromising telegraphic reply has been sent to Bol327 sheviks declaring adherence to Allies and agreeing in tone with Georgian reply.11 Both Governments [work] harmoniously together and Azerbaijan Miniter for Foreign Afairs expected here tomorrow. Armenians were somewhat uneasy at their inclusion in recognition but I have allayed their fears. Prime-Miniter arrived from Erivan this morning. 11 On 2nd of January 1920 Soviet russian People’s Commissar for Foreign Afairs – Georgy Chicherin sent telegrams to the Georgian and Azerbaijani governments proposing them an alliance againt Denikin’s White Forces and if neglected, menacing their exitence. Apart from that Chicherin was asking for the withdrawal of the Allied forces. This proposal was trictly neglected by the Georgians, but Azerbaijanis at the initial tep were not so ditinctive in their answer. That was the moment when Georgian diplomatic representative in Azerbaijan – Dr. Alshibaia and Wardrop intervened, thus resulting in changing the tone of Azeri response. See: FO 371/4931/E414/1/58 328

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